Instructions to use CaaLM/CaaLM-v1-GGUF with libraries, inference providers, notebooks, and local apps. Follow these links to get started.
- Notebooks
- Google Colab
- Kaggle
- Local Apps Settings
- llama.cpp
How to use CaaLM/CaaLM-v1-GGUF with llama.cpp:
Install (macOS, Linux)
curl -LsSf https://llama.app/install.sh | sh # Start a local OpenAI-compatible server with a web UI: llama serve -hf CaaLM/CaaLM-v1-GGUF:Q4_K_M # Run inference directly in the terminal: llama cli -hf CaaLM/CaaLM-v1-GGUF:Q4_K_M
Install from WinGet (Windows)
winget install llama.cpp # Start a local OpenAI-compatible server with a web UI: llama serve -hf CaaLM/CaaLM-v1-GGUF:Q4_K_M # Run inference directly in the terminal: llama cli -hf CaaLM/CaaLM-v1-GGUF:Q4_K_M
Use pre-built binary
# Download pre-built binary from: # https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/releases # Start a local OpenAI-compatible server with a web UI: ./llama-server -hf CaaLM/CaaLM-v1-GGUF:Q4_K_M # Run inference directly in the terminal: ./llama-cli -hf CaaLM/CaaLM-v1-GGUF:Q4_K_M
Build from source code
git clone https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp.git cd llama.cpp cmake -B build cmake --build build -j --target llama-server llama-cli # Start a local OpenAI-compatible server with a web UI: ./build/bin/llama-server -hf CaaLM/CaaLM-v1-GGUF:Q4_K_M # Run inference directly in the terminal: ./build/bin/llama-cli -hf CaaLM/CaaLM-v1-GGUF:Q4_K_M
Use Docker
docker model run hf.co/CaaLM/CaaLM-v1-GGUF:Q4_K_M
- LM Studio
- Jan
- Ollama
How to use CaaLM/CaaLM-v1-GGUF with Ollama:
ollama run hf.co/CaaLM/CaaLM-v1-GGUF:Q4_K_M
- Unsloth Desktop
- Docker Model Runner
How to use CaaLM/CaaLM-v1-GGUF with Docker Model Runner:
docker model run hf.co/CaaLM/CaaLM-v1-GGUF:Q4_K_M
- Lemonade
How to use CaaLM/CaaLM-v1-GGUF with Lemonade:
Pull the model
# Download Lemonade from https://lemonade-server.ai/ lemonade pull CaaLM/CaaLM-v1-GGUF:Q4_K_M
Run and chat with the model
lemonade run user.CaaLM-v1-GGUF-Q4_K_M
List all available models
lemonade list
- Atomic Chat
Upload folder using huggingface_hub
Browse files- .gitattributes +24 -0
- CaaLM-v1-BF16.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-F16.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-F32.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-IQ3_M.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-IQ3_S.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-IQ4_NL.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-IQ4_XS.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-Q2_K.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-Q3_K_L.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-Q3_K_M.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-Q3_K_S.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-Q4_0.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-Q4_1.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-Q4_K_M.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-Q4_K_S.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-Q5_0.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-Q5_1.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-Q5_K_M.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-Q5_K_S.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-Q6_K.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-Q8_0.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-TQ1_0.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-TQ2_0.gguf +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-hf/.gitattributes +36 -0
- CaaLM-v1-hf/README.md +231 -0
- CaaLM-v1-hf/config.json +64 -0
- CaaLM-v1-hf/generation_config.json +8 -0
- CaaLM-v1-hf/model.safetensors +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-hf/tokenizer.json +3 -0
- CaaLM-v1-hf/tokenizer_config.json +15 -0
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|
| 29 |
+
*.tflite filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
| 30 |
+
*.tgz filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
| 31 |
+
*.wasm filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
| 32 |
+
*.xz filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
| 33 |
+
*.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
| 34 |
+
*.zst filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
| 35 |
+
*tfevents* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
| 36 |
+
tokenizer.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
CaaLM-v1-hf/README.md
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
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|
|
| 1 |
+
---
|
| 2 |
+
license: apache-2.0
|
| 3 |
+
language:
|
| 4 |
+
- en
|
| 5 |
+
tags:
|
| 6 |
+
- code
|
| 7 |
+
- execution
|
| 8 |
+
- prediction
|
| 9 |
+
- language-generalization
|
| 10 |
+
- no-compiler
|
| 11 |
+
- python
|
| 12 |
+
- javascript
|
| 13 |
+
- lua
|
| 14 |
+
- cobol
|
| 15 |
+
- synthetic-languages
|
| 16 |
+
- transformers
|
| 17 |
+
- qwen2
|
| 18 |
+
pipeline_tag: text-generation
|
| 19 |
+
base_model: Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B
|
| 20 |
+
library_name: transformers
|
| 21 |
+
---
|
| 22 |
+
|
| 23 |
+
# CaaLM/CaaLM-v1
|
| 24 |
+
|
| 25 |
+
|
| 26 |
+

|
| 27 |
+
|
| 28 |
+
## What is this?
|
| 29 |
+
|
| 30 |
+
CaaLM (Code as a Language Model) is a 1.5B parameter model that predicts the output of code — without a compiler, runtime, or interpreter.
|
| 31 |
+
|
| 32 |
+
You give it code. It tells you what it would print.
|
| 33 |
+
|
| 34 |
+
The interesting part: it was never trained on a fixed set of languages. Instead, it was trained on real languages (Python, JavaScript, Lua, COBOL) alongside 200 synthetically generated fake programming languages — each with randomized syntax but consistent semantics. The goal was to teach the model what *execution* means, not what any specific language looks like.
|
| 35 |
+
|
| 36 |
+
This means it can predict the output of languages it has never seen before.
|
| 37 |
+
|
| 38 |
+
## Performance
|
| 39 |
+
|
| 40 |
+

|
| 41 |
+
|
| 42 |
+

|
| 43 |
+
|
| 44 |
+
**Overall: 96.2% (50/52 tests)**
|
| 45 |
+
|
| 46 |
+
| Category | Accuracy | Passed/Total |
|
| 47 |
+
|---|---|---|
|
| 48 |
+
| Real: Python | 100% | 10/10 |
|
| 49 |
+
| Real: JavaScript | 100% | 8/8 |
|
| 50 |
+
| Real: Lua | 100% | 6/6 |
|
| 51 |
+
| Real: COBOL | 75% | 3/4 |
|
| 52 |
+
| Novel Fake: Tier 1 (assign + print) | 100% | 8/8 |
|
| 53 |
+
| Novel Fake: Tier 2 (conditionals) | 86% | 6/7 |
|
| 54 |
+
| Novel Fake: Tier 3 (loops) | 100% | 4/4 |
|
| 55 |
+
| Edge Cases | 100% | 5/5 |
|
| 56 |
+
|
| 57 |
+
The novel fake language tests use languages that were never seen during training — completely invented syntax like `SCRIBBLE @x BECOMES 7` or `WONDER n > 10`. The model infers semantics from context and gets them right.
|
| 58 |
+
|
| 59 |
+
### Known Failures
|
| 60 |
+
|
| 61 |
+
Two failures in the benchmark, both explainable:
|
| 62 |
+
|
| 63 |
+
- **COBOL zero-padding** — predicted `08` instead of `0008`. Got the value right, missed the `PIC 9(4)` padding format. Data consistency issue.
|
| 64 |
+
- **If-without-else** — when a conditional has no else branch and the condition is false, the correct output is empty. The model predicted `NO`, hallucinating an else branch. Most training data had if/else pairs so it defaulted to that pattern.
|
| 65 |
+
|
| 66 |
+
## How It Works
|
| 67 |
+
|
| 68 |
+
Input format:
|
| 69 |
+
```
|
| 70 |
+
Code:
|
| 71 |
+
<your code here>
|
| 72 |
+
|
| 73 |
+
Output:
|
| 74 |
+
```
|
| 75 |
+
|
| 76 |
+
The model completes the `Output:` section with the predicted stdout.
|
| 77 |
+
|
| 78 |
+
### Example — Real Language
|
| 79 |
+
|
| 80 |
+
```
|
| 81 |
+
Code:
|
| 82 |
+
a = 10
|
| 83 |
+
b = 20
|
| 84 |
+
print(a + b)
|
| 85 |
+
|
| 86 |
+
Output:
|
| 87 |
+
30
|
| 88 |
+
```
|
| 89 |
+
|
| 90 |
+
### Example — Novel Fake Language (never seen during training)
|
| 91 |
+
|
| 92 |
+
```
|
| 93 |
+
Code:
|
| 94 |
+
SCRIBBLE @x BECOMES 7
|
| 95 |
+
SCRIBBLE @y BECOMES 3
|
| 96 |
+
YELL @x + @y
|
| 97 |
+
|
| 98 |
+
Output:
|
| 99 |
+
10
|
| 100 |
+
```
|
| 101 |
+
|
| 102 |
+
```
|
| 103 |
+
Code:
|
| 104 |
+
BIND n TO 15
|
| 105 |
+
WONDER n > 10
|
| 106 |
+
SHOUT YES
|
| 107 |
+
STOP
|
| 108 |
+
|
| 109 |
+
Output:
|
| 110 |
+
YES
|
| 111 |
+
```
|
| 112 |
+
|
| 113 |
+
## Quick Start
|
| 114 |
+
|
| 115 |
+
```python
|
| 116 |
+
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
|
| 117 |
+
import torch
|
| 118 |
+
|
| 119 |
+
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
|
| 120 |
+
"CaaLM/CaaLM-v1",
|
| 121 |
+
torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
|
| 122 |
+
device_map="auto"
|
| 123 |
+
)
|
| 124 |
+
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("CaaLM/CaaLM-v1")
|
| 125 |
+
model.eval()
|
| 126 |
+
|
| 127 |
+
def predict_output(code: str) -> str:
|
| 128 |
+
prompt = f"Code:\n{code}\n\nOutput:\n"
|
| 129 |
+
inputs = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)
|
| 130 |
+
|
| 131 |
+
with torch.no_grad():
|
| 132 |
+
outputs = model.generate(
|
| 133 |
+
**inputs,
|
| 134 |
+
max_new_tokens=128,
|
| 135 |
+
do_sample=False,
|
| 136 |
+
pad_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id,
|
| 137 |
+
)
|
| 138 |
+
|
| 139 |
+
return tokenizer.decode(
|
| 140 |
+
outputs[0][inputs.input_ids.shape[1]:],
|
| 141 |
+
skip_special_tokens=True
|
| 142 |
+
).strip()
|
| 143 |
+
|
| 144 |
+
# Real language
|
| 145 |
+
print(predict_output("a = 6\nb = 7\nprint(a * b)"))
|
| 146 |
+
# → 42
|
| 147 |
+
|
| 148 |
+
# Novel fake language
|
| 149 |
+
print(predict_output("STORE X := 10\nSTORE Y := 5\nSPEAK X + Y"))
|
| 150 |
+
# → 15
|
| 151 |
+
```
|
| 152 |
+
|
| 153 |
+
## Training
|
| 154 |
+
|
| 155 |
+

|
| 156 |
+
|
| 157 |
+
### Data
|
| 158 |
+
|
| 159 |
+
Training data was split between real and synthetic languages:
|
| 160 |
+
|
| 161 |
+
**Real languages (8,000 examples total, 2,000 each):**
|
| 162 |
+
- Python — clean semantics, baseline
|
| 163 |
+
- JavaScript — type coercion, implicit behaviors
|
| 164 |
+
- Lua — minimal syntax, sparse
|
| 165 |
+
- COBOL — verbose, English-like, no conventional syntax markers
|
| 166 |
+
|
| 167 |
+
**Synthetic languages (120,000 examples total):**
|
| 168 |
+
- 200 procedurally generated fake languages
|
| 169 |
+
- Each language has randomized keywords, operators, variable styles, and block delimiters
|
| 170 |
+
- Semantics are consistent within each language but syntax varies wildly across all 200
|
| 171 |
+
- Programs generated via a Python simulator — outputs are ground truth from actual execution
|
| 172 |
+
- Three complexity tiers: assign+print (30%), conditionals (40%), loops (30%)
|
| 173 |
+
|
| 174 |
+
The spec for each fake language is discarded after data generation. The model only ever sees `(code, output)` pairs — it never gets a syntax guide.
|
| 175 |
+
|
| 176 |
+
### Configuration
|
| 177 |
+
|
| 178 |
+
- **Base model:** Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B (base, not instruct)
|
| 179 |
+
- **Training method:** Full fine-tuning (no LoRA)
|
| 180 |
+
- **Loss masking:** Loss computed on output tokens only, not prompt
|
| 181 |
+
- **Precision:** BF16
|
| 182 |
+
- **Optimizer:** AdamW (lr=2e-5, weight_decay=0.01)
|
| 183 |
+
- **Scheduler:** Cosine with 3% warmup
|
| 184 |
+
- **Batch size:** 8 per device × 4 gradient accumulation = 32 effective
|
| 185 |
+
- **Epochs:** 3
|
| 186 |
+
- **Max sequence length:** 512 tokens
|
| 187 |
+
- **Hardware:** NVIDIA A100 SXM4 40GB
|
| 188 |
+
- **Training time:** 66.5 minutes
|
| 189 |
+
- **Training cost:** ~$0.82
|
| 190 |
+
|
| 191 |
+
## Supported Operations
|
| 192 |
+
|
| 193 |
+
The model reliably handles:
|
| 194 |
+
|
| 195 |
+
- Variable assignment and arithmetic
|
| 196 |
+
- Print / output statements
|
| 197 |
+
- Conditionals (if/else)
|
| 198 |
+
- While loops with accumulator patterns
|
| 199 |
+
- String output
|
| 200 |
+
- Basic error behavior (empty output when conditions not met)
|
| 201 |
+
|
| 202 |
+
It does not handle: functions, recursion, file I/O, complex data structures, pipes, or multi-line string manipulation. These may work in real languages due to Qwen's pretraining knowledge but are not guaranteed.
|
| 203 |
+
|
| 204 |
+
## Limitations
|
| 205 |
+
|
| 206 |
+
- No actual code execution — outputs are predictions, not guarantees
|
| 207 |
+
- If-without-else edge cases can produce hallucinated else branches
|
| 208 |
+
- COBOL numeric padding format is inconsistent
|
| 209 |
+
- Long programs (many steps) may degrade in accuracy as state complexity grows
|
| 210 |
+
- Novel fake languages with very unusual execution models (non-linear control flow, stack-based semantics) are untested
|
| 211 |
+
- Context window limits programs to ~512 tokens
|
| 212 |
+
|
| 213 |
+
## Why
|
| 214 |
+
|
| 215 |
+
The original motivation was to ask: can a language model learn what *execution* means as an abstract concept, independent of any specific language's syntax?
|
| 216 |
+
|
| 217 |
+
The novel fake language results suggest yes, at least for basic programs. The model sees `WONDER x > 10` for the first time and figures out it's a conditional. It sees `SCRIBBLE @x BECOMES 7` and figures out it's assignment. It doesn't know these keywords — it infers them from the structure of the code and the patterns it learned during training.
|
| 218 |
+
|
| 219 |
+
Whether this scales to more complex programs, more alien execution models, or larger languages is an open question.
|
| 220 |
+
|
| 221 |
+
## Model Lineage
|
| 222 |
+
|
| 223 |
+
CaaLM-v1 is the first model in the CaaLM series, and a spiritual successor to the [LaaLM project](https://huggingface.co/LaaLM).
|
| 224 |
+
|
| 225 |
+
- **LaaLM-v1** — T5-base fine-tuned to simulate Linux shell commands (external state)
|
| 226 |
+
- **LaaLM-exp-v1** — Qwen 3B fine-tuned for conversational Linux terminal emulation (internal state)
|
| 227 |
+
- **CaaLM-v1** — Qwen 1.5B fine-tuned for language-agnostic code output prediction (current)
|
| 228 |
+
|
| 229 |
+
## License
|
| 230 |
+
|
| 231 |
+
Apache 2.0 (inherited from Qwen 2.5 base model)
|
CaaLM-v1-hf/config.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
+
"architectures": [
|
| 3 |
+
"Qwen2ForCausalLM"
|
| 4 |
+
],
|
| 5 |
+
"attention_dropout": 0.0,
|
| 6 |
+
"bos_token_id": null,
|
| 7 |
+
"dtype": "bfloat16",
|
| 8 |
+
"eos_token_id": 151643,
|
| 9 |
+
"hidden_act": "silu",
|
| 10 |
+
"hidden_size": 1536,
|
| 11 |
+
"initializer_range": 0.02,
|
| 12 |
+
"intermediate_size": 8960,
|
| 13 |
+
"layer_types": [
|
| 14 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 15 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 16 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 17 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 18 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 19 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 20 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 21 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 22 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 23 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 24 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 25 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 26 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 27 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 28 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 29 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 30 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 31 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 32 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 33 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 34 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 35 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 36 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 37 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 38 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 39 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 40 |
+
"full_attention",
|
| 41 |
+
"full_attention"
|
| 42 |
+
],
|
| 43 |
+
"max_position_embeddings": 32768,
|
| 44 |
+
"max_window_layers": 28,
|
| 45 |
+
"model_type": "qwen2",
|
| 46 |
+
"num_attention_heads": 12,
|
| 47 |
+
"num_hidden_layers": 28,
|
| 48 |
+
"num_key_value_heads": 2,
|
| 49 |
+
"pad_token_id": 151665,
|
| 50 |
+
"rms_norm_eps": 1e-06,
|
| 51 |
+
"rope_parameters": {
|
| 52 |
+
"rope_theta": 1000000.0,
|
| 53 |
+
"rope_type": "default"
|
| 54 |
+
},
|
| 55 |
+
"sliding_window": null,
|
| 56 |
+
"tie_word_embeddings": true,
|
| 57 |
+
"transformers_version": "5.5.0",
|
| 58 |
+
"unsloth_fixed": true,
|
| 59 |
+
"unsloth_version": "2026.4.6",
|
| 60 |
+
"use_cache": false,
|
| 61 |
+
"use_mrope": false,
|
| 62 |
+
"use_sliding_window": false,
|
| 63 |
+
"vocab_size": 151936
|
| 64 |
+
}
|
CaaLM-v1-hf/generation_config.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
+
"bos_token_id": 151643,
|
| 3 |
+
"eos_token_id": 151643,
|
| 4 |
+
"max_length": 32768,
|
| 5 |
+
"max_new_tokens": 2048,
|
| 6 |
+
"pad_token_id": 151665,
|
| 7 |
+
"transformers_version": "5.5.0"
|
| 8 |
+
}
|
CaaLM-v1-hf/model.safetensors
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
| 2 |
+
oid sha256:a1f1591e4af5ee1650d6bc3a282c2a5d98cc69ce237108a98a55c78721bc752d
|
| 3 |
+
size 3087467144
|
CaaLM-v1-hf/tokenizer.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
| 2 |
+
oid sha256:bd5948af71b4f56cf697f7580814c7ce8b80595ef985544efcacf716126a2e31
|
| 3 |
+
size 11422356
|
CaaLM-v1-hf/tokenizer_config.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
+
"add_prefix_space": false,
|
| 3 |
+
"backend": "tokenizers",
|
| 4 |
+
"bos_token": null,
|
| 5 |
+
"clean_up_tokenization_spaces": false,
|
| 6 |
+
"eos_token": "<|endoftext|>",
|
| 7 |
+
"errors": "replace",
|
| 8 |
+
"is_local": false,
|
| 9 |
+
"model_max_length": 32768,
|
| 10 |
+
"pad_token": "<|PAD_TOKEN|>",
|
| 11 |
+
"padding_side": "left",
|
| 12 |
+
"split_special_tokens": false,
|
| 13 |
+
"tokenizer_class": "Qwen2Tokenizer",
|
| 14 |
+
"unk_token": null
|
| 15 |
+
}
|