---
license: cc-by-4.0
language:
- en
- ru
- uk
task_categories:
- text-classification
tags:
- geopolitics
- sovereignty
- crimea
- ukraine
- academic-publishing
- metadata-analysis
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
---

# Crimea Digital Sovereignty: Academic Paper Sovereignty Framing

91,670 academic papers mentioning Crimea (OpenAlex, 2010–2025), scanned by an 81-signal regex classifier across 3 languages.

## Description

Three-stage pipeline: (1) regex classifier identifies 5,151 candidates from 91,670 papers, (2) LLM verification (Claude Haiku) narrows to 1,611, (3) manual annotation confirms 1,581 Russia-framing papers (98.3% precision). 161 Western publisher papers verified via CrossRef DOI prefix matching.

84% are mundane science (viticulture, ecology, medicine) — sovereignty is normalised through institutional metadata, not explicit political claims.

## Fields

| Field | Description |
|-------|-------------|
| `doi` | Digital Object Identifier |
| `openalex_id` | OpenAlex paper ID |
| `title` | Paper title |
| `abstract` | Paper abstract (when available) |
| `year` | Publication year |
| `journal` | Journal name |
| `language` | Paper language |
| `label` | LLM-assigned sovereignty label |
| `ua_score` | Ukraine sovereignty score (0–1) |
| `ru_score` | Russia sovereignty score (0–1) |
| `signals` | Sovereignty signals found (JSON string) |
| `stage3_russia_confirmed` | Boolean — manually verified as Russia-framing in Stage 3 |

## Key Findings

- 91,670 papers scanned, 5,151 with sovereignty signals
- 1,581 manually verified as Russia-framing (Stage 3, 98.3% precision)
- 161 papers published by Western/international publishers (Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, MDPI, IEEE, etc.)
- Russia-framing absent before 2014, rises to rival Ukraine-framing by 2021

## Citation

```bibtex
@misc{dobrovolskyi2026digital,
  author = {Dobrovolskyi, Ivan},
  title = {Digital Annexation: A Computational Audit of Crimea's Sovereignty Framing in Large Language Models},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://crimeaisukraine.org}
}
```

## License

CC-BY-4.0