title: GPS Jamming and Spoofing – Countermeasures for Safety and Security
abstract: This paper aims to clarify the legal status of Global Positioning System (GPS) jamming and spoofing, which have a dichotomous nature of countermeasures and cyber-attacks. GPS is an indispensable tool to enable ships, aircraft, and weapons to navigate to a predetermined destination. The jamming and spoofing of these signals apparently hinder safe navigation through Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs). At the same time, jamming has been positively employed to prevent the triggering of explosives an
journal: TransNav the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation