title: The battle of geopolitical Europe against the antidemocratic narratives of external agents
abstract: The European Union (EU) has been combating disinformation since 2015, particularly in response to Russia’s annexation of Crimea. This analysis explores the threats Russia and China pose, which seek to manipulate information and undermine democratic institutions. Furthermore, it examines Brussels’ response, employing various tools to counter this hybrid threat, mainly during election times or crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine, which have prompted Russia and China to laun