title: The Counterproductive Effects of Western Sanctions on Russia's Economic Resilience: Analyzing Through Baldwin's Economic Interdependence Perspective
abstract: Western sanctions after the 2022 invasion of Ukraine aimed to isolate Russia economically to force Russia's capitulation. However, the economic strategies which the West developed, such as trade diversions, import substitutions, and, most notably, innovative financing, paradoxically strengthened Moscow. This paper uses the paradigm of economic interdependence, as described by Baldwin, to analyze these paradoxical situations, with emphasis on the asymmetries of vulnerabilities and opportunity cos
journal: Iconic Research and Engineering Journals