title: Geopolitical Transformations in the 21st Century: An Evolutionary Perspective
abstract: Geopolitics has been reshaped in the 21st century, taking an evolutionary and interdisciplinary approach to explain the changing nature of global power. It revisits classical geopolitical ideas developed by scholars such as Halford Mackinder and Alfred Thayer Mahan, showing how these early theories continue to inform international relations while being adapted to present-day realities. At the same time, the study incorporates contemporary perspectives, including critical geopolitics, geo-economi
journal: Journal of Law and Legal Research Development.