title: IBERIFIER Reports – Legal and Political Aspects of Disinformation in Portugal and Spain
abstract: In Portugal and Spain, disinformation is a severe concern for social and cultural reasons. Furthermore, it is a significant concern for politicians and policymakers (Wardle &amp; Derakhshan, 2017; Lanoszka, 2019; Saurwein &amp; Spencer-Smith, 2020; Tenove, 2020; Correyero-Ruiz &amp; Baladrón-Pazos, 2022). According to McKay &amp; Tenove (2021), disinformation can undermine trust in democratic institutions and influence election outcomes, harming the reputation of individuals or institutions (Eur