title: Kaliningrad – Relevant Options
abstract: The entity of Kaliningrad might be regarded by its neighbours as an alien element in need of adaptation in order not to block the changes imposed by modernisation. Pondering about the Kaliningrad oblast should focus on future parameters rather than depart from present conditions. The Kaliningrad oblast has been less exposed to heavy-industrialisation than many other parts of Russia. In particular, it has not been burdened by a heavy armament industry and related strains of conversion. Russia is 