title: Humanitarian aid or empowerment? Policy towards support of refugees from Ukraine
abstract: Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 triggered multiple problems and challenges in international relations, in Ukraine itself, and in other countries, too. The inflow of refugees brought variable consequences for European states which had tackled migration crises in recent years, but were faced with the first full-scale war in the continent since the 1990s. The chapter provides the context of migration to Europe before 2022 and related policies of Czechia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia. The intr