title: Ransomware through the lens of state crime: Conceptualizing ransomware groups as cyber proxies, pirates, and privateers
abstract: Cybercrime and other cybersecurity harms are gaining increasing political and public attention across many countries. One of the most serious and fastest growing categories of such harms relates to ransomware attacks. Many of the groups responsible for ransomware attacks have come under political pressure in recent years as they have become more aggressive in their methods and targeting. On a geopolitical level, an area attracting increasing interest is the complex relationships between ransomwa
journal: State Crime Journal