title: Structural design, typical damages and reinstatement of the Malakoff Towers
abstract: During the second half of the 19th century on continental Europe numerous masonry shaft buildings have been erected, which later, in referring to a fortress at Sevastopol in the Crimea, are called the Malakoff Towers. Due to a strong wish of a stately appearance, the design of these pit heads was oriented to the historistic style of the Anglo-Saxon castles. The carrying capacity of the towers was often so high that some of these structures remained over a hundred years in mining operation and ar
journal: WIT transactions on the built environment