title: German Charity and Mutual Aid Societies in St. Petersburg (late 18th ‒ early 20th centuries)
abstract: The study of charity in the Russian Empire has an extensive historiography. The specifics of its implementation in various ethnic groups are often beyond the scope of the study. The purpose of this research is to identify German charitable organizations that have become the elements of the civil society that has been formed in the capital. New forms of unification of citizens and colonists became one of the manifestations of modernization, which was later adopted by other groups of metropolitan 
journal: Journal of Frontier Studies