title: External Lines of the Early Bolgar Fortification
abstract: The second part of the article deals with the issues of tracing and dating the external line of the fortifications of the city of Bolgar, which existed in pre-Mongol times. The task of this line was to defend the territory adjacent to the citadel and inhabited by craftsmen and tradesmen. Until now, it was assumed that there was only one such line. However, excavation materials indicate several lines (at least two). The problem is aggravated by very approximate dating of the ditches discovered du
journal: Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology)