title: Shadow Fleets: A Growing Challenge in Global Maritime Commerce
abstract: Shadow fleets, operating covertly in global maritime commerce, have emerged as a significant challenge to international regulatory frameworks and trade policies. This paper introduces a novel conceptual framework that distinguishes between ‘dark fleets’ and ‘gray fleets’, offering a more nuanced understanding of these clandestine maritime activities. Through a comprehensive methodological approach integrating a literature review, case studies, and data analysis, we examine the characteristics, o
journal: Applied Sciences