title: Conceptual evolution of information disorder
abstract: This paper traces the conceptual evolution of “information disorder”, examining how the term has developed from earlier concerns about propaganda and media manipulation to a more complex understanding in the digital age. Reviewing key literature and policy debates, the study explores how disinformation, misinformation, and malinformation have been defined and distinguished across academic, governmental, and civil society contexts. The analysis highlights how evolving technological, political, an
journal: Papers from the International Scientific Conference of the European Studies Department Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence Faculty of Philosophy at Sofia University “St Kliment Ohridski”