title: Refugia lodowcowe w Europie: co wiemy o historii współczesnych gatunków roślin i zwierząt
abstract: Modern research methods provide many new possibilities to reconstruct the history of species and the colonization of land after its release from the Pleistocene ice sheet. New laboratory techniques and research trends form another, new and interdisciplinary approach to these issues. In this paper, we present the history of plant and animal species during the last glaciation (Vistulian, 115−11.7 ka BP) and after the melting of the ice sheets. We also summarize the evolution of theories and views 
journal: Sylwan