abstract: Biological water exists in at least two distinct forms: bulk and interfacial.While the former possesses widely understood properties, little has been written about the formation, maintenance, and functional role of interfacial water in living systems.In this paper we equate interfacial water with Exclusion Zone (EZ) water described by Pollack and propose that it is the sulfate molecule that plays a fundamental role in providing the interfacial negative charge that builds and maintains the EZ in 
journal: WATER journal