title: Crisis and Risk Communication Research in Germany
abstract: Crisis and risk communication research in Germany was shaped by its history, the experiences of World War I and II, and its perceptions stimulating academic work on crisis communication in the early 1990s. Risk communication research has its roots in psychology and sociology, with an early focus on catastrophic threats and technological hazards such as the Chernobyl nuclear meltdown in 1986. In the last two decades, German researchers have adopted many of the Anglo-American models and theories t