title: Jadidism as a Modernization Movement: Educational Reform, National Consciousness, and Pedagogical TransformationamongTurkic-Muslim Societies in the Late 19th and Early 20thCenturies
abstract: The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries represented a period of profound political, cultural, and educational transformation for Turkic-Muslim societies within the Russian Empire.Growing geopolitical tensions, colonial pressures, and the weakening support from the Ottoman Empire intensified concerns among intellectual elites regarding cultural assimilation and national decline.In response, a reformist intellectual movement known as Jadidism emerged, advocating educational modernization