title: Modeling long-term changes of the Black Sea ecosystem characteristics
abstract: Abstract. A three dimensional coupled physical-biological model is provided for the Black Sea to investigate its long-term changes under the synergistic impacts of eutrophication, climatic changes and population outbreak of the gelatinous invader Mnemiopsis leidyi. The model circulation field is simulated using the high frequency ERA40 atmospheric forcing as well as assimilation of the available hydrographic and altimeter sea level anomaly data for the 30 yr period of 1971–2001. The circulation 