title: Formation of a Secular Tendency in the Turkic Society of the Russian Empire: European-Russian and Muslim Education in the Interpretation of Ch.Ch. Valikhanov and M.-S. Babadjanov (Late 1850s – Early 1860s)
abstract: The study is carried out in the genre of intellectual history and focuses on the views of Ch.Ch. Valikhanov and M.-S. Babadzhanov -the leading representatives of the Turkic-Kazakh society of the Russian Empire. The sources of the research are documents of a journalistic and official nature. The concept of European-Russian and Muslim education in the Kazakh Steppe is considered as a problem. The education that Valikhanov received in Omsk, and Babadzhanov in Orenburg, was a European-Russian educat
journal: Historical Courier