title: Assessing attitudes towards hate crime: Adaptation and validation of the Hate Crime Beliefs Scale
abstract: A robust measure of hate crime-related attitudes is crucial to exploring the reciprocal relationship between hate crime and attitudes within society. Building on previous versions of the Hate Crime Beliefs Scale (HCBS), developed and validated in the U.S. ( Cabeldue et al., 2018 ; Kehn et al., 2023 ) and the U.K. ( Bacon et al., 2021 ), we created the HCBS-Universal (HCBS-U) in German and English, designed to be context-independent by omitting references to specific target groups and contexts. T
journal: Measurement Instruments for the Social Sciences