title: Advancing a geopolitical Europe: the new EU leadership and the Iranian conundrum
abstract: Abstract Since 2019 European leaders have emphasized the necessity for the EU to proactively project power and embrace its geopolitical responsibilities. Although leaders have developed the concept of a ‘geopolitical EU’ as a new discourse, it remains largely unimplemented. Following the June 2024 elections to the European Parliament, a new EU leadership has taken shape amid escalating geopolitical risks that go beyond Russia's war in Ukraine. This development underscores the urgency of advancin
journal: International Affairs