title: North Africa in the Foreign Policy of Catherine II
abstract: The 18th century was in many ways a transformative era for the Russian Empire, characterized by substantial internal reforms and notable foreign policy achievements. Amidst sweeping modernization efforts, Russia secured significant victories on the international stage. Under Peter I, Russia “opened a window” to Europe, while Catherine II’s reign expanded the country’s geopolitical reach to the Black Sea, facilitating access to fertile southern territories and establishing crucial maritime routes
journal: Russian Journal of World Politics and Law of Nations