title: Life history of sprat (<i>Sprattus sprattus</i>) in the Black Sea under warming and fishing: current state and patterns of variability
abstract: Sprat Sprattus sprattus (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the most significant commercial fish species in the Black Sea. This study examines the sex ratio, size-age structure, growth, and mortality of sprat in the waters of Crimea from 2021 to 2023. The paper discusses the geographic variability and the influence of temperature, food availability, and fishing pressure on the life history of this species. In total, 2113 individuals from commercial catches were examined. The sex ratio was slightly skewed
journal: Journal of Fish Biology