title: Peasant Protest in the Late Ottoman Empire: Moral Economy, Revolt, and the<i>Tanzimat</i>Reforms
abstract: Summary This article argues that despite the different contexts of the Ottoman peasant uprisings in Vidin, Canik, and Kisrawan during the mid-nineteenth century, the attitudes and actions of peasants in the three revolts were remarkably similar. The moral economy of the peasants played an important role in determining their attitudes to the upper classes and to the state. During agrarian conflicts, the peasants received no support from outside but were well organized, used violence selectively, 
journal: International Review of Social History