title: National mechanisms for countering Russian aggression in Ukraine
abstract: First, it should be clarified that we use the term countermeasure mechanism as we consider it the broadest and most appropriate term, especially in the context of national measures; that is, measures that are carried out by individual states. At the same time, the mechanism for countering Russian aggression against Ukraine includes a wide and quite comprehensive system of sanctions (enforcement measures and restrictive measures) 1 at the international and European levels (the United Nations [UN]