title: History of Kazakh, Chinese, and Russian Relations (XVIII–XIX Centuries)
abstract: ABSTRACT This study conducts a comparative analysis of the strategies employed by Russia and China in their interactions with the Kazakh khanates during the XVIII–XIX centuries. By examining the distinctive approaches of each power, the study assesses their implications on the socioeconomic and political development of Kazakhstan. Utilizing a historical‐comparative methodology, the research delves into archival materials, written sources, and publications by European researchers to provide an in
journal: Sociology Lens