title: Autosegmental Neural Nets 2.0: An Extensive Study of Training Synchronous and Asynchronous Phones and Tones for Under-Resourced Tonal Languages
abstract: Phones, the segmental units in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), include isolated consonants or vowels; tones, the suprasegemental units, represent pitch and voice quality movements that may span many phones. The timings of tones and phones are loosely connected, e.g., tones may be synchronized with their associated vowels, syllable finals, or a sequence of two or three syllables depending on the language. Many past studies have investigated cross-lingual adaptation in an automatic spee
journal: IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing