title: Pathways to Modernity: Ottoman Reforms Before and During the Tanzimat
abstract: This study analyses the modernisation efforts within the Ottoman Empire during the pre-Tanzimat and Tanzimat periods, examining the intricate balance between Westernisation and genuine modernisation strategies. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Ottoman Empire faced significant military, economic, and administrative challenges, prompting a decisive shift towards comprehensive reforms in socio-cultural, military, and administrative domains. These profound reforms were primarily driven
journal: Ege Universitesi Turk Dunyasi Incelemeleri Dergisi