title: A resposta da União Europeia à invasão russa da Ucrânia: uma perspetiva realista neoclássica
abstract: The European Union’s response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 contrasted sharply with its stance on the annexation of Crimea in 2014. Rather than adopting a restrained position due to divisions among mem ber states, the European Union res ponded in a unified and comprehensive manner. Drawing on neoclassical rea lism, this article identifies the factors that motivated this decision. At the international level, the shock of the war, occurring in a context of worse ning global security and 
journal: Relações Internacionais