title: War and Pensions: The Effects of War on Social Security and Pensions Around the World
abstract: War has affected the development of social security and employer-provided pensions. Roman soldiers received the first pensions. In most countries, military pensions preceded social security pensions, providing countries experience with the concept and administration of pensions. War or the threat of war affected the development of the two major branches of social insurance-based pensions&amp;mdash;Bismarckian (earnings related pensions developed in Germany) and Beveridgian (pensions tied to year
journal: International Journal of Economics and Finance