title: Ordered to be gentlemen: Turkish military officers’ ambivalent commitment to Western manners
abstract: Abstract Building on the premise that etiquette ( adab-ı muaşeret ) is a crucial component in understanding Turkish cultural modernization, this article examines how the Turkish military incorporated Western manners during the Republican era. While the military’s role in supporting Westernization is well documented, less scholarly attention has been paid to the internalization and practice of Western cultural norms, particularly etiquette, within military circles. Conceptualizing manners as a di
journal: New Perspectives on Turkey