title: Federalism in Eastern Europe During and after Communism
abstract: Among the many paradoxes of communism in Eastern Europe is that many socialist and communist internationalists were transformed over time into nationalists. The several communist federations that were established during the twentieth century followed the Russian model on the basis of a Stalinist paradox which attempted to reconcile Marxism and nationalism. The fact that Russia successfully refederalised itself as an ethnofederal state is a serious challenge to the hypothesis that ethnofederalism