title: Imperial Paradoxes: A Caliphate for Subaltern Muslims
abstract: This article deals with the imperial dilemmas of the globalized racial Muslim identity in the 1870s and the 1880s. While Pan-Islamic public opinion across multiple European empires singled out the Ottoman Caliphate as the voice and representative of the global Muslim community, the Ottoman Caliph-Sultan was the monarch of millions of Christian citizens of the Ottoman Empire. The article discusses the complex imperial politics of the Ottoman Caliphate from the perspectives of Ottoman and British 
journal: ReOrient