title: Karta Polaka, Poland and its Co-ethnics Abroad
abstract: A review of the broader European picture, however, shows that kin-state engagement can also have a positive societal impact. The involvement of international organisations, such as the Council of Europe (CoE) and the Organisation of Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in the early 2000s made kin-state politics the object of an expanded ‘Quadratic Nexus’. Kin-states’ trans-sovereign involvement has challenged home-states’ exclusive obligations under international law to protect their minor