title: "It's like an explosion": Cyberwarfare harms for civilian population in Ukraine during the Russian invasion
abstract: Studies on civilian costs of cyberwarfare operations are crucial in understanding how to protect the population in large-scale cyberattacks conducted by state actors. In this preliminary study, we conduct interviews (N=5) focusing on the harms experienced by Ukrainian civilians due to Russian cyberwarfare operations since the start of the full-scale invasion in 2022 as well as mitigation measures for protection of the civil society. The findings include harms such as lack of information, lack of