title: A Tale of Two Migrations : the Dependence of the Volga German Refugees of 1917-1923 on the Earlier Volga German Migrations of 1871-1914
abstract: This paper focuses on the Volga German migrations to the United States, and the degree to which the migration of 1917 to 1923 was dependent upon earlier migrations beginning in 1871. The catalyst for the first major Volga German migration was the repeal of the German colonists' military exemption. This, combined with encouragement from the United States and the Volga Germans who had already relocated, brought a steady stream of immigrants to the U.S. until the outbreak of the First World War in 
journal: Minds at UW (University of Wisconsin)