title: Sea ice impact on naval operations
abstract: Abstract This paper highlights the icing regime and its impact on the primary naval operations conducted in the Black Sea basin. The article analyzes seawater’s phenomenon freezing through the perspective of merchant shipping operations and underlines the impact on undersea or surface warfare. The article figures out the impact on the ship hull, weapons systems, personnel, as well as the tactics aspects of operations or de-icing strategies when ice accrues on ship hull and equipment. The article
journal: Journal of Physics Conference Series