title: WCTC-Biasing: Retraining-free Contextual Biasing ASR with Wildcard CTC-based Keyword Spotting and Inter-layer Biasing
abstract: Despite recent advances in end-to-end speech recognition methods, the output tends to be biased to the training data's vocabulary, resulting in inaccurate recognition of proper nouns and other unknown terms. To address this issue, we propose a method to improve recognition accuracy of such rare words in CTC-based models without additional training or text-to-speech systems. Specifically, keyword spotting is performed using acoustic features of intermediate layers during inference, and a bias is 
journal: ArXiv.org