title: NATO’s responses to Russian belligerence
abstract: The two years following 2014 were challenging for European security and for NATO. Russia's behaviour on the international scene changed the nature of the debate about the future of European relations with Moscow. At the same time, a new and dangerous threat known as the Islamic State arose in the deserts south of NATO. This chapter offers an introductory overview of NATO's adaptation measures in response to this changed security environment. Several modest initiatives were taken at the Wales Sum