title: From Soviet Active Measures to Russian Information Warfare
abstract: In the past decade, or longer – but especially since the illegal invasion of Ukraine in early 2022 -- Russia has expanded and moved rapidly to improve its ability to employ “disinformation,” or “information warfare” [information that combines truth with falsehood] as an effective instrument in to accomplish its more specific foreign policy objectives. Despite many years of preparation for cyber conflict against critical U.S. infrastructure and military forces, the U.S. government and cybersecuri