title: Murky Tides: Improving NATO's Defensive Posture in the Black Sea Basin
abstract: Since Russia annexed Crimea and its war of aggression against Ukraine, the security environment of the Black Sea has undergone significant changes.The increased Russian military presence in the Black Sea basin has posed a challenge to NATO's strategic interests, including energy security and the preservation of free navigation.This policy-focused article examines ways to enhance trilateral cooperation in the Black Sea region among the three NATO littoral states-Romania, Trkiye, and Bulgaria-to c
journal: Connections The Quarterly Journal