title: Crimean War, 1853–1856
abstract: The Crimean War (1853–1856) transformed the “Eastern question”—the future of the declining Ottoman Turkish Empire—into a conflict involving three European great powers, France, Russia, and the United Kingdom, while the other great powers, Austria and Prussia along with the United States, were diplomatically engaged. The war also affected the interests of Sweden-Norway, Denmark, Piedmont-Sardinia, Greece, Japan, and China. While it was a limited war, the nature and scale of Russia’s defeat expose