title: The Making of Independent Ukraine
abstract: The political and social developments in Ukraine during the last years of the Soviet Union (1988&ndash;1991) can be seen as an unfinished revolution. The proclamation of independence in 1991 marked a compromise between national-democratic forces and the republic&rsquo;s old Soviet elites, which slowed down democratic transformations and kept the Red directors in power. The emergence of a mass opposition movement during the early 2000s represented a return to the unfinished agenda of the revoluti
journal: LSE Public Policy Review