title: The Classification of Armed Conflicts by International Criminal Courts and Tribunals
abstract: This article analyses how international criminal courts and tribunals have pronounced on the contextual elements of their respective war crimes provisions. A comprehensive overview of the way these institutions treated the material scope of application of ihl shows that the ad hoc tribunals tended to avoid classification as either international or non-international armed conflict​, and merely found that a generic ‘armed conflict’ existed at the relevant​ time. The icc shows a tendency to classif
journal: International Criminal Law Review