title: Turkey–Russia Relations: Not an Alternative to the West but a Balancer
abstract: This chapter summarises Turkey’s foreign policy in its first 100 years and presents the general dynamics of Turkey–Russia relations from 1923 to 2023, the breaking points that Turkey and Russia have experienced, and clues for the future of relations. With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Tsardom in the First World War, two new countries emerged: Turkey and Russia. Relations between the two countries, which were in the process of being established, underwent a serious change whe