title: EU-Russia Energy Relations: From a Liberal to a Realist Paradigm?
abstract: Energy trade has been an important and largely cooperative field of the EU -Russia relationship for nearly five decades. After the Cold War, liberal theories of international relations, which highlighted the two sides’ interdependence, became entrenched as an explanatory framework for EU -Russia energy relations. From the late 2000s, Russia’s increasingly assertive foreign policy, culminating in the annexation of Crimea in 2014, changed dramatically the political framework of the energy relation
journal: Russian Politics