title: Understanding Citizens’ Vulnerabilities (II): From Disinformation to Hostile Narratives
abstract: This report analyses how disinformation campaigns have evolved into more complex hostile narratives, taking Italy, France, and Spain as case studies to prove what has been observed and determined from analytical and numerical research. \nDuring the last years, malicious actors have been able to rely on much more sophisticated and organized disinformation campaigns in an attempt to manipulate citizens’ perceptions. Technological advances have provided producers and sharer of distorted information
journal: Joint Research Centre (European Commission)