title: Passwords in the Ottoman military in the nineteenth century: a political and social analysis
abstract: <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">‘Parola’ is a Turkish word of Italian origin. Throughout history, it has been used by various civilizations as a security measure that distinguishes friend from foe, primarily by military units and secret society. The use of passwords in the Ottoman army differed according to periods. In the Ottoman classical period (1300–1600), there are hints about the use of passwords in the army. In the e
journal: Middle Eastern Studies