title: The Application of Command Responsibility in the Context of Hybrid Warfare and State-Sponsored Non-State Actors
abstract: The doctrine of command responsibility has long served as a cornerstone of international humanitarian law, establishing accountability for military commanders whose subordinates commit war crimes. However, the emergence of hybrid warfare and the proliferation of state-sponsored non-state actors have fundamentally challenged traditional applications of this doctrine. This research examines the accountability gap created by these contemporary conflict dynamics, where states increasingly employ pro
journal: المجلة العربية للدراسات الانسانية والاجتماعية