title: Surveillance and cyber operations
abstract: This chapter examines the extent to and the basis on which human rights treaties apply extraterritorially to state surveillance and cyber operations. The chapter outlines how the traditional models of extraterritorial application, the spatial and the personal, apply to surveillance and cyber operations, examining older case law in that regard. It then looks at recent developments that are particularly important in the surveillance and cyber context, even if some of them are not directly apposite