title: Partner, Spoiler or Both? European Perceptions of Russia’s Role in the MENA Region
abstract: This chapter investigates European perceptions of the actions undertaken by Russia in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, particularly following Russia’s 2015 intervention in Syria. Over the past few years – and especially after the annexation of Crimea in 2014 – relations between Russia, on one side, and the European Union (EU) and many EU member states, on the other, have worsened and room for cooperation has considerably shrunk. The MENA region could represent yet another area of 