title: Explaining Zimbabwe’s Survival Against Sanctions (1997-2017): A Resilience Perspective
abstract: International economic sanctions (IES) were imposed on Zimbabwe by Western sanctions-imposing nations (SINs) from 1997, when President Mugabe was still in power. This study examines how Zimbabwe survived the IES menace during President Mugabe’s reign (1997-2017) and highlights how conventional theories on resistance against sanctions did not adequately acknowledge the concept of resilience in Zimbabwe. This problem arose because current resistance theories tended to apply only to the SINs and no
journal: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik