title: Implications of Drifting Sanction Policies by Japan and Korea
abstract: The chapter addresses the impact of the increasing use of sanctions by Asian states on “third parties,” such as Japan and South Korea, with using frameworks of “as-if game” and “private-level” sanction (PLS). With the intensification of the U.S. extraterritorial sanctions against Iran, China, and Russia, third parties have been caught in between. Moreover, Russia's invasion in Ukraine marked a shift in sanctions policies in Japan and Korea. In contrast to Japan's ambiguous or “as-if” like sancti