title: From Mare Clausum to Mare Liberum: Black Sea Diplomacy in the Era of Russo-Ottoman Duopoly
abstract: From Mare Clausum to Mare LiberumBlack Sea Diplomacy in the Era of Russo-Ottoman Duopoly Kahraman Şakul (bio) The central thesis of this article is that conventional historiography misrepresents the transformation of the Black Sea as an internationalization of a closed sea through great-power diplomacy (i.e., the "Eastern Question paradigm") and the incorporation of an isolated space through the conquest of European capitalism. The Black Sea has also not received due attention from global histor
journal: Kritika