title: The fog of leadership: How Turkish and Russian presidents manage information constraints and uncertainty in crisis decision-making
abstract: Leaders choose to mislead their domestic peers when the political risk and cost associated with a particular foreign policy decision is too great and when the structure of the political system in question is too leader-centric to afford these costs being incurred by the leader. This article argues that risk, uncertainty and imperfect information are not necessarily external, unwanted, or unforeseen factors in foreign policy decisions. In certain cases, they too are instrumentalized and adopted c
journal: Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea Studies