abstract: This paper investigates the role of Soviet-style "active measures" as an element of modern Russian "political warfare."These techniques were commonly used during the Soviet-era, encompassing a broad range of influence activities, including: covert media placement, forgery, agents of influence, "friendship" societies, front organizations, and more.Today, in Putin's Russia, these active measures are once again in use, updated for digitally interconnected "global information space."The paper begins
journal: Connections The Quarterly Journal