title: Ignored Role of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in the Pathophysiology ofCryptogenic Stroke in Patients with Patent Foramen Ovale and AtrialSeptal Aneurysm
abstract: The association between cryptogenic stroke (CS) and patent foramen ovale (PFO) with or without atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) has been a debate for decades in terms of pathophysiologic processes and clinical courses. This issue has become more interesting and complex, because of the concerns associating the CS with so-called normal variant pathologies of interatrial septum, namely ASA and PFO. While there is an anatomical pathology in the interatrial septum, namely PFO and ASA, the embolic source 
journal: Current Cardiology Reviews