title: War Propaganda Today – The Outsourcing of Propaganda and the Consequences for Democratic Accountability
abstract: All wars are accompanied by propaganda.For example, the US and UK governments worked with intelligence services to promote the 2003 invasion of Iraq through deceptive claims regarding a current and threatening Iraqi WMD programme.Since then, an important development relates to the way in which infl uence operations, otherwise identifi able as propaganda, have been out-sourced to contractors some of which maintain the outward appearance of being neutral or of grassroots origin.Th e case of the 20