title: The Limits of Expulsion: Institutional Response to Russia’s Defection From the International Institutional Order
abstract: Why are states rarely expelled from international institutions, even after blatantly defying the principles they were incorporated to uphold? This article examines this puzzle through the case of Russia’s continued membership in key international institutions, including the G7, WTO, G20, the Council of Europe, and the International Space Station, following its 2014 annexation of Crimea and 2022 invasion of Ukraine. Building on existing literature, we develop a three-tiered framework explaining t
journal: Alternatives Global Local Political