title: On the Effect of the Abolition of the Exemption from Liability for Nautical Fault in the Rotterdam Rules
abstract: Whether to cancel the nautical fault exemption has always been the focus of discussion in the international shipping circles. There have always been two views in the field of maritime law: abolishing and retaining the nautical fault exemption. The Rotterdam Rules, on the surface, abolished the nautical fault exemption, but in practice, the burden of proof was borne by consignee, which to some extent retained the exemption. The Rotterdam Rules, as a highly comprehensive international convention, 