title: North Korea and Russia's dangerous partnership: The threat to global security from the Kim–Putin axis and how to respond
abstract: Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has prompted a rapid escalation in cooperation between North Korea and Russia, to the point where in October 2024 North Korea was confirmed to have sent troops to assist Russian forces. Such actions show that the North Korea–Russia relationship has moved beyond the merely transactional to become a longer-term strategic and ideological partnership. This still-developing partnership poses a threat to the international community, by increasin