title: Examining the escalation of hostility in social media: a comparative analysis of online incivility in China and the United States regarding the Russia–Ukraine war
abstract: Abstract Purpose This study examines and compares online incivility on China’s Weibo and the U.S.’s X (Twitter) amid the Russia-Ukraine conflict, aiming to unravel how different cultural and geopolitical contexts influence online incivility and identify factors that may influence the occurrence of online incivility in different national contexts. Design/methodology This study collected and analyzed over 80,000 social media posts concerning the Russia-Ukraine conflict. By employing machine learni
journal: Online Media and Global Communication