title: Shifts in Composition of Jobs: Upgrading, Downgrading or Polarization? The Case of Russia 2000–2019
abstract: Abstract In this study, we explore the evolution of the job structure in the Russian economy during the first 20 years of this century. Does it change through a consequent substitution of relatively worse (in terms of quality) jobs by better jobs? Or through the destruction of middle-quality jobs? Or do we observe stagnation and conservation of the job structure? Structural change of this sort can be brought by various factors among which technological progress and international trade that shape