title: Bulletin WKU
abstract: The article analyzes the perception of Greek and Armenian presence in the Jochid Ulus as reflected in European historiography. Based on a review of sources and Western scholarly works, it explores the social, economic, and religious aspects of the lives of Armenian and Greek communities in the Golden Horde. Particular attention is given to issues of adaptation, assimilation, and interaction with the Mongol administration and the Islamized elite. Armenians predominantly retained religious autonom