title: NATO after the 2025 Summit: Strength, doubt, and the burden of leadership
abstract: The NATO Hague Summit signalled renewed commitment to transatlantic security, with member states pledging historic increases in defence spending and a broader vision of resilience encompassing cyber, infrastructure, and societal domains. This shift signals more than adaptation; it suggests a serious intent to rearm NATO for a new era of strategic competition. Yet beneath the surface, the challenges are more complex than the headline commitments suggest. The Alliance's ability to respond to hybri
journal: Econstor (Econstor)