title: Collective Guilt and Collective Punishment
abstract: The continued practice of branding other countries and peoples collectively guilty for past or on-going crimes has not abated. The imposition of collective punishment in the form of mass expulsions, blockades and unilateral coercive measures entails retrogression in terms of civilisation and human rights. We see the narrative of collective guilt and collective punishment in the context of the wars in Ukraine, Nagorno Karabakh and now in Gaza. We see it in the practice of hybrid war in the form o