abstract: Athenian supremacy, the stages of Roman conquest with the Pontic voyage, Byzantium in the Black Sea basin, the appearance of the Slavs on the Black Sea coast and the Danube, the Byzantine epopee, the commercial expansion of Italian maritime cities in the Middle Ages, the Black Sea temporarily closed to Western trade, the expansion of Genoa in the Black Sea, the Black Sea, the stake of the Straits, the internal crisis of the Ottoman Empire and the balance of Christian powers around the Black Sea,
journal: Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on Biological Sciences