title: Migration, Settlement, and the Environment: Initiatives to Create New Settlements in the Province of Hudavendigar in the Late Ottoman Period
abstract: Starting from the mid-19th century, the pressure exerted by the Russian state on the Muslim population in the region, together with the Ottoman-Russian War (1877-1878) led to a massive wave of migration to Istanbul and Anatolia. As a result of these migrations from the Balkans and the Caucasus, new lands were needed to settle the migrants who had taken refuge in the Ottoman Empire and arrived in Anatolia, and it was decided to clear the swamps, rivers, and lakes for settlement purposes. One of t
journal: Türkiyat Mecmuası / Journal of Turkology