title: Cultural Diplomacy and Sanctions as Foreign Policy Instruments during a Time of Conflict
abstract: In 2014, the EU imposed sanctions on the Russian Federation as a consequence of the annexation of Crimea and the war in eastern Ukraine. At the same time, Austria, the UK, and Germany celebrated cultural diplomacy events with Russia, whereas Poland cancelled the Polish Year planned for 2015 in Russia. Many member countries of the European Union understood cultural diplomacy as a subnetwork of public diplomacy and ascribed it to the potential for international conflict prevention in 2014. This ar
journal: Sprawy Międzynarodowe