title: Between Independence and Federation: The Interplay of Foreign Policy and Statehood in Ukraine, 1917-1919
abstract: Popraw literówki: This article revisits Ukrainian political history from 1917–1919, a period of turmoil during which three different states arose in Kyiv in succession: the Ukrainian People’s Republic, the Ukrainian State (Hetmanate), and the Direactorate. Previous studies have generally discussed this period as part of the broader history of the Ukrainian national movement, portraying it in terms of the struggle to defend the independence proclaimed by the Fourth Universal (declaration) of Janu
journal: AREI