title: The Road Taken: the Institutionalization of Economic Sanctions as an Instrument at Service of International Collective Security
abstract: This paper addresses the institutionalization of multilateral economic sanctions from a historical perspective, aiming at to explain when, why and how economic sanctions became an instrument of deterrence and coercion in the toolbox of collective security. First, it is shown that a new concern emerged in the Hague Conferences, in which states began to institutionalize international arbitration as a pacific mean to solve international disputes: how to enforce arbitral sentences in an anarchic int
journal: Carta Internacional