title: Russia will exert multiple pressures on EU states
abstract: Subject Russian efforts to shape and divide EU opinion. Significance Since Russia adopted a confrontational anti-Western stance following its annexation of Crimea in 2014, it has used traditional and new media tools and covert political contacts to influence popular and official opinion in an attempt to discredit and disrupt EU institutional capacity. Approaches differ according to the specifics of each target country, but typically involve a mix of 'soft power' tools backed by sabre-rattling. I
journal: Emerald expert briefings