title: Khazaria
abstract: Between late antiquity and the Middle Ages, and between Europe and Asia, Khazaria is an intriguing case study of the process of adopting monotheism (monotheization) – Judaism, which most scholars regard was chosen to avoid submission to either Christianity or Islam. There is little consensus about Judaism in Khazaria; some deny that the khağans even ruled Khazaria or adopted Judaism – let alone who, when, where or how much. The adoption of Judaism was likely a three-stage process which began ear