title: The Politics of the Ottoman Empire In the 19th Century: Institutionalization, Change and Continuity
abstract: This article focuses on the political dynamics of Ottoman modernization attempts undertaken between the late 18 th century and the 20 th century. These historical attempts are generally classified in the political literature either as modernization or Westernization. This process was not linear; rather, it fluctuated. This study describes certain military, legal, administrative, social and institutional milestones of these movements. For instance, Selim III's attempts were predominantly military