title: Reform and modernization in the Ottoman Empire
abstract: The boundaries of the Ottoman Empire span several centuries on a vast expanse, across the ancient continents of the world, with different races, diverse peoples and multiple faiths, and the Ottoman Empire was one of the forces that influenced the course of international politics at the time, and then it was weakened by the political balance and administrative, which was governed by the laws of the sultan between the central authority on the one hand, and those who carry out that policy from Basw
journal: ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES