title: Municipal preparedness against hybrid threats
abstract: During the 1990s and well into the 2000s, many European states transformed their forces into an expeditionary instrument. Designed for international operations, Western commanders and staff officers performed nation building, mentoring, and good governance within a highly politicized whole-of-government approach in Afghanistan. With Russia’s Crimea annexation in 2014 and the Ukraine War in 2022, the forces rebalanced back to territorial tasks. How can European municipals utilize the military exp