title: Black Sea ports of the Golden Horde according to Castilian “Libro del conosçimiento de todos los reynos” of the 14th century
abstract: Objective: This study aims to investigate the localization and reconstruct the potestary symbols of Black Sea ports that were subject to the sovereign authority of the Golden Horde in the 14th century. Based on this analysis, the research assesses the potential for the formation of the Golden Horde’s thalassocracy. Research materials: The research draws from various sources, including the Castilian “Libro del conosçimiento de todos los reynos” from the 14th century, preserved in four copies Z, N
journal: Golden Horde Review