title: White Birch Trees as Resource Species of Russia : Their Distribution, Ecophysiological Features, Multiple Utilizations
abstract: Four birch tree species (Betula costata, B. pendula, B. platyphylla, B. pubescens) are traditionally important resource species in Russia. In the article, we discuss their spatial and ecophysiological features, biochemical constituents of the living tissues of the birches such as the wood, outer and inner bark, twigs, leaves, buds, roots. The exudation, tapping periods and sap productivity, exudated birch sap and derived birch tar are also reviewed. We show numerous useful wooden, medicinal, tan
journal: Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers (Hokkaido University)