title: The political economy of breaking European dependence on Russian gas
abstract: Russia's invasion of Ukraine has been a landmark moment for Russian gas in Europe. Having built ties for five decades, and having become the continent's main source of supply, Russia's exports of gas to Europe in 2024 were back to the levels witnessed in the mid-1970s. Now, Russia is downgraded to a marginal supplier. Europe has enacted rapid and comprehensive policies breaking with the past. And yet the question of the future of Russian gas looms on the horizon of European energy and climate po
journal: Resources Policy