title: Bolstering the Bastion: The Changing Pattern of Russia’s Military Exercises in the High North
abstract: Between 2015 and 2022, Russia conducted a number of naval and air exercises, including live-fire drills, in the international waters and airspace on NATO&rsquo;s northern flank. Some of this activity took place in the Norwegian Sea, well south of the Arctic Circle, and often coincided in time and space with NATO exercises or U.S. deployments to the region. This indicated that the activity was largely meant to serve the purpose of political signaling. Drawing on recent empirical data, including R
journal: Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies