title: Toward New Focus on Retributive Justice. Reflections on Background of Passive Subject of Crime
abstract: This paper supports the attempt undertaken by its author to take a fresh look at criminal justice in relation to retributivism and conceptual framework of a passive subject of a crime is the starting point for any related consideration, for it seems that retributivism needs new grounds when measures of argument strength are no longer feasible. Therefore, it is postulated to juxtapose the theory of retributive punishment with a victim of a crime in its substantive perspective. However, the crimin
journal: Roczniki Nauk Prawnych