title: The Altaics and Their Trade Relations with the Sassanids
abstract: From the time of the Parthians, the names of tribes gradually appeared in texts, indicating their movement toward the eastern borders of Iran. In the second half of the Sassanid Empire, Iranians encountered new Altai tribes on their eastern borders. These migrations continued for centuries, leading the Sassanids to fight not only their traditional rivals, the Romans, but also these nomadic tribes, resulting in significant consequences. Beyond the victories, defeats, and political implications, t