title: Chapter 4 Spreading Liberation Ideas
abstract: 1564-66), who followed Makarii in Moscow and signed one of the earliest copies. Research on the oldest manuscript, which was recently found in Tomsk, as well as internal evidence have led to an array of opinions whereby the 'Book of Degrees' is dated to either the mid-1550s or the early 1560s. Some contend that the text only stabilized under metropolitan Filip (1566-68), while the late Edward Keenan put it in a different context, that it took its final shape during the rule of Boris Godunov, the