title: Geoeconomic Fragmentation: What’s at Stake for the EU
abstract: Geoeconomic fragmentation (GEF) is becoming entrenched worldwide, and the European Union (EU) is not immune to its effects. This paper takes stock of GEF policies impinging on-and adopted by-the EU and considers how exposed the EU is through trade, financial and technological channels. Motivated by current policies adopted by other countries, the paper then simulates how various measures-raising costs of trade and technology transfer and fossil fuel prices, and imposition of sectoral subsidies-w
journal: IMF Working Paper