title: The impact of the 2020-2022 crises on EU countries' independence from energy imports, particularly from Russia
abstract: The main objective of this article was to evaluate the repercussions of the crises resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine on changes in the European Union&amp;#039;s reliance on energy raw material imports, particularly from Russia. Furthermore, several specific objectives were outlined: to ascertain the EU&amp;#039;s energy balance and any alterations therein, to identify changes in the concentration of energy raw material imports among EU countries during the crises, to de
journal: Preprints.org