title: Appendix I: IR0–IR3 – From Classical Diplomacy to Algorithmic Governance   
abstract: This appendix explains the foundations of the Third Generation in International Relations (IR3).It shows how international relations moved step by step: from IR1 (sovereignty and institutions) to IR2 (globalization), then IR2 (populist disruption), and finally to IR3 (algorithmic diplomacy).The main idea is simple: earlier generations changed the appearance of diplomacy but not its core.Institutions, globalization, and social media made diplomacy look modern, but wars, inequality, and political 