title: Hydrocarbon trade deflection and supply‑chain trade restructuring under sanctions imposed during theRussia–Ukraine conflict
abstract: In response to international sanctions, Russia has restructured its hydrocarbon commerce through trade deflection, redirecting exports from sanctioning to non-sanctioning countries. Theresearch aimed to analyze hydrocarbon trade deflection under theRussia–Ukraine conflict within thecontext of theChina–Russia Strategic Partnership and BRICS, and to assess therestructuring of Russia’s crude oil and natural gas supply chains from 2020 to 2023. Two questions were addressed: Whether trade deflection 
journal: Russian Journal of Economics