title: Tactical Cyber Effects
abstract: In quantifying tactical cyber effects, we will compare a cyber operation to a conventional military aircraft denial operation. This example includes the use of cyber deception via Operation Orchard (2007), an action performed by Israeli forces to deny Syrian anti-aircraft capability during an air strike on a developing nuclear facility in eastern Syria. We will then compare Operation Orchard rough cost estimates to the Al Sharyat conventional airfield attack in 2017. Both Operation Orchard (cybe