title: The Modern Practice of Intervention by Invitation in Africa and Its Implications for the Prohibition of the Use of Force
abstract: This article examines how two prominent criteria for permissible military intervention by invitation as developed in doctrine are currently implemented by states as well as how this impacts the prohibition of the use of force. Controversies concern, in particular, the determination of the authority entitled to extend the invitation, as recently illustrated by the Russian claim that its military intervention in the Crimea was based on the invitation of (former) President Yanukovych. Does the invi
journal: European Journal of International Law