title: Polskie środowiska emigracyjne – różne strategie działania w obliczu klęski idei suwerennej Polski w 1945 roku
abstract: The article analyzes the strategies adopted by Polish émigré communities after the collapse of the idea of a sovereign Poland in 1945, within the context of the postwar world order dominated by the USSR and the USA. Drawing on the distinction between political realism (Realpolitik) and idealism, the author examines the perspectives of the major powers (Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt), whose policies led to the marginalization of the Polish government-in-exile in London. Three main émigré orientati