title: Actual and optimal abundance of the main ungulate species in natural forestry and hunting districts of Ukraine
abstract: The article presents the results of a 5-year study (2020–2024) of the state, limits of availability and productivity of the forage base for populations of key species of ungulates, as well as the determination of their optimal abundance (OA) in all five forestry districts of Ukraine. The options for minimum and maximum values of the food base of wild herbivores were fully surveyed and analysed. The following wild game species were subject to a more comprehensive survey: European elk, red deer, E
journal: Theriologia Ukrainica