title: Russian Influence Operations as a tool of cognitive warfare in German Elections: Analysis of Methods, Objectives, and Effectiveness
abstract: Objectives This article examines Russian influence operations targeting German elections as a case study in cognitive warfare. The study examines the operational methods used, including operations in the cyber domain and strategic disinformation. Methods This case study examines operations identified during the 2025 Bundestag election campaign. Data sources include academic articles, OSINT reports from Recorded Future, EEAS EU, DisinfoLab, and content analysis from Telegram, X (formerly Twitter)
journal: Przegląd Nauk o Obronności