title: The Jadidism Movement and The Development of Primary Education
abstract: The Jadidism movement arose in the late nineteenth century among Muslim communities of the Russian Empire, advocating comprehensive reform of traditional maktab systems through the introduction of the usul-i jadid (“new method”) pedagogy. This study employs a systematic review of periodicals, pedagogical manuals, archival decrees and contemporary scholarship to trace the evolution of primary education under Jadid influence. Findings reveal that Jadid schools expanded rapidly in urban centers bet
journal: European International Journal of Pedagogics