title: Cardioprotective Mechanisms of Beta-Blockers in Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion: From Molecular Targets to Clinical Implications
abstract: Ischemic heart disease remains the leading cause of death despite substantial advances in diagnosis, revascularization therapies, and risk-factor control. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers (Beta-Blockers, BBs), long used to control heart rate, blood pressure, and reduce arrhythmic risk, may also confer cardioprotection through mechanisms beyond hemodynamic unloading. This review integrates an extensive range of preclinical, translational, and clinical studies to present a comprehensive overview 
journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences