title: Poland and Ukraine against the background of changes in Central and Eastern Europe in the twentieth and twenty-ﬁ rst centuries
abstract: Relations between Poland and Ukraine as independent states have a short history, starting in 1991, but the history of Polish-Ukrainian relations is long, dating back to the tenth/eleventh centuries. Until the second half of the nineteenth century, when the contemporary notion of Ukraine and Ukrainian nationalism emerged, these were relations between Poland and Poles, and Ruthenian states and Ruthenians. Over most of this 1,000-year period, owing to Poland’s eastern expansion over the fourteenth-