title: The Localisation of Italian Multilateralism: the Italy-Central Asia 5+1 Format in a Comparative Analysis with China and the United States
abstract: This study explores the adoption by external powers, namely Italy, the US and China, of the 5+1 format for engaging Central Asian republics. Made possible by the relaxation of regional conflicts between Central Asian leaders, this inclusive format facilitates semi-institutionalized discussions to identify strategic goals, balance political ambitions, and foster comprehensive regional dialogue. Italy, a forerunner in the European Union, used the forum to successfully extend its engagement beyond 
journal: Studies on Central Asia and the Caucasus.