title: From Split to Multipolar Axis: The Evolution of Sino-Russian Strategic Partnerships and Multilateral Frameworks (1949–June 2025)
abstract: The evolution of Sino-Russian relations from 1949 to June 2025 reflects a transition from ideological solidarity to pragmatic geopolitical alignment, shaped by strategic partnerships and multilateral institutions. Initially forged through the 1950 Sino-Soviet Treaty amid Cold War tensions, the alliance provided China with Soviet aid for industrialisation and military support during the Korean War, but ideological rifts led to the 1960 split and border conflicts like the 1969 Ussuri clashes, erod
journal: International Journal of Political Science and Governance