title: Middle Miocene Climate and Stable Oxygen Isotopes in Europe Based on Numerical Modeling
abstract: Abstract The Middle Miocene (15.99–11.65 Ma) of Europe witnessed major climatic, environmental, and vegetational change, yet we are lacking detailed reconstructions of Middle Miocene temperature and precipitation patterns over Europe. Here, we use a high‐resolution (∼0.75°) isotope‐enabled general circulation model (ECHAM5‐wiso) with time‐specific boundary conditions to investigate changes in temperature, precipitation, and δ 18 O in precipitation ( δ 18 O p ). Experiments were designed with var
journal: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology