title: Governance crises and resilience of authoritarian populism: 2023 Turkish elections from the perspective of Hirschman’s ‘exit, voice, and loyalty’
abstract: The May 2023 elections in Turkey are puzzling because public support for President Erdoan did not erode despite political-economic failures of considerable magnitude.The economy was ailing, the government's performance in containing natural disasters was dismal, and oscillations in foreign policy were perplexing.Yet, Erdoan managed to win elections once again, giving him the mandate to continue ruling the country over the next five years.What explains this political outcome in the face of 'multi
journal: Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea Studies