title: From preparing for war to protecting the peace – legal hurdles for effectively dealing with hybrid threats in NATO1
abstract: Contemporary challenges to defence and security are increasingly originating from a combination of non-military and military threats, intentionally operating in the grey zone below the threshold of an armed conflict. These threats are commonly referred to as hybrid, and include amongst others cyberattacks, foreign interference with national elections, sabotage and lawfare. This article seeks to set out some of the main legal challenges hybrid threats pose to NATO as an effective defence and secu
journal: The Military Law and the Law of War Review