title: Energy efficiency in times of geopolitical uncertainty: A global analysis across income levels
abstract: Abstract Macroeconomic uncertainties—such as political risk and economic policy instability—have been widely examined in relation to energy transition, security, and environmental performance. However, their impact on energy efficiency remains underexplored. A key question emerges: do geopolitical risks impede energy efficiency or do they compel governments to enhance efficiency and reduce import dependence? This paradox calls for empirical investigation. While recent studies suggest that geopol
journal: Energy Efficiency