title: Understanding Disinformation Operations in the Twenty-First Century
abstract: Abstract Remarkable developments in digital technologies have provided the conditions for a dramatic rise in state-sponsored disinformation operations crossing international borders. Spreading dezinformatsiya has a long history, but today it is done with a volume and accuracy that has left the targeted societies deeply destabilized as facts and events become sharply contested among citizens. This chapter is a descriptive work illustrating the essential components of this activity and draws three