title: Conspiracy Theories and Fake News
abstract: Conspiracy theories can be considered as ‘slow streams’ flowing in a shadow zone of human communication, as developers and believers process and co-produce ‘evidence’ and recruit/cultivate those who come along conspiratorial scripture occasionally. The concept of ‘fake news’, along with a more eloquent term describing the same subject, emerged within the political and academic debate alongside the US presidential campaign in 2016. ‘Fake news’ surfaced as a research subject before 2016. Among oth