title: Formation and evolution of Muslim communities in Troitsk and Chelyabinsk in the late 18th – early 20th centuries
abstract: The article studies the evolution of the Muslim urban communities' social life in Troitsk and Chelyabinsk. We prove that at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and in the early twentieth century, the public self-organization basis was made up of mosques and madrasahs, charitable societies, printing houses, periodicals, and schools. If in the pre-February period the basis of the Tatars' social movement was represented by charitable societies, then after February 1917 they were Musl
journal: Tatarica