title: The Need for Emotional Cues Analysis in OSINT in Countering Reflexive Control Information Warfare Campaigns: A Critical Review and Reconceptualization
abstract: In the conflict with Ukraine, Russia has brought forth a modernized application of the reflexive control information warfare strategy developed during the USSR period with varying but notable effectiveness.Western allies of Ukraine have utilized open-source intelligence (OSINT) methods in attempts to counter Russian information warfare, but recent analyses have indicated a growing discontent with the results.A critical review of the literature indicates that (1])reflexive control operations have
journal: Information & Security An International Journal