title: Creating and contesting hierarchy: the punitive effect of sanctions in a horizontal system
abstract: Sanctions are presented as a form of international punishment that not only stigmatises the target, but creates a hierarchy between those who impose punishment and those punished. Such practices go against the principle of sovereign equality and contradict the horizontal structure of the international system. Drawing on the literature on stigma management and resentment, this paper argues that when states react to sanctions, they respond not only to the imposition of stigma, but also to the infe
journal: Revista CIDOB d Afers Internacionals