title: Hegemonic modernity: the Middle East and North Africa during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
abstract: By the end of the sixteenth century, three Muslim empires ruled large and prosperous territories throughout Asia, Europe and Africa. To the east stood the Mughal Empire, to the west, the powerful Ottoman Empire, and at the center, stretching over the Iranian plateau, the Ṣafavids. Between 1709 and 1739, the Ottomans engaged in four relatively successful wars that seemed to prove their military competence against Russia and the central European states. The peace that prevailed during the next thr
journal: Cambridge University Press eBooks