title: Od zależności od Unii Europejskiej do zależności od Chin. Polityka energetyczna Rosji od 2007 do 2023 roku
abstract: Between 2007 and 2023, Russia’s energy policy underwent a great transformation, shifting from a strong dependence on the European Union (EU) to an increasing reliance on China. Initially, the EU was Russia’s primary trading partner for energy resources such as crude oil and natural gas. However, geopolitical tensions—particularly following the 2014 annexation of Crimea and the 2022 invasion of Ukraine caused Western sanctions and led to a strategic reorientation of Russian exports toward Asian m
journal: Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie