title: Caught in the liberal pragmatic trap? How political parties viewed energy dependence on Russia in three European countries 2012–2022
abstract: After Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, and its subsequent decision to stop its gas export to Europe, Europe’s energy dependence on Russia was put on full display. In this paper, we map energy relations with Russia in three European countries that in the period of analysis between 2012 and 2022 were among the most important energy customers of Russia: Poland, Germany and the Netherlands. Moreover, we examine how this issue has been addressed – if at all – in party program
journal: Journal of Eurasian Studies