title: Russian cyber and information warfare in practice: Lessons observed from the war on Ukraine
abstract: Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 confounded many expectations about Russian military capabilities and Ukrainian resilience – including in the cyber and information aspects of the war. This paper examines Russia’s deployment of cyber and information operations against Ukraine, assesses the effectiveness of Ukrainian responses, and outlines potential lessons for other states. Many factors contributed to the failure of Russian cyber and information operations to achieve thei