title: Developing a NATO Intermediate Force Capabilities Concept
abstract: NATO faces a military problem: adversaries are undertaking acts of aggression that deliberately stay below the lethal force threshold or that ensure a lethal response from NATO incurring costs-undesired escalation, risks of collateral damage including civilian casualties, negative narratives, and other adverse strategic or political outcomes-to the Alliance.Intermediate Force Capabilities (IFC)-active means (non-lethal weapons, particularly non-lethal directed energy, cyber, electronic warfare, 
journal: Connections The Quarterly Journal