title: Beyond price shocks: Developing resilience indices for measuring EU energy vulnerabilities
abstract: This paper aims to study the effects of geopolitical tensions on the European Union’s oil and natural gas markets from 1990 to 2022. The purpose of this research is to critically assess the impact of geopolitical risks on energy security and market volatility. A literature review is conducted, focusing on tensions between Russia and Ukraine over the past two decades, providing evidence and examples of how geopolitical tensions influence oil and gas markets. No other specific geopolitical events 
journal: Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology