title: Building stronger ties: how constructive alignment boosts civil–military collaboration in crisis management exercises
abstract: Purpose Sweden’s accession to NATO on 7th March 2024, amid heightened regional threats and hybrid security challenges, underscores the growing importance of civil–military collaboration in strengthening total defense and comprehensive emergency preparedness. This study evaluates whether an enhanced constructive alignment model, integrating context support from Edmondson’s team learning theory, can offer a systematic and pedagogically grounded framework for analyzing and improving civil–military 
journal: International Journal of Emergency Services