title: IV. Financing The War
abstract: Even in the middle of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman bureaucracy did not possess any economic theory or idea going beyond the immediate necessities of fi nancing the state apparatus. Th ere were no independent economists and very few works on economics in general, even in translated form. 1 Th e only concern of the bureaucracy was the collection of taxes and, as long as they continued to receive their salaries, they did not care about increasing the national product and the tax revenues of 