title: Theoretical understanding of State-Sponsored Disinformation
abstract: Disinformation is intentionally false or misleading information, distinct from propaganda and misinformation, not based on ideologies or facts. Motivated by political power, it can cause serious problems relating to health (e.g., the spreading of conspiracy theories in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic), elections (e.g., the 2016 Brexit referendum, largely based on post-truth politics), etc. In the social media era, it is easily spread and more threatening. Many democratic states around the glo