title: A Retrospection of the Social Role of Healers (Ishans, Tauips) among Kazakhs in the 19th – early 20th centuries
abstract: Effective methods of getting rid of ailments among steppe peoples in the past certainly deserve attention, as well as the evolution of healing practices.The purpose and objectives of the study are to rethink the socio-cultural role of Ishan among steppe Kazakhs in the 19th and early 20th centuries through retrospection.Reports about the Ishan have been deposited in the collections of the Russian State Historical Archive, the United Archive of the Orenburg Region, the Central State Archive of the
journal: Bylye Gody