title: Sea Denial: The Ukrainian Case Study and the Future of Naval Warfare
abstract: This article examines Ukraine's maritime campaign in the Black Sea as a contemporary case study in sea denial against a conventionally superior navy. Despite lacking a blue-water fleet, Ukraine effectively contested Russia's naval dominance through an integrated use of land-based anti-ship missiles, unmanned surface vehicles, special operations, and real-time intelligence—including support from Western ISR assets. High-profile incidents such as the sinking of the&gt;Moskva and sustained strikes 
journal: Journal of Strategic Security