title: Impact of Geopolitical Factors on Ukrainian Seaports during the Ongoing Russian–Ukrainian War
abstract: The Russian–Ukrainian war is to be divided into two phases. The initial phase of the war was characterised by a hybrid approach, which commenced with the annexation of Crimea. The second instance of aggression was characterised by a full-scale attack on Ukraine, which commenced on 24 February 2022. The initial phase of the Russian invasion entailed the annexation of Crimea, a strategic move that effectively severed the economic ties of the Crimean seaports. Furthermore, separatist control over p