title: PRIVACY AND DIGITAL SURVEILLANCE IN CONTEMPORARY CONFLICTS: ASSESSING THE LEGALITY OF MASS DATA COLLECTION UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW
abstract: The proliferation of digital surveillance technologies has redefined traditional notions of privacy and exposed critical gaps in international law. This article investigates the legality of large-scale state data collection through the frameworks of international human rights law and international humanitarian law, with emphasis on the Russia–Ukraine war. AI-driven facial recognition, bulk metadata interception, and biometric tracking now allow governments to monitor populations with unprecedent