title: On the early history of quality management in healthcare: Pirogov, Nightingale and Codman
abstract: The quality of healthcare organisations is often described with the model of Donabedian structure-process-outcome. But the foundation of the model were laid by earlier thinkers about medical and healthcare quality of the 19th and early 20th centuries. This article focuses on two surgeons, Pirogov and Codman, and one nurse manager, Nightingale that occupied themselves with the management and organisation of hospitals. They started with nothing to rely on, as they were pioneers in the field of qua
journal: Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Medicine