title: Changes in Photosynthetically Active Radiation in Ukraine during 1961–2020 in the Context of Surface Radiation Budget Variability
abstract: Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), the solar radiation absorbed by plants in the 380–710 nm wavelength range, represents a key component of the surface radiation budget and plays a central role in terrestrial carbon assimilation. Understanding long-term PAR variability is increasingly important in the context of regional climate change and shifts in radiative forcing that influence surface energy fluxes.In Ukraine, routine PAR measurements are not performed due to the absence of standard