William C. Perry
American judge
William C. Perry (March 11, 1900 – October 27, 1985) was an American attorney and jurist in Oregon. He was the 34th Chief Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court. He served in that role twice for a total of five years. Perry was appointed to the court by soon to be ex-governor Douglas McKay after McKay had already appointed him as a county circuit court judge. A native of Kansas, he also worked as a county prosecuting attorney and city attorney prior to joining the state's highest court.
Early life.
William C. Perry was born on March 11, 1900, in Belleville, Kansas, where he then grew up before he served in the military during World War I. He graduated from the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas, in 1922. There Perry was a member of the fraternity Phi Gamma Delta and earned both his undergraduate degree and a law degree. He married Enola Miller of Riley, Kansas in June 1924 at Salina, Kansas, and they had one son, William junior, and one daughter, JoAnne Kay (1930–1944). In Kansas, he worked for the county as a prosecutor, earning $75 per month. In 1937, the family moved to Pendleton, Oregon, where he served as the city's attorney from 1944 to 1950.
Judicial career.
Perry was appointed to the county court for Umatilla County in 1950 by Douglas McKay. On December 26, 1952, Oregon Governor McKay appointed Perry to the Oregon Supreme Court to fill the vacancy created by the death of Arthur Hay, who had died on December 19. McKay resigned as governor the following day. Then in 1954 Perry won election to a full six-year term followed by re-election in 1960 and 1966. During his tenure on Oregon's highest court, he was selected to serve as chief justice twice. First in 1957 until 1959, and then from 1967 to 1970. Justice Perry then resigned from the court on June 1, 1970. After leaving the bench he criticized the Supreme Court of the United States for their decisions regarding free lawyers for defendants and the one person one vote principle.
Other.
One of Justice Perry's law clerks while he was Chief Justice was Jack Gore Collins, who later was the assistant U.S. Attorney who signed the indictment for skyjacker D. B. Cooper just prior to the statute of limitations running out in 1976. Another clerk, Ken Morrow, was a high-profile defense attorney in Oregon.
After retiring from the bench, Perry served as Chair of the Natural Resources section at the House of Delegates for the American Bar Association in 1974. William C. Perry died in Chula Vista, California, on October 27, 1985, at the age of 85 years.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

University of Kansas
Public university in Lawrence, Kansas, US
The University of Kansas (KU) is a public research university with its main campus in Lawrence, Kansas, United States. Two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area on the Kansas side: the university's medical school and hospital in Kansas City, Kansas, the Edwards Campus in Overland Park. There are also educational and research sites in Garden City, Hays, Leavenworth, Parsons, and Topeka, an agricultural education center in rural north Douglas County, and branches of the medical school in Salina and Wichita. The university is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".
Founded March 21, 1865, the university was opened in 1866 under a charter granted by the Kansas State Legislature in 1864 and legislation passed in 1863 under the state constitution, which was adopted two years after the 1861 admission of the former Kansas Territory as the 34th state into the Union.
As of fall 2022[ [update]], 23,872 students were enrolled at the Lawrence and Edwards campuses with an additional 2,836 students enrolled at the University of Kansas Medical Center (KUMC) for a total enrollment of 26,708 students across the three campuses. Overall, the university (including KUMC) employed 3,196 faculty members (faculty, faculty administrators, librarians, and unclassified academic staff) in fall 2022[ [update]].
Kansas's athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I sports as the Jayhawks, as members of the Big 12 Conference. They field 16 varsity sports, as well as club-level sports for ice hockey, rugby, men's volleyball, soccer, basketball, rock climbing, triathlon, cross country, track, swim, pickleball, table tennis, and water skiing.
History.
On February 20, 1863, Kansas Governor Thomas Carney signed into law a bill creating the state university in Lawrence. The law was conditioned upon a gift from Lawrence of a $15,000 endowment fund and a site for the university, in or near the town, of not less than of land. If Lawrence failed to meet these conditions, Emporia instead of Lawrence would get the university.
The site selected for the university was a hill known as Hogback Ridge (later known as Mount Oread), which was privately donated by Charles L. Robinson, the Republican governor of the state of Kansas from 1861 to 1863, and one of the original settlers of Lawrence, Kansas. Robinson and his wife Sara bestowed the site to the State of Kansas in exchange for land elsewhere. The philanthropist Amos Adams Lawrence donated $10,000 of the necessary endowment fund, and the citizens of Lawrence raised the remaining money themselves via private donations. On November 2, 1863, Governor Carney announced Lawrence had met the conditions to get into the state university, and the following year the university was officially organized.
The school's Board of Regents held its first meeting in March 1865, which is the event that KU dates its founding from. Work on the first college building began later that year. The school opened for classes on September 12, 1866, and the first class graduated in 1873. According to William L. Burdick, the first degree awarded by the university was a Doctor of Divinity, bestowed upon noted abolitionist preacher Richard Cordley.
During the early development of the University of Kansas, Chancellors Joshua Lippincott, Francis H. Snow, and Frank Strong, along with the Kansas Board of Regents, worked to establish the university as not only a center for higher education but also a representative agency of the state. Snow, who served from 1890 to 1901, emphasized scientific research and public engagement, while Strong, beginning in 1902, advanced the university’s role in public service. This vision aligned with the sentiments expressed by Professor M. S. Ward, who stated in 1891 that "Students should find in the University preparation for all the various pursuits and callings of society. The ultimate aim of our own State University ought to be [promoting] the highest Christian culture, an ample professional training, [which] will make our civilization the highest possible on earth."
In an effort to appeal to the predominantly Christian population of Kansas, many of who in the early history of the university were critical of state money being used to fund a secular institution, Chancellor Lippincott sought to reassure the public that the University of Kansas maintained strong Christian values. In response to a concerned parent questioning the university’s mission, Lippincott wrote, "The University is a Christian institution founded by a Christian state. We have daily prayers conducted for the most part by members of the Faculty of whom nearly all are Christian and several ministers of the Gospel."
Although the university was a secular institution, religion remained a central cultural force among students. In an 1880 community letter, an anonymous student reflected on the broader moral and spiritual purpose of education at KU, writing, "We are all seeking the truth, we are all earnest in our effort to correctly solve the great problem of a worthy and useful existence—we all recognize the wonderful features of a Christian age and a Christian country and we all hope to be true men and women [of the country] and almost all acknowledge that in accomplishing this we need an inspiration which is not of this earth nor fashioned after this world."
Chancellor Lippincott emphasized the importance of individual development in higher education, distinguishing universities from more rigid collegiate institutions in other parts of the country. In a lecture to students, James Marvin, the third Chancellor of the University stated, "Higher education should aid students to realize all their potentialities, but only in a university are all individualities respected. Colleges that require all students [to] follow the same course have a factory air about them. Students go through the same milling process and come out machines, but God did not intend man to be a machine, and the University of Kansas should be about His work."
Beginning in 1880, the University began to field intercollegiate athletics programs, starting with baseball. The University would introduce football in 1890, men's basketball in 1898, a women's club basketball team in 1902, and various other varsity athletics programs throughout the 20th century.
During World War I, the University of Kansas became a key training ground for military personnel, and courses were added for male students to reflect this. Military drills and coursework in military science were made mandatory for male students, and in 1918, KU established a unit of the Students' Army Training Corps (SATC) to provide academic and military instruction. Faculty contributed to war-related research, while female students supported Red Cross efforts. Chancellor Frank Strong emphasized KU’s role in preparing students for both military service and national responsibility. Strong was a vocal opponent of the United States entering a foreign war, and helped found the Kansas Branch of the League to Enforce Peace in 1915, which was a collection of activists who were opposed to American involvement in foreign conflicts. Strong advocated for patriotism during his later years as Chancellor, stating at the University Assembly in 1915 that "it is America's destiny to preserve Western Civilization, which seems to be destroying itself abroad. While the youth of Europe are on its battlefields, the youth of America must seek higher education to enable them to carry on the material for the leadership of the world. America and its universities, with the University of Kansas having a big place among them, must become the center of the greatest intellectual life that the next generation should know." In April 1917, after Congress declared a state of war, Strong sent a letter to Congress stating that the University "has always been loyal to country and to the flag, and always will be."
During World War II, Kansas was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program, which offered students a path to a Navy commission.
Landmarks and structures.
KU is home to the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, the Beach Center on Disability, Lied Center of Kansas and radio stations KJHK, 90.7 FM, and KANU, 91.5 FM. The university is also host to several significant museums. These include the University of Kansas Natural History Museum, founded in 1927, which contains important collections in mammalogy, ornithology, vertebrate paleontology, and entomology; and the Spencer Museum of Art, founded in 1928, home to a wide variety of cultural materials from all around the world, with a particular emphasis on American Indian materials. The libraries of the university include Watson Library, Kenneth Spencer Research Library, the Murphy Art and Architecture Library, Thomas Gorton Music & Dance Library, and Anschutz Library. Of athletic note, the university is home to Allen Fieldhouse, which is heralded as one of the greatest basketball arenas in the world, and David Booth Kansas Memorial Stadium, which is the eighth oldest college football stadium in the country.
Academics.
The University of Kansas is a large, state-sponsored university with five campuses. KU is a member of the Association of American Universities (AAU) and is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". KU features the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, which includes the School of the Arts and the School of Public Affairs & Administration; and the schools of Architecture, Design & Planning; Business; Education; Engineering; Health Professions; Journalism & Mass Communications; Law; Medicine; Music; Nursing; Pharmacy; and Social Welfare. The university offers more than 345 degree programs. In 2017 Johnson County accounted for most of instate enrollment.
According to the National Science Foundation, KU spent $339 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 74th in the nation.
School of Architecture and Design.
The University of Kansas School of Architecture and Design (ArcD), with its main building being Marvin Hall, traces its architectural roots to the creation of the architectural engineering degree program in KU's School of Engineering in 1912. The Bachelor of Architecture degree was added in 1920. In 1969, the School of Architecture and Urban Design (SAUD) was formed. In 2001, architectural engineering merged with civil and environmental engineering. The design programs from the discontinued School of Fine Arts were merged into the school in 2009, forming the School of Architecture and Design.
The Department of Design began in 1921. The Bachelor of Fine Arts degree program began eight years later. Industrial Design was added in 1941, interior design in 1946, jewelry and silversmithing, art history, and the Masters of Fine Arts program in 1948.
In 2009, the university reorganized the School of Fine Arts. The professional design practice programs became the Department of Design, administratively located in the School of Architecture and Design.
School of Business.
The University of Kansas School of Business is a public business school on the main campus of the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas. The KU School of Business was founded in 1924 and has more than 80 faculty members and approximately 1500 students.
Named one of the best business schools in the Midwest by Princeton Review, the KU School of Business has been continually accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) for its undergraduate and graduate programs in business and accounting.
For 2021, "U.S. News & World Report" ranked KU's business school 68th out of 477 evaluated.
In 2016, The University of Kansas completed construction on a new home for the business school, named Capitol Federal Hall. It is located at 1654 Naismith Drive, near KU's Rec Center and across the street from Allen Fieldhouse. Capitol Federal Hall is a 166,500 square-foot building complete with state-of-the-art technology and several research labs.
School of Law.
The University of Kansas School of Law, founded in 1878, was the top law school in the state of Kansas, and tied for 70th out of 198 nationally, according to the 2021 "U.S. News & World Report" rankings. Classes are held in Green Hall at W 15th St and Burdick Dr, which is named after former dean James Green.
School of Engineering.
The KU School of Engineering is a public engineering school located on the main campus. The School of Engineering was founded officially in 1891, although engineering degrees were awarded as early as 1873.
In the "U.S. News & World Report"'s "America's Best Colleges" 2021 issue, KU's School of Engineering was ranked tied for 102nd among 218 engineering schools whose highest degree is a doctorate.
Notable alumni include Charles E. Spahr (1934), the former CEO of Standard Oil of Ohio.
School of Journalism and Mass Communications.
In addition to its academic programs, the William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications sponsors publications including "The University Daily Kansan", "Jayplay" magazine, and KUJH TV.
Medical Center.
The University of Kansas Medical Center features three schools: the School of Medicine, School of Nursing, and School of Health Professions that each has its own programs of graduate study. As of the Fall 2013 semester, there were 3,349 students enrolled at KU Med. The Medical Center also offers four-year instruction at the Wichita campus, and features a medical school campus in Salina, Kansas devoted to rural health care.
The University of Kansas Health System is co-located at the University of Kansas Medical Center.
Edwards Campus, Overland Park.
KU's Edwards Campus is in Overland Park, Kansas. Established in 1993, its goal is to provide adults with the opportunity to complete undergraduate, graduate, and certificate programs. About 2,000 students attend the Edwards Campus, with an average age of 31.
University of Kansas Leavenworth.
Near the beginning of the 2018–2019 school year, KU launched classes in Leavenworth, Kansas, offering classes to "both civilian and military" students, emphasizing a "high priority in supporting military-affiliated students". The Leavenworth classes offer both undergraduate and graduate courses.
Computing innovations.
KU's School of Business launched interdisciplinary management science graduate studies in operations research during Fall Semester 1965. The program provided the foundation for decision science applications supporting NASA Project Apollo Command Capsule Recovery Operations.
KU's academic computing department was an active participant in setting up the Internet and is the developer of the early Lynx text-based web browser. Lynx provided hypertext browsing and navigation prior to Tim Berners Lee's invention of HTTP and HTML.
Student activities.
Athletics.
The University of Kansas has had teams representing them athletically since at least 1867, a year after classes officially started. Starting in 1866, a baseball team made up of KU students represented the University of Kansas in games played at the Kansas State Fair against local teams from around the state of Kansas.
The school's sports teams, wearing crimson and blue, are called the Kansas Jayhawks. They participate in the NCAA's Division I and in the Big 12 Conference. The University of Kansas has won thirteen National Championships all-time: six in men's basketball (two Helms Foundation championships and four NCAA championships, most recently in 2022), three in men's indoor track and field, three in men's outdoor track and field, one in men's cross country and one in women's outdoor track and field. The home course for KU Cross Country is Rim Rock Farm. Their most recent championship came in 2022, the men's basketball team won the 2022 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament.
Kansas football dates from 1890 and is one of the oldest continuous programs in the nation. They have played in the Orange Bowl three times: 1948, 1969, and 2008, as well as nine other bowl games. They are currently coached by Lance Leipold, who was hired in May 2021. From its inception in 1890 to 1929, the program saw consistent success, winning several conference titles in 4 different conferences. After joining the Big 6 Conference (which would eventually become the Big 8) in 1929, Kansas began to struggle in the win-loss column. With the formation of the Big 8 conference in 1960, Kansas became a consistent winner again and fielded legendary coaches like Pepper Rodgers, Don Fambrough, Bud Moore, and Glen Mason. In 2008, under the leadership of Mark Mangino, the #7 Jayhawks emerged victorious in their first BCS bowl game, the FedEx Orange Bowl, with a 24–21 victory over the #3 Virginia Tech Hokies. This capstone victory marked the end of the most successful season in school history, in which the Jayhawks went 12–1 (.923). The team plays at David Booth Kansas Memorial Stadium, which recently underwent an $85 million renovation to add an indoor practice facility with a 120-yard field, an outdoor practice facility with 2 full fields and three partial fields, new locker rooms, a new weight training facility, new residencies for players, new offices, new turf, new seats, and a state-of-the-art video board.
The KU men's basketball team has fielded a team every year since 1898. The Jayhawks are a perennial national contender, coached by Hall of Fame coach Bill Self. The team has won six national titles, including four NCAA tournament championships in 1952, 1988, 2008, and 2022. The basketball program is currently the winningest program in college basketball history with an overall record of 2,355–877 up to their Final Four appearance in the 2021–22 season. The team plays at Allen Fieldhouse. Perhaps its best-recognized player was Wilt Chamberlain, who played in the 1950s, later becoming an NBA star and Harlem Globetrotter.
Kansas has counted among its coaches James Naismith (the inventor of basketball), Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Phog Allen ("the Father of basketball coaching" and a Kansas alumnus himself), Dick Harp, Ted Owens, Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Roy Williams, and Basketball Hall of Fame inductee and former NBA Champion Detroit Pistons coach Larry Brown. Currently, Kansas is coached by Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Bill Self. In addition, legendary University of Kentucky coach and Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Adolph Rupp played for KU's 1922 and 1923 Helms National Championship teams, and NCAA Hall of Fame inductee and University of North Carolina Coach Dean Smith played for KU's 1952 NCAA Championship team. Both Rupp and Smith played under Phog Allen. Allen also coached Hall of Fame coaches Dutch Lonborg and Ralph Miller. Allen founded the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC), which started what is now the NCAA Tournament. The Tournament began in 1939 under the NABC and the next year was handed off to the newly formed NCAA.
Kansas fielded its first women's soccer team in 1995. The women's soccer team launched in 1980 as a club sport, but was promoted to varsity play in the NCAA in 1995 when Lori Walker was hired as the head coach. Since 1995 they've appeared in the NCAA tournament ten times, and have won the Big 12 championship three times. They compete at Rock Chalk Park, a 2,500 seat stadium built in 2014. In cooperation with Kansas Athletics, FIFA is using Rock Chalk Park as a training facility and team base camp for the 2026 World Cup, with one of the host sites being nearby Kansas City.
Notable non-varsity sports include rugby, men's hockey, and men's soccer. The rugby team owns its private facility and tours internationally every two years. The men's hockey team plays at AdventHealth Sports Park in Overland Park, Kansas. They also practice in Topeka and Lawrence. They compete in the American Collegiate Hockey Association. Men's soccer competes in the South Conference of the Upper Midwest Collegiate Soccer League. They play on an artificial turf field next to student dorms next to Allen Fieldhouse.
Debate teams.
The University of Kansas has had more teams (70) compete in the National Debate Tournament than any other university. Kansas has won the tournament 6 times (1954, 1970, 1976, 1983, 2009, and 2018) and had 15 teams make it to the final four. Kansas trails only Northwestern (15) and Harvard (7) for most tournaments won and is tied with Dartmouth (6). Kansas also won the Copeland Award in 1981–82 and 2017–18.
Media.
The university's newspaper is "University Daily Kansan", which placed first in the Intercollegiate Writing Competition of the prestigious William Randolph Hearst Writing Foundation competition. In the winter of 2008, a group of students created KUpedia, a wiki about all things KU. They received student funding for operations in 2008–09. The KU Department of English publishes the "Coal City Review", an annual literary journal of prose, poetry, reviews, and illustrations. The "Review" typically features the work of many writers, but periodically spotlights one author, as in the case of 2006 Nelson Poetry Book Award-winner "Voyeur Poems" by Matthew Porubsky.
The "University Daily Kansan" operates outside of the university's William Allen White School of Journalism and reaches at least 30,000 daily readers through its print and online publications.
The university houses the following public broadcasting stations: KJHK, a student-run campus radio station, KUJH-LP, an independent station that primarily broadcasts public affairs programs, and KANU, the NPR-affiliated radio station. Kansas Public Radio station KANU was one of the nation's first public radio stations. KJHK, the campus radio has roots back to 1952 and is completely run by students.
Center for Community Health and Development.
The university's Center for Community Health and Development (formerly KU Work Group) was designated as a World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Community Health and Development in 2004. It is affiliated with the Department of Applied Behavioral Science and the Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies at the university, and supports community health and development through a variety of means, including its free online resource, the Community Tool Box.
Foundations.
University of Kansas Memorial Corporation.
The first union was built on campus in 1926 as a campus community center. The unions are still the "living rooms" of campus and include three locations – the Kansas Union and Burge Union at the Lawrence Campus and Jayhawk Central at the Edwards Campus. The KU Memorial Unions Corporation manages the KU Bookstore (with seven locations). The KU Bookstore is the official bookstore of KU. The corporation also includes KU Dining Services, with more than 20 campus locations, including The Market (inside the Kansas Union) and The Underground (located in Wescoe Hall). The KU Bookstore and KU Dining Services are not-for-profit, with proceeds supporting student programs, such as Student Union Activities.
KU Endowment.
KU Endowment was established in 1891 as the university's primary institutional foundation to manage and build the university's endowment.
Notable alumni and faculty.
Affiliated with the university as students, researchers, or faculty members have been 325 Fulbright Scholars, 27 Rhodes Scholars, 10 Marshall Scholars, 2 Mitchell Scholars, 12 MacArthur Fellows, 7 Pulitzer Prize winners, 5 NASA astronauts, 3 Nobel Prize laureates, 2 Fields Medal winners, 3 Hugo Award or Nebula Award winners and 1 Academy Award winner.
Additionally, two people associated with the school have been awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Dean Smith, who played basketball at Kansas from 1949 to 1953 and was a Hall of Fame men's basketball coach at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, was given the award by Barack Obama in 2013. Politician Bob Dole, who played football and basketball at the school but did not graduate, was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom award by Bill Clinton in 1997.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

C. M. Newton
American college basketball coach
Charles Martin Newton (February 2, 1930 – June 4, 2018) was an American collegiate basketball player, coach, and athletics administrator. He served as the head men's basketball coach at Transylvania University from 1956 to 1968, the University of Alabama from 1968 to 1980, and Vanderbilt University from 1981 to 1989, compiling a career college basketball coaching record of 509–375. He was chairman of the NCAA Rules committee from 1979 to 1985 and was the president of USA Basketball from 1992 to 1996.
Newton played basketball and baseball at the University of Kentucky, where he was a member of the national championship-winning 1950–51 Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team led by head coach Adolph Rupp. Newton returned to his alma mater in 1989 as athletic director, serving in that role until his retirement in 2000. He was enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a contributor in 2000 and was inducted into the College Basketball Hall of Fame in 2006. Former Kentucky coach Tubby Smith said of Newton: "I don't think there's been a better person in athletics than C.M. Newton. In all athletics, not just basketball. He had the utmost respect from people."
College career.
Born in Rockwood, Tennessee, Newton was a two-sport player at the University of Kentucky, playing both baseball and basketball. As a reserve guard/forward, he was part of the Wildcats' national championship team in 1951 under legendary coach Adolph Rupp, though Newton himself averaged only 1.2 points per game. As a pitcher he helped the Wildcats baseball team reach the NCAA tournament and, after college, signed a minor league baseball contract with a New York Yankees farm system. Newton finally gave up baseball after the births of his two daughters.
Coaching career.
Newton's coaching career spanned 30 years and three institutions.
Transylvania.
By 1956, Newton had landed his first basketball coaching job at Transylvania University (then Transylvania College) in Lexington, Kentucky on a recommendation by Rupp. Newton compiled a 169–137 record at Transylvania, leading them to the 1963 NAIA Tournament. While at Transylvania he recruited the school's first black player.
Newton was inducted into Transylvania's Pioneer Hall of Fame in 1992.
Alabama.
In 1968, legendary football coach and athletic director Paul "Bear" Bryant, who had been the coach for the University of Kentucky's football team during Newton's playing days, called Rupp looking for someone to turn around the University of Alabama's basketball program. Rupp recommended Newton, who after twelve seasons at Transylvania, left Lexington for Tuscaloosa.
In twelve seasons at Alabama, Newton led the Crimson Tide to a record of 211–123. Under Newton the Crimson Tide became the only school besides the University of Kentucky to win three straight Southeastern Conference titles (1974, 1975, and 1976). Newton also guided Alabama to four NIT and two NCAA tournament berths, prompting the school to name a recruiting suite in his honor in 2006.
Just as he did at Transylvania, Newton recruited Alabama's first black player, Wendell Hudson, in 1969, integrating his second team in as many coaching stops. In addition, Newton would start five black players in a time of racial turbulence and progress. Center Leon Douglas said, "We knew Coach Newton (signed us) because he wanted to win. He wasn't trying to be a trailblazer. You have to respect a man for putting five black starters on the court when others said it was a no-no." On December 28, 1973, in a 65–55 win at Louisville Cardinals men's basketball, Newton started Douglas, Charles "Boonie" Russell, Charles Cleveland, T.R. Dunn and Ray Odums for the first all-black starting line-up in SEC history, and a team that would win the SEC season title.
Vanderbilt.
After resigning from the University of Alabama in 1980 to become assistant commissioner of the Southeastern Conference, Newton had no intentions of coaching again until he was approached by Roy Kramer, the athletics director for Vanderbilt University. After only one year as assistant commissioner, Newton became coach of the Vanderbilt Commodores, leading them to a 129–115 mark in eight seasons and berths in the NCAA tournament in 1988 and 1989.
Administrative career.
NCAA Rules Committee.
From 1979 to 1985, Newton served as chair of the NCAA Rules Committee. During his tenure the NCAA adopted the shot clock, the three-point line, and the coaches' box. Newton was a member of the NCAA Division I Basketball Committee, overseeing the NCAA Tournament, from 1992 to 1999, including the last two years as chair of the group. In 1998, a survey done by the San Antonio Express-News proclaimed Newton "the most powerful man in college basketball." On March 16, 2015, former long-time commissioner of the Big East, Mike Tranghese, told Chris Russo on Sirius XM radio that Newton is the best chairman that ever served the NCAA.
University of Kentucky.
In 1989, Newton's alma mater, the University of Kentucky, persuaded him to replace athletic director Cliff Hagan and help navigate the stormy waters of an NCAA probation. Newton's first move as AD was to hire then-New York Knicks coach Rick Pitino. Three years later, the Wildcats bounced back from their probation with a core of mostly Kentucky-born players known affectionately to fans as "The Unforgettables." The group—consisting of Sean Woods, Deron Feldhaus, Richie Farmer, and John Pelphrey—lost to Duke in overtime of the 1992 NCAA tournament East Regional final, a matchup many consider the greatest college basketball game ever played. Pitino would lead Kentucky to three Final Four appearances and the 1996 NCAA Championship before his departure in 1997.
Newton also hired Bernadette Mattox, the university's first black women's basketball coach in 1995. In 1997, he hired Orlando "Tubby" Smith, the university's first black men's basketball coach, to replace Pitino, who had accepted a head coaching job with the NBA's Boston Celtics. Smith led the Wildcats to the NCAA Championship in his first season.
On December 18, 1999, Newton was presented with the Annie Wittenmyer White Ribbon Award by the Women's Christian Temperance Union for refusing to allow alcohol advertising at university sporting events. Newton retired on June 30, 2000.
In 2000, the University of Kentucky officially named its football playing field at Commonwealth Stadium, "C. M. Newton Field". As part of the renaming of the stadium to "Kroger Field" in 2017, the field itself was renamed "C. M. Newton Grounds".
USA Basketball.
From 1992 to 1996, Newton served as the president of USA Basketball. It was on Newton's watch that the decision was made to allow professional basketball players to represent the United States in the Summer Olympics. This decision gave rise to the 1992 "Dream Team".
Newton also served as an assistant coach under Bob Knight for the gold medal-winning 1984 United States men's Olympic basketball team.
Personal life and death.
Newton and his first wife Evelyn, who died in 2000, had three children. He died on June 4, 2018. At the time of his death, he was survived by his wife Nancy, whom he married in 2002.
Newton's son, Charles Martin (Martin) Newton Jr., is the current athletic director at Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama, a post he has held since 2011. After spending 26 years in marketing for Converse and Nike, Martin Newton was a member of the athletic support staff at his father's alma mater Kentucky, before returning to his own alma mater. As of 2022, Samford has produced 58 Southern Conference championships under Newton's leadership and ranks among the top of all Division I schools in student-athlete graduation rates. In addition, Martin Newton has followed in his father's footsteps and began a four-year term as a member of the NCAA Division I Basketball Committee on September 1, 2022.
References.
<templatestyles src="Refl


Bass guitar
Electric plucked string instrument
The bass guitar, electric bass () is the lowest-pitched member of the guitar family. It is similar in appearance and construction to an electric but with a longer neck and scale length. The electric bass guitar most commonly has four strings, though five- and six-stringed models are also built. Since the mid-1950s, the bass guitar has replaced the double bass in popular music due to its lighter weight, smaller size, most models' inclusion of frets for easier intonation, and electromagnetic pickups for amplification.
The bass guitar is usually tuned the same as the double bass, corresponding to pitches one octave lower than the four lowest-pitched strings of a guitar (typically E, A, D, and G). It is played with the fingers and thumb or with a pick.
Because the electric bass guitar is acoustically a quiet instrument, it requires external amplification, generally via electromagnetic or piezo-electric pickups. It can also be used with direct input boxes, audio interfaces, mixing consoles, computers, or bass-effects processors which offer headphone jacks.
Terminology.
The "New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians" refers to this instrument as an "Electric bass guitar, usually with four heavy strings tuned E1'–A1'–D2–G2." It also defines "bass" as "Bass (iv). A contraction of Double bass or Electric bass guitar." "Mottola's Cyclopedic Dictionary of Lutherie Terms" begins its definition of the instrument as "A bass guitar that produces sound primarily with the aid of electronic devices." According to some authors the proper term is "electric bass". Common names for the instrument are "bass guitar", "electric bass guitar", and "electric bass" and some authors claim that they are historically accurate. A bass guitar whose neck lacks frets is termed a fretless bass.
Scale.
The scale of a bass is defined as the length of the vibrating strings between the nut and the bridge saddles. On a modern 4-string bass guitar, 30" (76 cm) or less is considered short scale, 32" (81 cm) medium scale, 34" (86 cm) standard scale and 35" (89 cm) long scale.
Pickup.
Bass pickups are attached to the body of the guitar and located beneath the strings. They are responsible for converting the vibrations of the strings into analogous electrical voltage sent as input to an instrument amplifier.
Strings.
Bass guitar strings are composed of a core and winding. The core is a wire which runs through the center of the string and is made of steel, nickel, or an alloy. The winding is a smaller gauge wire wrapped around the core. Bass guitar strings vary by the material and cross-sectional shape of the winding.
Common string variants include roundwound, flatwound, halfwound (groundwound), coated, tapewound and taperwound strings. Roundwound and flatwound strings feature windings with circular and rounded-square cross-sections, respectively, with half-round strings being a hybrid between the two. Coated strings have their surface coated with a synthetic layer while tapewound strings feature a metal core with a plastic winding. Taperwound strings have a tapered end where the exposed core sits on the bridge saddle without windings. The choice of winding has considerable impact on the sound of the instrument, with certain winding styles often being preferred for certain musical genres.
History.
1930s.
In the 1930s, musician and inventor Paul Tutmarc of Seattle, Washington, developed the first electric bass guitar in its modern form, a fretted instrument designed to be played horizontally. The 1935 sales catalog for Tutmarc's company Audiovox featured the "Model 736 Bass Fiddle", a solid body electric bass guitar with four strings, a scale length, and a single pickup. Around 100 were made during this period.
Audiovox also sold their "Model 236" bass amplifier.
1950s.
In the 1950s, Leo Fender and George Fullerton developed the first mass-produced electric bass guitar. The Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company began producing the Precision Bass, or P-Bass, in October 1951. The design featured a simple uncontoured "slab" body design (with no edge contours) and a single coil pickup, both features similar to a Telecaster. By 1957, the Precision Bass began to resemble the Fender Stratocaster with the body edges beveled for comfort and the pickup changed to a separate halves split coil design.
The Fender Bass was a revolutionary instrument for working musicians. In comparison to the upright bass, the bass guitar could be easily transported. When amplified, the bass guitar was also much less prone than acoustic basses to audio feedback. The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in tune more easily than on upright basses, and allowed guitarists to more easily play the instrument.
In 1953, Monk Montgomery became the first bassist to tour with the Fender bass, in Lionel Hampton's postwar big band. Montgomery was also possibly the first to record with the electric bass, on July 2, 1953, with the Art Farmer Septet. Roy Johnson (with Lionel Hampton), and Shifty Henry (with Louis Jordan and His Tympany Five), were other early Fender bass pioneers. Bill Black, who played with Elvis Presley and James Jamerson switched from upright bass to the Fender Precision Bass around 1957. The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, and many early pioneers of the instrument, such as Joe Osborn, and Paul McCartney were originally guitarists.
Also in 1953, Gibson released the first short-scale violin-shaped electric bass, the EB-1, with an extendable end pin so a bassist could play it upright or horizontally. In 1958, Gibson released the maple arched-top EB-2 described in the Gibson catalog as a "hollow-body electric bass that features a Bass/Baritone pushbutton for two different tonal characteristics". In 1959, these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass. The EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance (although the earliest examples have a slab-sided body shape closer to that of the double-cutaway Les Paul Special). The Fender and Gibson versions used bolt-on and set necks.
Several other companies also began manufacturing bass guitars during the 1950s. Kay Musical Instrument Company began production of the K162 in 1952. Also in 1956, at the German trade fair "Musikmesse Frankfurt", the distinctive Höfner 500/1 viola-shaped bass first appeared, constructed using violin techniques by Walter Höfner, a second-generation violin luthier. Due to its use by Paul McCartney, it became known as the "Beatle bass". In 1957, Rickenbacker introduced the model 4000, the first bass to feature a neck-through-body design in which the neck is part of the body wood. The Burns London Supersound was introduced in 1958.
1960s.
With the explosion in popularity of rock music in the 1960s, many more manufacturers began making electric basses, including Yamaha, Teisco and Guyatone. Introduced in 1960, the Fender Jazz Bass, initially known as the "Deluxe Bass", used a body design known as an offset waist which was first seen on the Jazzmaster guitar in an effort to improve comfort while playing seated. The Jazz bass, or J-Bass, features two single-coil pickups.
Providing a more "Gibson-scale" instrument, rather than the Jazz and Precision, Fender produced the Mustang Bass, a scale-length instrument. The Fender VI, a 6-string bass, was tuned one octave lower than standard guitar tuning. It was released in 1961, and was briefly favored by Jack Bruce of Cream.
Gibson introduced its short-scale EB-3 in 1961, also used by Bruce. The EB-3 had a "mini-humbucker" at the bridge position. Gibson basses tended to be instruments with a shorter 30.5" scale length than the Precision. Gibson did not produce a -scale bass until 1963 with the release of the Thunderbird.
The first commercial fretless bass guitar was the Ampeg AUB-1, introduced in 1966. In the late 1960s, eight-string basses, with four octave paired courses (similar to a 12 string guitar), were introduced, such as the Hagström H8.
1970s.
In 1972, Alembic established what became known as "boutique" or "high-end" electric bass guitars. These expensive, custom-tailored instruments, as used by Phil Lesh, Jack Casady, and Stanley Clarke, featured unique designs, premium hand-finished wood bodies, and innovative construction techniques such as multi-laminate neck-through-body construction and graphite necks. Alembic also pioneered the use of onboard electronics for pre-amplification and equalization.
Active electronics increase the output of the instrument, and allow more options for controlling tonal flexibility, giving the player the ability to amplify as well as to attenuate certain frequency ranges while improving the overall frequency response (including more low-register and high-register sounds). 1976 saw the UK company Wal begin production of their own range of active basses. In 1974 Music Man Instruments, founded by Tom Walker, Forrest White and Leo Fender, introduced the StingRay, the first widely produced bass with active (powered) electronics built into the instrument. Basses with active electronics can include a preamplifier and knobs for boosting and cutting the low and high frequencies.
In the mid-1970s, five-string basses, with a very low "B" string, were introduced. In 1975, bassist Anthony Jackson commissioned luthier Carl Thompson to build a six-string bass tuned (low to high) B0, E1, A1, D2, G2, C3, adding a low B string and a high C string.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Mick Grøndahl
Danish-American bass guitarist (born 1968)
Michael Christian Grøndahl (often spelled Grondahl) (born 7 May 1968) is a Danish-American bass guitarist. Born in Copenhagen, he was raised in Manhattan, New York with his mother and grandmother, Vava. He is widely known for playing bass guitar and composing on Jeff Buckley's debut album, "Grace".
Grøndahl attended Skidmore College where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in Art History and English. He also played in local bands, playing the local bar scene on Saratoga's Broadway strip. He then moved to New York City where he played with several bands. He met Jeff Buckley after seeing him at Columbia University's Postcrypt Cafe. They played later that Spring of 1993, and he soon joined forces with Buckley. Grøndahl became an integral part of Buckley's live sound, and wrote the songs, "Dream Brother", "Vancouver", "Tongue" and "Edna Frau" which Buckley would sing. Before and after Buckley's death, he played in several bands including Elysian Fields, Beth Orton and the Greenlandic singer Angu. As of 2020 he is living in Denmark with his daughter, recording and performing with the group, "Tongue".
Grøndahl is known for playing an olympic white 1966 Fender Jazz Bass with a tortoiseshell pick guard, of which was owned by Buckley, and the instrument Grøndahl borrowed from Buckley to jam at their first session. Grøndahl also toured with a black Jazz Bass as a backup on the Mystery White Boy tour. Grøndahl played through a Mesa/Boogie 400+ bass amp with a custom matching Mesa/Boogie cabinet.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Jeff Buckley discography
This is a discography for the American singer-songwriter and guitarist Jeff Buckley.
Guest appearances and collaborations.
Buckley was immersed in music and, when not working on his own material or with his band, he contributed numerous times to projects with his friends and musical peers. John Zorn regularly held collaborations at the Knitting Factory, and Buckley performed vocals on the tracks "Taipan" and "D.Popylepis" that appeared on 1992 album . Buckley contributed vocals on "Jolly Street" from The Jazz Passengers' 1994 album "In Love", and he played six string bass and drums on tracks from his ex-girlfriend Rebecca Moore's album "Admiral Charcoal's Song". Buckley also performed backup vocals and guitar on Brenda Kahn's "Faith Salons" which was released on her 1996 album "Destination Anywhere". On Patti Smith's 1996 album "Gone Again", Buckley provided vocals on "Beneath the Southern Cross" and played esraj on "Fireflies". He co-wrote "Despite the Tears" with Chris Dowd, then lead singer of The Seedy Arkhestra, for the album "Puzzle," co-produced by Dan Siegler and also contributed vocals and guitar on two more tracks, "A Thousand Tears" and "Flog Your Dead Horse". Buckley's drummer Matt Johnson played on the album as well, along with Joan Wasser and Joseph "Amp" Fiddler. Dowd had previously co-written "What Will You Say" with Buckley and Carla Azar, which appeared on "Mystery White Boy".
Buckley also collaborated with other musicians on different projects. He appeared on the soundtrack of "First Love, Last Rites", performing vocals on "I Want Someone Badly" backed by the group Shudder to Think. This song later appeared on "Grace (Legacy Edition)". He performed two tributes to writers he admired: he read Edgar Allan Poe's poem "Ulalume" for the album "Closed on Account of Rabies", and on "", a tribute to beat poet Jack Kerouac, Buckley performed "Angel Mine" with Inger Lorre. In Los Angeles, Buckley co-wrote and recorded the song "Hollywould" with Sandy Bell, which she released in 2000.
Unreleased recordings.
Since Jeff Buckley only completed one album, many posthumous releases, as well as bootlegged unreleased live recordings, have proved popular with fans. These recordings come from all periods of his career; in particular, Buckley made many soundboard recordings of the concerts from his 1995–1996 tours. Mary Guibert, his mother and head of his estate, expressed an interest in releasing these live concerts as a special subscription series, leaving the recordings uncut: "warts and all". However, this project has yet to come to fruition.
A number of Buckley's 4 track demos for "My Sweetheart the Drunk" have been leaked over the internet but the majority of the demos from this period have remained out of the public domain. Michael Tighe has made reference in particular to one track, "Sky Blue Skin", that he personally feels is a very important song of Buckley's (the track was finally released in 2019). Other names of unreleased songs from the demos have circulated amongst fans including: "The Morning After", "Open Up and Bleed", "Dendrils of Death", "Don't Listen to Anyone But Me", and "Pleasure Seeker". A version of "Dendrils of Death" has been recorded by Buckley's old bassist, Mick Grondahl, and his band Tongue.
Certain live performances by Buckley have specifically been held in high regard. "Dido's Lament", an aria from "Dido and Æneas" by Henry Purcell, was performed live at the Meltdown festival in 1995, directed by Elvis Costello. The falsetto operatic piece is unusual in Buckley's catalogue, having similarities only with Buckley's version of "Corpus Christi Carol" featured on "Grace". The Meltdown festival also featured a particularly beautiful version of "The Other Woman". Although unreleased, an excerpt of this version of "Dido's Lament" has appeared on the soundtrack of BBC documentary "Everybody Here Wants You". "Edna Frau" was written with Mick Grondahl, Buckley's bassist and was performed live on at least one occasion on "The Hard Luck Tour". Grondahl also sings on this song and it was the only occasion he did so during the time he was a member of Buckley's band. Other popular recordings are a performance of "We All Fall in Love Sometimes" by Elton John and Bernie Taupin recorded on October 11, 1992, for WFMU's "The Music Faucet" and "Three is The Magic Number", by Schoolhouse Rock, from Buckley's Mercury Lounge 1996 New Year's Eve concert.
Michael Tighe also mentioned Buckley's collaboration with Elizabeth Fraser of Cocteau Twins, describing "All Flowers in Time Bend Towards the Sun" as a beautiful piece worthy of release. Buckley contributed to a piece of music about alien abduction called "Ozark Melody". The song was recorded in the middle of 1996, with lyrics written by Joe Tripician while the music was composed by Buckley and Frederick Reed. This song is available to download on the internet with permission from the Estate of Jeff Buckley, but has not had an official release.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Grace (Jeff Buckley album)
1994 album
Grace is the only studio album by the American singer-songwriter Jeff Buckley, released on August 15, 1994 in Europe and on August 23, 1994 in the United States by Columbia Records. It was produced by Buckley and Andy Wallace.
After moving from Los Angeles to New York City in 1991, Buckley amassed a following through his performances at Sin-é, a cafe in the East Village, and signed to Columbia in 1993. He recorded "Grace" in Bearsville Studios in Woodstock, New York, with musicians including Gary Lucas, Mick Grondahl, Michael Tighe and Matt Johnson. It includes versions of the jazz standard "Lilac Wine", the hymn "Corpus Christi Carol" and the 1984 Leonard Cohen song "Hallelujah".
"Grace" reached number 149 on the US "Billboard" 200, below Columbia's expectations, and initially received mixed reviews. After Buckley's death in 1997, its critical standing grew and it was praised by musicians including Jimmy Page, Robert Plant, Bob Dylan and David Bowie. By 2011, it had achieved sales of two million, and in 2016 it was certified platinum in the US.
"Rolling Stone" included "Grace" in three of its lists of the 500 greatest albums and named Buckley's version of "Hallelujah" one of the 500 greatest songs. In 2008, "Hallelujah" became Buckley's first number one on "Billboard"'s Hot Digital Songs and reached number two in the UK singles chart. In 2014, it was inducted into the American Library of Congress' National Recording Registry.
Background.
In Los Angeles in the early 1990s, Buckley met the guitarist Gary Lucas and wrote the songs "Grace" and "Mojo Pin" with him. He performed both songs during his brief time as a member of Lucas's band Gods and Monsters.
Buckley moved to New York City in 1991, and performed regularly at Sin-é, a cafe in the East Village, Manhattan. He built a following and attracted attention from major record labels. In October 1992, Buckley signed a record contract with Columbia Records. His debut EP, "Live at Sin-é", was released in 1993.""
In the weeks before recording began for his debut album, Buckley assembled a band and delayed work until he felt he had found the right musicians. He met the bassist Mick Grondahl at a concert at Columbia University, and recruited him following a jam session at Buckley's apartment."" Buckley's girlfriend, Rebecca Moore, introduced him to the drummer Matt Johnson, and Buckley invited him to audition at a rehearsal, where they created the structure for "Dream Brother". The band began recording "Grace" soon after. Johnson said it was "really scary" to go from meeting someone to recording so quickly.
Recording.
"Grace" was produced by Andy Wallace and recorded in Bearsville Studios in Woodstock, New York. Buckley experimented extensively with arrangements and recording techniques. He found the process of recording contrary to his improvisational performance style, and said later: "It's not like a live show where you play it and it just disappears into the air like smoke. It's like painting, sound painting. It's in a crystalized form, so it's very nerve-wracking: which brain cell do I put down here forever and ever?”
Recording was disrupted when Buckley was upset by a negative review of "Live at Sin-é" in "Newsday", which likened his voice to Michael Bolton and wrote that he was derivative of "black idioms ... awkwardly reach[ing] for a balance of emotion and technique, eventually relying on sheer voice of will, oversinging, flaking out". Wallace said Buckley was "almost apoplectic" about the criticism and stopped work for two days.
As he had not completed enough original songs for an album, Buckley recorded three covers: the jazz standard "Lilac Wine", the hymn "Corpus Christi Carol" (based on an arrangement by Benjamin Britten), and the 1984 Leonard Cohen song "Hallelujah". Buckley based his version of "Hallelujah" on the cover by John Cale, and was not familiar with Cohen's original. He recorded more than 20 takes; the final version was edited together from several recordings. Lucas contributed guitar to the songs he co-wrote, "Grace" and "Mojo Pin".
Near the end of the sessions, Buckley presented another song, "Forget Her", and he and the band quickly recorded it. Columbia felt the song had commercial potential, but Buckley and the band were unsure. In early 1994, when "Grace" was almost complete, Buckley enlisted another guitarist, Moore's childhood friend Michael Tighe. During one rehearsal, Tighe played a descending chord progression that Buckley developed into "So Real". While recording B-sides for the "Grace" singles, the band quickly recorded "So Real" and Buckley used it to replace "Forget Her". Tighe recalled: "He got really excited and was like, ‘Oh, my record is saved because I have this song 'So Real' now ... He felt that it tipped the balance of that record to the favorable side of the spectrum, aesthetically." The decision concerned the executives, but Buckley insisted.
Cover.
The cover photograph was taken by Buckley's friend Merri Cyr. It depicts Buckley with his eyes closed, holding a microphone and wearing a women's sequinned jacket he purchased from a thrift store. Buckley was listening to a playback of "Dream Brother" when the photo was taken. The Columbia executives felt it sent the wrong message; some felt he looked like the new wave singer Adam Ant, while the Sony head, Don Ienner, said he looked like a lounge singer. Buckley rejected Columbia's suggested alternatives, saying he liked the peaceful expression on his face listening to music. Cyr said the photo captured Buckley's "split personality" and the conflict he felt seeking media exposure on a major label while "wanting to act like he was on an indie label".
Music.
"Entertainment Weekly" described "Grace" as a blend of "choirboy cabaret" and Led Zeppelin guitar, with vocals that "spiral into spasms of romantic despair". "Uncut" said it combined "androgynous vocals, ’70s rock, power chords and heroic drumming". The lyrics for "Grace" were inspired by Buckley's separation from his ex-girlfriend at the airport before moving to New York City.
Release.
Buckley toured internationally for 18 months to promote "Grace". According to the "Mojo" critic Jim Irvin, the performances "veered between delicate acoustic sets and full-scale sonic onslaughts", with Buckley "becoming increasingly interested in the harder end of the sound and the power of a band". "Grace", "Last Goodbye", "So Real" and "Eternal Life" were released as singles.
"Grace" did not meet Columbia's sales expectations and did not achieve wide popularity in Buckley's lifetime. It received little radio airplay. It spent seven weeks on the US "Billboard" 200, reaching number 149. By the time of Buckley's death in 1997, it had sold 175,000 copies. It was more successful in Australia, where it reached number 9 on the ARIA charts.
"Grace" became more popular after Buckley's death in 1997. By 2011, it had achieved worldwide sales of two million. In February 2016, it was certified platinum in the US for sales of one million. In December 2008, Buckley's cover of "Hallelujah" reached number two on the UK singles chart, behind a version by Alexandra Burke, who performed it on series 5 of the British version of "The X Factor".
Critical reception.
"Grace" initially received mixed reviews. According to "Pitchfork", its jazz and classical influences disappointed critics expecting "the next great alt-rock savior". In "Rolling Stone", Stephanie Zacharek wrote that Buckley "sounds like a man who doesn't yet know what he wants to be", and that the "meticulous arrangements sound too orchestrated, too ornate". She felt his cover of "Hallelujah" was not "battered or desperate enough", but praised "Lilac Wine", writing: "His voice seems weighted down with tears that just won't come out the normal way." In "The Village Voice", Robert Christgau wrote that Buckley was "beholden to Zeppelin and Nina Simone and Chris Whitley and the Cocteau Twins ... Let us pray the force of hype blows him all the way to Uranus."
Dimitri Ehlrich of "Entertainment Weekly" wrote that "Grace" was "dreamy and stunningly original", describing Buckley's vocals as "an angel and devil wrapped in one". Another "Entertainment Weekly" writer, David Browne, named it the sixth-best album of the year. He felt that though Buckley encompassed "every cliché of the tortured bohemian artist", he was "aiming for a higher plane, musically and spiritually, than any other singer-songwriter right now, and he succeeds enough to matter". The "Guardian" critic Caroline Sullivan wrote that "Grace" was a "stunningly accomplished debut". In the "Chicago Tribune", Greg Kot wrote that Buckley's voice had "a soulful intensity that sends chills", matched by the "rolling-and-tumbling dynamic" of the music. "The Sydney Morning Herald" said it was "a romantic masterpiece" and a "pivotal, defining work".
Legacy.
In February 1997, Buckley moved to Memphis, Tennessee, while working on his second album, "My Sweetheart the Drunk". On May 29, he drowned while swimming in the Wolf River, a tributary of the Mississippi. Sales of "Grace" increased after his death. With the growth of the internet in the 2000s, "Grace" became popular among millennial and Generation Z listeners. An expanded edition was released in 2004, with an additional CD of bonus tracks and a DVD making-of documentary. Reviewing the reissue, "Pitchfork" wrote that ""Grace" remains one of the most engaging, inspired records ever made, and its 10 original songs serve as the best possible portrait of Buckley as a diva, songwriter and artist."
"Q" readers voted "Grace" the 75th-greatest album of all time in 1998 and the 13th-greatest in 2005. The British critic Colin Larkin included it at number 99 in the third edition of his book "All Time Top 1000 Albums" (2000), writing that it "achieved a perfection that was staggering for a debut album". "Rolling Stone" ranked it number 303 on its 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums, number 304 in its 2009 list and 147 on its 2020 list. In 2003, "Rolling Stone" named Buckley's cover of "Hallelujah" number 259 on its list of the 500 greatest songs of all time. On 2 April 2013, it was announced that Buckley's version of "Hallelujah" would be inducted into the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry.
In 2006, "Mojo" named "Grace" the number-one "modern rock classic", and it was voted Australia's second-favorite album on the television special "My Favourite Album". In 2011, VH1 named "Grace" the 73rd-greatest rock and roll album. In a worldwide poll of 40,000 people organized by "British Hit Singles & Albums" and "NME" in 2006, "Grace" was voted the 23rd-greatest album. In 2014, "Guitar World" placed "Grace" at number 26 in its list of "iconic albums that defined 1994".
The Led Zeppelin guitarist, Jimmy Page, said "Grace" was "close to being my favorite album of the decade". The Led Zeppelin singer, Robert Plant, was also complimentary. Bob Dylan named Buckley one of the decade's great songwriters, and David Bowie considered "Grace" the best album ever made. In 2010, the Smiths singer Morrissey, one of Buckley's influences, named "Grace" one of his favorite albums. The Muse singer and guitarist Matt Bellamy said he did not believe his falsetto would be suitable for rock music until he heard "Grace". In 2020, Bellamy purchased the Fender Telecaster Buckley used on "Grace" and has used it in recordings.
Personnel.
<templatestyles src="Col-begin/styles.css"/>
Charts.
<templatestyles src="Col-begin/styles.css"/>
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Document and Eyewitness
Document and Eyewitness is the first live album by the post-punk band Wire, released in July 1981 by Rough Trade Records. It marked the end of the first period of Wire's activity (1977–1980) and the end of their association with EMI. Recorded in February 1980 at the Electric Ballroom in London – at the final gig of Wire's first period – the original release came with a 45 rpm 12" EP that featured recordings from a July 1979 show at the Notre Dame Hall in London, along with one track from a March 1979 gig at Le Pavillon in Montreux, Switzerland.
The Electric Ballroom show records Wire after the release of 1979's "154" album, tired of playing the same old songs and continually moving forward. Of the seven songs from the Notre Dame Hall show, three were never recorded in-studio by Wire and the rest were captured as B-sides and other ephemeral recordings. Nine of the songs recorded live for the album were reworked and recorded for the band's 2013 album "Change Becomes Us". Three songs would also surface on Colin Newman's solo album's, and one would be recorded by Graham Lewis and Bruce Gilbert for their Dome project.
Background.
The Electric Ballroom show documents a band revelling in their (artistic) freedom, creating a surreal and challenging show that not only included almost all new material, but also a Dadaist cabaret including a moving 6'x12' sheet behind which the band performed, assorted headdresses and props, and an MC, Wire's manager Mick Collins, who tried to keep control of proceedings. The show was performed before a restive punk crowd who were little appeased by a version of "12XU" (edited down to a 15-second fragment for this release) and reacted with a thrown bottle during the unnamed instrumental.
The Electric Ballroom recording was made on an eight-track tape recorder that was set up incorrectly, resulting in a distorted two-track mix. The live version of "Heartbeat" was recorded in Montreux, when Wire supported Roxy Music on the continental leg of their Manifesto Tour.
Colin Newman has stated that the idea of "Document and Eyewitness" "was to make it an art statement, as opposed to just releasing a rubbishly recorded gig." In his book "Read and Burn: A Book About Wire", Wilson Neate wrote that the album was consequently not presented as a standard live album, that the band was "undercutting the illusion of the live moment with after-the-fact commentary and observations on the night's occurrences." The spoken commentary between selected tracks by two Wire fans, Adrian Garston and Russell Mills, constitutes the "eyewitness" in the album title.
Album cover.
The album's sleeve art, created by Graham Lewis, is a cut-up version of a poster made by Bruce Gilbert for two shows that Wire played at Notre Dame Hall on 19 and 20 July 1979. Recordings from the first of these two shows make up most of sides three and four of "Document and Eyewitness".
Releases.
The original vinyl release by Rough Trade was a double with the Electric Ballroom tracks on sides one and two, and the Notre Dame Hall and Montreux tracks on sides three and four. The 1991 compact disc reissue by Mute Records switched the running order, beginning with Notre Dame and Montreux and following with the Electric Ballroom tracks. "Our Swimmer" and "Midnight Bahnhof Cafe" were originally released on Rough Trade as a 7" single (RT79) in 1981 and are bonus tracks on Mute's CD reissue. In 2014, the band's label Pinkflag released a new version of the album, which revises the original track list of the album and also includes a bonus disc, this disc also including the original CD bonus tracks. The release was remastered from the original tapes.
Critical reception.
In a 1982 review for "Trouser Press", Alec Ross said, "there are high spots," but "[t]his live stuff...is just boring–a meandering parody of what made Wire intriguing." Robert Christgau, in his "Consumer Guide" column, wrote, "At first I diagnosed the grungy sound and semipro execution of this live LP-plus-EP as the band's worst case of arty-farty yet. But for all the chatter and false starts and extended instrumental nothings, it packs real momentum–you could even say it gets wild."
The album is included in "The Quietus"' 2013 list of its writers' "40 Favourite Live Albums".
Track listing.
All tracks are written by Bruce Gilbert, Robert Gotobed, Graham Lewis and Colin Newman, except where noted.
Original vinyl release.
Side one
Side two
45 rpm 12".
Side three
Side four
Sides one and two recorded 29 February 1980 at Electric Ballroom, London. Sides three and four recorded 19 July 1979 at Notre Dame Hall, London, except "Heartbeat", recorded 9 March 1979 at Le Pavillon, Montreux.
1991 Mute CD reissue.
Tracks 21 and 22 recorded December 1979 at Magritte Studio, Harmondsworth. Produced by Wire; engineered by Dan Priest.
2014 Pinkflag CD reissue.
Disc one
Disc two
Tracks 1 and 2 recorded December 1979 at Magritte Studio, Harmondsworth; tracks 3 and 4 recorded April–May 1980 at Scorpio Sound, London; track 5 recorded January 1979 in Cadaqués, Spain; tracks 6–14 recorded in 1979 and 1980 in rehearsal rooms in London. Tracks 1–4 produced by Wire; 1 and 2 engineered by Dan Priest; 3 and 4 engineered by Steve Parker.
Personnel.
Credits adapted from the 2014 reissue liner notes.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />