White armored car
American armored vehicle
The White armored car was a series of armored cars developed by the White Motor Company in Cleveland, Ohio from 1915.
Models.
The White Motor Company continued after the First World War to develop armored cars including the M1 Scout Car, M3 Scout Car, M2 Half Track Car, M3 Half-track, M13 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage, and M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage.

White Motor Company
American automobile, truck, bus and agricultural tractor manufacturer from 1900 until 1980.
The White Motor Company (commonly known as White) was an American car, truck, bus and agricultural tractor manufacturer from 1900 until 1980. The company also produced bicycles, roller skates, automatic lathes, and sewing machines. Before World War II, the company was based in Cleveland, Ohio. White Diesel Engine Division in Springfield, Ohio, manufactured diesel engine generators, which powered U.S. military equipment and infrastructure, namely Army Nike and Air Force Bomarc launch complexes, and other guided missile installations and proving grounds, sections of SAGE and DEW Line stations, radars, Combat Direction Centers and other ground facilities of the U.S. aerospace defense ring, such as the Texas Towers.
During the Vietnam Era, the company retained its position within the Top 100 Defense Contractors list (it ranked 87th in the Fiscal Year 1965, 77th in 1967, 73rd in 1968, 89th in 1969). Its production facilities, such as the Lansing Truck Plant in Lansing, Michigan, and the main plant in Cleveland were engaged in production, inspection, engineering services and maintenance of thousands of military/utility cargo trucks M39, M44, M600, and M602 series trucks, as well as spare parts, such as cylinder heads, diesel and gasoline engines with accessories.
History.
Around 1898, Thomas H. White purchased a Locomobile steam car and found its boiler unreliable. His son, Rollin, set out to improve its design. Rollin White developed a form of water tube steam generator which consisted of a series of stacked coils with two novel features: the first was the coils were all joined at the top of the unit, which allowed water to flow only when pumped, allowing control of the steam generation; the second was pulling steam from the lowest coil, closest to the fire, which allowed control of steam temperature. This second point was critical because the White steamer operated with superheated steam to take advantage of steam's properties at higher temperatures. Rollin White patented his steam generator, US patent 659,837 of 1900.
White Steamer.
Rollin H. White patented his new design and offered it to, among others, Locomobile. Finally, he persuaded his father, founder of the White Sewing Machine Company, to allow the use of a corner in one of his buildings to build an automobile.
White's brother, Windsor, who was a management talent, joined the business venture, followed by their brother, Walter, who became instrumental in the sales, promotion and distribution of the product. The first group of fifty cars were completed in October 1900, but none were offered to the public until April 1901 so the design could be thoroughly tested. Since the cars were being offered by the automobile department of the sewing machine company, White could not afford to diminish the reputation of the parent company by the introduction of an untested product.
In 1905, it became necessary to separate the automobile department from its parent company to accommodate the growth of the business and to physically separate them, as a fire in one could ruin both operations. On 4 July 1905, a racing steam car named "Whistling Billy" and driven by Webb Jay set a record of on the Morris Park Racecourse.
A 1907 White Steamer was one of the early vehicles in the White House when Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States, allowed the Secret Service to use the car behind his horse-drawn carriage. In 1909, president William Howard Taft converted the White House stables into a garage and purchased four automobiles: two Pierce-Arrows, a Baker Electric, and a 1911 White. This $4,000 car was one of the last steam cars produced and proved a favorite of the President who used bursts of steam against "pesky" press photographers. The White Model M 7-seat tourer generated favorable press for the newly formed White Motor Company. Taft's White Model M is currently housed in the collection at the Heritage Museums and Gardens in Sandwich, Massachusetts.
The last steam car was built in January 1911 as the company made a transition to gasoline-powered vehicles. The company continued to show them in their catalogues as late as 1912. 9122 White steam-powered cars were built, more than the better known Stanley.
In 2019 Mitch Gross and Chris Rolph drove a 1910 model MM 40 hp White steam car from Beijing to Paris, likely the only time such a feat has been done by a steam car. The journey of over 8000 miles crossed 12 countries, 7 time zones and included the first crossing of a major desert (the Gobi) by a steam car.
The White steam car reentered popular culture in 2023 when comedian and classic car collector Jay Leno, while repairing his 1907 White steam car in his garage in Burbank, suffered third-degree burns on his face and hands when a fuel line sprayed him at the same time a spark ignited.
Gasoline Models.
White companies' manufacturing facility expanded. The White steamer used unique technology, and it was vulnerable in a market that was accepting the internal combustion engine as the standard. White canvassed existing gas manufacturers and licensed the rights to the Delahaye design for the "gas car", showing a chassis at an English auto show in December 1908.
White Tractors.
Rollin became more interested in agricultural tractors, and developed designs for tractors derived from standard White truck parts. When the White Company was not interested in producing tractors, Rollin set out to develop his own designs and, with brother Clarence, eventually founded Cleveland Motor Plow, which later became Cletrac tractor. Cletrac was later purchased by Oliver Tractor Co, which in of itself was bought by White in 1960. the early 1920s, Rollin briefly produced the Rollin car to diversify the tractor company, but found it could not compete in cost versus price against much larger manufacturers.
White was successful with their heavy machines, which saw service around the world during World War I. White remained in the truck industry for decades.
Truck Manufacturing.
White Motor Company ended car production after World War I to focus exclusively on trucks. The company soon sold 10 percent of all trucks made in the US. Although White produced all sizes of trucks from light delivery to semi, the decision was made after WWII to produce only large trucks. White acquired several truck manufacturing companies during this time: Sterling (in 1951), Autocar (in 1953),
REO (in 1957) and Diamond T (in 1958). White also agreed to sell Consolidated Freightways, Freightliner Trucks through its own dealers. White produced trucks under the Autocar nameplate following its acquisition. Diamond T and REO Motor Car Company became the Diamond REO division, which was discontinued in the 1970s.
A White Semi performed a role in the 1949 James Cagney film "White Heat". This era was probably the peak of White Motor market penetration, with the substantial gasoline engined tractors moving a large part of the tractor trailer fleet.
White designed and (with other companies) produced the M3 Scout Car, the standard United States Army reconnaissance vehicle at the start of World War II. White also built the later M2, M3, M13 and M16 half-tracks.
In 1967, White started the Western Star division to sell trucks on the west coast.
White Buses.
The White "Model 706" chassis emerged as the winner of a four-way competition with Ford, REO and GMC, held by the National Park Service in 1935 at Yosemite National Park. Starting in 1936, White produced 500 of the Model 706, specifically designed to carry passengers through seven of the major National Parks of the western US; bus tours were offered as most tourists arrived from trains before World War II. The distinctive vehicles, with roll-back canvas convertible tops, were the product of noted industrial designer Alexis de Sakhnoffsky and used bodies from the Bender Body Company of Cleveland. They originally operated in seven National Parks: Glacier, Grand Canyon, Mount Rainier, Rocky Mountain, Yellowstone, Yosemite, and Zion. After being retired from service in the 1960s, many buses were sold to private collectors and tour operators. The Skagway Street Car Company assembled a fleet of eight buses starting in 1987, naming each bus for the location from which they were acquired.
Today, Glacier National Park operates 33 of its original 35 buses, where they are referred to as "Red Jammers", and eight (of an original 98) have been restored for renewed service in Yellowstone National Park. Glacier's 33 buses were refurbished by Ford and TransGlobal in 2000–2002, while Yellowstone's eight buses were refurbished by TransGlobal in 2007. Glacier has kept one bus in original condition. Yellowstone has five White buses in original condition, two model 706s and three older units as well. In addition, a private operator uses two of the White 706 buses originally built for Yellowstone for Gettysburg National Battlefield tours. One ex-Mount Rainier White 706 is on display at the Longmire Historic District.
The bus driven by Egg Shen in the film "Big Trouble in Little China" into Chinatown, San Francisco is a White 706 which was later purchased by the Skagway Street Car Company. It was one of the eight sold to Xanterra in 2001; they were subsequently restored by TransGlobal for tours in Yellowstone. The character "Ol Jammer" from the Disney animated film "" is based on the White 706.
In addition to the National Parks touring buses, White built similar buses with fixed roofs for intercity service. White entered the transit bus market in 1937 with the 700 series, available in lengths. The longer model was produced through 1953, with an update in 1948 as the 1100 series.
Company Culture.
During the time brothers Walter and Windsor White ran the company, it offered a library branch, a store which sold necessities at low cost, sports teams, and concerts by orchestras and jazz bands, as well as musical performances by the workers, many of whom were immigrants from Slovenia and Poland. The company also had picnics at Euclid Beach Park.
After Walter White was fatally injured in a traffic accident, management changed and so did the firm's culture. Employees started one of the country's first automobile unions. The Great Depression caused a drop in sales, forcing White to merge with Studebaker. However, White soon became independent again.
In 1935, Robert Fager Black became president, but workers were still unhappy, and they went on strike. Black negotiated with the workers who were striking, and he even got baseball equipment for them and let them play while on strike, so they would have something to do. Black learned people's names, visited the plant frequently, and asked customers if they were happy with what they purchased. Anyone could visit his office.
Black brought the company back to where it had once been by World War II, during which the company supplied the military with much of its equipment. White ranked 54th among US corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts. When husbands went to serve, wives took their jobs, and the work force totaled over 4000. Black provided the services the company had at one time, and helped employees get to work with carpools.
Black retired in 1956, still beloved by employees.
Demise.
In 1953, White purchased Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-based Autocar Company. From 1951 until 1977, White Motors also distributed Freightliner Trucks. This took place under an agreement with Freightliner's parent, Consolidated Freightways. White manufactured trucks under its own brands—White, Autocar, and Western Star—as well, leading to the company becoming known as the "Big Four" through to the mid-1970s. The Sterling nameplate, unused by White as long as the company owned it, went to Freightliner after the companies' split. It was then used by Daimler Trucks, who manufactured the former Ford heavy truck line under the Sterling name, from 1997 to 2008.
Sales dropped during the 1960s, and White tried merging with White Consolidated Industries, the original company that once made sewing machines, however the federal government blocked this deal. The company opened plants in Virginia and Utah, since they did not have unions, but this did not help. Semon Knudsen, former president of Ford, made the company successful for a time, but the decline continued. Later, the federal government approved a merger with White Consolidated, which feared being hurt by White Motor's troubles. Mergers with Daimler and Renault were also considered. Production was somewhat limited as White did not have a lighter range (13,330 units built in 1978), leading to several attempts at linking up with various European manufacturers.
By 1980, White was insolvent, filing Chapter 11 bankruptcy case 80-13361 in the Northern District of Ohio on September 4 of that year. Volvo acquired most of the US assets of the company in 1981, while two energy-related companies based in Calgary, Alberta, Bow Valley Resource Services, and NovaCorp, an Alberta corporation, purchased the Canadian assets, including the Kelowna, British Columbia plant, and the Western Star nameplate and product range.
Products.
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Ferdinand Magellan (railcar)
U.S. presidential railroad car
The Ferdinand Magellan (also known as U.S. Car. No. 1) is a former Pullman Company private car that served as Presidential Rail Car, U.S. Number 1 from 1943 until 1958. It is named after the Portuguese explorer. The current owner, Gold Coast Railroad Museum in Miami-Dade County, Florida, acquired it in 1959. The "Ferdinand Magellan" was designated a National Historic Landmark by the United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service on February 4, 1985.
History.
The "Ferdinand Magellan" was built in 1929 by the Pullman Company in Lot 6246, Plan 3972B as a private car. It was one of six similar cars constructed in two batches – four on Lot 6037, and two on Lot 6246. They were named after famous explorers: David Livingstone, Henry Stanley, Marco Polo, Robert Peary (on Lot 6037), Roald Amundsen and Ferdinand Magellan (on Lot 6246).
After the United States entered World War II, it was suggested by Secret Service agent Mike Reilly and White House Press Secretary Stephen Early that President Franklin D. Roosevelt needed a specially equipped and armored car rather than using standard equipment provided by the Pullman Company. The "Ferdinand Magellan" was selected, and the Pullman Company rebuilt the car. The "Ferdinand Magellan" became the first passenger railcar built for a President since the War Department had built a special car for the use of Abraham Lincoln in 1865.
The other Lot 6246 car, "Roald Amundsen" has also been preserved and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Features.
When the "Ferdinand Magellan" was rebuilt for service as United States Railcar No. 1, the original six bedrooms in the car were reduced to four, and the dining room and observation lounge were enlarged. Two of the bedrooms were a suite for the President and the First Lady, with a fully equipped bathroom, including a bathtub, connecting the two bedrooms. The dining room could also be used as a conference room. It has a solid mahogany table that measures and seats eight. The front end of the car held quarters for two stewards, a pantry, a galley, mechanical equipment, storage and ice bunkers.
The car was protected with armor plate on the sides, top, bottom and ends. The windows were replaced with sealed 12-ply laminated bullet resistant glass. As the windows were sealed, the car was air conditioned by blowing the interior air over pipes carrying the meltwater from ice. Other features included bank vault style doors at the rear entrance to the car, two escape hatches (located in the lounge and presidential bathroom) for emergency egress, exterior loudspeakers for public addresses, a telephone in every room that could be connected to a trainside telephone outlet provided by the local telephone company and a custom built wheel-chair elevator that could lift Roosevelt from ground level up to the rear platform of the car. The wheel-chair elevator was removed after Roosevelt's death in 1945.
These modifications increased the weight of the car from to , making the "Ferdinand Magellan" the heaviest passenger railcar ever used in the United States. The "Ferdinand Magellan" traveled at the end of a special train that included Pullman sleeping cars for staff and reporters, baggage cars, and a communications car operated by the Army Signal Corps.
Other modifications included change to coupler (Type D to Type E) and draft gear (from N-10-F to NF-11-E); change of trucks (from D-24 to 24-F); additional generator (4 kW.) – all of which were encompassed in the new Plan, 3972D on August 12, 1942. The car was air conditioned on December 28, 1933, to Special Order 546, and was not part of the transformation to presidential car. The conversion from the private Car pool to presidential Car was accomplished in three steps – at the Pullman-Standard Buffalo Plant (3/5/1941 – S.O. 651); at the Pullman Car Works (Chicago) (September 9, 1942 – attached to Report No. 34469) and at Calumet (12/8/1942 – Report No. 34469). In December 1942, after the refurbishment was completed, it weighed 268,520 pounds.
Presidential use.
President Roosevelt's first trip in the "Ferdinand Magellan" was to Miami, Florida, where he boarded a Pan American World Airways flying boat for his trip to the Casablanca Conference in 1943. He traveled approximately in the car in the next two years, using it for the last time on a trip to Warm Springs, Georgia two weeks before he died there.
Like other private cars of its era, the "Ferdinand Magellan" had an open platform on the rear end of the car, giving the occupants an unobstructed view in three directions. This is the platform from which Harry Truman gave his "whistlestop" campaign speeches. During the campaign the car traveled more than , and Truman gave almost 350 speeches from the rear platform. The famous photograph of Truman holding the incorrect "Dewey Defeats Truman" headline was taken while the president was standing on the platform of the railcar.
President Dwight D. Eisenhower made little use of the "Ferdinand Magellan". He traveled a few times in it to his farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, to visit his brother, Milton S. Eisenhower who was President of The Pennsylvania State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania, and once to Ottawa where he addressed the Parliament of Canada. The car was last used officially in 1954, when Mamie Eisenhower rode it to Groton, Connecticut, to christen the first nuclear powered submarine .
The railcar was declared surplus and offered to the Smithsonian Institution in 1958, but the Smithsonian did not act on the offer, and the Gold Coast Railroad Museum was able to acquire it.
In 1984 the "Ferdinand Magellan" was briefly loaned to the presidential re-election campaign of President Ronald Reagan, who gave a series of "whistlestop" speeches from the rear platform during a one-day trip in Ohio on October 12, 1984. President Reagan's five-stop train journey required transporting the train from Florida to Ohio, re-assembling it, and putting it back into commission. Over 100,000 people came to see the President, who at each stop cited the memory of Truman and said, "Mr. Truman could also make very plain the differences between himself and his opponent, and, my friends, that's just what we're going to do today."
"It was super," remarked campaign director Ed Rollins. 'The President loved it.' Reagan's journey is the last time the car was used.
References.
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Presidential state car (United States)
Car for the president of the United States
The United States presidential state car (nicknamed "The Beast", "Cadillac One", "First Car"; code named "Stagecoach") is the official state car of the president of the United States.
United States presidents embraced automotive technology in the early 20th century with President William Howard Taft's purchase of four cars and the conversion of the White House stables into a garage. Presidents rode in stock, unmodified cars until President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration bought the "Sunshine Special", the first presidential state car to be built to United States Secret Service standards. Until the assassination of John F. Kennedy, presidential state cars frequently allowed the president to ride uncovered and exposed to the public. President Kennedy's assassination began a progression of increasingly armored and sealed cars; the 2009–2018 state car had bulletproof glass and was hermetically sealed with its own environmental system. Since 2018 the presidential state car has been a unique Cadillac.
Decommissioned presidential state cars are destroyed by the Secret Service for training and to protect their secrets. Late 20th-century and 21st-century presidential motorcades have consisted of 24–45 vehicles other than the presidential state car, including those for security, healthcare, the press, and route-clearing, among others.
History.
The first serving president to ride in a car was President William McKinley, who briefly rode in a Stanley Motor Carriage Company steam car on July 13, 1901. According to the United States Secret Service, it was customary for them to follow the presidential horse-and-buggy on foot, but that with the popularization of the automobile, the Secret Service purchased a 1907 White Motor Company steam car to follow President Theodore Roosevelt's horse-drawn carriage. Roosevelt eschewed riding in the vehicle due to his "image as a rough-riding horseman".
William H. Taft.
President William Howard Taft changed things at the White House, converting the stables there to a garage and purchasing a four-car fleet on a budget of $: two "luxurious" Pierce-Arrow cars, a Baker Motor Vehicle electric car, and a $ 1911 White Motor Company steam car. President Taft became a fan of the steam car when he discovered he could conceal himself from press photographers with a "carefully timed burst of steam."
Woodrow Wilson.
President Woodrow Wilson was such a fan of the three Pierce-Arrow cars purchased by his administration that he bought one of them from the government for US$ when he left office in 1921. President Warren G. Harding was the first president to use a car to drive to his inauguration, and was the first qualified driver to be elected president. President Herbert Hoover had a Cadillac V-16.
Franklin Roosevelt.
In 1936, President Franklin D. Roosevelt bought a Ford V8 Phaeton coupe and had it equipped with hand controls in direct contravention of a Secret Service directive prohibiting sitting presidents from getting behind the wheel of a car.
In December 1939, President Roosevelt received a 1939 Lincoln Motor Company V12 convertible—the "Sunshine Special". The "Sunshine Special" (so named because the top was frequently open) became the president's best-known automobile, the very first to be built to Secret Service specifications, and the first to be leased rather than bought. Built on the chassis of the Lincoln K series, the "Sunshine Special" has a wheelbase, room for 10 passengers, rear suicide doors, heavy-duty suspension, two side-mounted spare tires, and standing platforms attached to the exterior to accommodate Secret Service agents.
The "Sunshine Special" underwent two sets of modifications. In 1941 the car's top was lowered out of aesthetic concerns. In 1942, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the car underwent the addition of armor, bulletproof glass, "metal-clad flat-proof inner tubes, a radio transceiver, a siren, red warning lights, and a compartment for submachine guns." After the second set of modifications, the car weighed and was longer.
Truman/Eisenhower Lincoln Cosmopolitans.
Legend has it that Harry S. Truman held a grudge against General Motors because they would not give him use of their cars during his run for the 1948 presidential election; and, so, in 1950 he chose Lincoln to make the presidential state car. The White House leased ten Lincoln Cosmopolitans. The cars were modified by coachbuilders Henney Motor Company and Hess and Eisenhardt to provide extra security features and extra headroom to accommodate the tall silk hats popular at the time, and were painted black. Nine of the automobiles had enclosed bodies, while the tenth was an armored convertible especially for President Truman. The tenth Cosmopolitan was long, wide, and weighed , heavier than a stock Cosmopolitan. All ten cars were outfitted with V8 engines "with heavy-duty Hydra-Matic transmissions." In 1954, President Dwight D. Eisenhower had the Cosmopolitan convertible fitted with a Plexiglas roof that became known as the "Bubble-top"; it remained in presidential service until 1965, and has approximately on the odometer.
Kennedy Lincoln Continental.
President John F. Kennedy's 1961 Lincoln Continental was originally a stock car, built in Wixom, Michigan, and retailing for $. The federal government leased it from the Ford Motor Company for $ annually, and then commissioned Hess and Eisenhardt to modify it for presidential use—with a pricetag of $. The convertible was painted "Presidential Blue Metallic", with silver metal flakes embedded within it; it was given the Secret Service code names of SS-100-X and X-100.
The dark-blue car included a "heavy-duty heater and air conditioner, a pair of radiotelephones, a fire extinguisher, a first-aid kit, and a siren." The stock car was stretched to accommodate a foldable center row of forward-facing jump seats. The exterior featured retractable standing platforms and handles for Secret Service agents, and flashing red lights recessed into the bumper. Unique to the X-100 were three removable roofs (made of fabric, lightweight metal, and transparent plastic) and a hydraulic lift that could raise the rear cushion off the floor. Both of these feature sets were designed to make the president more visible to the public, but they also increased the president's vulnerability—a factor in the 1963 assassination of John F. Kennedy.
After the assassination, the "Death Car" (as named by the Associated Press), was rebuilt in an operation named "The Quick Fix". Hess and Eisenhardt, the Secret Service, the United States Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, PPG Industries, and Ford engineers all collaborated to strip the limousine and make substantial improvements. In an effort to prevent "ghoulish collectors" from obtaining discarded car parts, they were destroyed. For an estimated cost of $500,000, the car was painted black; received improved telecommunications gear; its fuel tank was protected against explosion by a "porous foam matrix" that minimized spillage in the event of a puncture; and the passenger compartment was protected by of armor. The three removable roofs were replaced by a fixed glass enclosure that cost more than $125,000; the glass enclosure was made of 13 different pieces of bulletproof glass ranging in thickness from , and was then the largest piece of curved bulletproof glass ever made. Titanium armor was added to the body of the car, the standard windows were made bullet-resistant with sandwiched layers of glass and polycarbonate vinyl, and prototype aluminum run-flat tires were added. To compensate for the 25 percent increase in weight—to —the upgraded car received a hand-built V8 engine, providing 17 percent more power.
In 1967, the car was modified again with an upgraded air conditioning system, an openable rear-door window, and structural enhancement to the rear deck. Despite successive presidential state cars being built and delivered to the White House, the X-100 continued to be occasionally used by Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Jimmy Carter until it was retired from service in early 1977. As of  2021[ [update]], it was publicly exhibited at The Henry Ford museum in Dearborn, Michigan.
The license plates (DC plates, "GG-300") were removed from the X-100 when the vehicle was upgraded after the Kennedy shooting. When they were auctioned in 2015, they sold for $.
1967 Lincoln Continental.
President Johnson preferred white convertibles, but "concerns for protocol and safety" had him receiving a black 1967 Lincoln Continental as his state car. The hardtop cost the Ford Motor Company about $, which leased it to the federal government for an annual cost of $. With of armor, "a bubble top thicker than the protective cockpit of an F-16 fighter", and a V8 engine, the car could still reach speeds of — or with four flat tires. According to White House spokespeople, President Johnson's car was not equipped with a television, though several of his cabinet members' were. This car also served Presidents Nixon, Ford, and Carter, and traveled to 32 nations before it was retired in the mid-to-late 1970s. In 1996, the Ford Motor Company restored the car to its original state and donated it to the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in recognition of its use during several of his most-significant presidential trips.
1972 Lincoln Continental.
A modified, , 1972 Lincoln Continental was delivered to the White House in 1974. The six-passenger limousine was leased from the Ford Motor Company for US$ per year. The fully loaded automobile had a , V8 engine; external microphones to allow occupants to hear outside noises; full armor plate; bulletproof glass; and racks for the Secret Service to store submachine guns.
The car was used by Presidents Nixon, Ford, Carter, Ronald Reagan, and George H. W. Bush. By 1974, the car was typically transported by the United States Air Force in a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter cargo plane at an hourly jet fuel cost of . Because security concerns legally-mandated its use by the president, political parties were not required to reimburse the government for its use during political campaigns. It was the vehicle in which Ford was shot at by Sara Jane Moore in 1975. During the March 1981 attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan, the car was hit by the last two of six gunshots, which respectively damaged the bulletproof window of the right rear passenger's door, and ricocheted off the back-right quarter panel before striking the president. The car then transported Reagan to George Washington University Hospital. After the 1981 shooting, the car was returned to Ford to receive a new interior, front sheet metal, and 1979 Lincoln grille.
The 1972 car left service in 1992 with on its odometer. After maintenance and care in 2008, The Henry Ford measured the car at long, wide, tall, at , with a wheelbase of .
1983 Cadillac Fleetwood.
The next presidential state car was a 1983 Cadillac that was delivered on January 30, 1984. This Cadillac Fleetwood is longer and taller than the stock Fleetwood. It featured armor and bulletproof glass ( thick), and was described as "distinctively styled, with a raised roof and a large rear greenhouse." To compensate for the weight of the armor, the car had oversized wheels and tires, heavy-duty brakes, and an automatic leveling system.
1989 Lincoln Town Car.
A 1989 Lincoln Town Car, long and more than tall, was delivered to the White House that year.
Clinton Cadillac Fleetwood.
President Bill Clinton used a 1993 Cadillac Fleetwood as his presidential state car. It is currently on display at the Clinton Presidential Center in Little Rock, Arkansas, where it sits with all its doors closed to the public. Museum curator Christine Mouw noted that they can "dust the outside of the car, but if we needed to get inside it, we would have to contact the regional Secret Service office".
CNN interviewed Joe Funk, a former Secret Service agent and driver of Clinton's presidential state car during part of his tenure. Funk described a dichotomy of the car: while the president is wholly cut off from the outside world by the armor and bulletproof glass of the vehicle, he has at his fingertips communication capabilities including phones, satellite communications, and the Internet.
2001–2009 custom Cadillac.
In 2001, for the first inauguration of George W. Bush, Cadillac no longer produced a car suitable for conversion into a presidential limousine. The additional armor and amenities that were added to the state car by the Secret Service taxed previous presidential limousines beyond their limits, resulting in failing transmissions and short-lived brakes. The George W. Bush state car was instead designed from the ground-up by "an R&D arm of General Motors in Detroit" to meet Secret Service specifications.
"[I]nformed speculation" had President George W. Bush's Cadillac Deville actually based on the chassis of General Motors' line of full-size sport utility vehicles such as the "Chevrolet Suburban, GMC Yukon[,] and Cadillac Escalade." This "Deville" featured armored doors, and "bulletproof glass so thick it blocks out parts of the light spectrum." Rumored components of the car were sealed passenger compartments with their own air supply, run-flat tires, and a engine. Confirmed accessories include "an integrated 10-disc CD changer, a foldaway desktop[,] and reclining rear seats with massaging, adaptive cushions." This presidential state car was estimated to weigh approximately .
Bush's presidential state car was nicknamed "The Beast", a name that persisted through the first presidency of Donald Trump. When traveling, President Bush took along two of the armored limousines (flown by either C-5 or C-17), one for use and one for backup. This proved fortuitous during a 2007 trip to Rome where one of the presidential state cars stalled for five minutes on a street; the car was restarted, but was replaced with the backup limousine after President Bush reached his destination. Sometimes, President Bush would instead use vehicles already present at his destination such as embassy motor pool cars or military assets, rather than transporting the presidential state car. The president never used non-American-governmental vehicles when overseas.
2009–2018 custom Cadillac.
The 2009–2018 presidential state car went into service on January 20, 2009, and drove President Obama the down Pennsylvania Avenue from his first inauguration to the inaugural parade. A Cadillac, the presidential state car was not based on any single model of car, though it had the "dual-textured grille and the dinner plate-sized Cadillac coat-of-arms badge" emblematic of the Cadillac CTS and the Cadillac Escalade. The headlights and taillights were identical to those used on other Cadillac production models. Anton Goodwin of CNET's "Road/Show" blog noted that speculation was that the presidential state car was based on the GMC Topkick platform.
In 2009, Goodwin assumed the car would feature either a gasoline-powered V8 General Motors Vortec engine or a diesel-powered


That's Nat
That's Nat is an album by jazz cornetist Nat Adderley first released on the Savoy label featuring performances by Adderley with Jerome Richardson, Hank Jones, Wendell Marshall, and Kenny Clarke.
Reception.
"The Penguin Guide to Jazz" states "Jones comping is inch-perfect throughout and Clarke is right on the case, often following Adderley outside the basic count for a phrase or two". The Allmusic review stated "His pithy, pungent trumpet and cornet work is effective in a hard bop context, although his own work outside his brother's group has never seemed quite as effective".
Track listing.
All compositions by Nat Adderley & Julian "Cannonball" Adderley except where noted
References.
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Nat Adderley
American jazz cornet & trumpet player (1931–2000)
Nathaniel Carlyle Adderley (November 25, 1931 – January 2, 2000) was an American jazz trumpeter. He was the younger brother of saxophonist Julian "Cannonball" Adderley, with whom he played for many years.
Adderley's composition "Work Song" (1960) is a jazz standard, and also became a success on the pop charts after singer Oscar Brown Jr. wrote lyrics for it.
Early life.
Nat Adderley was born in Tampa, Florida, but moved to Tallahassee when his parents were hired to teach at Florida A&M University. His father played trumpet professionally in his younger years, and he passed down his trumpet to Cannonball. When Cannonball picked up the alto saxophone, he passed the trumpet to Nat, who began playing in 1946. He and Cannonball played with Ray Charles in the early 1940s in Tallahassee and in amateur gigs around the area.
Adderley attended Florida A&M University, majoring in sociology with a minor in music. He switched to cornet in 1950. From 1951 to 1953, he served in the army and played in the army band under his brother, taking at least one tour of Korea before returning to a station in the United States. After returning home, he attended Florida A&M intending to become a teacher.
Shortly before Adderley was expected to begin student teaching, Lionel Hampton played a concert at Florida A&M. Confident in his abilities, he played for Hampton, and Hampton invited him to join the band. Putting school on hold, he played under Hampton from 1954 to 1955 and visited Europe on tour. After returning, he intended to go back to school to become a teacher.
Career.
1950s.
The turning point in the Adderley brothers' careers occurred on a trip to New York in 1955. The brothers stopped by the Café Bohemia in Greenwich Village when bassist Oscar Pettiford was playing. Both of them showed up ready to play. Cannonball was asked to sit in because the regular saxophonist, Jerome Richardson was out, and he overwhelmed the musicians. Then Nat was pulled on stage, and everyone was equally impressed. This appearance was enough to renew their careers. Job offers began pouring in, and Nat recorded for the first time that year.
The brothers moved to New York City, founding the bop group Cannonball Adderley Quintet in 1956. Due to a lack of popular interest, they disbanded the group in 1957. Nat played for trombonist J. J. Johnson for a couple of years and ended up in the Woody Herman sextet. Cannonball gained a higher profile and joined the Miles Davis sextet alongside John Coltrane in time to record the album "Kind of Blue".
In 1959, the Cannonball Adderley Quintet reunited. This time around the group was more successful and had its first hit, "This Here", written by pianist Bobby Timmons. The group sound became known as soul jazz, starting the genre. The quintet also played hard bop, as everyone in the group had been influenced by bebop and wanted to continue a virtuosic tradition. Soul jazz kept the group popular, while hard bop gave the musicians a chance to challenge themselves and demonstrate their abilities.
1960s.
During the 1960s, Adderley acted as cornetist, composer, and manager for the quintet. While he kept the band in order, he also composed some of the group's most successful songs. His most successful song was "Work Song" (January 1960), a hard bop tune. Adderley called it his "Social Security song" due to the steady flow of income over the years from royalty payments when others recorded the song. "Work Song" is now considered a jazz standard. His other popular songs include "Jive Samba", "Hummin'", "Sermonette", and "The Old Country".
While he was an integral part of the Cannonball Adderley Quintet, this was not the only project occupying his time in his career as a professional jazz musician. Since moving to New York, he had been recording outside the Adderley group. He worked with Kenny Clarke, Wes Montgomery, and Walter Booker.
Other projects included the film "A Man Called Adam" (1966). In the film, Sammy Davis Jr.'s character plays the trumpet. Since Davis could not himself play the trumpet, Adderley was hired to ghost everything that the character played. His other significant project during this time was a musical. He and his brother wrote "Shout Up a Morning" based on the folk hero John Henry. While this project started as a collaboration, work was interrupted when Cannonball died from a stroke.
1970s.
After Cannonball's death in 1975, the quintet broke up. Nat Adderley toured Europe as a headliner. He toured Japan, then returned to the U.S. and taught courses at Harvard while performing and recording with his quintet, which included Walter Booker, Jimmy Cobb, and Vincent Herring. Adderley established himself in his own right. He also worked with Ron Carter, Sonny Fortune, Johnny Griffin, and Antonio Hart.
1980s and later years.
Adderley created the Adderley Brotherhood, a sextet which included several members of the Cannonball Adderley Quintet. This group toured Europe in 1980. "Shout Up a Morning", after having a concert performance in Carnegie Hall shortly after Cannonball's death, was staged in several locations around the United States in 1986. Adderley became involved in several other ensembles over the next decade, including the Paris Reunion Band and a group called the Riverside Reunion Band (after the Riverside label), a bop group that formed at the Monterey Jazz Festival in 1993 and then toured Europe in 1994.
Adderley spent half the year touring and the other half at home in Lakeland, Florida, writing and recording. He thought many of his greatest fans were in Japan, but Europeans were also enthusiastic about the music.
In 1997, he joined the faculty of Florida Southern College as an artist-in-residence. He also helped in the founding and development of the annual Child of the Sun Jazz Festival held annually at the university which he headlined for over a decade. During the same year, he was inducted into the Jazz Hall of Fame in Kansas City.
He lived on 112th Street in Harlem in the 1960s and in Teaneck, New Jersey, in the 1970s, before moving to Lakeland. He also lived near his brother in Corona, Queens.
Death and legacy.
Nat Adderley died as a result of complications from diabetes at the age of 68 in Lakeland, Florida. He was interred near his brother in the Southside Cemetery in Tallahassee, Florida. He was survived by his wife, Ann; a son, Nat Adderley Jr. of West Orange, N.J.; a daughter, Alison Adderley-Pittman of Palm Bay, Florida; and five grandchildren.
He was an innovator in the popularization of soul jazz and was one of the most prolific jazz artists of his time, recording nearly 100 albums. He proved that cornet could be a modern jazz instrument.
Style.
Although Adderley started playing trumpet, he switched to the less common cornet. He preferred the darker tone of the conical cornet to the brighter sound of the cylindrical trumpet. He could produce a rich, earthy tone that became his signature sound, one that could only come from the cornet. He also enjoyed the cornet's historic quality, reinvigorating the instrument played by early jazz musicians.
Adderley is widely attributed with the development and establishment of the 1960s style of soul jazz along with the rest of the members Cannonball Adderley Quintet. This style is characterized by simple harmonies, a heavy blues feel, catchy riffs, and a presence of the church. The point of soul jazz was to bring back a simpler type of jazz that had direct influence from blues and church music.
However, this is not the only style that Adderley wrote and played. The quintet was also widely known for their hard bop, which comprised roughly half of their recorded work. This is a rougher, edgier style descended from bebop, and virtuosic abilities are required to be able to play it.
As a soloist and composer, Adderley had a wide range of abilities. He could improvise simpler, more soulful solos for soul jazz numbers, but he could experiment and show off all of his abilities for hard bop. Especially in playing hard bop, he was not afraid to use the range of the instrument, often playing below the typical cornet range for short bursts before returning to the normal range. Although his range was starting to fade by the late 1960s, this did not keep him from continuing to play for the rest of his life.
Discography.
As leader.
Compilation:
As sideman.
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References.
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L. C. Ulmer
American songwriter (1928–2016)
Lee Chester "L. C." Ulmer (August 28, 1928 – February 14, 2016) was an American delta blues musician. He was a regular performer for over half a century, playing at festivals and clubs throughout the United States and elsewhere, but particularly in the Deep South. Ulmer was featured in the 2008 documentary film "M for Mississippi: A Road Trip Through the Birthplace of the Blues." His earliest musical influence was Blind Roosevelt Graves. Ulmer later met numerous notable musicians, including Elvis Presley, Les Paul and Mary Ford, Brook Benton, Nat King Cole, Fats Domino, Louis Armstrong, Muddy Waters, Elmore James, Howlin' Wolf, and Buddy Guy, and performed with some of them.
Ulmer was a multi-instrumentalist and often performed in his younger days as a one-man band.
Biography.
Ulmer was born in Stringer, Jasper County, Mississippi. He was the youngest of fourteen children of Luther Ulmer and Mattie Brown. The family moved to a plantation near Moss Hill, where the whole family played music. The country singer Jimmie Rodgers was a notable visitor, who played alongside the family while drinking whiskey from the still of the plantation owner's son. Ulmer had learned to play the guitar by the age of nine and listened to records by Blind Lemon Jefferson, Blind Boy Fuller, Tampa Red, and Peetie Wheatstraw. His main influence for slide guitar technique was Blind Roosevelt Graves, whom Ulmer saw perform on the streets of Laurel, Mississippi. After starting to play on the streets himself, Ulmer found regular employment in his teenage years, building wooden trestles to support a railway line across Lake Pontchartrain. He was later employed near Heidelberg, Mississippi, working on the construction of railway lines to nearby oil wells.
In 1949, Ulmer traveled to Kansas City, Kansas, to visit his sister, and his guitar-playing experiences included backing J. B. Lenoir at a local venue. Ulmer was later based in Laurel and developed his one-man-band show at various clubs there and in Meridian, Mississippi. He continued to travel and, in 1955, found work at the Motoaurant on Route 66 in Holbrook, Arizona, and played in its nightclub, the Cock 'n' Bull. It was there that he met Elvis Presley, Les Paul and Mary Ford, Brook Benton, Nat King Cole, Fats Domino, and Louis Armstrong. In his further travels, Ulmer joined the musicians union in Hollywood, California, performed in most major states, and returned home to visit his parents. In the early 1960s, he moved back to Laurel, where he joined the Bel Air Clowns, playing at local clubs.
Ulmer eventually moved again, to Joliet, Illinois, his home for the next 37 years. There he worked in construction and at his own automotive shop and also often performed as a one-man band and worked as a club host. It was here that Ulmer met and worked with Muddy Waters, Elmore James, Howlin' Wolf, Buddy Guy, Hound Dog Taylor, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Thompson, among others. He could then play up to 12 musical instruments at one time. Ulmer experimented at this time with various instruments, including an early synthesizer and a Gretsch White Falcon, which he bought new in 1965 for $1,800.
In 2001, Ulmer returned to the area around Ellisville, Mississippi, where he lived for the rest of his life. In his latter days, using just a guitar as his accompaniment, he regularly performed locally. He also performed at the Juke Joint Festival in Clarksdale, the Shed Blues Festival in Ocean Springs, the Blues Today Symposium in Oxford and, in 2007, the Roots and Blues Festival in Parma, Italy. In June 2008, he made his debut appearance at the Chicago Blues Festival. He appeared in the 2008 documentary film "M for Mississippi: A Road Trip through the Birthplace of the Blues". He became a vegetarian and shared his wisdom and recipes with his friends. In 2009, he was named Blues Artist of the Year by the Mississippi Delta Blues Society of Indianola. In the same year he performed at the 8th annual Ponderosa Stomp and the Notodden Blues Festival.
Ulmer recorded the album "Blues Come Yonder", released by Hill Country Records in 2011; Jimbo Mathus was a member of the backing band. The tracks included eleven songs written by Ulmer and a cover of Hank Williams's "I Saw the Light". Ulmer performed at the Muddy Roots Music Festival in 2012 and 2013.
He appeared in the 2015 documentary film "I Am the Blues".
Ulmer died of natural causes on February 14, 2016, at the age of 87, at his home in Ellisville, Mississippi.
References.
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Nikkō Ice Bucks
The is an Asia League Ice Hockey team based in Nikkō, Tochigi, Japan.
Logo design: The word ICEBUCKS in English, ICE in white and BUCKS in orange, with the words "HC TOCHIGI" in orange on the puck in the foreground.
Mascot: An orange and white furred male deer wearing a hockey helmet.
History.
The Nikkō area has a long history of ice hockey, with the Furukawa Electric semi-professional team (one of the oldest in Japan) having been established in 1925, and becoming a founding member of the Japanese Ice Hockey League in 1966. In 1999, however, the team was forced to disband due to financial difficulties.
A outflow of support from the city and local financing allowed the team to be recreated as a club team, supported locally. It was renamed the HC Nikkō IceBucks and joined the league in time for the next season's start. The team, despite fervent local support, was never one of the successes of the JIHL even when they were supported as Furukawa Electric, and had a rocky start as the HC Nikkō IceBucks, having to relaunch their business model in 2001. The team has consistently placed near or at the bottom of the league.
When the league expanded into the Asia League Ice Hockey, Nikkō was one of the teams that was part of the new league. In the summer of 2005, the team arranged to play a number of its home games in Kobe, Hyogo, and changed its name to the Nikkō Kobe IceBucks to reflect its new two-city home. In 2007–2008 season Kobe is no longer home and the name was reverted to the older HC Nikkō Ice Bucks.
On January 29, 2020, It was announce that five players would represent Japan in the 3rd round of qualifiers for the 2022 Beijing Olympics.
Current roster.
Roster for the 2024–25 season.
Goaltenders.
!scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | No.
!scope="col"| Nat
!scope="col"| Player
!scope="col"| Pos
!scope="col"| S/G
!scope="col"| Age
!scope="col"| Acquired
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Birthplace
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" |
Defensemen.
!scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | No.
!scope="col"| Nat
!scope="col"| Player
!scope="col"| Pos
!scope="col"| S/G
!scope="col"| Age
!scope="col"| Acquired
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Birthplace
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" |  (A)
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" |  (A)
! scope="row" |
Forwards.
!scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | No.
!scope="col"| Nat
!scope="col"| Player
!scope="col"| Pos
!scope="col"| S/G
!scope="col"| Age
!scope="col"| Acquired
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Birthplace
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" |  (C)
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" |
References.
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Nat & Alex Wolff
American rock duo
Nat & Alex Wolff are an American pop rock duo from New York City, consisting of actor and musician siblings, Nat and Alex Wolff. The siblings' musical efforts were initially discovered during their work on the Nickelodeon television series "The Naked Brothers Band", which was created and produced by their mother, actress Polly Draper. It was adapted from the mockumentary film that Draper wrote and directed. The duo's initial teen pop boy band called "The Naked Brothers Band" was depicted as part of its participation in their Nickelodeon series that aired from 2007 to 2009.
History.
2001–2004: Early years and the "Silver Boulders".
While Nat was in preschool, he formed a band called the Silver Boulders with his friends, which included David, Thomas, Josh, Walker (son of news journalist Ann Curry), and Cal (son of actress Julianne Moore). Nat wrote his first song titled "Mama Don't Let Me Cry" at the age of five. At the time, Alex was not allowed to be part of the band, as Nat felt it would be unfashionable to have a brother in the same ensemble.
When Nat, who lives in Lower Manhattan of New York City, was four years old, his father, jazz pianist Michael Wolff (bandleader on "The Arsenio Hall Show") played Nat music, primarily jazz. One day, Michael overheard Nat teaching himself how to play major chords on the piano; Nat told his father that they were his "proud chords". After hearing the music of The Beatles, Nat became inspired and watched all the group's films including "Help!." On the other hand. Alex discovered how to play the saxophone at the age of two and a half. As recalled by the boys' mother, actress Polly Draper (star on ABC's "Thirtysomething"), Nat and Alex were infants when they arose from a bath proclaiming, "We're the naked brothers band!"
After the September 11 attacks, six-year-old Nat composed the song "Firefighters" for a benefit he performed with his band, staged behind his Lower Manhattan apartment. Alex desired to be part of the concert, and so Nat created "a fake plastic saxophone" for him to play. The charity ended up raising over $45,000 and was donated to the children of the firefighters who were killed during the terrorist attacks. After the band's charity concert, the band performed shows at Christmas parties and wedding ceremonies.
After being inspired by Ringo Starr from the Beatles, Alex chose the drums as an alternative instrument to play. Alex learned how to play, as he viewed tapes of Starr playing, which resulted in him becoming a proficient drummer. This persuaded Nat to allow Alex to join his band. At the age of 6, Nat composed a melody without lyrics. He later desired to compose a song that sounded like The Beach Boys' music. Subsequently, Nat wrote the song "Crazy Car".
In 2003, Nat was featured in his mother's play "Getting Into Heaven" at The Flea Theater. Nat also performed in "The Heart of Baghdad" at the same theater.
2004–2009: "The Naked Brothers Band".
Nat begged his mom to be a child actor by putting signs on his door that said: "I want to be a child actor!" At first, she refused by explaining that it would be too difficult, so she made a compromise with Nat; in 2003, she let him film his own sitcom titled "Don't Eat Off My Plate". After that, Nat begged his dad to record a tape in the studio with Alex and him, so Michael arranged a recording session for the three of them in the studio. While Draper saw them recording in the studio, she came up with the idea to make a "mock documentary" about the band as if they were huge like The Beatles. During summer 2004, the film took production at the family's real-life apartment and throughout New York City, at which time Nat was 9 and Alex was 6-and-a-half. Draper wrote and directed "", which was designed as an independent family project with a budget under $1,000,000. The film consisted of celebrities who were friends with Draper and Wolff, including Cyndi Lauper, Julianne Moore, Ann Curry, Uma Thurman, Tony Shalhoub, Ricki Lake, Arsenio Hall, and the complete cast of "Thirtysomething." Nat Wolff wrote and performed all the songs, except for "That's How It Is", which was written and performed by Alex Wolff.
On October 23, 2005, Draper and Wolff entered the film at the Hamptons International Film Festival, where it won the audience award for family feature film. Meanwhile, Albie Hecht, a former Nickelodeon executive and founder of Spike TV, was in the audience that day. He ended up bringing the film to Nickelodeon, suggesting they develop it into a television series. Tom Asheim, the vice president and general manager of Nickelodeon said:
 "At first, we were intrigued by the idea, but we weren't sure kids would get the vague-tongue-and-check-of-it. Then a bunch of us took it home to our own children and they loved it."
Eventually, the staff at Nickelodeon persuaded Draper to put together a television series after comprising with short, 13 episode seasons over the summer and early autumn, so the boys were able to attend private school throughout most of the school year. Draper recalled, "When Nickelodeon first asked us about doing a series, we said, 'How about a cartoon, so the kids could stay normal?' They said, 'No, we love your kids.'" In the summer through the early fall of 2006, the first season of the self-titled series took production. On January 27, 2007, "The Naked Brothers Band: The Movie" aired on Nickelodeon, and the self-titled series aired February 3. Polly Draper was the creator, head writer, executive producer, and frequent director of the series.
Nat and Alex never really realized how big they were until October 8, 2007. Band members Nat, Alex, Thomas, David, Allie DiMeco (who stars as Rosalina and Nat's crush on the film and TV series), and Qaasim Middleton (who replaced former band-member Josh on the series) had an autograph-signing at Times Square Virgin Megastore for the band's release of their self-titled debut album "The Naked Brothers Band". There were 1,500 fans that waited outside of Virgin Megastore for hours; some camped out overnight. They also had a live performance on ABC's "Good Morning America" with the band's song "I'm Out".
Nat stated that for the series, he would write 14-15 songs for each episode. On April 15, 2008, the brothers released their second album, "I Don't Want To Go To School". The album had a total of 12 tracks, along with two bonus tracks, and a poster. As part of a Wal-Mart special sale, it included a DVD featuring a behind-the-scenes glimpse of the Draper-Wolff family and the siblings' bandmates.
The brothers then started their first national-tour, called Nat & Alex Wolff: Fully Clothed & On Tour, which started on November 1, 2008. Nat and Alex, along with professionally trained musicians that include Jacob Hertzog (music director, guitar and backup vocals), Misty Boyce (keyboards and backup vocals), Chris Muir (musician)|Chris Muir (bass and backup vocals), and Boris Pelekh (guitar, drums and backup vocals)", performed songs from and even some from the upcoming episodes." Some concerts they performed at include the Capital One Bank Theater in New York City, the Theater of the Living Arts in Philadelphia, the Berkeley Performance Center in Boston, The Roxy in Los Angeles, and the House of Blues in Chicago, New Orleans, Florida and California. The tour ended shortly after on December 14, 2008.
2009–2010: Duo career and touring.
After "The Naked Brothers Band" television show ended in 2009, the brothers continued to pursue music but emerged as a duo group, as the duo's old band name was owned by Viacom, a trademark of Nickelodeon. The initial band ended, partially due to the conclusion of the television series, which was abruptly cancelled at the request of Draper, who claimed the production schedule was too much for the brothers, on top of their education.
Frequent touring band members — Jake Hertzog, Boris Pelekh, Chris Muir and Misty Boyce — provided back-up instrumentation for the brothers as they toured in 2008. Following the 2008 tour, the brothers confirmed their first full-length summer tour, titled "Nat & Alex Wolff: Summer Road Trip Tour". It began in June 2009 and ended in early October 2009.
The brothers performed at Pop-Con 2010, alongside Justin Bieber, Selena Gomez, and many other teen performers. Thereafter, the duo performed at the Earth Day 2010 concert in New York and played many new songs there, such as "Fire and Kerosene", "18", "Disappointed" and others. It was during these performances that the brothers realised crowds had begun to shrink, something that come as a surprise to them.
After the brothers completed their tour in 2009, they revealed that they were working on a new studio album, post their Nickelodeon TV series. Two demo tracks — a cover of Bruce Springsteen's song "Dancing In The Dark" and of The Beatles' song, "A Hard Day's Night" — were leaked onto the siblings' official website.
2010–2012: "Black Sheep".
The brothers began recording their first non-Nickelodeon studio album in early 2010. Of the writing process, Nat said, "The material is a bit more mature, as I have matured as a [song]writer." Leading up to the album's release, the brothers starred in their own web series on YouTube, which was written and directed by their mother, Polly Draper. New episodes were uploaded weekly in the lead up to the release of the album; most of which featured snippets of tracks that appeared on the album.
The album, "Black Sheep", was released in the fall of 2011. The album was produced by their father and Daniel Wise, a client at The Soundmine Recording Studio.
2013–2020: Smaller Releases and "Public Places".
Following a brief period of touring, in October 2013, Nat & Alex Wolff released an album of previously unreleased songs, entitled "Throwbacks". The album primarily consisted of songs the musicians wrote during their time on their Nickelodeon show, "The Naked Brothers Band". The songs were initially to be released in 2009, however, due to contracts with the brothers, the rights to the music were occupied by Nickelodeon.
In 2014, the brothers continued to release music, in the form of several double-singles. In late 2014, they released a double-single, "Cities/It's Just Love". Three months later, they released ""Last Station/Rules"," and, on October 7, an additional double-single, consisting of ""Where I'm Goin'"" by Alex, and "Rock Star" by Nat, described as 'melodic folk tunes, perfect for a chilly fall day'. An alternate version of "Rock Star" was also featured in the 2013 teen romance film "Palo Alto" which included Nat in a starring role.
In 2015, Nat penned and performed the single, "Look Outside", which featured in the feature film, "Paper Towns", also starring Nat.
The brothers released their first extended play in November 2016, titled "Public Places".
In late 2019, the duo released the double-single, "Cool Kids/Note". Whilst the duo did not release any major efforts over the next couple of years, they continued performing live for fans on their social media accounts, and even reunited with former "Naked Brothers Band" cast-mates for a live sing-along reunion on Instagram in 2020, during the COVID lockdown. In late 2020, they released the track, "Glue", which was inspired by Fleetwood Mac, the Replacements and the National.
2021-2024: "Table For Two" and Subsequent Touring.
As COVID lockdown forced the brothers to share a living space once again, the two started to collaborate on new music, experimenting with different genres and sounds. In September 2022, the brothers released "All Over You", a Prince-inspired genre bending tune, described by Nat as, “the tune you put on the night before you leave town when you’ve just fallen in love." The duo finally released their second studio album, "Table For Two", on June 15, 2023. According to Paste Magazine, the Matt Wallace and Tone Def-produced album was 'unrushed, initially meant to come out in 2021, but Alex and Nat chose to push it back while focusing on their ever-more-complex medley of side hustles and big-name gigs.'
Following the album's release, the brothers began touring in January 2024, noting it was the first 'fun' tour they had embarked on in years, and that it was 'just the beginning' of their musical journey.
2024-Present: Third Studio Album.
In an Instagram post on March 8, 2024, the brothers revealed they had finished their third studio album.
On September 9, 2024, the two were announced to open at shows for Billie Eilish's
Musical style and influences.
Originally, the band was a bubblegum pop-style group, over time however, the band evolved to have a more rock-based sound. The brothers were inspired by their favorite rock band: the Beatles. Alex learned to play the drums by watching Ringo Starr on the "Anthology" tapes. Nat has stated that the two of them were very inspired by Nirvana, the Killers, the Doors, and Coldplay.
Band members.
Current members
Former touring members
Discography.
Albums.
As The Naked Brothers Band
As Nat & Alex Wolff
Singles.
"The Naked Brothers Band"
"Nat & Alex Wolff"
References.
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Josephte Dufresne
Canadian pianist, conservatoire director
Josephte Dufresne (1929–1995) was a Canadian pianist, teacher and conservatoire director.
Life and work.
Josephte Dufresne was born January 9, 1929, in Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada.
She studied piano in her birthplace and in Montreal with Jean-Marie Beaudet. After winning a Canadian study grant, the Prix d'Europe in 1950, she traveled to Paris and studied with composer Yves Nat. After returning to Montreal, she began to perform and teach.
Her passion was promoting the music of Canada and she did so as a recitalist and concert soloist on Société Radio-Canada (SRC) and CKAC radio and television. In 1967, she presented 13 half-hour recitals on SRC performing the work of about 60 Canadian composers. She also created her own works, such as her Pièce Concertante no. 1 for Canadian composer Jean Papineau-Couture and dedicating it to him.
Dufresne performed throughout Quebec, in New York State and in several cities in France, including Paris. She also accompanied other artists who went on tour. This was especially true of Canadian singer Claire Gagnier as well as other vocalists performing in televised opera productions.
In 1967, Dufresne was named a professor at the new Conservatoire de Musique du Québec à Hull, in Gatineau, Quebec when it welcomed its first 168 students from the Ottawa region. From 1972–1978, she was assistant director before becoming its director (1980–1984).
Starting in 1975 she began editing a work on Canadian music for piano. In 1987, she left teaching to devote herself to her music.
She died February 7, 1995, at age 66, in Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec.
Personal life.
She married the director, orchestra conductor and television producer, Jean-Yves Landry in 1956, but later divorced.
References.
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Taungbyone Festival
The Taungbyone Festival (; also spelt "Taungbyon") is one of the most well-known festivals among the people of Myanmar, held annually in honour of the Taungbyon "nat" brothers or the two brothers of Taungbyone village. Actually it is the festival of the two pagodas, by the name of Sutaungpyae built by King Anawrahta and the later-built Sutaungya. The pagodas' festival is designated to be celebrated for two days, from the eighth waxing day to the tenth of the Burmese month of Wagaung. At the same time, the "nat" festival is held alongside that of the pagodas.
Taungbyone festival is very crowded with people coming from various parts of the country during the festival