Ilhas (album)
Ilhas (Portuguese for "Islands") is the fourth studio album by Brazilian psychedelic rock band Violeta de Outono, released on May 9, 2005, by Voiceprint Records. It was the last album of the band to feature the original line-up of Fabio Golfetti, Cláudio Souza and Angelo Pastorello.
The track "Dança" previously appeared in "Em Toda Parte", and was re-recorded for this release.
João Parahyba of Trio Mocotó fame provided additional percussion instruments for some of the tracks.
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Violeta de Outono
Brazilian progressive rock band
Violeta de Outono (Portuguese for Autumn Violet) is a Brazilian psychedelic/progressive rock band from São Paulo. Heavily influenced by The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin and Gong, they were originally a post-punk band with some psychedelic elements intertwined, but would gradually drop their post-punk influences and add more prog elements to their sonority as time went by.
The band underwent numerous changes in its line-up since its inception; the only founding member remaining today is vocalist/guitarist Fabio Golfetti.
History.
Fabio Golfetti founded Violeta de Outono in 1985 alongside Cláudio Souza; both had just parted ways with pioneering New Romantic band Zero. They would later be joined by Angelo Pastorello, and with this line-up they released a demo tape, "Memories", in the same year. The tape got the attention of independent record label Wop-Bop Records, that released their first recording, the extended play "Reflexos da Noite", in 1986.
In 1987, Violeta de Outono's eponymous debut was released through RCA Records. It was very well-received; particular praise went to their cover of The Beatles' song "Tomorrow Never Knows".
In 1988 they released a four-track EP called "The Early Years", containing cover versions of The Rolling Stones' "Citadel", Pink Floyd's "Interstellar Overdrive", The Beatles' "Within You Without You" and Gong's "Blues for Findlay". Those recordings trace to as far as 1985–1986. In the next year, their second studio album, "Em Toda Parte", was released by Ariola Records. Beginning with this album, Violeta de Outono would drop their previous post-punk instrumentation, heading towards a more progressive and experimental vein.
In 1990, Cláudio Souza left the band, and was replaced by Cláudio Fontes (Souza would return to the band in 1993 though). From 1993 to 1995, Violeta de Outono entered a short hiatus period; they returned to active with a live album, "Eclipse", and their third full-length, "Mulher na Montanha", that began to be recorded in 1995 but would be released only in 1999. In 2000, they would release their second live album, "Live at Rio ArtRock Festival '97", a recording of their performance at the in Rio de Janeiro in 1997. (A DVD containing the footage of their performance at the festival would be released 15 years later.) During Violeta de Outono's hiatus, Golfetti released three albums with The Invisible Opera Company of Tibet (Tropical Version Brazil), a side project he formed in 1988; however, the project was not as successful and memorable as Violeta de Outono itself and would come to an end in 1995, only to return in 2010.
Also in 2000, Violeta de Outono changed its line-up almost completely, with Gregor Izidro replacing Cláudio Souza and Sandro Garcia replacing Pastorello. However, they would return for the recording of the band's fourth studio album in 2003, "Ilhas", that was released in 2005.
"Violeta de Outono & Orquestra", their first video release, came out in 2006, recorded during a performance in São Paulo two years prior, with the special participation of the USP Symphonic Orchestra. In the same year, Pastorello left the band and was replaced by Gabriel Costa, while new member Fernando Cardoso assumed the position of keyboardist. With this line-up they released their fifth full-length album (and seventh studio release overall), "Volume 7", in 2007.
In 2009, Cláudio Souza left Violeta de Outono for the third time, but beforehand they recorded another video release, "", in which they covered songs by Pink Floyd and Syd Barrett live, and also played their first studio album in its entirety in a show which took place in the Theatro Municipal in São Paulo. Souza was replaced by Fred Barley – however, Barley left the band in 2011 in order to join O Terço, and was replaced by José Luiz Dinola (former A Chave do Sol member); Violeta de Outono's line-up remains unchanged ever since.
Their sixth full-length album, "Espectro", was released in 2012.
On September 19, 2016, the band announced that they began work on their seventh studio album, "Spaces", which was eventually released on October 14, 2016.
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Ilha (Santana)
Ilha (Portuguese for "island") is a civil parish in the municipality of Santana in the Portuguese archipelago of Madeira. The population in 2011 was 255, in an area of 14.19 km².
History.
The history of this parish extends from the end of the 20th century, when it was created in 1989 by de-annexation from the civil parish of São Jorge. Its name was an extension of geomorphological characteristics, since it was an "island" between many of its other neighbours ("ilha" is the Portuguese word for "island"), one of the few landlocked parishes on the island of Madeira.
Geography.
Ilha is located along the northern coast, buttressed by the neighbouring civil parishes of Arco de São Jorge (in the west) and São Jorge (to the east). It contains the localities Achadinha, Corrida, Ermida, Garnal, Lombada do Meio and Lombo Grande.
The site of Achada do Marques is classified as a protected landscape () and part of the "Parque Natural da Madeira". The classification was made to not only preserve the natural environment and landscape, but also to maintain the habits and traditions of the zone. Caldeirão Verde, another popular tourist destination in the parish, is part of the pedestrian trails that cross the island. In particular, from Caldeirão Verde, it is possible to follow a trail through the UNESCO protected Laurisilva forests to the locally-known "Cascata do Caldeirão Verde" ("waterfall of Caldeirão Verde"). In addition, Pico Ruivo, the highest point on the island at falls within the parishes frontiers, and although a highly difficult climb (third highest nationally), its summit can be reached from within the trail network. Other pedestrian trails of note: Levada da Ilha-Vale da Lapa-Caldeirão Verde and Pico Ruivo-Encumeada.
Economy.
Its primary economic resource is the agricultural industry, served by dairy and cattle-raising. In addition it supports a small economic collectivity that includes small shops, cafes and bars, in addition to health care centre. A locally produced beverage/liquor, "Ponchilha", based on lemons is produced in this region and originally commercialized by the "Empresa de Inserção Social da Casa do Povo da Ilha" (the local community/social centre).
Culture.
In the month of August, the Casa do Povo da Ilha organizes a "Dia do Emigrante" ("Emigrant Day") for those former residents who left Ilha in search of better economic conditions. On the last weekend of September and first of October, the festivals in honour of the "Santissimo Sacramento" ("Holy Sacrament") and patron saint ("Our Lady of the Rosary") are also celebrated. Finally, at the end of November and beginning of December, the "Semana Cultural da Ilha" ("Cultural Week of Ilha") result in various cultural activities based on a specific theme.
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Municipality of Ilhas
Municipality of the Macau SAR
The Municipality of Ilhas () was one of the two municipalities of Macau, along with the Municipality of Macau. Its organs were the Municipal Council of Ilhas () and the Municipal Assembly of Ilhas ().
Following the handover of Macau to China on 20 December 1999, they were renamed as Provisional Municipal Council of Ilhas () and the Provisional Municipal Assembly of Ilhas (). The municipality along with the institutions were formally abolished on 31 December 2001 and replaced by the Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau the following day.
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Ilha Record 1
The first season of "Ilha Record" premiered on Monday, July 26, 2021, at 10:30 p.m. on RecordTV.
The show features a group of celebrities, known as Explorers, living together on a desert island and competing against each other in extreme challenges to avoid being exiled and continue their quest for lost treasures and the grand prize of R$500.000. Prior to the live finale, a public vote is held to determine who would become the season's Favorite Explorer and win the special prize of R$250.000. The inaugural season of "Ilha Record" was filmed in Paraty, Rio de Janeiro from June 1 to July 6, 2021.
Any Borges won competition after defeating Pyong Lee at the Island's final treasure hunt and took home the grand prize of R$500.000. Mirella Santos won the public's special prize of R$250.000 with 79.33% of the final vote against Nadja Pessoa. In addition, Pyong Lee received R$100.000 as runner-up, while Claudinho Matos and Nanah Damasceno earned R$10.000 each for being part of Any's crew in the final.
Cast.
Explorers.
The celebrities were officially revealed by RecordTV on May 27, 2021.
Future Appearances.
After this season, in 2022, Dinei appeared with his wife Erika Dias in "Power Couple Brasil 6", they finished in 12th place in the competition.
In 2022, Thomaz Costa appeared in "A Fazenda 14", he finished in 17th place in the competition.
In 2023, Nadja Pessoa also appeared in "A Fazenda 15", she finished in 7th place in the competition.
Ratings and reception.
Brazilian ratings.
All numbers are in points and provided by Kantar Ibope Media.
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Sonífera Ilha
1984 single by Titãs
"Sonífera Ilha" (Sleepy Island) is the debut single by Brazilian rock band Titãs, released in 1984. The song, as well as its b-side "Toda Cor", was co-composed by Ciro Pessoa, one of the lead singers and founding members of the group, who would leave the band before the release of their first, self-titled album, in which the single and the b-side were included. "Sonífera Ilha" is among a few of Ciro's contributions to Titãs.
The song has been covered by artists such as Adriana Calcanhotto, Pato Fu and Blitz, among others (see details below).
"Toda Cor" was included in the soundtrack of the 1984 film "Bete Balanço".
Background and composition.
Unlike what was common practice at the time of the song's creation, the single would only be released after the album since the band - composed of nine members up until shortly before the album recording - didn't want to be represented by a single song.
Then vocalist Paulo Miklos (main singer of the song) described the track in 2012 as follows: "A ska with a kinda dodecaphonic thing, a kinda weird phrase, telling a cock-and-bull story. I never knew what the song is about."
Reception.
Although coming from an album that sold poorly, the song was a great hit in Brazil. According to website "A Vitrine do Rádio" and the "Rolling Stone Brasil" magazine, it was the song with most airplay in the country in 1984.
In a 2020 video, then former vocalist and bassist Nando Reis commented that "Sonífera Ilha" was the only song that the audience knew at the time of its release and their other songs sounded too different from the track, and that because of it they would sometimes perform the song three times in a single show.
"Titãs Trio Acústico" version.
In 2020, the band, then reduced to a trio (Branco Mello on vocals, acoustic guitar and bass; Sérgio Britto on vocal, keyboards and bass; and Tony Bellotto on vocals, acoustic and electric guitar, re-recorded the track as part of their "Titãs Trio Acústico" project.
The new version, sung by Mello, received a video with guest appearances by band Os Paralamas do Sucesso; musicians Rita Lee, Roberto de Carvalho, Andreas Kisser, Lulu Santos, Cyz Mendes (singer who guest performed on the band's opera rock, "Doze Flores Amarelas"), Érika Martins, Elza Soares and marcelo fEdi Rock; actors Fábio Assunção and Fernanda Montenegro; sports commentator and former football player Casagrande; and Marcelo Fromer's (the band's guitarist until his death in 2001 and co-author of the track) daughter, Alice.
The video was directed by Otávio Juliano, who said: "'Sonífera Ilha' is a song that left a deep mark in generations. When I listened to the new acoustic version, I felt it was more than a song, it was a state of mind. It came from there the idea of inviting artists and friends that were part of Titãs' history, bringing their personalities and embarking on this state of mind with the band".
The guest appearances were recorded by the artists themselves in their houses; such aesthetics would end up coinciding with the quarantine to which several people subjected themselves due to the coronavirus pandemic in 2020. By then, Bellotto said in an interview to "O Globo" newspaper:

A Ilha dos Amores
1982 film
A Ilha dos Amores () is a 1982 Portuguese-Japanese drama film directed by Paulo Rocha. It was entered into the 1982 Cannes Film Festival.
The film follows the life and loves of Portuguese writer and Navy officer Wenceslau de Moraes in Macau and Japan. The filmmaker plays the role of poet Camilo Pessanha.
The film is structured following "The Nine Songs" by the Chinese poet Qu Yuan.
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Ilha dos Frades
Island in the Bay of all Saints
Ilha dos Frades (English: "Isle of the Friars") is an island in the Bay of All Saints. It is administered as part of the city of Salvador in the state of Bahia. The island is located in the center of the bay. It is in length, covers , and shaped like a fifteen-pointed star. Ilha dos Frades has preserved vegetation of the Atlantic Forest ("Mata Atlântica"), including native Brazil wood. The island is protected as part of the Environmental Protection Area of the Bay of All Saints.
Ilha dos Frades served as an important part of the slave trade in Bahia. Enslaved Africans were transported from the port at Salvador to the interior Recôncavo region of Bahia. The island became part of the illegal slave trade in Brazil in the 19th century; enslaved people were brought directly to the island and led to the interior of Bahia. The practice only ended with the abolition of slavery in Brazil in 1888.
Etymology.
The name of the island, which translates to "Island of the Friars" refers to the murder of two friars murdered by the Tupinambá people early in the Portuguese colonial period. The friars traveled to the Ilha dos Frades in order to catechize and ultimately disappeared.
History.
By the early 18th century, the island belonged to João Nogueira. Nogueira lived on the island with six or seven tenant farmers. The island had streams too small to support sugar cane cultivation; the tenant farmers only raised cows and pigs and grew subsistence crops. Francisco da Costa is recorded as an early owner of the island; he constructed the first Chapel of Loreto, or Church of Our Lady of Loreto ("Igreja de Nossa Senhora de Loreto") in 1645. It was reconstructed in a new location in 1756. The Ilha dos Frades played an important part in the illegal slave trade in Bahia in the 19th century. Illegal landings were made at the Ilha da Itaparica and Ilha da Mare and enslaved people were led directly to the interior of Bahia, a practice that only ended with the abolition of slavery in Brazil in 1888.
Franklin Américo de Meneses Dória, the Baron of Loreto, was born on the Ilha dos Frades in 1836. Loreto was a lawyer, politician, poet, and founding member of the Academia Brasileira de Letras. Gabriel Viana, a plantation owner, ruled the island in the manner of a feudal lord during the "República Velha", or First Brazilian Republic (1889-1930). Viana alternately decided on the punishment and execution of residents of the island and served as a benefactor of the local community.
Access.
Access to the island is from the nearby island of Madre de Deus, or by private boat from Salvador.
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Ilha do Mel
Brazilian island
Ilha do Mel (English: Island of Honey) is a Brazilian island, located in the state of Paraná, 4 kilometers from the coast. Although the closest part of the mainland to the island is the city of Pontal do Paraná, Ilha do Mel belongs to the municipality of Paranaguá, 24 kilometers away.
The island is a permanent environmental conservation area, and 95% of the territory is reserved for local flora and fauna. Therefore, human presence is strictly controlled: the maximum admission is 5,000 people per day. This arrangement directly affects tourism, which is the island's main economic activity. Ilha do Mel's beaches are considered among Brazil's most beautiful. No motor vehicles of any kind can enter the island, nor can animal-drawn vehicles. There are no paved grounds, nor is there any public lighting system in operation.
History.
The earliest records of human presence on the island date back about 6,000 years. Two sambaquis were discovered: deposits of organic material or limestone (such as pieces of shells) accumulated by human activity. These archaeological finds indicate the presence of humans on the island. Before Portuguese colonization, the region of Ilha do Mel was populated by an indigenous group known as carijós, from the Tupi-Guaran family. Then Europeans landed on the island and mixed with the indigenous people.
There are no sure traces of the first arrival of Europeans in Ilha do Mel, however, it is known that settlers arrived on the Island of Superagui (a geographical point very close to Ilha do Mel) in 1545. The inhabitants who settled there exploited the natural resources, fished, and cultivated plants such as banana and aipim, a local tuber species.
Over the years, the island has maintained the characteristic of being secretive and somewhat mysterious. In fact, until the 1980s, Ilha do Mel had no water system or even electricity in homes. Water came in 1985 and electric light in 1988. At first, the generator ran from seven to two in the morning. Only since 1998 did power become available 24 hours a day.
Environment.
 Ilha do Mel is located in the middle of the Atlantic Forest, the ecosystem originally characteristic of the Brazilian coast. Before the arrival of Portuguese colonizers, the Atlantic Forest covered 1,315,460 km², 15% of Brazil's total area. Today, only 102,012 km² remains, 7% of the original area. Ilha do Mel, however, is an example of environmental preservation. The administration of the island has been in charge of IAP (Environmental Institute of Paraná) since 1980.
Of the 2,710 hectares of total area on the island, 2,241 are protected by the Ilha do Mel Ecological Station, created by the Parana State Government in 1982. More than 338 hectares belong to the Ilha do Mel State Park. Only 120 hectares of the island (7.8 percent of the total area) are designated for human settlement. In addition, under a 2004 law, it is prohibited to construct any new buildings on the island. Only modifications in existing structures are accepted.
The law aims to preserve not only the area already protected in environmental parks but also the nature present in the area of habitation. In recent years, it has been observed that while environmental preservation areas have been kept in excellent condition, the same has not been true for areas around human settlements.
Geography.
 Ilha do Mel is located in the Southern Region of Brazil, at latitude 25°30'S and longitude 48°20'W, about 4 kilometers from the nearest city, Pontal do Paraná, and 24 kilometers from Paranaguá. The state capital of Paraná, Curitiba, is about 100 kilometers away. The island map is similar to number eight, however, with one part much larger than the other. The larger part contains the Ecological Station and the Fortress. There are buildings only in the regions near the coast, facing the sea. No paths are passing through this part of the island.
The smaller part, on the other hand, is the most populated part and the one that houses the most restaurants, small stores, and homes of the natives. There, some paths allow people to pass through. The two piers where boats moor are located in this section of Ilha do Mel. Encantadas is located at the far end of the island while Nova Brasília is near the isthmus, which joins the two parts of the island. The isthmus has been the subject of geological study for many years, mainly because of the fear that the erosion process will split Ilha do Mel into two different islands. There is no consensus on the future of the site. Some say it is only a matter of time until the final separation.
Other research, however, has found that the extent of the isthmus is very influential due to tides and it cannot be said when or if separation will happen.
"Source: Ilha do Mel Preserve"
The island is characterized by a large amount of relief. The highest point is Morro do Miguel (English: Miguel's Mountain), with 151 meters.
Tourism.
 Tourism is the main economic activity on the island. The busiest periods are summer and holidays. Since there is a limit of 5,000 people per day, there is a possibility for tourists not to be allowed on the ferry to Ilha do Mel. However, this situation is not very common and usually only happens on the New Year's Eve holiday or Carnival.
There is only one way to get to Ilha do Mel: by boat. Boats from Paranaguá arrive at the island after 1h30. The other option via Pontal do Paraná is faster: about a 30-minute trip. When purchasing the ticket, tourists can choose between two destinations: Nova Brasília or Encantadas. These are the names of the two main beaches. Cars cannot be transported in boats. There are no hotels on the island. The most common choice is “pousadas,” less complex structures than hotels, however, with the same function. The most common camping spot is the garden in front of the native house. Prices vary throughout the year.
Ilha do Mel attracts different types of tourists. A large presence of foreigners is observed mainly other South Americans. Surfers also appear frequently on the island. In fact, according to the Brazilian Professional Surfing Association, the beaches of Ilha do Mel are the best in the state of Paraná to practice the sport.
Tourist attractions.
Ilha do Mel is known for its combination of natural and historical beauty. These locales are the main attractions of the island:
Farol das Conchas.
Located near the pier in Nova Brasília, the Farol das Conchas (English: Lighthouse of shells) was built in 1872 by order of Dom Pedro I, then Emperor of Brazil. The building material was brought from Scotland, a land at the time strongly associated with lighthouse construction. The purpose of the lighthouse was to help locate ships passing towards the Baía de Paranaguá (English: Bay of Paranaguá). Today the lighthouse continues to function. For that matter, it is a tourist attraction because it is located above a mountain from where much of the island, the sea, the beaches, and even the isthmus can be seen.
Fortress of Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres.
 The only building of historical significance in the largest part of the island, the Fortress of Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres was built in the 18th century. Work was finished in 1769. The building has walls 1.5m thick. The construction was made because of the war between Portugal and Spain over territories in South America. The Portuguese considered Ilha do Mel a strategic location to protect. However, it turned out to be less important than expected since Spanish ships had been known to reach Paranaguá without intervention from the fortress.
During World War II, Ilha do Mel became a “war zone.” About 200 soldiers occupied the site. Another section was activated above Morro da Baleia (English: Whale Hill), just in front of the Fortress, with cannons and mazes to hide them. Up there, there is also a vantage point with a view of the sea.
Encantadas Cave.
The Encantadas cave is the main attraction of that beach and the most important natural attraction on the entire island. The cave was built through the constant action of the sea on the rocks during the passage of years. Beyond the natural process, the cave is full of mystery.
People's legend has it that an Indigenous couple had fallen in love, but the families were not in favor of the relationship. Nevertheless, they had decided to marry. The girl's father, however, found out about them and cast a curse on them: all of the couple's daughters would become killers mermaids. The young people stayed together, but they could not escape the curse. According to legend, the mermaids chose the very cave of Encantadas as the place to attract men with their songs and then kill them.
Name.
The origin of the name Ilha do Mel is not known. One of the most credible hypotheses concerns a German Admiral named Mehl and his family who, before World War I, had engaged in beekeeping on the island. There are records of other members of the armed forces producing honey there. The same word “Mehl,” which means “flour” in German, may be the origin of the island's name keeping in mind that Ilha do Mel was in the past a place where a variety of goods were traded, among them flour.
There is another island called Ilha do Mel somewhat to the south, in the Baía of Babitonga, in the State of Santa Catarina. Before the current name was made official, the island was called Ilha da Baleia (“Whale Island”) because of the design of its map, which resembles the animal.
Transport.
 Since all types of motor vehicles are prohibited from entering the island, there are no proper streets there, only small footpaths. The only way of transportation inside Ilha do Mel is by bicycle. There are several places to rent it and no public transportation system. Transportation between the beaches of Nova Brasília and Encantadas is done with the same boats that go to the mainland. Near the piers, boats can be taken to specific places such as the Fortress. Prices vary according to the time of year and the boat owner.
Infrastructure.
 Ilha do Mel does not have some basic services for the populace such as hospitals or pharmacies. In the area of health, the only facility available is an emergency room near the Nova Brasília pier, therefore, tourists are requested to bring their medicines. There are only two elementary schools on the entire island: one in the Nova Brasília area and the other in Encantadas. The school in Encantadas takes the student up to grade four and the one in Nova Brasília, up to grade six. From the seventh year on, pupils must take the boat to Pontal do Paraná or Paranguá to go to school.
Although the island has received electricity for more than 20 years, there is no public lighting system in operation. Therefore, it is recommended that people bring flashlights during the evenings. Also, in the evenings, the lands of Nova Brasília and Encantadas become incommunicable with each other. Communication options during the day are through boats or by walking between the beaches and stones-there are no paths inland. These two options are not available in the evening.
Climate.
 Ilha do Mel is located in a transition zone between tropical and humid subtropical climate. Because of its proximity to the sea, the temperature variation during the day is not as great as in cities such as Curitiba. The same characteristic of being close to the Ocean limits the heat in summer and the cold in winter.
The hottest month in Ilha do Mel is January, which coincides with the vacation season for most Brazilians. The average maximum temperature is about 28 degrees, while the minimum remains around 19. Summer, however, is also the wettest season of the year. February is the month when it rains the most: nearly 300 mm.
Winter, on the other hand, represents the dry period: July is the month with the least rain of the year: only 67 mm. The coldest month is September, at the end of winter, instead of July or June, when the lowest temperatures in Brazil are recorded. The coldest season is also the time when the island most often has fog, usually at dawn.

União da Ilha do Governador
The Grêmio Recreativo Escola de Samba União da Ilha do Governador (Recreation Guild Samba School Union of Governor's Island) was founded on March 7, 1953 by the friends Maurício Gazelle, and Quincas Orphylo, who were in Cacuia, the main site of the carnival parade of the Ilha do Governador, watching the presentation of small schools of samba and blocks of various districts of the island. It was then decided that the neighborhood of Cacuia should be represented by a samba school. Currently, the school is based in Estrada do Galeão in the neighborhood of Cacuia.
History.
The União da Ilha do Governador remained some time between the second and third groups, and in 1974, were crowned champions when the second group received access to the main group from the years following.
From 1977, with the theme "Sunday", till 1980, when they took second place with the theme "Good, Nice and Cheap", the Island has made a fashionable impression, with no definitive one of the samba schools more sympathetic to the judges. The school took to the parade Sapucaí light, cheap and cheerful. This would be the hallmark of the Island, held today. Their costumes are usually mild, without great splendor, making the parade for the performance. The school also can establish a good communication with the public and is considered one of the nicest of the carnival. The "Today" was the samba of the Island in 1978 and that same year was recorded by Elizeth Cardoso, but it was the first recording of Simone in 1983 (CD "Delights and Delusions" and re-recorded the live CD "Simone"), when she became popular.
In recent years, the best remembered parade of the island was in 1989. The theme song "Party profane" had the refrain "I'll get drunk with happiness" that, to date, is sung all over the country. That year, the school was in third place.
The last good result was obtained in 1994, with "Abrakadabra," which came in fourth, their last appearance in the Parade of Champions. Since then, they have achieved good placements.
In 2000, with "Not to say I did not speak of flowers", the Island came in eighth place, addressing some of the darkest of the 500 years of Brazil: a military dictatorship from 1964 to 1985.
In 2001, the school won 13th place in the Special Group, and were thus lowered to Access Group A in 2002, where they had ups and downs.
In 2008, even without many resources, the school had a parade of claw, and revived "É hoje o dia" ("Today is the Day"), which earned them fifth place.
From 2008, the samba-school based at the Ilha do Governador neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro city, literally 2 or 3 miles from the Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport, started a professionalization process, with the introduction of a series of management techniques. A marketing department was established, the renovation of its headquarters started to gain interest (it was finalized May 2012), the financial department re-structured and a series of partnerships started to sprout. Today, União da Ilha do Governador Samba School has as one of its main partners Grupo Petrópolis, with Itaipava beer.
In 2009, the "insulana" (islander) samba-school, as it is sometimes called by its revelers, chose the parade theme "Travel is necessary – extraordinary journeys through worlds familiar and unknown". The carnival parade organizer Jack Vasconcelos became Carnival Champion of Group A with 239.9 points, returning after his demotion in 2001 to the so sought after Rio Carnival Special Group in 2010.
In 2010, as the Task Force came up with the story "Don Quixote the knight of impossible dreams," the carnival organizer Rosa Magalhães was overshadowed by just a few problems on the floats. In front of the drums came drums queen Bruna Bruno, who has been the front of the drums for years, along with Luciana Picorelli (current sponsor of the drums). They finished in 11th place, escaping relegation anew and still in the Special for Carnival 2011.
After the carnival, a school that has defined its plot in 2016, before the carnival 2015. That will be on the 2016 Summer Olympics in which after the departure of Alex de Souza backed the return Paulo Menezes and Jack Vasconcelos, as carnival. and had a change of queen of battery where after 11 years ahead of the battery Bruna Bruno abdicated the throne and was replaced by Bianca Leão. However, in a parade is shorter than the previous years, finished in 11th place.
However, for 2017 the school has changed the whole team starting with the carnival producer Severo Luzardo, director of carnival Wilsinho and the mestre


Compton, California
City in California, United States
Compton is a city located in the Gateway Cities region of southern Los Angeles County, California, United States, situated south of downtown Los Angeles. Compton is one of the oldest cities in the county, and on May 11, 1888, was the eighth city in Los Angeles County to incorporate. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 95,740. It is known as the "Hub City" due to its alleged geographic centrality in Los Angeles County, though it is actually near the southern end of the county. Neighborhoods in Compton include Sunny Cove, Leland, downtown Compton, and Richland Farms.
History.
The Tongva inhabited the Los Angeles Basin.
The Spanish Empire had expanded into this area when the Viceroy of New Spain commissioned Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo to explore the Pacific Ocean in 1542–1543. In 1767, the area became part of the Province of the Californias (), and the area was explored by the Portolá expedition in 1769–1770. In 1784, the Spanish Crown deeded Rancho San Pedro, a tract of over , to soldier Juan José Domínguez. Domínguez's descendants partitioned the land amongst family members, sold parcels to newly arriving settlers, and relinquished some when validating their legal claim with the Mexican government at in 1828, and with the United States government through a patent validating in 1858. The Domínguez family name is still applied throughout the area, including the Dominguez Rancho Adobe historical landmark, in the unincorporated community of Rancho Dominguez, located between the cities of Compton, Long Beach and Carson. The tree that marked the original northern boundary of the rancho still stands at the corner of Poppy and Short streets.
In 1867, Griffith Dickenson Compton led a group of 30 pioneers to the area. These families had traveled by wagon train south from Stockton, California, in search of ways to earn a living other than the rapid exhaustion of gold fields. Originally named Gibsonville, after one of the tract owners, it was later called Comptonville. However, to avoid confusion with the Camptonville located in Yuba County, the name was shortened to Compton. Compton's earliest settlers were faced with terrible hardships as they farmed the land in bleak weather to get by with just the barest subsistence. The weather continued to be harsh, rainy and cold, and fuel was difficult to find. To gather firewood it was necessary to travel to mountains close to Pasadena. The round trip took almost a week. Many in the Compton party wanted to relocate to a friendlier climate and settle down, but as there were two general stores within traveling distance—one in the pueblo of Los Angeles, the other in Wilmington—they eventually decided to stay put.
By 1887, the settlers realized it was time to make improvements to the local government. A series of town meetings were held to discuss incorporation of their little town. Griffith D. Compton donated his land to incorporate and create the city of Compton in 1889, but he did stipulate that a certain acreage be zoned solely for agriculture and named Richland Farms. In January 1888, a petition supporting the incorporation of Compton was forwarded to the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, who in turn forwarded the petition to the State Legislature. On May 11, 1888, the city of Compton was incorporated with a population of 5000 people. The first City Council meeting was held on May 14, 1888.
In 1890, a series of votes were held by the residents of Compton, with the aim of shedding significant portions of the city. By the end of the year, Compton was down to only eighty acres of land, with five remaining voters residing within that territory. Due to the limited number of people able to fill positions within the city government, Compton effectively ceased to exist as a functioning city. By 1906, lawyers Emmett Wilson and E.T. Sherer filed suits to nullify the 1890 elections, which in turn restored Compton to a size of 600 acres. Compton was reborn, with elections held to fill open positions.
The ample residential lots of Richland Farms gave residents enough space to raise a family, and food to feed them, along with building a barn, and caring for livestock. The farms attracted the black families who had begun migrating from the rural South in the 1950s, and there they found their 'home away from home'. Compton could not support large-scale agricultural business, but it did give the residents the opportunity to work the land for their families.
The 1920s saw the opening of the Compton Airport. Compton Junior College was founded and city officials moved to a new City Hall on Alameda Street. On March 10, 1933, a destructive earthquake caused many casualties: schools were destroyed and there was major damage to the central business district. While it would eventually be home to a large black population, in 1930 there was only one black resident.
From the 1920s through the early 1940s, the Compton area was home to a sizable Japanese American population, a large proportion of whom were farmers. Shortly after President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 in February 1942, Compton residents of Japanese descent were forcibly removed from their homes and interned for the duration of World War II. Most were initially detained at the Santa Anita Assembly Center; they were later transferred to and incarcerated at Manzanar and other internment centers, called "Relocation Centers."
In the 1950s, middle-class black families began moving into the area, mostly on the west side. Compton grew quickly throughout the decade. This is partially due to its proximity to Watts, where there was an established black population. The eastern side of the city was predominantly white until the 1970s. Despite being located in the middle of a major metropolitan area, thanks to the legacy of Griffith D. Compton, there still remains one small pocket of agriculture from its earliest years.
During the 1950s and 1960s, after the Supreme Court declared all racially exclusive housing covenants (title deeds) unconstitutional in the case "Shelley v. Kraemer", the first black families moved to the area. Compton's growing black population was still largely ignored and neglected by the city's elected officials. Centennial High School was finally built to accommodate a burgeoning student population. A black man first ran for City Council in 1958, and the first black councilman was elected in 1961.
In 1969, Douglas Dollarhide became the mayor, the first black man elected mayor of any metropolitan city in California. Two African Americans and one Mexican-American were also elected to the local school board. Four years later, in 1973, Doris A. Davis defeated Dollarhide's bid for re-election to become the first female black mayor of a metropolitan American city. By the early 1970s, the city had one of the largest concentrations of African Americans in the country, at over sixty five percent. In 2013, Aja Brown, age 31, became the city's youngest mayor to date; she was re-elected in 2017.
For many years, Compton was a much sought-after suburb for the black middle class of Los Angeles. This past affluence is reflected in the area's appearance: Compton's streets are lined with relatively spacious and attractive single family houses. However, several factors have contributed to Compton's gradual decline. One of the most significant factors was a steady erosion of its tax base, something that was already sparse due to limited commercial properties. In later years, there were middle-class whites who fled to the newly incorporated cities of Artesia, Bellflower, Cerritos, Paramount and Norwalk in the late 1950s. These nearby cities remained largely white early on, despite integration. This white middle class flight accelerated following the 1965 Watts Riots and the 1992 Los Angeles riots.
By the late 1960s, middle-class and upper-middle-class African Americans found other areas to be more attractive to them. Some were unincorporated areas of Los Angeles County such as Ladera Heights, View Park and Windsor Hills, and others were cities such as Inglewood and Carson. Carson was particularly significant, because it had successfully thwarted attempts at annexation by neighboring Compton. The city opted instead for incorporation in 1968; notably, its black population was actually more affluent than its white population. As a newer city, it also offered more favorable tax rates and lower crime.
Geography and climate.
According to the United States Census Bureau's 2020 data, the city has a total area of . of it is land and of it (1.03%) is water.
Compton is bordered by the unincorporated Willowbrook on the north and northwest, the unincorporated West Compton on the west, the city of Carson on the southwest, the unincorporated Rancho Dominguez on the south, the city of Long Beach on the southeast, the city of Paramount and the unincorporated East Compton on the east, and by the city of Lynwood on the northeast.
East Compton.
East Compton, also known as East Rancho Dominguez, is a mostly industrial unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP). The population was 15,135 according to the 2010 Census. East Rancho Dominguez is an accepted city name according to the USPS, and shares the 90221 ZIP Code with Compton. Its sphere of influence is the city of Compton, which has tried to annex East Rancho Dominguez, but business and property owners in the area have opposed the annexation.
Demographics.
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Compton first appeared as a city in the 1870 U.S. Census.
2020 census.
The U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program (PEP), updated annually, reported that the City of Compton has a population of 91,988 as of its 2022 estimate. The following household information is based on 5-year census estimates between 2018 and 2022:
No Compton households reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multilingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household. 83.1% of the residents of Compton are U.S. citizens.
2010.
The 2010 United States census reported that Compton had a population of 96,455. The population density was . The racial makeup of Compton was 31,688 (32.9%) Black; 24,942 (25.9%) White, (0.8% Non-Hispanic White); 655 (0.7%) Native American; 292 (0.3%) Asian; 718 (0.7%) Pacific Islander; 34,914 (36.2%) from other races; and 3,246 (3.4%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 62,669 persons (65.0%).
The Census reported that 95,700 people (99.2% of the population) lived in households, 643 (0.7%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 112 (0.1%) were institutionalized.
There were 23,062 households, out of which 13,376 (58.0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 10,536 (45.7%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 6,373 (27.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2,354 (10.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,725 (7.5%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 158 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 2,979 households (12.9%) were made up of individuals, and 1,224 (5.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.15. There were 19,263 families (83.5% of all households); the average family size was 4.41.
The age distribution of the population was as follows: 31,945 people (33.1%) under the age of 18, 11,901 people (12.3%) aged 18 to 24, 26,573 people (27.5%) aged 25 to 44, 18,838 people (19.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 7,198 people (7.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.7 males.
There were 24,523 housing units at an average density of , of which 12,726 (55.2%) were owner-occupied, and 10,336 (44.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.9%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.9%. 53,525 people (55.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 42,175 people (43.7%) lived in rental housing units.
During 2009–2013, Compton has a median household income of $42,953, with 26.3% of the population living below the federal poverty line.
Crime.
Following the Watts riots in 1965, crime in Compton rose sharply. Although the city was largely exempt from the destruction of the 1965 riot, it prompted middle-class residents to flee over the next few years. By 1969, it had the highest crime rate in the state of California.
In "Black, Brown, and White: Stories Straight Outta Compton", Lynne Isbell and two friends from other ethnic backgrounds have written about their lives growing up in Compton during the 1960s and early 1970s. They tell how Compton changed from a mostly white town to a mostly black one and became known as "the Murder Capital of the United States".
Compton's violent reputation reached the national spotlight in the late 1980s with the rise of local gangsta rap groups Compton's Most Wanted and N.W.A, the latter of whom released the album "Straight Outta Compton" in 1989. The city became notorious for gang violence, primarily caused by the Bloods and Crips. After years of decline in crime, Compton's murder rate skyrocketed in 2004 with racial conflicts between Blacks and Latinos.
2005 was the city's deadliest year on record when the city murder rate reached 72 killings with a total population of 90,000 residents. The spike was the highest since 1991, when the city had more than 100,000 residents. The rise in homicides frightened residents who had long lived with high levels of gang violence but had seen a downturn in violent crime in recent years.
In 2013, the homicide rate was 36.8 per 100,000 residents, a decrease from the mid-2000s peak. Guns are used in the vast majority of homicides in Compton. Between 2000 and 2016, 91.5% were killed with guns compared to the national average of 67.7%. In 2015, there was a record low of 15 homicides while the homicide rate in the rest of the US increased. In recent years, homicides have increased while remaining well below the 1980s and 90s, with 32 in 2021.
The neighborhood lost residents with the worsening safety problems and, after the 1992 riots in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, many African Americans left the city.
Although "U.S. News & World Report" did not list Compton in the 2011 "11 Most Dangerous Cities" for overall crime rates in the United States, the "CQ Press", using data from the FBI's annual report of crime statistics "Crime in the United States 2010," which ranked Compton as having the eighth highest crime rate in the country.
Compton experienced a drop in homicide in the late 1990s and 2000s. Crime has stabilized overall since the 2010s. The decrease in homicides has been attributed to various factors, including changing demographics, faster response times by police (reducing shots fired) and better medical care (increasing survival rates). Aja Brown, mayor elected in 2013, helped to settle turf wars between the gangs, which has further reduced the homicide rate.
Mexican and Central American immigrants have increasingly replaced African Americans who moved to safer cities.
"Gifts for Guns".
The Los Angeles Sheriff's Department began the annual "Gifts for Guns" program within that same year where the citizens of Compton were given the option to turn in firearms and receive a $50–$100 check for various goods in an effort to combat gun violence. People have turned in about 7,000 guns over the last few years, KABC-TV reported. The program's success has prompted the LASD to expand the program countywide.
Homelessness.
In 2022, Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority's Greater Los Angeles Homeless Count counted 644 homeless individuals in Compton.
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Mapping L.A..
Mexican was the most common ancestry according to the 2000 census. Mexico and El Salvador were the most common foreign places of birth in 2000.
Economy.
In 1994, Compton was designated as an "Entrepreneurial Hot Spot" by Cognetics, Inc., an independent economic research firm. Compton made the national list for best places to start and grow a business, and ranked #2 in Los Angeles County out of a field of 88 cities. The city's Planning and Economic Development department provides a business assistance program consisting of a comprehensive mix of resources to small business owners and entrepreneurs. The grocery chains Ralphs and Food 4 Less, subsidiaries of Kroger, are headquartered in Compton. Gelson's Market, a subsidiary of Arden Group, Inc., a holding company, is also based there.
Compton is surrounded by multiple freeways that provide access to destinations throughout the region. The Long Beach and Los Angeles Ports are less than 20 minutes from downtown Compton, providing access to international destinations for customers and suppliers. The Alameda Corridor, a passageway for 25% of all U.S. waterborne international trade, runs directly through Compton from north to south.
The City of Compton's Parks and Recreation Department operates and maintains a total of 16 playgrounds for a combined of active park space. Facilities include six community centers, seven neighborhood parks, two walking parks, two competition-size swimming pools, three regulation size gymnasiums, a skate park, Jackie Robinson Baseball Stadium, Nine-Hole Par 3 Golf Course, and the two-story Douglas F. Dollarhide Community Center.
Arts and culture.
Some episodes of the sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" took place in Compton because Will Smith's friend, DJ Jazzy Jeff, lived there. Many rap artists' careers started in Compton, including N.W.A (Eazy-E, MC Ren, Dr. Dre, Ice Cube, DJ Yella), Coolio, DJ Quik, 2nd II None, Hi-C, Tweedy Bird Loc, The Game, Kendrick Lamar, YG, Vince Staples, Roddy Ricch, and Compton's Most Wanted. In their lyrics, they rap about the streets and their lives in Compton and the areas nearby. Steve Lacy and Blues musician Keb' Mo' are also from Compton.
Compton has been referred to on numerous occasions in gang affiliation, gangsta rap and g-funk songs, especially in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, and so has attained an association not only with gang violence and crime, but with hip hop music as well. The city is known as the home of many famous rappers. The Compton Swap Meet is featured prominently in the remix version of the 1995 #1 song California Love.

Championed by the Compton Entertainment Chamber of Commerce, the city of Compton honored Musical Entertainer rapper Eazy-E, with a symbolic street in his stage name. On November 22, 2023, the 100 block of Auto Drive South, which runs off Alameda Street and into the Gateway Towne Center shopping plaza was renamed to Eazy Street. It is also a reference to a song of the same name.

Eazy-E grew into the music industry as part the N.W.A group that spawned hip hop icons, such as Easy-E, Ice Cube, Dr. Dre, Mc Ren, DJ Yella and many others. In 1989, N.W.A released the colossal hit song Straight Outta Compton, which is the incontestable communicable global catchphrase for the City of Compton. [Eric Lynn Wright, was born September 7, 1964, in Compton, and passed away March 26, 1995.]
Many NBA players attended high school in the city as well. Arron Afflalo attended Centennial High School; DeMar DeRozan attended Compton High School; and Tayshaun Prince, Tyson Chandler, Brandon Jennings, Cedric Ceballos and the late Dennis Johnson attended Dominguez High. Actor/comedian Paul Rodriguez Sr. also attended Dominguez High.
Although an inner suburb of Los Angeles, Compton has seen an increase of middle-class residents in the last few years, due to its affordable housing. With the influx of immigrants and the demographic shift in ethnic population, it was after the 2000 U.S. Census that Latinos were recognized as the majority.
Compton has evolved into a younger population; the median age of people living in Compton was 25 at the time of the census survey in 2010; the United States average at the time was 35.3.
Compton is home to the Compton Cricket Club, the only all American-born exhibition cricket team. Its founder, Ted Hayes, said, "The aim of playing cricket is to teach people how to respect themselves and respect authority so they stop killing each other." Tam's Burgers has been seen as a symbol of the city.
Historical landmarks.
Angeles Abbey Memorial Park contains examples of Byzantine, Moorish and Spanish architectural styles. The cemetery was built in 1923 and survived the 1933 Long Beach earthquake.
Compton Airport opened on May 10, 1924. Located on Alondra Boulevard, the airport offers flight training, has accommodations for more than 200 planes, and is home to several aviation clubs.
The Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial sits in a plaza surrounded by the Civic Center, Compton Court House, Compton City Hall, and Compton Public Library.
The Eagle Tree is a natural boundary marker of Rancho San Pedro dating to 1858. It contains a historic marker and plaque placed by the Daughters of the Golden West in 1947.
The 'Heritage House' was built in 1869 and is a California Historical Landmark, and a Los Angeles County Historic Landmark. The oldest house in Compton, it was restored as a tribute to early settlers. It is an important landmark of Compton's rich history. At the corner of Myrrh and Willowbrook near the Civic Center Plaza, the Heritage House is a rustic-looking home that will eventually have a museum detailing early life in Compton. For now it shows the stark difference between the simple life of the 19th century and the fast-paced urban environment of the 21st. The oldest tree in Compton was the Eagle Tree, which marked the boundary of Rancho San Pedro. It fell in 2022.
Woodlawn Memorial Park contains the graves of 17 American Civil War veterans.
Government.
Municipal government.
After Lionel Cade, an accountant, assumed the mayor's office in 1977, one of the first orders of business was to conduct an audit of the city's finances. It was discovered that the city was $2 million in debt. The administration was able to eliminate the huge deficit in one year by making cuts in every department. It also aggressively sought federal funding to help pay for essential services, which was at least partially effective. However, with the passage of the property tax cutting initiative Proposition 13 by California voters, Compton was one of the cities hardest hit, since it had already eliminated most of the excess from its budget.
Corruption.
Civic corruption has also been a widespread problem in Compton.
In 2000, the Compton Police Department was disbanded amidst controversy and charges of corruption. The police department claims it was disbanded after investigations of gang activity led to then-Compton Mayor Omar Bradley. Once this became public, the mayor charged it was the police who were themselves corrupt, and he disbanded the police department. Omar Bradley has since faced serious corruption charges.
Eric J. Perrodin, the city's former mayor, was investigated in 2007 by the California State Bar for threatening to violate a local newspaper's First Amendment rights after the paper printed an investigative report relative to a contract granted to one of Perrodin's associates. Following the report, Perrodin threatened to yank the city's advertising contract with the paper. A Times review of city records shows Perrodin was absent from city board and commission meetings nearly two-thirds of the time between July 2009 and July 2010.
Current recall efforts are a direct response from residents of the accusations of corruption of the city's mayor and council. Some of the accusations involve the issuing of city contracts to personal donors and friends. One particular accusation involved the trash and recycling contract of the city to Pacific Coast Waste and Recycling LLC in 2007.
Notices of intent to circulate recall petitions against four Compton city officials are expected to be filed in August 2010, by a group of citizens who claim corruption in Compton is being ignored by the same authorities who were shocked by the recent salary controversy in the city of Bell.
Compton had discharged its city manager, in 2010, the second time in three years. "The Los Angeles Times" says the City Council voted in a closed meeting, September 9, 2010, to fire Charles Evans. "The Times" says council members refused to discuss the reasons for their decision. Evans took office in 2007, after the dismissal of previous City Manager Barbara Kilroy. City Controller Willie Norfleet will take over until a permanent manager can be named.
In July 2021, U.S. Representative Maxine Waters called for a Department of Justice inquiry into whether a deputy gang called the Executioners was operating out of the Compton station of the LASD.
State and federal representation.
In the state legislature, Compton is in the Senate District, represented by Democrat Laura Richardson, and in the Assembly District, represented by Democrat Mike Gipson.
In the U.S. House of Representatives, Compton is in California's congressional district, represented by Democrat Maxine Waters.
Education.
The city is served by Compton Unified School District. All of Compton is in CUSD, except for a small sliver of land in the Paramount Unified School District. The CUSD district is a participant of the FOCUS program conducted by the University of California, Irvine. The goals of the program are to improve mathematics and science achievement by uniting the efforts of mathematics, science, education and research library faculty and staff with educators of the school district.
The CUSD provides public education for grades K–12. The district operates 24 elementary schools, eight middle schools, three high schools, and one adult school, which also serves as an alternative school. The district maintains five alternative learning schools.
The four high schools of the CUSD are Centennial High School, Compton Early College High School, Dominguez High School, and Compton High School.
The city is also served by Compton College, which offers community college courses for those planning to enter a four-year degree program, as well as those seeking further education in specific trade fields.
The Compton Library offers adult, children's and Spanish language materials; reference services; a Literacy Center and a Homework Center; public computers with Internet access and word processing capabilities; public typewriters; and a bilingual story time every Saturday at 12:00 noon.
Occidental's Center for Food and Justice and its Compton Farm-to-School project were featured in a segment of "Life and Times", a half-hour news program on PBS member television station KCET in Los Angeles.
Barack Obama Charter School is a kindergarten through sixth grade public charter school.
Infrastructure.
The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the South Health Center in Watts, Los Angeles, serving Compton.
The United States Postal Service operates the Compton Post Office at 701 South Santa Fe Avenue, the Hub City Post Office at 101 South Willowbrook Avenue, and the Fashion Square Post Office at 2100 North Long Beach Boulevard.
Law enforcement.
The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department operates the Compton Station in Compton. When the LASD replaced the Compton Police Department in 2000, they increased patrol service hours from 127,410 to 141,692. Compton Station is centrally located in the Los Angeles area. The station is easily accessible from the Century Freeway (I-105) to the north, the Gardena Freeway (SR-91) to the south, the Harbor Freeway (I-110) to the west, and the Long Beach Freeway (I-710) to the east. Diane Walker, a 30-year veteran of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, was promoted to the rank of captain by Sheriff Lee Baca, and is now commander of Compton Station. There is also a LASD substation located in the Gateway Town Center.
Transportation.
Four freeways are within or near the city's boundaries and provide access to destinations throughout the region. Interstate 710 runs through the eastern boundary, State Route 91 runs through the southern boundary. Interstate 105 runs slightly along the north of the city, and Interstate 110 along to the west.
The Metro A Line (formerly the Blue Line) light rail runs north–south through Compton. Compton station is in the heart of the city, adjacent to the Renaissance Shopping Center. Artesia station serves the southern part of the city. The A Line connects Compton to downtown Los Angeles and downtown Long Beach.
There is also a Compton Renaissance Transit System that serves the area.
Compton/Woodley Airport is a small general aviation airport located in the city. The airport lies within busy airspace, as it is situated within a few miles of both Los Angeles International Airport and Long Beach Airport.
Greyhound Lines operates the Compton station.
Collectively, these multifaceted transportation links lend justification to the city's familiar nickname of "the Hub City."
From 1902 to 1961, Compton was served by the Pacific Electric Long Beach Line.
Sister cities.
On January 19, 2010, the Compton City Council passed a resolution creating a sister cities program, to be managed as a chapter of the Compton Chamber of Commerce. The city has established partnerships:
References.
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Van C. Gessel
American academic
Van Craig Gessel (born August 1, 1950, Compton, California) is a former Dean of the BYU College of Humanities at Brigham Young University. He also served as chair of the Department of Asian and Near Eastern Languages at BYU. He has become renowned for his work as the primary translator for Japanese novelist Endo Shusaku. He is also a co-editor of several Japanese translations including "The Columbia Anthology of Modern Japanese Literature" (Volume 1 published in 2005, Volume 2 in 2007).
Biography.
Gessel is a graduate of the University of Utah from which he received a bachelor's degree and Columbia University from which he received a PhD in Japanese literature in 1979. He has taught as a faculty member at Columbia University, Notre Dame, UC Berkeley, and Brigham Young University. He has served as a bishop, stake president, and the president of the Portland, Oregon Mission (2005-2008) of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Gessel and his wife Elizabeth have three children. In 2016, Gessel received a rare commendation from the Foreign Minister of Japan for "outstanding contributions to mutual understanding and goodwill between Japan and other nations". On April 29, 2018, Gessel was honored by the Emperor of Japan with the Order of the Rising Sun for his outstanding work in Japanese literature, promoting mutual understanding between the United States and Japan. Gessel was awarded the Lindsley and Masao Miyoshi Translation Prize in 2020-2021 for lifetime achievement as a translator of modern Japanese fiction.
As the primary translator for novelist Endo Shusaku Gessel has translated nine novels/story collections from Japanese to English and consulted on the adaptation film by Martin Scorsese, "Silence".
References.
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Ira Gessel
American mathematician (born 1951)
Ira Martin Gessel (born 9 April 1951 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American mathematician, known for his work in combinatorics. He is a long-time faculty member at Brandeis University and resides in Arlington, Massachusetts.
Education and career.
Gessel studied at Harvard University graduating "magna cum laude" in 1973. There, he became a Putnam Fellow in 1972, alongside Arthur Rubin and David Vogan.
He received his Ph.D. at MIT and was the first student of Richard P. Stanley. He was then a postdoctoral fellow at the IBM Watson Research Center and MIT. He then joined Brandeis University faculty in 1984. He was promoted to Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science in 1990, became a chair in 1996–98, and Professor Emeritus in 2015.
Gessel is a prolific contributor to enumerative and algebraic combinatorics. He is credited with the invention of quasisymmetric functions in 1984 and foundational work on the Lagrange inversion theorem. As of 2017, Gessel was an advisor of 27 Ph.D. students.
Gessel was elected a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society in the inaugural class of 2012. Since 2015, he is an Associate Editor of the "Digital Library of Mathematical Functions".
Gessel's lattice path conjecture.
Gessel has made significant contributions to an area in combinatorics known as lattice walks, which usually take place on the integer lattice and are sometimes confined to the upper right quadrant. An excursion is a lattice walk which starts at the origin and returns to the origin. A lattice excursion in the upper right quadrant with four possible steps, up, down, northeast, and southwest, is now known as a Gessel excursion.
By 2001 Gessel had noted empirically, and conjectured, that the number of Gessel excursions with 2n steps admit a simple hypergeometric closed form. This closed form counting function equation became known as Gessel's lattice path conjecture. A computer aided proof of Gessel's conjecture by Manuel Kauers, Christoph Koutschan, and Doron Zeilberger, was published in 200