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SELFormerMM

Tasks:
Tabular Classification
Tabular Regression
Feature Extraction
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Tags:
chemistry
cheminformatics
drug-discovery
molecular-property-prediction
multimodal
selfies
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metadata 
license: gpl-3.0
language:
  - en
pretty_name: SELFormerMM
size_categories:
  - 1M<n<10M
task_categories:
  - tabular-classification
  - tabular-regression
  - feature-extraction
  - graph-ml
tags:
  - chemistry
  - cheminformatics
  - drug-discovery
  - molecular-property-prediction
  - multimodal
  - selfies
  - chembl
  - moleculenet
  - representation-learning
configs:
  - config_name: bace
    data_files: finetuning_datasets/classification/bace/bace.csv
  - config_name: bbbp
    data_files: finetuning_datasets/classification/bbbp/bbbp.csv
  - config_name: hiv
    data_files: finetuning_datasets/classification/hiv/hiv.csv
  - config_name: sider
    data_files: finetuning_datasets/classification/sider/sider.csv
  - config_name: tox21
    data_files: finetuning_datasets/classification/tox21/tox21.csv
  - config_name: esol
    data_files: finetuning_datasets/regression/esol/esol.csv
  - config_name: freesolv
    data_files: finetuning_datasets/regression/freesolv/freesolv.csv
  - config_name: lipo
    data_files: finetuning_datasets/regression/lipo/lipo.csv
  - config_name: pdbbind_full
    data_files: finetuning_datasets/regression/pdbbind_full/pdbbind_full.csv

SELFormerMM

Multimodal molecular representation data for SELFormerMM — an extension of SELFormer that aligns four complementary views of a molecule in a shared embedding space: SELFIES sequences, 3D/structural graphs, textual descriptions, and knowledge-graph context, trained with multimodal supervised contrastive learning on ~2.9M molecules.

Paper: SELFormerMM: multimodal molecular representation learning via SELFIES, structure, text, and knowledge graph integration (Bioinformatics, 2026)

Code: https://github.com/HUBioDataLab/SELFormerMM

This repository bundles everything needed to reproduce or build on SELFormerMM:

Component What it is
pretraining_datasets/ 2,854,815 ChEMBL v36 molecules with precomputed structure, text and KG embeddings, plus the heterogeneous KG itself
finetuning_datasets/ 9 downstream MoleculeNet benchmarks (BACE, BBBP, HIV, SIDER, Tox21, ESOL, FreeSolv, Lipophilicity, PDBbind), each with a metadata CSV and an aligned .npz of the three non-SELFIES modalities
models/SELFormerMM/ The multimodal RoBERTa backbone pretrained on the data above
models/finetuned/ One fine-tuned checkpoint per downstream task
models/DMGI/ The DMGI encoder used to produce the knowledge-graph embeddings

Every artifact in this repository is row-aligned. Row i of a metadata CSV describes the same molecule as row i of every .npy / .npz array that accompanies it.

A molecule that has no description, no KG node, or a structure that failed RDKit validation gets a zero vector in that modality rather than being dropped. Downstream code is expected to treat an all-zero row as "modality missing".

If you regenerate any modality yourself, you must preserve this ordering or the model will silently receive mismatched inputs.

Pretraining data

pretraining_datasets/ — 2,854,815 drug-like molecules drawn from ChEMBL v36.

File Shape / size Description
pretraining_dataset_meta.csv 2,854,815 rows, 1.7 GB Identifiers, structures and raw descriptions
graph_embeddings.npy (2854815, 512) float32 Uni-Mol [CLS] representations
text_embeddings.npy (2854815, 768) float32 SciBERT mean-pooled description embeddings
kg_embeddings.npy (2854815, 128) float32 DMGI node embeddings
selformermm_kg_heterodata.pt 2.2 GB The CROssBAR v2 subgraph as a PyTorch Geometric HeteroData object

pretraining_dataset_meta.csv columns

Column Description
selfies SELFIES string — the model's primary input
chembl_id ChEMBL identifier, e.g. CHEMBL153534
canonical_smiles Canonical SMILES from ChEMBL
standard_inchi InChI
standard_inchi_key InChIKey
cid PubChem CID, when a mapping exists
Description Textual description mapped from the M3-20M dataset
kg_compound_node_idx Index of this compound's node in selformermm_kg_heterodata.pt, when present in the CROssBAR v2 subgraph

Modality coverage

Modality Molecules with a non-zero vector Coverage Source
SELFIES 2,854,815 100.00% ChEMBL v36 SMILES, converted with selfies
Structure (Uni-Mol) 2,854,734 100.00% 81 molecules failed RDKit validation and were excluded
Text (description) 492,702 17.26% Mapped to M3-20M
Knowledge graph 725,908 25.43% CROssBAR v2 subgraph

The knowledge graph

selformermm_kg_heterodata.pt is a focused subgraph of CROssBAR v2 (which itself integrates 34 heterogeneous biomedical sources), restricted to the node and edge types most directly tied to molecular properties — compounds, proteins, drugs and genes. It contains 1,402,102 nodes and 4,424,830 relationships. Node indices referenced by kg_compound_node_idx are into the Compound node store, whose mapping attribute keys are of the form chembl:CHEMBL6206.

How the embeddings were produced

Every non-SELFIES encoder is a frozen pretrained checkpoint — only the SELFIES encoder and the projection networks were trained.

  • Structure — 512-d. Uni-Mol (unimol_tools.UniMolRepr, data_type="molecule", hydrogens retained) applied to the canonical SMILES; the cls_repr vector is taken as the molecule representation.
  • Text — 768-d. SciBERT (allenai/scibert_scivocab_uncased), max length 512, mean-pooling over the last hidden state of the Description field.
  • Knowledge graph — 128-d. A DMGI (Deep Multiplex Graph Infomax) encoder — one GCNConv per relation type with a bilinear discriminator against a per-relation graph summary — trained on selformermm_kg_heterodata.pt. Per-relation node embeddings are averaged to give the final vector. The checkpoint is at models/DMGI/dmgi_model.pt.

All three matrices are mean-centered and L2-normalized over the non-zero rows; zero rows (missing modality) are left untouched so they stay exactly zero.

Fine-tuning datasets

finetuning_datasets/ — nine downstream benchmarks, each a directory containing <task>.csv and <task>_embs.npz. The .npz holds three arrays, graph (n, 512), text (n, 768) and kg (n, 128), row-aligned to the CSV and produced by the same encoders as the pretraining data.

Classification

Task Molecules Label column(s) Notes
bace 1,513 Class Binary — human β-secretase 1 inhibition. 691 positives (45.7%)
bbbp 2,039 p_np Binary — blood–brain barrier permeability. 1,560 positives (76.5%)
hiv 41,127 HIV_active Binary — HIV replication inhibition. 1,443 positives (3.5%)
sider 1,427 27 columns Multi-label — adverse drug reactions by MedDRA system organ class
tox21 7,831 12 columns Multi-label — nuclear-receptor and stress-response toxicity assays

Regression

Task Molecules Target column Range (mean)
esol 1,128 measured log solubility in mols per litre −11.60 … 1.58 (−3.05)
freesolv 642 freesolv −25.47 … 3.43 (−3.80)
lipo 4,200 lipo −1.50 … 4.50 (2.19)
pdbbind_full 9,880 -logKd/Ki 0.40 … 9.30 (6.24)

Besides its label column(s), every task CSV carries selfies, smiles, and the mapping columns standard_inchi_key, cid, Description, chembl_id, canonical_smiles, kg_compound_node_idx. esol additionally keeps the original MoleculeNet descriptor columns.

Per-task modality coverage

Percentage of rows with a non-zero vector in each modality:

Task n Graph Text KG All four
bace 1,513 100.00% 7.40% 13.09% 2.12%
bbbp 2,039 100.00% 67.48% 2.70% 1.86%
hiv 41,127 99.98% 14.23% 0.78% 0.28%
sider 1,427 91.03% 80.66% 1.89% 1.40%
tox21 7,831 99.90% 76.76% 4.61% 3.75%
esol 1,128 100.00% 88.30% 3.55% 3.46%
freesolv 642 100.00% 91.59% 4.83% 4.67%
lipo 4,200 100.00% 32.19% 24.05% 5.24%
pdbbind_full 9,880 99.91% 23.66% 4.96% 1.47%

SELFIES coverage is 100% for every task.

Splits

The CSVs are shipped unsplit. The paper's protocol is 80/10/10 train/validation/test, with scaffold splitting for the binary classification tasks (BACE, BBBP, HIV) and random splitting for the multilabel and regression tasks. train_finetuning.py reproduces this via --use_scaffold, --train_frac/--val_frac/--test_frac and --seed; reported numbers are means over three seeds.

Models

models/SELFormerMM/ — pretrained multimodal backbone

A RoBERTa encoder over SELFIES (12 layers, hidden size 768, 4 attention heads, vocabulary 800, max position 514), initialized from SELFormer, with three parallel projection MLPs that map the structure (512-d), text (768-d) and KG (128-d) vectors into the same 768-d space. Each projection expands and contracts the dimension through ×4 → ×6 → ×6 → ×4 → ×1 of the hidden size with LayerNorm + ReLU between layers. 246,245,376 trainable parameters in total.

Trained with SINCERE loss (τ = 0.07), a supervised extension of InfoNCE that accommodates multiple positive views per molecule. The three auxiliary encoders stay frozen; only the SELFIES encoder and the projections are updated. Includes the SELFIES BPE tokenizer.

models/finetuned/<task>/

One checkpoint per downstream task (bace, bbbp, esol, freesolv, hiv, lipo, pdbbind_full, sider, tox21). Each directory holds the task tokenizer plus model.pt, a checkpoint dict with backbone and head state dicts, loadable by predict.py in the code repository.

models/DMGI/dmgi_model.pt

The DMGI encoder checkpoint that generated kg_embeddings.npy.

Reported performance

Selected results from the paper, mean ± standard deviation over three random seeds. ROC-AUC for classification (higher is better), RMSE for regression (lower is better). See the paper for the full table and the unimodal/multimodal baselines.

Task Metric SELFormerMM
SIDER ROC-AUC 0.751 ± 0.013
BACE ROC-AUC 0.779 ± 0.021
BBBP ROC-AUC 0.947 ± 0.005
HIV ROC-AUC 0.788 ± 0.025
Tox21 ROC-AUC 0.845 ± 0.012
ESOL RMSE 0.672 ± 0.060
FreeSolv RMSE 1.070 ± 0.065
Lipophilicity RMSE 0.624 ± 0.049
PDBbind RMSE 1.310 ± 0.040

Usage

Browse a downstream task in the viewer 

from datasets import load_dataset

bbbp = load_dataset("HUBioDataLab/SELFormerMM", "bbbp")

The named configs above expose the nine task CSVs. The embedding arrays are not part of these configs — datasets cannot align .npz files row-wise — so download them directly.

Load a task with all four modalities 

import numpy as np, pandas as pd
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download

REPO = "HUBioDataLab/SELFormerMM"
meta = hf_hub_download(REPO, "finetuning_datasets/classification/bbbp/bbbp.csv", repo_type="dataset")
embs = hf_hub_download(REPO, "finetuning_datasets/classification/bbbp/bbbp_embs.npz", repo_type="dataset")

df = pd.read_csv(meta)
z = np.load(embs)
graph, text, kg = z["graph"], z["text"], z["kg"]

assert len(df) == len(graph) == len(text) == len(kg)      # row-aligned
has_kg = np.linalg.norm(kg, axis=1) != 0                  # zero vector == modality missing

Fine-tune from the pretrained backbone 

huggingface-cli download HUBioDataLab/SELFormerMM --repo-type dataset \
  --include "models/SELFormerMM/*" "finetuning_datasets/classification/bbbp/*" --local-dir ./selformermm

python train_finetuning.py \
  --model_path ./selformermm/models/SELFormerMM \
  --dataset_meta_csv ./selformermm/finetuning_datasets/classification/bbbp/bbbp.csv \
  --dataset_embs_npz ./selformermm/finetuning_datasets/classification/bbbp/bbbp_embs.npz \
  --task_type binary --label_column p_np --num_labels 1 \
  --use_scaffold 1 --epochs 50 --backbone_lr 1e-5 --head_lr 1e-4 \
  --save_dir ./runs/bbbp

Predict with a released fine-tuned checkpoint 

python predict.py \
  --model_dir ./selformermm/models/finetuned/bbbp \
  --input_meta_csv ./selformermm/finetuning_datasets/classification/bbbp/bbbp.csv \
  --input_embs_npz ./selformermm/finetuning_datasets/classification/bbbp/bbbp_embs.npz \
  --task_type binary --num_labels 1 --label_column p_np \
  --output_csv ./bbbp_predictions.csv

Pretrain on your own corpus

Supply a SELFIES CSV plus a .npy per modality with identical row ordering; substitute a zero matrix of the right shape for any modality you do not have. See train_pretraining.py and the generate_*_embeddings.py scripts in the code repository.

Citation

If you use this data, please cite:

@article{ulusoy2026selformermm,
  title   = {SELFormerMM: multimodal molecular representation learning via SELFIES,
             structure, text, and knowledge graph integration},
  author  = {Ulusoy, Erva and Bostanc{\i}, {\c{S}}evval and Deniz, Bora Engin and Do{\u{g}}an, Tunca},
  journal = {Bioinformatics},
  volume  = {42},
  number  = {Supplement\_2},
  pages   = {btag451},
  year    = {2026},
  doi     = {10.1093/bioinformatics/btag451}
}

License

GNU General Public License v3.0 or later.

This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

Data redistributed here remains subject to the terms of its original sources (ChEMBL, M3-20M, CROssBARv2, MoleculeNet, PDBbind).

Contact

HU Biological Data Science Lab — open an issue on the code repository.