text: C. Cicone, R. Maiolino A. Marconi : Outﬂows and complex st∼ellar kinematics in SDSS star forming galaxies Lyman break analogs at z 0, Bradshaw et al. 2013 and Weiner gain a velocity suﬃciently high for gas to escape also from mas- et al. 2009 by means of a stacking analysis of star forming galax- sive galaxies, and not only from lower-mass galaxies (as it would ∼ ∼ ies at the typical redshifts of z 1.2 and z 1.4, respectively) be the case if the outﬂow velocity did not depend on M∗, in and with sSFR (Bradshaw et al. 2013; Heckman et al. 2015). which case the escape of the gas from low-mass galaxies would However, the correlations found by previous studies are in most be favoured). However, we note that our analysis may be biased cases less signiﬁcant than in our study, and inevitably based on towards higher velocity outﬂows. Indeed, our method probably smaller number statistics. Furthermore, the literature also reports selects only outﬂows with velocity close to or above the escape many cases in which observations failed at ﬁnding a clear cor- velocity from the galaxy, because we are selecting gas veloci- relation between outﬂow velocity and SFR (e.g. Heckman et al. ties in excess of the stellar velocity in order to avoid contami- 2000, Rupke et al. 2005, Chen et al. 2010, and Westmoquette nation by gas in virial motion. Figure 20 also shows that, for a ∼ ∼ et al. 2012∼at z 0 11; Sato et al. 2009 at z 0.4; Rubin et al. ﬁxed SFR, the outﬂow velocity (in the high velocity regime) de- 20∼14 at z 0.5; Kornei et ∼al. 2012 and Martin et al. 2012 at creases with σ∗. A possible explanation is that for a given SFR, z 1; Erb et al. 2012 at z 1.5). In most cases, the main is- i.e. for a given energy and momentum budget available to accel- sue appears to be the narrow dynamical range of host galaxy erate the gas, outﬂows are slowed down and re-captured by the properties probed by such outﬂow studies, which is crucial to re- gravitational potential in more massive galaxies, and therefore cover scaling relations (Rupke et al. 2005; Westmoquette et al. they become increasingly ineﬀective at higher masses. 2012; Martin et al. 2012). Inspection of Figs. 19 and 20 sug- The relationships between outﬂow velocity and stellar ve- gests that a strong correlation between outﬂow velocity and SFR locity dispersion (central panels of Figs. 19 and 20) suggest that − is characteristic of galaxies with log(SFR[M(cid:12) yr 1]) (cid:38) 0; at the physical mechanisms powering the lower and the higher ve- − log(SFR[M(cid:12) yr 1]) < 0 the dependence of vout on SFR is nearly locity clouds in the observed ionised outﬂows may be slightly ﬂat. diﬀerent. Indeed, at lower velocities (vout,low), which trace the Overall we ﬁnd that the outﬂow velocity increases with the bulk of the gas in outﬂow 12, the data points are placed just stellar velocity dispersion, as shown by Fig. 20 (a positive cor- below the vout = σ∗ locus, indicating that radiation pressure- relation(cid:28)between vout,high and σ∗ is observed with ρ > 0.6 and driven (or “momentum-driven”) winds, which are characterised p-value 0.05 for both [OIII] and Hα outﬂows) and, to some ex- by vout (cid:38) 2σ∗ (Murray et al. 2005; Davé et al. 2011b), are un- tent, also by Fig. 19 (a weak correlation between vout,low and σ∗ is likely to dominate in this regime. Instead, these outﬂows may found for [OIII], although not for Hα). While the existence of a be generated by the kinetic energy injected into the ISM by correlation between gas velocity and SFR is a more or less estab- supernovae and stellar winds, i.e. “energy-driven”. Similarly, lished property of galactic outﬂows, the relationship with stellar Bouché et al. (2012), by using background quasars to trace ∼ mass (or with the dynamical mass, as probed by the galaxy ro- MgII blueshifted absorption in z 0 galaxies, estimated out- tation speed or by the stellar velocity dispersion) is more con- ﬂow speeds that are on average half the escape velocity, although troversial. Lehnert & Heckman (1996), in their sample of local, these authors did not ﬁnd any correlation with the SFR. On the edge-on IR luminous galaxies did not ﬁnd any relationship be- other hand, the situation changes signiﬁcantly in the high veloc- tween the kinematical properties (emission line widths, velocity ity regime, as shown by Fig. 20, where the data lie mostly above shear) of the ionised gas, as measured along the minor axis of the vout = σ∗ relationship. In this case, momentum-driven winds the disks (where outﬂows are found to dominate the gas kine- may also be at play (see also ﬁndings by Martin 2005, Heckman ∼ matics), and galaxy rotation speeds. Similarly, Heckman et al. et al. 2015 for what they deﬁne as “strong outﬂows” at z 0, and ∼ (2000) showed that the NaI outﬂow velocity is unrelated to the by Weiner et al. 2009, at z 1.4). Figure 20 also suggests that galaxy rotational velocity. On the contrary, Martin (2005) found the asymptotic velocity of the observed ionised outﬂows is as − an almost linear relation with galaxy rotation speed (although high as 6 8 σ(cid:39)stars,−i.e. comparable to or higher than the escape they could only test this relationship for a small fraction of the velocity (vesc (5 6)σ∗, where σ∗ is the line-of-sight stellar galaxy sample with available rotation curves). The positive cor- velocity dispersion, gives a conservative estimate of the escape relation between maximum outﬂow velocity and galaxy circular velocity, e.g. Weiner et al. 2009). velocity found by Rupke et al. (2005) is completely driven by the dwarf starburst sample of Schwartz & Martin (2004), high- 4.2. The connection between galactic outﬂows and the main lighting once again the importance of probing a wide dynamical sequence of star-forming galaxies range in galaxy properties. In line with this hypothesis, Arribas et al. (2014) found that the distribution of ionised outﬂow ve- Galactic outﬂows and cosmic inﬂows are invoked as key locity as a function of galaxy dynamical mass is rather scattered moderators of the SFR (and sSFR) in galaxies through cosmic in the (U)LIRG regime, i.e. for massive and highly star forming times. Speciﬁcally, powerful galactic-scale outﬂows driven by galaxies. The results by Heckman et al. (2011), whose sample AGNs and/or by extreme starburst episodes (possibly merger- spans a wider range of galaxy properties, suggest that outﬂow driven) are thought to constitute the observational evidence velocity and stellar mass are instead related. Studies at higher for the so called “quenching” mechanism acting on galaxies redshifts seem to ﬁnd more consistently a correlation between at all cosmic times (or “mass-quenching”, distinct from the outﬂow velocity and M∗ in star forming galaxies (Weiner et al. “environment-quenching”, Peng et al. 2010, 2012). Such mech- 2009; Bradshaw et al. 2013; Rubin et al. 2014). anism, through diﬀerent physical processes yet poorly under- Higher stellar velocity dispersions trace deeper gravitational stood, should eventually transforms disky star-forming galaxies potentials. The positive correlation that we observe in Fig. 20 into passive spheroids, thus generating the observed dichotomy between vout,high and σ∗ suggests that ionised outﬂows may still between blue star forming and red passive galaxies (Baldry et al. 2004). Cosmic inﬂows are believed to feed galaxies through a 11 By using their data only, neither Rupke et al. (2005) nor Westmo- quette et al. (2012) found a signiﬁcant correlation between outﬂow ve- 12 By deﬁnition, vout,high probes only 0.1% of the LoSVD of ionised gas, locity and SFR, the correlation appears only when including the dwarf i.e. the very high velocity tail of the outﬂow, which however only rep- starbursts from Schwartz & Martin (2004). resents a small fraction of the total LoSVD of the gas. Article number, page 15 of 20 ##LTLine## ##LTLine##

text: C.

label: author

text: Cicone,

text: R.

text: Maiolino

text: A.

text: Marconi

text: Outﬂows

label: title

text: and

text: complex

text: st∼ellar

text: kinematics

text: in

text: SDSS

text: star

text: forming

text: galaxies

text: Lyman

text: break

text: analogs

text: at

text: z

text: Bradshaw

text: et

text: al.

text: and

text: Weiner

text: gain

text: a

text: velocity

text: suﬃciently

text: high

text: for

text: gas

text: to

text: escape

text: also

text: from

text: mas-

text: et

text: al.

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: a

text: stacking

text: analysis

text: of

text: star

text: forming

text: galax-

text: sive

text: galaxies,

text: and

text: not

text: only

text: from

text: lower-mass

text: galaxies

text: (as

text: it

text: would

text: ies

text: at

text: the

text: typical

text: redshifts

text: of

text: z

text: and

text: z

text: respectively)

text: be

text: the

text: case

text: if

text: the

text: outﬂow

text: velocity

text: did

text: not

text: depend

text: on

text: M∗,

text: in

text: and

text: with

text: sSFR

text: (Bradshaw

text: et

text: al.

text: Heckman

text: et

text: al.

text: which

text: case

text: the

text: escape

text: of

text: the

text: gas

text: from

text: low-mass

text: galaxies

text: would

text: However,

text: the

text: correlations

text: found

text: by

text: previous

text: studies

text: are

text: in

text: most

text: be

text: favoured).

text: However,

text: we

text: note

text: that

text: our

text: analysis

text: may

text: be

text: biased

text: cases

text: less

text: signiﬁcant

text: than

text: in

text: our

text: study,

text: and

text: inevitably

text: based

text: on

text: towards

text: higher

text: velocity

text: outﬂows.

text: Indeed,

text: our

text: method

text: probably

text: smaller

text: number

text: statistics.

text: Furthermore,

text: the

text: literature

text: also

text: reports

text: selects

text: only

text: outﬂows

text: with

text: velocity

text: close

text: to

text: or

text: above

text: the

text: escape

text: many

text: cases

text: in

text: which

text: observations

text: failed

text: at

text: ﬁnding

text: a

text: clear

text: cor-

text: velocity

text: from

text: the

text: galaxy,

text: because

text: we

text: are

text: selecting

text: gas

text: veloci-

text: relation

text: between

text: outﬂow

text: velocity

text: and

text: SFR

text: (e.g.

text: Heckman

text: et

text: al.

text: ties

text: in

text: excess

text: of

text: the

text: stellar

text: velocity

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: avoid

text: contami-

text: Rupke

text: et

text: al.

text: Chen

text: et

text: al.

text: and

text: Westmoquette

text: nation

text: by

text: gas

text: in

text: virial

text: motion.

text: Figure

text: also

text: shows

text: that,

text: for

text: a

text: et

text: al.

text: z

text: Sato

text: et

text: al.

text: at

text: z

text: Rubin

text: et

text: al.

text: ﬁxed

text: SFR,

text: the

text: outﬂow

text: velocity

text: (in

text: the

text: high

text: velocity

text: regime)

text: de-

text: at

text: z

text: Kornei

text: et

text: ∼al.

text: and

text: Martin

text: et

text: al.

text: at

text: creases

text: with

text: σ∗.

text: A

text: possible

text: explanation

text: is

text: that

text: for

text: a

text: given

text: SFR,

text: z

text: Erb

text: et

text: al.

text: at

text: z

text: In

text: most

text: cases,

text: the

text: main

text: is-

text: i.e.

text: for

text: a

text: given

text: energy

text: and

text: momentum

text: budget

text: available

text: to

text: accel-

text: sue

text: appears

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: narrow

text: dynamical

text: range

text: of

text: host

text: galaxy

text: erate

text: the

text: gas,

text: outﬂows

text: are

text: slowed

text: down

text: and

text: re-captured

text: by

text: the

text: properties

text: probed

text: by

text: such

text: outﬂow

text: studies,

text: which

text: is

text: crucial

text: to

text: re-

text: gravitational

text: potential

text: in

text: more

text: massive

text: galaxies,

text: and

text: therefore

text: cover

text: scaling

text: relations

text: (Rupke

text: et

text: al.

text: Westmoquette

text: et

text: al.

text: they

text: become

text: increasingly

text: ineﬀective

text: at

text: higher

text: masses.

text: Martin

text: et

text: al.

text: Inspection

text: of

text: Figs.

text: and

text: sug-

text: The

text: relationships

text: between

text: outﬂow

text: velocity

text: and

text: stellar

text: ve-

text: gests

text: that

text: a

text: strong

text: correlation

text: between

text: outﬂow

text: velocity

text: and

text: SFR

text: locity

text: dispersion

text: (central

text: panels

text: of

text: Figs.

text: and

text: suggest

text: that

text: is

text: characteristic

text: of

text: galaxies

text: with

text: yr

text: at

text: the

text: physical

text: mechanisms

text: powering

text: the

text: lower

text: and

text: the

text: higher

text: ve-

text: yr

text: the

text: dependence

text: of

text: vout

text: on

text: SFR

text: is

text: nearly

text: locity

text: clouds

text: in

text: the

text: observed

text: ionised

text: outﬂows

text: may

text: be

text: slightly

text: ﬂat.

text: diﬀerent.

text: Indeed,

text: at

text: lower

text: velocities

text: (vout,low),

text: which

text: trace

text: the

text: Overall

text: we

text: ﬁnd

text: that

text: the

text: outﬂow

text: velocity

text: increases

text: with

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: the

text: gas

text: in

text: outﬂow

text: the

text: data

text: points

text: are

text: placed

text: just

text: stellar

text: velocity

text: dispersion,

text: as

text: shown

text: by

text: Fig.

text: (a

text: positive

text: cor-

text: below

text: the

text: vout

text: σ∗

text: locus,

text: indicating

text: that

text: radiation

text: pressure-

text: vout,high

text: and

text: σ∗

text: is

text: observed

text: with

text: ρ

text: and

text: driven

text: (or

text: “momentum-driven”)

text: winds,

text: which

text: are

text: characterised

text: p-value

text: for

text: both

text: [OIII]

text: and

text: Hα

text: outﬂows)

text: and,

text: to

text: some

text: ex-

text: by

text: vout

text: 2σ∗

text: (Murray

text: et

text: al.

text: Davé

text: et

text: al.

text: are

text: un-

text: tent,

text: also

text: by

text: Fig.

text: (a

text: weak

text: correlation

text: between

text: vout,low

text: and

text: σ∗

text: is

text: likely

text: to

text: dominate

text: in

text: this

text: regime.

text: Instead,

text: these

text: outﬂows

text: may

text: found

text: for

text: [OIII],

text: although

text: not

text: for

text: Hα).

text: While

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: a

text: be

text: generated

text: by

text: the

text: kinetic

text: energy

text: injected

text: into

text: the

text: ISM

text: by

text: correlation

text: between

text: gas

text: velocity

text: and

text: SFR

text: is

text: a

text: more

text: or

text: less

text: estab-

text: supernovae

text: and

text: stellar

text: winds,

text: i.e.

text: “energy-driven”.

text: Similarly,

text: lished

text: property

text: of

text: galactic

text: outﬂows,

text: the

text: relationship

text: with

text: stellar

text: Bouché

text: et

text: al.

text: by

text: using

text: background

text: quasars

text: to

text: trace

text: mass

text: (or

text: with

text: the

text: dynamical

text: mass,

text: as

text: probed

text: by

text: the

text: galaxy

text: ro-

text: MgII

text: blueshifted

text: absorption

text: in

text: z

text: galaxies,

text: estimated

text: out-

text: tation

text: speed

text: or

text: by

text: the

text: stellar

text: velocity

text: dispersion)

text: is

text: more

text: con-

text: ﬂow

text: speeds

text: that

text: are

text: on

text: average

text: half

text: the

text: escape

text: velocity,

text: although

text: troversial.

text: Lehnert

text: Heckman

text: in

text: their

text: sample

text: of

text: local,

text: these

text: authors

text: did

text: not

text: ﬁnd

text: any

text: correlation

text: with

text: the

text: SFR.

text: On

text: the

text: edge-on

text: IR

text: luminous

text: galaxies

text: did

text: not

text: ﬁnd

text: any

text: relationship

text: be-

text: other

text: hand,

text: the

text: situation

text: changes

text: signiﬁcantly

text: in

text: the

text: high

text: veloc-

text: tween

text: the

text: kinematical

text: properties

text: (emission

text: line

text: widths,

text: velocity

text: ity

text: regime,

text: as

text: shown

text: by

text: Fig.

text: where

text: the

text: data

text: lie

text: mostly

text: above

text: shear)

text: of

text: the

text: ionised

text: gas,

text: as

text: measured

text: along

text: the

text: minor

text: axis

text: of

text: the

text: vout

text: σ∗

text: relationship.

text: In

text: this

text: case,

text: momentum-driven

text: winds

text: the

text: disks

text: (where

text: outﬂows

text: are

text: found

text: to

text: dominate

text: the

text: gas

text: kine-

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: at

text: play

text: (see

text: also

text: ﬁndings

text: by

text: Martin

text: Heckman

text: matics),

text: and

text: galaxy

text: rotation

text: speeds.

text: Similarly,

text: Heckman

text: et

text: al.

text: et

text: al.

text: for

text: what

text: they

text: deﬁne

text: as

text: “strong

text: outﬂows”

text: at

text: z

text: and

text: showed

text: that

text: the

text: NaI

text: outﬂow

text: velocity

text: is

text: unrelated

text: to

text: the

text: by

text: Weiner

text: et

text: al.

text: at

text: z

text: Figure

text: also

text: suggests

text: that

text: galaxy

text: rotational

text: velocity.

text: On

text: the

text: contrary,

text: Martin

text: found

text: the

text: asymptotic

text: velocity

text: of

text: the

text: observed

text: ionised

text: outﬂows

text: is

text: as

text: an

text: almost

text: linear

text: relation

text: with

text: galaxy

text: rotation

text: speed

text: (although

text: high

text: as

text: comparable

text: to

text: or

text: higher

text: than

text: the

text: escape

text: they

text: could

text: only

text: test

text: this

text: relationship

text: for

text: a

text: small

text: fraction

text: of

text: the

text: velocity

text: (vesc

text: where

text: σ∗

text: is

text: the

text: line-of-sight

text: stellar

text: galaxy

text: sample

text: with

text: available

text: rotation

text: curves).

text: The

text: positive

text: cor-

text: velocity

text: dispersion,

text: gives

text: a

text: conservative

text: estimate

text: of

text: the

text: escape

text: relation

text: between

text: maximum

text: outﬂow

text: velocity

text: and

text: galaxy

text: circular

text: velocity,

text: e.g.

text: Weiner

text: et

text: al.

text: velocity

text: found

text: by

text: Rupke

text: et

text: al.

text: is

text: completely

text: driven

text: by

text: the

text: dwarf

text: starburst

text: sample

text: of

text: Schwartz

text: Martin

text: high-

text: The

text: connection

text: between

text: galactic

text: outﬂows

text: and

text: the

text: main

text: lighting

text: once

text: again

text: the

text: importance

text: of

text: probing

text: a

text: wide

text: dynamical

text: sequence

text: of

text: star-forming

text: galaxies

text: range

text: in

text: galaxy

text: properties.

text: In

text: line

text: with

text: this

text: hypothesis,

text: Arribas

text: et

text: al.

text: found

text: that

text: the

text: distribution

text: of

text: ionised

text: outﬂow

text: ve-

text: Galactic

text: outﬂows

text: and

text: cosmic

text: inﬂows

text: are

text: invoked

text: as

text: key

text: locity

text: as

text: a

text: function

text: of

text: galaxy

text: dynamical

text: mass

text: is

text: rather

text: scattered

text: moderators

text: of

text: the

text: SFR

text: (and

text: sSFR)

text: in

text: galaxies

text: through

text: cosmic

text: in

text: the

text: (U)LIRG

text: regime,

text: i.e.

text: for

text: massive

text: and

text: highly

text: star

text: forming

text: times.

text: Speciﬁcally,

text: powerful

text: galactic-scale

text: outﬂows

text: driven

text: by

text: galaxies.

text: The

text: results

text: by

text: Heckman

text: et

text: al.

text: whose

text: sample

text: AGNs

text: and/or

text: by

text: extreme

text: starburst

text: episodes

text: (possibly

text: merger-

text: spans

text: a

text: wider

text: range

text: of

text: galaxy

text: properties,

text: suggest

text: that

text: outﬂow

text: driven)

text: are

text: thought

text: to

text: constitute

text: the

text: observational

text: evidence

text: velocity

text: and

text: stellar

text: mass

text: are

text: instead

text: related.

text: Studies

text: at

text: higher

text: for

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: “quenching”

text: mechanism

text: acting

text: on

text: galaxies

text: redshifts

text: seem

text: to

text: ﬁnd

text: more

text: consistently

text: a

text: correlation

text: between

text: at

text: all

text: cosmic

text: times

text: (or

text: “mass-quenching”,

text: distinct

text: from

text: the

text: outﬂow

text: velocity

text: and

text: M∗

text: in

text: star

text: forming

text: galaxies

text: (Weiner

text: et

text: al.

text: “environment-quenching”,

text: Peng

text: et

text: al.

text: Such

text: mech-

text: Bradshaw

text: et

text: al.

text: Rubin

text: et

text: al.

text: anism,

text: through

text: diﬀerent

text: physical

text: processes

text: yet

text: poorly

text: under-

text: Higher

text: stellar

text: velocity

text: dispersions

text: trace

text: deeper

text: gravitational

text: stood,

text: should

text: eventually

text: transforms

text: disky

text: star-forming

text: galaxies

text: potentials.

text: The

text: positive

text: correlation

text: that

text: we

text: observe

text: in

text: Fig.

text: into

text: passive

text: spheroids,

text: thus

text: generating

text: the

text: observed

text: dichotomy

text: between

text: vout,high

text: and

text: σ∗

text: suggests

text: that

text: ionised

text: outﬂows

text: may

text: still

text: between

text: blue

text: star

text: forming

text: and

text: red

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text: Cosmic

text: inﬂows

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text: A&A proofs: manuscript no. sdss_sf_v8_anda smooth and continuous process, hence directly regulating the responsible for driving the observed outﬂows, especially in those rate at which star formation occurs (Dekel et al. 2009; Bouché galaxies which do not show signiﬁcant star formation activity. et al. 2010; Lilly et al. 2013). The tig∼ht correlation∼between stel- We note that there are secondary eﬀects emerging from lar mass and SFR observed from z 0 up to z 4 (Schreiber Fig. 21. On the one hand, outﬂows seem to “saturate” at et al. 2015) provides the major observational support to the hy- log(SFR/SFRMS) > 1.5 when using [OIII] as a tracer, while the pothesis of a “cosmic feeding of star formation”, but direct ob- scatter on the corresponding plot derived using Hα does not al- servational evidence is still lacking. low us to assess whether a similar saturation is present also for In this scenario there is an eﬀect that has been little explored this tracer or not. On the other hand, the minimum SFR/SFRMS required to launch observable outﬂows seems to be lower (i.e. from an observational point of view, that is the possible role closer to 1) for [OIII], while it is about a factor of 10 larger for of galactic outﬂows in shaping the MS of star forming galax- ies and, in particular, its upper envelope. Figure 18 shows that Hα. ionised outﬂows are detected only in galaxies located above the An indirect implication of Fig. 21 is that galaxies located − MS on the M∗ SFR diagram. This eﬀect can be visualised on or just below the local MS do not host signiﬁcant outﬂows, even better in Fig. 21, where we plotted the excess of line-of- although we cannot exclude the presence of low-velocity out- sight velocity of the ionised gas with respect to the stars, i.e. ﬂows (“weak outﬂows”, e.g. Heckman et al. 2015), or of fewer | | − | | ovﬀ0.s1egtasfromv99th.9estalrosca(floMr bSot(has[OdIeIrIi]vaenddiHnα§),)a.sFaigfuurnect2io1nsohfotwhes gisaslaexeinesedwgiet-honim. Tphoirstainmtpoliuetsﬂtohwatasctatirvfiotyrmbauttiownh-derreivtehneoouutﬂtﬂoowws a sharp increase of outﬂows at SFR > SFRMS, where, for a are likely not responsible for the migration of blue star forming given stellar mass, SFR represents the SFR of a galaxy lo- galaxies into the “red sequence”, and so they are not responsible MS cated on the MS. In other words, we empirically observe that for what we generally refer to as “quenching”, consistent with for a given stellar mass, when the SFR exceeds SFR , the gas what is found by simulations (Hopkins et al. 2012) and also con- MS velocity increases signiﬁcantly, with the eﬀect of producing ob- sistent with recent observational evidence that, for most galax- servable outﬂows. These outﬂows may eventually contribute to ies, quenching results from the cutoﬀ of gas inﬂow (a process the suppression of the SFR by reducing gas available for star refereed to as “strangulation” or “starvation”, Peng et al. 2015). formation, therefore bringing the galaxy back onto the MS. Our However, our results clearly highlight a link between high sS- observational result may reveal a self-adjusting mechanism that FRs (i.e. sSFR in excess with respect to MS galaxies) and fast ± explains the tightness of the local MS (i.e. 0.3 dex). We note star formation-driven outﬂows. that this hypothesis is consistent with the scenario recently pro- 5. Summary and conclusions posed by Tacchella et al. (2015), who used simulations of high- Galactic outﬂows, ejecting gas out of the galaxy, are a man- redshift star forming galaxies to explore the mechanisms that − ifestation of feedback. Powerful outﬂows have been observed in conﬁne galaxies into a narrow sequence in the M∗ SFR plane. galaxies for decades, however it is still not clear what is their role The picture emerging from Figs. 18 and 21 is consistent with in galaxy evolution and whether they are actually responsible for the abundant observational evidence for outﬂows in local star- reducing or, in the most extreme cases, shutting oﬀ star forma- bursts and (U)LIRGs. Outﬂows of ionised, neutral and molec- tion in galaxies. Some key questions that we have addressed in ular gas are a common feature of galaxies with intense star this work are: how can we reliably trace galactic outﬂows and es- forma−tion activity≥, as traced by their high infrared luminosities timate their properties? How do outﬂow properties relate to the LIR(8 1000 µm) 1011L(cid:12) (Chung et al. 2011; Sturm et al. 2011; properties of the host galaxy? How do outﬂow properties com- Westmoquette et al. 2012; Rupke & Veilleux 2013; Rodríguez pare to the predictions of galaxy evolutionary models? Zaurín et al. 2013; Veilleux et al. 2013; Spoon et al. 2013; Bel- The most obvious source of feedback in galaxies is star for- locchi et al. 2013; Cazzoli et al. 2014; Arribas et al. 2014; Cicone mation itself, which, by conveying energy and momentum to et al. 2014). These galaxies have larger SFR and sSFR than local − the interstellar medium over prolonged timescales, can poten- MS gal−axies− (i.e. SFR > 10 M(cid:12)yr 1 and sSFR typically higher tially aﬀect future star formation and hence galaxy evolution. In than 10 9yr 1, e.g. Combes et al. 2013) and populate the upper- this paper we have investigated the presence and properties of right region of the M∗–SFR diagram. Previous observations at ∼ star formation-driven outﬂows of ionised gas in normal galaxies ∼ z 0 are therefore consistent with our ﬁndings, i.e. that star by using a large spectroscopic sample of 160, 000 local non- formation-driven galactic outﬂows are preferentially hosted by − active galaxies drawn from the SDSS. The galaxy sample was galaxies located above the local MS in the M∗ SFR diagram. − divided into a ﬁne grid of bins in the M∗ SFR parameter space, On the contrary, except from Martin et al. (2012), outﬂows for each of which we produced a composite spectrum by stack- searches at higher redshifts revealed in general no dependency ing together the SDSS spectra of the galaxies contained in that − of galactic outﬂows on the galaxy position on the M∗ SFR di- bin. We exploited the high signal-to-noise of the stacked spectra agram with respect to the MS (Rubin et al. 2014; Genzel et al. to study the emergence of faint features of optical emission lines 2014; Förster Schreiber et al. 2014), although in some of these that trace galactic outﬂows, which otherwise would be too faint cases the observed outﬂows are plausibly driven by AGNs (Gen- to detect in individual galaxy spectra. Not only has the stacking zel et al. 2014; Förster Schreiber et al. 2014). The majority of technique allowed us to explore the presence of galactic outﬂows NaID outﬂows detected by Sato et al. (2009) are hosted by galax- in a large and representative sample of normal galaxies, spanning − ∈ × × ies lying on the red sequence in the rest-frame (U B) color a wide ran∈ge o×f gal−axy p×roperties (M−∗ [2 107, 6 1011] M(cid:12) vs M diagram and showing early-type morphologies. These and SFR [2 10 3, 2 102] M(cid:12) yr 1), but also to break the B authors however note that most of the red sequence galaxies degeneracy between SFR and M∗ that aﬀects the bulk of the local with detectable outﬂows in their sample may have some residual star forming galaxy population (i.e. the MS galaxies). star formation, as suggested by their still high IR luminosities, Based on the assumption that feedback-related processes and/or show signs of recent star formation, as indicated by their (outﬂows, turbulence) should aﬀect only the gas kinematics, − NUV R color. Furthermore, since AGNs are not excluded leaving the motions of stellar populations unperturbed, we traced AB from their sample, an accreting super massive black hole may be the kinematical signature of feedback by adopting a novel ap- Article number, page 16 of 20

text: A&A

label: paragraph

text: proofs:

text: manuscript

text: no.

text: smooth

text: and

text: continuous

text: process,

text: hence

text: directly

text: regulating

text: the

text: responsible

text: for

text: driving

text: the

text: observed

text: outﬂows,

text: especially

text: in

text: those

text: rate

text: at

text: which

text: star

text: formation

text: occurs

text: (Dekel

text: et

text: al.

text: Bouché

text: galaxies

text: which

text: do

text: not

text: show

text: signiﬁcant

text: star

text: formation

text: activity.

text: et

text: al.

text: Lilly

text: et

text: al.

text: The

text: tig∼ht

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text: stel-

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text: note

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text: there

text: are

text: secondary

text: eﬀects

text: emerging

text: from

text: lar

text: mass

text: and

text: SFR

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text: from

text: z

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text: z

text: (Schreiber

text: Fig.

text: On

text: the

text: one

text: hand,

text: outﬂows

text: seem

text: to

text: “saturate”

text: at

text: et

text: al.

text: provides

text: the

text: major

text: observational

text: support

text: to

text: the

text: hy-

text: log(SFR/SFRMS)

font: LBJEPR+rtxmi

text: when

text: using

text: [OIII]

text: as

text: a

text: tracer,

text: while

text: the

text: pothesis

text: of

text: a

text: “cosmic

text: feeding

text: of

text: star

text: formation”,

text: but

text: direct

text: ob-

text: scatter

text: on

text: the

text: corresponding

text: plot

text: derived

text: using

text: Hα

text: does

text: not

text: al-

text: servational

text: evidence

text: is

text: still

text: lacking.

text: low

text: us

text: to

text: assess

text: whether

text: a

text: similar

text: saturation

text: is

text: present

text: also

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text: this

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text: is

text: an

text: eﬀect

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: little

text: explored

text: this

text: tracer

text: or

text: not.

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand,

text: the

text: minimum

text: SFR/SFRMS

text: required

text: to

text: launch

text: observable

text: outﬂows

text: seems

text: to

text: be

text: lower

text: (i.e.

text: from

text: an

text: observational

text: point

text: of

text: view,

text: that

text: is

text: the

text: possible

text: role

text: closer

text: to

text: for

text: [OIII],

text: while

text: it

text: is

text: about

text: a

text: factor

text: of

text: larger

text: for

text: of

text: galactic

text: outﬂows

text: in

text: shaping

text: the

text: MS

text: of

text: star

text: forming

text: galax-

text: ies

text: and,

text: in

text: particular,

text: its

text: upper

text: envelope.

text: Figure

text: shows

text: that

text: Hα.

text: ionised

text: outﬂows

text: are

text: detected

text: only

text: in

text: galaxies

text: located

text: above

text: the

text: An

text: indirect

text: implication

text: of

text: Fig.

text: is

text: that

text: galaxies

text: located

text: MS

text: on

text: the

text: M∗

text: SFR

text: diagram.

text: This

text: eﬀect

text: can

text: be

text: visualised

text: on

text: or

text: just

text: below

text: the

text: local

text: MS

text: do

text: not

text: host

text: signiﬁcant

text: outﬂows,

text: even

text: better

text: in

text: Fig.

text: where

text: we

text: plotted

text: the

text: excess

text: of

text: line-of-

text: although

text: we

text: cannot

text: exclude

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: low-velocity

text: out-

text: sight

text: velocity

text: of

text: the

text: ionised

text: gas

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: the

text: stars,

text: i.e.

text: ﬂows

text: (“weak

text: outﬂows”,

text: e.g.

text: Heckman

text: et

text: al.

text: or

text: of

text: fewer

text: gisaslaexeinesedwgiet-honim.

text: a

text: sharp

text: increase

text: of

text: outﬂows

text: at

text: SFR

text: SFRMS,

text: where,

text: for

text: a

text: are

text: likely

text: not

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: migration

text: of

text: blue

text: star

text: forming

text: given

text: stellar

text: mass,

text: SFR

text: represents

text: the

text: SFR

text: of

text: a

text: galaxy

text: lo-

text: galaxies

text: into

text: the

text: “red

text: sequence”,

text: and

text: so

text: they

text: are

text: not

text: responsible

text: MS

text: cated

text: on

text: the

text: MS.

text: In

text: other

text: words,

text: we

text: empirically

text: observe

text: that

text: for

text: what

text: we

text: generally

text: refer

text: to

text: as

text: “quenching”,

text: consistent

text: with

text: for

text: a

text: given

text: stellar

text: mass,

text: when

text: the

text: SFR

text: exceeds

text: SFR

text: the

text: gas

text: what

text: is

text: found

text: by

text: simulations

text: (Hopkins

text: et

text: al.

text: and

text: also

text: con-

text: MS

text: velocity

text: increases

text: signiﬁcantly,

text: with

text: the

text: eﬀect

text: of

text: producing

text: ob-

text: sistent

text: with

text: recent

text: observational

text: evidence

text: that,

text: for

text: most

text: galax-

text: servable

text: outﬂows.

text: These

text: outﬂows

text: may

text: eventually

text: contribute

text: to

text: ies,

text: quenching

text: results

text: from

text: the

text: cutoﬀ

text: of

text: gas

text: inﬂow

text: (a

text: process

text: the

text: suppression

text: of

text: the

text: SFR

text: by

text: reducing

text: gas

text: available

text: for

text: star

text: refereed

text: to

text: as

text: “strangulation”

text: or

text: “starvation”,

text: Peng

text: et

text: al.

text: formation,

text: therefore

text: bringing

text: the

text: galaxy

text: back

text: onto

text: the

text: MS.

text: Our

text: However,

text: our

text: results

text: clearly

text: highlight

text: a

text: link

text: between

text: high

text: sS-

text: observational

text: result

text: may

text: reveal

text: a

text: self-adjusting

text: mechanism

text: that

text: FRs

text: (i.e.

text: sSFR

text: in

text: excess

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: MS

text: galaxies)

text: and

text: fast

text: explains

text: the

text: tightness

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: MS

text: (i.e.

text: dex).

text: We

text: note

text: star

text: formation-driven

text: outﬂows.

text: that

text: this

text: hypothesis

text: is

text: consistent

text: with

text: the

text: scenario

text: recently

text: pro-

text: Summary

text: and

text: conclusions

text: posed

text: by

text: Tacchella

text: et

text: al.

text: who

text: used

text: simulations

text: of

text: high-

text: Galactic

text: outﬂows,

text: ejecting

text: gas

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: galaxy,

text: are

text: a

text: man-

text: redshift

text: star

text: forming

text: galaxies

text: to

text: explore

text: the

text: mechanisms

text: that

text: ifestation

text: of

text: feedback.

text: Powerful

text: outﬂows

text: have

text: been

text: observed

text: in

text: conﬁne

text: galaxies

text: into

text: a

text: narrow

text: sequence

text: in

text: the

text: M∗

text: SFR

text: plane.

text: galaxies

text: for

text: decades,

text: however

text: it

text: is

text: still

text: not

text: clear

text: what

text: is

text: their

text: role

text: The

text: picture

text: emerging

text: from

text: Figs.

text: and

text: is

text: consistent

text: with

text: in

text: galaxy

text: evolution

text: and

text: whether

text: they

text: are

text: actually

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: abundant

text: observational

text: evidence

text: for

text: outﬂows

text: in

text: local

text: star-

text: reducing

text: or,

text: in

text: the

text: most

text: extreme

text: cases,

text: shutting

text: oﬀ

text: star

text: forma-

text: bursts

text: and

text: (U)LIRGs.

text: Outﬂows

text: of

text: ionised,

text: neutral

text: and

text: molec-

text: tion

text: in

text: galaxies.

text: Some

text: key

text: questions

text: that

text: we

text: have

text: addressed

text: in

text: ular

text: gas

text: are

text: a

text: common

text: feature

text: of

text: galaxies

text: with

text: intense

text: star

text: this

text: work

text: are:

text: how

text: can

text: we

text: reliably

text: trace

text: galactic

text: outﬂows

text: and

text: es-

text: forma−tion

text: activity≥,

text: as

text: traced

text: by

text: their

text: high

text: infrared

text: luminosities

text: timate

text: their

text: properties?

text: How

text: do

text: outﬂow

text: properties

text: relate

text: to

text: the

text: µm)

text: (Chung

text: et

text: al.

text: Sturm

text: et

text: al.

text: properties

text: of

text: the

text: host

text: galaxy?

text: How

text: do

text: outﬂow

text: properties

text: com-

text: Westmoquette

text: et

text: al.

text: Rupke

text: Veilleux

text: Rodríguez

text: pare

text: to

text: the

text: predictions

text: of

text: galaxy

text: evolutionary

text: models?

text: Zaurín

text: et

text: al.

text: Veilleux

text: et

text: al.

text: Spoon

text: et

text: al.

text: Bel-

text: The

text: most

text: obvious

text: source

text: of

text: feedback

text: in

text: galaxies

text: is

text: star

text: for-

text: locchi

text: et

text: al.

text: Cazzoli

text: et

text: al.

text: Arribas

text: et

text: al.

text: Cicone

text: mation

text: itself,

text: which,

text: by

text: conveying

text: energy

text: and

text: momentum

text: to

text: et

text: al.

text: These

text: galaxies

text: have

text: larger

text: SFR

text: and

text: sSFR

text: than

text: local

text: the

text: interstellar

text: medium

text: over

text: prolonged

text: timescales,

text: can

text: poten-

text: MS

text: gal−axies−

text: (i.e.

text: SFR

text: and

text: sSFR

text: typically

text: higher

text: tially

text: aﬀect

text: future

text: star

text: formation

text: and

text: hence

text: galaxy

text: evolution.

text: In

text: than

text: e.g.

text: Combes

text: et

text: al.

text: and

text: populate

text: the

text: upper-

text: this

text: paper

text: we

text: have

text: investigated

text: the

text: presence

text: and

text: properties

text: of

text: right

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: M∗–SFR

text: diagram.

text: Previous

text: observations

text: at

text: star

text: formation-driven

text: outﬂows

text: of

text: ionised

text: gas

text: in

text: normal

text: galaxies

text: z

text: are

text: therefore

text: consistent

text: with

text: our

text: ﬁndings,

text: i.e.

text: that

text: star

text: by

text: using

text: a

text: large

text: spectroscopic

text: sample

text: of

text: local

text: non-

text: formation-driven

text: galactic

text: outﬂows

text: are

text: preferentially

text: hosted

text: by

text: active

text: galaxies

text: drawn

text: from

text: the

text: SDSS.

text: The

text: galaxy

text: sample

text: was

text: galaxies

text: located

text: above

text: the

text: local

text: MS

text: in

text: the

text: M∗

text: SFR

text: diagram.

text: divided

text: into

text: a

text: ﬁne

text: grid

text: of

text: bins

text: in

text: the

text: M∗

text: SFR

text: parameter

text: space,

text: On

text: the

text: contrary,

text: except

text: from

text: Martin

text: et

text: al.

text: outﬂows

text: for

text: each

text: of

text: which

text: we

text: produced

text: a

text: composite

text: spectrum

text: by

text: stack-

text: searches

text: at

text: higher

text: redshifts

text: revealed

text: in

text: general

text: no

text: dependency

text: ing

text: together

text: the

text: SDSS

text: spectra

text: of

text: the

text: galaxies

text: contained

text: in

text: that

text: of

text: galactic

text: outﬂows

text: on

text: the

text: galaxy

text: position

text: on

text: the

text: M∗

text: SFR

text: di-

text: bin.

text: We

text: exploited

text: the

text: high

text: signal-to-noise

text: of

text: the

text: stacked

text: spectra

text: agram

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: the

text: MS

text: (Rubin

text: et

text: al.

text: Genzel

text: et

text: al.

text: to

text: study

text: the

text: emergence

text: of

text: faint

text: features

text: of

text: optical

text: emission

text: lines

text: Förster

text: Schreiber

text: et

text: al.

text: although

text: in

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: that

text: trace

text: galactic

text: outﬂows,

text: which

text: otherwise

text: would

text: be

text: too

text: faint

text: cases

text: the

text: observed

text: outﬂows

text: are

text: plausibly

text: driven

text: by

text: AGNs

text: (Gen-

text: to

text: detect

text: in

text: individual

text: galaxy

text: spectra.

text: Not

text: only

text: has

text: the

text: stacking

text: zel

text: et

text: al.

text: Förster

text: Schreiber

text: et

text: al.

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: technique

text: allowed

text: us

text: to

text: explore

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: galactic

text: outﬂows

text: NaID

text: outﬂows

text: detected

text: by

text: Sato

text: et

text: al.

text: are

text: hosted

text: by

text: galax-

text: in

text: a

text: large

text: and

text: representative

text: sample

text: of

text: normal

text: galaxies,

text: spanning

text: ies

text: lying

text: on

text: the

text: red

text: sequence

text: in

text: the

text: rest-frame

text: (U

text: B)

text: color

text: a

text: wide

text: ran∈ge

text: o×f

text: gal−axy

text: p×roperties

text: (M−∗

text: vs

text: M

text: diagram

text: and

text: showing

text: early-type

text: morphologies.

text: These

text: and

text: SFR

text: yr

text: but

text: also

text: to

text: break

text: the

text: B

text: authors

text: however

text: note

text: that

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: red

text: sequence

text: galaxies

text: degeneracy

text: between

text: SFR

text: and

text: M∗

text: that

text: aﬀects

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: with

text: detectable

text: outﬂows

text: in

text: their

text: sample

text: may

text: have

text: some

text: residual

text: star

text: forming

text: galaxy

text: population

text: (i.e.

text: the

text: MS

text: galaxies).

text: star

text: formation,

text: as

text: suggested

text: by

text: their

text: still

text: high

text: IR

text: luminosities,

text: Based

text: on

text: the

text: assumption

text: that

text: feedback-related

text: processes

text: and/or

text: show

text: signs

text: of

text: recent

text: star

text: formation,

text: as

text: indicated

text: by

text: their

text: (outﬂows,

text: turbulence)

text: should

text: aﬀect

text: only

text: the

text: gas

text: kinematics,

text: NUV

text: R

text: color.

text: Furthermore,

text: since

text: AGNs

text: are

text: not

text: excluded

text: leaving

text: the

text: motions

text: of

text: stellar

text: populations

text: unperturbed,

text: we

text: traced

text: AB

text: from

text: their

text: sample,

text: an

text: accreting

text: super

text: massive

text: black

text: hole

text: may

text: be

text: the

text: kinematical

text: signature

text: of

text: feedback

text: by

text: adopting

text: a

text: novel

text: ap-

text: Article

text: number,

text: page

text: of


text: PSO J318.5-22 is a β Pic member 11 and Astronomy, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA Michael C. Liu 0 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA; k.allers@bucknell.edu Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA Trent J. Dupuy 0 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA; k.allers@bucknell.edu The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Astronomy, 2515 Speedway C1400, Austin, TX 78712, USA Keywords: brown dwarfs -infrared:stars - planets and satellites: atmospheres - techniques: radial velocities - techniques: spectroscopic - stars: rotation 7. CONCLUSIONS Baraﬀe, I., Chabrier, G., Barman, T. S., Allard, F., & Hauschildt, P. H. 2003, A&A, 402, 701 Using forward modeling techniques, we have mea- − − Barman, T. S., Macintosh, B., Konopacky, Q. M., & Marois, C. sured the radial velocity ( 6.0+−0.8 km s 1) and v sin(i) 2011, ApJ, 735, L39 − 1.1− (17.5+−2.3 km s 1) of PSO J318.5 22. Combining our Bell, C. P. M., Mamajek, E. E., & Naylor, T. 2015, MNRAS, 454, 2.8 593 v with an updated parallax and proper motion of r − Berrut, J. P., & Trefethen, L. N. 2004, SIAMR, 46, 501 PSO J318.5 22, we determine its UV W velocities. W−e Blake, C. H., Charbonneau, D., & White, R. J. 2010, ApJ, 723, ﬁnd that the galactic position and motion of PSO J318.5 22 684 are consistent with membership in the β Pic moving Biller, B. A., Vos, J., Bonavita, M., et al. 2015, ApJ, 813, L23 − Binks, A. S., & Jeﬀries, R. D. 2014, MNRAS, 438, L11 group. The luminosity of PSO J318.5 22, combined Burrows, A., Hubbard, W. B., Lunine, J. I., & Liebert, J. 2001, with recent age determinations of the β Pic moving group RvMP, 73, 719 allow us to use evolutionary models to estimate its mass, Caﬀau, E., Ludwig, H.-G., Steﬀen, M., Freytag, B., & Bonifacio, T , radius, and log(g). Using our v sin(i) measurement P. 2011, Sol. Phys., 268, 255 eff and recently published variability results, we determine Chabrier, G., Baraﬀe, I., Allard, F., & Hauschildt, P. 2000, ApJ, − 542, 464 that the inclination of PSO J318.5 22 must be greater ◦ Cushing, M. C., Vacca, W. D., & Rayner, J. T. 2004, PASP, 116, than 29 and the rotational period is constrained to 5– 362 10.2 hours. O−ur constraints on the equatorial velocity of da Silva, L., Torres, C. A. O., de La Reza, R., et al. 2009, A&A, PSO J318.5 22 indicate that its rotation is consistent 508, 833 with an extrapolation of the velocity-mass relationship Elias, J. H., Joyce, R. R., Liang, M., et al. 2006, Proc. SPIE, 6269, 62694 of solar system planets. Filippazzo, J. C., Rice, E. L., Faherty, J., et al. 2015, ApJ, 810, With its well-determined age, luminosity, and mass, − 158 PSO J318.5 22 is an important benchmark for studies Gagn´e, J., Lafreni`ere, D., Doyon, R., Malo, L., & Artigau, E´. of young, directly imaged planets. 2014, ApJ, 783, 121 Geweke, J., 1992, Bayesian Statistics 4 (ed JM Bernardo, JO Berger, AP Dawid, and AFM Smith). Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK. Based on observations obtained via Director’s Discre- Hastings, W. K.,1970. Biometrika 57 (1): 97–109. tionary Time at the Gemini Observatory, which is oper- Horne, K. 1986, PASP, 98, 609 ated by the Association of Universities for Research in King, J. R., Soderblom, D. R., Fischer, D., & Jones, B. F. 2000, Astronomy, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with ApJ, 533, 944 the NSF on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the Kraus, A. L., Shkolnik, E. L., Allers, K. N., & Liu, M. C. 2014, AJ, 147, 146 National Science Foundation (United States), the Na- Lagrange, A.-M., Gratadour, D., Chauvin, G., et al. 2009, A&A, tional Research Council (Canada), CONICYT (Chile), 493, L21 the Australian Research Council (Australia), Minist´erio Livingston, W., & Wallace, L. 1991, NSO Technical Report, da Ciˆencia, Tecnologia e Inova¸c˜ao (Brazil) and Minis- Tucson: National Solar Observatory, National Optical terio de Ciencia, Tecnolog´ıa e Innovaci´on Productiva Astronomy Observatory, 1991 Liu, M. C., Magnier, E. A., Deacon, N. R., et al. 2013, ApJ, 777, (Argentina). This work made use of Bucknell’s Linux L20 Computing Cluster maintained by the Engineering Com- Macintosh, B., Graham, J. R., Barman, T., et al. 2015, Science, puting Support Team. KNA and JFG acknowledge sup- 350, 64 port from the Isaac J. Tressler Fund for Astronomy at Males, J. R., Close, L. M., Morzinski, K. M., et al. 2014, ApJ, Bucknell University. 786, 32 Malo, L., Doyon, R., Feiden, G. A., et al. 2014, ApJ, 792, 37 Malo, L., Doyon, R., Lafreni`ere, D., et al. 2013, ApJ, 762, 88 REFERENCES Mamajek, E. E., & Bell, C. P. M. 2014, MNRAS, 445, 2169 Allard, F., Hauschildt, P. H., Alexander, D. R., Tamanai, A., & Mentuch, E., Brandeker, A., van Kerkwijk, M. H., Jayawardhana, Schweitzer, A. 2001, ApJ, 556, 357 R., & Hauschildt, P. H. 2008, ApJ, 689, 1127 Allard, F., Homeier, D., Freytag, B., Sharp, C. M. 2012, EAS, 57, Metchev, S. A., Heinze, A., Apai, D., et al. 2015, ApJ, 799, 154 3 Metropolis, N., Rosenbluth, A.W., Rosenbluth, M.N., Teller, Allers, K. N., & Liu, M. C. 2013, ApJ, 772, 79 A.H., & Teller, E., 1953, J. Chem. Phys., 21, 1087 Asplund, M., Grevesse, N., Sauval, A. J., & Scott, P. 2009, Nelder, J. A., & Mead, R., 1965, CompJ, 7, 308 ARA&A, 47, 481 Pecaut, M. J., Mamajek, E. E., & Bubar, E. J. 2012, ApJ, 746, 154

text: PSO

text: is

text: a

text: β

text: Pic

text: member

text: and

text: Astronomy,

text: Bucknell

text: University,

text: Lewisburg,

text: PA

text: USA

text: Michael

text: C.

text: Liu

label: section

text: Department

text: of

text: Physics

text: and

text: Astronomy,

text: Bucknell

text: University,

text: Lewisburg,

text: PA

text: USA;

text: k.allers@bucknell.edu

text: Institute

text: for

text: Astronomy,

text: University

text: of

text: Hawaii,

text: Woodlawn

text: Drive,

text: Honolulu,

text: HI

text: USA

text: Trent

text: J.

text: Dupuy

text: Department

text: of

text: Physics

text: and

text: Astronomy,

text: Bucknell

text: University,

text: Lewisburg,

text: PA

text: USA;

text: k.allers@bucknell.edu

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Texas

text: at

text: Austin,

text: Department

text: of

text: Astronomy,

text: Speedway

text: Austin,

text: TX

text: USA

text: Keywords:

text: brown

label: abstract

text: dwarfs

text: -infrared:stars

text: planets

text: and

text: satellites:

text: atmospheres

text: techniques:

text: radial

text: velocities

text: techniques:

text: spectroscopic

text: stars:

text: rotation

text: CONCLUSIONS

text: Baraﬀe,

label: reference

text: I.,

text: Chabrier,

text: G.,

text: Barman,

text: T.

text: S.,

text: Allard,

text: F.,

text: Hauschildt,

text: P.

text: H.

text: A&A,

text: Using

text: forward

text: modeling

text: techniques,

text: we

text: have

text: mea-

text: Barman,

text: T.

text: S.,

text: Macintosh,

text: B.,

text: Konopacky,

text: Q.

text: M.,

text: Marois,

text: C.

text: sured

text: the

text: radial

text: velocity

text: km

text: s

text: and

text: v

text: sin(i)

text: ApJ,

text: km

text: s

text: of

text: PSO

text: Combining

text: our

text: Bell,

text: C.

text: P.

text: M.,

text: Mamajek,

text: E.

text: E.,

text: Naylor,

text: T.

text: MNRAS,

text: v

text: with

text: an

text: updated

text: parallax

text: and

text: proper

text: motion

text: of

text: r

text: Berrut,

text: J.

text: P.,

text: Trefethen,

text: L.

text: N.

text: SIAMR,

text: PSO

text: we

text: determine

text: its

text: UV

text: W

text: velocities.

text: W−e

text: Blake,

text: C.

text: H.,

text: Charbonneau,

text: D.,

text: White,

text: R.

text: J.

text: ApJ,

text: ﬁnd

text: that

text: the

text: galactic

text: position

text: and

text: motion

text: of

text: PSO

text: are

text: consistent

text: with

text: membership

text: in

text: the

text: β

text: Pic

text: moving

text: Biller,

text: B.

text: A.,

text: Vos,

text: J.,

text: Bonavita,

text: M.,

text: et

text: al.

text: ApJ,

text: Binks,

text: A.

text: S.,

text: Jeﬀries,

text: R.

text: D.

text: MNRAS,

text: group.

text: The

text: luminosity

text: of

text: PSO

text: combined

text: Burrows,

text: A.,

text: Hubbard,

text: W.

text: B.,

text: Lunine,

text: J.

text: I.,

text: Liebert,

text: J.

text: with

text: recent

text: age

text: determinations

text: of

text: the

text: β

text: Pic

text: moving

text: group

text: RvMP,

text: allow

text: us

text: to

text: use

text: evolutionary

text: models

text: to

text: estimate

text: its

text: mass,

text: Caﬀau,

text: E.,

text: Ludwig,

text: H.-G.,

text: Steﬀen,

text: M.,

text: Freytag,

text: B.,

text: Bonifacio,

text: T

text: radius,

text: and

text: log(g).

text: Using

text: our

text: v

text: sin(i)

text: measurement

text: P.

text: Sol.

text: Phys.,

text: eff

text: and

text: recently

text: published

text: variability

text: results,

text: we

text: determine

text: Chabrier,

text: G.,

text: Baraﬀe,

text: I.,

text: Allard,

text: F.,

text: Hauschildt,

text: P.

text: ApJ,

text: that

text: the

text: inclination

text: of

text: PSO

text: must

text: be

text: greater

text: Cushing,

text: M.

text: C.,

text: Vacca,

text: W.

text: D.,

text: Rayner,

text: J.

text: T.

text: PASP,

text: than

text: and

text: the

text: rotational

text: period

text: is

text: constrained

text: to

text: 5–

text: hours.

text: O−ur

text: constraints

text: on

text: the

text: equatorial

text: velocity

text: of

text: da

text: Silva,

text: L.,

text: Torres,

text: C.

text: A.

text: O.,

text: de

text: La

text: Reza,

text: R.,

text: et

text: al.

text: A&A,

text: PSO

text: indicate

text: that

text: its

text: rotation

text: is

text: consistent

text: with

text: an

text: extrapolation

text: of

text: the

text: velocity-mass

text: relationship

text: Elias,

text: J.

text: H.,

text: Joyce,

text: R.

text: R.,

text: Liang,

text: M.,

text: et

text: al.

text: Proc.

text: SPIE,

text: of

text: solar

text: system

text: planets.

text: Filippazzo,

text: J.

text: C.,

text: Rice,

text: E.

text: L.,

text: Faherty,

text: J.,

text: et

text: al.

text: ApJ,

text: With

text: its

text: well-determined

text: age,

text: luminosity,

text: and

text: mass,

text: PSO

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: benchmark

text: for

text: studies

text: Gagn´e,

text: J.,

text: Lafreni`ere,

text: D.,

text: Doyon,

text: R.,

text: Malo,

text: L.,

text: Artigau,

text: E´.

text: of

text: young,

text: directly

text: imaged

text: planets.

text: ApJ,

text: Geweke,

text: J.,

text: Bayesian

text: Statistics

text: (ed

text: JM

text: Bernardo,

text: JO

text: Berger,

text: AP

text: Dawid,

text: and

text: AFM

text: Smith).

text: Clarendon

text: Press,

text: Oxford,

text: UK.

text: Based

text: on

text: observations

text: obtained

text: via

text: Director’s

text: Discre-

text: Hastings,

text: W.

text: Biometrika

text: tionary

text: Time

text: at

text: the

text: Gemini

text: Observatory,

text: which

text: is

text: oper-

text: Horne,

text: K.

text: PASP,

text: ated

text: by

text: the

text: Association

text: of

text: Universities

text: for

text: Research

text: in

text: King,

text: J.

text: R.,

text: Soderblom,

text: D.

text: R.,

text: Fischer,

text: D.,

text: Jones,

text: B.

text: F.

text: Astronomy,

text: Inc.,

text: under

text: a

text: cooperative

text: agreement

text: with

text: ApJ,

text: the

text: NSF

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: the

text: Gemini

text: partnership:

text: the

text: Kraus,

text: A.

text: L.,

text: Shkolnik,

text: E.

text: L.,

text: Allers,

text: K.

text: N.,

text: Liu,

text: M.

text: C.

text: AJ,

text: National

text: Science

text: Foundation

text: (United

text: States),

text: the

text: Na-

text: Lagrange,

text: A.-M.,

text: Gratadour,

text: D.,

text: Chauvin,

text: G.,

text: et

text: al.

text: A&A,

text: tional

text: Research

text: Council

text: (Canada),

text: CONICYT

text: (Chile),

text: the

text: Australian

text: Research

text: Council

text: (Australia),

text: Minist´erio

text: Livingston,

text: W.,

text: Wallace,

text: L.

text: NSO

text: Technical

text: Report,

text: da

text: Ciˆencia,

text: Tecnologia

text: e

text: Inova¸c˜ao

text: (Brazil)

text: and

text: Minis-

text: Tucson:

text: National

text: Solar

text: Observatory,

text: National

text: Optical

text: terio

text: de

text: Ciencia,

text: Tecnolog´ıa

text: e

text: Innovaci´on

text: Productiva

text: Astronomy

text: Observatory,

text: Liu,

text: M.

text: C.,

text: Magnier,

text: E.

text: A.,

text: Deacon,

text: N.

text: R.,

text: et

text: al.

text: ApJ,

text: (Argentina).

text: This

text: work

text: made

text: use

text: of

text: Bucknell’s

text: Linux

text: Computing

text: Cluster

text: maintained

text: by

text: the

text: Engineering

text: Com-

text: Macintosh,

text: B.,

text: Graham,

text: J.

text: R.,

text: Barman,

text: T.,

text: et

text: al.

text: Science,

text: puting

text: Support

text: Team.

text: KNA

text: and

text: JFG

text: acknowledge

text: sup-

text: port

text: from

text: the

text: Isaac

text: J.

text: Tressler

text: Fund

text: for

text: Astronomy

text: at

text: Males,

text: J.

text: R.,

text: Close,

text: L.

text: M.,

text: Morzinski,

text: K.

text: M.,

text: et

text: al.

text: ApJ,

text: Bucknell

text: University.

text: Malo,

text: L.,

text: Doyon,

text: R.,

text: Feiden,

text: G.

text: A.,

text: et

text: al.

text: ApJ,

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text: J.

text: ApJ,


text: PSO J318.5-22 is a β Pic member 3 PLANETARY-MASS MEMBER OF THE β PICTORIS MOVING GROUP K. N. Allers 0 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA; k.allers@bucknell.edu J. F. Gallimore 0 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA; k.allers@bucknell.edu Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA Michael C. Liu 0 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA; k.allers@bucknell.edu Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA Trent J. Dupuy 0 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA; k.allers@bucknell.edu The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Astronomy, 2515 Speedway C1400, Austin, TX 78712, USA Keywords: brown dwarfs -infrared:stars - planets and satellites: atmospheres - techniques: radial velocities - techniques: spectroscopic - stars: rotation • 3. DETERMINING RADIAL AND ROTATIONAL Brown Dwarf Atmosphere Model: We use the VELOCITIES BT-Settl model atmospheres (Allard et al. 2012) − Unfortunately, no radial velocity standard was ob- as the intrinsic spectrum of PSO J318.5 22 in our served as a part of our Gemini program. We use an ap- forward modeling. The BT-Settl models are pro- proach similar to that described by Blake et al. (2010), vided for two diﬀerent assumed solar abundances wherein we employ forward modeling to simultaneously (Asplund et al. 2009 [AGSS] and Caﬀau et al. 2011 ﬁt the wavelength solution of our spectrum, the ro- [CIFIST]). We use model grids with eﬀective tem- − tational and radial velocities of PSO J318.5 22, the peratures (Teff) of 1100–2500 K and surface grav- scaling of telluric line depths, and the FWHM of the ities (log(g)) of 3.5–5.5 dex (where g is in units of − instrumental LSF. cm s 2.) We adjust the wavelengths of the model 3.1. Creating a Forward Model atmosphere to account for the radial velocity of the − object, λ = λ + ((v + v )λ /c), where v is Our observed spectrum of PSO J318.5 22 is the com- 0 r bary 0 − r the radial velocity of PSO J318.5 22, and v bination of the spectrum of the brown dwarf, telluric − bary (28.1 km s 1) is the barycentric motion projected absorption, and eﬀects from the instrument (wavelength- − away from PSO J318.5 22 at the time of our ob- dependent response and line spread functions). We cre- servation. We then convolve the model spectrum ate myriad model spectra and evaluate the best ﬁt pa- to account for rotation, v sin(i), using a convolu- rameters by comparison to our observed spectrum of − PSO J318.5 22. The components of our forward model tion kernel created by the LSF ROTATE task1. Our are: velocity-shifted, rotationally broadened model at- • Wavelength Solution: When reducing our data, mosphere approximates the spectrum of the brown the wavelength solution of our observed spectrum is dwarf itself. determined from seven Xenon-Argon arc lines with • Telluric Absorption: We use the telluric spec- wavelengths of 2.29-2.33 µm. There are no arc lines trum of Livingston & Wallace (1991)2. We ad- for the 2.27–2.29 µm portion of our spectrum. In just the depths of the telluric features and create addition, the typical residuals to our wavelength ∼ − a new telluric spectrum, T(λ) = T (λ)τ, where solution for each arc line correspond to 5 km s 1. 0 T (λ) is the Livingston & Wallace (1991) spec- Our spectrum itself contains many telluric absorp- 0 trum, and τ is one of the parameters of our ﬁt. tion features which allow us to reﬁne the wave- The velocity-shifted, rotationally broadened brown length solution as a part of our forward model- dwarf model atmosphere is then multiplied by the ing. We calculate the wavelength solution of our telluric spectrum, approximating the spectrum of observed spectrum using a 2nd-degree polynomial. − PSO J318.5 22 as it enters the telescope. Rather than having the coeﬃcients of the poly- • nomial as our ﬁtted parameters, we use barycen- Instrumental Eﬀects: We approximate the in- tric Lagrangian interpolation (Berrut & Trefethen strumental LSF as a gaussian and ﬁt for the 2004; Waring 1779), solving for the wavelengths of FWHM of the gaussian convolution kernel. We the ﬁrst, middle, and last pixels of the spectrum convolve the brown dwarf model atmosphere with and determining the coeﬃcients of the unique 2nd- telluric absorption by this gaussian kernel. We degree polynomial that will ﬁt these three points. account for any changes in spectral shape between We start by adopting the wavelengths of our re- duced spectrum as the initial guess. 1 A part of the IDL Astronomy User’s Library 2 available for download at ftp://ftp.noao.edu/catalogs/ atmospheric_transmission/transdata_1_5_mic.gz ##LTLine##

text: PSO

text: is

text: a

text: β

text: Pic

text: member

text: PLANETARY-MASS

text: MEMBER

text: OF

text: THE

text: β

text: PICTORIS

text: MOVING

text: GROUP

text: K.

text: N.

text: Allers

text: Department

text: of

text: Physics

text: and

text: Astronomy,

text: Bucknell

text: University,

text: Lewisburg,

text: PA

text: USA;

text: k.allers@bucknell.edu

text: J.

text: F.

text: Gallimore

text: Department

text: of

text: Physics

text: and

text: Astronomy,

text: Bucknell

text: University,

text: Lewisburg,

text: PA

text: USA;

text: k.allers@bucknell.edu

text: Department

text: of

text: Physics

text: and

text: Astronomy,

text: Bucknell

text: University,

text: Lewisburg,

text: PA

text: USA

text: Michael

text: C.

text: Liu

text: Department

text: of

text: Physics

text: and

text: Astronomy,

text: Bucknell

text: University,

text: Lewisburg,

text: PA

text: USA;

text: k.allers@bucknell.edu

text: Institute

text: for

text: Astronomy,

text: University

text: of

text: Hawaii,

text: Woodlawn

text: Drive,

text: Honolulu,

text: HI

text: USA

text: Trent

text: J.

text: Dupuy

text: Department

text: of

text: Physics

text: and

text: Astronomy,

text: Bucknell

text: University,

text: Lewisburg,

text: PA

text: USA;

text: k.allers@bucknell.edu

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Texas

text: at

text: Austin,

text: Department

text: of

text: Astronomy,

text: Speedway

text: Austin,

text: TX

text: USA

text: Keywords:

text: brown

text: dwarfs

text: -infrared:stars

text: planets

text: and

text: satellites:

text: atmospheres

text: techniques:

text: radial

text: velocities

text: techniques:

text: spectroscopic

text: stars:

text: rotation

text: DETERMINING

text: RADIAL

text: AND

text: ROTATIONAL

text: Brown

text: Dwarf

text: Atmosphere

text: Model:

text: We

text: use

text: the

text: VELOCITIES

text: BT-Settl

text: model

text: atmospheres

text: (Allard

text: et

text: al.

text: Unfortunately,

text: no

text: radial

text: velocity

text: standard

text: was

text: ob-

text: as

text: the

text: intrinsic

text: spectrum

text: of

text: PSO

text: in

text: our

text: served

text: as

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: our

text: Gemini

text: program.

text: We

text: use

text: an

text: ap-

text: forward

text: modeling.

text: The

text: BT-Settl

text: models

text: are

text: pro-

text: proach

text: similar

text: to

text: that

text: described

text: by

text: Blake

text: et

text: al.

text: vided

text: for

text: two

text: diﬀerent

text: assumed

text: solar

text: abundances

text: wherein

text: we

text: employ

text: forward

text: modeling

text: to

text: simultaneously

text: (Asplund

text: et

text: al.

text: [AGSS]

text: and

text: Caﬀau

text: et

text: al.

text: ﬁt

text: the

text: wavelength

text: solution

text: of

text: our

text: spectrum,

text: the

text: ro-

text: [CIFIST]).

text: We

text: use

text: model

text: grids

text: with

text: eﬀective

text: tem-

text: tational

text: and

text: radial

text: velocities

text: of

text: PSO

text: the

text: peratures

text: (Teff)

text: of

text: K

text: and

text: surface

text: grav-

text: scaling

text: of

text: telluric

text: line

text: depths,

text: and

text: the

text: FWHM

text: of

text: the

text: ities

text: (log(g))

text: of

text: dex

text: (where

text: g

text: is

text: in

text: units

text: of

text: instrumental

text: LSF.

text: cm

text: s

text: We

text: adjust

text: the

text: wavelengths

text: of

text: the

text: model

text: Creating

text: a

text: Forward

text: Model

text: atmosphere

text: to

text: account

text: for

text: the

text: radial

text: velocity

text: of

text: the

text: object,

text: λ

text: λ

text: ((v

text: v

text: )λ

text: /c),

text: where

text: v

text: is

text: Our

text: observed

text: spectrum

text: of

text: PSO

text: is

text: the

text: com-

text: r

text: bary

text: r

text: the

text: radial

text: velocity

text: of

text: PSO

text: and

text: v

text: bination

text: of

text: the

text: spectrum

text: of

text: the

text: brown

text: dwarf,

text: telluric

text: bary

text: km

text: s

text: is

text: the

text: barycentric

text: motion

text: projected

text: absorption,

text: and

text: eﬀects

text: from

text: the

text: instrument

text: (wavelength-

text: away

text: from

text: PSO

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: our

text: ob-

text: dependent

text: response

text: and

text: line

text: spread

text: functions).

text: We

text: cre-

text: servation.

text: We

text: then

text: convolve

text: the

text: model

text: spectrum

text: ate

text: myriad

text: model

text: spectra

text: and

text: evaluate

text: the

text: best

text: ﬁt

text: pa-

text: to

text: account

text: for

text: rotation,

text: v

text: sin(i),

text: using

text: a

text: convolu-

text: rameters

text: by

text: comparison

text: to

text: our

text: observed

text: spectrum

text: of

text: PSO

text: The

text: components

text: of

text: our

text: forward

text: model

text: tion

text: kernel

text: created

text: by

text: the

text: LSF

text: ROTATE

text: Our

text: are:

text: velocity-shifted,

text: rotationally

text: broadened

text: model

text: at-

text: Wavelength

text: Solution:

text: When

text: reducing

text: our

text: data,

text: mosphere

text: approximates

text: the

text: spectrum

text: of

text: the

text: brown

text: the

text: wavelength

text: solution

text: of

text: our

text: observed

text: spectrum

text: is

text: dwarf

text: itself.

text: determined

text: from

text: seven

text: Xenon-Argon

text: arc

text: lines

text: with

text: Telluric

text: Absorption:

text: We

text: use

text: the

text: telluric

text: spec-

text: wavelengths

text: of

text: µm.

text: There

text: are

text: no

text: arc

text: lines

text: trum

text: of

text: Livingston

text: Wallace

text: We

text: ad-

text: for

text: the

text: µm

text: portion

text: of

text: our

text: spectrum.

text: In

text: just

text: the

text: depths

text: of

text: the

text: telluric

text: features

text: and

text: create

text: addition,

text: the

text: typical

text: residuals

text: to

text: our

text: wavelength

text: a

text: new

text: telluric

text: spectrum,

text: T(λ)

text: T

text: (λ)τ,

text: where

text: solution

text: for

text: each

text: arc

text: line

text: correspond

text: to

text: km

text: s

text: T

text: (λ)

text: is

text: the

text: Livingston

text: Wallace

text: spec-

text: Our

text: spectrum

text: itself

text: contains

text: many

text: telluric

text: absorp-

text: trum,

text: and

text: τ

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: parameters

text: of

text: our

text: ﬁt.

text: tion

text: features

text: which

text: allow

text: us

text: to

text: reﬁne

text: the

text: wave-

text: The

text: velocity-shifted,

text: rotationally

text: broadened

text: brown

text: length

text: solution

text: as

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: our

text: forward

text: model-

text: dwarf

text: model

text: atmosphere

text: is

text: then

text: multiplied

text: by

text: the

text: ing.

text: We

text: calculate

text: the

text: wavelength

text: solution

text: of

text: our

text: telluric

text: spectrum,

text: approximating

text: the

text: spectrum

text: of

text: observed

text: spectrum

text: using

text: a

text: polynomial.

text: PSO

text: as

text: it

text: enters

text: the

text: telescope.

text: Rather

text: than

text: having

text: the

text: coeﬃcients

text: of

text: the

text: poly-

text: nomial

text: as

text: our

text: ﬁtted

text: parameters,

text: we

text: use

text: barycen-

text: Instrumental

text: Eﬀects:

text: We

text: approximate

text: the

text: in-

text: tric

text: Lagrangian

text: interpolation

text: (Berrut

text: Trefethen

text: strumental

text: LSF

text: as

text: a

text: gaussian

text: and

text: ﬁt

text: for

text: the

text: Waring

text: solving

text: for

text: the

text: wavelengths

text: of

text: FWHM

text: of

text: the

text: gaussian

text: convolution

text: kernel.

text: We

text: the

text: ﬁrst,

text: middle,

text: and

text: last

text: pixels

text: of

text: the

text: spectrum

text: convolve

text: the

text: brown

text: dwarf

text: model

text: atmosphere

text: with

text: and

text: determining

text: the

text: coeﬃcients

text: of

text: the

text: unique

text: telluric

text: absorption

text: by

text: this

text: gaussian

text: kernel.

text: We

text: degree

text: polynomial

text: that

text: will

text: ﬁt

text: these

text: three

text: points.

text: account

text: for

text: any

text: changes

text: in

text: spectral

text: shape

text: between

text: We

text: start

text: by

text: adopting

text: the

text: wavelengths

text: of

text: our

text: re-

text: duced

text: spectrum

text: as

text: the

text: initial

text: guess.

text: A

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: IDL

text: Astronomy

text: User’s

text: Library

text: available

text: for

text: download

text: at

text: ##LTLine##


text: PSO J318.5-22 is a β Pic member 9 Table 2 Physical Properties from Evolutionary Models Evolutionary Model Mass T Radius log(g) eff Name Ref MJup K RJup dex − − ± ± PSO J318.5 22 (log(L /L(cid:12)) = 4.52 0.04 dex5; age = 23 3 Myr7): bol ± ± ± AMES-COND 1 7.9 0.4 1176+−26 1.358 0.010 4.03 0.03 ± 25 ± ± AMES-Dusty 4 8.7 0.4 1154+−25 1.417 0.007 4.00 0.02 ± 27 ± ± Saumon & Marley cloudless 8 7.9 0.4 1164+−26 1.373 0.010 4.04 0.03 ± 27 ± ± Saumon & Marley f =2 8 8.3 0.5 1127+−24 1.464 0.010 4.01 0.03 sed 26 − ± ± β Pic b (log(L /L(cid:12)) = 3.86 0.04 dex6; age = 23 3 Myr7): bol ± ± ± Saumon & Marley f =2 8 12.8 0.2 1583+−30 1.576 0.010 4.135 0.003 sed 33 − ± ± 2M1207b (log(L /L(cid:12)) = 4.68 0.05 dex2; age = 10 3 Myr3): bol ± ± Saumon & Marley f =2 8 4.5 0.5 1006+−24 1.515+−0.016 3.71 0.06 sed 26 0.013 References. — (1) Baraﬀe et al. (2003); (2) Barman et al. (2011); (3) Bell et al. (2015); (4) Chabrier et al. (2000); (5) Liu et al. (2013); (6) Males et al. (2014); (7) Mamajek & Bell (2014); (8) Saumon & Marley (2008) ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine##

text: PSO

text: is

text: a

text: β

text: Pic

text: member

text: Table

text: Physical

text: Properties

text: from

text: Evolutionary

text: Models

text: Evolutionary

text: Model

text: Mass

text: T

text: Radius

text: log(g)

text: eff

text: Name

text: Ref

text: MJup

text: K

text: RJup

text: dex

text: PSO

text: (log(L

text: age

text: bol

text: AMES-COND

text: AMES-Dusty

text: Saumon

text: Marley

text: cloudless

text: Saumon

text: Marley

text: f

text: sed

text: β

text: Pic

text: b

text: (log(L

text: age

text: bol

text: Saumon

text: Marley

text: f

text: sed

text: (log(L

text: age

text: bol

text: Saumon

text: Marley

text: f

text: sed

text: References.

text: Baraﬀe

text: et

text: al.

text: Barman

text: et

text: al.

text: Bell

text: et

text: al.

text: Chabrier

text: et

text: al.

text: Liu

text: et

text: al.

text: Males

text: et

text: al.

text: Mamajek

text: Bell

text: Saumon

text: Marley

text: ##LTLine##

text: ##LTLine##

text: ##LTLine##

text: ##LTLine##

text: ##LTLine##

text: ##LTLine##

text: ##LTLine##

text: ##LTLine##

text: ##LTLine##


text: 12 TABLE IV ALGORITHM FOR FINDING V , W AND U K x K 1: choose arbitrary matrices W and U x K 2: for n = 1 : n iteration max 3: ﬁx W and U and determine V by solving (23) x K K 4: ﬁx V determine W and U by using K x K the algorithm in the table Table III 5: end for 3 Nuclear norm, n=3 2.5 l2 norm,n=3 Log−det heuristic, n=3,l=3 Schatten−p norm, n=3,l=3 2 Max−SINR, n=10000 Min−Leakage, n=10000 1.5 1 0.5 0 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 rank of uncoordinated interference source Fig. 1. Average multiplexing gain versus the rank of the uncoordinated interference source (P = 30dB) Gaussian distribution with mean zero and variance 1. Matrix Z is set to 1 . Our methods for MIMO d interference channel are compared with nuclear norm minimization method [5], the SINR maximization [9], Log-det heuristic [7] and the interference leakage minimization [15] approaches. In addition, the modiﬁed weighted-sum method is compared with the Leakage minimization approach [13] and the weighted sum mean square (WMSE) minimization method [13]. We choose δ=0.01. In the modiﬁed weighted-sum method, at the ﬁrst step we choose w = 0.8, w = 0.2 and then we reverse 1 2 weights. At the next step, we choose w = 0.7, w = 0.3 then we reverse weights (at this step and 1 2 next step, we solve optimization problems (23), (24) which have constraint (27)). Finally, we set w = 1 0.55, w = 0.45, and we choose the best matrices (W , U ) which yield the highest sum rate. Besides, 2 x k similar to [13] we choose P R = P U . Due to the fact that weighting impacts on the achieved sum-rate, x k we try to use different weighting to ﬁnd the best matrices. × In Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, we consider (10 6, 4)3 MIMO interference system with one uncoordinated source (with ﬁxed power 0dB). Fig. 1 depicts average multiplexing gain versus rank of uncoordinated interference. The rank of uncoordinated interference varies from 1 to 4. As it can be seen in the Fig. 1, when the rank of uncoordinated interference reaches to 3, other methods cannot provide any average multiplexing gain while our proposed method has considerably better performance. Fig. 2 presents the average sum rate versus P when the rank of uncoordinated interference is one. From Fig. 2, it is clearly seen that l norm minimization method outperforms the other ones when SNR is 2 niag gnixelpitluM egareva ##LTFigure## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine##

text: TABLE

text: IV

text: ALGORITHM

label: caption

text: FOR

text: FINDING

text: V

text: W

text: AND

text: U

text: K

text: x

text: K

label: table

text: choose

text: arbitrary

text: matrices

text: W

text: and

text: U

text: x

text: K

text: for

text: n

text: n

text: iteration

text: max

text: ﬁx

text: W

text: and

text: U

text: and

text: determine

text: V

text: by

text: solving

text: x

text: K

text: K

text: ﬁx

text: V

text: determine

text: W

text: and

text: U

text: by

text: using

text: K

text: x

text: K

text: the

text: algorithm

text: in

text: the

text: table

text: Table

text: III

text: end

text: for

font: default

text: Nuclear

text: norm,

text: Log−det

text: heuristic,

text: Schatten−p

text: norm,

text: Max−SINR,

text: Min−Leakage,

text: rank

text: of

text: uncoordinated

text: interference

text: source

text: Fig.

text: Average

text: multiplexing

text: gain

text: versus

text: the

text: rank

text: of

text: the

text: uncoordinated

text: interference

text: source

text: (P

text: Gaussian

text: distribution

text: with

text: mean

text: zero

text: and

text: variance

text: Matrix

text: Z

text: is

text: set

text: to

text: Our

text: methods

text: for

text: MIMO

text: d

text: interference

text: channel

text: are

text: compared

text: with

text: nuclear

text: norm

text: minimization

text: method

text: the

text: SINR

text: maximization

text: Log-det

text: heuristic

text: and

text: the

text: interference

text: leakage

text: minimization

text: approaches.

text: In

text: addition,

text: the

text: modiﬁed

text: weighted-sum

text: method

text: is

text: compared

text: with

text: the

text: Leakage

text: minimization

text: approach

text: and

text: the

text: weighted

text: sum

text: mean

text: square

text: (WMSE)

text: minimization

text: method

text: We

text: choose

text: In

text: the

text: modiﬁed

text: weighted-sum

text: method,

text: at

text: the

text: ﬁrst

text: step

text: we

text: choose

text: w

text: w

text: and

text: then

text: we

text: reverse

text: weights.

text: At

text: the

text: next

text: step,

text: we

text: choose

text: w

text: w

text: then

text: we

text: reverse

text: weights

text: (at

text: this

text: step

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