text: 20 Sofía A. Cora et al. the halo-centric distances (Figs. 10 and 11). The right fractions of funding from Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientíﬁcas y quenched massive galaxies (log(M(cid:63)[M(cid:12)]) > 10.5) as a function of Técnicas (CONICET, PIP-0387), Agencia Nacional de Promoción both halo mass and halo-centric distance support the modelling of Cientíﬁca y Tecnológica (ANPCyT, PICT-2013-0317), and Uni- thoseself-regulatingphysicalprocessesthatareparticularlyrelevant versidad Nacional de La Plata (G11-124), Argentina. CVM, TH, for massive galaxies (AGN feedback; disk instabilities), which are FC and IDG acknowledge CONICET, Argentina, for their sup- still active as quenching mechanisms even when galaxies become porting fellowships. ANR acknowledges funding from ANPCyT satellites, dominating over environmental quenching. (PICT-2014-2862) and from Secretaría de Ciencia y Tecnología • RPS plays a dominant role among the environmental processes de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (PID 30720450100484). considered in our model and contributes to regulate adequately the AO acknowledges support from project AYA2015-66211-C2-2 of mass of the hot gas halo and the cold gas disc (when it is not the Spanish Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad. longer shielded by the hot halo), being more eﬃcient in removing AMMA acknowledges support from CONICYT-PCHA/Doctorado gas from galaxies with smaller stellar masses, as expected (Figs. 12 Nacional 2011-21110870, BASAL PFB-06 and FONDECYT grant and 13). For any galaxy mass, the fraction of hot and cold gas 3160776. 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text: Sofía

text: A.

text: Cora

text: et

text: al.

text: the

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text: galaxies

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text: of

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text: densities

text: achieved

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text: the

text: ICM,

text: associated

text: to

text: the

text: mass

text: sarrollo

text: Regional

text: (MINECO/FEDER,

text: UE)

text: in

text: Spain

text: through

text: grant

text: growth

text: of

text: the

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text: host

text: DM

text: haloes,

text: and

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: high

text: redshift

text: infalling

text: galaxies

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text: more

text: time

text: to

text: approach

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text: cluster

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text: galaxy

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text: The

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text: SN

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text: redshifts

text: and

text: the

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text: processes

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text: by

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text: ﬁtting

text: formulae

text: combined

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text: Bellhouse

text: C.,

text: et

text: al.,

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text: model

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text: J.,

text: New

text: A,

text: to

text: generate

text: a

text: galaxy

text: population

text: with

text: fractions

text: of

text: gas

text: andβlev.

text: els

text: of

text: Bernardi

text: M.,

text: Meert

text: A.,

text: Sheth

text: R.

text: K.,

text: Fischer

text: J.-L.,

text: Huertas-Company

text: M.,

text: SF

text: that

text: allow

text: to

text: achieve

text: better

text: agreement

text: with

text: observed

text: atomic

text: Maraston

text: C.,

text: Shankar

text: F.,

text: Vikram

text: V.,

text: MNRAS,

text: gas

text: content

text: and

text: quiescent

text: fractions

text: than

text: other

text: current

text: SAMs.

text: These

text: Boselli

text: A.,

text: Gavazzi

text: G.,

text: PASP,

text: attainments

text: of

text: our

text: model

text: are

text: reached

text: even

text: though

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: include

text: Boselli

text: A.,

text: Cortese

text: L.,

text: Boquien

text: M.,

text: Boissier

text: S.,

text: Catinella

text: B.,

text: Lagos

text: C.,

text: a

text: detailed

text: treatment

text: of

text: galaxy

text: discs

text: as

text: in

text: SAGE

text: (Stevens

text: Brown

text: Saintonge

text: A.,

text: A&A,

text: or

text: a

text: molecular-based

text: SF

text: law

text: as

text: GALFORM

text: (Gonzalez-Perez

text: Boselli

text: A.,

text: et

text: al.,

text: A&A,

text: Brown

text: T.,

text: et

text: al.,

text: MNRAS,

text: et

text: al.

text: Diﬀerences

text: still

text: found

text: for

text: particular

text: ranges

text: of

text: stellar

text: Brüggen

text: M.,

text: De

text: Lucia

text: G.,

text: MNRAS,

text: and

text: halo

text: mass

text: give

text: hints

text: for

text: further

text: improvement

text: of

text: the

text: model.

text: Cameron

text: E.,

text: PASA,

text: Chabrier

text: G.,

text: PASP,

text: Chang

text: J.,

text: Macciò

text: A.

text: V.,

text: Kang

text: X.,

text: MNRAS,

text: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

text: Chen

text: Y.-M.,

text: et

text: al.,

text: MNRAS,

text: Coenda

text: V.,

text: Martínez

text: H.

text: J.,

text: Muriel

text: H.,

text: MNRAS,

text: The

text: authors

text: gratefully

text: acknowledge

text: the

text: Gauss

text: Centre

text: for

text: Su-

text: Cole

text: S.,

text: Lacey

text: C.

text: G.,

text: Baugh

text: C.

text: M.,

text: Frenk

text: C.

text: S.,

text: MNRAS,

text: percomputing

text: e.V.

text: (www.gauss-centre.eu)

text: and

text: the

text: Partnership

text: for

text: Conselice

text: C.

text: J.,

text: MNRAS,

text: Advanced

text: Supercomputing

text: in

text: Europe

text: (PRACE,

text: Cora

text: S.

text: A.,

text: MNRAS,

text: for

text: funding

text: the

text: MultiDark

text: simulation

text: project

text: by

text: providing

text: com-

text: Cowie

text: L.

text: L.,

text: Songaila

text: A.,

text: Nature,

text: puting

text: time

text: on

text: the

text: GCS

text: Supercomputer

text: SuperMUC

text: at

text: Leibniz

text: Croton

text: D.

text: J.,

text: et

text: al.,

text: ApJS,

text: Supercomputing

text: Centre

text: (LRZ,

text: The

text: simu-

text: Daddi

text: E.,

text: et

text: al.,

text: ApJ,

text: lation

text: has

text: been

text: performed

text: under

text: grant

text: Our

text: collaboration

text: Darvish

text: B.,

text: Mobasher

text: B.,

text: Martin

text: D.

text: C.,

text: Sobral

text: D.,

text: Scoville

text: N.,

text: Stroe

text: A.,

text: has

text: been

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: DFG

text: grant

text: GO

text: This

text: work

text: was

text: Hemmati

text: S.,

text: Kartaltepe

text: J.,

text: ApJ,

text: Domínguez

text: Sánchez

text: H.,

text: et

text: al.,

text: MNRAS,

text: done

text: in

text: part

text: using

text: the

text: Geryon

text: computer

text: at

text: the

text: Center

text: for

text: Astro-

text: Fillingham

text: S.

text: P.,

text: Cooper

text: M.

text: C.,

text: Pace

text: A.

text: B.,

text: Boylan-Kolchin

text: M.,

text: Bullock

text: Engineering

text: UC,

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: BASAL

text: which

text: received

text: addi-

text: J.

text: S.,

text: Garrison-Kimmel

text: S.,

text: Wheeler

text: C.,

text: MNRAS,

text: tional

text: funding

text: from

text: QUIMAL

text: and

text: Fondequip

text: for

text: Font

text: A.

text: S.,

text: Bower

text: R.

text: G.,

text: McCarthy

text: I.

text: G.,

text: et

text: al.

text: MNRAS,

text: upgrades.

text: We

text: acknowledge

text: Tomás

text: Tecce

text: for

text: his

text: valuable

text: contri-

text: Foster

text: A.

text: R.,

text: Ji

text: L.,

text: Smith

text: R.

text: K.,

text: Brickhouse

text: N.

text: S.,

text: ApJ,

text: bution

text: in

text: initial

text: stages

text: of

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: current

text: version

text: Gan

text: J.,

text: Kang

text: X.,

text: van

text: den

text: Bosch

text: F.

text: C.,

text: Hou

text: J.,

text: MNRAS,

text: of

text: sag

text: and

text: Mario

text: Abadi

text: for

text: useful

text: discussion.

text: SAC

text: acknowledges

text: Gargiulo

text: I.

text: D.,

text: et

text: al.,

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text: R.

text: S.,

text: Maulbetsch

text: C.,

text: van

text: den

text: Bosch

text: F.

text: C.,

text: Macciò

text: A.

text: V.,

text: Naab

text: T.,

text: Oser

text: L.,

text: ApJ,

text: Muñoz

text: Arancibia

text: A.

text: M.,

text: Navarrete

text: F.

text: P.,

text: Padilla

text: N.

text: D.,

text: Cora

text: S.

text: A.,

text: Gawiser

text: APPENDIX

text: A:

text: STRIPPING

text: RADIUS

text: OF

text: THE

text: HOT

text: GAS

text: E.,

text: Kurczynski

text: P.,

text: Ruiz

text: A.

text: N.,

text: MNRAS,

text: Mulchaey

text: J.

text: S.,

text: Jeltema

text: T.

text: E.,

text: ApJ,

text: Assuming

text: that

text: the

text: DM

text: and

text: hot

text: gas

text: in

text: a

text: satellite

text: distribute

text: MNRAS


text: 22 Sofía A. Cora et al. following an isothermal sphere density proﬁle, the total mass of the (cid:18) (cid:19) satellite from equation (4) can be written as The eﬀect of RPS and TS will be equal when = 1; setting x s this in equation (A8) we obtain ( ) Mhot MDM (A1) Msat rsat = Mgx + rhot + rDM rsat. ξ2 = V2 crit + Vg2x,crit, (A9) h, where we have deﬁned Mgx ≡ M∗ + Mcold and rsat is the that is, is what the total circular velocity of a satellite must distance to the satellite’s centre. We assume that rDM has already ξ be for RPS and TS to be equal, for a given ambient RP and if the been determined by the eﬀect of TS. Using equation (A1) in the RPS tidal stripping radius is known (or can be estimated). condition for a spherically symmetrical distribution of gas from McCarthy et al. (2008, equation 3 in this paper) and rearranging (cid:20) (cid:18) (cid:19) (cid:21) terms a bit, we can obtain This paper has been typeset from a TEX/LATEX ﬁle prepared by the author. αRPMhot GMhot GMDM (A2) Pram = 4πrhotrs3at GMgx + rhot + rDM rsat . The equality actually holds when equals the gas stripping rsat radius , which represents the radius RPS deﬁned in Section . rs rs hot Noting that terms of the form / have u, nits of velocity squared, GM r we can deﬁne 2 ≡ GMhot GMDM ≡ 2 2 (A3) V + Vhot + VDM h rhot rDM and also 2 ≡ / (A4) Vgx GMgx rDM. We then have (cid:104) (cid:105) 3 αRPMhot 2 2 (A5) Pramrs = 4 VgxrDM + V rs . πrhot h Rearranging terms once again, we obtain that the stripping radius must sati(cid:104)sfy the followin(cid:105)g condition: rs 3 − αRPMhot 2 2 0 (A6) rs 4 VgxrDM + V rs = . πrhotPram h This is a third-order polynomial 3 2 , with = 1, ars +brs +crs +d a = 0 and both and are always negative. A polynomial of this b c d form has only one real and positive root, which corresponds to the RP stripping radius; equation (A6) must be solved numerically to obtain . rs To get an idea on whether RPS is a stronger eﬀect than TS for a given set of conditions, we can deﬁne ≡ / so that if xs rs rDM the solution to equation (A6) is ≥ 1, we immediately know that xs the gas stripping radius is determined by TS rather than by RPS. Deﬁni(cid:32)ng also (cid:33) 2 −1 2 ≡ αRP Vhot (A7) ξ 4 2 , πGPram rDM which has units of velocity squared, equation (A6) simpliﬁes to 2 2 xs3 − Vh2 xs − Vg2x = 0. (A8) ξ ξ MNRAS 000, 1–21 (2017) ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine##

text: Sofía

text: A.

text: Cora

text: et

text: al.

text: following

text: an

text: isothermal

text: sphere

text: density

text: proﬁle,

text: the

text: total

text: mass

text: of

text: the

label: equation

font: KOZUBM+txexs

text: satellite

text: from

text: equation

text: can

text: be

text: written

text: as

text: The

text: eﬀect

text: of

text: RPS

text: and

text: TS

text: will

text: be

text: equal

text: when

text: setting

text: x

text: s

text: this

text: in

text: equation

text: we

text: obtain

font: YNQKCK+txsys

text: Mhot

text: MDM

text: Msat

text: rsat

text: Mgx

text: rhot

text: rDM

text: rsat.

text: ξ2

text: crit

text: h,

text: where

text: we

text: have

text: deﬁned

text: Mgx

text: M∗

text: Mcold

text: and

text: rsat

text: is

text: the

text: that

text: is,

text: is

text: what

text: the

text: total

text: circular

text: velocity

text: of

text: a

text: satellite

text: must

text: distance

text: to

text: the

text: satellite’s

text: centre.

text: We

text: assume

text: that

text: rDM

text: has

text: already

text: ξ

text: be

text: for

text: RPS

text: and

text: TS

text: to

text: be

text: equal,

text: for

text: a

text: given

text: ambient

text: RP

text: and

text: if

text: the

text: been

text: determined

text: by

text: the

text: eﬀect

text: of

text: TS.

text: Using

text: equation

text: in

text: the

text: RPS

text: tidal

text: stripping

text: radius

text: is

text: known

text: (or

text: can

text: be

text: estimated).

text: condition

text: for

text: a

text: spherically

text: symmetrical

text: distribution

text: of

text: gas

text: from

text: McCarthy

text: et

text: al.

text: equation

text: in

text: this

text: paper)

text: and

text: rearranging

text: terms

text: a

text: bit,

text: we

text: can

text: obtain

text: This

text: paper

text: has

text: been

text: typeset

text: from

text: a

text: TEX/LATEX

text: ﬁle

text: prepared

text: by

text: the

text: author.

text: αRPMhot

text: GMhot

text: GMDM

text: Pram

text: GMgx

text: rhot

text: rDM

text: rsat

text: The

text: equality

text: actually

text: holds

text: when

text: equals

text: the

text: gas

text: stripping

text: rsat

text: radius

text: which

text: represents

text: the

text: radius

text: RPS

text: deﬁned

text: in

text: Section

text: rs

text: rs

text: hot

text: Noting

text: that

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: form

text: have

text: u,

text: nits

text: of

text: velocity

text: squared,

text: GM

text: r

text: we

text: can

text: deﬁne

text: GMhot

text: GMDM

text: V

text: Vhot

text: VDM

text: h

text: rhot

text: rDM

text: and

text: also

text: Vgx

text: GMgx

text: rDM.

text: We

text: then

text: have

text: αRPMhot

text: Pramrs

text: VgxrDM

text: V

text: rs

text: πrhot

text: h

text: Rearranging

text: terms

text: once

text: again,

text: we

text: obtain

text: that

text: the

text: stripping

text: radius

text: must

text: the

text: condition:

text: rs

text: αRPMhot

text: rs

text: VgxrDM

text: V

text: rs

text: πrhotPram

text: h

text: This

text: is

text: a

text: third-order

text: polynomial

text: with

text: ars

text: +brs

text: +crs

text: +d

text: a

text: and

text: both

text: and

text: are

text: always

text: negative.

text: A

text: polynomial

text: of

text: this

text: b

text: c

text: d

text: form

text: has

text: only

text: one

text: real

text: and

text: positive

text: root,

text: which

text: corresponds

text: to

text: the

text: RP

text: stripping

text: radius;

text: equation

text: must

text: be

text: solved

text: numerically

text: to

text: obtain

text: rs

text: To

text: get

text: an

text: idea

text: on

text: whether

text: RPS

text: is

text: a

text: stronger

text: eﬀect

text: than

text: TS

text: for

text: a

text: given

text: set

text: of

text: conditions,

text: we

text: can

text: deﬁne

text: so

text: that

text: if

text: xs

text: rs

text: rDM

text: the

text: solution

text: to

text: equation

text: is

text: we

text: immediately

text: know

text: that

text: xs

text: the

text: gas

text: stripping

text: radius

text: is

text: determined

text: by

text: TS

text: rather

text: than

text: by

text: RPS.

text: also

text: −1

text: αRP

text: Vhot

text: ξ

text: πGPram

text: rDM

text: which

text: has

text: units

text: of

text: velocity

text: squared,

text: equation

text: simpliﬁes

text: to

text: xs

text: ξ

text: ξ

text: MNRAS

text: ##LTLine##

text: ##LTLine##

text: ##LTLine##

text: ##LTLine##

text: ##LTLine##

text: ##LTLine##

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text: ##LTLine##


text: Semi-Analytic Galaxies I 5 which is deﬁned when the halo-centric distance becomes smaller content, we adopt an intermediate value of 5 in our model. αRP = than 10 per cent of the virial radius of the host halo, taken as The total mass of a satellite is Msat an estimation of the radius of a central galaxy, since in this stage ∫ previous to the application of sag we do not have information on the ( ) Msat rsat =M + Mcold properties of galaxies that will populate these haloes. This merging (cid:63) (4) criterion allows to reach general good agreement with the redshift 4 rsat [ ( ) ( )] 2 + π ρhot r + ρDM r r dr, evolution of the merger rate of galaxies obtained by considering 0 the merger time-scale given by Jiang et al. (2008), which is inferred assuming that is large enough to contain all the stars rsat from a high-resolution cosmological hydro/N-body simulation with and cold gas. All density proﬁles are represented using isother- star formation. mal spheres, i.e., /(4 2), where is the radius ρhot = Mhot π rhot r rhot 3.3 Assumptions for the action of RPS and TS that contains all of , and initially adopts the value of the sub- Mhot We assume that the time-scale for RPS and TS of any of the halo virial radius at infall. Combining equations (3) and (4) one can baryonic components is given by tdyn,orb = 2 π ω−1, where ω is the numerically solve for the hot gas stripping radius due to RP, rsR,hPoSt angular velocity of the satellite, according to Zentner et al. (2005). (see Appendix ). In each interval between simulation snapshots, the RPS and/or To determine the halo gas loss of satellite galaxies via TS we ∆T TS eﬀect removes a fraction / of gas and stars outside the assume that the hot gas distributes parallel to the DM. The bounding ∆T tdyn,orb corresponding stripping radius, rs, if this fraction is less than unity; radius for the DM, rDM, is given by the virial radius of the subhalo, otherwise, the whole estimated stripped mass, Mstrip, is removed. In rvir; for orphan galaxies, it keeps the value at infall. This radius the following, we describe the way in which the stripping radius rs is gives the tidal radius determined by TS, that is rsT,hSot = rDM, and derived for hot gas, cold gas disc, disc stars and bulge stars, referring is compared with the hot gas stripping radius due to RP, RPS. rs,hot to this quantity as , , and , respectively. The smaller of the two will be the stripping radius which rs,hot Rs,cold Rs,disc rs,bulge rs,hot 3.4 Gradual stripping of the hot gas haloes of satellites will contain the remaining hot gas mass; all hot gas beyond that radius can be stripped. Thus, the value of is updated such that The new version of sag presented in this paper allows galaxies rhot new . to keep their hot gas haloes when they become satellites. These rhot = rs,hot Once the hot gas outside the new stripping radius is removed, haloes are then gradually stripped by the action of RPS and/or TS, we assume that the remaining gas quickly redistributes its mass and and as long as they survive they can replenish the satellite’s cold restores an isothermal proﬁle, but truncated at , as in Font et al. gas via gas cooling. This is the scheme we call gradual starvation. rhot (2008) and Kimm et al. (2011). The pressure of the ambient ICM In this new scenario, the mass of hot gas available for Mhot could act to conﬁne the satellite’s hot gas, preventing any outﬂow cooling to the central galaxy of each main host halo is calculated at from going beyond the stripping radius (Mulchaey & Jeltema 2010). the beginning of each simulation snapshot as If in a subsequent simulation time step the value obtained for is rhot larger than the previous one, is not updated and no gas is lost (cid:213) (cid:0)− − − (cid:1) in that time step. rhot Mhot = fbMvir M cen Mcold,cen MBH,cen (cid:63), In previous versions of sag, based on the strangulation scheme, − Nsat (2) all feedback processes occurring in satellite galaxies were assumed M(cid:63),i + Mcold,i + MBH,i + Mhot,i , to transfer cold gas and its associated metals from the satellite into 1 i= the hot phase of the central galaxy of their main host halo (i.e. where = 0.1569 is the universal baryon fraction (Planck the ICM). In our new implementation, we assume that the hot gas fb Collaboration et al. 2014) and , and are, respectively, halo of a satellite is depleted when the hot gas mass drops below M Mcold MBH the total masses of stars, of cold(cid:63)gas and of the central black hole a fraction of the baryonic mass of the satellite, speciﬁed in fhot,sat (BH)ofeachofthegalaxiescontainedwithinagivenmainhosthalo. Section . Before this situation takes place, all feedback processes Central and satellite galaxies are considered separately in order to will transport gas and metals to the hot phase of the same galaxy, discount the total mass in the remaining hot gas haloes of the proportionally to its content of hot gas; the remaining reheated mass Nsat satellite galaxies within the same main host halo. and associated metals are transferred to the corresponding central Our prescription for RPS of the hot gas halo is based on the galaxy. If the latter is a central galaxy of a subhalo (i.e. it is also model from Font et al. (2008), which uses the criterion for RPS for a a satellite) and its hot gas halo also drops below times the fhot,sat spherical distribution of gas determined by McCarthy et al. (2008) baryon fraction, then the reheated gas and metals of the orphan from the results of hydrodynamic simulations. The gas beyond a satellite are transferred to the main host halo. satellite-centric radius will be removed if the value of RP, In any given simulation time step, all those galaxies, either rsat Pram which is given by the ﬁtting formulae described in Section , meets central or satellite, that still have a hot gas reservoir will proceed to the condition cool gas. Gas cooling rates are calculated using the simple model presented in Springel et al. (2001), but considering the total radiated ( ) ( ) power per chemical element given by Foster et al. (2012). Pram > αRP GMsat rsat ρhot rsat , (3) 3.5 Ram pressure and tidal stripping of cold gas disc rsat Ram pressure exerted by the intra-group/cluster medium can where is the density of the satellite’s hot gas halo, and also aﬀect the cold gas disc of satellite galaxies. Its action could be ρhot is a geometrical constant of order unity chosen to match the regulated by the presence of hot gas halo in the gradual starvation αRP results of hydrodynamic simulations. McCarthy et al. (2008) ﬁnd scheme. Hot gas haloes in satellite galaxies will be replenished by that their simulations support 2. They also test the eﬀect of SNe feedback as long as there is some star formation and the ratio αRP = values as large as 10, which produce milder eﬀects. Since between the hot gas halo and the baryonic mass of the galaxy is αRP = they do not consider gas cooling that can also reduce the hot gas larger than the fraction (see section ). At a certain point, this fhot,sat MNRAS 000, 1–21 (2017) ##LTLine##

text: Semi-Analytic

text: Galaxies

text: I

text: which

text: is

text: deﬁned

text: when

text: the

text: halo-centric

text: distance

text: becomes

text: smaller

text: content,

text: we

text: adopt

text: an

text: intermediate

text: value

text: of

text: in

text: our

text: model.

text: αRP

font: NPRKBQ+rtxr

text: than

text: per

text: cent

text: of

text: the

text: virial

text: radius

text: of

text: the

text: host

text: halo,

text: taken

text: as

text: The

text: total

text: mass

text: of

text: a

text: satellite

text: is

text: Msat

text: an

text: estimation

text: of

text: the

text: radius

text: of

text: a

text: central

text: galaxy,

text: since

text: in

text: this

text: stage

text: previous

text: to

text: the

text: application

text: of

text: sag

text: we

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: information

text: on

text: the

text: Msat

text: rsat

text: =M

text: Mcold

text: properties

text: of

text: galaxies

text: that

text: will

text: populate

text: these

text: haloes.

text: This

text: merging

text: criterion

text: allows

text: to

text: reach

text: general

text: good

text: agreement

text: with

text: the

text: redshift

text: rsat

text: π

text: ρhot

text: r

text: ρDM

text: r

text: r

text: dr,

text: evolution

text: of

text: the

text: merger

text: rate

text: of

text: galaxies

text: obtained

text: by

text: considering

text: the

text: merger

text: time-scale

text: given

text: by

text: Jiang

text: et

text: al.

text: which

text: is

text: inferred

text: assuming

text: that

text: is

text: large

text: enough

text: to

text: contain

text: all

text: the

text: stars

text: rsat

text: from

text: a

text: high-resolution

text: cosmological

text: hydro/N-body

text: simulation

text: with

text: and

text: cold

text: gas.

text: All

text: density

text: proﬁles

text: are

text: represented

text: using

text: isother-

text: star

text: formation.

text: mal

text: spheres,

text: i.e.,

text: where

text: is

text: the

text: radius

text: ρhot

text: Mhot

text: π

text: rhot

text: r

text: rhot

text: Assumptions

text: for

text: the

text: action

text: of

text: RPS

text: and

text: TS

text: that

text: contains

text: all

text: of

text: and

text: initially

text: adopts

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: the

text: sub-

text: Mhot

text: We

text: assume

text: that

text: the

text: time-scale

text: for

text: RPS

text: and

text: TS

text: of

text: any

text: of

text: the

text: halo

text: virial

text: radius

text: at

text: infall.

text: Combining

text: equations

text: and

text: one

text: can

text: baryonic

text: components

text: is

text: given

text: by

text: tdyn,orb

text: π

text: ω−1,

text: where

text: ω

text: is

text: the

text: numerically

text: solve

text: for

text: the

text: hot

text: gas

text: stripping

text: radius

text: due

text: to

text: RP,

text: rsR,hPoSt

text: angular

text: velocity

text: of

text: the

text: satellite,

text: according

text: to

text: Zentner

text: et

text: al.

text: (see

text: Appendix

text: In

text: each

text: interval

text: between

text: simulation

text: snapshots,

text: the

text: RPS

text: and/or

text: To

text: determine

text: the

text: halo

text: gas

text: loss

text: of

text: satellite

text: galaxies

text: via

text: TS

text: we

text: ∆T

text: TS

text: eﬀect

text: removes

text: a

text: fraction

text: of

text: gas

text: and

text: stars

text: outside

text: the

text: assume

text: that

text: the

text: hot

text: gas

text: distributes

text: parallel

text: to

text: the

text: DM.

text: The

text: bounding

text: ∆T

text: tdyn,orb

text: corresponding

text: stripping

text: radius,

text: rs,

text: if

text: this

text: fraction

text: is

text: less

text: than

text: unity;

text: radius

text: for

text: the

text: DM,

text: rDM,

text: is

text: given

text: by

text: the

text: virial

text: radius

text: of

text: the

text: subhalo,

text: otherwise,

text: the

text: whole

text: estimated

text: stripped

text: mass,

text: Mstrip,

text: is

text: removed.

text: In

text: rvir;

text: for

text: orphan

text: galaxies,

text: it

text: keeps

text: the

text: value

text: at

text: infall.

text: This

text: radius

text: the

text: following,

text: we

text: describe

text: the

text: way

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: stripping

text: radius

text: rs

text: is

text: gives

text: the

text: tidal

text: radius

text: determined

text: by

text: TS,

text: that

text: is

text: rsT,hSot

text: rDM,

text: and

text: derived

text: for

text: hot

text: gas,

text: cold

text: gas

text: disc,

text: disc

text: stars

text: and

text: bulge

text: stars,

text: referring

text: is

text: compared

text: with

text: the

text: hot

text: gas

text: stripping

text: radius

text: due

text: to

text: RP,

text: RPS.

text: rs,hot

text: to

text: this

text: quantity

text: as

text: and

text: respectively.

text: The

text: smaller

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: will

text: be

text: the

text: stripping

text: radius

text: which

text: rs,hot

text: Rs,cold

text: Rs,disc

text: rs,bulge

text: rs,hot

text: Gradual

text: stripping

text: of

text: the

text: hot

text: gas

text: haloes

text: of

text: satellites

text: will

text: contain

text: the

text: remaining

text: hot

text: gas

text: mass;

text: all

text: hot

text: gas

text: beyond

text: that

text: radius

text: can

text: be

text: stripped.

text: Thus,

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: is

text: updated

text: such

text: that

text: The

text: new

text: version

text: of

text: sag

text: presented

text: in

text: this

text: paper

text: allows

text: galaxies

text: rhot

text: new

text: to

text: keep

text: their

text: hot

text: gas

text: haloes

text: when

text: they

text: become

text: satellites.

text: These

text: rhot

text: rs,hot

text: Once

text: the

text: hot

text: gas

text: outside

text: the

text: new

text: stripping

text: radius

text: is

text: removed,

text: haloes

text: are

text: then

text: gradually

text: stripped

text: by

text: the

text: action

text: of

text: RPS

text: and/or

text: TS,

text: we

text: assume

text: that

text: the

text: remaining

text: gas

text: quickly

text: redistributes

text: its

text: mass

text: and

text: and

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: they

text: survive

text: they

text: can

text: replenish

text: the

text: satellite’s

text: cold

text: restores

text: an

text: isothermal

text: proﬁle,

text: but

text: truncated

text: at

text: as

text: in

text: Font

text: et

text: al.

text: gas

text: via

text: gas

text: cooling.

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: scheme

text: we

text: call

text: gradual

text: starvation.

text: rhot

text: and

text: Kimm

text: et

text: al.

text: The

text: pressure

text: of

text: the

text: ambient

text: ICM

text: In

text: this

text: new

text: scenario,

text: the

text: mass

text: of

text: hot

text: gas

text: available

text: for

text: Mhot

text: could

text: act

text: to

text: conﬁne

text: the

text: satellite’s

text: hot

text: gas,

text: preventing

text: any

text: outﬂow

text: cooling

text: to

text: the

text: central

text: galaxy

text: of

text: each

text: main

text: host

text: halo

text: is

text: calculated

text: at

text: from

text: going

text: beyond

text: the

text: stripping

text: radius

text: (Mulchaey

text: Jeltema

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: each

text: simulation

text: snapshot

text: as

text: If

text: in

text: a

text: subsequent

text: simulation

text: time

text: step

text: the

text: value

text: obtained

text: for

text: is

text: rhot

text: larger

text: than

text: the

text: previous

text: one,

text: is

text: not

text: updated

text: and

text: no

text: gas

text: is

text: lost

text: in

text: that

text: time

text: step.

text: rhot

text: Mhot

text: fbMvir

text: M

text: cen

text: Mcold,cen

text: MBH,cen

text: In

text: previous

text: versions

text: of

text: sag,

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: strangulation

text: scheme,

text: Nsat

text: all

text: feedback

text: processes

text: occurring

text: in

text: satellite

text: galaxies

text: were

text: assumed

text: Mcold,i

text: MBH,i

text: Mhot,i

text: to

text: transfer

text: cold

text: gas

text: and

text: its

text: associated

text: metals

text: from

text: the

text: satellite

text: into

text: i=

text: the

text: hot

text: phase

text: of

text: the

text: central

text: galaxy

text: of

text: their

text: main

text: host

text: halo

text: (i.e.

text: where

text: is

text: the

text: universal

text: baryon

text: fraction

text: (Planck

text: the

text: ICM).

text: In

text: our

text: new

text: implementation,

text: we

text: assume

text: that

text: the

text: hot

text: gas

text: fb

text: Collaboration

text: et

text: al.

text: and

text: and

text: are,

text: respectively,

text: halo

text: of

text: a

text: satellite

text: is

text: depleted

text: when

text: the

text: hot

text: gas

text: mass

text: drops

text: below

text: M

text: Mcold

text: MBH

text: the

text: total

text: masses

text: of

text: stars,

text: of

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: central

text: black

text: hole

text: a

text: fraction

text: of

text: the

text: baryonic

text: mass

text: of

text: the

text: satellite,

text: speciﬁed

text: in

text: fhot,sat

text: Section

text: Before

text: this

text: situation

text: takes

text: place,

text: all

text: feedback

text: processes

text: Central

text: and

text: satellite

text: galaxies

text: are

text: considered

text: separately

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: will

text: transport

text: gas

text: and

text: metals

text: to

text: the

text: hot

text: phase

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: galaxy,

text: discount

text: the

text: total

text: mass

text: in

text: the

text: remaining

text: hot

text: gas

text: haloes

text: of

text: the

text: proportionally

text: to

text: its

text: content

text: of

text: hot

text: gas;

text: the

text: remaining

text: reheated

text: mass

text: Nsat

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text: galaxies

text: within

text: the

text: same

text: main

text: host

text: halo.

text: and

text: associated

text: metals

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text: transferred

text: to

text: the

text: corresponding

text: central

text: Our

text: prescription

text: for

text: RPS

text: of

text: the

text: hot

text: gas

text: halo

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: galaxy.

text: If

text: the

text: latter

text: is

text: a

text: central

text: galaxy

text: of

text: a

text: subhalo

text: (i.e.

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: model

text: from

text: Font

text: et

text: al.

text: which

text: uses

text: the

text: criterion

text: for

text: RPS

text: for

text: a

text: a

text: satellite)

text: and

text: its

text: hot

text: gas

text: halo

text: also

text: drops

text: below

text: times

text: the

text: fhot,sat

text: spherical

text: distribution

text: of

text: gas

text: determined

text: by

text: McCarthy

text: et

text: al.

text: baryon

text: fraction,

text: then

text: the

text: reheated

text: gas

text: and

text: metals

text: of

text: the

text: orphan

text: from

text: the

text: results

text: of

text: hydrodynamic

text: simulations.

text: The

text: gas

text: beyond

text: a

text: satellite

text: are

text: transferred

text: to

text: the

text: main

text: host

text: halo.

text: satellite-centric

text: radius

text: will

text: be

text: removed

text: if

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: RP,

text: In

text: any

text: given

text: simulation

text: time

text: step,

text: all

text: those

text: galaxies,

text: either

text: rsat

text: Pram

text: which

text: is

text: given

text: by

text: the

text: ﬁtting

text: formulae

text: described

text: in

text: Section

text: meets

text: central

text: or

text: satellite,

text: that

text: still

text: have

text: a

text: hot

text: gas

text: reservoir

text: will

text: proceed

text: to

text: the

text: condition

text: cool

text: gas.

text: Gas

text: cooling

text: rates

text: are

text: calculated

text: using

text: the

text: simple

text: model

text: presented

text: in

text: Springel

text: et

text: al.

text: but

text: considering

text: the

text: total

text: radiated

text: power

text: per

text: chemical

text: element

text: given

text: by

text: Foster

text: et

text: al.

text: Pram

text: αRP

text: GMsat

text: rsat

text: ρhot

text: rsat

text: Ram

text: pressure

text: and

text: tidal

text: stripping

text: of

text: cold

text: gas

text: disc

text: rsat

text: Ram

text: pressure

text: exerted

text: by

text: the

text: intra-group/cluster

text: medium

text: can

text: where

text: is

text: the

text: density

text: of

text: the

text: satellite’s

text: hot

text: gas

text: halo,

text: and

text: also

text: aﬀect

text: the

text: cold

text: gas

text: disc

text: of

text: satellite

text: galaxies.

text: Its

text: action

text: could

text: be

text: ρhot

text: is

text: a

text: geometrical

text: constant

text: of

text: order

text: unity

text: chosen

text: to

text: match

text: the

text: regulated

text: by

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: hot

text: gas

text: halo

text: in

text: the

text: gradual

text: starvation

text: αRP

text: results

text: of

text: hydrodynamic

text: simulations.

text: McCarthy

text: et

text: al.

text: ﬁnd

text: scheme.

text: Hot

text: gas

text: haloes

text: in

text: satellite

text: galaxies

text: will

text: be

text: replenished

text: by

text: that

text: their

text: simulations

text: support

text: They

text: also

text: test

text: the

text: eﬀect

text: of

text: SNe

text: feedback

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: there

text: is

text: some

text: star

text: formation

text: and

text: the

text: ratio

text: αRP

text: values

text: as

text: large

text: as

text: which

text: produce

text: milder

text: eﬀects.

text: Since

text: between

text: the

text: hot

text: gas

text: halo

text: and

text: the

text: baryonic

text: mass

text: of

text: the

text: galaxy

text: is

text: αRP

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: consider

text: gas

text: cooling

text: that

text: can

text: also

text: reduce

text: the

text: hot

text: gas

text: larger

text: than

text: the

text: fraction

text: (see

text: section

text: At

text: a

text: certain

text: point,

text: this

text: fhot,sat

text: MNRAS

text: ##LTLine##


text: 6 Sofía A. Cora et al. ratio will become smaller than , and the hot gas halo will be cold gas and stars is then deﬁned from the mass-weighted scale fhot,sat gradually reduced by gas cooling and/or stripping processes (RPS, length of their respective components as ( Rd = Mcold Rs,cold + TS) reaching very low values. We assume that for as long as this )/( ). Mdisc Rs disc Mcold + Mdisc ratio is larger than 0 1, the hot gas halo shields the cold gas disc from If a,bulge component is present, to evaluate the TS of its stars . the action of RPS. Once this condition is not fulﬁlled anymore, the we assume that they are distributed according to a Hernquist (1990) ambient RP starts aﬀecting the cold gas. This threshold has been proﬁle, chosen small enough to allow the role of the hot gas as a shield fboercoamsueﬃs tcoioenetﬀlyeclotinvge twimithe;outhteanayctrioesntroicftRioPnSoofnthtihsekcinodld. disc gas ρ(r) = M2bulge ab ( 1 )3 (7) We consider the model for RPS of cold gas disc introduced in π r r + ab Tecce et al. (2010), which is based on the simple criterion proposed where ab is√a scale length related to the bulge half-mass radius by Gunn & Gott (1972). The cold gas of the galactic disc located at by (1 2) . To calculate we follow the procedure rb,h = + ab rb,h a galactocentric radius will be stripped away if the RP exerted by R outlined in Cole et al. (2000) and adapted to our model in Muñoz the ambient medium on the galaxy exceeds the restoring force per Arancibia et al. (2015). If the radius that contains the 99 per cent of unit area due to the gravity of the disc, the bulge mass, given by 198 5 ∗ , satisﬁes the condition rbulge = . ab with , we assume that the stars in rbulge > rs,bulge rs,bulge = rDM Pram > 2πGΣdisc(R)Σcold(R). (5) the bulge beyond rs,bulge are stripped and that the remaining bulge stars are redistributed still following a Hernquist proﬁle truncated at , with a new scale length deﬁned as new /198 5. Here , are the surface densities of the galactic disc rs,bulge ab = rs,bulge . Σdisc Σcold The stars removed by TS are assumed to orbit freely within the (stars plus cold gas) and of the cold gas disc, respectively. main host halo. For practical purposes they are assigned to a new The discs of stars and gas are modelled by an exponential (cid:112) ‘stellar halo’ component of the corresponding central galaxy. As surface density proﬁle given by ( ) exp(− / ) where Σ R = Σ0 R Rd Σ0 these halo stars evolve and die, they inject gas and metals directly is the central surface density and is the scale length of the disc. Rd into the ICM. This scale length is estimated as ( / (2)) (Mo et al. 1998), Rd λ Rvir 4 SUPERNOVAE FEEDBACK where is the spin parameter of the DM halo in which the galaxy λ resides. Starting from condition (5) it can be shown that RPS will In previous versions of sag, the amount of reheated mass pro- remove from a galaxy all cold gas beyond a stripping radius duced by the SNe arising in each star forming event is assumed to (cid:18) (cid:19) Rs,cold given by be 4 RPS −0 5 ln Pram (6) ηESN (8) Rs,cold = . Rd 2πGΣ0,discΣ0,cold , ∆Mreheated = 3(cid:15) Vv2ir ∆M(cid:63), the stwelhlaerrediΣsc0,adnisdc oafntdheΣc0,oclodldgaarseditshce, rceesnpteracltisvuerlyfa.cWeedaesnssuitmieesfoofr ulatiownhoerfemηaisssthe numfobremr eodf,SNe gene1ra0t5e1defrrgosm−1thies sttheellaernpeorgpy- simplicity that both disc components have the same scale length. released by a SN∆, M(cid:63) is the virEiaSlNve=locity of the host (sub)halo, Vvir To account for the eﬀect of tides, at each simulation snapshot which is a measure of its potential well, and is the SNe feedback (cid:15) the value for RsR,cPoSld obtained from equation (6) is compared to rDM, eﬃciency, i.e., a free parameter that controls the amount of cold which determines the stripping radius due to TS, TS ; if the gas reheated by the energy generated by SNe. The number of SNe Rs,cold depends on the initial mass function (IMF) adopted and for core former is smaller than the latter we set RPS . If the Rs,cold = Rs,cold colla∫pse supernovae (SNe CC) is estimated as resulting is smaller than the current value of the cold gas Rs,cold disc radius, , all the gas beyond is stripped away. The ∫ Rcold Rs,cold stripped gas is added to the hot gas component of the central galaxy 8 ( ) d (either of a main halo or a subhalo). If the latter is central galaxy of η = 0 ∞φ m( m)d m, (9) a subhalo already stripped of halo gas, the stripped gas goes to the 0 φ m m ICM. where is the stellar mass and ( ) is the IMF. This quantity After a stripping event produced by RPS and/or TS, the re- m φ m is constant for an universal IMF, like the Chabrier IMF (Chabrier maining disc gas is assumed to form an exponential disc truncated 2003) adopted here. The energy and metals generated by SNe and at a radius new and with a new scale length deﬁned as new nRecwol/d7=(asRssu,cmolidng that 99 per cent of the cold gas disc is stellar winds produced by progenitors in diﬀerent mass ranges are cRodn,ctoalidne=dRwciotlhdin 7 ∗ ). released with diﬀerent time-scales depending on the lifetime of the Rd,cold progenitors, as given by Padovani & Matteucci (1993). 3.6 Tidal stripping of stars In order to satisfy observational constraints at high redshifts, Unlike RPS, TS may also aﬀect the stellar components of a we found it necessary to modify this model of SNe feedback. satellite galaxy. To process the stellar stripping we consider the disc Hirschmann et al. (2016) ﬁnd that the observed trends in galaxy as- and bulge separately. In the case of the disc, we compare the current sembly are reproduced by replacing the ‘ﬁducial’ feedback scheme value of , with the size of the stellar disc, . If , implemented in Gaea model with a parametrization of the mass- rDM Rdisc Rdisc > rDM we assume that the galaxy loses all stars beyond and that loading factor similar to the one inferred by Muratov et al. (2015) rDM the remaining disc stars still form an exponential disc, truncated from the analysis of the FIRE simulations. We use this information at , but with the stellar mass redistributed with a to modify the estimation of the reheated mass (eq. 8) by simply Rs disc = rDM new s,cale length /7, as it is considered for the adding new factors that take into account the dependence on red- Rd disc = Rs disc cold gas disc. The s,cale length, of the galaxy disc composed by shift and an additional modulation with virial velocity. Thus, the MNRAS 000, 1–21 (2017) ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine##

text: Sofía

text: A.

text: Cora

text: et

text: al.

text: ratio

text: will

text: become

text: smaller

text: than

text: and

text: the

text: hot

text: gas

text: halo

text: will

text: be

text: cold

text: gas

text: and

text: stars

text: is

text: then

text: deﬁned

text: from

text: the

text: mass-weighted

text: scale

text: fhot,sat

text: gradually

text: reduced

text: by

text: gas

text: cooling

text: and/or

text: stripping

text: processes

text: (RPS,

text: length

text: of

text: their

text: respective

text: components

text: as

text: Rd

text: Mcold

text: Rs,cold

text: TS)

text: reaching

text: very

text: low

text: values.

text: We

text: assume

text: that

text: for

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: this

text: Mdisc

text: Rs

text: disc

text: Mcold

text: Mdisc

text: ratio

text: is

text: larger

text: than

text: the

text: hot

text: gas

text: halo

text: shields

text: the

text: cold

text: gas

text: disc

text: from

text: If

text: a,bulge

text: component

text: is

text: present,

text: to

text: evaluate

text: the

text: TS

text: of

text: its

text: stars

text: the

text: action

text: of

text: RPS.

text: Once

text: this

text: condition

text: is

text: not

text: fulﬁlled

text: anymore,

text: the

text: we

text: assume

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: distributed

text: according

text: to

text: a

text: Hernquist

text: ambient

text: RP

text: starts

text: aﬀecting

text: the

text: cold

text: gas.

text: This

text: threshold

text: has

text: been

text: proﬁle,

text: chosen

text: small

text: enough

text: to

text: allow

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: the

text: hot

text: gas

text: as

text: a

text: shield

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text: tcoioenetﬀlyeclotinvge

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text: ab

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text: consider

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text: model

text: for

text: RPS

text: of

text: cold

text: gas

text: disc

text: introduced

text: in

text: π

text: r

text: r

text: ab

text: Tecce

text: et

text: al.

text: which

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: simple

text: criterion

text: proposed

text: where

text: ab

text: is√a

text: scale

text: length

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: bulge

text: half-mass

text: radius

text: by

text: Gunn

text: Gott

text: The

text: cold

text: gas

text: of

text: the

text: galactic

text: disc

text: located

text: at

text: by

text: To

text: calculate

text: we

text: follow

text: the

text: procedure

text: rb,h

text: ab

text: rb,h

text: a

text: galactocentric

text: radius

text: will

text: be

text: stripped

text: away

text: if

text: the

text: RP

text: exerted

text: by

text: R

text: outlined

text: in

text: Cole

text: et

text: al.

text: and

text: adapted

text: to

text: our

text: model

text: in

text: Muñoz

text: the

text: ambient

text: medium

text: on

text: the

text: galaxy

text: exceeds

text: the

text: restoring

text: force

text: per

text: Arancibia

text: et

text: al.

text: If

text: the

text: radius

text: that

text: contains

text: the

text: per

text: cent

text: of

text: unit

text: area

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: gravity

text: of

text: the

text: disc,

text: the

text: bulge

text: mass,

text: given

text: by

text: satisﬁes

text: the

text: condition

text: rbulge

text: ab

text: with

text: we

text: assume

text: that

text: the

text: stars

text: in

text: rbulge

text: rs,bulge

text: rs,bulge

text: rDM

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text: the

text: bulge

text: beyond

text: rs,bulge

text: are

text: stripped

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: remaining

text: bulge

text: stars

text: are

text: redistributed

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text: following

text: a

text: Hernquist

text: proﬁle

text: truncated

text: at

text: with

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text: length

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text: new

text: Here

text: are

text: the

text: surface

text: densities

text: of

text: the

text: galactic

text: disc

text: rs,bulge

text: ab

text: rs,bulge

text: Σdisc

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text: The

text: stars

text: removed

text: by

text: TS

text: are

text: assumed

text: to

text: orbit

text: freely

text: within

text: the

text: (stars

text: plus

text: cold

text: gas)

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: cold

text: gas

text: disc,

text: respectively.

text: main

text: host

text: halo.

text: For

text: practical

text: purposes

text: they

text: are

text: assigned

text: to

text: a

text: new

text: The

text: discs

text: of

text: stars

text: and

text: gas

text: are

text: modelled

text: by

text: an

text: exponential

text: ‘stellar

text: halo’

text: component

text: of

text: the

text: corresponding

text: central

text: galaxy.

text: As

text: surface

text: density

text: proﬁle

text: given

text: by

text: exp(−

text: where

text: Σ

text: R

text: Σ0

text: R

text: Rd

text: Σ0

text: these

text: halo

text: stars

text: evolve

text: and

text: die,

text: they

text: inject

text: gas

text: and

text: metals

text: directly

text: is

text: the

text: central

text: surface

text: density

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: scale

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: disc.

text: Rd

text: into

text: the

text: ICM.

text: This

text: scale

text: length

text: is

text: estimated

text: as

text: (Mo

text: et

text: al.

text: Rd

text: λ

text: Rvir

text: SUPERNOVAE

text: FEEDBACK

text: where

text: is

text: the

text: spin

text: parameter

text: of

text: the

text: DM

text: halo

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: galaxy

text: λ

text: resides.

text: Starting

text: from

text: condition

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: shown

text: that

text: RPS

text: will

text: In

text: previous

text: versions

text: of

text: sag,

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: reheated

text: mass

text: pro-

text: remove

text: from

text: a

text: galaxy

text: all

text: cold

text: gas

text: beyond

text: a

text: stripping

text: radius

text: duced

text: by

text: the

text: SNe

text: arising

text: in

text: each

text: star

text: forming

text: event

text: is

text: assumed

text: to

text: Rs,cold

text: given

text: by

text: be

text: RPS

text: −0

text: ln

text: Pram

text: ηESN

text: Rs,cold

text: Rd

text: ∆Mreheated

text: the

text: ulatiownhoerfemηaisssthe

text: numfobremr

text: eodf,SNe

text: sttheellaernpeorgpy-

text: simplicity

text: that

text: both

text: disc

text: components

text: have

text: the

text: same

text: scale

text: length.

text: released

text: by

text: a

text: SN∆,

text: is

text: the

text: virEiaSlNve=locity

text: of

text: the

text: host

text: (sub)halo,

text: Vvir

text: To

text: account

text: for

text: the

text: eﬀect

text: of

text: tides,

text: at

text: each

text: simulation

text: snapshot

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: measure

text: of

text: its

text: potential

text: well,

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: SNe

text: feedback

text: the

text: value

text: for

text: RsR,cPoSld

text: obtained

text: from

text: equation

text: is

text: compared

text: to

text: rDM,

text: eﬃciency,

text: i.e.,

text: a

text: free

text: parameter

text: that

text: controls

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: cold

text: which

text: determines

text: the

text: stripping

text: radius

text: due

text: to

text: TS,

text: TS

text: if

text: the

text: gas

text: reheated

text: by

text: the

text: energy

text: generated

text: by

text: SNe.

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: SNe

text: Rs,cold

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: initial

text: mass

text: function

text: (IMF)

text: adopted

text: and

text: for

text: core

text: former

text: is

text: smaller

text: than

text: the

text: latter

text: we

text: set

text: RPS

text: If

text: the

text: Rs,cold

text: Rs,cold

text: colla∫pse

text: supernovae

text: (SNe

text: CC)

text: is

text: estimated

text: as

text: resulting

text: is

text: smaller

text: than

text: the

text: current

text: value

text: of

text: the

text: cold

text: gas

text: Rs,cold

text: disc

text: radius,

text: all

text: the

text: gas

text: beyond

text: is

text: stripped

text: away.

text: The

text: Rcold

text: Rs,cold

text: stripped

text: gas

text: is

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: hot

text: gas

text: component

text: of

text: the

text: central

text: galaxy

text: d

text: (either

text: of

text: a

text: main

text: halo

text: or

text: a

text: subhalo).

text: If

text: the

text: latter

text: is

text: central

text: galaxy

text: of

text: η

text: ∞φ

text: m(

text: m)d

text: m,

text: a

text: subhalo

text: already

text: stripped

text: of

text: halo

text: gas,

text: the

text: stripped

text: gas

text: goes

text: to

text: the

text: φ

text: m

text: m

text: ICM.

text: where

text: is

text: the

text: stellar

text: mass

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: IMF.

text: This

text: quantity

text: After

text: a

text: stripping

text: event

text: produced

text: by

text: RPS

text: and/or

text: TS,

text: the

text: re-

text: m

text: φ

text: m

text: is

text: constant

text: for

text: an

text: universal

text: IMF,

text: like

text: the

text: Chabrier

text: IMF

text: (Chabrier

text: maining

text: disc

text: gas

text: is

text: assumed

text: to

text: form

text: an

text: exponential

text: disc

text: truncated

text: adopted

text: here.

text: The

text: energy

text: and

text: metals

text: generated

text: by

text: SNe

text: and

text: at

text: a

text: radius

text: new

text: and

text: with

text: a

text: new

text: scale

text: length

text: deﬁned

text: as

text: new

text: that

text: per

text: cent

text: of

text: the

text: cold

text: gas

text: disc

text: is

text: stellar

text: winds

text: produced

text: by

text: progenitors

text: in

text: diﬀerent

text: mass

text: ranges

text: are

text: cRodn,ctoalidne=dRwciotlhdin

text: released

text: with

text: diﬀerent

text: time-scales

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: lifetime

text: of

text: the

text: Rd,cold

text: progenitors,

text: as

text: given

text: by

text: Padovani

text: Matteucci

text: Tidal

text: stripping

text: of

text: stars

text: In

text: order

text: to

text: satisfy

text: observational

text: constraints

text: at

text: high

text: redshifts,

text: Unlike

text: RPS,

text: TS

text: may

text: also

text: aﬀect

text: the

text: stellar

text: components

text: of

text: a

text: we

text: found

text: it

text: necessary

text: to

text: modify

text: this

text: model

text: of

text: SNe

text: feedback.

text: satellite

text: galaxy.

text: To

text: process

text: the

text: stellar

text: stripping

text: we

text: consider

text: the

text: disc

text: Hirschmann

text: et

text: al.

text: ﬁnd

text: that

text: the

text: observed

text: trends

text: in

text: galaxy

text: as-

text: and

text: bulge

text: separately.

text: In

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: the

text: disc,

text: we

text: compare

text: the

text: current

text: sembly

text: are

text: reproduced

text: by

text: replacing

text: the

text: ‘ﬁducial’

text: feedback

text: scheme

text: value

text: of

text: with

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: the

text: stellar

text: disc,

text: If

text: implemented

text: in

text: Gaea

text: model

text: with

text: a

text: parametrization

text: of

text: the

text: mass-

text: rDM

text: Rdisc

text: Rdisc

text: rDM

text: we

text: assume

text: that

text: the

text: galaxy

text: loses

text: all

text: stars

text: beyond

text: and

text: that

text: loading

text: factor

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: one

text: inferred

text: by

text: Muratov

text: et

text: al.

text: rDM

text: the

text: remaining

text: disc

text: stars

text: still

text: form

text: an

text: exponential

text: disc,

text: truncated

text: from

text: the

text: analysis

text: of

text: the

text: FIRE

text: simulations.

text: We

text: use

text: this

text: information

text: at

text: but

text: with

text: the

text: stellar

text: mass

text: redistributed

text: with

text: a

text: to

text: modify

text: the

text: estimation

text: of

text: the

text: reheated

text: mass

text: (eq.

text: by

text: simply

text: Rs

text: disc

text: rDM

text: new

text: s,cale

text: length

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: considered

text: for

text: the

text: adding

text: new

text: factors

text: that

text: take

text: into

text: account

text: the

text: dependence

text: on

text: red-

text: Rd

text: disc

text: Rs

text: disc

text: cold

text: gas

text: disc.

text: The

text: s,cale

text: length,

text: of

text: the

text: galaxy

text: disc

text: composed

text: by

text: shift

text: and

text: an

text: additional

text: modulation

text: with

text: virial

text: velocity.

text: Thus,

text: the

text: MNRAS

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