text: Auger 2015 total Auger 2015 total 10-7 IceCube non-atmosph. 90% CL per-flav. x3 10-7 IceCube non-atmosph. 90% CL per-flav. x3 68% CL per-flav. x3 68% CL per-flav. x3 10-8 10-8 10-9 10-9 14 15 16 17 18 19 14 15 16 17 18 19 log (E/eV) log (E/eV) 10 10 Figure 1. Fluxes of HE neutrinos produced by the propagation of UHECR in the two cases of UHECR’s composition: dip model, i.e. pure protons, on the left panel, and mixed composition model, right panel. Experimental data are those of IceCube and Auger, as labeled. The three diﬀerent bands correspond to three diﬀerent choices for the cosmological evolution of UHECR sources: red (no evolution) green (SFR evolution) and blue (AGN evolution). Each band shows the uncertainty on the EBL cosmological evolution, solid lines in left panel show neutrino ﬂuxes computed taking into account only the CMB background. The recent claim by BICEP2 of a substantial contribution of tensor modes to the ﬂuctuation pattern of the CMB, even if reconsidered after the combined analysis with Planck and Keck array [7], boosted the possible explanation of the DM problem in terms of SHDM, i.e. relic particles created by rapidly varying gravitational ﬁelds during inﬂation (see [8] and reference therein). One of the key expectations of this kind of models is the huge amount of neutrinos ≥ (and gamma-rays) produced at energies 1020 eV [3]. In the present paper we will review recent results that link cosmological observations to the ﬂuxes of UHECR, gamma-rays and neutrinos expected at the highest energies. 2. Ultra high energy cosmic rays propagation The physics of UHECR propagation is well understood (see [9] and references therein). During their journey from the source to the observer UHECR experience interactions with the astrophysical photon backgrounds, i.e. the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and the Extragalactic Background Light (EBL). The propagation of UHECR protons1 is aﬀected almost only by the CMB radiation ﬁeld and the processes that inﬂuence the propagation are: (i) pair production and (ii) photo-pion production. On the other hand, the propagation of heavier nuclei is aﬀected also by the EBL and the interaction processes relevant are: (i) pair production and (ii) photo-disintegration. The principal source of HE neutrinos is certainly the process of photo-pion production. A ≥ nucleon (N), whether free or bounded in a nucleus, with Lorentz factor Γ 1010 interacting → with the CMB photons gives rise to the photo-pion production process: N + γ N + π0 and → ± N +γ N +π . At lower energies Γ < 1010, even if with a lower probability, the same processes can occur on the EBL ﬁeld. The photo-pion production process holds also for nucleons bound within UHE nuclei, being the interacting nucleon ejected from the parent nucleus, but this process is subdominant with respect to nucleus photo-disintegration except at extremely high energies [9, 10, 11]. The production of neutrinos comes from the decay of unstable particles (pions, free neutrons 1 Hereafter discussing freely propagating UHE nucleons we will always refer only to protons because the decay time of neutrons is much shorter than all other time scales involved. ]1-s 1-rs 2-mc VeG[ nJ2E ]1-s 1-rs 2-mc VeG[ nJ2E ##LTFigure## ##LTFigure## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## 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text: Auger

text: total

text: Auger

text: total

text: IceCube

text: non-atmosph.

text: CL

text: per-flav.

text: IceCube

text: non-atmosph.

text: CL

text: per-flav.

text: CL

text: per-flav.

text: CL

text: per-flav.

text: log

text: (E/eV)

text: log

text: (E/eV)

text: Figure

text: Fluxes

text: of

text: HE

text: neutrinos

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: propagation

text: of

text: UHECR

text: in

text: the

text: two

text: cases

text: of

text: UHECR’s

text: composition:

text: dip

text: model,

text: i.e.

text: pure

text: protons,

text: on

text: the

text: left

text: panel,

text: and

text: mixed

text: composition

text: model,

text: right

text: panel.

text: Experimental

text: data

text: are

text: those

text: of

text: IceCube

text: and

text: Auger,

text: as

text: labeled.

text: The

text: three

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text: three

text: diﬀerent

text: choices

text: for

text: the

text: cosmological

text: evolution

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text: UHECR

text: sources:

text: red

text: (no

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text: green

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text: evolution)

text: and

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text: Each

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text: terms

text: of

text: SHDM,

text: i.e.

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text: highest

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text: high

text: energy

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text: astrophysical

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text: backgrounds,

text: i.e.

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text: VeG[

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text: expected on Earth; (iii) the non-central position of the Sun in the galactic halo results in an anisotropic ﬂux of the decay products [15]. In ﬁgure 2, left panel, we plot the ﬂuxes of UHECR as in the mixed composition model (dotted lines) discussed in the previous section together with neutrino, photon and proton ﬂuxes coming from SHDM decay (respectively red, blu and green solid lines). The value of M chosen corresponds to r = 0.05 and β = 2, while the SHDM lifetime τ is ﬁxed so to X (cid:39) X respect the lower limit on gamma-rays ﬁxed by Auger at E 1019 eV. In order to show the detection capabilities of future UHECR or neutrino detectors we have plotted also the expected sensitivities of the JEM-EUSO space mission [16] (thick red solid line) and, for UHE neutrinos only, the upcoming ARA observatory [17] (thick blue solid line). In right panel of ﬁgure 2 we show the most important experimental signature of SHDM decay characterised by large fraction (cid:39) ÷ (cid:39) ÷ of neutrinos and gamma-rays (ν/N 3 4 and γ/N 2 3). From ﬁgure 2 follows that future observatories of UHECRs and neutrinos should be able to discover SHDM or constrain its lifetimes. The JEM-EUSO detector seems particularly suited for these kind of studies as it achieves about an order of magnitude higher exposure at 1020 eV respect to Auger. 4. Conclusions We can conclude by stating that the observation of HE neutrinos is an important and solid ﬁeld of research that could soon bring important new discoveries in high energy astrophysics, cosmology and particle physics. Finally, the present short paper, report of what was presented at the TAUP conference 2015, can also be regarded as a ”teaser” to stimulate the interest of the reader in the results obtained in [2] and [3]. Aknowledgements I’m grateful to all colleagues with whom the results presented here were obtained: D. Boncioli, A. di Matteo, A. Grillo, S. Matarrese, A. Olinto, S. Petrera and F. Salamida. References [1] Aartsen M et al. (IceCube) 2013 Science 342 1242856 (Preprint 1311.5238) [2] Aloisio R, Boncioli D, di Matteo A, Grillo A F, Petrera S et al. 2015 JCAP 1510 006 (Preprint 1505.04020) [3] Aloisio R, Matarrese S and Olinto A V 2015 JCAP 1508 024 (Preprint 1504.01319) [4] Kotera K and Olinto A V 2011 Ann.Rev.Astron.Astrophys. 49 119–153 (Preprint 1101.4256) [5] Aab A et al. (Pierre Auger) 2015 Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A798 172–213 (Preprint 1502.01323) [6] Abu-Zayyad T et al. 2012 Nucl.Instrum.Meth. A689 87–97 (Preprint 1201.4964) [7] Ade P et al. (BICEP2, Planck) 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 101301 (Preprint 1502.00612) [8] Aloisio R, Berezinsky V and Kachelriess M 2006 Phys. Rev. D74 023516 (Preprint astro-ph/0604311) [9] Allard D 2012 Astropart.Phys. 39-40 33–43 (Preprint 1111.3290) [10] Aloisio R, Berezinsky V and Grigorieva S 2013 Astropart.Phys. 41 73–93 (Preprint 0802.4452) [11] Aloisio R, Berezinsky V and Grigorieva S 2013 Astropart.Phys. 41 94–107 (Preprint 1006.2484) [12] Aloisio R, Berezinsky V and Blasi P 2014 JCAP 1410 020 (Preprint 1312.7459) [13] Bertone G, Hooper D and Silk J 2005 Phys. Rep. 405 279 (Preprint hep-ph/0404175) [14] Chung D J, Kolb E W, Riotto A and Senatore L 2005 Phys.Rev. D72 023511 (Preprint astro-ph/0411468) [15] Aloisio R and Tortorici F 2008 Astropart.Phys. 29 307–316 (Preprint 0706.3196) [16] Allison P et al. 2012 Astropart.Phys. 35 457–477 (Preprint 1105.2854) [17] Ebisuzaki T, Medina-Tanco G and Santangelo A (JEM-EUSO) 2014 Adv.Space Res. 53 1499–1505

text: expected

label: paragraph

text: on

text: Earth;

text: (iii)

text: the

text: non-central

text: position

text: of

text: the

text: Sun

text: in

text: the

text: galactic

text: halo

text: results

text: in

text: an

text: anisotropic

text: ﬂux

text: of

text: the

text: decay

text: products

text: In

text: ﬁgure

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text: we

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text: the

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text: The

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text: and

text: particle

text: physics.

text: Finally,

text: the

text: present

text: short

text: paper,

text: report

text: of

text: what

text: was

text: presented

text: at

text: the

text: TAUP

text: conference

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: regarded

text: as

text: a

text: ”teaser”

text: to

text: stimulate

text: the

text: interest

text: of

text: the

text: reader

text: in

text: the

text: results

text: obtained

text: in

text: and

text: Aknowledgements

text: I’m

text: grateful

text: to

text: all

text: colleagues

text: with

text: whom

text: the

text: results

text: presented

text: here

text: were

text: obtained:

text: D.

text: Boncioli,

text: A.

text: di

text: Matteo,

text: A.

text: Grillo,

text: S.

text: Matarrese,

text: A.

text: Olinto,

text: S.

text: Petrera

text: and

text: F.

text: Salamida.

text: References

text: Aartsen

text: M

text: et

text: al.

text: (IceCube)

text: Science

text: (Preprint

text: Aloisio

text: R,

text: Boncioli

text: D,

text: di

text: Matteo

text: A,

text: Grillo

text: A

text: F,

text: Petrera

text: S

text: et

text: al.

text: JCAP

text: (Preprint

text: Aloisio

text: R,

text: Matarrese

text: S

text: and

text: Olinto

text: A

text: V

text: JCAP

text: (Preprint

text: Kotera

text: K

text: and

text: Olinto

text: A

text: V

text: Ann.Rev.Astron.Astrophys.

text: (Preprint

text: Aab

text: A

text: et

text: al.

text: (Pierre

text: Auger)

text: Nucl.

text: Instrum.

text: Meth.

text: (Preprint

text: Abu-Zayyad

text: T

text: et

text: al.

text: Nucl.Instrum.Meth.

text: (Preprint

text: Ade

text: P

text: et

text: al.

text: Planck)

text: Phys.

text: Rev.

text: Lett.

text: (Preprint

text: Aloisio

text: R,

text: Berezinsky

text: V

text: and

text: Kachelriess

text: M

text: Phys.

text: Rev.

text: (Preprint

text: Allard

text: D

text: Astropart.Phys.

text: (Preprint

text: Aloisio

text: R,

text: Berezinsky

text: V

text: and

text: Grigorieva

text: S

text: Astropart.Phys.

text: (Preprint

text: Aloisio

text: R,

text: Berezinsky

text: V

text: and

text: Grigorieva

text: S

text: Astropart.Phys.

text: (Preprint

text: Aloisio

text: R,

text: Berezinsky

text: V

text: and

text: Blasi

text: P

text: JCAP

text: (Preprint

text: Bertone

text: G,

text: Hooper

text: D

text: and

text: Silk

text: J

text: Phys.

text: Rep.

text: (Preprint

text: Chung

text: D

text: J,

text: Kolb

text: E

text: W,

text: Riotto

text: A

text: and

text: Senatore

text: L

text: Phys.Rev.

text: (Preprint

text: Aloisio

text: R

text: and

text: Tortorici

text: F

text: Astropart.Phys.

text: (Preprint

text: Allison

text: P

text: et

text: al.

text: Astropart.Phys.

text: (Preprint

text: Ebisuzaki

text: T,

text: Medina-Tanco

text: G

text: and

text: Santangelo

text: A

text: (JEM-EUSO)

text: Adv.Space

text: Res.


text: 8 the continuing inward radial motion of atoms increasing ↓↑Δ e their coupling to the TOF guided modes. The subse- quent decrease stems for fairly weak structuring ﬁelds Γ mainly from atoms being reﬂected oﬀ the steep repulsive barrier and escaping towards the shallow part of the trap potential away from the ﬁber, where they are barely cou- • pled before returning towards their start position after one oscillation cycle. Hints of oscillatory dynamics with a matching period of t = 12 µs can be seen in the blue Figure S7. Two-level diagram. and purple traces of Fig. S5. For stronger structuring ﬁelds a signiﬁcant fraction of the atoms gains enough ra- gle scattering parameter dial kinetic energy to climb over the repulsive barrier and collide with the ﬁber surface, at which point atoms cease Γ to interact resonantly with the probe light. This leads to βj = Γ(cid:48) − 2i(1∆D+ ∆ ), (E1) j slightly faster and more pronounced loss of optical depth where the total radiative decay rate is given by Γ = for strong structuring ﬁelds. In addition to radial ki- (cid:48) (cid:48) Γ + Γ with Γ = α Γ/2 and Γ being the decay rates netic energy the atoms also receive axial kinetic energy, 1D 1D 0 into the TOF mode and all other modes respectively, ∆ which, together with the non-separability of the true trap is the probe detuning from atomic resonance (Fig. S7), potential, makes atoms with enough total energy never and ∆ is an additional shift that accounts for the in- return to the vicinity of the ﬁber. The loss dynamics is j homogeneous broadening of the atomic transition. Each essentially stationary after a little more than one radial ∆ is drawn from a Gaussian distribution with the width oscillation cycle. We note that we observe quite similar j σ (see the following se(cid:18)ction). (cid:19) dynamics in the simulation model, despite the simpliﬁed ∆ The transfer matrix for the j-th atom is treatment of axial and radial motion, see Fig. S6. The µ ﬁnal (t > 20 s) slow decrease of optical depth is also 1 − β −β observed in the absence of structuring light and is due to Ma,j = β j 1 + βj . (E2) j j the limited trap lifetime. If the position of the atom is z , then M relates E j a,j R and E (right- and left-going electric ﬁelds respectively) L − at the position z = z − (cid:15) (just to the left of the atom 1.0 j j with an inﬁnitesimal (cid:15)) to the ﬁelds at z+ = z + (cid:15) (just j j 0.8 to the right o(cid:18)f the atom(cid:19)). Writin(cid:18)g this as(cid:19)an equation we have − 0.6 E (z+) E (z ) R j = M R j− . (E3) E (z+) a,j E (z ) 0.4 L j L j The transfer matrices(cid:18)for free propa(cid:19)gation between the 0.2 atoms are eikdj 0 0.0 Mf,j = 0 e−ikdj , (E4) −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Time [µs] where d is the propagation distance between atom j and j atom j + 1,(cid:18)i.e. z =(cid:19)z + d .(cid:18)For the m(cid:19)atrix M , it j+1 j j f,j Figure S6. Zoom of blue transmittance curve in Fig. S4 holds that together with the theoretical prediction (black). − E (z ) E (z+) R j−+1 = M R j . (E5) E (z ) f,j E (z+) L j+1 L j In the model, we neglect the eﬀects of the axial trap potential and take the atoms to be initially uniformly dis- tributed along the length of the ensemble. The procedure SM.E: Transfer matrix to obtain d ’s is as follows: j • N random numbers {x , x , . . . , x } are drawn 1 2 N For the theoretical modeling of the data presented here from the uniform distribution on the interval [0, 1). and in the main text we employ the transfer matrix for- malism. Each atom is modeled as a two-level system in • The positions of the atoms are given by z = Lx , j j the low saturation approximation characterized by a sin- where L is the total length of the ensemble. ecnattimsnarT ##LTFigure## ##LTFigure## ##LTFigure## ##LTFigure## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine##

text: the

text: continuing

text: inward

text: radial

text: motion

text: of

text: atoms

text: increasing

text: ↓↑Δ

font: default

text: e

text: their

text: coupling

text: to

text: the

text: TOF

text: guided

text: modes.

text: The

text: subse-

text: quent

text: decrease

text: stems

text: for

text: fairly

text: weak

text: structuring

text: ﬁelds

text: Γ

text: mainly

text: from

text: atoms

text: being

text: reﬂected

text: oﬀ

text: the

text: steep

text: repulsive

text: barrier

text: and

text: escaping

text: towards

text: the

text: shallow

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: trap

text: potential

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: ﬁber,

text: where

text: they

text: are

text: barely

text: cou-

text: pled

text: before

text: returning

text: towards

text: their

text: start

text: position

text: after

text: one

text: oscillation

text: cycle.

text: Hints

text: of

text: oscillatory

text: dynamics

text: with

text: a

text: matching

text: period

text: of

text: t

text: µs

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: in

text: the

text: blue

text: Figure

text: Two-level

label: caption

text: diagram.

text: and

text: purple

text: traces

text: of

text: Fig.

text: For

text: stronger

text: structuring

text: ﬁelds

text: a

text: signiﬁcant

text: fraction

text: of

text: the

text: atoms

text: gains

text: enough

text: ra-

text: gle

text: scattering

text: parameter

text: dial

text: kinetic

text: energy

text: to

text: climb

text: over

text: the

text: repulsive

text: barrier

text: and

text: collide

text: with

text: the

text: ﬁber

text: surface,

text: at

text: which

text: point

text: atoms

text: cease

text: Γ

text: to

text: interact

text: resonantly

text: with

text: the

text: probe

text: light.

text: This

text: leads

text: to

text: βj

text: j

text: slightly

text: faster

text: and

text: more

text: pronounced

text: loss

text: of

text: optical

text: depth

text: where

text: the

text: total

text: radiative

text: decay

text: rate

text: is

text: given

text: by

text: Γ

text: for

text: strong

text: structuring

text: ﬁelds.

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: radial

text: ki-

text: Γ

text: Γ

text: with

text: Γ

text: α

text: and

text: Γ

text: being

text: the

text: decay

text: rates

text: netic

text: energy

text: the

text: atoms

text: also

text: receive

text: axial

text: kinetic

text: energy,

text: into

text: the

text: TOF

text: mode

text: and

text: all

text: other

text: modes

text: respectively,

text: which,

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: non-separability

text: of

text: the

text: true

text: trap

text: is

text: the

text: probe

text: detuning

text: from

text: atomic

text: resonance

text: (Fig.

text: potential,

text: makes

text: atoms

text: with

text: enough

text: total

text: energy

text: never

text: and

text: is

text: an

text: additional

text: shift

text: that

text: accounts

text: for

text: the

text: in-

text: return

text: to

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: the

text: ﬁber.

text: The

text: loss

text: dynamics

text: is

text: j

text: homogeneous

text: broadening

text: of

text: the

text: atomic

text: transition.

text: Each

text: essentially

text: stationary

text: after

text: a

text: little

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: radial

text: is

text: drawn

text: from

text: a

text: Gaussian

text: distribution

text: with

text: the

text: width

text: oscillation

text: cycle.

text: We

text: note

text: that

text: we

text: observe

text: quite

text: similar

text: j

text: σ

text: (see

text: the

text: following

text: dynamics

text: in

text: the

text: simulation

text: model,

text: despite

text: the

text: simpliﬁed

text: The

text: transfer

text: matrix

text: for

text: the

text: j-th

text: atom

text: is

text: treatment

text: of

text: axial

text: and

text: radial

text: motion,

text: see

text: Fig.

text: The

text: µ

text: ﬁnal

text: (t

text: s)

text: slow

text: decrease

text: of

text: optical

text: depth

text: is

text: also

text: β

text: −β

text: observed

text: in

text: the

text: absence

text: of

text: structuring

text: light

text: and

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: Ma,j

text: β

text: j

text: βj

text: j

text: j

text: the

text: limited

text: trap

text: lifetime.

text: If

text: the

text: position

text: of

text: the

text: atom

text: is

text: z

text: then

text: M

text: relates

text: E

text: j

text: a,j

text: R

text: and

text: E

text: (right-

text: and

text: left-going

text: electric

text: ﬁelds

text: respectively)

text: L

text: at

text: the

text: position

text: z

text: z

text: (just

text: to

text: the

text: left

text: of

text: the

text: atom

text: j

text: j

text: with

text: an

text: inﬁnitesimal

text: to

text: the

text: ﬁelds

text: at

text: z+

text: z

text: (just

text: j

text: j

text: to

text: the

text: right

text: the

text: this

text: equation

text: we

text: have

text: E

text: (z+)

text: E

text: (z

text: R

text: j

text: M

text: R

text: j−

text: E

text: (z+)

text: a,j

text: E

text: (z

text: L

text: j

text: L

text: j

text: The

text: transfer

text: free

text: between

text: the

text: atoms

text: are

text: eikdj

text: Mf,j

text: e−ikdj

text: −1

text: Time

text: [µs]

text: where

text: d

text: is

text: the

text: propagation

text: distance

text: between

text: atom

text: j

text: and

text: j

text: atom

text: j

text: z

text: d

text: the

text: M

text: it

text: j

text: j

text: f,j

text: Figure

text: Zoom

text: of

text: blue

text: transmittance

text: curve

text: in

text: Fig.

text: holds

text: that

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: theoretical

text: prediction

text: (black).

text: E

text: (z

text: E

text: (z+)

text: R

text: M

text: R

text: j

text: E

text: (z

text: f,j

text: E

text: (z+)

text: L

text: L

text: j

text: In

text: the

text: model,

text: we

text: neglect

text: the

text: eﬀects

text: of

text: the

text: axial

text: trap

text: potential

text: and

text: take

text: the

text: atoms

text: to

text: be

text: initially

text: uniformly

text: dis-

text: tributed

text: along

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: ensemble.

text: The

text: procedure

text: SM.E:

text: Transfer

text: matrix

text: to

text: obtain

text: d

text: ’s

text: is

text: as

text: follows:

text: j

text: N

text: random

text: numbers

text: {x

text: x

text: x

text: are

text: drawn

text: N

text: For

text: the

text: theoretical

text: modeling

text: of

text: the

text: data

text: presented

text: here

text: from

text: the

text: uniform

text: distribution

text: on

text: the

text: interval

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: main

text: text

text: we

text: employ

text: the

text: transfer

text: matrix

text: for-

text: malism.

text: Each

text: atom

text: is

text: modeled

text: as

text: a

text: two-level

text: system

text: in

text: The

text: positions

text: of

text: the

text: atoms

text: are

text: given

text: by

text: z

text: Lx

text: j

text: j

text: the

text: low

text: saturation

text: approximation

text: characterized

text: by

text: a

text: sin-

text: where

text: L

text: is

text: the

text: total

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: ensemble.

text: ecnattimsnarT

text: ##LTFigure##

text: ##LTFigure##

text: ##LTFigure##

text: ##LTFigure##

text: ##LTLine##

text: ##LTLine##

text: ##LTLine##

text: ##LTLine##

text: ##LTLine##

text: ##LTLine##

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text: ##LTLine##


text: 10 (cid:18) (cid:19) [19] Throughout the paper λ with (without) the superscript “TOF” refers to the TOF (free-space) wavelength. (cid:48) 1 ∆2 [20] A. Goban, K. S. Choi, D. J. Alton, D. Ding, C. Lacrouˆte, G(∆ , σ ) = √ exp − , (F2) ∆ 2πσ 2σ2 M. Pototschnig, T. Thiele, N. P. Stern, and H. J. Kimble, ∆ ∆ (cid:48) α Physical Review Letters 109, 033603 (2012). L(∆ − ∆ ) = (cid:48) . (F3) [21] N. Schlosser, G. Reymond, and P. Grangier, Physical 1 + (∆ − ∆ )2/(Γ/2)2 + s Review Letters 89, 023005 (2002). [22] D. Reitz, C. Sayrin, B. Albrecht, I. Mazets, R. Mitsch, s = P/P = 150 pW/750 pW = 0.2 is the satura- P. Schneeweiss, and A. Rauschenbeutel, Physical Review sat A 89, 031804 (2014). tion parameter. The free parameters in the ﬁt are the [23] F. Le Kien and A. Rauschenbeutel, Physical Review A homogeneous on-resonant optical depth α, and the inho- 90, 023805 (2014). mogeneous broadening σ . ∆ [24] The small relative wavelength diﬀerence between probe · − and structuring light δλ/λ = 5 10 7 leads only to a neg- ∼ ligible phase mismatch over the sample length (1 mm 103λ). [25] F. Le Kien, V. I. Balykin, and K. Hakuta, Physical Re- ∗ view A 73, 013819 (2006). † Corresponding Authors: polzik@nbi.dk; jappel@nbi.dk [26] F. L. Kien, J. Q. Liang, K. Hakuta, and V. I. Balykin, ‡ Optics Communications 242, 445 (2004). [27] F. Le Kien and A. Rauschenbeutel, Physical Review A [1] A. Goban, C.-L. Hung, J. D. Hood, S.-P. Yu, J. A. Muniz, 90, 063816 (2014). O. Painter, and H. J. Kimble, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, [28] S. Kato and T. Aoki, Physical Review Letters 115, 063601 (2015). 093603 (2015). [2] P. Lodahl, S. Mahmoodian, and S. Stobbe, Reviews of [29] N. Corzo, B. Gouraud, A. Chandra, A. Goban, Modern Physics 87, 347 (2015). A. Sheremet, D. V. Kupriyanov, and J. Laurat, (2016), [3] M. Bajcsy, S. Hoﬀerberth, V. Balic, T. Peyronel, arXiv:1604.03129. M. Hafezi, A. S. Zibrov, V. Vuletic, and M. D. Lukin, Physical Review Letters 102, 203902 (2009). [4] F. Le Kien, V. I. Balykin, and K. Hakuta, Physical Re- view A 70, 063403 (2004). [5] E. Vetsch, D. Reitz, G. Sagu´e, R. Schmidt, S. T. Dawkins, and A. Rauschenbeutel, Physical Review Let- ters 104, 203603 (2010). [6] J. B. B´eguin, E. M. Bookjans, S. L. Christensen, H. L. Sørensen, J. H. Mu¨ller, E. S. Polzik, and J. Appel, Phys- ical Review Letters 113, 263603 (2014). [7] D. E. Chang, L. Jiang, A. V. Gorshkov, and H. J. Kim- ble, New Journal of Physics 14, 063003 (2012). [8] D. E. Chang, J. I. Cirac, and H. J. Kimble, Physical Review Letters 110, 113606 (2013). [9] J. S. Douglas, H. Habibian, C. L. Hung, A. V. Gorshkov, H. J. Kimble, and D. E. Chang, Nature Photonics 9, 326 (2015). [10] A. Gonza´lez-Tudela, V. Paulisch, D. E. Chang, H. J. Kimble, and J. I. Cirac, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 163603 (2015). [11] A. Gonza´lez-Tudela, V. Paulisch, H. J. Kimble, and J. I. Cirac, (2016), arXiv:1603.01243. [12] G. Birkl, M. Gatzke, I. H. Deutsch, S. L. Rolston, and W. D. Phillips, Physical Review Letters 75, 2823 (1995). [13] M. Weidemu¨ller, A. Hemmerich, A. G¨orlitz, T. Esslinger, and T. W. Ha¨nsch, Physical Review Letters 75, 4583 (1995). [14] G. Raithel, G. Birkl, A. Kastberg, W. D. Phillips, and S. L. Rolston, Physical Review Letters 78, 630 (1997). [15] I. H. Deutsch, R. J. C. Spreeuw, S. L. Rolston, and W. D. Phillips, Physical Review A 52, 1394 (1995). [16] S. Slama, C. von Cube, M. Kohler, C. Zimmermann, and P. W. Courteille, Physical Review A 73, 023424 (2006). [17] A. Schilke, C. Zimmermann, P. W. Courteille, and W. Guerin, Physical Review Letters 106, 223903 (2011). [18] M. Bajcsy, A. S. Zibrov, and M. D. Lukin, Nature 426, 638 (2003). ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine##

label: equation

text: Throughout

text: the

text: paper

text: λ

text: with

text: (without)

text: the

text: superscript

text: “TOF”

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: TOF

text: (free-space)

text: wavelength.

text: ∆2

text: A.

text: Goban,

text: K.

text: S.

text: Choi,

text: D.

text: J.

text: Alton,

text: D.

text: Ding,

text: C.

text: Lacrouˆte,

text: G(∆

text: σ

text: exp

text: 2πσ

text: M.

text: Pototschnig,

text: T.

text: Thiele,

text: N.

text: P.

text: Stern,

text: and

text: H.

text: J.

text: Kimble,

text: α

text: Physical

text: Review

text: Letters

text: L(∆

text: N.

text: Schlosser,

text: G.

text: Reymond,

text: and

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text: Physical

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text: sat

text: A

text: tion

text: parameter.

text: The

text: free

text: parameters

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text: the

text: ﬁt

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text: and

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text: homogeneous

text: on-resonant

text: optical

text: depth

text: α,

text: and

text: the

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text: mogeneous

text: broadening

text: σ

text: The

text: small

text: relative

text: wavelength

text: diﬀerence

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text: probe

text: and

text: structuring

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text: δλ/λ

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text: view

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text: MNRAS 000, 1–8 (0000) Preprint 28 May 2020 Compiled using MNRAS LATEX style ﬁle v3.0 A model for the energy-dependent time-lag and rms of the heartbeat oscillations in GRS 1915+105 Mubashir Hamid Mir,1,2(cid:63) Ranjeev Misra,2 Mayukh Pahari,2 Naseer Iqbal1 and Naveel Ahmad1 1 Department Of Physics, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006, India 2 Inter-University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune-411007, India 28 May 2020 ABSTRACT Energy dependent phase lags reveal crucial information about the causal relation between various spectral components and about the nature of the accretion geome- try around the compact objects. The time-lag and the fractional root mean square (rms) spectra of GRS 1915+105 in its heartbeat oscillation class/ρ state show pe- culiar behaviour at the fundamental and harmonic frequencies where the lags at the ∼ fundamental show a turn around at 10 keV while the lags at the harmonic do not ∼ show any turn around at least till 20 keV. The magnitude of lags are of the or- der of few seconds and hence cannot be attributed to the light travel time eﬀects or Comptonization delays. The continuum X-ray spectra can roughly be described by a disk blackbody and a hard X-ray power-law component and from phase resolved spec- troscopy it has been shown that the inner disk radius varies during the oscillation. Here, we propose that there is a delayed response of the inner disk radius (DROID) to ∝ − the accretion rate such that r (t) m˙ β(t τ ). The ﬂuctuating accretion rate drives in d the oscillations of the inner radius after a time delay τ while the power-law component d responds immediately. We show that in such a scenario a pure sinusoidal oscillation of the accretion rate can explain not only the shape and magnitude of energy dependent rms and time-lag spectra at the fundamental but also the next harmonic with just four free parameters. − − − Key words: accretion, accretion discs black hole physics X-rays: binaries X-rays: individual: GRS 1915+105 − 1 INTRODUCTION lations in X ray intensity by nearly an order of magnitude (Taam, Chen & Swank 1997; Belloni et al 1997). GRS 1915+105 exhibits a range of variability in its A promising model for the ρ class variability is that it is light curve and power density spectra (PDS), along with driven by radiation pressure instability (Lightman & Eard- other peculiar features like near-Eddington accretion rate − ley 1974; Taam & Lin 1984; Taam, Chen & Swank 1997). consistent for 20 years, jet activities from steady radio However, numerical simulations of the instability suggests ﬂickering to super-luminal radio ejections (Mirabel & Ro- that there is need to change the viscous prescription and driguez 1994) and regular transitions into various spectral take into account a fraction of energy dissipating in a corona states in time-scale from msec to hours (Morgan, Remillard to explain the overall X-ray modulation (e.g. Nayakshin, & Greiner 1997; Muno, Morgan & Remillard 1997; Mirabel Rappaport, & Melia 2000; Janiuk, Czerny, & Siemiginowska & Rodriguez 1994; Belloni et al 1997). The timing analysis 2000; Janiuk & Czerny 2005). Phase resolved spectroscopy features 14 variability classes with each having their own pe- of the variability reveals a consistent picture where the in- culiar light curves, phase/time-lags and coherence (Belloni stability causes the inner disk radius to vary with the lumi- et al 1997; Pahari et al. 2013a,b). Among the 14 variability nosity variation, which may be due to mass ejection from classes, the ρ class shows characteristic limit-cycle variability − the system (Neilsen et al. 2011, 2012). The spectral model- in the time-scale of 50 100 sec with large amplitude oscil- ing at diﬀerent phases show complex components consisting of disk emission and a power-law with a high energy cutoﬀ. An alternate approach to phase resolved spectroscopy is to understand the energy dependent phase lag and rms spec- (cid:63) E-mail: mubiphst@gmail.com tra of an oscillation. This is particularly useful for Quasi pe- (cid:13) c 0000 The Authors

text: MNRAS

text: Preprint

text: May

text: Compiled

text: using

text: MNRAS

text: LATEX

text: style

text: ﬁle

text: A

label: title

text: model

text: for

text: the

text: energy-dependent

text: time-lag

text: and

text: rms

text: of

text: the

text: heartbeat

text: oscillations

text: in

text: GRS

text: Mubashir

label: author

text: Hamid

text: Ranjeev

text: Mayukh

text: Naseer

text: and

text: Naveel

text: Department

text: Of

text: Physics,

text: University

text: of

text: Kashmir,

text: India

text: Inter-University

text: Center

text: for

text: Astronomy

text: and

text: Astrophysics,

text: Post

text: Bag

text: Ganeshkhind,

text: India

text: May

text: ABSTRACT

text: Energy

label: abstract

text: dependent

text: phase

text: lags

text: reveal

text: crucial

text: information

text: about

text: the

text: causal

text: relation

text: between

text: various

text: spectral

text: components

text: and

text: about

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: accretion

text: geome-

text: try

text: around

text: the

text: compact

text: objects.

text: The

text: time-lag

text: and

text: the

text: fractional

text: root

text: mean

text: square

text: (rms)

text: spectra

text: of

text: GRS

text: in

text: its

text: heartbeat

text: oscillation

text: class/ρ

text: state

text: show

text: pe-

text: culiar

text: behaviour

text: at

text: the

text: fundamental

text: and

text: harmonic

text: frequencies

text: where

text: the

text: lags

text: at

text: the

text: fundamental

text: show

text: a

text: turn

text: around

text: at

text: keV

text: while

text: the

text: lags

text: at

text: the

text: harmonic

text: do

text: not

text: show

text: any

text: turn

text: around

text: at

text: least

text: till

text: keV.

text: The

text: magnitude

text: of

text: lags

text: are

text: of

text: the

text: or-

text: der

text: of

text: few

text: seconds

text: and

text: hence

text: cannot

text: be

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: light

text: travel

text: time

text: eﬀects

text: or

text: Comptonization

text: delays.

text: The

text: continuum

text: X-ray

text: spectra

text: can

text: roughly

text: be

text: described

text: by

text: a

text: disk

text: blackbody

text: and

text: a

text: hard

text: X-ray

text: power-law

text: component

text: and

text: from

text: phase

text: resolved

text: spec-

text: troscopy

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: shown

text: that

text: the

text: inner

text: disk

text: radius

text: varies

text: during

text: the

text: oscillation.

text: Here,

text: we

text: propose

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: delayed

text: response

text: of

text: the

text: inner

text: disk

text: radius

text: (DROID)

text: to

text: the

text: accretion

text: rate

text: such

text: that

text: r

text: (t)

text: m˙

text: β(t

text: τ

text: The

text: ﬂuctuating

text: accretion

text: rate

text: drives

text: in

text: d

text: the

text: oscillations

text: of

text: the

text: inner

text: radius

text: after

text: a

text: time

text: delay

text: τ

text: while

text: the

text: power-law

text: component

text: d

text: responds

text: immediately.

text: We

text: show

text: that

text: in

text: such

text: a

text: scenario

text: a

text: pure

text: sinusoidal

text: oscillation

text: of

text: the

text: accretion

text: rate

text: can

text: explain

text: not

text: only

text: the

text: shape

text: and

text: magnitude

text: of

text: energy

text: dependent

text: rms

text: and

text: time-lag

text: spectra

text: at

text: the

text: fundamental

text: but

text: also

text: the

text: next

text: harmonic

text: with

text: just

text: four

text: free

text: parameters.

text: Key

text: words:

text: accretion,

text: accretion

text: discs

text: black

text: hole

text: physics

text: X-rays:

text: binaries

text: X-rays:

text: individual:

text: GRS

text: INTRODUCTION

text: lations

text: in

text: X

text: ray

text: intensity

text: by

text: nearly

text: an

text: order

text: of

text: magnitude

text: (Taam,

text: Chen

text: Swank

text: Belloni

text: et

text: al

text: GRS

text: exhibits

text: a

text: range

text: of

text: variability

text: in

text: its

text: A

text: promising

text: model

text: for

text: the

text: ρ

text: class

text: variability

text: is

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: light

text: curve

text: and

text: power

text: density

text: spectra

text: (PDS),

text: along

text: with

text: driven

text: by

text: radiation

text: pressure

text: instability

text: (Lightman

text: Eard-

text: other

text: peculiar

text: features

text: like

text: near-Eddington

text: accretion

text: rate

text: ley

text: Taam

text: Lin

text: Taam,

text: Chen

text: Swank

text: consistent

text: for

text: years,

text: jet

text: activities

text: from

text: steady

text: radio

text: However,

text: numerical

text: simulations

text: of

text: the

text: instability

text: suggests

text: ﬂickering

text: to

text: super-luminal

text: radio

text: ejections

text: (Mirabel

text: Ro-

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: need

text: to

text: change

text: the

text: viscous

text: prescription

text: and

text: driguez

text: and

text: regular

text: transitions

text: into

text: various

text: spectral

text: take

text: into

text: account

text: a

text: fraction

text: of

text: energy

text: dissipating

text: in

text: a

text: corona

text: states

text: in

text: time-scale

text: from

text: msec

text: to

text: hours

text: (Morgan,

text: Remillard

text: to

text: explain

text: the

text: overall

text: X-ray

text: modulation

text: (e.g.

text: Nayakshin,

text: Greiner

text: Muno,

text: Morgan

text: Remillard

text: Mirabel

text: Rappaport,

text: Melia

text: Janiuk,

text: Czerny,

text: Siemiginowska

text: Rodriguez

text: Belloni

text: et

text: al

text: The

text: timing

text: analysis

text: Janiuk

text: Czerny

text: Phase

text: resolved

text: spectroscopy

text: features

text: variability

text: classes

text: with

text: each

text: having

text: their

text: own

text: pe-

text: of

text: the

text: variability

text: reveals

text: a

text: consistent

text: picture

text: where

text: the

text: in-

text: culiar

text: light

text: curves,

text: phase/time-lags

text: and

text: coherence

text: (Belloni

text: stability

text: causes

text: the

text: inner

text: disk

text: radius

text: to

text: vary

text: with

text: the

text: lumi-

text: et

text: al

text: Pahari

text: et

text: al.

text: Among

text: the

text: variability

text: nosity

text: variation,

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: mass

text: ejection

text: from

text: classes,

text: the

text: ρ

text: class

text: shows

text: characteristic

text: limit-cycle

text: variability

text: the

text: system

text: (Neilsen

text: et

text: al.

text: The

text: spectral

text: model-

text: in

text: the

text: time-scale

text: of

text: sec

text: with

text: large

text: amplitude

text: oscil-

text: ing

text: at

text: diﬀerent

text: phases

text: show

text: complex

text: components

text: consisting

text: of

text: disk

text: emission

text: and

text: a

text: power-law

text: with

text: a

text: high

text: energy

text: cutoﬀ.

text: An

text: alternate

text: approach

text: to

text: phase

text: resolved

text: spectroscopy

text: is

text: to

text: understand

text: the

text: energy

text: dependent

text: phase

text: lag

text: and

text: rms

text: spec-

text: E-mail:

text: mubiphst@gmail.com

text: tra

text: of

text: an

text: oscillation.

text: This

text: is

text: particularly

text: useful

text: for

text: Quasi

text: pe-

text: c

text: The

text: Authors