text: Weiss, Fröhlich, Pigulski et al.: roAp star αCir photometric variability on the rotational timescale that we inter- Table 1. Parameters for circular spots for the BRITE-red, WIRE, and BRITE-blue solutions, assuming two dark spots. We list expectation pret to be indicative of such spots. 4.1. Likelihood estimate values and 90% credibility limits for the central longitude (λ), latitude (β), and radius (γ). Radii and their uncertainties are modelled for a spot The Bayesian photometric imaging (BPI) technique to con- intensity of 60% of the unperturbed photosphere. struct a spot model based on a light curve well sampled in time Parameter BRITE-red WIRE BRITE-blue is described in detail by Lüftinger et al. (2010a). Below we only comment on the construction of the likelihood function, vital for ﬁrst spot any parameter estimation. ◦ ◦ ◦ λ 74.3 +−2.4 89.4 +−0.8 209 +−24 To save computation time, the ﬁne-tuned data were com- − ◦ 2.4 − ◦ 0.7 ◦ 29 bined into bins with a maximum width of 36 min. This bin width β 72.7 +−5.5 2.8 +−3.4 36 +−41 corresponds to roughly one-third of the orbital period of one ◦ 5.2 ◦ 3.7 ◦ 33 γ 58.2 +−6.2 8.0 +−0.4 6 +−2 BRITE satellite. The time diﬀerence between adjacent points 6.3 0.3 2 within a bin does not exceed 15 min. With these chosen bin con- second spot ◦ ◦ ◦ straints, no bin contains fewer than ten data points. Each of the λ 248.5 +−6.2 263.4 +−1.3 118 +−12 1368 red and 1200 blue bins was assigned a weight according to ◦ 6.2 − ◦ 1.3 − ◦ 14 the number of contributing data points within a bin and used for β 6◦.0 +−4340..88 18◦.7 +−23..91 24◦ +−2355 the BPI procedure described below. γ 6.0 +−1.8 8.3 +−0.7 16 +−15 We assume the residuals, deviations between observation ± 2.2 ± 0.7 ± 11 residuals 2.1 0.14 4.8 and model, are Gaussian-distributed, i.e. measurement errors augmented by systematic (model) errors. To enhance robust- ness, the variance of the residuals was assumed to be unknown and regarded as a mere nuisance parameter. The Gaussian like- not enable us to consider more than two spots. The WIRE data lihood function was integrated by applying Jeﬀreys’ prior (Jef- do contain more information, which we plan to explore in a fu- freys 1961). In our case, the improper (not normalisable) prior ture study. The main picture, however, very probably will remain varies with the reciprocal of the variance. We took into account the same. that the binned data points have diﬀerent weights. This error- In our model, two types of circular spots are allowed: dark integrated likelihood was then integrated analytically over all spots with a brightness of 60% of the brightness of the undis- possible magnitude oﬀsets. turbed photosphere and bright spots with a brightness of 125%. The resulting likelihood is a function of the data alone, given The latter values are similar to what has been reported for the a set of parameter values. It is a comforting feature of this type spots of HD 50773 by Lüftinger et al. (2010a), based, as is of data analysis that the error variance and any magnitude oﬀ- already mentioned, on an independent analysis of space-based set, although they remain undetermined, can be ignored, which photometry and ground-based Doppler imaging. reduces the number of free parameters and enhances robustness. To reduce the number of free parameters as much as pos- The reason for a ﬁxed common spot brightness is the un- ◦ sible, we took the star’s inclination to be i = 36 . This value avoidable degeneracy between spot area and spot brightness, · results from the measured projected rotational velocity, v sin(i), which prevents the MCMC method to converge to a relaxed so- the assumed value of the stellar radius (Bruntt et al. 2008), and lution of the posterior probability density distribution. The data the rotational period of 4.4790 days (Kurtz et al. 1994). As the simply do not constrain both parameters independently. Hence, limb-darkening coeﬃcient is unknown, it was regarded as a nui- we had no choice but to prescribe the spot brightness parameter, sance parameter for the present study. For the high-quality WIRE but these are based on examples in the literature. As a test, we re- data, however, in a follow-up study it might also be possible to peated the modelling with a κ arbitrarily set to 1.5 and expected extract the marginal distribution of the coeﬃcient for linear limb the inferred spot size to be reduced by about 50%. Indeed, we darkening. found a factor of 1.84, which corresponds to a spot size reduced The outcome of a Bayesian parameter estimation is the pos- to 0.54 of the original size. Interestingly, this spot size reduction terior probability distribution in an high-dimensional parame- with increased kappa only holds for the spot that is fully visi- ter space. Direct numerical brute-force integration often requires ble. The large spot at the south pole, which basically is visible prohibitively large computing resources, so we used the Markov most of the time, but never entirely, is only reduced by 4% and its chain Monte Carlo method (MCMC; cf. Press et al. (2007)). centre moves 6 degrees towards the pole. It is hardly necessary to The likelihood mountain in the six-dimensional space is ex- stress that it would make even less sense (from the data analysing plored by up to 64 Markov chains. In a relaxed state, each param- point of view) to consider spots with individual surface bright- eter’s marginal distribution is revealed by counting how often an nesses. The model spot parameters must be therefore considered element in parameter space is frequented by the chains. with reservation and taken rather as an order-of-magnitude esti- A marginal distribution describes a parameter’s probability mate. distribution irrespective of the values of all the other parameters, The following parameters were estimated for each circular i.e. disregarding correlations between parameters. These distri- spot: the central longitude (λ), latitude (β), and angular radius butions are reﬂected in Tables 1 and 2 by presenting the corre- (γ). The longitude increases in the direction of stellar rotation, sponding credibility intervals. It is an advantage of the Bayesian and the zero point is the central meridian facing the observer at approach that parameter averages, such as expectation or median the beginning of the time series (HJD = 2456742.188). as well as credibility intervals, are deduced from the measured Table 1 and 2 summarise what we can say about the locations data alone. 4.2. Surface spot models and sizes of spots on the surface of α Cirbased on a Bayesian analysis of the red and blue BRITE light curves and the WIRE We restrict our discussion to two-spot models since the in- light curve. The importance parameter, justifying the attribute formation content of the presently available BRITE data does “ﬁrst" and “second" to a spot, indicates the impact on the light Article number, page 5 of 10 ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine##

text: Weiss,

text: Fröhlich,

text: Pigulski

text: et

text: al.:

text: roAp

text: star

text: αCir

text: photometric

text: variability

text: on

text: the

text: rotational

text: timescale

text: that

text: we

text: inter-

text: Table

text: Parameters

label: caption

text: for

text: circular

text: spots

text: for

text: the

text: BRITE-red,

text: WIRE,

text: and

text: BRITE-blue

text: solutions,

text: assuming

text: two

text: dark

text: spots.

text: We

text: list

text: expectation

text: pret

text: to

text: be

text: indicative

text: of

text: such

text: spots.

label: section

text: Likelihood

text: estimate

text: values

text: and

text: credibility

text: limits

text: for

text: the

text: central

text: longitude

text: (λ),

text: latitude

text: (β),

text: and

text: radius

text: (γ).

text: Radii

text: and

text: their

text: uncertainties

text: are

text: modelled

text: for

text: a

text: spot

text: The

text: Bayesian

text: photometric

text: imaging

text: (BPI)

text: technique

text: to

text: con-

text: intensity

text: of

text: of

text: the

text: unperturbed

text: photosphere.

text: struct

text: a

text: spot

text: model

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: light

text: curve

text: well

text: sampled

text: in

text: time

text: Parameter

label: table

text: BRITE-red

text: WIRE

text: BRITE-blue

text: is

text: described

text: in

text: detail

text: by

text: Lüftinger

text: et

text: al.

text: Below

text: we

text: only

text: comment

text: on

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: the

text: likelihood

text: function,

text: vital

text: for

text: ﬁrst

text: spot

text: any

text: parameter

text: estimation.

text: λ

text: To

text: save

text: computation

text: time,

text: the

text: ﬁne-tuned

text: data

text: were

text: com-

text: bined

text: into

text: bins

text: with

text: a

text: maximum

text: width

text: of

text: min.

text: This

text: bin

text: width

text: β

text: corresponds

text: to

text: roughly

text: one-third

text: of

text: the

text: orbital

text: period

text: of

text: one

text: γ

text: BRITE

text: satellite.

text: The

text: time

text: diﬀerence

text: between

text: adjacent

text: points

text: within

text: a

text: bin

text: does

text: not

text: exceed

text: min.

text: With

text: these

text: chosen

text: bin

text: con-

text: second

text: spot

text: straints,

text: no

text: bin

text: contains

text: fewer

text: than

text: ten

text: data

text: points.

text: Each

text: of

text: the

text: λ

text: red

text: and

text: blue

text: bins

text: was

text: assigned

text: a

text: weight

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: contributing

text: data

text: points

text: within

text: a

text: bin

text: and

text: used

text: for

text: β

text: the

text: BPI

text: procedure

text: described

text: below.

text: γ

text: We

text: assume

text: the

text: residuals,

text: deviations

text: between

text: observation

text: residuals

text: and

text: model,

text: are

text: Gaussian-distributed,

text: i.e.

text: measurement

text: errors

text: augmented

text: by

text: systematic

text: (model)

text: errors.

text: To

text: enhance

text: robust-

text: ness,

text: the

text: variance

text: of

text: the

text: residuals

text: was

text: assumed

text: to

text: be

text: unknown

text: and

text: regarded

text: as

text: a

text: mere

text: nuisance

text: parameter.

text: The

text: Gaussian

text: like-

text: not

text: enable

text: us

text: to

text: consider

text: more

text: than

text: two

text: spots.

text: The

text: WIRE

text: data

text: lihood

text: function

text: was

text: integrated

text: by

text: applying

text: Jeﬀreys’

text: prior

text: (Jef-

text: do

text: contain

text: more

text: information,

text: which

text: we

text: plan

text: to

text: explore

text: in

text: a

text: fu-

text: freys

text: In

text: our

text: case,

text: the

text: improper

text: (not

text: normalisable)

text: prior

text: ture

text: study.

text: The

text: main

text: picture,

text: however,

text: very

text: probably

text: will

text: remain

text: varies

text: with

text: the

text: reciprocal

text: of

text: the

text: variance.

text: We

text: took

text: into

text: account

text: the

text: same.

text: that

text: the

text: binned

text: data

text: points

text: have

text: diﬀerent

text: weights.

text: This

text: error-

text: In

text: our

text: model,

text: two

text: types

text: of

text: circular

text: spots

text: are

text: allowed:

text: dark

text: integrated

text: likelihood

text: was

text: then

text: integrated

text: analytically

text: over

text: all

text: spots

text: with

text: a

text: brightness

text: of

text: of

text: the

text: brightness

text: of

text: the

text: undis-

text: possible

text: magnitude

text: oﬀsets.

text: turbed

text: photosphere

text: and

text: bright

text: spots

text: with

text: a

text: brightness

text: of

text: The

text: resulting

text: likelihood

text: is

text: a

text: function

text: of

text: the

text: data

text: alone,

text: given

text: The

text: latter

text: values

text: are

text: similar

text: to

text: what

text: has

text: been

text: reported

text: for

text: the

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: parameter

text: values.

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: comforting

text: feature

text: of

text: this

text: type

text: spots

text: of

text: HD

text: by

text: Lüftinger

text: et

text: al.

text: based,

text: as

text: is

text: of

text: data

text: analysis

text: that

text: the

text: error

text: variance

text: and

text: any

text: magnitude

text: oﬀ-

text: already

text: mentioned,

text: on

text: an

text: independent

text: analysis

text: of

text: space-based

text: set,

text: although

text: they

text: remain

text: undetermined,

text: can

text: be

text: ignored,

text: which

text: photometry

text: and

text: ground-based

text: Doppler

text: imaging.

text: reduces

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: free

text: parameters

text: and

text: enhances

text: robustness.

text: To

text: reduce

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: free

text: parameters

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: pos-

text: The

text: reason

text: for

text: a

text: ﬁxed

text: common

text: spot

text: brightness

text: is

text: the

text: un-

text: sible,

text: we

text: took

text: the

text: star’s

text: inclination

text: to

text: be

text: i

text: This

text: value

text: avoidable

text: degeneracy

text: between

text: spot

text: area

text: and

text: spot

text: brightness,

text: results

text: from

text: the

text: measured

text: projected

text: rotational

text: velocity,

text: v

text: sin(i),

text: which

text: prevents

text: the

text: MCMC

text: method

text: to

text: converge

text: to

text: a

text: relaxed

text: so-

text: the

text: assumed

text: value

text: of

text: the

text: stellar

text: radius

text: (Bruntt

text: et

text: al.

text: and

text: lution

text: of

text: the

text: posterior

text: probability

text: density

text: distribution.

text: The

text: data

text: the

text: rotational

text: period

text: of

text: days

text: (Kurtz

text: et

text: al.

text: As

text: the

text: simply

text: do

text: not

text: constrain

text: both

text: parameters

text: independently.

text: Hence,

text: limb-darkening

text: coeﬃcient

text: is

text: unknown,

text: it

text: was

text: regarded

text: as

text: a

text: nui-

text: we

text: had

text: no

text: choice

text: but

text: to

text: prescribe

text: the

text: spot

text: brightness

text: parameter,

text: sance

text: parameter

text: for

text: the

text: present

text: study.

text: For

text: the

text: high-quality

text: WIRE

text: but

text: these

text: are

text: based

text: on

text: examples

text: in

text: the

text: literature.

text: As

text: a

text: test,

text: we

text: re-

text: data,

text: however,

text: in

text: a

text: follow-up

text: study

text: it

text: might

text: also

text: be

text: possible

text: to

text: peated

text: the

text: modelling

text: with

text: a

text: κ

text: arbitrarily

text: set

text: to

text: and

text: expected

text: extract

text: the

text: marginal

text: distribution

text: of

text: the

text: coeﬃcient

text: for

text: linear

text: limb

text: the

text: inferred

text: spot

text: size

text: to

text: be

text: reduced

text: by

text: about

text: Indeed,

text: we

text: darkening.

text: found

text: a

text: factor

text: of

text: which

text: corresponds

text: to

text: a

text: spot

text: size

text: reduced

text: The

text: outcome

text: of

text: a

text: Bayesian

text: parameter

text: estimation

text: is

text: the

text: pos-

text: to

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: size.

text: Interestingly,

text: this

text: spot

text: size

text: reduction

text: terior

text: probability

text: distribution

text: in

text: an

text: high-dimensional

text: parame-

text: with

text: increased

text: kappa

text: only

text: holds

text: for

text: the

text: spot

text: that

text: is

text: fully

text: visi-

text: ter

text: space.

text: Direct

text: numerical

text: brute-force

text: integration

text: often

text: requires

text: ble.

text: The

text: large

text: spot

text: at

text: the

text: south

text: pole,

text: which

text: basically

text: is

text: visible

text: prohibitively

text: large

text: computing

text: resources,

text: so

text: we

text: used

text: the

text: Markov

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: time,

text: but

text: never

text: entirely,

text: is

text: only

text: reduced

text: by

text: and

text: its

text: chain

text: Monte

text: Carlo

text: method

text: (MCMC;

text: cf.

text: Press

text: et

text: al.

text: centre

text: moves

text: degrees

text: towards

text: the

text: pole.

text: It

text: is

text: hardly

text: necessary

text: to

text: The

text: likelihood

text: mountain

text: in

text: the

text: six-dimensional

text: space

text: is

text: ex-

text: stress

text: that

text: it

text: would

text: make

text: even

text: less

text: sense

text: (from

text: the

text: data

text: analysing

text: plored

text: by

text: up

text: to

text: Markov

text: chains.

text: In

text: a

text: relaxed

text: state,

text: each

text: param-

text: point

text: of

text: view)

text: to

text: consider

text: spots

text: with

text: individual

text: surface

text: bright-

text: eter’s

text: marginal

text: distribution

text: is

text: revealed

text: by

text: counting

text: how

text: often

text: an

text: nesses.

text: The

text: model

text: spot

text: parameters

text: must

text: be

text: therefore

text: considered

text: element

text: in

text: parameter

text: space

text: is

text: frequented

text: by

text: the

text: chains.

text: with

text: reservation

text: and

text: taken

text: rather

text: as

text: an

text: order-of-magnitude

text: esti-

text: A

text: marginal

text: distribution

text: describes

text: a

text: parameter’s

text: probability

text: mate.

text: distribution

text: irrespective

text: of

text: the

text: values

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: other

text: parameters,

text: The

text: following

text: parameters

text: were

text: estimated

text: for

text: each

text: circular

text: i.e.

text: disregarding

text: correlations

text: between

text: parameters.

text: These

text: distri-

text: spot:

text: the

text: central

text: longitude

text: (λ),

text: latitude

text: (β),

text: and

text: angular

text: radius

text: butions

text: are

text: reﬂected

text: in

text: Tables

text: and

text: by

text: presenting

text: the

text: corre-

text: (γ).

text: The

text: longitude

text: increases

text: in

text: the

text: direction

text: of

text: stellar

text: rotation,

text: sponding

text: credibility

text: intervals.

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: advantage

text: of

text: the

text: Bayesian

text: and

text: the

text: zero

text: point

text: is

text: the

text: central

text: meridian

text: facing

text: the

text: observer

text: at

text: approach

text: that

text: parameter

text: averages,

text: such

text: as

text: expectation

text: or

text: median

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: series

text: (HJD

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: credibility

text: intervals,

text: are

text: deduced

text: from

text: the

text: measured

text: Table

text: and

text: summarise

text: what

text: we

text: can

text: say

text: about

text: the

text: locations

text: data

text: alone.

text: Surface

text: spot

text: models

text: and

text: sizes

text: of

text: spots

text: on

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: α

text: Cirbased

text: on

text: a

text: Bayesian

text: analysis

text: of

text: the

text: red

text: and

text: blue

text: BRITE

text: light

text: curves

text: and

text: the

text: WIRE

text: We

text: restrict

text: our

text: discussion

text: to

text: two-spot

text: models

text: since

text: the

text: in-

text: light

text: curve.

text: The

text: importance

text: parameter,

text: justifying

text: the

text: attribute

text: formation

text: content

text: of

text: the

text: presently

text: available

text: BRITE

text: data

text: does

text: “ﬁrst"

text: and

text: “second"

text: to

text: a

text: spot,

text: indicates

text: the

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: light

text: Article

text: number,

text: page

text: of

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text: A&A proofs: manuscript no. alCirArchiv Investigations of long-term changes of rotation and pulsation Kurtz, D. W. 1982, MNRAS, 200, 807 properties are obvious next research goals. Right now the time Kurtz, D. W., Cropper, M. S. 1981, IBVS 1987 base of high quality data is too short, but observers are encour- Kurtz, D. W., Alen S., Cropper, M. S. 1981, IBVS 2033 Kurtz, D. W. & Balona, L. A. 1984, MNRAS 210, 779 aged to monitor α Cir, as BRITE-Constellation will as well. Kurtz, D. W., Shibahashi, H. 1986, MNRAS 223, 557 – Final note: High-resolution spectroscopy with high S/N, cov- Kurtz, D. W., Sullivan, D. J., Martinez, P., Tripe, P. 1994, MNRAS 270, 674 Kurtz, D. W. & Medupe, T. 1996, Bull. Astron. Soc. India 24, 291 ering a full rotation cycle, is the obvious strategy to test our Kurtz, D. W. & Martinez, P. 2000, BaltA 9, 253 two bright-spot model and its dependence on wavelengths. Spec- Kuschnig, R., Weiss, W.W., Gruber, R., Bely, P.Y. & Jenkner, H. 1997, A&A troscopy will also be critical to investigate chemical and physi- 328, 544 cal spot characteristics as a function of optical depths and spec- Lenz, P. & Breger, M. 2005, CoAst 146, 53 Lüftinger, T., Fröhlich, H.-E., Weiss, W. W., et al. 2010a, A&A, 509, 43 troscopy with high time resolution will be required to determine Lüftinger, T., Kochukhov, O., Ryabchikova, T., Piskunov, N., Weiss, W. W., Ilyin, the stellar structure anomalies. I. 2010b, A&A, 509, 71 In other words, having information both on the temperature Matthews, J. M., Kurtz, D. W., & Martinez, P. 1999, ApJ, 511, 422 and RV variations in the atmosphere with good estimates of fun- Medupe, T., & Kurtz, D. W. 1998, MNRAS 299, 371 damental parameters (e.g. Bruntt et al. (2008)), α Cir is one Mikulasek, Z. & Ziznovsky, J. 2001, IBVS 5188 Mikulasek, Z., Zverko, J., Ziznovsky, J. & Janik, J. 2004, IAUS 224, 657 of the best roAp stars to constrain the model of pulsation in the Musielok, B., Lange, D., Schöneich, W., Hildebrandt, G., Zelwanowa, E., & presence of a strong magnetic ﬁeld and to look deep into a star. Hempelmann, A. 1980, AN 301, 71 Orleanski, P., Graczyk, R., Miroslaw Rataj, R., Schwarzenberg-Czerny, A., Za- Acknowledgements. RK and WW were supported by the Austrian Science Funds wistowski, T., Zee, R. E. 2010, Proc. SPIE 7745 (FWF) and by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG-ASAP), which Popowicz, A. et al. 2015, in preparation also supported OK. AFJM is grateful for ﬁnancial assistance from NSERC Press, W. H., Teukolsky, S. A., Vetterling, W. T., & Flannery, B. P. 2007, Numer- (Canada) and FRQNT (Quebec). JMM, SMR, and GAW are grateful for sup- ical Recipes, 3rd Edition (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge) port from NSERC (Canada). The Polish BRITE operations are funded by the Reegen, P. 2007, A&A, 467, 1353 PMN grant 2011/01/M/ST9/05914. APi acknowledges the support from the Reegen, P. 2011, CoAst 163 NCN grant No. 2011/03/B/ST9/02667 and APo was supported by the Polish Rosner, B. 1983 Technometrics 25, 165 National Science Center, grant no. 2013/11/N/ST6/03051: Novel Methods of Ryabchikova, T., Sachkov, M., Kochukhov O. and Lyashko, D. 2007, A&A 473, Impulsive Noise Reduction in Astronomical Images. The MCMC computations 907 have been performed by HEF at the AIP. GH and APa received support by the Schneider, H. & Weiss, W. W. 1983, IBVS 2306 Polish NCN grant 2011/01/B/ST9/05448. DH acknowledges support by the Aus- Schneider, H. & Weiss, W. W. 1989, A&A 210, 147 tralian Research Council’s Discovery Projects funding scheme (project number Schöneich, W., Hildebrand, G. & Fürtig, W. 1976, AN 297, 39 DE140101364) and support by the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis- Shulyak, D., Krticˇka, J., Mikulášek, Z., et al. 2010, A&A, 524, A66 tration under Grant NNX14AB92G issued through the Kepler Participating Sci- Walker, G., Matthews, J., Kuschnig, R., et al. 2003, PASP 115, 1023 entist Program. TL acknowledges funding of the Austrian FFG within ASAP11 Walker, G., Matthews, J., Kuschnig, R., et al. 2003, PASP 115, 1023 and support by the FWF NFN projects S11601-N16 and S116 604-N16. K.Z. ac- Wayman, P. A. 1962, Roy. Obs. Bull, Greenwich 50 knowledges support by the Austrian Fonds zur Fo¨rderung der wissenschaftlichen Weiss, W. W., Schneider, H. 1984, A&A 135, 148 Forschung (FWF, project V431-NBL). Finally, the authors wish to acknowledge the spacecraft operation teams in Austria (P. Romano & M. Unterberger), Canada Weiss, W. W., Rucinski, S. M., Moﬀat, A. F. J., Schwarzenberg-Czerny, A., Koudelka, O. F., Grant, C. C., Zee, R. E., Kuschnig, R., Mochnacki, St., (Monica Chaumont, Susan Choi, Daniel Kekez, Karan Sarda, Paul Choi & Laura Matthews, J. M., Orleanski, P., Pamyatnykh, A., Pigulski, A., Alves, J., Bradbury) and Poland (Grzegorz Marciniszyn & Grzegorz Woz´niak), whose ef- Guedel, M., Handler, G., Wade, G. A., Zwintz, K. 2014, PASP 126, 573 forts were essential for the collection of the data used in this paper. References Alentjev, D. V., Mkrtichian, D. E. 2010, Odessa Astron. Publ. 23, 6 Audard, N., Kupka, F., Morel, P., Provost, J. & Weiss, W. W. 1998, A&A 335, 954 Baglin, A., Auvergne, M., Barge, P., Deleuil, M., Catala, C., Michel, E., Weiss, W., COROT Team 2006, ESA SP 1306, 33 Baldry, I. K., Bedding, T. R., Viskum, M., Kjeldsen, H., Frandsen, S. 1998 MN- RAS 295, 33 Baldry, I. K., Viskum, M., Bedding, T. R., Kjeldsen, H., Frandsen, S. 1999 MN- RAS 302, 381 Balona, L. A. & Laney, C. D. 2003, MNRAS 344, 242 Bruntt H., North J. R., Cunha M., Brandão I. M., Elkin V. G., Kurtz D. W., Davis J., Bedding T. R., Jacob A. P., Owens S. M., Robertson J. G., Tango W. J., Gameiro J. F., Ireland M. J., Tuthill P. G., 2008, MNRAS, 386, 2039 Bruntt, H., Kurtz, D. W., Cunha, M. S., Brandão, I. M., Handler, G., Bedding, T. R., Medupe, T., Buzasi, D. L., Mashigo, D., Zhang, I., van Wyk, F. 2009, MNRAS 396, 1189 Dorren, J. 1987, ApJ, 320, 756 Gruberbauer, M., Saio, H., Huber, D., Kallinger, T, Weiss W. W., Guenther, D., Kuschnig, R., Matthews, J., Moﬀat, A., Rucinski, S., Sasselov, D. & Walker, G. 2008, A&A, 480, 223 Hensberge, H., Weiss, W. W., Catalano, F. & Schneider, H. 1982, IBVS 2170 Huber, D., Saio, H., Gruberbauer, M., Weiss, W. W., Rowe, J., Hareter, M., Kallinger, T., Reegen, P., Matthews, J., Kuschnig, R., Guenther, D., Moﬀat, A., Rucinski, S., Sasselov, D., & Walker, G. 2008, A&A, 483, 239 Jeﬀreys, H. 1961, Theory of Probability, 3rd ed. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford Kallinger, T., Reegen, P., & Weiss, W. W. 2008, A&A, 481, 571 Kochukhov O., Ryabchikova, T., Weiss, W. W., Landstreet, J. D. and Lyashko, D. 2007, MNRAS 376, 651 Kochukhov O., Shulyak, D. & Ryabchikova, T. 2009, A&A 499, 851 Krticˇka, J., Mikulášek, Z., Henry, G. W., et al. 2009, A&A, 499, 567 Krticˇka, J., Mikulášek, Z., Lüftinger, T. et al. 2012, A&A, 537A, 14 Krticˇka, J., Mikulášek, Z., Lüftinger, T., Jagelka, M. 2015, A&A, 576A, 82 Article number, page 10 of 10

text: A&A

label: paragraph

text: proofs:

text: manuscript

text: no.

text: alCirArchiv

text: Investigations

text: of

text: long-term

text: changes

text: of

text: rotation

text: and

text: pulsation

text: Kurtz,

label: reference

text: D.

text: W.

text: MNRAS,

text: properties

text: are

text: obvious

text: next

text: research

text: goals.

text: Right

text: now

text: the

text: time

text: Kurtz,

text: D.

text: W.,

text: Cropper,

text: M.

text: S.

text: IBVS

text: base

text: of

text: high

text: quality

text: data

text: is

text: too

text: short,

text: but

text: observers

text: are

text: encour-

text: Kurtz,

text: D.

text: W.,

text: Alen

text: S.,

text: Cropper,

text: M.

text: S.

text: IBVS

text: Kurtz,

text: D.

text: W.

text: Balona,

text: L.

text: A.

text: MNRAS

text: aged

text: to

text: monitor

text: α

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text: Cir,

text: as

text: BRITE-Constellation

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text: will

text: as

text: well.

text: Kurtz,

text: D.

text: W.,

text: Shibahashi,

text: H.

text: MNRAS

text: Final

text: note:

text: High-resolution

text: spectroscopy

text: with

text: high

text: S/N,

text: cov-

text: Kurtz,

text: D.

text: W.,

text: Sullivan,

text: D.

text: J.,

text: Martinez,

text: P.,

text: Tripe,

text: P.

text: MNRAS

text: Kurtz,

text: D.

text: W.

text: Medupe,

text: T.

text: Bull.

text: Astron.

text: Soc.

text: India

text: ering

text: a

text: full

text: rotation

text: cycle,

text: is

text: the

text: obvious

text: strategy

text: to

text: test

text: our

text: Kurtz,

text: D.

text: W.

text: Martinez,

text: P.

text: BaltA

text: two

text: bright-spot

text: model

text: and

text: its

text: dependence

text: on

text: wavelengths.

text: Spec-

text: Kuschnig,

text: R.,

text: Weiss,

text: W.W.,

text: Gruber,

text: R.,

text: Bely,

text: P.Y.

text: Jenkner,

text: H.

text: A&A

text: troscopy

text: will

text: also

text: be

text: critical

text: to

text: investigate

text: chemical

text: and

text: physi-

text: cal

text: spot

text: characteristics

text: as

text: a

text: function

text: of

text: optical

text: depths

text: and

text: spec-

text: Lenz,

text: P.

text: Breger,

text: M.

text: CoAst

text: Lüftinger,

text: T.,

text: Fröhlich,

text: H.-E.,

text: Weiss,

text: W.

text: W.,

text: et

text: al.

text: A&A,

text: troscopy

text: with

text: high

text: time

text: resolution

text: will

text: be

text: required

text: to

text: determine

text: Lüftinger,

text: T.,

text: Kochukhov,

text: O.,

text: Ryabchikova,

text: T.,

text: Piskunov,

text: N.,

text: Weiss,

text: W.

text: W.,

text: Ilyin,

text: the

text: stellar

text: structure

text: anomalies.

text: I.

text: A&A,

text: In

text: other

text: words,

text: having

text: information

text: both

text: on

text: the

text: temperature

text: Matthews,

text: J.

text: M.,

text: Kurtz,

text: D.

text: W.,

text: Martinez,

text: P.

text: ApJ,

text: and

text: RV

text: variations

text: in

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: with

text: good

text: estimates

text: of

text: fun-

text: Medupe,

text: T.,

text: Kurtz,

text: D.

text: W.

text: MNRAS

text: damental

text: parameters

text: (e.g.

text: Bruntt

text: et

text: al.

text: α

text: Cir

text: is

text: one

text: Mikulasek,

text: Z.

text: Ziznovsky,

text: J.

text: IBVS

text: Mikulasek,

text: Z.,

text: Zverko,

text: J.,

text: Ziznovsky,

text: J.

text: Janik,

text: J.

text: IAUS

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: roAp

text: stars

text: to

text: constrain

text: the

text: model

text: of

text: pulsation

text: in

text: the

text: Musielok,

text: B.,

text: Lange,

text: D.,

text: Schöneich,

text: W.,

text: Hildebrandt,

text: G.,

text: Zelwanowa,

text: E.,

text: presence

text: of

text: a

text: strong

text: magnetic

text: ﬁeld

text: and

text: to

text: look

text: deep

text: into

text: a

text: star.

text: Hempelmann,

text: A.

text: AN

text: Orleanski,

text: P.,

text: Graczyk,

text: R.,

text: Miroslaw

text: Rataj,

text: R.,

text: Schwarzenberg-Czerny,

text: A.,

text: Za-

text: Acknowledgements.

text: RK

text: and

text: WW

text: were

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: Austrian

text: Science

text: Funds

text: wistowski,

text: T.,

text: Zee,

text: R.

text: E.

text: Proc.

text: SPIE

text: (FWF)

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: Austrian

text: Research

text: Promotion

text: Agency

text: (FFG-ASAP),

text: which

text: Popowicz,

text: A.

text: et

text: al.

text: in

text: preparation

text: also

text: supported

text: OK.

text: AFJM

text: is

text: grateful

text: for

text: ﬁnancial

text: assistance

text: from

text: NSERC

text: Press,

text: W.

text: H.,

text: Teukolsky,

text: S.

text: A.,

text: Vetterling,

text: W.

text: T.,

text: Flannery,

text: B.

text: P.

text: Numer-

text: (Canada)

text: and

text: FRQNT

text: (Quebec).

text: JMM,

text: SMR,

text: and

text: GAW

text: are

text: grateful

text: for

text: sup-

text: ical

text: Recipes,

text: Edition

text: (Cambridge

text: Univ.

text: Press,

text: Cambridge)

text: port

text: from

text: NSERC

text: (Canada).

text: The

text: Polish

text: BRITE

text: operations

text: are

text: funded

text: by

text: the

text: Reegen,

text: P.

text: A&A,

text: PMN

text: grant

text: APi

text: acknowledges

text: the

text: support

text: from

text: the

text: Reegen,

text: P.

text: CoAst

text: NCN

text: grant

text: No.

text: and

text: APo

text: was

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: Polish

text: Rosner,

text: B.

text: Technometrics

text: National

text: Science

text: Center,

text: grant

text: no.

text: Novel

text: Methods

text: of

text: Ryabchikova,

text: T.,

text: Sachkov,

text: M.,

text: Kochukhov

text: O.

text: and

text: Lyashko,

text: D.

text: A&A

text: Impulsive

text: Noise

text: Reduction

text: in

text: Astronomical

text: Images.

text: The

text: MCMC

text: computations

text: have

text: been

text: performed

text: by

text: HEF

text: at

text: the

text: AIP.

text: GH

text: and

text: APa

text: received

text: support

text: by

text: the

text: Schneider,

text: H.

text: Weiss,

text: W.

text: W.

text: IBVS

text: Polish

text: NCN

text: grant

text: DH

text: acknowledges

text: support

text: by

text: the

text: Aus-

text: Schneider,

text: H.

text: Weiss,

text: W.

text: W.

text: A&A

text: tralian

text: Research

text: Council’s

text: Discovery

text: Projects

text: funding

text: scheme

text: (project

text: number

text: Schöneich,

text: W.,

text: Hildebrand,

text: G.

text: Fürtig,

text: W.

text: AN

text: and

text: support

text: by

text: the

text: National

text: Aeronautics

text: and

text: Space

text: Adminis-

text: Shulyak,

text: D.,

text: Krticˇka,

text: J.,

text: Mikulášek,

text: Z.,

text: et

text: al.

text: A&A,

text: tration

text: under

text: Grant

text: issued

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text: the

text: Kepler

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text: Sci-

text: Walker,

text: G.,

text: Matthews,

text: J.,

text: Kuschnig,

text: R.,

text: et

text: al.

text: PASP

text: entist

text: Program.

text: TL

text: acknowledges

text: funding

text: of

text: the

text: Austrian

text: FFG

text: within

text: Walker,

text: G.,

text: Matthews,

text: J.,

text: Kuschnig,

text: R.,

text: et

text: al.

text: PASP

text: and

text: support

text: by

text: the

text: FWF

text: NFN

text: projects

text: and

text: K.Z.

text: ac-

text: Wayman,

text: P.

text: A.

text: Roy.

text: Obs.

text: Bull,

text: Greenwich

text: knowledges

text: support

text: by

text: the

text: Austrian

text: Fonds

text: zur

text: Fo¨rderung

text: der

text: wissenschaftlichen

text: Weiss,

text: W.

text: W.,

text: Schneider,

text: H.

text: A&A

text: Forschung

text: (FWF,

text: project

text: Finally,

text: the

text: authors

text: wish

text: to

text: acknowledge

text: the

text: spacecraft

text: operation

text: teams

text: in

text: Austria

text: (P.

text: Romano

text: M.

text: Unterberger),

text: Canada

text: Weiss,

text: W.

text: W.,

text: Rucinski,

text: S.

text: M.,

text: Moﬀat,

text: A.

text: F.

text: J.,

text: Schwarzenberg-Czerny,

text: A.,

text: Koudelka,

text: O.

text: F.,

text: Grant,

text: C.

text: C.,

text: Zee,

text: R.

text: E.,

text: Kuschnig,

text: R.,

text: Mochnacki,

text: St.,

text: (Monica

text: Chaumont,

text: Susan

text: Choi,

text: Daniel

text: Kekez,

text: Karan

text: Sarda,

text: Paul

text: Choi

text: Laura

text: Matthews,

text: J.

text: M.,

text: Orleanski,

text: P.,

text: Pamyatnykh,

text: A.,

text: Pigulski,

text: A.,

text: Alves,

text: J.,

text: Bradbury)

text: and

text: Poland

text: (Grzegorz

text: Marciniszyn

text: Grzegorz

text: Woz´niak),

text: whose

text: ef-

text: Guedel,

text: M.,

text: Handler,

text: G.,

text: Wade,

text: G.

text: A.,

text: Zwintz,

text: K.

text: PASP

text: forts

text: were

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text: for

text: the

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text: reactions in 44-9 mev energy range. In: 35th Annual Conference on Nuclear Spectroscopy and Structure of Atomic Nuclei. p. 85. 39-Y-89(P,2N)40-ZR-88 Birjukov, N. S., Zhuravrev, B. V., Rudenko, A. P., Salnikov, O. A., 1500 10 20 EXFOR30 40 501500 Trykova, V. I., 1979. Neutrons from (p,n) reactions on 90,91,94zr. 2012 Khandaker Yadernaya Fizika 29 (6), 1443. 2011 Steyn 22000095 OUmddairna Blaser, J., Boehm, F., Marimier, P., Scherrer, P., 1951. Anregungs- 2004 Tarkanyi 11999972 MZhiacoh eWlenrong functionen und wirkungsquerschnitte der (p,n)-reaktion (ii). Hel- 1991 Levkovskij 1000 11998686 MSauhsatafa 1000 vetica Physica Acta 24, 441–445. Blosser, H., Handley, T., 1955. Survey of (p,n) reactions at 12 mev. Phys. Rev. 100, 1340–1344. Bonardi, M., 1987. The contribution to nuclear data for biomedical 500 500 radioisotope production from the milan cyclotron facility. Bringas, F., Yamashita, M. T., Goldman, I. D., Pascholati, P. R., Sciani, V., 2005. Measurement of proton-induced reaction cross sections in ti, ni and zr near the threshold. In: Haight, R. C., Chad- 0 10 20 30 40 500 wick, M. B., Kawano, T., Talou, P. (Eds.), Intern.Conf.Nuclear Incident Energy (MeV) Data for Science and Technology. Vol. 769. AIP, pp. 1374–1377. Broeders, C. H. M., Konobeyev, A. Y., 2007. Systematics of (p,alpha) (p,n alpha), and (p,np) reaction cross-sections. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 65 (11), 1249–1264. Figure 27: 27. Excitation function of the 89Yp,2n)88Zr reaction Busse, S., Rosch, F., Qaim, S. M., 2002. Cross section data for the production of the positron emitting niobium isotope nb-90 via the zr-90(p, n)-reaction. Radiochimica Acta 90 (1), 1–5. 7. Summary Cai, C. H., 2006. Mend - a program for calculating the complete set of nuclear data of medium-heavy nuclei in a medium-low energy region. Nuclear Science and Engineering 153 (1), 93–97. We present experimental activation cross sections for Delaunau-Olkowsky, J., Strohal, P., Cindro, N., 1963. Total reaction production of 96Nb, 95Nb, 95gNb, 92mNb, 91mNb, 90Nb, cross section of proton induced reactions. Nuclear Physics 47, 266. 95Zr, 89Zr, 88Zr, 86Zr, 88Y, 87mY, 87gY, 86Y on zirconium Dityuk, A. I., Konobeyev, A. Y., Lunev, V. P., Shubin, Y. N., 1998. measured up to 70 MeV proton energy. The agreement New version of the advanced computer code alice-ippe. Tech. rep., IAEA. between the new and the earlier experimental data (ex- Dmitriev, P. P., 1983. Systematics of nuclear reaction yields for cept for a few cases) is acceptable. TALYS 1.4 based thick target at 22 mev proton energy. Vop. At. Nauki i Tekhn., model results in TENDL-2013 library describe well the Ser.Yadernye Konstanty 57, 2. experimental results. For production of the medically Dmitriev, P. P., Molin, G. A., 1981. Radioactive nuclide yields for thick target at 22 mev proton energy. Vop. At. Nauki i Tekhn., relevant radionuclides 90Nb, 95Nb, 89Zr, 88Y diﬀerent Ser.Yadernye Konstanty 44 (5), 43. alternative routes were compared and discussed. For Gorpinich, O. K., Kondratev, S. N., Kuzmenko, V. A., Lobach, Y. N., production of 90Nb and 95Nb the proton induced reac- 1988. Excitation functions of (p, 4pxn) reaction on zr nuclei at tions on enriched 90Zr and 96Zr, respectively, are pre- proton energy up to 70 mev. In: 38th Ann. Conf. Nucl. Spectrosc. Struct. At. Nuclei. p. 310. ferred compared to other routes. For production of 89Zr Gul, K., Hermanne, A., Mustafa, M. G., Nortier, F. M., Oblozin- and 88Y the proton and deuteron induced reactions on sky, P., Qaim, S. M., Scholten, B., Shubin, Y. N., Taka´cs, natY from all points of view are more practical. S., Ta´rka´nyi, F., Zhuang, Y., 2001. Charged particle cross- 8. Acknowledgements section database for medical radioisotope production diagnos- tic radioisotopes and monitor reactions. charged particle cross- section database for medical radioisotope production: diagnos- This work was partly performed in the frame of tic radioisotopes and monitor reactions. vienna, iaea. iaea-tecdoc- the HAS-FWO Vlaanderen (Hungary-Belgium) project 1211, http://www.nds.or.at/medical). as well as in cooperation with the Tohoku University, IAEA, 2001. Nuclear data for the production of therapeutic radionu- clides. Tech. rep., IAEA. Sendai, Japan. The authors acknowledge the support IAEA, 2004. Fusion evaluated nuclear data library fendl 3.0. of the research project and the respective institutions in IAEA, 2008. Exfor formats description for users (exfor basics) iaea- providing the beam time and experimental facilities. nds-206. References IAEA, 2012-2016. Crp on nuclear data for charged-particle monitor reactions and medical isotope production. IAEA-NDS, 2010. Thin layer activation (tla) technique for wear mea- Abe, K., Iizuka, A., Hasegawa, A., Morozumi, S., 1984. Induced ra- surement. dioactivity of component materials by 16-mev protons and 30-mev Isshiki, M., Fukuda, Y., Igaki, K., 1984. Proton activation-analysis of alpha-particles. Journal of Nuclear Materials 123 (1-3), 972–976. trace impurities in puriﬁed cobalt. Journal of Radioanalytical and Al-Abyad, M., Abdel-Hamid, A. S., Ta´rka´nyi, F., Ditro´i, F., Taka´cs, Nuclear Chemistry 82 (1), 135–142. S., Seddik, U., Bashter, I. I., 2012. Cross-section measurements Kantelo, M. V., Hogan, J. J., 1976. Charged-particle emission in reac- and nuclear model calculation for proton induced nuclear reaction tions of zr-90 with 10-86-mev protons. Physical Review C 14 (1), on zirconium. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 70 (1), 257–262. 64–74. Batij, V. G., A., S. A., Rakivnenko, Y. N., Rastrepin, P. A., 1985. Khandaker, M. U., Kim, K., Lee, M. W., Kim, K. S., Kim, G. 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text: 30 natZr(p,xn)95gNb natZr(p,xn)91mNb 20 TENDL 2013 50 TMEicNhDelL 1 2909173 Uddin 2008 Vysotsky 1991 Al-Abyad 2012 Blaser 1951 Michel 1997 Murakami 2014 Vysotskij 1991 this work, ser-1 Levkovskij 1991 this work, ser-2 10 Murakami 2014 this work, ser-1 this work, ser-2 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Proton energy (MeV) Proton energy (MeV) Figure 4: Excitation function of the natZr(p,x)95gNb reaction Figure 6: Excitation function of the natZr(p,x)91mNb reaction from the high energy irradiation. Our data show large uncertainties due to the low statistics. The agreement natZr(p,xn)92mNb with the earlier experimental results is acceptable (Fig. 100 TUEddNiDn L2 0200813 6). The TENDL-2013 prediction overestimates the ex- Khandaker 2009 Al-Abyad 2012 perimental data. Michel 1997 Vysotskij 1991 4.1.6. Cross sections of 90Nb Skakun 1987 50 BMtthhaiiusstri jaww 1kooa9rrm8kk5,,i ss2ee0rr1--124 14T.6hhe)corobstasi-nseecdtiionntshefoVr UprBodeuxcptieornimoefnt90agrNebsh(oTw1/n2 i=n Fig. 7. The cross sections include, apart from the direct production, the contribution through IT decay (100%) of the 18.8 s half-life isomeric state. The agreement 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 with the earlier experimental results is good, except for Proton energy (MeV) the data of (Kondratev et al., 1991; Blosser and Handley, 1955; Birjukov et al., 1979; Al-Abyad et al., 2012) (Fig. 7). The TENDL-2013 results are well representing the Figure 5: Excitation function of the natZr(p,x)92mNb reaction energy dependence of the contributions of the diﬀerent reactions and their maximum values. 4.1.7. Cross sections of 95Zr in good agreement with the experiments. The radionuclide 95Zr (T = 64.032 d) is formed 4.1.4. Cross sections of 92mNb directly through the 96Zr(p,p1/n2) reaction and indirectly The half-life of the ground state of the 92Nb is very from the decay of the short-lived parent 95Y (T = 1/2 long (T = 3.47 107 a) and 92gNb can hence be con- 10.3 min) produced via the 96Zr(p,2p) reaction. The 1/2 sidered as stable in our experimental conditions. The agreement with earlier experimental data and with the isomeric state 92mNb (T = 10.15 d) has no IT, but de- TENDL-2013 predictions is acceptable for our 2 new 1/2 cays directly to stable 92Zr. Our results for both ex- experiments (Fig. 8). periments are in acceptable agreement with the earlier 4.1.8. Cross sections of 89Zr experimental results and with the data in TENDL-2013 The cross sections for 89gZr (T = 78.41 h) produc- 1/2 (Fig. 5). tion include, apart from the direct (p,pxn) processes on 4.1.5. Cross sections of 91mNb diﬀerent stable Zr isotopes, also the contributions from The very long-lived ground state of 91Nb (T = the decay of the short-lived metastable parent 89mZr 1/2 6800 a) has no measurable gamma lines. We obtained (T = 4.161 min) and the decay of 89Nb (T = 66 1/2 1/2 some results for the activation cross sections of the min). Our data from both experiments do not sup- shorter-lived isomeric state (T = 60.86 d), mostly port the low cross section values of (Khandaker et al., 1/2 4 )bm( noitces ssorC )bm( noitces ssorC )bm( noitces ssorC ##LTFigure## ##LTFigure## ##LTFigure## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine##

text: TENDL

text: TMEicNhDelL

text: Uddin

text: Vysotsky

text: Al-Abyad

text: Blaser

text: Michel

text: Murakami

text: Vysotskij

text: this

text: work,

text: Levkovskij

text: this

text: work,

text: Murakami

text: this

text: work,

text: this

text: work,

text: Proton

text: energy

text: (MeV)

text: Proton

text: energy

text: (MeV)

text: Figure

text: Excitation

text: function

text: of

text: the

text: reaction

text: Figure

text: Excitation

text: function

text: of

text: the

text: reaction

text: from

text: the

text: high

text: energy

text: irradiation.

text: Our

text: data

text: show

text: large

text: uncertainties

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: low

text: statistics.

text: The

text: agreement

text: with

text: the

text: earlier

text: experimental

text: results

text: is

text: acceptable

text: (Fig.

text: TUEddNiDn

text: The

text: prediction

text: overestimates

text: the

text: ex-

text: Khandaker

text: Al-Abyad

text: perimental

text: data.

text: Michel

text: Vysotskij

text: Cross

text: sections

text: of

text: Skakun

text: BMtthhaiiusstri

text: jaww

text: i=n

text: Fig.

text: The

text: cross

text: sections

text: include,

text: apart

text: from

text: the

text: direct

text: production,

text: the

text: contribution

text: through

text: IT

text: decay

text: of

text: the

text: s

text: half-life

text: isomeric

text: state.

text: The

text: agreement

text: with

text: the

text: earlier

text: experimental

text: results

text: is

text: good,

text: except

text: for

text: Proton

text: energy

text: (MeV)

text: the

text: data

text: of

text: (Kondratev

text: et

text: al.,

text: Blosser

text: and

text: Handley,

text: Birjukov

text: et

text: al.,

text: Al-Abyad

text: et

text: al.,

text: (Fig.

text: The

text: results

text: are

text: well

text: representing

text: the

text: Figure

text: Excitation

text: function

text: of

text: the

text: reaction

text: energy

text: dependence

text: of

text: the

text: contributions

text: of

text: the

text: diﬀerent

text: reactions

text: and

text: their

text: maximum

text: values.

text: Cross

text: sections

text: of

text: in

text: good

text: agreement

text: with

text: the

text: experiments.

text: The

text: radionuclide

text: (T

text: d)

text: is

text: formed

text: Cross

text: sections

text: of

text: directly

text: through

text: the

text: reaction

text: and

text: indirectly

text: The

text: half-life

text: of

text: the

text: ground

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: is

text: very

text: from

text: the

text: decay

text: of

text: the

text: short-lived

text: parent

text: (T

text: long

text: (T

text: a)

text: and

text: can

text: hence

text: be

text: con-

text: min)

text: produced

text: via

text: the

text: reaction.

text: The

text: sidered

text: as

text: stable

text: in

text: our

text: experimental

text: conditions.

text: The

text: agreement

text: with

text: earlier

text: experimental

text: data

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: isomeric

text: state

text: (T

text: d)

text: has

text: no

text: IT,

text: but

text: de-

text: predictions

text: is

text: acceptable

text: for

text: our

text: new

text: cays

text: directly

text: to

text: stable

text: Our

text: results

text: for

text: both

text: ex-

text: experiments

text: (Fig.

text: periments

text: are

text: in

text: acceptable

text: agreement

text: with

text: the

text: earlier

text: Cross

text: sections

text: of

text: experimental

text: results

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: data

text: in

text: The

text: cross

text: sections

text: for

text: (T

text: h)

text: produc-

text: (Fig.

text: tion

text: include,

text: apart

text: from

text: the

text: direct

text: (p,pxn)

text: processes

text: on

text: Cross

text: sections

text: of

text: diﬀerent

text: stable

text: Zr

text: isotopes,

text: also

text: the

text: contributions

text: from

text: The

text: very

text: long-lived

text: ground

text: state

text: of

text: (T

text: the

text: decay

text: of

text: the

text: short-lived

text: metastable

text: parent

text: a)

text: has

text: no

text: measurable

text: gamma

text: lines.

text: We

text: obtained

text: (T

text: min)

text: and

text: the

text: decay

text: of

text: (T

text: some

text: results

text: for

text: the

text: activation

text: cross

text: sections

text: of

text: the

text: min).

text: Our

text: data

text: from

text: both

text: experiments

text: do

text: not

text: sup-

text: shorter-lived

text: isomeric

text: state

text: (T

text: d),

text: mostly

text: port

text: the

text: low

text: cross

text: section

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text: of

text: (Khandaker

text: et

text: al.,

text: )bm(

text: noitces

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text: noitces

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text: noitces

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text: ##LTFigure##

text: ##LTFigure##

text: ##LTFigure##

text: ##LTLine##

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text: 39-Y-89(D,2N)40-ZR-89 EXFOR 10 20 30 40 1980 Bissem 1000 11999733 WLae Gstamma 1000 1963 Baron 2007 Uddin 1988 Degering 38-SR-0(P,X)39-Y-88 EXFOR 800 10 20 30 40 50800 500 500 Sr-0(d,x)Y-88 TENDL 1997 Michel 2002 Kettern 600 600 0 0 400 400 10 20 30 40 Incident Energy (MeV) 200 200 Figure 24: Excitation function of the 89Y(d,2n) 89Zr reaction 10 20 30 40 50 Incident Energy (MeV) d) is possible through the natSr(p,xn), natSr(d,xn), natRb(α,xn), natZr(p,x) and 90Zr(p,x) reactions. The ex- Figure 25: Excitation function of the natSr(p,x)88Y and natSr(d,x)88Y citation functions for the direct production are shown reaction in Figs. 25-26 (the data were taken from EXFOR or from TENDL-2013 for the (d,xn) reaction) and in Fig. 12. By using natZr(p,x) the cross section is low and long-lived 91Y (58.51 d) is produced simultaneously. To get high radionuclidic purity highly enriched 90Zr should be used. As Rb has only two stable isotopes (85Rb:72.165 % and 87Rb:27.83%) and 90Y with a sig- niﬁcantly shorter half-life is produced by (α,n) reaction, natural Rb targets can be used. However the limitation on incoming γ-energy is important for avoiding produc- tion of stable 89Y through 87Rb(α,2n), which would de- 37-RB-85(A,N)39-Y-88 crease speciﬁc activity. The maximum production cross EXFOR section on natRb will hence be only around 230 mb. The 5.1020 10 20 30 40 505.102 1991 Levkovskij 1962 Iwata indirect production routes include the natZr(p,x)88Zr- 2007 Kandil 2.102 2.102 88Y, 90Zr(p,x)88Zr-88Y, 89Y(p,2n) 88Zr-88Y reactions. The excitation functions are shown in Fig. 10 and Fig. 102 102 27 (the experimental data for 89Y were taken from EX- 50 50 FOR). By using Zr target the production requires highly enriched 90Zr material. In case of natural composition 20 20 other long-lived Zr radioisotopes as 93Zr (T = 1.61106 1/2 a) and 95Zr T = 64.032 d) are produced simultane- 10 10 1/2 ously, followed by Y decay product. In case 90Zr target 0 10 20 30 40 50 Incident Energy (MeV) the 88Y is produced directly, simultaneously with 88Zr via (p,2pxn) reaction, which can be separated after EOB (the other Y radio-products are short-lived). Compari- son of the two production routes shows, that the (p,2n) Figure 26: Excitation function of 85Rb(,n) reaction reaction on monoisotopic yttrium has advantages as no enriched targets ate required, and the required beam en- ergy is lower up to 30 MeV (in the range of commercial medium energy cyclotrons). 10 )snrabm( noitceS ssorC )snrabm( noitceS ssorC )snrabm( noitceS ssorC ##LTFigure## ##LTFigure## ##LTFigure## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## ##LTLine## 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