{
  "title": "2023_Egyptian_presidential_election",
  "content": [
    {
      "id": "1",
      "title": "Preface",
      "content": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "id": "1.s1",
              "text": "Presidential elections were held in Egypt in December 2023, as announced by the National Election Authority, after speculation that the elections might be held earlier than expected. Candidate registration was from 5–14 October 2023 and the election was held in Egypt from 10 to 12 December;",
              "references": [
                {
                  "text": "<ref name=es25sept>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2023 |title=Egypt's Presidential Elections will be Held in December 2023|work=Egyptian Streets|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2023/09/25/egypts-presidential-elections-will-be-held-in-december-2023/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |language=en-US|first=Farah|last=Rafik}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://egyptianstreets.com/2023/09/25/egypts-presidential-elections-will-be-held-in-december-2023/",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "web"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite web |author=Magdy |first=Mirette |date=14 September 2023 |title=Egypt Considers Holding Presidential Vote as Soon as This Year|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-14/egypt-considers-holding-presidential-vote-as-soon-as-this-year |accessdate=18 September 2023 |work=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-14/egypt-considers-holding-presidential-vote-as-soon-as-this-year",
                  "status_code": 403,
                  "reason": "Forbidden",
                  "type": "web"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref name=es25sept/> expatriates voted from 1–3 December.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/513395.aspx|title=Voting in Egypt's 2024 presidential elections concludes abroad|date=4 December 2023|accessdate=4 December 2023|work=Ahram Online}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/513395.aspx",
                  "status_code": 403,
                  "reason": "Forbidden",
                  "type": "web"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "id": "1.s2",
              "text": "Incumbent president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, who initially came to power in the aftermath of the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état, was eligible for re-election since term limits were adjusted from four to six years by a 2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum|constitutional amendment in 2019, and he technically will not have served as president for more than the maximum of 12 years at the time of the election. His rule has been described as authoritarian. On 18 December he was reported to have won with 90% of the vote with a 67% turnout. El-Sisi was inaugurated for another term on 2 April 2024, with his victory attributed to him facing no serious challengers.",
              "references": [
                {
                  "text": "<ref name=\"expect\">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/egypt-hold-presidential-election-dec-10-12-2023-09-25/|title=Egypt to vote for president in December, Sisi expected to win|date=25 September 2023|work=Reuters }}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/egypt-hold-presidential-election-dec-10-12-2023-09-25/",
                  "status_code": 401,
                  "reason": "HTTP Forbidden",
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref name=\"Truex & Tavana 2019\">{{cite journal |last1=Truex |first1=Rory |last2=Tavana |first2=Daniel L. |date=July 2019 |title=Implicit Attitudes toward an Authoritarian Regime |journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=81|issue=3|pages=1014–1027 |doi=10.1086/703209 |s2cid=203513334}}</ref>",
                  "url": null,
                  "status_code": null,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "journal"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref name=\"foreignpolicy\">{{Cite web |last1=Cambanis |first1=Thanassis |date=22 May 2015 |title=Egypt's Sisi Is Getting Pretty Good … at Being a Dictator|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/22/egypts-sisi-is-getting-pretty-good-at-being-a-dictator/ |access-date=25 July 2017 |website=Foreign Policy}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/22/egypts-sisi-is-getting-pretty-good-at-being-a-dictator/",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "web"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref name=\"hrw\">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Egypt: A Move to Enhance Authoritarian Rule|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/02/12/egypt-move-enhance-authoritarian-rule |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/02/12/egypt-move-enhance-authoritarian-rule",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "web"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Sudarsan |date=9 July 2020 |title=Egypt tries to silence its critics in the United States by jailing their relatives |newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-tries-to-silence-its-critics-in-the-united-states-by-jailing-their-relatives/2020/07/08/c93a809e-c053-11ea-864a-0dd31b9d6917_story.html |access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-tries-to-silence-its-critics-in-the-united-states-by-jailing-their-relatives/2020/07/08/c93a809e-c053-11ea-864a-0dd31b9d6917_story.html",
                  "status_code": null,
                  "reason": "Timeout",
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Arian |first=Abdullah |date=27 February 2020 |title=Hosni Mubarak's legacy is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/2/27/hosni-mubaraks-legacy-is-abdel-fattah-el-sisi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019213139/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/2/27/hosni-mubaraks-legacy-is-abdel-fattah-el-sisi/ |archive-date=19 October 2020 |access-date=2 November 2021 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/2/27/hosni-mubaraks-legacy-is-abdel-fattah-el-sisi",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2023 |title= El-Sissi wins Egypt's presidential election with 89.6% of the vote and secures third term in office |language=en |work=CTV News |url= https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/world/el-sissi-wins-egypt-s-presidential-election-with-89-6-of-the-vote-and-secures-third-term-in-office-1.6691855 |access-date=18 December 2023}}</ref>",
                  "url": null,
                  "status_code": null,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/egypt-president-el-sissi-inaugurated-92afb877d1801fdc528d80a33aa625c4|title=Egypt's president is sworn in for a third 6-year term after running virtually unopposed|website=Associated Press|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=2 April 2024}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://apnews.com/article/egypt-president-el-sissi-inaugurated-92afb877d1801fdc528d80a33aa625c4",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "web"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "2",
      "title": "Background",
      "content": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "id": "2.s1",
              "text": "Incumbent president el-Sisi won the 2018 Egyptian presidential election|2018 elections with over 97% of the vote, and faced only nominal opposition (a pro-government supporter, Moussa Mostafa Moussa) after several opposition figures were prevented from participating following the military arrest of Sami Hafez Anan|Sami Anan, threats made to Ahmed Shafik with old corruption charges and an alleged Amateur pornography|sex tape, and the withdrawal of Khaled Ali and Mohamed Anwar Esmat Sadat|Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat due to the overwhelming obstacles presented, and violations committed, by the elections committee.",
              "references": [
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2018 |title=Egypt: Planned Presidential Vote Neither Free Nor Fair|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/13/egypt-planned-presidential-vote-neither-free-nor-fair |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/13/egypt-planned-presidential-vote-neither-free-nor-fair",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "web"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Michaelson |first1=Ruth |date=23 January 2018|title=Egypt arrests ex-general who stood for election against Sisi |newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/23/former-egyptian-general-arrested-by-military-after-announcing-presidential-bid-sami-anan}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/23/former-egyptian-general-arrested-by-military-after-announcing-presidential-bid-sami-anan}}</ref>",
                  "status_code": 404,
                  "reason": "Not Found",
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite news |title=Egypt's military arrests ex-general running for president|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/egypts-brotherhood-offers-support-presidential-hopeful-52542489|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185202/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/egypts-brotherhood-offers-support-presidential-hopeful-52542489 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |work=ABC News (United States)|ABC News}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/egypts-brotherhood-offers-support-presidential-hopeful-52542489",
                  "status_code": 404,
                  "reason": "Not Found",
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Masr|first1=Mada|date=24 January 2018|title=Sami Anan's whereabouts unknown: Son |website=Mada Masr|url=https://www.madamasr.com/en/2018/01/24/news/u/sami-anans-whereabouts-unknown-son}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.madamasr.com/en/2018/01/24/news/u/sami-anans-whereabouts-unknown-son}}</ref>",
                  "status_code": 403,
                  "reason": "Forbidden",
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Awadalla |first1=Nadine |date=7 January 2018 |title=Egyptian ex-PM Ahmed Shafik says won't run for presidency|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-politics/egyptian-ex-pm-ahmed-shafik-says-wont-run-for-presidency-idUSKBN1EW0MV |work=Reuters}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-politics/egyptian-ex-pm-ahmed-shafik-says-wont-run-for-presidency-idUSKBN1EW0MV",
                  "status_code": 401,
                  "reason": "HTTP Forbidden",
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hearst |first1=David |date=9 January 2018 |title=Shafiq quit Egypt election bid after threats of 'sex tape' and corruption slurs: Sources|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypt-ahmed-shafiq-sisi-smear-campaign-772732588 |website=Middle East Eye}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/shafiq-quit-egypt-election-bid-after-threats-sex-tape-and-corruption-slurs-sources",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "web"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Youssef |first1=Nour |date=7 January 2018|title=Egypt's Presidential Race Loses Popular Candidate|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/07/world/middleeast/egypt-ahmed-shafik.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/07/world/middleeast/egypt-ahmed-shafik.html",
                  "status_code": 403,
                  "reason": "Forbidden",
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Michaelson |first1=Ruth |date=24 January 2018 |title=Khaled Ali withdraws from Egyptian presidential race|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/24/khaled-ali-withdraws-egyptian-presidential-race-abdel-fatah-al-sissi |website=The Guardian}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/24/khaled-ali-withdraws-egyptian-presidential-race-abdel-fatah-al-sissi",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "web"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bower |first1=Edmund |date=25 January 2018 |title=Egypt elections: Abdel Fattah al-Sisi's challengers liken President to Saddam Hussein as they drop out of race|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/egypt-presidential-elections-latest-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-challengers-khaled-ali-saddam-hussein-a8177681.html|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220506/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/egypt-presidential-elections-latest-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-challengers-khaled-ali-saddam-hussein-a8177681.html |archive-date=6 May 2022 |website=The Independent}}{{cbignore}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/egypt-presidential-elections-latest-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-challengers-khaled-ali-saddam-hussein-a8177681.html",
                  "status_code": 405,
                  "reason": "Not allowed.",
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sanchez |first1=Raf |date=15 January 2018 |title=Anwar Sadat's nephew backs out of Egypt presidential election |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/01/15/anwar-sadats-nephew-backs-egypt-presidential-election|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/01/15/anwar-sadats-nephew-backs-egypt-presidential-election |archive-date=12 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/01/15/anwar-sadats-nephew-backs-egypt-presidential-election",
                  "status_code": 403,
                  "reason": "Forbidden",
                  "type": "news"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "id": "2.s2",
              "text": "Since 2022 Egypt had been in the midst of an economic crisis, including record high inflation causing the Egyptian pound to lose nearly half its value from March 2022 to January 2023 and a shortage of foreign currency, the latter of which driven in part by the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Prior to the crisis, roughly 30% of the population was already living below the poverty line, with an additional 30% considered vulnerable to poverty. Furthermore, the country's external debt bill tripled in the ten years prior. Egypt had put several state-owned companies and stakes Privatization|up for sale in a bid to raise money, and about half of the 2023/24 budget is allocated to debt servicing. The International Monetary Fund|IMF has also requested that the Egyptian pound transition to a fully floating exchange rate in order for a round of loans to be released. Government spending on projects without a return on investment, such as the New Administrative Capital, were also blamed for contributing, in addition to a persistent trade deficit and continuing influence of the military in economic affairs. Moody's Investors Service|Moody's labeled Egypt as one of the top five economies most at risk of defaulting on foreign debt in 2023.",
              "references": [
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cousin |first=Eduard |date=18 January 2023 |title=As economic crisis deepens, will Egypt slow megaprojects down?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/18/as-economic-crisis-deepens-will-egypt-slow-megaprojects-down |access-date=2 October 2023 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/18/as-economic-crisis-deepens-will-egypt-slow-megaprojects-down",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2023 |title=Egypt Inflation Hits Record High of Nearly 40%|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/egypt-inflation-hits-record-high-of-nearly-40-/7262060.html |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.voanews.com/a/egypt-inflation-hits-record-high-of-nearly-40-/7262060.html",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "web"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 July 2023 |title=Will Egypt's asset sale get it out of its economic hole? |work=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/7/25/will-egypts-asset-sale-get-it-out-of-its-economic-hole |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/7/25/will-egypts-asset-sale-get-it-out-of-its-economic-hole",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 May 2018 |title=Under Sisi, firms owned by Egypt's military have flourished|work=Reuters|url=http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/egypt-economy-military/ |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>",
                  "url": "http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/egypt-economy-military/",
                  "status_code": 401,
                  "reason": "HTTP Forbidden",
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2023 |title=How deep are Egypt's economic troubles?|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-deep-are-egypts-economic-troubles-2023-03-03/ |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-deep-are-egypts-economic-troubles-2023-03-03/",
                  "status_code": 401,
                  "reason": "HTTP Forbidden",
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2023|title=Egyptian pound has lost half of its value since March |work=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/11/egyptian-pound-has-lost-half-of-its-value-since-march |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/11/egyptian-pound-has-lost-half-of-its-value-since-march",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "news"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "3",
      "title": "Electoral system",
      "content": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "id": "3.s1",
              "text": "The president of Egypt is elected using the two-round system for a term of six years, renewable once.",
              "references": [
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elections: Egypt President 2018|url=https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3047/ |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=www.electionguide.org}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3047/",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "web"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "id": "3.s2",
              "text": "To participate, a candidate can either secure the endorsement of 20 MPs or \"25,000 eligible voters across at least 15 governorates,\" with at least 1,000 endorsements from each governorate.",
              "references": [
                {
                  "text": "<ref name=ahramweekly3oct/> Additionally, per Article 141 of the constitution:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt: National Elections Authority Issues New Decisions Regulating Presidential Elections |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2023-10-05/egypt-national-elections-authority-issues-new-decisions-regulating-presidential-elections/ |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2023-10-05/egypt-national-elections-authority-issues-new-decisions-regulating-presidential-elections/",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "web"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "4",
      "title": "Candidates",
      "content": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "id": "4.s1",
              "text": "The following candidates submitted their nomination papers and were approved as candidates:",
              "references": [
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/510235.aspx|title=Four presidential hopefuls present candidacy papers for Egypt 2024 elections as nomination close: NEA|work=Ahram Online|accessdate=15 October 2023|date=15 October 2023}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/510235.aspx",
                  "status_code": 403,
                  "reason": "Forbidden",
                  "type": "web"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/511913.aspx|title=Egypt's presidential election campaign kicks off|work=Ahram Online|accessdate=9 November 2023|date=9 November 2023|first=Merna|last=Hesham}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/511913.aspx",
                  "status_code": 403,
                  "reason": "Forbidden",
                  "type": "web"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "id": "4.s2",
              "text": "*Hazem Omar, chairman of the Republican People's Party (Egypt)|Republican People's Party (has received over 70 thousand voter endorsements{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} and 44 MP endorsements) (submitted candidacy on 13 October)\n*Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, current president of Egypt (has received over 1.1 million voter endorsements and 424 MP endorsements; submitted candidacy on 7 October)\n*Abdel-Sanad Yamama, chairman of the New Wafd Party (submitted candidacy on 9 October)\n*Farid Zahran, chairman of the Egyptian Social Democratic Party (has received 28 MP endorsements)",
              "references": [
                {
                  "text": "<ref name=\"ahramweekly30aug\">{{Cite web |author=Essam El-Din |first=Gamal |date=30 August 2023 |title=Presidential elections: Candidates|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/50/1201/507456/AlAhram-Weekly/Egypt/Presidential-elections-Candidates.aspx |accessdate=24 September 2023 |work=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/50/1201/507456/AlAhram-Weekly/Egypt/Presidential-elections-Candidates.aspx",
                  "status_code": 403,
                  "reason": "Forbidden",
                  "type": "web"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref name=ao30sept>{{cite web|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/509300/Egypt/Politics-/-political-party-leaders-secure-required-endorseme.aspx|title=3 political party leaders secure required endorsements to run for Egypt's presidential election|work=Ahram Online|accessdate=1 October 2023|date=30 September 2023}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/509300/Egypt/Politics-/-political-party-leaders-secure-required-endorseme.aspx",
                  "status_code": 403,
                  "reason": "Forbidden",
                  "type": "web"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/510207.aspx|title=Head of Republican party Hazem Omar submits candidacy for Egypt's presidential elections |date=14 October 2023|accessdate=14 October 2023|work=Ahram Online}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/510207.aspx",
                  "status_code": 403,
                  "reason": "Forbidden",
                  "type": "web"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite news|title=Egypt's President el-Sissi confirms he will run for a new term in upcoming presidential elections|url=https://apnews.com/article/elsissi-president-elections-vote-egypt-24d3de54b2d81d0fcbc8e3d2c2706228|access-date=2 October 2023|date=2 October 2023|work=Associated Press}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://apnews.com/article/elsissi-president-elections-vote-egypt-24d3de54b2d81d0fcbc8e3d2c2706228",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
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                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/509756.aspx|title=Sisi submits candidacy papers for presidential elections; receives over 1.1 mln endorsements|date=7 October 2023|accessdate=9 October 2023|work=Ahram Online}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/509756.aspx",
                  "status_code": 403,
                  "reason": "Forbidden",
                  "type": "web"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref name=ahramweekly30aug/> (has received 22 MP endorsements)<ref name=\"ahramweekly3oct\">{{Cite web |author=El-Din |first=Gamal Essam |date=3 October 2023 |title=Candidates declare|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/50/1201/509532/AlAhram-Weekly/Egypt/Candidates-declare.aspx |accessdate=3 October 2023 |work=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/50/1201/509532/AlAhram-Weekly/Egypt/Candidates-declare.aspx",
                  "status_code": 403,
                  "reason": "Forbidden",
                  "type": "web"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/509859.aspx|title=Head of Wafd Party Abdel-Sanad Yamama submits candidacy for Egypt's presidential elections|date=9 October 2023|accessdate=9 October 2023|work=Ahram Online}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/509859.aspx",
                  "status_code": 403,
                  "reason": "Forbidden",
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite web |last=El-Din |first=Gamal Essam |title=Chairman of Egyptian Social Democratic Party Farid Zahran to run for president|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/508848/Egypt/Chairman-of-Egyptian-Social-Democratic-Party-Farid.aspx |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=Ahram Online}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/508848/Egypt/Chairman-of-Egyptian-Social-Democratic-Party-Farid.aspx",
                  "status_code": 403,
                  "reason": "Forbidden",
                  "type": "web"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref name=ahramweekly3oct/> (submitted candidacy on 8 October)<ref name=\"ao9oct\">{{cite news |date=9 October 2023 |title=Farid Zahran second to submit candidacy for Egypt's presidential elections|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/509809.aspx |accessdate=9 October 2023 |work=Ahram Online}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/509809.aspx",
                  "status_code": 403,
                  "reason": "Forbidden",
                  "type": "news"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "4.2",
          "title": "Non-submitted",
          "content": [
            {
              "sentences": [
                {
                  "id": "4.2.s1",
                  "text": "{| class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"text-align:center;\"\n|+Non-submitted candidates for the 2023 Egyptian presidential election\n|-\n!scope=\"col\" | Name\n!scope=\"col\" class=\"unsortable\" | Experience\n!scope=\"col\"| Ref.\n|-\n| scope=\"row\" data-sort-value=\"Badrawi, Fouad\" | <br>'''Fouad Badrawi'''\n|Former MP for the New Wafd Party\n|\n|-\n|<br>'''Ahmed El-Fadaly'''\n|Chairman of the Democratic Peace Party\n|\n|-\n|}",
                  "references": [
                    {
                      "text": "<ref name=\"ahramweekly24jun\">{{cite web |last=El-Din |first=Gamal Essam |date=24 June 2023 |title=Divisions hit Wafd party as two members vie to run in Egypt's presidential election|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/503665.aspx |accessdate=22 September 2023 |website=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref>",
                      "url": "https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/503665.aspx",
                      "status_code": 403,
                      "reason": "Forbidden",
                      "type": "web"
                    },
                    {
                      "text": "<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/508791.aspx|title='I am ready to run for president of Egypt in the 2024 elections': Constitution Party chairman Gameela Ismail|date=21 September 2023|accessdate=22 September 2023|work=Ahram Online}}</ref>",
                      "url": "https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/508791.aspx",
                      "status_code": 403,
                      "reason": "Forbidden",
                      "type": "news"
                    }
                  ]
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "4.3",
          "title": "Withdrawn",
          "content": [
            {
              "sentences": [
                {
                  "id": "4.3.s1",
                  "text": "{| class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"text-align:center;\"\n|+Withdrawn candidates for the 2023 Egyptian presidential election\n|-\n!scope=\"col\" | Name\n!scope=\"col\" class=\"unsortable\" | Experience\n!scope=\"col\"| Endorsements\n!scope=\"col\"| Campaign announced\n!scope=\"col\"| Campaign suspended\n|-\n| scope=\"row\" data-sort-value=\"Ismail, Gameela\" | <br>'''Gameela Ismail'''\n|Head of the Constitution Party (Egypt)|Constitution Party\n|\n|20 September 2023\n|11 October 2023\n|-\n| scope=\"row\" data-sort-value=\"Tantawi, Ahmed\" |<br>'''Ahmed Tantawi'''\n|Former head of the Dignity Party (Egypt)|Dignity Party<br>Former MP for the 25-30 Alliance\n|14,000 endorsements\n|21 April 2023\n|13 October 2023<ref name=f24/>\n|-\n|}",
                  "references": [
                    {
                      "text": "<ref name=\"mm21sept\">{{Cite news |date=21 September 2023 |title=After Zahran, Ismail announce candidacies for president, Civil Democratic Movement must navigate pluralism principle |url=https://www.madamasr.com/en/2023/09/21/news/u/after-zahran-ismail-announce-candidacies-for-president-civil-democratic-movement-must-navigate-pluralism-principle/ |access-date=21 September 2023 |work=Mada Masr}}</ref>",
                      "url": "https://www.madamasr.com/en/2023/09/21/news/u/after-zahran-ismail-announce-candidacies-for-president-civil-democratic-movement-must-navigate-pluralism-principle/",
                      "status_code": 403,
                      "reason": "Forbidden",
                      "type": "news"
                    },
                    {
                      "text": "<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/510063.aspx|title=Chairwoman of Constitution party Gameela Ismail drops out of presidential election|date=11 October 2023|work=Ahram Online}}</ref>",
                      "url": "https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/510063.aspx",
                      "status_code": 403,
                      "reason": "Forbidden",
                      "type": "news"
                    },
                    {
                      "text": "<ref name=\"mm17july\">{{cite news |date=17 July 2022 |title=استقالة الطنطاوي من رئاسة \"الكرامة\".. ومصادر: معترض على المشاركة في الحوار الوطني لعدم جدية السلطة|trans-title=Tantawi's resignation from the presidency of Al Karama... and sources: He objects to participating in the national dialogue due to the lack of seriousness of the authority|url=https://www.madamasr.com/ar/2022/07/17/news/u/%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%86%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%b1%d8%a6%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%88/ |accessdate=3 October 2023 |work=Mada Masr |language=ar}}</ref>",
                      "url": "https://www.madamasr.com/ar/2022/07/17/news/u/%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%86%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%b1%d8%a6%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%88/",
                      "status_code": 403,
                      "reason": "Forbidden",
                      "type": "news"
                    },
                    {
                      "text": "<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2021/04/19/dissenting-mps-in-egypt-a-new-parliament-without-opposition/|title=Dissenting MPs in Egypt: A New Parliament Without Opposition?|last=AbdelHalim|first=Ahmed|date=19 April 2021|accessdate=3 October 2023|work=LSE Middle East Centre Blog}}</ref>",
                      "url": "https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2021/04/19/dissenting-mps-in-egypt-a-new-parliament-without-opposition/",
                      "status_code": 200,
                      "reason": null,
                      "type": "web"
                    },
                    {
                      "text": "<ref name=f24>{{Cite news|date=13 October 2023 |title=Main opposition hopeful abandons run for Egypt presidency|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231013-main-opposition-hopeful-abandons-run-for-egypt-presidency |work=Agence France-Presse}}</ref>",
                      "url": "https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231013-main-opposition-hopeful-abandons-run-for-egypt-presidency",
                      "status_code": 200,
                      "reason": null,
                      "type": "news"
                    },
                    {
                      "text": "<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2023 |title=Ahmed Al-Tantawi announces presidential candidacy, sets sights on challenging incumbent President|url=https://zawia3.com/?p=2810&lang=en |access-date=18 September 2023 |website=Third angle}}</ref>",
                      "url": "https://zawia3.com/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D9%8F/?lang=en",
                      "status_code": 200,
                      "reason": null,
                      "type": "web"
                    }
                  ]
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "5",
      "title": "Controversies",
      "content": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "id": "5.s1",
              "text": "Billboard endorsing el-Sisi in El Qobbah, Cairo. Billboard reads : \"President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi for President of the Republic\", with a hashtag saying: \"The Beloved of the Egyptians\".]]\nThe mobile phone of Ahmed Tantawi, considered the most prominent challenger to incumbent el-Sisi, was hacked using the Predator (spyware)|Predator spyware. Citizen Lab and Google's Threat Analysis Group indicated that the attempts began as early as May 2023 and continued through August, using various methods, leading Apple Inc.|Apple to issue security updates on 21 September to Patch (computing)|patch the vulnerabilities exploited by the spyware. Tantawi suspended his campaign for 48 hours on 27 September following harassment and arrests of his supporters, even though the European Parliament warned the Egyptian government to not harass Tantawi or any other oppositional figure. Supporters of Tantawi also faced difficulties in submitting endorsements. Tantawi was unable to secure the required number of public endorsements and was thus not approved as a candidate for the election in October.",
              "references": [
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.madamasr.com/en/2023/09/14/news/u/aspiring-presidential-candidate-ahmed-tantawi-targeted-by-predator-spyware/|title=Aspiring presidential candidate Ahmed Tantawi targeted by Predator spyware|work=Mada Masr|first=Lina|last=Attalah|date=14 September 2023|accessdate=22 September 2023}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.madamasr.com/en/2023/09/14/news/u/aspiring-presidential-candidate-ahmed-tantawi-targeted-by-predator-spyware/",
                  "status_code": 403,
                  "reason": "Forbidden",
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/24/leading-egyptian-opposition-presidential-candidate-targeted-by-spyware|title=Leading Egyptian opposition presidential candidate targeted by spyware|date=24 September 2023|accessdate=25 September 2023|work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/24/leading-egyptian-opposition-presidential-candidate-targeted-by-spyware",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/egypt/2023/09/27/egyptian-presidential-hopeful-ahmed-tantawy-suspends-campaign-after-police-harassment/|title=Egyptian presidential hopeful Ahmed Tantawy suspends campaign after 'police harassment'|work=The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National|date=27 September 2023|accessdate=3 October 2023}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/egypt/2023/09/27/egyptian-presidential-hopeful-ahmed-tantawy-suspends-campaign-after-police-harassment/",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{cite news |date=6 October 2023 |title=مصر.. نص البيان الأوروبي حول أحمد الطنطاوي وهشام قاسم.. ونائب مصري يرد |trans-title=Egypt.. Text of the European statement on Ahmed Al-Tantawi and Hisham Kassem.. and an Egyptian MP responds |url=https://arabic.cnn.com/middle-east/article/2023/10/06/eu-statement-hisham-qassem-tantawi-social-text-full |accessdate=6 October 2023 |work=CNN |language=ar}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://arabic.cnn.com/middle-east/article/2023/10/06/eu-statement-hisham-qassem-tantawi-social-text-full",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/egypt-opposition-say-they-face-foul-play-over-presidential-candidate-2023-10-04/|title=Egypt opposition say they face foul play over presidential candidate endorsements|work=Reuters|date=4 October 2023|accessdate=6 October 2023}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/egypt-opposition-say-they-face-foul-play-over-presidential-candidate-2023-10-04/",
                  "status_code": 401,
                  "reason": "HTTP Forbidden",
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref name=\":0\">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-18 |title=Abdel-Fattah al-Sisi wins another stage-managed election in Egypt |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/12/18/abdel-fattah-al-sisi-wins-another-stage-managed-election-in-egypt |access-date=2023-12-25 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/12/18/abdel-fattah-al-sisi-wins-another-stage-managed-election-in-egypt",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-13 |title=Egyptian opposition candidate ends campaign for presidential poll |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/egyptian-opposition-candidate-ends-campaign-presidential-poll-2023-10-13/ |access-date=2023-12-25}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/egyptian-opposition-candidate-ends-campaign-presidential-poll-2023-10-13/",
                  "status_code": 401,
                  "reason": "HTTP Forbidden",
                  "type": "news"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-23 |title=Egypt: Authorities step up repression ahead of presidential elections |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/11/egypt-authorities-step-up-repression-ahead-of-presidential-elections/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/11/egypt-authorities-step-up-repression-ahead-of-presidential-elections/",
                  "status_code": 403,
                  "reason": "Forbidden",
                  "type": "web"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "id": "5.s2",
              "text": "On the evening of 2 October, small-scale anti-Abdel Fattah el-Sisi|Sisi protests broke out in Mersa Matruh with protesters burning photos of el-Sisi and chanting anti-Sisi statements.",
              "references": [
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2023 |title=فيديو: احتفالية لدعم السيسي تتحول إلى مظاهرة ضده بمطروح |trans-title=Video: A celebration in support of Sisi turns into a demonstration against him in Matrouh |url=https://rassd.com/534935.htm |access-date=3 October 2023 |work=Rasd News Network |language=ar}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://rassd.com/534935.htm",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "news"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "6",
      "title": "Results",
      "content": [
        {
          "sentences": []
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "7",
      "title": "Aftermath",
      "content": [
        {
          "sentences": [
            {
              "id": "7.s1",
              "text": "According to official results shared by the National Elections Authority, turnout was 66.8%, eclipsing the turnout from the 2012 Egyptian presidential election|2012 presidential election that followed the 2011 Egyptian revolution. Egyptian media portrayed the election as a \"great victory for the will of the people,\" who were reportedly motivated to vote because of the country's \"state of stability and security.\" The opposition described the election as a \"Sham election|farce\", marred by corrupt practices and intimidation of el-Sisi's opponents, similar to the 2018 Egyptian presidential election|2018 presidential election. Multiple voters interviewed at the entrance to several polling stations admitted that they had been paid between 200 and 300 Egyptian pounds (US$6.46 to $9.69<!-- 6 to 9 euros, or 5.15 to 7.72 British pounds -->) by supporters of el-Sisi to come and vote. There were also reports that security forces forcibly escorted people waiting at bus stops or train stations to polling stations for voting, and that civil servants were required to prove that they had voted by showing their finger marked with election ink.",
              "references": [
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=Présidentielle en Égypte : un taux de participation \" historique \" |trans-title=Egypt's presidential election: \"historic\" turnout |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1514367/politique/presidentielle-en-egypte-un-taux-de-participation-historique/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=JeuneAfrique |language=fr-FR}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1514367/politique/presidentielle-en-egypte-un-taux-de-participation-historique/",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "web"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "id": "7.s2",
              "text": "The elections were described by multiple international organizations and media outlets as not competitive.",
              "references": [
                {
                  "text": "<ref name=\":0\" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shawkat |first=Ahmed |date=2023-12-18 |title=Egypt election results: No surprises as El-Sisi wins 3rd term with Israel-Hamas war raging on border |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/egypt-election-results-abdel-fattah-el-sisi-wins-3rd-term-amid-israel-hamas-war/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=CBS News}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.cbsnews.com/news/egypt-election-results-abdel-fattah-el-sisi-wins-3rd-term-amid-israel-hamas-war/",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "web"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=Egyptians vote on second day of an election that's sure to see President Abdel Fattah el-Sissi win |url=https://apnews.com/article/egypt-elections-el-sissi-gaza-economy-42035ff2d92854941ece36c28289ed6c |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://apnews.com/article/egypt-elections-el-sissi-gaza-economy-42035ff2d92854941ece36c28289ed6c",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "web"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=Egypt: Violations, Repression Upstage Presidential Vote |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/egypt-violations-repression-upstage-presidential-vote |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/egypt-violations-repression-upstage-presidential-vote",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "web"
                },
                {
                  "text": "<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Holleis |first1=Jennifer |last2=Hussein |first2=Mahmoud |date=2023-10-04 |title=Will Egypt's presidential election bring any real change? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/will-egypts-presidential-election-bring-any-real-change/a-66995599 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref>",
                  "url": "https://www.dw.com/en/will-egypts-presidential-election-bring-any-real-change/a-66995599",
                  "status_code": 200,
                  "reason": null,
                  "type": "web"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "8",
      "title": "References",
      "content": [
        {
          "sentences": []
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}