| {"docid":0,"text":"Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1901.\nBorn: 27, Mar, 1845, Lennep (now Remscheid), Prussia (now Germany)\nDied: 10, Feb, 1923, Munich, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Munich University, Munich, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":1,"text":"Emil von Behring\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1901.\nBorn: 15, Mar, 1854, Hansdorf (now Lawice), Prussia (now Poland)\nDied: 31, Mar, 1917, Marburg, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on serum therapy especially its application against diphtheria by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Marburg University, Marburg, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":2,"text":"Henry Dunant\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1901.\nBorn: 8, May, 1828, Geneva, Switzerland\nDied: 30, Oct, 1910, Heiden, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for his humanitarian efforts to help wounded soldiers and create international understanding\"\n"} |
| {"docid":3,"text":"Frédéric Passy\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1901.\nBorn: 20, May, 1822, Paris, France\nDied: 12, Jun, 1912, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for his lifelong work for international peace conferences diplomacy and arbitration\"\n"} |
| {"docid":4,"text":"Sully Prudhomme\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1901.\nBorn: 16, Mar, 1839, Paris, France\nDied: 7, Sep, 1907, Châtenay, France\nPrize motivation: \"in special recognition of his poetic composition which gives evidence of lofty idealism artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":5,"text":"Jacobus H. van 't Hoff\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901.\nBorn: 30, Aug, 1852, Rotterdam, the Netherlands\nDied: 1, Mar, 1911, Berlin, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Berlin University, Berlin, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":6,"text":"Emil Fischer\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902.\nBorn: 9, Oct, 1852, Euskirchen, Prussia (now Germany)\nDied: 15, Jul, 1919, Berlin, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Berlin University, Berlin, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":7,"text":"Theodor Mommsen\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1902.\nBorn: 30, Nov, 1817, Garding, Schleswig (now Germany)\nDied: 1, Nov, 1903, Charlottenburg, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"the greatest living master of the art of historical writing with special reference to his monumental work <I>A history of Rome</I>\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":8,"text":"Albert Gobat\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1902.\nBorn: 21, May, 1843, Tramelan, Switzerland\nDied: 16, Mar, 1914, Bern, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for his eminently practical administration of the Inter-Parliamentary Union\"\n"} |
| {"docid":9,"text":"Élie Ducommun\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1902.\nBorn: 19, Feb, 1833, Geneva, Switzerland\nDied: 7, Dec, 1906, Bern, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for his untiring and skilful directorship of the Bern Peace Bureau\"\n"} |
| {"docid":10,"text":"Pieter Zeeman\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1902.\nBorn: 25, May, 1865, Zonnemaire, the Netherlands\nDied: 9, Oct, 1943, Amsterdam, the Netherlands\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":11,"text":"Ronald Ross\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1902.\nBorn: 13, May, 1857, Almora, India\nDied: 16, Sep, 1932, Putney Heath, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on malaria by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University College, Liverpool, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":12,"text":"Hendrik A. Lorentz\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1902.\nBorn: 18, Jul, 1853, Arnhem, the Netherlands\nDied: 4, Feb, 1928, the Netherlands\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":13,"text":"Pierre Curie\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1903.\nBorn: 15, May, 1859, Paris, France\nDied: 19, Apr, 1906, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: École municipale de physique et de chimie industrielles (Municipal School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry), Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":14,"text":"Randal Cremer\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1903.\nBorn: 18, Mar, 1828, Fareham, United Kingdom\nDied: 22, Jul, 1908, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his longstanding and devoted effort in favour of the ideas of peace and arbitration\"\n"} |
| {"docid":15,"text":"Henri Becquerel\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1903.\nBorn: 15, Dec, 1852, Paris, France\nDied: 25, Aug, 1908, France\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: École Polytechnique, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":16,"text":"Marie Curie\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1903.\nBorn: 7, Nov, 1867, Warsaw, Russian Empire (now Poland)\nDied: 4, Jul, 1934, Sallanches, France\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel\"\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":17,"text":"Niels Ryberg Finsen\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1903.\nBorn: 15, Dec, 1860, Thorshavn, Faroe Islands (Denmark)\nDied: 24, Sep, 1904, Copenhagen, Denmark\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases especially lupus vulgaris with concentrated light radiation whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Finsen Medical Light Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":18,"text":"Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1903.\nBorn: 8, Dec, 1832, Kvikne, Norway\nDied: 26, Apr, 1910, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"as a tribute to his noble magnificent and versatile poetry which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":19,"text":"Svante Arrhenius\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903.\nBorn: 19, Feb, 1859, Vik, Sweden\nDied: 2, Oct, 1927, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":20,"text":"José Echegaray\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1904.\nBorn: 19, Apr, 1832, Madrid, Spain\nDied: 4, Sep, 1916, Madrid, Spain\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which in an individual and original manner have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama\"\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":21,"text":"Lord Rayleigh\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1904.\nBorn: 12, Nov, 1842, Langford Grove Maldon Essex, United Kingdom\nDied: 30, Jun, 1919, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Royal Institution of Great Britain, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":22,"text":"Institute of International Law \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1904.\nFounded: 1873\nPrize motivation: \"for its striving in public law to develop peaceful ties between nations and to make the laws of war more humane\"\n"} |
| {"docid":23,"text":"Sir William Ramsay\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904.\nBorn: 2, Oct, 1852, Glasgow, Scotland\nDied: 23, Jul, 1916, High Wycombe, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air and his determination of their place in the periodic system\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University College, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":24,"text":"Ivan Pavlov\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1904.\nBorn: 14, Sep, 1849, Ryazan, Russia\nDied: 27, Feb, 1936, Leningrad, Russia\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":25,"text":"Frédéric Mistral\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1904.\nBorn: 8, Sep, 1830, Maillane, France\nDied: 25, Mar, 1914, Maillane, France\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people and in addition his significant work as a Provençal philologist\"\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":26,"text":"Adolf von Baeyer\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905.\nBorn: 31, Oct, 1835, Berlin, Prussia (now Germany)\nDied: 20, Aug, 1917, Starnberg, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Munich University, Munich, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":27,"text":"Henryk Sienkiewicz\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1905.\nBorn: 5, May, 1846, Wola Okrzejska, Poland\nDied: 15, Nov, 1916, Vevey, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":28,"text":"Philipp Lenard\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1905.\nBorn: 7, Jun, 1862, Pressburg (now Bratislava), Hungary (now Slovakia)\nDied: 20, May, 1947, Messelhausen, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on cathode rays\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Kiel University, Kiel, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":29,"text":"Bertha von Suttner\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1905.\nBorn: 9, Jun, 1843, Prague, Austrian Empire (now Czech Republic)\nDied: 21, Jun, 1914, Vienna, Austria\nPrize motivation: \"for her audacity to oppose the horrors of war\"\n"} |
| {"docid":30,"text":"Robert Koch\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1905.\nBorn: 11, Dec, 1843, Clausthal (now Clausthal-Zellerfeld), Germany\nDied: 27, May, 1910, Baden-Baden, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Institute for Infectious Diseases, Berlin, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":31,"text":"Giosuè Carducci\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1906.\nBorn: 27, Jul, 1835, Val di Castello, Tuscany (now Italy)\nDied: 16, Feb, 1907, Bologna, Italy\nPrize motivation: \"not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research but above all as a tribute to the creative energy freshness of style and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":32,"text":"Theodore Roosevelt\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1906.\nBorn: 27, Oct, 1858, New York NY, USA\nDied: 6, Jan, 1919, Oyster Bay NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his role in bringing to an end the bloody war recently waged between two of the world's great powers Japan and Russia\"\n"} |
| {"docid":33,"text":"J.J. Thomson\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1906.\nBorn: 18, Dec, 1856, Cheetham Hill, United Kingdom\nDied: 30, Aug, 1940, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":34,"text":"Santiago Ramón y Cajal\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1906.\nBorn: 1, May, 1852, Petilla de Aragón, Spain\nDied: 17, Oct, 1934, Madrid, Spain\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Madrid University, Madrid, Spain\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":35,"text":"Henri Moissan\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906.\nBorn: 28, Sep, 1852, Paris, France\nDied: 20, Feb, 1907, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Sorbonne University, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":36,"text":"Camillo Golgi\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1906.\nBorn: 7, Jul, 1843, Corteno, Italy\nDied: 21, Jan, 1926, Pavia, Italy\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Pavia University, Pavia, Italy\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":37,"text":"Alphonse Laveran\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1907.\nBorn: 18, Jun, 1845, Paris, France\nDied: 18, May, 1922, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Institut Pasteur, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":38,"text":"Eduard Buchner\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907.\nBorn: 20, May, 1860, Munich, Bavaria (now Germany)\nDied: 13, Aug, 1917, Focsani, Romania\nPrize motivation: \"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule (Agricultural College), Berlin, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":39,"text":"Rudyard Kipling\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1907.\nBorn: 30, Dec, 1865, Bombay (now Mumbai), British India (now India)\nDied: 18, Jan, 1936, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"in consideration of the power of observation originality of imagination virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":40,"text":"Louis Renault\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1907.\nBorn: 21, May, 1843, Autun, France\nDied: 8, Feb, 1918, Barbizon, France\nPrize motivation: \"for his decisive influence upon the conduct and outcome of the Hague and Geneva Conferences\"\n"} |
| {"docid":41,"text":"Ernesto Teodoro Moneta\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1907.\nBorn: 20, Sep, 1833, Milan, Austrian Empire (now Italy)\nDied: 10, Feb, 1918, Milan, Italy\nPrize motivation: \"for his work in the press and in peace meetings both public and private for an understanding between France and Italy\"\n"} |
| {"docid":42,"text":"Albert A. Michelson\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1907.\nBorn: 19, Dec, 1852, Strelno (now Strzelno), Prussia (now Poland)\nDied: 9, May, 1931, Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":43,"text":"Ernest Rutherford\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908.\nBorn: 30, Aug, 1871, Nelson, New Zealand\nDied: 19, Oct, 1937, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Victoria University, Manchester, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":44,"text":"Rudolf Eucken\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1908.\nBorn: 5, Jan, 1846, Aurich, East Friesland (now Germany)\nDied: 14, Sep, 1926, Jena, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of his earnest search for truth his penetrating power of thought his wide range of vision and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":45,"text":"Fredrik Bajer\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1908.\nBorn: 21, Apr, 1837, Næstved, Denmark\nDied: 22, Jan, 1922, Copenhagen, Denmark\nPrize motivation: \"for their long time work for the cause of peace as politicians peace society leaders orators and authors\"\n"} |
| {"docid":46,"text":"Ilya Mechnikov\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1908.\nBorn: 15, May, 1845, Kharkov (now Kharkiv), Russian Empire (now Ukraine)\nDied: 15, Jul, 1916, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of their work on immunity\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Institut Pasteur, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":47,"text":"Paul Ehrlich\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1908.\nBorn: 14, Mar, 1854, Strehlen (now Strzelin), Prussia (now Poland)\nDied: 20, Aug, 1915, Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of their work on immunity\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Goettingen University, Göttingen, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":48,"text":"Klas Pontus Arnoldson\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1908.\nBorn: 27, Oct, 1844, Gothenburg, Sweden\nDied: 20, Feb, 1916, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for their long time work for the cause of peace as politicians peace society leaders orators and authors\"\n"} |
| {"docid":49,"text":"Gabriel Lippmann\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1908.\nBorn: 16, Aug, 1845, Hollerich, Luxembourg\nDied: 13, Jul, 1921\nPrize motivation: \"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Sorbonne University, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":50,"text":"Guglielmo Marconi\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1909.\nBorn: 25, Apr, 1874, Bologna, Italy\nDied: 20, Jul, 1937, Rome, Italy\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. Ltd., London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":51,"text":"Theodor Kocher\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1909.\nBorn: 25, Aug, 1841, Bern, Switzerland\nDied: 27, Jul, 1917, Bern, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on the physiology pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Berne University, Bern, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":52,"text":"Selma Lagerlöf\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1909.\nBorn: 20, Nov, 1858, Mårbacka, Sweden\nDied: 16, Mar, 1940, Mårbacka, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"in appreciation of the lofty idealism vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":53,"text":"Wilhelm Ostwald\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909.\nBorn: 2, Sep, 1853, Riga, Russian Empire (now Latvia)\nDied: 4, Apr, 1932, Leipzig, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":54,"text":"Ferdinand Braun\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1909.\nBorn: 6, Jun, 1850, Fulda, Hesse-Kassel (now Germany)\nDied: 20, Apr, 1918, Brooklyn NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, Germany (now France)\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":55,"text":"Auguste Beernaert\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1909.\nBorn: 26, Jul, 1829, Ostend, Belgium\nDied: 6, Oct, 1912, Lucerne, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for their prominent position in the international movement for peace and arbitration\"\n"} |
| {"docid":56,"text":"Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1909.\nBorn: 22, Nov, 1852, La Flèche, France\nDied: 15, May, 1924, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for their prominent position in the international movement for peace and arbitration\"\n"} |
| {"docid":57,"text":"Paul Heyse\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1910.\nBorn: 15, Mar, 1830, Berlin, Prussia (now Germany)\nDied: 2, Apr, 1914, Munich, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"as a tribute to the consummate artistry permeated with idealism which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet dramatist novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":58,"text":"Permanent International Peace Bureau \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1910.\nFounded: 1891\nPrize motivation: \"for acting as a link between the peace societies of the various countries and helping them to organize the world rallies of the international peace movement\"\n"} |
| {"docid":59,"text":"Johannes Diderik van der Waals\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1910.\nBorn: 23, Nov, 1837, Leiden, the Netherlands\nDied: 8, Mar, 1923, Amsterdam, the Netherlands\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":60,"text":"Albrecht Kossel\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1910.\nBorn: 16, Sep, 1853, Rostock, Mecklenburg (now Germany)\nDied: 5, Jul, 1927, Heidelberg, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins including the nucleic substances\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":61,"text":"Otto Wallach\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910.\nBorn: 27, Mar, 1847, Koenigsberg (now Kaliningrad), Germany (now Russia)\nDied: 26, Feb, 1931, Göttingen, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Goettingen University, Göttingen, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":62,"text":"Alfred Fried\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1911.\nBorn: 11, Nov, 1864, Vienna, Austria\nDied: 4, May, 1921, Vienna, Austria\nPrize motivation: \"for his effort to expose and fight what he considers to be the main cause of war namely the anarchy in international relations\"\n"} |
| {"docid":63,"text":"Tobias Asser\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1911.\nBorn: 28, Apr, 1838, Amsterdam, the Netherlands\nDied: 29, Jul, 1913, the Hague, the Netherlands\nPrize motivation: \"for his role as co-founder of the Institut de droit international initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law (Conférences de Droit international privé) at the Hague and pioneer in the field of international legal relations\"\n"} |
| {"docid":64,"text":"Marie Curie\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911.\nBorn: 7, Nov, 1867, Warsaw, Russian Empire (now Poland)\nDied: 4, Jul, 1934, Sallanches, France\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Sorbonne University, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":65,"text":"Wilhelm Wien\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1911.\nBorn: 13, Jan, 1864, Gaffken (now Parusnoye), Prussia (now Russia)\nDied: 30, Aug, 1928, Munich, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":66,"text":"Maurice Maeterlinck\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1911.\nBorn: 29, Aug, 1862, Ghent, Belgium\nDied: 6, May, 1949, Nice, France\nPrize motivation: \"in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities and especially of his dramatic works which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy which reveals sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale a deep inspiration while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":67,"text":"Allvar Gullstrand\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1911.\nBorn: 5, Jun, 1862, Landskrona, Sweden\nDied: 28, Jul, 1930, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":68,"text":"Gerhart Hauptmann\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1912.\nBorn: 15, Nov, 1862, Bad Salzbrunn, Prussia (now Poland)\nDied: 6, Jun, 1946, Agnetendorf (now Jagniatków), Germany (now Poland)\nPrize motivation: \"primarily in recognition of his fruitful varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":69,"text":"Alexis Carrel\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1912.\nBorn: 28, Jun, 1873, Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon, France\nDied: 5, Nov, 1944, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":70,"text":"Paul Sabatier\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912.\nBorn: 5, Nov, 1854, Carcassonne, France\nDied: 14, Aug, 1941, Toulouse, France\nPrize motivation: \"for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Toulouse University, Toulouse, France\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":71,"text":"Victor Grignard\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912.\nBorn: 6, May, 1871, Cherbourg, France\nDied: 13, Dec, 1935, Lyon, France\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Nancy University, Nancy, France\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":72,"text":"Gustaf Dalén\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1912.\nBorn: 30, Nov, 1869, Stenstorp, Sweden\nDied: 9, Dec, 1937, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Swedish Gas-Accumulator Co., Lidingö Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":73,"text":"Elihu Root\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1912.\nBorn: 15, Feb, 1845, Clinton NY, USA\nDied: 7, Feb, 1937, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for bringing about better understanding between the countries of North and South America and initiating important arbitration agreements between the United States and other countries\"\n"} |
| {"docid":74,"text":"Charles Richet\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1913.\nBorn: 26, Aug, 1850, Paris, France\nDied: 4, Dec, 1935, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Sorbonne University, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":75,"text":"Alfred Werner\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913.\nBorn: 12, Dec, 1866, Mulhouse, France\nDied: 15, Nov, 1919, Zurich, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":76,"text":"Henri La Fontaine\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1913.\nBorn: 22, Apr, 1854, Brussels, Belgium\nDied: 14, May, 1943, Brussels, Belgium\nPrize motivation: \"for his unparalleled contribution to the organization of peaceful internationalism\"\n"} |
| {"docid":77,"text":"Rabindranath Tagore\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1913.\nBorn: 7, May, 1861, Calcutta, India\nDied: 7, Aug, 1941, Calcutta, India\nPrize motivation: \"because of his profoundly sensitive fresh and beautiful verse by which with consummate skill he has made his poetic thought expressed in his own English words a part of the literature of the West\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":78,"text":"Heike Kamerlingh Onnes\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1913.\nBorn: 21, Sep, 1853, Groningen, the Netherlands\nDied: 21, Feb, 1926, Leiden, the Netherlands\nPrize motivation: \"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led inter alia to the production of liquid helium\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":79,"text":"Max von Laue\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1914.\nBorn: 9, Oct, 1879, Pfaffendorf, Germany\nDied: 23, Apr, 1960, Berlin, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Frankfurt-on-the-Main University, Frankfurt-on-the-Main, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":80,"text":"Robert Bárány\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1914.\nBorn: 22, Apr, 1876, Vienna, Austria\nDied: 8, Apr, 1936, Uppsala, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Vienna University, Vienna, Austria\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":81,"text":"Theodore W. Richards\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914.\nBorn: 31, Jan, 1868, Germantown PA, USA\nDied: 2, Apr, 1928, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":82,"text":"William Bragg\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1915.\nBorn: 2, Jul, 1862, Wigton, United Kingdom\nDied: 12, Mar, 1942, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University College, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":83,"text":"Lawrence Bragg\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1915.\nBorn: 31, Mar, 1890, Adelaide, Australia\nDied: 1, Jul, 1971, Ipswich, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Victoria University, Manchester, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":84,"text":"Richard Willstätter\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915.\nBorn: 13, Aug, 1872, Karlsruhe, Germany\nDied: 3, Aug, 1942, Locarno, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for his researches on plant pigments especially chlorophyll\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck Institut) für Chemie, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":85,"text":"Romain Rolland\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1915.\nBorn: 29, Jan, 1866, Clamecy, France\nDied: 30, Dec, 1944, Vézelay, France\nPrize motivation: \"as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":86,"text":"Verner von Heidenstam\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1916.\nBorn: 6, Jul, 1859, Olshammar, Sweden\nDied: 20, May, 1940, Övralid, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":87,"text":"International Committee of the Red Cross \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1917.\nFounded: 1863\nPrize motivation: \"for the efforts to take care of wounded soldiers and prisoners of war and their families\"\n"} |
| {"docid":88,"text":"Charles Glover Barkla\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1917.\nBorn: 7, Jun, 1877, Widnes, United Kingdom\nDied: 23, Oct, 1944, Edinburgh, Scotland\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":89,"text":"Karl Gjellerup\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1917.\nBorn: 2, Jun, 1857, Roholte, Denmark\nDied: 11, Oct, 1919, Klotzsche, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for his varied and rich poetry which is inspired by lofty ideals\"\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":90,"text":"Henrik Pontoppidan\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1917.\nBorn: 24, Jul, 1857, Fredericia, Denmark\nDied: 21, Aug, 1943, Ordrup, Denmark\nPrize motivation: \"for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark\"\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":91,"text":"Max Planck\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1918.\nBorn: 23, Apr, 1858, Kiel, Schleswig (now Germany)\nDied: 4, Oct, 1947, Göttingen, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Berlin University, Berlin, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":92,"text":"Fritz Haber\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918.\nBorn: 9, Dec, 1868, Breslau (now Wroclaw), Prussia (now Poland)\nDied: 29, Jan, 1934, Basel, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Fritz-Haber-Institut) für physikalische Chemie und Electrochemie, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":93,"text":"Woodrow Wilson\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1919.\nBorn: 28, Dec, 1856, Staunton VA, USA\nDied: 3, Feb, 1924, Washington D.C., USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his role as founder of the League of Nations\"\n"} |
| {"docid":94,"text":"Jules Bordet\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1919.\nBorn: 13, Jun, 1870, Soignies, Belgium\nDied: 6, Apr, 1961, Brussels, Belgium\nPrize motivation: \"for his discoveries relating to immunity\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Brussels University, Brussels, Belgium\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":95,"text":"Johannes Stark\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1919.\nBorn: 15, Apr, 1874, Schickenhof, Germany\nDied: 21, Jun, 1957, Traunstein, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":96,"text":"Carl Spitteler\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1919.\nBorn: 24, Apr, 1845, Liestal, Switzerland\nDied: 29, Dec, 1924, Lucerne, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"in special appreciation of his epic <I>Olympian Spring</I>\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":97,"text":"Charles Edouard Guillaume\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1920.\nBorn: 15, Feb, 1861, Fleurier, Switzerland\nDied: 13, Jun, 1938, Sèvres, France\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures), Sèvres, France\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":98,"text":"Walther Nernst\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920.\nBorn: 25, Jun, 1864, Briesen (now Wąbrzeźno), Prussia (now Poland)\nDied: 18, Nov, 1941, Muskau, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of his work in thermochemistry\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Berlin University, Berlin, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":99,"text":"August Krogh\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1920.\nBorn: 15, Nov, 1874, Grenå, Denmark\nDied: 13, Sep, 1949, Copenhagen, Denmark\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":100,"text":"Léon Bourgeois\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1920.\nBorn: 21, May, 1851, Paris, France\nDied: 29, Sep, 1925, Épernay, France\nPrize motivation: \"for his longstanding contribution to the cause of peace and justice and his prominent role in the establishment of the League of Nations\"\n"} |
| {"docid":101,"text":"Knut Hamsun\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1920.\nBorn: 4, Aug, 1859, Lom, Norway\nDied: 19, Feb, 1952, Grimstad, Norway\nPrize motivation: \"for his monumental work <I>Growth of the Soil</I>\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":102,"text":"Anatole France\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1921.\nBorn: 16, Apr, 1844, Paris, France\nDied: 12, Oct, 1924, Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire, France\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements characterized as they are by a nobility of style a profound human sympathy grace and a true Gallic temperament\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":103,"text":"Hjalmar Branting\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1921.\nBorn: 23, Nov, 1860, Stockholm, Sweden\nDied: 24, Feb, 1925, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for their lifelong contributions to the cause of peace and organized internationalism\"\n"} |
| {"docid":104,"text":"Albert Einstein\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1921.\nBorn: 14, Mar, 1879, Ulm, Germany\nDied: 18, Apr, 1955, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his services to Theoretical Physics and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) für Physik, Berlin, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":105,"text":"Frederick Soddy\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921.\nBorn: 2, Sep, 1877, Eastbourne, United Kingdom\nDied: 22, Sep, 1956, Brighton, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":106,"text":"Christian Lange\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1921.\nBorn: 17, Sep, 1869, Stavanger, Norway\nDied: 11, Dec, 1938, Oslo, Norway\nPrize motivation: \"for their lifelong contributions to the cause of peace and organized internationalism\"\n"} |
| {"docid":107,"text":"Niels Bohr\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1922.\nBorn: 7, Oct, 1885, Copenhagen, Denmark\nDied: 18, Nov, 1962, Copenhagen, Denmark\nPrize motivation: \"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":108,"text":"Fridtjof Nansen\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1922.\nBorn: 10, Oct, 1861, Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway\nDied: 13, May, 1930, Oslo, Norway\nPrize motivation: \"for his leading role in the repatriation of prisoners of war in international relief work and as the League of Nations' High Commissioner for refugees\"\n"} |
| {"docid":109,"text":"Francis W. Aston\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922.\nBorn: 1, Sep, 1877, Harborne, United Kingdom\nDied: 20, Nov, 1945, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery by means of his mass spectrograph of isotopes in a large number of non-radioactive elements and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":110,"text":"Otto Meyerhof\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1922.\nBorn: 12, Apr, 1884, Hanover, Germany\nDied: 6, Oct, 1951, Philadelphia PA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Kiel University, Kiel, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":111,"text":"Jacinto Benavente\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1922.\nBorn: 12, Aug, 1866, Madrid, Spain\nDied: 14, Jul, 1954, Madrid, Spain\nPrize motivation: \"for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":112,"text":"Archibald V. Hill\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1922.\nBorn: 26, Sep, 1886, Bristol, United Kingdom\nDied: 3, Jun, 1977, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: London University, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":113,"text":"Frederick G. Banting\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1923.\nBorn: 14, Nov, 1891, Alliston, Canada\nDied: 21, Feb, 1941, Newfoundland, Canada\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of insulin\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":114,"text":"John Macleod\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1923.\nBorn: 6, Sep, 1876, Cluny, Scotland\nDied: 16, Mar, 1935, Aberdeen, Scotland\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of insulin\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":115,"text":"Robert A. Millikan\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1923.\nBorn: 22, Mar, 1868, Morrison IL, USA\nDied: 19, Dec, 1953, San Marino CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":116,"text":"Fritz Pregl\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1923.\nBorn: 3, Sep, 1869, Laibach (now Ljubljana), Austria-Hungary (now Slovenia)\nDied: 13, Dec, 1930, Graz, Austria\nPrize motivation: \"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Graz University, Graz, Austria\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":117,"text":"William Butler Yeats\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1923.\nBorn: 13, Jun, 1865, Dublin, Ireland\nDied: 28, Jan, 1939, Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France\nPrize motivation: \"for his always inspired poetry which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":118,"text":"Wladyslaw Reymont\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1924.\nBorn: 7, May, 1867, Kobiele Wielkie, Russian Empire (now Poland)\nDied: 5, Dec, 1925, Warsaw, Poland\nPrize motivation: \"for his great national epic <I>The Peasants</I>\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":119,"text":"Willem Einthoven\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1924.\nBorn: 21, May, 1860, Semarang, Java Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia)\nDied: 29, Sep, 1927, Leiden, the Netherlands\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":120,"text":"Manne Siegbahn\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1924.\nBorn: 3, Dec, 1886, Örebro, Sweden\nDied: 26, Sep, 1978, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":121,"text":"James Franck\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1925.\nBorn: 26, Aug, 1882, Hamburg, Germany\nDied: 21, May, 1964, Göttingen, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Goettingen University, Göttingen, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":122,"text":"Gustav Hertz\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1925.\nBorn: 22, Jul, 1887, Hamburg, Germany\nDied: 30, Oct, 1975, Berlin, East Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Halle University, Halle, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":123,"text":"Sir Austen Chamberlain\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1925.\nBorn: 16, Oct, 1863, Birmingham, United Kingdom\nDied: 16, Mar, 1937, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty\"\n"} |
| {"docid":124,"text":"Charles G. Dawes\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1925.\nBorn: 27, Aug, 1865, Marietta OH, USA\nDied: 23, Apr, 1951, Evanston IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his crucial role in bringing about the Dawes Plan\"\n"} |
| {"docid":125,"text":"Richard Zsigmondy\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925.\nBorn: 1, Apr, 1865, Vienna, Austrian Empire (now Austria)\nDied: 24, Sep, 1929, Göttingen, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Goettingen University, Göttingen, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":126,"text":"George Bernard Shaw\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1925.\nBorn: 26, Jul, 1856, Dublin, Ireland\nDied: 2, Nov, 1950, Ayot St. Lawrence, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":127,"text":"Gustav Stresemann\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1926.\nBorn: 10, May, 1878, Berlin, Germany\nDied: 3, Oct, 1929, Berlin, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for their crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty\"\n"} |
| {"docid":128,"text":"Aristide Briand\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1926.\nBorn: 28, Mar, 1862, Nantes, France\nDied: 7, Mar, 1932, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for their crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty\"\n"} |
| {"docid":129,"text":"Grazia Deledda\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1926.\nBorn: 27, Sep, 1871, Nuoro Sardinia, Italy\nDied: 15, Aug, 1936, Rome, Italy\nPrize motivation: \"for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":130,"text":"Johannes Fibiger\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1926.\nBorn: 23, Apr, 1867, Silkeborg, Denmark\nDied: 30, Jan, 1928, Copenhagen, Denmark\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":131,"text":"Jean Baptiste Perrin\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1926.\nBorn: 30, Sep, 1870, Lille, France\nDied: 17, Apr, 1942, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Sorbonne University, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":132,"text":"The Svedberg\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1926.\nBorn: 30, Aug, 1884, Fleräng, Sweden\nDied: 25, Feb, 1971, Örebro, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on disperse systems\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":133,"text":"Henri Bergson\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1927.\nBorn: 18, Oct, 1859, Paris, France\nDied: 4, Jan, 1941, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":134,"text":"Ludwig Quidde\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1927.\nBorn: 23, Mar, 1858, Bremen, Germany\nDied: 4, Mar, 1941, Geneva, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for their contribution to the emergence in France and Germany of a public opinion which favours peaceful international cooperation\"\n"} |
| {"docid":135,"text":"Arthur H. Compton\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1927.\nBorn: 10, Sep, 1892, Wooster OH, USA\nDied: 15, Mar, 1962, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the effect named after him\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":136,"text":"C.T.R. Wilson\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1927.\nBorn: 14, Feb, 1869, Glencorse, Scotland\nDied: 15, Nov, 1959, Carlops, Scotland\nPrize motivation: \"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":137,"text":"Julius Wagner-Jauregg\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1927.\nBorn: 7, Mar, 1857, Wels, Austria\nDied: 27, Sep, 1940, Vienna, Austria\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Vienna University, Vienna, Austria\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":138,"text":"Heinrich Wieland\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927.\nBorn: 4, Jun, 1877, Pforzheim, Germany\nDied: 5, Aug, 1957, Munich, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Munich University, Munich, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":139,"text":"Ferdinand Buisson\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1927.\nBorn: 20, Dec, 1841, Paris, France\nDied: 16, Feb, 1932, Thieuloy-Saint-Antoine, France\nPrize motivation: \"for their contribution to the emergence in France and Germany of a public opinion which favours peaceful international cooperation\"\n"} |
| {"docid":140,"text":"Charles Nicolle\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1928.\nBorn: 21, Sep, 1866, Rouen, France\nDied: 28, Feb, 1936, Tunis, Tunisia\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on typhus\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Institut Pasteur, Tunis, Tunisia\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":141,"text":"Adolf Windaus\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928.\nBorn: 25, Dec, 1876, Berlin, Germany\nDied: 9, Jun, 1959, Göttingen, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Goettingen University, Göttingen, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":142,"text":"Owen Willans Richardson\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1928.\nBorn: 26, Apr, 1879, Dewsbury, United Kingdom\nDied: 15, Feb, 1959, Alton, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: London University, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":143,"text":"Sigrid Undset\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1928.\nBorn: 20, May, 1882, Kalundborg, Denmark\nDied: 10, Jun, 1949, Lillehammer, Norway\nPrize motivation: \"principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":144,"text":"Arthur Harden\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929.\nBorn: 12, Oct, 1865, Manchester, United Kingdom\nDied: 17, Jun, 1940, Bourne, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: London University, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":145,"text":"Hans von Euler-Chelpin\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929.\nBorn: 15, Feb, 1873, Augsburg, Germany\nDied: 6, Nov, 1964, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":146,"text":"Christiaan Eijkman\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1929.\nBorn: 11, Aug, 1858, Nijkerk, the Netherlands\nDied: 5, Nov, 1930, Utrecht, the Netherlands\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":147,"text":"Louis de Broglie\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1929.\nBorn: 15, Aug, 1892, Dieppe, France\nDied: 19, Mar, 1987, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Sorbonne University Institut Henri Poincaré, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":148,"text":"Thomas Mann\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1929.\nBorn: 6, Jun, 1875, Lübeck, Germany\nDied: 12, Aug, 1955, Zurich, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"principally for his great novel <I>Buddenbrooks</I> which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":149,"text":"Sir Frederick Hopkins\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1929.\nBorn: 20, Jun, 1861, Eastbourne, United Kingdom\nDied: 16, May, 1947, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":150,"text":"Frank B. Kellogg\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1929.\nBorn: 22, Dec, 1856, Potsdam NY, USA\nDied: 21, Dec, 1937, St. Paul MN, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his crucial role in bringing about the Briand-Kellogg Pact\"\n"} |
| {"docid":151,"text":"Sinclair Lewis\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1930.\nBorn: 7, Feb, 1885, Sauk Centre MN, USA\nDied: 10, Jan, 1951, Rome, Italy\nPrize motivation: \"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create with wit and humour new types of characters\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":152,"text":"Karl Landsteiner\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1930.\nBorn: 14, Jun, 1868, Vienna, Austrian Empire (now Austria)\nDied: 26, Jun, 1943, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of human blood groups\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":153,"text":"Hans Fischer\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1930.\nBorn: 27, Jul, 1881, Hoechst, Germany\nDied: 31, Mar, 1945, Munich, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Technische Hochschule (Institute of Technology), Munich, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":154,"text":"Nathan Söderblom\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1930.\nBorn: 15, Jan, 1866, Trönö, Sweden\nDied: 12, Jul, 1931, Uppsala, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for promoting Christian unity and helping create 'that new attitude of mind which is necessary if peace between nations is to become reality'\"\n"} |
| {"docid":155,"text":"Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1930.\nBorn: 7, Nov, 1888, Tiruchirappalli, India\nDied: 21, Nov, 1970, Bangalore, India\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Calcutta University, Calcutta, India\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":156,"text":"Otto Warburg\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1931.\nBorn: 8, Oct, 1883, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany\nDied: 1, Aug, 1970, West Berlin, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) für Biologie, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":157,"text":"Carl Bosch\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931.\nBorn: 27, Aug, 1874, Cologne, Germany\nDied: 26, Apr, 1940, Heidelberg, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":158,"text":"Friedrich Bergius\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931.\nBorn: 11, Oct, 1884, Goldschmieden near Breslau, Germany (now Poland)\nDied: 30, Mar, 1949, Buenos Aires, Argentina\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":159,"text":"Erik Axel Karlfeldt\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1931.\nBorn: 20, Jul, 1864, Karlbo, Sweden\nDied: 8, Apr, 1931, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":160,"text":"Jane Addams\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1931.\nBorn: 6, Sep, 1860, Cedarville IL, USA\nDied: 21, May, 1935, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind\"\n"} |
| {"docid":161,"text":"Nicholas Murray Butler\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1931.\nBorn: 2, Apr, 1862, Elizabeth NJ, USA\nDied: 7, Dec, 1947, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind\"\n"} |
| {"docid":162,"text":"Edgar Adrian\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1932.\nBorn: 30, Nov, 1889, London, United Kingdom\nDied: 8, Aug, 1977, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":163,"text":"Sir Charles Sherrington\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1932.\nBorn: 27, Nov, 1857, London, United Kingdom\nDied: 4, Mar, 1952, Eastbourne, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":164,"text":"Werner Heisenberg\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1932.\nBorn: 5, Dec, 1901, Würzburg, Germany\nDied: 1, Feb, 1976, Munich, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for the creation of quantum mechanics the application of which has inter alia led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":165,"text":"John Galsworthy\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1932.\nBorn: 14, Aug, 1867, Kingston Hill, United Kingdom\nDied: 31, Jan, 1933, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in <I>The Forsyte Saga</I>\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":166,"text":"Irving Langmuir\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932.\nBorn: 31, Jan, 1881, Brooklyn NY, USA\nDied: 16, Aug, 1957, Falmouth MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: General Electric Company, Schenectady NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":167,"text":"Paul A.M. Dirac\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1933.\nBorn: 8, Aug, 1902, Bristol, United Kingdom\nDied: 20, Oct, 1984, Tallahassee FL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":168,"text":"Erwin Schrödinger\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1933.\nBorn: 12, Aug, 1887, Vienna, Austria\nDied: 4, Jan, 1961, Vienna, Austria\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Berlin University, Berlin, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":169,"text":"Sir Norman Angell\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1933.\nBorn: 26, Dec, 1872, Holbeach, United Kingdom\nDied: 7, Oct, 1967, Croydon, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for having exposed by his pen the illusion of war and presented a convincing plea for international cooperation and peace\"\n"} |
| {"docid":170,"text":"Thomas H. Morgan\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1933.\nBorn: 25, Sep, 1866, Lexington KY, USA\nDied: 4, Dec, 1945, Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":171,"text":"Ivan Bunin\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1933.\nBorn: 22, Oct, 1870, Voronezh, Russia\nDied: 8, Nov, 1953, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":172,"text":"George H. Whipple\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1934.\nBorn: 28, Aug, 1878, Ashland NH, USA\nDied: 1, Feb, 1976, Rochester NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Rochester, Rochester NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":173,"text":"Harold C. Urey\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934.\nBorn: 29, Apr, 1893, Walkerton IN, USA\nDied: 5, Jan, 1981, La Jolla CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of heavy hydrogen\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Columbia University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":174,"text":"Luigi Pirandello\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1934.\nBorn: 28, Jun, 1867, Agrigento Sicily, Italy\nDied: 10, Dec, 1936, Rome, Italy\nPrize motivation: \"for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":175,"text":"George R. Minot\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1934.\nBorn: 2, Dec, 1885, Boston MA, USA\nDied: 25, Feb, 1950, Brookline MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":176,"text":"William P. Murphy\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1934.\nBorn: 6, Feb, 1892, Stoughton WI, USA\nDied: 9, Oct, 1987, Brookline MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":177,"text":"Arthur Henderson\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1934.\nBorn: 13, Sep, 1863, Glasgow, Scotland\nDied: 20, Oct, 1935, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his untiring struggle and his courageous efforts as Chairman of the League of Nations Disarmament Conference 1931-34\"\n"} |
| {"docid":178,"text":"Frédéric Joliot\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935.\nBorn: 19, Mar, 1900, Paris, France\nDied: 14, Aug, 1958, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Institut du Radium, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":179,"text":"Irène Joliot-Curie\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935.\nBorn: 12, Sep, 1897, Paris, France\nDied: 17, Mar, 1956, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Institut du Radium, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":180,"text":"James Chadwick\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1935.\nBorn: 20, Oct, 1891, Manchester, United Kingdom\nDied: 24, Jul, 1974, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of the neutron\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Liverpool University, Liverpool, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":181,"text":"Hans Spemann\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1935.\nBorn: 27, Jun, 1869, Stuttgart, Württemberg (now Germany)\nDied: 12, Sep, 1941, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Freiburg im Breisgau, Breisgau, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":182,"text":"Carl von Ossietzky\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1935.\nBorn: 3, Oct, 1889, Hamburg, Germany\nDied: 4, May, 1938, Berlin, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for his burning love for freedom of thought and expression and his valuable contribution to the cause of peace\"\n"} |
| {"docid":183,"text":"Peter Debye\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936.\nBorn: 24, Mar, 1884, Maastricht, the Netherlands\nDied: 2, Nov, 1966, Ithaca NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Berlin University, Berlin, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":184,"text":"Otto Loewi\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1936.\nBorn: 3, Jun, 1873, Frankfurt-on-the-Main, Germany\nDied: 25, Dec, 1961, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Graz University, Graz, Austria\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":185,"text":"Victor F. Hess\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1936.\nBorn: 24, Jun, 1883, Peggau, Austria\nDied: 17, Dec, 1964, Mount Vernon NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of cosmic radiation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Innsbruck University, Innsbruck, Austria\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":186,"text":"Sir Henry Dale\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1936.\nBorn: 9, Jun, 1875, London, United Kingdom\nDied: 23, Jul, 1968, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":187,"text":"Carl D. Anderson\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1936.\nBorn: 3, Sep, 1905, New York NY, USA\nDied: 11, Jan, 1991, San Marino CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the positron\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":188,"text":"Carlos Saavedra Lamas\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1936.\nBorn: 1, Nov, 1878, Buenos Aires, Argentina\nDied: 5, May, 1959, Buenos Aires, Argentina\nPrize motivation: \"for his role as father of the Argentine Antiwar Pact of 1933 which he also used as a means to mediate peace between Paraguay and Bolivia in 1935\"\n"} |
| {"docid":189,"text":"Eugene O'Neill\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1936.\nBorn: 16, Oct, 1888, New York NY, USA\nDied: 27, Nov, 1953, Boston MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the power honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works which embody an original concept of tragedy\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":190,"text":"George Paget Thomson\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1937.\nBorn: 3, May, 1892, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nDied: 10, Sep, 1975, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: London University, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":191,"text":"Albert Szent-Györgyi\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1937.\nBorn: 16, Sep, 1893, Budapest, Austria-Hungary (now Hungary)\nDied: 22, Oct, 1986, Woods Hole MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Szeged University, Szeged, Hungary\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":192,"text":"Norman Haworth\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937.\nBorn: 19, Mar, 1883, Chorley, United Kingdom\nDied: 19, Mar, 1950, Birmingham, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Birmingham University, Birmingham, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":193,"text":"Clinton Davisson\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1937.\nBorn: 22, Oct, 1881, Bloomington IL, USA\nDied: 1, Feb, 1958, Charlottesville VA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":194,"text":"Robert Cecil\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1937.\nBorn: 14, Sep, 1864, London, United Kingdom\nDied: 24, Nov, 1958, Tunbridge Wells, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his tireless effort in support of the League of Nations disarmament and peace\"\n"} |
| {"docid":195,"text":"Roger Martin du Gard\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1937.\nBorn: 23, Mar, 1881, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France\nDied: 22, Aug, 1958, Bellême, France\nPrize motivation: \"for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle <I>Les Thibault</I>\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":196,"text":"Paul Karrer\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937.\nBorn: 21, Apr, 1889, Moscow, Russia\nDied: 18, Jun, 1971, Zurich, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for his investigations on carotenoids flavins and vitamins A and B2\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":197,"text":"Enrico Fermi\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1938.\nBorn: 29, Sep, 1901, Rome, Italy\nDied: 28, Nov, 1954, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rome University, Rome, Italy\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":198,"text":"Richard Kuhn\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938.\nBorn: 3, Dec, 1900, Vienna, Austria-Hungary (now Austria)\nDied: 31, Jul, 1967, Heidelberg, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on carotenoids and vitamins\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck Institut) für Medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":199,"text":"Corneille Heymans\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1938.\nBorn: 28, Mar, 1892, Ghent, Belgium\nDied: 18, Jul, 1968, Knokke, Belgium\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":200,"text":"Nansen International Office for Refugees \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1938.\nFounded: 1921\nPrize motivation: \"for having carried on the work of Fridtjof Nansen to the benefit of refugees across Europe\"\n"} |
| {"docid":201,"text":"Pearl Buck\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1938.\nBorn: 26, Jun, 1892, Hillsboro WV, USA\nDied: 6, Mar, 1973, Danby VT, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":202,"text":"Gerhard Domagk\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1939.\nBorn: 30, Oct, 1895, Lagow, Germany (now Poland)\nDied: 24, Apr, 1964, Burgberg, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Munster University, Munster, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":203,"text":"Ernest Lawrence\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1939.\nBorn: 8, Aug, 1901, Canton SD, USA\nDied: 27, Aug, 1958, Palo Alto CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":204,"text":"Leopold Ruzicka\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939.\nBorn: 13, Sep, 1887, Vukovar, Austria-Hungary (now Croatia)\nDied: 26, Sep, 1976, Zurich, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":205,"text":"Adolf Butenandt\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939.\nBorn: 24, Mar, 1903, Bremerhaven-Lehe, Germany\nDied: 18, Jan, 1995, Munich, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on sex hormones\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) für Biochemie, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":206,"text":"Frans Eemil Sillanpää\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1939.\nBorn: 16, Sep, 1888, Hämeenkyrö, Russian Empire (now Finland)\nDied: 3, Jun, 1964, Helsinki, Finland\nPrize motivation: \"for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":207,"text":"Henrik Dam\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1943.\nBorn: 21, Feb, 1895, Copenhagen, Denmark\nDied: 17, Apr, 1976, Copenhagen, Denmark\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of vitamin K\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Polytechnic Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":208,"text":"Edward A. Doisy\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1943.\nBorn: 13, Nov, 1893, Hume IL, USA\nDied: 23, Oct, 1986, St. Louis MO, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Saint Louis University, St. Louis MO, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":209,"text":"George de Hevesy\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943.\nBorn: 1, Aug, 1885, Budapest, Austria-Hungary (now Hungary)\nDied: 5, Jul, 1966, Freiburg im Breisgau, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":210,"text":"Otto Stern\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1943.\nBorn: 17, Feb, 1888, Sorau (now Zory), Germany (now Poland)\nDied: 17, Aug, 1969, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh PA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":211,"text":"Joseph Erlanger\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1944.\nBorn: 5, Jan, 1874, San Francisco CA, USA\nDied: 5, Dec, 1965, St. Louis MO, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Washington University, St. Louis MO, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":212,"text":"Johannes V. Jensen\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1944.\nBorn: 20, Jan, 1873, Farsø, Denmark\nDied: 25, Nov, 1950, Copenhagen, Denmark\nPrize motivation: \"for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold freshly creative style\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":213,"text":"Herbert S. Gasser\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1944.\nBorn: 5, Jul, 1888, Platteville WI, USA\nDied: 11, May, 1963, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":214,"text":"Otto Hahn\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944.\nBorn: 8, Mar, 1879, Frankfurt-on-the-Main, Germany\nDied: 28, Jul, 1968, Göttingen, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck Institut) für Chemie, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":215,"text":"International Committee of the Red Cross \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1944.\nFounded: 1863\nPrize motivation: \"for the great work it has performed during the war on behalf of humanity\"\n"} |
| {"docid":216,"text":"Isidor Isaac Rabi\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1944.\nBorn: 29, Jul, 1898, Rymanow, Austria-Hungary (now Poland)\nDied: 11, Jan, 1988, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Columbia University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":217,"text":"Wolfgang Pauli\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1945.\nBorn: 25, Apr, 1900, Vienna, Austria\nDied: 15, Dec, 1958, Zurich, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle also called the Pauli Principle\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":218,"text":"Gabriela Mistral\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1945.\nBorn: 7, Apr, 1889, Vicuña, Chile\nDied: 10, Jan, 1957, Hempstead NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for her lyric poetry which inspired by powerful emotions has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":219,"text":"Artturi Virtanen\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1945.\nBorn: 15, Jan, 1895, Helsinki, Russian Empire (now Finland)\nDied: 11, Nov, 1973, Helsinki, Finland\nPrize motivation: \"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry especially for his fodder preservation method\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":220,"text":"Cordell Hull\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1945.\nBorn: 2, Oct, 1871, Olympus TN, USA\nDied: 23, Jul, 1955, Bethesda MD, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his indefatigable work for international understanding and his pivotal role in establishing the United Nations\"\n"} |
| {"docid":221,"text":"Sir Alexander Fleming\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1945.\nBorn: 6, Aug, 1881, Lochfield, Scotland\nDied: 11, Mar, 1955, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: London University, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":222,"text":"Ernst B. Chain\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1945.\nBorn: 19, Jun, 1906, Berlin, Germany\nDied: 12, Aug, 1979, Mulrany, Ireland\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":223,"text":"Sir Howard Florey\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1945.\nBorn: 24, Sep, 1898, Adelaide, Australia\nDied: 21, Feb, 1968, Oxford, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":224,"text":"John R. Mott\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1946.\nBorn: 25, May, 1865, Livingston Manor NY, USA\nDied: 31, Jan, 1955, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his contribution to the creation of a peace-promoting religious brotherhood across national boundaries\"\n"} |
| {"docid":225,"text":"Percy W. Bridgman\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1946.\nBorn: 21, Apr, 1882, Cambridge MA, USA\nDied: 20, Aug, 1961, Randolph NH, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":226,"text":"James B. Sumner\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946.\nBorn: 19, Nov, 1887, Canton MA, USA\nDied: 12, Aug, 1955, Buffalo NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":227,"text":"John H. Northrop\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946.\nBorn: 5, Jul, 1891, Yonkers NY, USA\nDied: 27, May, 1987, Wickenberg AZ, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":228,"text":"Wendell M. Stanley\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946.\nBorn: 16, Aug, 1904, Ridgeville IN, USA\nDied: 15, Jun, 1971, Salamanca, Spain\nPrize motivation: \"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":229,"text":"Hermann J. Muller\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1946.\nBorn: 21, Dec, 1890, New York NY, USA\nDied: 5, Apr, 1967, Indianapolis IN, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Indiana University, Bloomington IN, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":230,"text":"Emily Greene Balch\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1946.\nBorn: 8, Jan, 1867, Jamaica Plain MA (now Boston MA), USA\nDied: 9, Jan, 1961, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for her lifelong work for the cause of peace\"\n"} |
| {"docid":231,"text":"Hermann Hesse\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1946.\nBorn: 2, Jul, 1877, Calw, Germany\nDied: 9, Aug, 1962, Montagnola, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for his inspired writings which while growing in boldness and penetration exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":232,"text":"Gerty Cori\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1947.\nBorn: 15, Aug, 1896, Prague, Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic)\nDied: 26, Oct, 1957, St. Louis MO, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Washington University, St. Louis MO, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":233,"text":"Bernardo Houssay\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1947.\nBorn: 10, Apr, 1887, Buenos Aires, Argentina\nDied: 21, Sep, 1971, Buenos Aires, Argentina\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental (Institute for Biology and Experimental Medicine), Buenos Aires, Argentina\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":234,"text":"Edward V. Appleton\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1947.\nBorn: 6, Sep, 1892, Bradford, United Kingdom\nDied: 21, Apr, 1965, Edinburgh, Scotland\nPrize motivation: \"for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":235,"text":"André Gide\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1947.\nBorn: 22, Nov, 1869, Paris, France\nDied: 19, Feb, 1951, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":236,"text":"Sir Robert Robinson\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947.\nBorn: 13, Sep, 1886, Rufford near Chesterfield, United Kingdom\nDied: 8, Feb, 1975, Great Missenden, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his investigations on plant products of biological importance especially the alkaloids\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":237,"text":"Friends Service Council \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1947.\nFounded: 1647\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering thereby promoting the fraternity between nations\"\n"} |
| {"docid":238,"text":"American Friends Service Committee \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1947.\nFounded: 1917\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering thereby promoting the fraternity between nations\"\n"} |
| {"docid":239,"text":"Carl Cori\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1947.\nBorn: 5, Dec, 1896, Prague, Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic)\nDied: 20, Oct, 1984, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Washington University, St. Louis MO, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":240,"text":"Paul Müller\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1948.\nBorn: 12, Jan, 1899, Olten, Switzerland\nDied: 12, Oct, 1965, Basel, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Laboratorium der Farben-Fabriken J.R. Geigy A.G. (Laboratory of the J.R. Geigy Dye-Factory Co.), Basel, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":241,"text":"T.S. Eliot\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1948.\nBorn: 26, Sep, 1888, St. Louis MO, USA\nDied: 4, Jan, 1965, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his outstanding pioneer contribution to present-day poetry\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":242,"text":"Arne Tiselius\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948.\nBorn: 10, Aug, 1902, Stockholm, Sweden\nDied: 29, Oct, 1971, Uppsala, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":243,"text":"Patrick M.S. Blackett\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1948.\nBorn: 18, Nov, 1897, London, United Kingdom\nDied: 13, Jul, 1974, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Victoria University, Manchester, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":244,"text":"Egas Moniz\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1949.\nBorn: 29, Nov, 1874, Avanca, Portugal\nDied: 13, Dec, 1955, Lisbon, Portugal\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":245,"text":"William F. Giauque\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949.\nBorn: 12, May, 1895, Niagara Falls, Canada\nDied: 28, Mar, 1982, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":246,"text":"Walter Hess\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1949.\nBorn: 17, Mar, 1881, Frauenfeld, Switzerland\nDied: 12, Aug, 1973, Ascona, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":247,"text":"William Faulkner\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1949.\nBorn: 25, Sep, 1897, New Albany MS, USA\nDied: 6, Jul, 1962, Byhalia MS, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":248,"text":"John Boyd Orr\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1949.\nBorn: 23, Sep, 1880, Kilmaurs, Scotland\nDied: 25, Jun, 1971, Edzell, Scotland\nPrize motivation: \"for his lifelong effort to conquer hunger and want thereby helping to remove a major cause of military conflict and war\"\n"} |
| {"docid":249,"text":"Hideki Yukawa\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1949.\nBorn: 23, Jan, 1907, Tokyo, Japan\nDied: 8, Sep, 1981, Kyoto, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Columbia University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":250,"text":"Bertrand Russell\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1950.\nBorn: 18, May, 1872, Trelleck, United Kingdom\nDied: 2, Feb, 1970, Penrhyndeudraeth, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":251,"text":"Ralph Bunche\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1950.\nBorn: 7, Aug, 1904, Detroit MI, USA\nDied: 9, Dec, 1971, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his work as mediator in Palestine in 1948-1949\"\n"} |
| {"docid":252,"text":"Philip S. Hench\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1950.\nBorn: 28, Feb, 1896, Pittsburgh PA, USA\nDied: 30, Mar, 1965, Ocho Rios, Jamaica\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex their structure and biological effects\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":253,"text":"Tadeus Reichstein\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1950.\nBorn: 20, Jul, 1897, Wloclawek, Poland\nDied: 1, Aug, 1996, Basel, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex their structure and biological effects\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Basel University, Basel, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":254,"text":"Edward C. Kendall\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1950.\nBorn: 8, Mar, 1886, South Norwalk CT, USA\nDied: 4, May, 1972, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex their structure and biological effects\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":255,"text":"Kurt Alder\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950.\nBorn: 10, Jul, 1902, Königshütte (now Chorzów), Prussia (now Poland)\nDied: 20, Jun, 1958, Cologne, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Cologne University, Cologne, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":256,"text":"Cecil Powell\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1950.\nBorn: 5, Dec, 1903, Tonbridge, United Kingdom\nDied: 9, Aug, 1969, Italy\nPrize motivation: \"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":257,"text":"Otto Diels\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950.\nBorn: 23, Jan, 1876, Hamburg, Germany\nDied: 7, Mar, 1954, Kiel, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Kiel University, Kiel, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":258,"text":"Léon Jouhaux\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1951.\nBorn: 1, Jul, 1879, Paris, France\nDied: 28, Apr, 1954, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for having devoted his life to the fight against war through the promotion of social justice and brotherhood among men and nations\"\n"} |
| {"docid":259,"text":"Pär Lagerkvist\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1951.\nBorn: 23, May, 1891, Växjö, Sweden\nDied: 11, Jul, 1974, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":260,"text":"Ernest T.S. Walton\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1951.\nBorn: 6, Oct, 1903, Dungarvan, Ireland\nDied: 25, Jun, 1995, Belfast, Northern Ireland\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":261,"text":"John Cockcroft\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1951.\nBorn: 27, May, 1897, Todmorden, United Kingdom\nDied: 18, Sep, 1967, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell Berkshire, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":262,"text":"Edwin M. McMillan\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951.\nBorn: 18, Sep, 1907, Redondo Beach CA, USA\nDied: 7, Sep, 1991, El Cerrito CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":263,"text":"Max Theiler\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1951.\nBorn: 30, Jan, 1899, Pretoria, South Africa\nDied: 11, Aug, 1972, New Haven CT, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Laboratories of the Division of Medicine and Public Health Rockefeller Foundation, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":264,"text":"Glenn T. Seaborg\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951.\nBorn: 19, Apr, 1912, Ishpeming MI, USA\nDied: 25, Feb, 1999, Lafayette CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":265,"text":"Felix Bloch\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1952.\nBorn: 23, Oct, 1905, Zurich, Switzerland\nDied: 10, Sep, 1983, Zurich, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":266,"text":"Richard L.M. Synge\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952.\nBorn: 28, Oct, 1914, Liverpool, United Kingdom\nDied: 18, Aug, 1994, Norwich, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their invention of partition chromatography\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn (Scotland), United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":267,"text":"Albert Schweitzer\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1952.\nBorn: 14, Jan, 1875, Kaysersberg, Germany (now France)\nDied: 4, Sep, 1965, Lambaréné, Gabon\nPrize motivation: \"for his altruism reverence for life and tireless humanitarian work which has helped making the idea of brotherhood between men and nations a living one\"\n"} |
| {"docid":268,"text":"Selman A. Waksman\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1952.\nBorn: 22, Jul, 1888, Priluka (now Nova Pryluka), Russian Empire (now Ukraine)\nDied: 16, Aug, 1973, Hyannis MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of streptomycin the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rutgers University, New Brunswick NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":269,"text":"Archer J.P. Martin\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952.\nBorn: 1, Mar, 1910, London, United Kingdom\nDied: 28, Jul, 2002, Llangarron, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their invention of partition chromatography\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":270,"text":"E. M. Purcell\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1952.\nBorn: 30, Aug, 1912, Taylorville IL, USA\nDied: 7, Mar, 1997, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":271,"text":"François Mauriac\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1952.\nBorn: 11, Oct, 1885, Bordeaux, France\nDied: 1, Sep, 1970, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":272,"text":"George C. Marshall\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1953.\nBorn: 31, Dec, 1880, Uniontown PA, USA\nDied: 16, Oct, 1959, Washington D.C., USA\nPrize motivation: \"for proposing and supervising the plan for the economic recovery of Europe\"\n"} |
| {"docid":273,"text":"Hans Krebs\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1953.\nBorn: 25, Aug, 1900, Hildesheim, Germany\nDied: 22, Nov, 1981, Oxford, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Sheffield University, Sheffield, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":274,"text":"Fritz Lipmann\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1953.\nBorn: 12, Jun, 1899, Koenigsberg (now Kaliningrad), Germany (now Russia)\nDied: 24, Jul, 1986, Poughkeepsie NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":275,"text":"Frits Zernike\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1953.\nBorn: 16, Jul, 1888, Amsterdam, the Netherlands\nDied: 10, Mar, 1966, Groningen, the Netherlands\nPrize motivation: \"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Groningen University, Groningen, the Netherlands\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":276,"text":"Hermann Staudinger\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953.\nBorn: 23, Mar, 1881, Worms, Germany\nDied: 8, Sep, 1965, Freiburg im Breisgau, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Freiburg, Breisgau, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":277,"text":"Winston Churchill\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1953.\nBorn: 30, Nov, 1874, Woodstock, United Kingdom\nDied: 24, Jan, 1965, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":278,"text":"John F. Enders\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1954.\nBorn: 10, Feb, 1897, West Hartford CT, USA\nDied: 8, Sep, 1985, Waterford CT, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":279,"text":"Thomas H. Weller\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1954.\nBorn: 15, Jun, 1915, Ann Arbor MI, USA\nDied: 23, Aug, 2008, Needham MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Research Division of Infectious Diseases Children's Medical Center, Boston MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":280,"text":"Frederick C. Robbins\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1954.\nBorn: 25, Aug, 1916, Auburn AL, USA\nDied: 4, Aug, 2003, Cleveland OH, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":281,"text":"Linus Pauling\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954.\nBorn: 28, Feb, 1901, Portland OR, USA\nDied: 19, Aug, 1994, Big Sur CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":282,"text":"Max Born\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1954.\nBorn: 11, Dec, 1882, Breslau (now Wroclaw), Germany (now Poland)\nDied: 5, Jan, 1970, Göttingen, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":283,"text":"Walther Bothe\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1954.\nBorn: 8, Jan, 1891, Oranienburg, Germany\nDied: 8, Feb, 1957, Heidelberg, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":284,"text":"Ernest Hemingway\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1954.\nBorn: 21, Jul, 1899, Oak Park IL, USA\nDied: 2, Jul, 1961, Ketchum ID, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his mastery of the art of narrative most recently demonstrated in <I>The Old Man and the Sea</I> and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":285,"text":"Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1954.\nFounded: 14, Dec, 1950\nPrize motivation: \"for its efforts to heal the wounds of war by providing help and protection to refugees all over the world\"\n"} |
| {"docid":286,"text":"Halldór Laxness\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1955.\nBorn: 23, Apr, 1902, Reykjavik, Iceland\nDied: 8, Feb, 1998, Reykjavik, Iceland\nPrize motivation: \"for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":287,"text":"Polykarp Kusch\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1955.\nBorn: 26, Jan, 1911, Blankenburg, Germany\nDied: 20, Mar, 1993, Dallas TX, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Columbia University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":288,"text":"Willis E. Lamb\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1955.\nBorn: 12, Jul, 1913, Los Angeles CA, USA\nDied: 15, May, 2008, Tucson AZ, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":289,"text":"Hugo Theorell\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1955.\nBorn: 6, Jul, 1903, Linköping, Sweden\nDied: 15, Aug, 1982, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Karolinska Institutet Nobel Medical Institute, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":290,"text":"Vincent du Vigneaud\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955.\nBorn: 18, May, 1901, Chicago IL, USA\nDied: 11, Dec, 1978, White Plains NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":291,"text":"Werner Forssmann\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1956.\nBorn: 29, Aug, 1904, Berlin, Germany\nDied: 1, Jun, 1979, Schopfheim, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Mainz University, Mainz, Germany\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":292,"text":"André F. Cournand\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1956.\nBorn: 24, Sep, 1895, Paris, France\nDied: 19, Feb, 1988, Great Barrington MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Columbia University Division Cardio-Pulmonary Laboratory Bellevue Hospital, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":293,"text":"Walter H. Brattain\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1956.\nBorn: 10, Feb, 1902, Amoy, China\nDied: 13, Oct, 1987, Seattle WA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":294,"text":"Nikolay Semenov\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956.\nBorn: 3, Apr, 1896, Saratov, Russia\nDied: 25, Sep, 1986, Moscow, USSR (now Russia)\nPrize motivation: \"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Institute for Chemical Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, USSR (now Russia)\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":295,"text":"Sir Cyril Hinshelwood\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956.\nBorn: 19, May, 1897, London, United Kingdom\nDied: 9, Oct, 1967, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":296,"text":"John Bardeen\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1956.\nBorn: 23, May, 1908, Madison WI, USA\nDied: 30, Jan, 1991, Boston MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":297,"text":"William B. Shockley\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1956.\nBorn: 13, Feb, 1910, London, United Kingdom\nDied: 12, Aug, 1989, Palo Alto CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Semiconductor Laboratory of Beckman Instruments Inc., Mountain View CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":298,"text":"Dickinson W. Richards\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1956.\nBorn: 30, Oct, 1895, Orange NJ, USA\nDied: 23, Feb, 1973, Lakeville CT, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Columbia University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":299,"text":"Juan Ramón Jiménez\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1956.\nBorn: 24, Dec, 1881, Moguer, Spain\nDied: 29, May, 1958, San Juan, Puerto Rico\nPrize motivation: \"for his lyrical poetry which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":300,"text":"Chen Ning Yang\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1957.\nBorn: 22, Sep, 1922, Hofei Anhwei, China\nPrize motivation: \"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":301,"text":"Lester Bowles Pearson\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1957.\nBorn: 23, Apr, 1897, Toronto, Canada\nDied: 27, Dec, 1972, Ottawa, Canada\nPrize motivation: \"for his crucial contribution to the deployment of a United Nations Emergency Force in the wake of the Suez Crisis\"\n"} |
| {"docid":302,"text":"Lord Todd\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957.\nBorn: 2, Oct, 1907, Glasgow, Scotland\nDied: 10, Jan, 1997, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":303,"text":"Tsung-Dao Lee\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1957.\nBorn: 24, Nov, 1926, Shanghai, China\nPrize motivation: \"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Columbia University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":304,"text":"Albert Camus\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1957.\nBorn: 7, Nov, 1913, Mondovi, French Algeria (now Algeria)\nDied: 4, Jan, 1960, Sens, France\nPrize motivation: \"for his important literary production which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":305,"text":"Daniel Bovet\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1957.\nBorn: 23, Mar, 1907, Neuchâtel, Switzerland\nDied: 8, Apr, 1992, Rome, Italy\nPrize motivation: \"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Chief Institute of Public Health), Rome, Italy\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":306,"text":"Frederick Sanger\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958.\nBorn: 13, Aug, 1918, Rendcombe, United Kingdom\nDied: 19, Nov, 2013, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on the structure of proteins especially that of insulin\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":307,"text":"Georges Pire\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1958.\nBorn: 10, Feb, 1910, Dinant, Belgium\nDied: 30, Jan, 1969, Leuven, Belgium\nPrize motivation: \"for his efforts to help refugees to leave their camps and return to a life of freedom and dignity\"\n"} |
| {"docid":308,"text":"Edward Tatum\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1958.\nBorn: 14, Dec, 1909, Boulder CO, USA\nDied: 5, Nov, 1975, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":309,"text":"Joshua Lederberg\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1958.\nBorn: 23, May, 1925, Montclair NJ, USA\nDied: 2, Feb, 2008, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":310,"text":"Boris Pasternak\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1958.\nBorn: 10, Feb, 1890, Moscow, Russia\nDied: 30, May, 1960, Peredelkino, Russia\nPrize motivation: \"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":311,"text":"Il´ja M. Frank\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1958.\nBorn: 23, Oct, 1908, Leningrad (now St. Petersburg), Russia\nDied: 22, Jun, 1990, Moscow, USSR (now Russia)\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, USSR (now Russia)\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":312,"text":"Igor Y. Tamm\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1958.\nBorn: 8, Jul, 1895, Vladivostok, Russia\nDied: 12, Apr, 1971, Moscow, USSR (now Russia)\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, USSR (now Russia)\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":313,"text":"Pavel A. Cherenkov\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1958.\nBorn: 28, Jul, 1904, Novaya Chigla, Russia\nDied: 6, Jan, 1990, USSR (now Russia)\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, USSR (now Russia)\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":314,"text":"George Beadle\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1958.\nBorn: 22, Oct, 1903, Wahoo NE, USA\nDied: 9, Jun, 1989, Pomona CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":315,"text":"Arthur Kornberg\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1959.\nBorn: 3, Mar, 1918, Brooklyn NY, USA\nDied: 26, Oct, 2007, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":316,"text":"Jaroslav Heyrovsky\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1959.\nBorn: 20, Dec, 1890, Prague, Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic)\nDied: 27, Mar, 1967, Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic)\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Polarographic Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Science, Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic)\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":317,"text":"Owen Chamberlain\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1959.\nBorn: 10, Jul, 1920, San Francisco CA, USA\nDied: 28, Feb, 2006, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of the antiproton\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":318,"text":"Emilio Segrè\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1959.\nBorn: 1, Feb, 1905, Tivoli, Italy\nDied: 22, Apr, 1989, Lafayette CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of the antiproton\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":319,"text":"Severo Ochoa\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1959.\nBorn: 24, Sep, 1905, Luarca, Spain\nDied: 1, Nov, 1993, Madrid, Spain\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: New York University College of Medicine, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":320,"text":"Philip Noel-Baker\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1959.\nBorn: 1, Nov, 1889, London, United Kingdom\nDied: 8, Oct, 1982, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his longstanding contribution to the cause of disarmament and peace\"\n"} |
| {"docid":321,"text":"Salvatore Quasimodo\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1959.\nBorn: 20, Aug, 1901, Modica, Italy\nDied: 14, Jun, 1968, Naples, Italy\nPrize motivation: \"for his lyrical poetry which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":322,"text":"Peter Medawar\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1960.\nBorn: 28, Feb, 1915, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\nDied: 2, Oct, 1987, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University College, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":323,"text":"Donald A. Glaser\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1960.\nBorn: 21, Sep, 1926, Cleveland OH, USA\nDied: 28, Feb, 2013, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the invention of the bubble chamber\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":324,"text":"Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1960.\nBorn: 3, Sep, 1899, Traralgon, Australia\nDied: 31, Aug, 1985, Melbourne, Australia\nPrize motivation: \"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":325,"text":"Saint-John Perse\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1960.\nBorn: 31, May, 1887, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe Island\nDied: 20, Sep, 1975, Presqu'île-de-Giens, France\nPrize motivation: \"for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":326,"text":"Albert Lutuli\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1960.\nBorn: 1898, Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe)\nDied: 21, Jul, 1967, Stanger, South Africa\nPrize motivation: \"for his non-violent struggle against apartheid\"\n"} |
| {"docid":327,"text":"Willard F. Libby\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960.\nBorn: 17, Dec, 1908, Grand Valley CO, USA\nDied: 8, Sep, 1980, Los Angeles CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology geology geophysics and other branches of science\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Los Angeles CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":328,"text":"Rudolf Mössbauer\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1961.\nBorn: 31, Jan, 1929, Munich, Germany\nDied: 14, Sep, 2011\nPrize motivation: \"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Technical University, Munich, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":329,"text":"Dag Hammarskjöld\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1961.\nBorn: 29, Jul, 1905, Jönköping, Sweden\nDied: 18, Sep, 1961, Ndola, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia)\nPrize motivation: \"for developing the UN into an effective and constructive international organization capable of giving life to the principles and aims expressed in the UN Charter\"\n"} |
| {"docid":330,"text":"Georg von Békésy\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1961.\nBorn: 3, Jun, 1899, Budapest, Hungary\nDied: 13, Jun, 1972, Honolulu HI, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":331,"text":"Ivo Andric\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1961.\nBorn: 10, Oct, 1892, Dolac, Bosnia (now Bosnia and Herzegovina)\nDied: 13, Mar, 1975, Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia)\nPrize motivation: \"for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":332,"text":"Melvin Calvin\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961.\nBorn: 8, Apr, 1911, St. Paul MN, USA\nDied: 8, Jan, 1997, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":333,"text":"Robert Hofstadter\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1961.\nBorn: 5, Feb, 1915, New York NY, USA\nDied: 17, Nov, 1990, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":334,"text":"Maurice Wilkins\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1962.\nBorn: 15, Dec, 1916, Pongaroa, New Zealand\nDied: 5, Oct, 2004, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: London University, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":335,"text":"James Watson\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1962.\nBorn: 6, Apr, 1928, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":336,"text":"Francis Crick\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1962.\nBorn: 8, Jun, 1916, Northampton, United Kingdom\nDied: 28, Jul, 2004, San Diego CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":337,"text":"Linus Pauling\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1962.\nBorn: 28, Feb, 1901, Portland OR, USA\nDied: 19, Aug, 1994, Big Sur CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his fight against the nuclear arms race between East and West\"\n"} |
| {"docid":338,"text":"John C. Kendrew\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962.\nBorn: 24, Mar, 1917, Oxford, United Kingdom\nDied: 23, Aug, 1997, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":339,"text":"Max F. Perutz\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962.\nBorn: 19, May, 1914, Vienna, Austria\nDied: 6, Feb, 2002, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":340,"text":"Lev Landau\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1962.\nBorn: 22, Jan, 1908, Baku, Russian Empire (now Azerbaijan)\nDied: 1, Apr, 1968, Moscow, USSR (now Russia)\nPrize motivation: \"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter especially liquid helium\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR (now Russia)\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":341,"text":"John Steinbeck\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1962.\nBorn: 27, Feb, 1902, Salinas CA, USA\nDied: 20, Dec, 1968, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his realistic and imaginative writings combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":342,"text":"Andrew Huxley\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1963.\nBorn: 22, Nov, 1917, Hampstead, United Kingdom\nDied: 30, May, 2012, Grantchester, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University College, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":343,"text":"Alan Hodgkin\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1963.\nBorn: 5, Feb, 1914, Banbury, United Kingdom\nDied: 20, Dec, 1998, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":344,"text":"Sir John Eccles\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1963.\nBorn: 27, Jan, 1903, Melbourne, Australia\nDied: 2, May, 1997, Contra, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Australian National University, Canberra, Australia\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":345,"text":"J. Hans D. Jensen\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1963.\nBorn: 25, Jun, 1907, Hamburg, Germany\nDied: 11, Feb, 1973, Heidelberg, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":346,"text":"Eugene Wigner\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1963.\nBorn: 17, Nov, 1902, Budapest, Austria-Hungary (now Hungary)\nDied: 1, Jan, 1995, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":347,"text":"International Committee of the Red Cross \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1963.\nFounded: 1863\nPrize motivation: \"for promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and cooperation with the UN\"\n"} |
| {"docid":348,"text":"League of Red Cross Societies \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1963.\nFounded: 1919\nPrize motivation: \"for promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and cooperation with the UN\"\n"} |
| {"docid":349,"text":"Giorgos Seferis\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1963.\nBorn: 13, Mar, 1900, Smyrna (now Izmir), Ottoman Empire (now Turkey)\nDied: 20, Sep, 1971, Athens, Greece\nPrize motivation: \"for his eminent lyrical writing inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":350,"text":"Maria Goeppert Mayer\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1963.\nBorn: 28, Jun, 1906, Kattowitz (now Katowice), Germany (now Poland)\nDied: 20, Feb, 1972, San Diego CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, San Diego CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":351,"text":"Karl Ziegler\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963.\nBorn: 26, Nov, 1898, Helsa, Germany\nDied: 12, Aug, 1973, Mülheim, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":352,"text":"Giulio Natta\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963.\nBorn: 26, Feb, 1903, Imperia, Italy\nDied: 2, May, 1979, Bergamo, Italy\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Institute of Technology, Milan, Italy\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":353,"text":"Nicolay G. Basov\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1964.\nBorn: 14, Dec, 1922, Usman, USSR (now Russia)\nDied: 1, Jul, 2001, Moscow, Russia\nPrize motivation: \"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, USSR (now Russia)\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":354,"text":"Jean-Paul Sartre\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1964.\nBorn: 21, Jun, 1905, Paris, France\nDied: 15, Apr, 1980, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for his work which rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":355,"text":"Martin Luther King Jr.\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1964.\nBorn: 15, Jan, 1929, Atlanta GA, USA\nDied: 4, Apr, 1968, Memphis TN, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his non-violent struggle for civil rights for the Afro-American population\"\n"} |
| {"docid":356,"text":"Aleksandr M. Prokhorov\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1964.\nBorn: 11, Jul, 1916, Atherton, Australia\nDied: 8, Jan, 2002, Moscow, Russia\nPrize motivation: \"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, USSR (now Russia)\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":357,"text":"Feodor Lynen\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1964.\nBorn: 6, Apr, 1911, Munich, Germany\nDied: 6, Aug, 1979, Munich, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Max-Planck-Institut für Zellchemie, Munich, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":358,"text":"Charles H. Townes\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1964.\nBorn: 28, Jul, 1915, Greenville SC, USA\nDied: 27, Jan, 2015, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":359,"text":"Konrad Bloch\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1964.\nBorn: 21, Jan, 1912, Neisse (now Nysa), Germany (now Poland)\nDied: 15, Oct, 2000, Burlington MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":360,"text":"Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964.\nBorn: 12, May, 1910, Cairo, Egypt\nDied: 29, Jul, 1994, Shipston-on-Stour, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Oxford Royal Society, Oxford, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":361,"text":"Robert B. Woodward\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965.\nBorn: 10, Apr, 1917, Boston MA, USA\nDied: 8, Jul, 1979, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":362,"text":"François Jacob\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1965.\nBorn: 17, Jun, 1920, Nancy, France\nDied: 19, Apr, 2013, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Institut Pasteur, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":363,"text":"André Lwoff\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1965.\nBorn: 8, May, 1902, Ainay-le-Château, France\nDied: 30, Sep, 1994, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Institut Pasteur, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":364,"text":"Jacques Monod\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1965.\nBorn: 9, Feb, 1910, Paris, France\nDied: 31, May, 1976, Cannes, France\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Institut Pasteur, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":365,"text":"United Nations Children's Fund \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1965.\nFounded: 1946\nPrize motivation: \"for its effort to enhance solidarity between nations and reduce the difference between rich and poor states\"\n"} |
| {"docid":366,"text":"Sin-Itiro Tomonaga\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1965.\nBorn: 31, Mar, 1906, Kyoto, Japan\nDied: 8, Jul, 1979, Tokyo, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Tokyo University of Education, Tokyo, Japan\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":367,"text":"Mikhail Sholokhov\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1965.\nBorn: 24, May, 1905, Veshenskaya, Russia\nDied: 21, Feb, 1984, Veshenskaya, USSR (now Russia)\nPrize motivation: \"for the artistic power and integrity with which in his epic of the Don he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":368,"text":"Julian Schwinger\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1965.\nBorn: 12, Feb, 1918, New York NY, USA\nDied: 16, Jul, 1994, Los Angeles CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":369,"text":"Richard P. Feynman\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1965.\nBorn: 11, May, 1918, New York NY, USA\nDied: 15, Feb, 1988, Los Angeles CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":370,"text":"Charles B. Huggins\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1966.\nBorn: 22, Sep, 1901, Halifax Nova Scotia, Canada\nDied: 12, Jan, 1997, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago Ben May Laboratory for Cancer Research, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":371,"text":"Shmuel Agnon\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1966.\nBorn: 17, Jul, 1888, Buczacz (now Buchach), Austria-Hungary (now Ukraine)\nDied: 17, Feb, 1970, Rehovot, Israel\nPrize motivation: \"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people\"\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":372,"text":"Robert S. Mulliken\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966.\nBorn: 7, Jun, 1896, Newburyport MA, USA\nDied: 31, Oct, 1986, Arlington VA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":373,"text":"Peyton Rous\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1966.\nBorn: 5, Oct, 1879, Baltimore MD, USA\nDied: 16, Feb, 1970, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rockefeller University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":374,"text":"Nelly Sachs\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1966.\nBorn: 10, Dec, 1891, Berlin, Germany\nDied: 12, May, 1970, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength\"\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":375,"text":"Alfred Kastler\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1966.\nBorn: 3, May, 1902, Guebwiller, Germany (now France)\nDied: 7, Jan, 1984, Bandol, France\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":376,"text":"Ragnar Granit\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1967.\nBorn: 30, Oct, 1900, Helsinki, Russian Empire (now Finland)\nDied: 12, Mar, 1991, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":377,"text":"George Wald\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1967.\nBorn: 18, Nov, 1906, New York NY, USA\nDied: 12, Apr, 1997, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":378,"text":"George Porter\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967.\nBorn: 6, Dec, 1920, Stainforth, United Kingdom\nDied: 31, Aug, 2002, Canterbury, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Royal Institution of Great Britain, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":379,"text":"Miguel Angel Asturias\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1967.\nBorn: 19, Oct, 1899, Guatemala City, Guatemala\nDied: 9, Jun, 1974, Madrid, Spain\nPrize motivation: \"for his vivid literary achievement deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":380,"text":"Ronald G.W. Norrish\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967.\nBorn: 9, Nov, 1897, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nDied: 7, Jun, 1978, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Institute of Physical Chemistry, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":381,"text":"Manfred Eigen\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967.\nBorn: 9, May, 1927, Bochum, Germany\nDied: 6, Feb, 2019, Göttingen, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Max-Planck-Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":382,"text":"Keffer Hartline\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1967.\nBorn: 22, Dec, 1903, Bloomsburg PA, USA\nDied: 17, Mar, 1983, Fallston MD, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rockefeller University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":383,"text":"Hans Bethe\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1967.\nBorn: 2, Jul, 1906, Strasbourg, Germany (now France)\nDied: 6, Mar, 2005, Ithaca NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":384,"text":"H. Gobind Khorana\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1968.\nBorn: 9, Jan, 1922, Raipur, India\nDied: 9, Nov, 2011, Concord MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":385,"text":"Marshall W. Nirenberg\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1968.\nBorn: 10, Apr, 1927, New York NY, USA\nDied: 15, Jan, 2010, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":386,"text":"Lars Onsager\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968.\nBorn: 27, Nov, 1903, Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway\nDied: 5, Oct, 1976, Coral Gables FL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Yale University, New Haven CT, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":387,"text":"René Cassin\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1968.\nBorn: 5, Oct, 1887, Bayonne, France\nDied: 20, Feb, 1976, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for his struggle to ensure the rights of man as stipulated in the UN Declaration\"\n"} |
| {"docid":388,"text":"Robert W. Holley\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1968.\nBorn: 28, Jan, 1922, Urbana IL, USA\nDied: 11, Feb, 1993, Los Gatos CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":389,"text":"Luis Alvarez\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1968.\nBorn: 13, Jun, 1911, San Francisco CA, USA\nDied: 1, Sep, 1988, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":390,"text":"Yasunari Kawabata\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1968.\nBorn: 11, Jun, 1899, Osaka, Japan\nDied: 16, Apr, 1972, Zushi, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for his narrative mastery which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":391,"text":"Derek Barton\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969.\nBorn: 8, Sep, 1918, Gravesend, United Kingdom\nDied: 16, Mar, 1998, College Station TX, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Imperial College, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":392,"text":"Samuel Beckett\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1969.\nBorn: 13, Apr, 1906, Dublin, Ireland\nDied: 22, Dec, 1989, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for his writing which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":393,"text":"Ragnar Frisch\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1969.\nBorn: 3, Mar, 1895, Oslo, Norway\nDied: 31, Jan, 1973, Oslo, Norway\nPrize motivation: \"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":394,"text":"Murray Gell-Mann\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1969.\nBorn: 15, Sep, 1929, New York NY, USA\nDied: 24, May, 2019, Santa Fe NM, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":395,"text":"Jan Tinbergen\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1969.\nBorn: 12, Apr, 1903, the Hague, the Netherlands\nDied: 9, Jun, 1994, the Hague, the Netherlands\nPrize motivation: \"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: The Netherlands School of Economics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":396,"text":"International Labour Organization \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1969.\nFounded: 1919\nPrize motivation: \"for creating international legislation insuring certain norms for working conditions in every country\"\n"} |
| {"docid":397,"text":"Salvador E. Luria\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1969.\nBorn: 13, Aug, 1912, Turin, Italy\nDied: 6, Feb, 1991, Lexington MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":398,"text":"Alfred D. Hershey\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1969.\nBorn: 4, Dec, 1908, Owosso MI, USA\nDied: 22, May, 1997, Syosset NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Long Island New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":399,"text":"Max Delbrück\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1969.\nBorn: 4, Sep, 1906, Berlin, Germany\nDied: 9, Mar, 1981, Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":400,"text":"Odd Hassel\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969.\nBorn: 17, May, 1897, Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway\nDied: 11, May, 1981, Oslo, Norway\nPrize motivation: \"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":401,"text":"Hannes Alfvén\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1970.\nBorn: 30, May, 1908, Norrköping, Sweden\nDied: 2, Apr, 1995, Djursholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":402,"text":"Louis Néel\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1970.\nBorn: 22, Nov, 1904, Lyon, France\nDied: 17, Nov, 2000, Brive-Corrèze, France\nPrize motivation: \"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Grenoble, Grenoble, France\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":403,"text":"Norman Borlaug\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1970.\nBorn: 25, Mar, 1914, Cresco IA, USA\nDied: 12, Sep, 2009, Dallas TX, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for having given a well-founded hope - the green revolution\"\n"} |
| {"docid":404,"text":"Luis Leloir\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1970.\nBorn: 6, Sep, 1906, Paris, France\nDied: 2, Dec, 1987, Buenos Aires, Argentina\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Institute for Biochemical Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":405,"text":"Alexandr Solzhenitsyn\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1970.\nBorn: 11, Dec, 1918, Kislovodsk, Russia\nDied: 3, Aug, 2008, Troitse-Lykovo, Russia\nPrize motivation: \"for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":406,"text":"Paul A. Samuelson\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1970.\nBorn: 15, May, 1915, Gary IN, USA\nDied: 13, Dec, 2009, Belmont MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":407,"text":"Julius Axelrod\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1970.\nBorn: 30, May, 1912, New York NY, USA\nDied: 29, Dec, 2004, Rockville MD, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage release and inactivation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":408,"text":"Ulf von Euler\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1970.\nBorn: 7, Feb, 1905, Stockholm, Sweden\nDied: 9, Mar, 1983, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage release and inactivation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":409,"text":"Sir Bernard Katz\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1970.\nBorn: 26, Mar, 1911, Leipzig, Germany\nDied: 20, Apr, 2003, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage release and inactivation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University College, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":410,"text":"Willy Brandt\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1971.\nBorn: 18, Dec, 1913, Lübeck, Germany\nDied: 8, Oct, 1992, Unkel, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for paving the way for a meaningful dialogue between East and West\"\n"} |
| {"docid":411,"text":"Dennis Gabor\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1971.\nBorn: 5, Jun, 1900, Budapest, Hungary\nDied: 8, Feb, 1979, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his invention and development of the holographic method\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Imperial College, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":412,"text":"Simon Kuznets\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1971.\nBorn: 30, Apr, 1901, Pinsk, Russian Empire (now Belarus)\nDied: 8, Jul, 1985, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":413,"text":"Gerhard Herzberg\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1971.\nBorn: 25, Dec, 1904, Hamburg, Germany\nDied: 3, Mar, 1999, Ottawa, Canada\nPrize motivation: \"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules particularly free radicals\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":414,"text":"Earl W. Sutherland Jr.\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1971.\nBorn: 19, Nov, 1915, Burlingame KS, USA\nDied: 9, Mar, 1974, Miami FL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":415,"text":"Pablo Neruda\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1971.\nBorn: 12, Jul, 1904, Parral, Chile\nDied: 23, Sep, 1973, Santiago, Chile\nPrize motivation: \"for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":416,"text":"Heinrich Böll\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1972.\nBorn: 21, Dec, 1917, Cologne, Germany\nDied: 16, Jul, 1985, Bornheim-Merten, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":417,"text":"Gerald M. Edelman\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1972.\nBorn: 1, Jul, 1929, New York NY, USA\nDied: 17, May, 2014, La Jolla CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rockefeller University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":418,"text":"Leon N. Cooper\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1972.\nBorn: 28, Feb, 1930, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity usually called the BCS-theory\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Brown University, Providence RI, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":419,"text":"Stanford Moore\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972.\nBorn: 4, Sep, 1913, Chicago IL, USA\nDied: 23, Aug, 1982, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rockefeller University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":420,"text":"Christian Anfinsen\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972.\nBorn: 26, Mar, 1916, Monessen PA, USA\nDied: 14, May, 1995, Randallstown MD, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on ribonuclease especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":421,"text":"William H. Stein\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972.\nBorn: 25, Jun, 1911, New York NY, USA\nDied: 2, Feb, 1980, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rockefeller University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":422,"text":"John Bardeen\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1972.\nBorn: 23, May, 1908, Madison WI, USA\nDied: 30, Jan, 1991, Boston MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity usually called the BCS-theory\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":423,"text":"Kenneth J. Arrow\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1972.\nBorn: 23, Aug, 1921, New York NY, USA\nDied: 21, Feb, 2017, Palo Alto CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":424,"text":"John R. Hicks\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1972.\nBorn: 8, Apr, 1904, Warwick, United Kingdom\nDied: 20, May, 1989, Blockley, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: All Souls College, Oxford, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":425,"text":"Robert Schrieffer\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1972.\nBorn: 31, May, 1931, Oak Park IL, USA\nDied: 27, Jul, 2019, Tallahassee FL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity usually called the BCS-theory\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":426,"text":"Rodney R. Porter\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1972.\nBorn: 8, Oct, 1917, Newton-le-Willows, United Kingdom\nDied: 6, Sep, 1985, Winchester, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":427,"text":"Brian D. Josephson\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1973.\nBorn: 4, Jan, 1940, Cardiff, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":428,"text":"Ernst Otto Fischer\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973.\nBorn: 10, Nov, 1918, Munich, Germany\nDied: 23, Jul, 2007, Munich, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering work performed independently on the chemistry of the organometallic so called sandwich compounds\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Technical University, Munich, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":429,"text":"Geoffrey Wilkinson\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973.\nBorn: 14, Jul, 1921, Todmorden, United Kingdom\nDied: 26, Sep, 1996, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering work performed independently on the chemistry of the organometallic so called sandwich compounds\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Imperial College, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":430,"text":"Le Duc Tho \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1973.\nBorn: 14, Oct, 1911, Nam Ha province, Vietnam\nDied: 13, Oct, 1990, Hanoi, Vietnam\nPrize motivation: \"for jointly having negotiated a cease fire in Vietnam in 1973\"\n"} |
| {"docid":431,"text":"Wassily Leontief\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1973.\nBorn: 5, Aug, 1906, St. Petersburg, Russia\nDied: 5, Feb, 1999, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":432,"text":"Konrad Lorenz\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1973.\nBorn: 7, Nov, 1903, Vienna, Austria\nDied: 27, Feb, 1989, Vienna, Austria\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Konrad-Lorenz-Institut der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Forschungsstelle für Ethologie, Altenberg; Grünau im Almtal, Austria\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":433,"text":"Leo Esaki\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1973.\nBorn: 12, Mar, 1925, Osaka, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors respectively\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":434,"text":"Ivar Giaever\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1973.\nBorn: 5, Apr, 1929, Bergen, Norway\nPrize motivation: \"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors respectively\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: General Electric Company, Schenectady NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":435,"text":"Karl von Frisch\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1973.\nBorn: 20, Nov, 1886, Vienna, Austria\nDied: 12, Jun, 1982, Munich, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Zoologisches Institut der Universität München, Munich, Germany\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":436,"text":"Patrick White\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1973.\nBorn: 28, May, 1912, London, United Kingdom\nDied: 30, Sep, 1990, Sydney, Australia\nPrize motivation: \"for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":437,"text":"Henry Kissinger\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1973.\nBorn: 27, May, 1923, Fürth, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for jointly having negotiated a cease fire in Vietnam in 1973\"\n"} |
| {"docid":438,"text":"Nikolaas Tinbergen\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1973.\nBorn: 15, Apr, 1907, the Hague, the Netherlands\nDied: 21, Dec, 1988, Oxford, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":439,"text":"Paul J. Flory\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974.\nBorn: 19, Jun, 1910, Sterling IL, USA\nDied: 8, Sep, 1985, Big Sur CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his fundamental achievements both theoretical and experimental in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":440,"text":"Eyvind Johnson\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1974.\nBorn: 29, Jul, 1900, Svartbjörnsbyn, Sweden\nDied: 25, Aug, 1976, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for a narrative art far-seeing in lands and ages in the service of freedom\"\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":441,"text":"Gunnar Myrdal\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1974.\nBorn: 6, Dec, 1898, Skattungbyn, Sweden\nDied: 17, May, 1987, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic social and institutional phenomena\"\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":442,"text":"Harry Martinson\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1974.\nBorn: 6, May, 1904, Jämshög, Sweden\nDied: 11, Feb, 1978, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos\"\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":443,"text":"Christian de Duve\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1974.\nBorn: 2, Oct, 1917, Thames Ditton, United Kingdom\nDied: 4, May, 2013, Nethen, Belgium\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rockefeller University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":444,"text":"Antony Hewish\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1974.\nBorn: 11, May, 1924, Fowey, United Kingdom\nDied: 13, Sep, 2021\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions in particular of the aperture synthesis technique and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":445,"text":"Martin Ryle\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1974.\nBorn: 27, Sep, 1918, Brighton, United Kingdom\nDied: 14, Oct, 1984, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions in particular of the aperture synthesis technique and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":446,"text":"George E. Palade\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1974.\nBorn: 19, Nov, 1912, Iasi, Romania\nDied: 7, Oct, 2008, Del Mar CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":447,"text":"Eisaku Sato\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1974.\nBorn: 27, Mar, 1901, Tabuse, Japan\nDied: 3, Jun, 1975, Tokyo, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for his contribution to stabilize conditions in the Pacific rim area and for signing the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty\"\n"} |
| {"docid":448,"text":"Seán MacBride\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1974.\nBorn: 26, Jan, 1904, Paris, France\nDied: 15, Jan, 1988, Dublin, Ireland\nPrize motivation: \"for his efforts to secure and develop human rights throughout the world\"\n"} |
| {"docid":449,"text":"Friedrich von Hayek\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1974.\nBorn: 8, May, 1899, Vienna, Austria\nDied: 23, Mar, 1992, Freiburg, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic social and institutional phenomena\"\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":450,"text":"Albert Claude\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1974.\nBorn: 24, Aug, 1898, Longlier, Belgium\nDied: 22, May, 1983, Brussels, Belgium\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":451,"text":"John Cornforth\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975.\nBorn: 7, Sep, 1917, Sydney, Australia\nDied: 8, Dec, 2013\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":452,"text":"Vladimir Prelog\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975.\nBorn: 23, Jul, 1906, Sarajevo, Austria-Hungary (now Bosnia and Herzegovina)\nDied: 7, Jan, 1998, Zurich, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":453,"text":"Howard M. Temin\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1975.\nBorn: 10, Dec, 1934, Philadelphia PA, USA\nDied: 9, Feb, 1994, Madison WI, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":454,"text":"Aage N. Bohr\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1975.\nBorn: 19, Jun, 1922, Copenhagen, Denmark\nDied: 8, Sep, 2009, Copenhagen, Denmark\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":455,"text":"Ben R. Mottelson\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1975.\nBorn: 9, Jul, 1926, Chicago IL, USA\nDied: 13, May, 2022\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Nordita, Copenhagen, Denmark\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":456,"text":"James Rainwater\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1975.\nBorn: 9, Dec, 1917, Council ID, USA\nDied: 31, Mar, 1986, Yonkers NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Columbia University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":457,"text":"Tjalling C. Koopmans\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1975.\nBorn: 28, Aug, 1910, 's Graveland, the Netherlands\nDied: 26, Feb, 1985, New Haven CT, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Yale University, New Haven CT, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":458,"text":"Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1975.\nBorn: 19, Jan, 1912, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire (now Russia)\nDied: 7, Apr, 1986, Moscow, USSR (now Russia)\nPrize motivation: \"for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR (now Russia)\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":459,"text":"Eugenio Montale\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1975.\nBorn: 12, Oct, 1896, Genoa, Italy\nDied: 12, Sep, 1981, Milan, Italy\nPrize motivation: \"for his distinctive poetry which with great artistic sensitivity has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":460,"text":"David Baltimore\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1975.\nBorn: 7, Mar, 1938, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":461,"text":"Renato Dulbecco\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1975.\nBorn: 22, Feb, 1914, Catanzaro, Italy\nDied: 19, Feb, 2012, La Jolla CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratory, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":462,"text":"Andrei Sakharov\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1975.\nBorn: 21, May, 1921, Moscow, Russia\nDied: 14, Dec, 1989, Moscow, USSR (now Russia)\nPrize motivation: \"for his struggle for human rights in the Soviet Union for disarmament and cooperation between all nations\"\n"} |
| {"docid":463,"text":"Milton Friedman\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1976.\nBorn: 31, Jul, 1912, Brooklyn NY, USA\nDied: 16, Nov, 2006, San Francisco CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":464,"text":"William Lipscomb\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1976.\nBorn: 9, Dec, 1919, Cleveland OH, USA\nDied: 14, Apr, 2011, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":465,"text":"Mairead Corrigan\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1976.\nBorn: 27, Jan, 1944, Belfast, Northern Ireland\nPrize motivation: \"for the courageous efforts in founding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Ireland\"\n"} |
| {"docid":466,"text":"Burton Richter\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1976.\nBorn: 22, Mar, 1931, Brooklyn NY, USA\nDied: 18, Jul, 2018, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":467,"text":"Samuel C.C. Ting\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1976.\nBorn: 27, Jan, 1936, Ann Arbor MI, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":468,"text":"Baruch S. Blumberg\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1976.\nBorn: 28, Jul, 1925, New York NY, USA\nDied: 5, Apr, 2011, Moffett Field CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: The Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia PA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":469,"text":"D. Carleton Gajdusek\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1976.\nBorn: 9, Sep, 1923, Yonkers NY, USA\nDied: 12, Dec, 2008, Tromsø, Norway\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":470,"text":"Betty Williams\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1976.\nBorn: 22, May, 1943, Belfast, Northern Ireland\nDied: 17, Mar, 2020, Belfast, Northern Ireland\nPrize motivation: \"for the courageous efforts in founding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Ireland\"\n"} |
| {"docid":471,"text":"Saul Bellow\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1976.\nBorn: 10, Jun, 1915, Montreal, Canada\nDied: 5, Apr, 2005, Brookline MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":472,"text":"Philip W. Anderson\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1977.\nBorn: 13, Dec, 1923, Indianapolis IN, USA\nDied: 29, Mar, 2020, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":473,"text":"James E. Meade\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1977.\nBorn: 23, Jun, 1907, Swanage, United Kingdom\nDied: 22, Dec, 1995, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":474,"text":"Bertil Ohlin\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1977.\nBorn: 23, Apr, 1899, Klippan, Sweden\nDied: 3, Aug, 1979, Vålådalen, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":475,"text":"Sir Nevill F. Mott\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1977.\nBorn: 30, Sep, 1905, Leeds, United Kingdom\nDied: 8, Aug, 1996, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":476,"text":"John H. Van Vleck\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1977.\nBorn: 13, Mar, 1899, Middletown CT, USA\nDied: 27, Oct, 1980, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":477,"text":"Andrew V. Schally\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1977.\nBorn: 30, Nov, 1926, Wilno (now Vilnius), Poland (now Lithuania)\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Veterans Administration Hospital, New Orleans LA, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":478,"text":"Rosalyn Yalow\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1977.\nBorn: 19, Jul, 1921, New York NY, USA\nDied: 30, May, 2011, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Veterans Administration Hospital, Bronx NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":479,"text":"Ilya Prigogine\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977.\nBorn: 25, Jan, 1917, Moscow, Russia\nDied: 28, May, 2003, Brussels, Belgium\nPrize motivation: \"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics particularly the theory of dissipative structures\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":480,"text":"Roger Guillemin\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1977.\nBorn: 11, Jan, 1924, Dijon, France\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: The Salk Institute, San Diego CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":481,"text":"Amnesty International \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1977.\nFounded: 1961\nPrize motivation: \"for worldwide respect for human rights\"\n"} |
| {"docid":482,"text":"Vicente Aleixandre\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1977.\nBorn: 26, Apr, 1898, Sevilla, Spain\nDied: 14, Dec, 1984, Madrid, Spain\nPrize motivation: \"for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":483,"text":"Anwar al-Sadat\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1978.\nBorn: 25, Dec, 1918, Mit Abu al-Kawm, Egypt\nDied: 6, Oct, 1981, Cairo, Egypt\nPrize motivation: \"for jointly having negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel in 1978\"\n"} |
| {"docid":484,"text":"Menachem Begin\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1978.\nBorn: 16, Aug, 1913, Brest Litovsk, Russian Empire (now Belarus)\nDied: 9, Mar, 1992, Tel Aviv, Israel\nPrize motivation: \"for jointly having negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel in 1978\"\n"} |
| {"docid":485,"text":"Arno Penzias\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1978.\nBorn: 26, Apr, 1933, Munich, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Bell Laboratories, Holmdel NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":486,"text":"Hamilton O. Smith\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1978.\nBorn: 23, Aug, 1931, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":487,"text":"Daniel Nathans\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1978.\nBorn: 30, Oct, 1928, Wilmington DE, USA\nDied: 16, Nov, 1999, Baltimore MD, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":488,"text":"Werner Arber\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1978.\nBorn: 3, Jun, 1929, Gränichen, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Biozentrum der Universität, Basel, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":489,"text":"Robert Woodrow Wilson\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1978.\nBorn: 10, Jan, 1936, Houston TX, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Bell Laboratories, Holmdel NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":490,"text":"Isaac Bashevis Singer\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1978.\nBorn: 14, Jul, 1904, Leoncin, Russian Empire (now Poland)\nDied: 24, Jul, 1991, Surfside FL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his impassioned narrative art which with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition brings universal human conditions to life\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":491,"text":"Herbert Simon\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1978.\nBorn: 15, Jun, 1916, Milwaukee WI, USA\nDied: 9, Feb, 2001, Pittsburgh PA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":492,"text":"Pyotr Kapitsa\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1978.\nBorn: 9, Jul, 1894, Kronshtadt, Russian Empire (now Russia)\nDied: 8, Apr, 1984, Moscow, USSR (now Russia)\nPrize motivation: \"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR (now Russia)\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":493,"text":"Peter Mitchell\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978.\nBorn: 29, Sep, 1920, Mitcham, United Kingdom\nDied: 10, Apr, 1992, Bodmin, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Glynn Research Laboratories, Bodmin, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":494,"text":"Georg Wittig\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979.\nBorn: 16, Jun, 1897, Berlin, Germany\nDied: 26, Aug, 1987, Heidelberg, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds respectively into important reagents in organic synthesis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":495,"text":"Theodore W. Schultz\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1979.\nBorn: 30, Apr, 1902, Arlington SD, USA\nDied: 26, Feb, 1998, Evanston IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":496,"text":"Sir Arthur Lewis\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1979.\nBorn: 23, Jan, 1915, Castries, British West Indies (now Saint Lucia)\nDied: 15, Jun, 1991, Bridgetown, Barbados\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":497,"text":"Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1979.\nBorn: 26, Aug, 1910, Uskup (now Skopje), Ottoman Empire (now North Macedonia)\nDied: 5, Sep, 1997, Calcutta, India\nPrize motivation: \"for her work for bringing help to suffering humanity\"\n"} |
| {"docid":498,"text":"Herbert C. Brown\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979.\nBorn: 22, May, 1912, London, United Kingdom\nDied: 19, Dec, 2004, Lafayette IN, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds respectively into important reagents in organic synthesis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":499,"text":"Sheldon Glashow\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1979.\nBorn: 5, Dec, 1932, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles including inter alia the prediction of the weak neutral current\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University Lyman Laboratory, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":500,"text":"Steven Weinberg\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1979.\nBorn: 3, May, 1933, New York NY, USA\nDied: 23, Jul, 2021, Austin TX, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles including inter alia the prediction of the weak neutral current\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":501,"text":"Godfrey N. Hounsfield\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1979.\nBorn: 28, Aug, 1919, Newark, United Kingdom\nDied: 12, Aug, 2004, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of computer assisted tomography\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Central Research Laboratories EMI, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":502,"text":"Allan M. Cormack\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1979.\nBorn: 23, Feb, 1924, Johannesburg, South Africa\nDied: 7, May, 1998, Winchester MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of computer assisted tomography\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Tufts University, Medford MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":503,"text":"Odysseus Elytis\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1979.\nBorn: 2, Nov, 1911, Iráklion, Crete (now Greece)\nDied: 18, Mar, 1996, Athens, Greece\nPrize motivation: \"for his poetry which against the background of Greek tradition depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":504,"text":"Abdus Salam\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1979.\nBorn: 29, Jan, 1926, Jhang Maghiāna, India (now Pakistan)\nDied: 21, Nov, 1996, Oxford, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles including inter alia the prediction of the weak neutral current\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":505,"text":"Frederick Sanger\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980.\nBorn: 13, Aug, 1918, Rendcombe, United Kingdom\nDied: 19, Nov, 2013, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":506,"text":"Jean Dausset\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1980.\nBorn: 19, Oct, 1916, Toulouse, France\nDied: 6, Jun, 2009, Palma Majorca, Spain\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Université de Paris Laboratoire Immuno-Hématologie, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":507,"text":"Baruj Benacerraf\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1980.\nBorn: 29, Oct, 1920, Caracas, Venezuela\nDied: 2, Aug, 2011, Boston MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":508,"text":"Lawrence R. Klein\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1980.\nBorn: 14, Sep, 1920, Omaha NE, USA\nDied: 20, Oct, 2013, Gladwyne PA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":509,"text":"Paul Berg\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980.\nBorn: 30, Jun, 1926, New York NY, USA\nDied: 15, Feb, 2023, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids with particular regard to recombinant-DNA\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":510,"text":"Adolfo Pérez Esquivel\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1980.\nBorn: 26, Nov, 1931, Buenos Aires, Argentina\nPrize motivation: \"for being a source of inspiration to repressed people especially in Latin America\"\n"} |
| {"docid":511,"text":"Walter Gilbert\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980.\nBorn: 21, Mar, 1932, Boston MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University Biological Laboratories, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":512,"text":"Val Fitch\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1980.\nBorn: 10, Mar, 1923, Merriman NE, USA\nDied: 5, Feb, 2015, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":513,"text":"James Cronin\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1980.\nBorn: 29, Sep, 1931, Chicago IL, USA\nDied: 25, Aug, 2016, St. Paul MN, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":514,"text":"Czeslaw Milosz\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1980.\nBorn: 30, Jun, 1911, Śeteniai, Russian Empire (now Lithuania)\nDied: 14, Aug, 2004, Kraków, Poland\nPrize motivation: \"who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":515,"text":"George D. Snell\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1980.\nBorn: 19, Dec, 1903, Bradford MA, USA\nDied: 6, Jun, 1996, Bar Harbor ME, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor ME, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":516,"text":"James Tobin\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1981.\nBorn: 5, Mar, 1918, Champaign IL, USA\nDied: 11, Mar, 2002, New Haven CT, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions employment production and prices\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Yale University, New Haven CT, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":517,"text":"Elias Canetti\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1981.\nBorn: 25, Jul, 1905, Ruse, Bulgaria\nDied: 14, Aug, 1994, Zurich, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for writings marked by a broad outlook a wealth of ideas and artistic power\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":518,"text":"David H. Hubel\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1981.\nBorn: 27, Feb, 1926, Windsor ON, Canada\nDied: 22, Sep, 2013, Lincoln MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":519,"text":"Nicolaas Bloembergen\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1981.\nBorn: 11, Mar, 1920, Dordrecht, the Netherlands\nDied: 5, Sep, 2017, Tucson AZ, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":520,"text":"Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1981.\nFounded: 14, Dec, 1950\nPrize motivation: \"for promoting the fundamental rights of refugees\"\n"} |
| {"docid":521,"text":"Roger W. Sperry\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1981.\nBorn: 20, Aug, 1913, Hartford CT, USA\nDied: 17, Apr, 1994, Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":522,"text":"Kenichi Fukui\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981.\nBorn: 4, Oct, 1918, Nara, Japan\nDied: 9, Jan, 1998, Kyoto, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for their theories developed independently concerning the course of chemical reactions\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":523,"text":"Roald Hoffmann\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981.\nBorn: 18, Jul, 1937, Zloczov, Poland (now Ukraine)\nPrize motivation: \"for their theories developed independently concerning the course of chemical reactions\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":524,"text":"Torsten N. Wiesel\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1981.\nBorn: 3, Jun, 1924, Uppsala, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":525,"text":"Arthur L. Schawlow\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1981.\nBorn: 5, May, 1921, Mount Vernon NY, USA\nDied: 28, Apr, 1999, Palo Alto CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":526,"text":"Kai M. Siegbahn\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1981.\nBorn: 20, Apr, 1918, Lund, Sweden\nDied: 20, Jul, 2007, Ängelholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":527,"text":"George J. Stigler\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1982.\nBorn: 17, Jan, 1911, Renton WA, USA\nDied: 1, Dec, 1991, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his seminal studies of industrial structures functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":528,"text":"Alva Myrdal\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1982.\nBorn: 31, Jan, 1902, Uppsala, Sweden\nDied: 1, Feb, 1986, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for their work for disarmament and nuclear and weapon-free zones\"\n"} |
| {"docid":529,"text":"Gabriel García Márquez\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1982.\nBorn: 6, Mar, 1927, Aracataca, Colombia\nDied: 17, Apr, 2014, Mexico City, Mexico\nPrize motivation: \"for his novels and short stories in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination reflecting a continent's life and conflicts\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":530,"text":"John R. Vane\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1982.\nBorn: 29, Mar, 1927, Tardebigg, United Kingdom\nDied: 19, Nov, 2004, Farnborough, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: The Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":531,"text":"Aaron Klug\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982.\nBorn: 11, Aug, 1926, Zelvas, Lithuania\nDied: 20, Nov, 2018\nPrize motivation: \"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":532,"text":"Sune K. Bergström\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1982.\nBorn: 10, Jan, 1916, Stockholm, Sweden\nDied: 15, Aug, 2004, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":533,"text":"Kenneth G. Wilson\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1982.\nBorn: 8, Jun, 1936, Waltham MA, USA\nDied: 15, Jun, 2013, Saco ME, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":534,"text":"Alfonso García Robles\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1982.\nBorn: 20, Mar, 1911, Zamora, Mexico\nDied: 2, Sep, 1991, Mexico City, Mexico\nPrize motivation: \"for their work for disarmament and nuclear and weapon-free zones\"\n"} |
| {"docid":535,"text":"Bengt I. Samuelsson\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1982.\nBorn: 21, May, 1934, Halmstad, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":536,"text":"Lech Walesa\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1983.\nBorn: 29, Sep, 1943, Popowo, Poland\nPrize motivation: \"for non-violent struggle for free trade unions and human rights in Poland\"\n"} |
| {"docid":537,"text":"Henry Taube\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1983.\nBorn: 30, Nov, 1915, Neudorf, Canada\nDied: 16, Nov, 2005, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions especially in metal complexes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":538,"text":"Barbara McClintock\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1983.\nBorn: 16, Jun, 1902, Hartford CT, USA\nDied: 2, Sep, 1992, Huntington NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":539,"text":"Gerard Debreu\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1983.\nBorn: 4, Jul, 1921, Calais, France\nDied: 31, Dec, 2004, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":540,"text":"William Golding\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1983.\nBorn: 19, Sep, 1911, St. Columb Minor, United Kingdom\nDied: 19, Jun, 1993, Perranarworthal, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for his novels which with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth illuminate the human condition in the world of today\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":541,"text":"William A. Fowler\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1983.\nBorn: 9, Aug, 1911, Pittsburgh PA, USA\nDied: 14, Mar, 1995, Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":542,"text":"Subramanyan Chandrasekhar\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1983.\nBorn: 19, Oct, 1910, Lahore, India (now Pakistan)\nDied: 21, Aug, 1995, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":543,"text":"Niels K. Jerne\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1984.\nBorn: 23, Dec, 1911, London, United Kingdom\nDied: 7, Oct, 1994, Castillon-du-Gard, France\nPrize motivation: \"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Basel Institute for Immunology, Basel, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":544,"text":"Georges J.F. Köhler\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1984.\nBorn: 17, Apr, 1946, Munich, Germany\nDied: 1, Mar, 1995, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Basel Institute for Immunology, Basel, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":545,"text":"César Milstein\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1984.\nBorn: 8, Oct, 1927, Bahia Blanca, Argentina\nDied: 24, Mar, 2002, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":546,"text":"Jaroslav Seifert\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1984.\nBorn: 23, Sep, 1901, Prague, Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic)\nDied: 10, Jan, 1986, Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic)\nPrize motivation: \"for his poetry which endowed with freshness sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":547,"text":"Desmond Tutu\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1984.\nBorn: 7, Oct, 1931, Klerksdorp, South Africa\nDied: 26, Dec, 2021, Cape Town, South Africa\nPrize motivation: \"for his role as a unifying leader figure in the non-violent campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa\"\n"} |
| {"docid":548,"text":"Bruce Merrifield\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984.\nBorn: 15, Jul, 1921, Fort Worth TX, USA\nDied: 14, May, 2006, Cresskill NJ, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rockefeller University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":549,"text":"Simon van der Meer\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1984.\nBorn: 24, Nov, 1925, the Hague, the Netherlands\nDied: 4, Mar, 2011, Geneva, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for their decisive contributions to the large project which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z communicators of weak interaction\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: CERN, Geneva, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":550,"text":"Carlo Rubbia\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1984.\nBorn: 31, Mar, 1934, Gorizia, Italy\nPrize motivation: \"for their decisive contributions to the large project which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z communicators of weak interaction\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: CERN, Geneva, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":551,"text":"Richard Stone\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1984.\nBorn: 30, Aug, 1913, London, United Kingdom\nDied: 6, Dec, 1991, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":552,"text":"International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1985.\nFounded: 1980\nPrize motivation: \"for spreading authoritative information and by creating awareness of the catastrophic consequences of nuclear war\"\n"} |
| {"docid":553,"text":"Klaus von Klitzing\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1985.\nBorn: 28, Jun, 1943, Schroda, German-occupied Poland (now Poland)\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":554,"text":"Joseph L. Goldstein\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1985.\nBorn: 18, Apr, 1940, Sumter SC, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas TX, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":555,"text":"Michael S. Brown\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1985.\nBorn: 13, Apr, 1941, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas TX, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":556,"text":"Herbert A. Hauptman\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985.\nBorn: 14, Feb, 1917, New York NY, USA\nDied: 23, Oct, 2011, Buffalo NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: The Medical Foundation of Buffalo, Buffalo NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":557,"text":"Jerome Karle\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985.\nBorn: 18, Jun, 1918, New York NY, USA\nDied: 6, Jun, 2013, Annandale VA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington D.C., USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":558,"text":"Claude Simon\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1985.\nBorn: 10, Oct, 1913, Tananarive (now Antananarivo), Madagascar\nDied: 6, Jul, 2005, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":559,"text":"Franco Modigliani\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1985.\nBorn: 18, Jun, 1918, Rome, Italy\nDied: 25, Sep, 2003, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":560,"text":"Dudley R. Herschbach\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986.\nBorn: 18, Jun, 1932, San José CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":561,"text":"John C. Polanyi\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986.\nBorn: 23, Jan, 1929, Berlin, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":562,"text":"Gerd Binnig\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1986.\nBorn: 20, Jul, 1947, Frankfurt-on-the-Main, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, Rüschlikon, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":563,"text":"Heinrich Rohrer\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1986.\nBorn: 6, Jun, 1933, Buchs, Switzerland\nDied: 16, May, 2013, Wollerau, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, Rüschlikon, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":564,"text":"Ernst Ruska\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1986.\nBorn: 25, Dec, 1906, Heidelberg, Germany\nDied: 27, May, 1988, West Berlin, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for his fundamental work in electron optics and for the design of the first electron microscope\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":565,"text":"Yuan T. Lee\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986.\nBorn: 19, Nov, 1936, Hsinchu, Taiwan\nPrize motivation: \"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":566,"text":"Rita Levi-Montalcini\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1986.\nBorn: 22, Apr, 1909, Turin, Italy\nDied: 30, Dec, 2012, Rome, Italy\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of growth factors\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Institute of Cell Biology of the C.N.R., Rome, Italy\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":567,"text":"Stanley Cohen\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1986.\nBorn: 17, Nov, 1922, Brooklyn NY, USA\nDied: 5, Feb, 2020, Nashville TN, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of growth factors\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville TN, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":568,"text":"Elie Wiesel\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1986.\nBorn: 30, Sep, 1928, Sighet, Romania\nDied: 2, Jul, 2016, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for being a messenger to mankind: his message is one of peace atonement and dignity\"\n"} |
| {"docid":569,"text":"Wole Soyinka\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1986.\nBorn: 13, Jul, 1934, Abeokuta, Nigeria\nPrize motivation: \"who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":570,"text":"James M. Buchanan Jr.\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1986.\nBorn: 3, Oct, 1919, Murfreesboro TN, USA\nDied: 9, Jan, 2013, Blacksburg VA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Center for Study of Public Choice, Fairfax VA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":571,"text":"Charles J. Pedersen\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987.\nBorn: 3, Oct, 1904, Pusan, Korea (now South Korea)\nDied: 26, Oct, 1989, Salem NJ, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Du Pont, Wilmington DE, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":572,"text":"Joseph Brodsky\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1987.\nBorn: 24, May, 1940, Leningrad (now St. Petersburg), USSR (now Russia)\nDied: 28, Jan, 1996, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for an all-embracing authorship imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":573,"text":"K. Alex Müller\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1987.\nBorn: 20, Apr, 1927, Basel, Switzerland\nDied: 9, Jan, 2023, Zurich, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, Rüschlikon, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":574,"text":"Jean-Marie Lehn\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987.\nBorn: 30, Sep, 1939, Rosheim, France\nPrize motivation: \"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":575,"text":"J. Georg Bednorz\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1987.\nBorn: 16, May, 1950, Neuenkirchen, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, Rüschlikon, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":576,"text":"Susumu Tonegawa\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1987.\nBorn: 5, Sep, 1939, Nagoya, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":577,"text":"Robert M. Solow\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1987.\nBorn: 23, Aug, 1924, Brooklyn NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his contributions to the theory of economic growth\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":578,"text":"Oscar Arias Sánchez\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1987.\nBorn: 13, Sep, 1940, Heredia, Costa Rica\nPrize motivation: \"for his work for lasting peace in Central America\"\n"} |
| {"docid":579,"text":"Donald J. Cram\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987.\nBorn: 22, Apr, 1919, Chester VT, USA\nDied: 17, Jun, 2001, Palm Desert CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Los Angeles CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":580,"text":"United Nations Peacekeeping Forces \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1988.\nFounded: 1948\nPrize motivation: \"for preventing armed clashes and creating conditions for negotiations\"\n"} |
| {"docid":581,"text":"Jack Steinberger\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1988.\nBorn: 25, May, 1921, Bad Kissingen, Germany\nDied: 12, Dec, 2020, Geneva, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: CERN, Geneva, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":582,"text":"Melvin Schwartz\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1988.\nBorn: 2, Nov, 1932, New York NY, USA\nDied: 28, Aug, 2006, Twin Falls ID, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Digital Pathways Inc., Mountain View CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":583,"text":"Leon M. Lederman\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1988.\nBorn: 15, Jul, 1922, New York NY, USA\nDied: 3, Oct, 2018, Rexburg ID, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":584,"text":"George H. Hitchings\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1988.\nBorn: 18, Apr, 1905, Hoquiam WA, USA\nDied: 27, Feb, 1998, Chapel Hill NC, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Wellcome Research Laboratories, Research Triangle Park NC, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":585,"text":"Hartmut Michel\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988.\nBorn: 18, Jul, 1948, Ludwigsburg, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Frankfurt-on-the-Main, Germany\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":586,"text":"Robert Huber\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988.\nBorn: 20, Feb, 1937, Munich, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":587,"text":"Johann Deisenhofer\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988.\nBorn: 30, Sep, 1943, Zusamaltheim, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas TX, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":588,"text":"Naguib Mahfouz\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1988.\nBorn: 11, Dec, 1911, Cairo, Egypt\nDied: 30, Aug, 2006, Cairo, Egypt\nPrize motivation: \"who through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":589,"text":"Sir James W. Black\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1988.\nBorn: 14, Jun, 1924, Uddingston, Scotland\nDied: 21, Mar, 2010\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: London University King's College Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":590,"text":"Gertrude B. Elion\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1988.\nBorn: 23, Jan, 1918, New York NY, USA\nDied: 21, Feb, 1999, Chapel Hill NC, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Wellcome Research Laboratories, Research Triangle Park NC, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":591,"text":"Maurice Allais\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1988.\nBorn: 31, May, 1911, Paris, France\nDied: 9, Oct, 2010, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: École Nationale Supérieur des Mines de Paris, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":592,"text":"Thomas R. Cech\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989.\nBorn: 8, Dec, 1947, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Colorado, Boulder CO, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":593,"text":"Sidney Altman\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989.\nBorn: 7, May, 1939, Montreal, Canada\nDied: 5, Apr, 2022, Rockleigh NJ, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Yale University, New Haven CT, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":594,"text":"Hans G. Dehmelt\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1989.\nBorn: 9, Sep, 1922, Görlitz, Prussia (now Germany)\nDied: 7, Mar, 2017, Seattle WA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of the ion trap technique\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":595,"text":"Norman F. Ramsey\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1989.\nBorn: 27, Aug, 1915, Washington D.C., USA\nDied: 4, Nov, 2011, Wayland MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":596,"text":"J. Michael Bishop\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1989.\nBorn: 22, Feb, 1936, York PA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":597,"text":"Wolfgang Paul\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1989.\nBorn: 10, Aug, 1913, Lorenzkirch, Germany\nDied: 7, Dec, 1993, Bonn, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of the ion trap technique\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":598,"text":"Trygve Haavelmo\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1989.\nBorn: 13, Dec, 1911, Skedsmo, Norway\nDied: 26, Jul, 1999, Oslo, Norway\nPrize motivation: \"for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":599,"text":"Camilo José Cela\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1989.\nBorn: 11, May, 1916, Iria Flavia, Spain\nDied: 17, Jan, 2002, Madrid, Spain\nPrize motivation: \"for a rich and intensive prose which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":600,"text":"Lhamo Thondup\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1989.\nBorn: 6, Jul, 1935, Taktser, Tibet (now China)\nPrize motivation: \"for advocating peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people\"\n"} |
| {"docid":601,"text":"Harold E. Varmus\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1989.\nBorn: 18, Dec, 1939, Oceanside NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":602,"text":"Octavio Paz\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1990.\nBorn: 31, Mar, 1914, Mexico City, Mexico\nDied: 19, Apr, 1998, Mexico City, Mexico\nPrize motivation: \"for impassioned writing with wide horizons characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":603,"text":"Richard E. Taylor\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1990.\nBorn: 2, Nov, 1929, Medicine Hat Alberta, Canada\nDied: 22, Feb, 2018, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":604,"text":"Henry W. Kendall\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1990.\nBorn: 9, Dec, 1926, Boston MA, USA\nDied: 15, Feb, 1999, Wakulla Springs State Park FL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":605,"text":"Jerome I. Friedman\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1990.\nBorn: 28, Mar, 1930, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":606,"text":"Harry M. Markowitz\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1990.\nBorn: 24, Aug, 1927, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: City University of New York, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":607,"text":"Merton H. Miller\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1990.\nBorn: 16, May, 1923, Boston MA, USA\nDied: 3, Jun, 2000, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":608,"text":"Joseph E. Murray\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1990.\nBorn: 1, Apr, 1919, Milford MA, USA\nDied: 26, Nov, 2012, Boston MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":609,"text":"Mikhail Gorbachev\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1990.\nBorn: 2, Mar, 1931, Privolnoye, USSR (now Russia)\nDied: 30, Aug, 2022, Moscow, Russia\nPrize motivation: \"for the leading role he played in the radical changes in East-West relations\"\n"} |
| {"docid":610,"text":"E. Donnall Thomas\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1990.\nBorn: 15, Mar, 1920, Mart TX, USA\nDied: 20, Oct, 2012, Seattle WA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":611,"text":"William F. Sharpe\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1990.\nBorn: 16, Jun, 1934, Boston MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":612,"text":"Elias James Corey\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990.\nBorn: 12, Jul, 1928, Methuen MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":613,"text":"Ronald H. Coase\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1991.\nBorn: 29, Dec, 1910, Willesden, United Kingdom\nDied: 2, Sep, 2013, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":614,"text":"Nadine Gordimer\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1991.\nBorn: 20, Nov, 1923, Springs, South Africa\nDied: 13, Jul, 2014, Johannesburg, South Africa\nPrize motivation: \"who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":615,"text":"Bert Sakmann\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1991.\nBorn: 12, Jun, 1942, Stuttgart, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":616,"text":"Pierre-Gilles de Gennes\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1991.\nBorn: 24, Oct, 1932, Paris, France\nDied: 18, May, 2007, Orsay, France\nPrize motivation: \"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter in particular to liquid crystals and polymers\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Collège de France, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":617,"text":"Aung San Suu Kyi \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1991.\nBorn: 19, Jun, 1945, Rangoon (now Yangon), Burma (now Myanmar)\nPrize motivation: \"for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights\"\n"} |
| {"docid":618,"text":"Erwin Neher\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1991.\nBorn: 20, Mar, 1944, Landsberg, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":619,"text":"Richard R. Ernst\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991.\nBorn: 14, Aug, 1933, Winterthur, Switzerland\nDied: 4, Jun, 2021, Winterthur, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":620,"text":"Derek Walcott\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1992.\nBorn: 23, Jan, 1930, Castries, Saint Lucia\nDied: 17, Mar, 2017, Gros-Islet, Saint Lucia\nPrize motivation: \"for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity sustained by a historical vision the outcome of a multicultural commitment\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":621,"text":"Edmond H. Fischer\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1992.\nBorn: 6, Apr, 1920, Shanghai, China\nDied: 27, Aug, 2021, Seattle WA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":622,"text":"Rudolph A. Marcus\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992.\nBorn: 21, Jul, 1923, Montreal, Canada\nPrize motivation: \"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":623,"text":"Gary Becker\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1992.\nBorn: 2, Dec, 1930, Pottsville PA, USA\nDied: 3, May, 2014, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction including nonmarket behaviour\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":624,"text":"Rigoberta Menchú Tum\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1992.\nBorn: 9, Jan, 1959, Aldea Chimel, Guatemala\nPrize motivation: \"for her struggle for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples\"\n"} |
| {"docid":625,"text":"Georges Charpak\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1992.\nBorn: 1, Aug, 1924, Dabrovica, Poland\nDied: 29, Sep, 2010, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for his invention and development of particle detectors in particular the multiwire proportional chamber\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: École Supérieure de Physique et Chimie, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":626,"text":"Edwin G. Krebs\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1992.\nBorn: 6, Jun, 1918, Lansing IA, USA\nDied: 21, Dec, 2009, Seattle WA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":627,"text":"Russell A. Hulse\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1993.\nBorn: 28, Nov, 1950, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":628,"text":"Joseph H. Taylor Jr.\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1993.\nBorn: 29, Mar, 1941, Philadelphia PA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":629,"text":"Toni Morrison\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1993.\nBorn: 18, Feb, 1931, Lorain OH, USA\nDied: 5, Aug, 2019, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import gives life to an essential aspect of American reality\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":630,"text":"Douglass C. North\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1993.\nBorn: 5, Nov, 1920, Cambridge MA, USA\nDied: 23, Nov, 2015, Benzonia MI, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Washington University, St. Louis MO, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":631,"text":"Michael Smith\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993.\nBorn: 26, Apr, 1932, Blackpool, United Kingdom\nDied: 4, Oct, 2000, Vancouver, Canada\nPrize motivation: \"for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":632,"text":"Phillip A. Sharp\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1993.\nBorn: 6, Jun, 1944, Falmouth KY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of split genes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Center for Cancer Research, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":633,"text":"Richard J. Roberts\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1993.\nBorn: 6, Sep, 1943, Derby, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of split genes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: New England Biolabs, Beverly MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":634,"text":"Kary B. Mullis\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993.\nBorn: 28, Dec, 1944, Lenoir NC, USA\nDied: 7, Aug, 2019, Newport Beach CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method\"\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":635,"text":"F.W. de Klerk\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1993.\nBorn: 18, Mar, 1936, Johannesburg, South Africa\nDied: 11, Nov, 2021, Cape Town, South Africa\nPrize motivation: \"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa\"\n"} |
| {"docid":636,"text":"Robert W. Fogel\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1993.\nBorn: 1, Jul, 1927, New York NY, USA\nDied: 11, Jun, 2013, Oak Lawn IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":637,"text":"Nelson Mandela\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1993.\nBorn: 18, Jul, 1918, Qunu, South Africa\nDied: 5, Dec, 2013, Johannesburg, South Africa\nPrize motivation: \"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa\"\n"} |
| {"docid":638,"text":"Alfred G. Gilman\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1994.\nBorn: 1, Jul, 1941, New Haven CT, USA\nDied: 23, Dec, 2015, Dallas TX, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas TX, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":639,"text":"Martin Rodbell\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1994.\nBorn: 1, Dec, 1925, Baltimore MD, USA\nDied: 7, Dec, 1998, Chapel Hill NC, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park NC, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":640,"text":"George A. Olah\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994.\nBorn: 22, May, 1927, Budapest, Hungary\nDied: 8, Mar, 2017, Los Angeles CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":641,"text":"Bertram N. Brockhouse\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1994.\nBorn: 15, Jul, 1918, Lethbridge Alberta, Canada\nDied: 13, Oct, 2003, Hamilton Ontario, Canada\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of neutron spectroscopy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, Canada\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":642,"text":"Clifford G. Shull\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1994.\nBorn: 23, Sep, 1915, Pittsburgh PA, USA\nDied: 31, Mar, 2001, Medford MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":643,"text":"Kenzaburo Oe\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1994.\nBorn: 31, Jan, 1935, Uchiko, Japan\nDied: 3, Mar, 2023, Tokyo, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"who with poetic force creates an imagined world where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":644,"text":"Yasser Arafat\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1994.\nBorn: 24, Aug, 1929, Cairo, Egypt\nDied: 11, Nov, 2004, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East\"\n"} |
| {"docid":645,"text":"Yitzhak Rabin\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1994.\nBorn: 1, Mar, 1922, Jerusalem, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel)\nDied: 4, Nov, 1995, Tel Aviv, Israel\nPrize motivation: \"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East\"\n"} |
| {"docid":646,"text":"Shimon Peres\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1994.\nBorn: 16, Aug, 1923, Vishneva, Poland (now Belarus)\nDied: 28, Sep, 2016, Tel Aviv, Israel\nPrize motivation: \"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East\"\n"} |
| {"docid":647,"text":"John C. Harsanyi\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1994.\nBorn: 29, May, 1920, Budapest, Hungary\nDied: 9, Aug, 2000, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":648,"text":"John F. Nash Jr.\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1994.\nBorn: 13, Jun, 1928, Bluefield WV, USA\nDied: 23, May, 2015, New Jersey NJ, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":649,"text":"Reinhard Selten\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1994.\nBorn: 5, Oct, 1930, Breslau (now Wroclaw), Germany (now Poland)\nDied: 23, Aug, 2016, Poznan, Poland\nPrize motivation: \"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":650,"text":"Frederick Reines\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1995.\nBorn: 16, Mar, 1918, Paterson NJ, USA\nDied: 26, Aug, 1998, Orange CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the detection of the neutrino\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Irvine CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":651,"text":"Edward B. Lewis\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1995.\nBorn: 20, May, 1918, Wilkes-Barre PA, USA\nDied: 21, Jul, 2004, Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":652,"text":"Paul J. Crutzen\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995.\nBorn: 3, Dec, 1933, Amsterdam, the Netherlands\nDied: 28, Jan, 2021, Mainz, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for their work in atmospheric chemistry particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Mainz, Germany\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":653,"text":"Mario J. Molina\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995.\nBorn: 19, Mar, 1943, Mexico City, Mexico\nDied: 7, Oct, 2020, Mexico City, Mexico\nPrize motivation: \"for their work in atmospheric chemistry particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":654,"text":"Robert E. Lucas Jr.\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1995.\nBorn: 15, Sep, 1937, Yakima WA, USA\nDied: 15, May, 2023\nPrize motivation: \"for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":655,"text":"Seamus Heaney\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1995.\nBorn: 13, Apr, 1939, Casteldàwson, Northern Ireland\nDied: 30, Aug, 2013, Dublin, Ireland\nPrize motivation: \"for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth which exalt everyday miracles and the living past\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":656,"text":"F. Sherwood Rowland\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995.\nBorn: 28, Jun, 1927, Delaware OH, USA\nDied: 10, Mar, 2012, Corona del Mar CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their work in atmospheric chemistry particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Irvine CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":657,"text":"Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1995.\nBorn: 20, Oct, 1942, Magdeburg, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Tübingen, Germany\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":658,"text":"Joseph Rotblat\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1995.\nBorn: 4, Nov, 1908, Warsaw, Russian Empire (now Poland)\nDied: 31, Aug, 2005, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and in the longer run to eliminate such arms\"\n"} |
| {"docid":659,"text":"Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1995.\nFounded: 1957\nPrize motivation: \"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and in the longer run to eliminate such arms\"\n"} |
| {"docid":660,"text":"Martin L. Perl\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1995.\nBorn: 24, Jun, 1927, New York NY, USA\nDied: 30, Sep, 2014, Palo Alto CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of the tau lepton\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":661,"text":"Eric F. Wieschaus\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1995.\nBorn: 8, Jun, 1947, South Bend IN, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":662,"text":"David M. Lee\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1996.\nBorn: 20, Jan, 1931, Rye NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":663,"text":"Robert C. Richardson\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1996.\nBorn: 26, Jun, 1937, Washington D.C., USA\nDied: 19, Feb, 2013, Ithaca NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":664,"text":"Douglas D. Osheroff\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1996.\nBorn: 1, Aug, 1945, Aberdeen WA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":665,"text":"Peter C. Doherty\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1996.\nBorn: 15, Oct, 1940, Brisbane, Australia\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":666,"text":"Rolf M. Zinkernagel\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1996.\nBorn: 6, Jan, 1944, Basel, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Zurich Institute of Experimental Immunology, Zurich, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":667,"text":"Richard E. Smalley\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996.\nBorn: 6, Jun, 1943, Akron OH, USA\nDied: 28, Oct, 2005, Houston TX, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of fullerenes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rice University, Houston TX, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":668,"text":"Wislawa Szymborska\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1996.\nBorn: 2, Jul, 1923, Bnin (now Kórnik), Poland\nDied: 1, Feb, 2012, Kraków, Poland\nPrize motivation: \"for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":669,"text":"Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1996.\nBorn: 3, Feb, 1948, Wailacama, East Timor\nPrize motivation: \"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor\"\n"} |
| {"docid":670,"text":"José Ramos-Horta\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1996.\nBorn: 26, Dec, 1949, Dili, East Timor\nPrize motivation: \"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor\"\n"} |
| {"docid":671,"text":"Robert F. Curl Jr.\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996.\nBorn: 23, Aug, 1933, Alice TX, USA\nDied: 3, Jul, 2022, Houston TX, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of fullerenes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rice University, Houston TX, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":672,"text":"William Vickrey\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1996.\nBorn: 21, Jun, 1914, Victoria BC, Canada\nDied: 11, Oct, 1996, Harrison NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Columbia University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":673,"text":"Sir Harold Kroto\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996.\nBorn: 7, Oct, 1939, Wisbech Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom\nDied: 30, Apr, 2016, Lewes East Sussex, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of fullerenes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":674,"text":"James A. Mirrlees\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1996.\nBorn: 5, Jul, 1936, Minnigaff, Scotland\nDied: 29, Aug, 2018, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":675,"text":"Dario Fo\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1997.\nBorn: 24, Mar, 1926, Leggiuno-Sangiano, Italy\nDied: 13, Oct, 2016, Milan, Italy\nPrize motivation: \"who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":676,"text":"John E. Walker\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997.\nBorn: 7, Jan, 1941, Halifax, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":677,"text":"Jens C. Skou\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997.\nBorn: 8, Oct, 1918, Lemvig, Denmark\nDied: 28, May, 2018, Aarhus, Denmark\nPrize motivation: \"for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme Na+ K+ -ATPase\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":678,"text":"Robert C. Merton\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1997.\nBorn: 31, Jul, 1944, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":679,"text":"Stanley B. Prusiner\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1997.\nBorn: 28, May, 1942, Des Moines IA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":680,"text":"William D. Phillips\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1997.\nBorn: 5, Nov, 1948, Wilkes-Barre PA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":681,"text":"Myron Scholes\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1997.\nBorn: 1, Jul, 1941, Timmins ON, Canada\nPrize motivation: \"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Long Term Capital Management, Greenwich CT, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":682,"text":"Claude Cohen-Tannoudji\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1997.\nBorn: 1, Apr, 1933, Constantine, French Algeria (now Algeria)\nPrize motivation: \"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Collège de France, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":683,"text":"Steven Chu\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1997.\nBorn: 28, Feb, 1948, St. Louis MO, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":684,"text":"Jody Williams\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1997.\nBorn: 9, Oct, 1950, Putney VT, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines\"\n"} |
| {"docid":685,"text":"International Campaign to Ban Landmines \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1997.\nFounded: 1992\nPrize motivation: \"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines\"\n"} |
| {"docid":686,"text":"Paul D. Boyer\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997.\nBorn: 31, Jul, 1918, Provo UT, USA\nDied: 2, Jun, 2018, Los Angeles CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Los Angeles CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":687,"text":"Amartya Sen\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1998.\nBorn: 3, Nov, 1933, Santiniketan, India\nPrize motivation: \"for his contributions to welfare economics\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Trinity College, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":688,"text":"Horst L. Störmer\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1998.\nBorn: 6, Apr, 1949, Frankfurt-on-the-Main, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Columbia University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":689,"text":"José Saramago\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1998.\nBorn: 16, Nov, 1922, Azinhaga, Portugal\nDied: 18, Jun, 2010, Lanzarote, Spain\nPrize motivation: \"who with parables sustained by imagination compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":690,"text":"Daniel C. Tsui\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1998.\nBorn: 28, Feb, 1939, Henan, China\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":691,"text":"Walter Kohn\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998.\nBorn: 9, Mar, 1923, Vienna, Austria\nDied: 19, Apr, 2016, Santa Barbara CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his development of the density-functional theory\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Santa Barbara CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":692,"text":"Robert F. Furchgott\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1998.\nBorn: 4, Jun, 1916, Charleston SC, USA\nDied: 19, May, 2009, Seattle WA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: SUNY Health Science Center, Brooklyn NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":693,"text":"Louis J. Ignarro\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1998.\nBorn: 31, May, 1941, Brooklyn NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":694,"text":"Ferid Murad\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1998.\nBorn: 14, Sep, 1936, Whiting IN, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston TX, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":695,"text":"John Pople\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998.\nBorn: 31, Oct, 1925, Burnham-on-Sea, United Kingdom\nDied: 15, Mar, 2004, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":696,"text":"John Hume\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1998.\nBorn: 18, Jan, 1937, Londonderry, Northern Ireland\nDied: 3, Aug, 2020, Londonderry, Northern Ireland\nPrize motivation: \"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland\"\n"} |
| {"docid":697,"text":"David Trimble\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1998.\nBorn: 15, Oct, 1944, Belfast, Northern Ireland\nDied: 25, Jul, 2022, Belfast, Northern Ireland\nPrize motivation: \"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland\"\n"} |
| {"docid":698,"text":"Robert B. Laughlin\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1998.\nBorn: 1, Nov, 1950, Visalia CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":699,"text":"Günter Grass\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1999.\nBorn: 16, Oct, 1927, Danzig (now Gdansk), Free City of Danzig (now Poland)\nDied: 13, Apr, 2015, Lübeck, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":700,"text":"Ahmed Zewail\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999.\nBorn: 26, Feb, 1946, Damanhur, Egypt\nDied: 2, Aug, 2016, Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":701,"text":"Doctors Without Borders \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1999.\nFounded: 1971\nPrize motivation: \"in recognition of the organisation's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents\"\n"} |
| {"docid":702,"text":"Martinus J.G. Veltman\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1999.\nBorn: 27, Jun, 1931, Waalwijk, the Netherlands\nDied: 4, Jan, 2021, Bilthoven, the Netherlands\nPrize motivation: \"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics\"\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":703,"text":"Gerardus 't Hooft\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1999.\nBorn: 5, Jul, 1946, Den Helder, the Netherlands\nPrize motivation: \"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":704,"text":"Robert Mundell\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 1999.\nBorn: 24, Oct, 1932, Kingston ON, Canada\nDied: 4, Apr, 2021, Siena, Italy\nPrize motivation: \"for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Columbia University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":705,"text":"Günter Blobel\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 1999.\nBorn: 21, May, 1936, Waltersdorf (now Niegoslawice), Germany (now Poland)\nDied: 18, Feb, 2018, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rockefeller University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":706,"text":"Alan MacDiarmid\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000.\nBorn: 14, Apr, 1927, Masterton, New Zealand\nDied: 7, Feb, 2007, Drexel Hill PA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":707,"text":"Xingjian Gao\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2000.\nBorn: 4, Jan, 1940, Ganzhou, China\nPrize motivation: \"for an œuvre of universal validity bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":708,"text":"Daniel L. McFadden\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2000.\nBorn: 29, Jul, 1937, Raleigh NC, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":709,"text":"James J. Heckman\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2000.\nBorn: 19, Apr, 1944, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":710,"text":"Hideki Shirakawa\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000.\nBorn: 20, Aug, 1936, Tokyo, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":711,"text":"Alan Heeger\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000.\nBorn: 22, Jan, 1936, Sioux City IA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Santa Barbara CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":712,"text":"Paul Greengard\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2000.\nBorn: 11, Dec, 1925, New York NY, USA\nDied: 13, Apr, 2019, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rockefeller University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":713,"text":"Herbert Kroemer\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2000.\nBorn: 25, Aug, 1928, Weimar, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Santa Barbara CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":714,"text":"Zhores Alferov\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2000.\nBorn: 15, Mar, 1930, Vitebsk Belorussia, USSR (now Belarus)\nDied: 1, Mar, 2019, St. Petersburg, Russia\nPrize motivation: \"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":715,"text":"Kim Dae-jung\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2000.\nBorn: 3, Dec, 1925, Mokpo, Korea (now South Korea)\nDied: 18, Aug, 2009\nPrize motivation: \"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular\"\n"} |
| {"docid":716,"text":"Eric Kandel\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2000.\nBorn: 7, Nov, 1929, Vienna, Austria\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Columbia University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":717,"text":"Arvid Carlsson\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2000.\nBorn: 25, Jan, 1923, Uppsala, Sweden\nDied: 29, Jun, 2018, Gothenburg, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":718,"text":"Jack Kilby\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2000.\nBorn: 8, Nov, 1923, Jefferson City MO, USA\nDied: 20, Jun, 2005, Dallas TX, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Texas Instruments, Dallas TX, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":719,"text":"George A. Akerlof\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2001.\nBorn: 17, Jun, 1940, New Haven CT, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":720,"text":"Kofi Annan\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2001.\nBorn: 8, Apr, 1938, Kumasi, Gold Coast (now Ghana)\nDied: 18, Aug, 2018, Bern, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world\"\n"} |
| {"docid":721,"text":"United Nations \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2001.\nFounded: 1945\nPrize motivation: \"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world\"\n"} |
| {"docid":722,"text":"V. S. Naipaul\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2001.\nBorn: 17, Aug, 1932, Chaguanas, Trinidad and Tobago\nDied: 11, Aug, 2018, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":723,"text":"Joseph E. Stiglitz\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2001.\nBorn: 9, Feb, 1943, Gary IN, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Columbia University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":724,"text":"A. Michael Spence\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2001.\nBorn: 1943, Montclair NJ, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":725,"text":"Barry Sharpless\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001.\nBorn: 28, Apr, 1941, Philadelphia PA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":726,"text":"Ryoji Noyori\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001.\nBorn: 3, Sep, 1938, Kobe, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":727,"text":"William Knowles\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001.\nBorn: 1, Jun, 1917, Taunton MA, USA\nDied: 13, Jun, 2012, Chesterfield MO, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions\"\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":728,"text":"Carl Wieman\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2001.\nBorn: 26, Mar, 1951, Corvallis OR, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Colorado JILA, Boulder CO, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":729,"text":"Wolfgang Ketterle\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2001.\nBorn: 21, Oct, 1957, Heidelberg, West Germany (now Germany)\nPrize motivation: \"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":730,"text":"Eric Cornell\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2001.\nBorn: 19, Dec, 1961, Palo Alto CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Colorado JILA, Boulder CO, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":731,"text":"Sir Paul Nurse\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2001.\nBorn: 25, Jan, 1949, Norwich, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":732,"text":"Tim Hunt\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2001.\nBorn: 19, Feb, 1943, Neston, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":733,"text":"Leland Hartwell\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2001.\nBorn: 30, Oct, 1939, Los Angeles CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":734,"text":"Jimmy Carter\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2002.\nBorn: 1, Oct, 1924, Plains GA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts to advance democracy and human rights and to promote economic and social development\"\n"} |
| {"docid":735,"text":"Imre Kertész\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2002.\nBorn: 9, Nov, 1929, Budapest, Hungary\nDied: 31, Mar, 2016, Budapest, Hungary\nPrize motivation: \"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":736,"text":"Daniel Kahneman\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2002.\nBorn: 5, Mar, 1934, Tel Aviv, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel)\nPrize motivation: \"for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":737,"text":"Kurt Wüthrich\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002.\nBorn: 4, Oct, 1938, Aarberg, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":738,"text":"Koichi Tanaka\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002.\nBorn: 3, Aug, 1959, Toyama City, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":739,"text":"John B. Fenn\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002.\nBorn: 15, Jun, 1917, New York NY, USA\nDied: 10, Dec, 2010, Richmond VA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":740,"text":"Vernon L. Smith\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2002.\nBorn: 1, Jan, 1927, Wichita KS, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: George Mason University, Fairfax VA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":741,"text":"Masatoshi Koshiba\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2002.\nBorn: 19, Sep, 1926, Toyohashi, Japan\nDied: 12, Nov, 2020, Tokyo, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":742,"text":"Raymond Davis Jr.\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2002.\nBorn: 14, Oct, 1914, Washington D.C., USA\nDied: 31, May, 2006, Blue Point NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":743,"text":"John E. Sulston\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2002.\nBorn: 27, Mar, 1942, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nDied: 6, Mar, 2018, Stapleford Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":744,"text":"H. Robert Horvitz\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2002.\nBorn: 8, May, 1947, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":745,"text":"Sydney Brenner\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2002.\nBorn: 13, Jan, 1927, Germiston, South Africa\nDied: 5, Apr, 2019, Singapore\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: The Molecular Sciences Institute, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":746,"text":"Riccardo Giacconi\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2002.\nBorn: 6, Oct, 1931, Genoa, Italy\nDied: 16, Dec, 2018, La Jolla CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Associated Universities Inc., Washington D.C., USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":747,"text":"Shirin Ebadi\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2003.\nBorn: 21, Jun, 1947, Hamadan, Iran\nPrize motivation: \"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children\"\n"} |
| {"docid":748,"text":"Clive W.J. Granger\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2003.\nBorn: 4, Sep, 1934, Swansea, United Kingdom\nDied: 27, May, 2009, San Diego CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, San Diego CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":749,"text":"Robert F. Engle III\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2003.\nBorn: 10, Nov, 1942, Syracuse NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: New York University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":750,"text":"Roderick MacKinnon\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003.\nBorn: 19, Feb, 1956, Burlington MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rockefeller University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":751,"text":"Peter Agre\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003.\nBorn: 30, Jan, 1949, Northfield MN, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of water channels\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":752,"text":"Anthony J. Leggett\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2003.\nBorn: 26, Mar, 1938, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":753,"text":"Vitaly L. Ginzburg\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2003.\nBorn: 4, Oct, 1916, Moscow, Russia\nDied: 8, Nov, 2009\nPrize motivation: \"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":754,"text":"Sir Peter Mansfield\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2003.\nBorn: 9, Oct, 1933, London, United Kingdom\nDied: 8, Feb, 2017\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Nottingham School of Physics and Astronomy, Nottingham, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":755,"text":"Paul C. Lauterbur\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2003.\nBorn: 6, May, 1929, Sidney OH, USA\nDied: 27, Mar, 2007, Urbana IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":756,"text":"J. M. Coetzee\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2003.\nBorn: 9, Feb, 1940, Cape Town, South Africa\nPrize motivation: \"who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":757,"text":"Alexei Abrikosov\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2003.\nBorn: 25, Jun, 1928, Moscow, USSR (now Russia)\nDied: 29, Mar, 2017\nPrize motivation: \"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":758,"text":"Edward C. Prescott\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2004.\nBorn: 26, Dec, 1940, Glens Falls NY, USA\nDied: 6, Nov, 2022, Paradise Valley AZ, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":759,"text":"Irwin Rose\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004.\nBorn: 16, Jul, 1926, Brooklyn NY, USA\nDied: 3, Jun, 2015, Deerfield MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Irvine CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":760,"text":"Finn E. Kydland\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2004.\nBorn: 1, Dec, 1943, Gjesdal, Norway\nPrize motivation: \"for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":761,"text":"Wangari Maathai\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2004.\nBorn: 1, Apr, 1940, Nyeri, Kenya\nDied: 25, Sep, 2011, Nairobi, Kenya\nPrize motivation: \"for her contribution to sustainable development democracy and peace\"\n"} |
| {"docid":762,"text":"Elfriede Jelinek\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2004.\nBorn: 20, Oct, 1946, Mürzzuschlag, Austria\nPrize motivation: \"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":763,"text":"Avram Hershko\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004.\nBorn: 31, Dec, 1937, Karcag, Hungary\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":764,"text":"David J. Gross\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2004.\nBorn: 19, Feb, 1941, Washington D.C., USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Santa Barbara CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":765,"text":"Frank Wilczek\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2004.\nBorn: 15, May, 1951, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":766,"text":"H. David Politzer\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2004.\nBorn: 31, Aug, 1949, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":767,"text":"Linda B. Buck\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2004.\nBorn: 29, Jan, 1947, Seattle WA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":768,"text":"Richard Axel\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2004.\nBorn: 2, Jul, 1946, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Columbia University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":769,"text":"Aaron Ciechanover\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004.\nBorn: 1, Oct, 1947, Haifa, British Protectorate of Palestine (now Israel)\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":770,"text":"Harold Pinter\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2005.\nBorn: 10, Oct, 1930, London, United Kingdom\nDied: 24, Dec, 2008, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":771,"text":"Thomas C. Schelling\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2005.\nBorn: 14, Apr, 1921, Oakland CA, USA\nDied: 13, Dec, 2016, Bethesda MD, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Maryland Department of Economics and School of Public Policy, College Park MD, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":772,"text":"Mohamed ElBaradei\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2005.\nBorn: 17, Jun, 1942, Cairo, Egypt\nPrize motivation: \"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way\"\n"} |
| {"docid":773,"text":"International Atomic Energy Agency \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2005.\nFounded: 1957\nPrize motivation: \"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way\"\n"} |
| {"docid":774,"text":"Richard R. Schrock\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005.\nBorn: 4, Jan, 1945, Berne IN, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":775,"text":"Robert H. Grubbs\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005.\nBorn: 27, Feb, 1942, Possum Trot KY, USA\nDied: 19, Dec, 2021, Duarte CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":776,"text":"Robert J. Aumann\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2005.\nBorn: 8, Jun, 1930, Frankfurt-on-the-Main, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Jerusalem Center for RationalityHebrew, Jerusalem, Israel\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":777,"text":"Theodor W. Hänsch\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2005.\nBorn: 30, Oct, 1941, Heidelberg, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy including the optical frequency comb technique\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":778,"text":"John L. Hall\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2005.\nBorn: 21, Aug, 1934, Denver CO, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy including the optical frequency comb technique\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Colorado JILA, Boulder CO, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":779,"text":"Roy J. Glauber\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2005.\nBorn: 1, Sep, 1925, New York NY, USA\nDied: 26, Dec, 2018, Newton MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":780,"text":"J. Robin Warren\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2005.\nBorn: 11, Jun, 1937, Adelaide, Australia\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of the bacterium <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease\"\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":781,"text":"Barry J. Marshall\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2005.\nBorn: 30, Sep, 1951, Kalgoorlie, Australia\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of the bacterium <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: NHMRC Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Australia\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":782,"text":"Yves Chauvin\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005.\nBorn: 10, Oct, 1930, Menin, Belgium\nDied: 27, Jan, 2015, Tours, France\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Institut Français du Pétrole, Rueil-Malmaison, France\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":783,"text":"Grameen Bank \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2006.\nFounded: 1976\nPrize motivation: \"for their efforts to create economic and social development from below\"\n"} |
| {"docid":784,"text":"Muhammad Yunus\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2006.\nBorn: 28, Jun, 1940, Chittagong, British India (now Bangladesh)\nPrize motivation: \"for their efforts to create economic and social development from below\"\n"} |
| {"docid":785,"text":"Orhan Pamuk\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2006.\nBorn: 7, Jun, 1952, Istanbul, Turkey\nPrize motivation: \"who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":786,"text":"Edmund S. Phelps\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2006.\nBorn: 26, Jul, 1933, Evanston IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Columbia University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":787,"text":"Roger D. Kornberg\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006.\nBorn: 24, Apr, 1947, St. Louis MO, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":788,"text":"George F. Smoot\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2006.\nBorn: 20, Feb, 1945, Yukon FL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":789,"text":"Craig C. Mello\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2006.\nBorn: 18, Oct, 1960, New Haven CT, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":790,"text":"Andrew Z. Fire\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2006.\nBorn: 27, Apr, 1959, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":791,"text":"John C. Mather\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2006.\nBorn: 7, Aug, 1946, Roanoke VA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt MD, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":792,"text":"Roger B. Myerson\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2007.\nBorn: 29, Mar, 1951, Boston MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":793,"text":"Eric S. Maskin\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2007.\nBorn: 12, Dec, 1950, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":794,"text":"Leonid Hurwicz\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2007.\nBorn: 21, Aug, 1917, Moscow, Russia\nDied: 24, Jun, 2008, Minneapolis MN, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":795,"text":"Al Gore\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2007.\nBorn: 31, Mar, 1948, Washington D.C., USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change\"\n"} |
| {"docid":796,"text":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2007.\nFounded: 1988\nPrize motivation: \"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change\"\n"} |
| {"docid":797,"text":"Gerhard Ertl\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007.\nBorn: 10, Oct, 1936, Bad Cannstatt, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":798,"text":"Doris Lessing\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2007.\nBorn: 22, Oct, 1919, Kermanshah, Persia (now Iran)\nDied: 17, Nov, 2013, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"that epicist of the female experience who with scepticism fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":799,"text":"Albert Fert\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2007.\nBorn: 7, Mar, 1938, Carcassonne, France\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":800,"text":"Oliver Smithies\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2007.\nBorn: 23, Jun, 1925, Halifax, United Kingdom\nDied: 10, Jan, 2017, Chapel Hill NC, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":801,"text":"Sir Martin J. Evans\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2007.\nBorn: 1, Jan, 1941, Stroud, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":802,"text":"Mario R. Capecchi\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2007.\nBorn: 6, Oct, 1937, Verona, Italy\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Utah, Salt Lake City UT, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":803,"text":"Peter Grünberg\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2007.\nBorn: 18, May, 1939, Plzen, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic)\nDied: 9, Apr, 2018, Jülich, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":804,"text":"Martti Ahtisaari\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2008.\nBorn: 23, Jun, 1937, Viipuri (now Vyborg), Finland\nPrize motivation: \"for his important efforts on several continents and over more than three decades to resolve international conflicts\"\n"} |
| {"docid":805,"text":"Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2008.\nBorn: 13, Apr, 1940, Nice, France\nPrize motivation: \"author of new departures poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":806,"text":"Roger Y. Tsien\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008.\nBorn: 1, Feb, 1952, New York NY, USA\nDied: 24, Aug, 2016, Eugene OR, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein GFP\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, San Diego CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":807,"text":"Martin Chalfie\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008.\nBorn: 15, Jan, 1947, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein GFP\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Columbia University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":808,"text":"Osamu Shimomura\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008.\nBorn: 27, Aug, 1928, Kyoto, Japan\nDied: 19, Oct, 2018, Nagasaki, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein GFP\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), Woods Hole MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":809,"text":"Toshihide Maskawa\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2008.\nBorn: 7, Feb, 1940, Nagoya, Japan\nDied: 23, Jul, 2021, Kyoto, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":810,"text":"Paul Krugman\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2008.\nBorn: 28, Feb, 1953, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":811,"text":"Yoichiro Nambu\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2008.\nBorn: 18, Jan, 1921, Tokyo, Japan\nDied: 5, Jul, 2015, Osaka, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Enrico Fermi Institute University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":812,"text":"Luc Montagnier\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2008.\nBorn: 18, Aug, 1932, Chabris, France\nDied: 8, Feb, 2022, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: World Foundation for AIDS Research and Prevention, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":813,"text":"Françoise Barré-Sinoussi\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2008.\nBorn: 30, Jul, 1947, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Regulation of Retroviral Infections Unit Virology Department Institut Pasteur, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":814,"text":"Harald zur Hausen\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2008.\nBorn: 11, Mar, 1936, Gelsenkirchen, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":815,"text":"Makoto Kobayashi\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2008.\nBorn: 7, Apr, 1944, Nagoya, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":816,"text":"Oliver E. Williamson\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2009.\nBorn: 27, Sep, 1932, Superior WI, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his analysis of economic governance especially the boundaries of the firm\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":817,"text":"Elinor Ostrom\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2009.\nBorn: 7, Aug, 1933, Los Angeles CA, USA\nDied: 12, Jun, 2012, Bloomington IN, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for her analysis of economic governance especially the commons\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Indiana University, Bloomington IN, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":818,"text":"Barack Obama\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2009.\nBorn: 4, Aug, 1961, Honolulu HI, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\"\n"} |
| {"docid":819,"text":"Herta Müller\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2009.\nBorn: 17, Aug, 1953, Nitzkydorf Banat, Romania\nPrize motivation: \"who with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose depicts the landscape of the dispossessed\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":820,"text":"Ada E. Yonath\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009.\nBorn: 22, Jun, 1939, Jerusalem, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel)\nPrize motivation: \"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":821,"text":"Thomas A. Steitz\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009.\nBorn: 23, Aug, 1940, Milwaukee WI, USA\nDied: 23, Aug, 2018, Branford CT, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Yale University, New Haven CT, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":822,"text":"Venkatraman Ramakrishnan\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009.\nBorn: 1952, Chidambaram Tamil Nadu, India\nPrize motivation: \"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":823,"text":"George E. Smith\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2009.\nBorn: 10, May, 1930, White Plains NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":824,"text":"Charles K. Kao\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2009.\nBorn: 4, Nov, 1933, Shanghai, China\nDied: 23, Sep, 2018, Hong Kong\nPrize motivation: \"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Standard Telecommunication Laboratories, Harlow, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":825,"text":"Jack W. Szostak\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2009.\nBorn: 9, Nov, 1952, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":826,"text":"Carol W. Greider\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2009.\nBorn: 15, Apr, 1961, San Diego CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":827,"text":"Elizabeth H. Blackburn\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2009.\nBorn: 26, Nov, 1948, Hobart Tasmania, Australia\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, San Francisco CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":828,"text":"Willard S. Boyle\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2009.\nBorn: 19, Aug, 1924, Amherst NS, Canada\nDied: 7, May, 2011, Truro NS, Canada\nPrize motivation: \"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":829,"text":"Dale T. Mortensen\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2010.\nBorn: 2, Feb, 1939, Enterprise OR, USA\nDied: 9, Jan, 2014, Wilmette IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their analysis of markets with search frictions\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":830,"text":"Mario Vargas Llosa\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2010.\nBorn: 28, Mar, 1936, Arequipa, Peru\nPrize motivation: \"for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance revolt and defeat\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":831,"text":"Christopher A. Pissarides\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2010.\nBorn: 20, Feb, 1948, Nicosia, Cyprus\nPrize motivation: \"for their analysis of markets with search frictions\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":832,"text":"Xiaobo Liu\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2010.\nBorn: 28, Dec, 1955, Changchun, China\nDied: 13, Jul, 2017, Shenyang, China\nPrize motivation: \"for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China\"\n"} |
| {"docid":833,"text":"Akira Suzuki\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010.\nBorn: 12, Sep, 1930, Mukawa, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":834,"text":"Peter A. Diamond\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2010.\nBorn: 29, Apr, 1940, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their analysis of markets with search frictions\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":835,"text":"Richard F. Heck\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010.\nBorn: 15, Aug, 1931, Springfield MA, USA\nDied: 9, Oct, 2015, Manila, Philippines\nPrize motivation: \"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Delaware, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":836,"text":"Konstantin Novoselov\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2010.\nBorn: 23, Aug, 1974, Nizhny Tagil, Russia\nPrize motivation: \"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":837,"text":"Andre Geim\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2010.\nBorn: 21, Oct, 1958, Sochi, Russia\nPrize motivation: \"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":838,"text":"Robert G. Edwards\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2010.\nBorn: 27, Sep, 1925, Batley, United Kingdom\nDied: 10, Apr, 2013, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of in vitro fertilization\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":839,"text":"Ei-ichi Negishi\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010.\nBorn: 14, Jul, 1935, Changchun, China\nDied: 6, Jun, 2021, Indianapolis IN, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":840,"text":"Christopher A. Sims\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2011.\nBorn: 21, Oct, 1942, Washington D.C., USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":841,"text":"Tawakkol Karman\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2011.\nBorn: 7, Feb, 1979, Ta'izz, Yemen\nPrize motivation: \"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work\"\n"} |
| {"docid":842,"text":"Leymah Gbowee\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2011.\nBorn: 1, Feb, 1972, Monrovia, Liberia\nPrize motivation: \"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work\"\n"} |
| {"docid":843,"text":"Ellen Johnson Sirleaf\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2011.\nBorn: 29, Oct, 1938, Monrovia, Liberia\nPrize motivation: \"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work\"\n"} |
| {"docid":844,"text":"Tomas Tranströmer\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2011.\nBorn: 15, Apr, 1931, Stockholm, Sweden\nDied: 26, Mar, 2015, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"because through his condensed translucent images he gives us fresh access to reality\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":845,"text":"Dan Shechtman\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011.\nBorn: 24, Jan, 1941, Tel Aviv, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel)\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of quasicrystals\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":846,"text":"Thomas J. Sargent\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2011.\nBorn: 19, Jul, 1943, Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: New York University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":847,"text":"Brian P. Schmidt\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2011.\nBorn: 24, Feb, 1967, Missoula MT, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Australian National University, Weston Creek, Australia\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":848,"text":"Saul Perlmutter\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2011.\nBorn: 1959, Champaign-Urbana IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":849,"text":"Ralph M. Steinman\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2011.\nBorn: 14, Jan, 1943, Montreal, Canada\nDied: 30, Sep, 2011, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rockefeller University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":850,"text":"Jules A. Hoffmann\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2011.\nBorn: 2, Aug, 1941, Echternach, Luxembourg\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":851,"text":"Bruce A. Beutler\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2011.\nBorn: 29, Dec, 1957, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas TX, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":852,"text":"Adam G. Riess\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2011.\nBorn: 16, Dec, 1969, Washington D.C., USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":853,"text":"Lloyd S. Shapley\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2012.\nBorn: 2, Jun, 1923, Cambridge MA, USA\nDied: 12, Mar, 2016, Tucson AZ, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Los Angeles CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":854,"text":"Alvin E. Roth\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2012.\nBorn: 18, Dec, 1951, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":855,"text":"European Union \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2012.\nFounded: 1952\nPrize motivation: \"for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation democracy and human rights in Europe\"\n"} |
| {"docid":856,"text":"Mo Yan\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2012.\nBorn: 2, Feb, 1955, Gaomi, China\nPrize motivation: \"who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales history and the contemporary\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":857,"text":"Brian Kobilka\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012.\nBorn: 30, May, 1955, Little Falls MN, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":858,"text":"Robert J. Lefkowitz\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012.\nBorn: 15, Apr, 1943, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":859,"text":"Serge Haroche\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2012.\nBorn: 11, Sep, 1944, Casablanca, Morocco\nPrize motivation: \"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Collège de France, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":860,"text":"Shinya Yamanaka\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2012.\nBorn: 4, Sep, 1962, Osaka, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":861,"text":"Sir John B. Gurdon\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2012.\nBorn: 2, Oct, 1933, Dippenhall, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Gurdon Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":862,"text":"David J. Wineland\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2012.\nBorn: 24, Feb, 1944, Milwaukee WI, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder CO, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":863,"text":"Robert J. Shiller\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2013.\nBorn: 29, Mar, 1946, Detroit MI, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their empirical analysis of asset prices\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Yale University, New Haven CT, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":864,"text":"Arieh Warshel\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013.\nBorn: 20, Nov, 1940, Kibbutz Sde-Nahum, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel)\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":865,"text":"Lars Peter Hansen\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2013.\nBorn: 26, Oct, 1952, Urbana IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their empirical analysis of asset prices\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":866,"text":"Eugene F. Fama\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2013.\nBorn: 14, Feb, 1939, Boston MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their empirical analysis of asset prices\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":867,"text":"Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2013.\nFounded: 1997\nPrize motivation: \"for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons\"\n"} |
| {"docid":868,"text":"Alice Munro\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2013.\nBorn: 10, Jul, 1931, Wingham, Canada\nPrize motivation: \"master of the contemporary short story\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":869,"text":"Michael Levitt\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013.\nBorn: 9, May, 1947, Pretoria, South Africa\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":870,"text":"Martin Karplus\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013.\nBorn: 15, Mar, 1930, Vienna, Austria\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":871,"text":"Peter Higgs\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2013.\nBorn: 29, May, 1929, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":872,"text":"François Englert\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2013.\nBorn: 6, Nov, 1932, Etterbeek, Belgium\nPrize motivation: \"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":873,"text":"Thomas C. Südhof\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2013.\nBorn: 22, Dec, 1955, Göttingen, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic a major transport system in our cells\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":874,"text":"Randy W. Schekman\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2013.\nBorn: 30, Dec, 1948, St. Paul MN, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic a major transport system in our cells\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":875,"text":"James E. Rothman\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2013.\nBorn: 3, Nov, 1950, Haverhill MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic a major transport system in our cells\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Yale University, New Haven CT, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":876,"text":"Jean Tirole\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2014.\nBorn: 9, Aug, 1953, Troyes, France\nPrize motivation: \"for his analysis of market power and regulation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), Toulouse, France\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":877,"text":"Malala Yousafzai\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2014.\nBorn: 12, Jul, 1997, Mingora, Pakistan\nPrize motivation: \"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education\"\n"} |
| {"docid":878,"text":"Patrick Modiano\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2014.\nBorn: 30, Jul, 1945, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and\r\nuncovered the life-world of the occupation\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":879,"text":"William E. Moerner\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014.\nBorn: 24, Jun, 1953, Pleasanton CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":880,"text":"Stefan W. Hell\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014.\nBorn: 23, Dec, 1962, Arad, Romania\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":881,"text":"Eric Betzig\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014.\nBorn: 13, Jan, 1960, Ann Arbor MI, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Janelia Research Campus Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn VA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":882,"text":"Kailash Satyarthi\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2014.\nBorn: 11, Jan, 1954, Vidisha, India\nPrize motivation: \"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education\"\n"} |
| {"docid":883,"text":"Hiroshi Amano\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2014.\nBorn: 11, Sep, 1960, Hamamatsu, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":884,"text":"Isamu Akasaki\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2014.\nBorn: 30, Jan, 1929, Chiran, Japan\nDied: 1, Apr, 2021, Nagoya, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":885,"text":"Edvard I. Moser\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2014.\nBorn: 27, Apr, 1962, Ålesund, Norway\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":886,"text":"May-Britt Moser\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2014.\nBorn: 4, Jan, 1963, Fosnavåg, Norway\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":887,"text":"John O'Keefe\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2014.\nBorn: 18, Nov, 1939, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University College, London, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":888,"text":"Shuji Nakamura\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2014.\nBorn: 22, May, 1954, Ikata, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Santa Barbara CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":889,"text":"Angus Deaton\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2015.\nBorn: 19, Oct, 1945, Edinburgh, Scotland\nPrize motivation: \"for his analysis of consumption poverty and welfare\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":890,"text":"National Dialogue Quartet \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2015.\nFounded: 2013\nPrize motivation: \"for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011\"\n"} |
| {"docid":891,"text":"Svetlana Alexievich\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2015.\nBorn: 31, May, 1948, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine\nPrize motivation: \"for her polyphonic writings a monument to suffering and courage in our time\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":892,"text":"Aziz Sancar\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015.\nBorn: 8, Sep, 1946, Savur, Turkey\nPrize motivation: \"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":893,"text":"Paul Modrich\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015.\nBorn: 13, Jun, 1946, Raton NM, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Durham NC, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":894,"text":"Tomas Lindahl\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015.\nBorn: 28, Jan, 1938, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Francis Crick Institute, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":895,"text":"Takaaki Kajita\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2015.\nBorn: 9, Mar, 1959, Higashimatsuyama, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations which shows that neutrinos have mass\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":896,"text":"Youyou Tu\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2015.\nBorn: 30, Dec, 1930, Zhejiang Ningbo, China\nPrize motivation: \"for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":897,"text":"Satoshi Ōmura\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2015.\nBorn: 12, Jul, 1935, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":898,"text":"William C. Campbell\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2015.\nBorn: 28, Jun, 1930, Ramelton, Ireland\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Drew University, Madison NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":899,"text":"Arthur B. McDonald\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2015.\nBorn: 29, Aug, 1943, Sydney, Canada\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations which shows that neutrinos have mass\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Queen's University, Kingston, Canada\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":900,"text":"Bengt Holmström\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2016.\nBorn: 18, Apr, 1949, Helsinki, Finland\nPrize motivation: \"for their contributions to contract theory\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":901,"text":"Bernard L. Feringa\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016.\nBorn: 18, May, 1951, Barger-Compascuum, the Netherlands\nPrize motivation: \"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":902,"text":"Oliver Hart\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2016.\nBorn: 9, Oct, 1948, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their contributions to contract theory\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":903,"text":"Juan Manuel Santos\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2016.\nBorn: 10, Aug, 1951, Bogotá, Colombia\nPrize motivation: \"for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end\"\n"} |
| {"docid":904,"text":"Sir J. Fraser Stoddart\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016.\nBorn: 24, May, 1942, Edinburgh, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":905,"text":"Bob Dylan\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2016.\nBorn: 24, May, 1941, Duluth MN, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":906,"text":"J. Michael Kosterlitz\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2016.\nBorn: 22, Jun, 1943, Aberdeen, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Brown University, Providence RI, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":907,"text":"F. Duncan M. Haldane\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2016.\nBorn: 14, Sep, 1951, London, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":908,"text":"David J. Thouless\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2016.\nBorn: 21, Sep, 1934, Bearsden, United Kingdom\nDied: 6, Apr, 2019, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":909,"text":"Yoshinori Ohsumi\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2016.\nBorn: 9, Feb, 1945, Fukuoka, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":910,"text":"Jean-Pierre Sauvage\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016.\nBorn: 21, Oct, 1944, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":911,"text":"International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2017.\nFounded: 2007\nPrize motivation: \"for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons\"\n"} |
| {"docid":912,"text":"Kazuo Ishiguro\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2017.\nBorn: 8, Nov, 1954, Nagasaki, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"who in novels of great emotional force has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":913,"text":"Richard Henderson\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017.\nBorn: 19, Jul, 1945, Edinburgh, Scotland\nPrize motivation: \"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":914,"text":"Joachim Frank\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017.\nBorn: 12, Sep, 1940, Siegen, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Columbia University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":915,"text":"Jacques Dubochet\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017.\nBorn: 8, Jun, 1942, Aigle, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":916,"text":"Kip S. Thorne\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2017.\nBorn: 1, Jun, 1940, Logan UT, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: LIGO/VIRGO Collaboration\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":917,"text":"Richard H. Thaler\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2017.\nBorn: 12, Sep, 1945, East Orange NJ, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for his contributions to behavioural economics\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":918,"text":"Rainer Weiss\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2017.\nBorn: 29, Sep, 1932, Berlin, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: LIGO/VIRGO Collaboration\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":919,"text":"Michael W. Young\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2017.\nBorn: 28, Mar, 1949, Miami FL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rockefeller University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":920,"text":"Michael Rosbash\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2017.\nBorn: 7, Mar, 1944, Kansas City MO, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Brandeis University, Waltham MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":921,"text":"Jeffrey C. Hall\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2017.\nBorn: 3, May, 1945, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Maine, Maine ME, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":922,"text":"Barry C. Barish\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2017.\nBorn: 27, Jan, 1936, Omaha NE, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: LIGO/VIRGO Collaboration\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":923,"text":"Olga Tokarczuk\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2018.\nBorn: 29, Jan, 1962, Sulechów, Poland\nPrize motivation: \"for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":924,"text":"Paul M. Romer\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2018.\nBorn: 1955, Denver CO, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: NYU Stern School of Business, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":925,"text":"William D. Nordhaus\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2018.\nBorn: 31, May, 1941, Albuquerque NM, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Yale University, New Haven CT, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":926,"text":"Nadia Murad\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2018.\nBorn: 1993, Kojo, Iraq\nPrize motivation: \"for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict\"\n"} |
| {"docid":927,"text":"Denis Mukwege\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2018.\nBorn: 1, Mar, 1955, Bukavu, Belgian Congo (now Democratic Republic of the Congo)\nPrize motivation: \"for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict\"\n"} |
| {"docid":928,"text":"Sir Gregory P. Winter\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018.\nBorn: 14, Apr, 1951, Leicester, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for the phage display of peptides and antibodies\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":929,"text":"George P. Smith\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018.\nBorn: 10, Mar, 1941, Norwalk CT, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the phage display of peptides and antibodies\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Missouri, Columbia, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":930,"text":"Frances H. Arnold\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018.\nBorn: 25, Jul, 1956, Pittsburgh PA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the directed evolution of enzymes\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":931,"text":"Gérard Mourou\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2018.\nBorn: 22, Jun, 1944, Albertville, France\nPrize motivation: \"for their method of generating high-intensity ultra-short optical pulses\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: École Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":932,"text":"Arthur Ashkin\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2018.\nBorn: 2, Sep, 1922, New York NY, USA\nDied: 21, Sep, 2020, Rumson NJ, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Bell Laboratories, Holmdel NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":933,"text":"Tasuku Honjo\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2018.\nBorn: 27, Jan, 1942, Kyoto, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":934,"text":"James P. Allison\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2018.\nBorn: 7, Aug, 1948, Alice TX, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":935,"text":"Donna Strickland\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2018.\nBorn: 27, May, 1959, Guelph, Canada\nPrize motivation: \"for their method of generating high-intensity ultra-short optical pulses\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":936,"text":"Akira Yoshino\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019.\nBorn: 30, Jan, 1948, Suita, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of lithium-ion batteries\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Asahi Kasei Corporation, Tokyo, Japan\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":937,"text":"Abhijit Banerjee\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2019.\nBorn: 21, Feb, 1961, Mumbai, India\nPrize motivation: \"for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":938,"text":"Michael Kremer\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2019.\nBorn: 12, Nov, 1964, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":939,"text":"Peter Handke\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2019.\nBorn: 6, Dec, 1942, Griffen, Austria\nPrize motivation: \"for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":940,"text":"Esther Duflo\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2019.\nBorn: 25, Oct, 1972, Paris, France\nPrize motivation: \"for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":941,"text":"M. Stanley Whittingham\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019.\nBorn: 22, Dec, 1941, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of lithium-ion batteries\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Binghamton University State University of New York, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":942,"text":"Abiy Ahmed Ali\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2019.\nBorn: 15, Aug, 1976, Beshasha, Ethiopia\nPrize motivation: \"for his efforts to achieve peace and international cooperation and in particular for his decisive initiative to resolve the border conflict with neighbouring Eritrea\"\n"} |
| {"docid":943,"text":"Didier Queloz\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2019.\nBorn: 23, Feb, 1966, Geneva, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":944,"text":"Michel Mayor\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2019.\nBorn: 12, Jan, 1942, Lausanne, Switzerland\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":945,"text":"James Peebles\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2019.\nBorn: 25, Apr, 1935, Winnipeg, Canada\nPrize motivation: \"for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":946,"text":"Gregg Semenza\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2019.\nBorn: 12, Jul, 1956, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":947,"text":"Peter Ratcliffe\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2019.\nBorn: 14, May, 1954, Lancashire, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":948,"text":"William Kaelin\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2019.\nBorn: 23, Nov, 1957, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":949,"text":"John Goodenough\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019.\nBorn: 25, Jul, 1922, Jena, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of lithium-ion batteries\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Texas, Austin TX, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":950,"text":"Robert Wilson\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2020.\nBorn: 16, May, 1937, Geneva NE, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":951,"text":"Paul Milgrom\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2020.\nBorn: 20, Apr, 1948, Detroit MI, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":952,"text":"World Food Programme \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2020.\nFounded: 1961\nPrize motivation: \"for its efforts to combat hunger for its contribution to bettering conditions for peace in conflict-affected areas and for acting as a driving force in efforts to prevent the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict\"\n"} |
| {"docid":953,"text":"Louise Glück\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2020.\nBorn: 22, Apr, 1943, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":954,"text":"Jennifer A. Doudna\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020.\nBorn: 19, Feb, 1964, Washington D.C., USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of a method for genome editing\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":955,"text":"Emmanuelle Charpentier\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020.\nBorn: 11, Dec, 1968, Juvisy-sur-Orge, France\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of a method for genome editing\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens, Berlin, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":956,"text":"Reinhard Genzel\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2020.\nBorn: 24, Mar, 1952, Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":957,"text":"Roger Penrose\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2020.\nBorn: 8, Aug, 1931, Colchester, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":958,"text":"Charles Rice\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2020.\nBorn: 25, Aug, 1952, Sacramento CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Rockefeller University, New York NY, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":959,"text":"Michael Houghton\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2020.\nBorn: 1949, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":960,"text":"Harvey Alter\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2020.\nBorn: 12, Sep, 1935, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":961,"text":"Andrea Ghez\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2020.\nBorn: 16, Jun, 1965, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Los Angeles CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":962,"text":"Abdulrazak Gurnah\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2021.\nBorn: 1948\nPrize motivation: \"for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":963,"text":"Joshua Angrist\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2021.\nBorn: 18, Sep, 1960, Columbus OH, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":964,"text":"David Card\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2021.\nBorn: 1956, Guelph, Canada\nPrize motivation: \"for his empirical contributions to labour economics\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, Berkeley CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":965,"text":"Dmitry Muratov\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2021.\nBorn: 1961, Kubyshev (now Samara), USSR (now Russia)\nPrize motivation: \"for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace\"\n"} |
| {"docid":966,"text":"Guido Imbens\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2021.\nBorn: 3, Sep, 1963, Geldrop, the Netherlands\nPrize motivation: \"for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":967,"text":"Maria Ressa\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2021.\nBorn: 2, Oct, 1963, Manila, Philippines\nPrize motivation: \"for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace\"\n"} |
| {"docid":968,"text":"David MacMillan\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021.\nBorn: 16, Mar, 1968, Bellshill, United Kingdom\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":969,"text":"Syukuro Manabe\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2021.\nBorn: 21, Sep, 1931, Shingu Ehime, Japan\nPrize motivation: \"for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":970,"text":"Giorgio Parisi\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2021.\nBorn: 4, Aug, 1948, Rome, Italy\nPrize motivation: \"for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":971,"text":"Klaus Hasselmann\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2021.\nBorn: 25, Oct, 1931, Hamburg, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany\nPrize share: 1/4"} |
| {"docid":972,"text":"Ardem Patapoutian\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2021.\nBorn: 1967, Beirut, Lebanon\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Scripps Research, La Jolla CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":973,"text":"David Julius\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2021.\nBorn: 4, Nov, 1955, New York NY, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of California, San Francisco CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":974,"text":"Benjamin List\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021.\nBorn: 11, Jan, 1968, Frankfurt-on-the-Main, Germany\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany\nPrize share: 1/2"} |
| {"docid":975,"text":"Ben Bernanke\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2022.\nBorn: 13, Dec, 1953, Augusta GA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for research on banks and financial crises\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: The Brookings Institution, Washington D.C., USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":976,"text":"Center for Civil Liberties \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2022.\nFounded: 2007\nPrize motivation: \"The Peace Prize laureates represent civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy.\"\n"} |
| {"docid":977,"text":"Memorial \nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2022.\nFounded: 1987\nPrize motivation: \"The Peace Prize laureates represent civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy.\"\n"} |
| {"docid":978,"text":"Ales Bialiatski\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2022.\nBorn: 25, Sep, 1962, Vyartsilya Karelia, Russia\nPrize motivation: \"The Peace Prize laureates represent civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy.\"\n"} |
| {"docid":979,"text":"Annie Ernaux\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2022.\nBorn: 1, Sep, 1940, Lillebonne, France\nPrize motivation: \"for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory\"\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":980,"text":"Morten Meldal\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022.\nBorn: 1954, Copenhagen, Denmark\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":981,"text":"Anton Zeilinger\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2022.\nBorn: 20, May, 1945, Ried im Innkreis, Austria\nPrize motivation: \"for experiments with entangled photons establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":982,"text":"John F. Clauser\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2022.\nBorn: 1, Dec, 1942, Pasadena CA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for experiments with entangled photons establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: J.F. Clauser & Assoc., Walnut Creek CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":983,"text":"Alain Aspect\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2022.\nBorn: 15, Jun, 1947, Agen, France\nPrize motivation: \"for experiments with entangled photons establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Institut d’Optique Graduate School – Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":984,"text":"Svante Pääbo\nThe Nobel Prize in Medicine 2022.\nBorn: 20, Apr, 1955, Stockholm, Sweden\nPrize motivation: \"for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany\nPrize share: 1/1"} |
| {"docid":985,"text":"Barry Sharpless\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022.\nBorn: 28, Apr, 1941, Philadelphia PA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Scripps Research, La Jolla CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":986,"text":"Douglas Diamond\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2022.\nBorn: 25, Oct, 1953, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for research on banks and financial crises\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":987,"text":"Carolyn Bertozzi\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022.\nBorn: 10, Oct, 1966, Boston MA, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
| {"docid":988,"text":"Philip Dybvig\nThe Nobel Prize in Economics 2022.\nBorn: 22, May, 1955, Gainesville FL, USA\nPrize motivation: \"for research on banks and financial crises\"\nAffiliation at the time of the award: Washington University, St. Louis MO, USA\nPrize share: 1/3"} |
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