subject: Re: New Volcanos Erupting This Week: 3- Total Active: 15

text:
Expanded detail omitted
                                                    SI / USGS
                                   Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

                                            14 July-20 July 2010
                                      3 New+ 12 Ongoing =  15 active

             New Activity/Unrest:

 | Gorely, Southern Kamchatka (Russia)
 | Soufrière Hills, Montserrat
 | Ubinas, Perú

            Ongoing Activity:

 | Batu Tara, Komba Island (Indonesia)
 | Fuego, Guatemala
 | Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia)
 | Kilauea, Hawaii (USA)
 | Kliuchevskoi, Central Kamchatka (Russia)
 | Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia
 | Pacaya, Guatemala
 | Sakura-jima, Kyushu
 | Santa María, Guatemala
 | Shiveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia)
 | Suwanose-jima, Ryukyu Islands (Japan)
 | Tungurahua, Ecuador

                          Weekly Report Editor Sally Kuhn Sennert -

                           http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/

                           http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs

               This page is updated on Wednesdays, please
               see the GVP Home Page for news of the
               latest significant activity.

               The Weekly VolcanicActivityReport is a
               cooperative project between the Smithsonian's
               Global Volcanism Program and the US
               Geological Survey'sVolcanoHazards Program.

               Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday,
               notices of volcanicactivityposted on these pages
               are preliminary and subject to change as events
               are studied in more detail.
               This is not a comprehensive list of all of
               Earths volcanos erupting during theweek, but
               rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that
               meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria
               and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed,
               detailed reports on variousvolcanosare
               published monthly in the Bulletin of the
               Global Volcanism Network.

               Note: Many news agencies do not archive the
               articles they post on the Internet, and therefore
               the links to some sources may not be active. To
               obtain information about the cited articles that
               are no longer available on the Internet contact
               the source.

                                      New Activity/Unrest

GORELY Southern Kamchatka (Russia) 52.558°N, 158.03°E; summit elev.
1829 m

KVERT reported that during 9-16 July seismic activity from Gorely was
above background levels,
and gas-and-steam emissions rose from the crater most days. On 10
July, data suggested that the
vent on the crater's inner NE wall, above the level of the lake, had
grown by 2-3 times the original
size. The lake level had also fallen. Analysis of satellite imagery
showed a thermal anomaly over
Gorely on 8, 10, 12, and 14 July, and gas-and-steam plumes that
drifted 25-150 km SE, E, and S
during 10 and 14-15 July. The Level of Aviation Color Code remained at
Yellow.

Geologic Summary. Gorely volcano, one of the most active in southern
Kamchatka, consists of five small overlapping stratovolcanoes
constructed along a WNW-ESE line within a large 9 x 13.5 km late-
Pleistocene caldera. The massive Gorely complex contains 11 summit and
30 flank craters. During the early Holocene, activity was
characterized by frequent mild eruptions with occasional larger
explosions and lava flows that filled in the caldera. Quiescent
periods became longer between 6,000 and 2,000 years ago, after which
the activity was mainly explosive. About 600-650 years ago
intermittent strong explosions and lava flow effusion accompanied
frequent mild eruptions. Historical eruptions have consisted of
vulcanian and phreatic explosions of moderate volume.

Map

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)

Gorely Information from the Global Volcanism Program

SOUFRIERE HILLS Montserrat 16.72°N, 62.18°W; summit elev. 915 m

MVO reported that activity at Soufrière Hills was low during 9-16
July. Helicopter observations on 15 July revealed no major changes to
the lava dome, although there were some fresh rockfall and small
pyroclastic-flow deposits at the head of the Gages valley to the W.
The next day, heavy rainfall generated a few lahars in the Belham
valley to the NW. The Hazard Level remained at 3.

Geologic Summary. The complex dominantly andesitic Soufrière Hills
volcano occupies the southern half of the island of Montserrat. The
summit area consists primarily of a series of lava domes emplaced
along an ESE-trending zone. English's Crater, a 1-km-wide crater
breached widely to the E, was formed during an eruption about 4,000
years ago in which the summit collapsed, producing a large submarine
debris avalanche. Block-and-ash flow and surge deposits associated
with dome growth predominate in flank deposits at Soufrière Hills. Non-
eruptive seismic swarms occurred at 30-year intervals in the 20th
century, but with the exception of a 17th-century eruption that
produced the Castle Peak lava dome, no historical eruptions were
recorded on Montserrat until 1995. Long-term small-to-moderate ash
eruptions beginning in that year were later accompanied by lava-dome
growth and pyroclastic flows that forced evacuation of the southern
half of the island and ultimately destroyed the capital city of
Plymouth, causing major social and economic disruption.

Map

Source: Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO)

Soufrière Hills Information from the Global Volcanism Program

UBINAS Perú 16.355°S, 70.903°W; summit elev. 5672 m

Based on a pilot observation and analyses of satellite imagery, the
Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 18 July an ash plume from Ubinas
drifted NE. A subsequent report about 12 hours later stated that no
further activity was seen.

Geologic Summary. A small, 1.2-km-wide caldera that cuts the top of
Ubinas, Peru's most active volcano, gives it a truncated appearance.
Ubinas is the northernmost of three young volcanoes located along a
regional structural lineament about 50 km behind the main volcanic
front of Peru. The upper slopes of the stratovolcano, composed
primarily of Pleistocene andesitic lava flows, steepen to nearly 45
degrees. The steep-walled, 150-m-deep summit caldera contains an ash
cone with a 500-m-wide funnel-shaped vent that is 200 m deep. Debris-
avalanche deposits from the collapse of the SE flank of Ubinas extend
10 km from the volcano. Widespread Plinian pumice-fall deposits from
Ubinas include some of Holocene age. Holocene lava flows are visible
on the volcano's flanks, but historical activity, documented since the
16th century, has consisted of intermittent minor explosive eruptions.

Map

Source: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

Ubinas Information from the Global Volcanism Program

Ongoing Activity

BATU TARA Komba Island (Indonesia) 7.792°S, 123.579°E; summit elev.
748 m

Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that
during 18-20 July ash plumes from Batu Tara rose to an altitude of 1.5
km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted more than 35 km NW.

Geologic Summary. The small isolated island of Batu Tara in the Flores
Sea about 50 km north of Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island contains a
scarp on the eastern side similar to the Sciara del Fuoco of Italy's
Stromboli volcano. Vegetation covers the flanks of Batu Tara to within
50 m of the 748-m-high summit. Batu Tara lies north of the main
volcanic arc and is noted for its potassic leucite-bearing basanitic
and tephritic rocks. The first historical eruption from Batu Tara,
during 1847-52, produced explosions and a lava flow.

Map

Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)

Batu Tara Information from the Global Volcanism Program

FUEGO Guatemala 14.473°N, 90.880°W; summit elev. 3763 m

INSIVUMEH reported on 19 July that six explosions from Fuego produced
ash plumes that rose to an altitude of 4.4 km (14,400 ft) a.s.l. and
drifted W and SW. Rumbling and "degassing" sounds were associated with
the explosions. Light ashfall was reported in Sangre de Cristo, 10 km
WSW. The seismic network had recorded a total of 17 explosions within
the previous 24 hours.

Geologic Summary. Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active
volcanoes, is one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking
Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice,
Meseta, lies between 3,763-m-high Fuego and its twin volcano to the N,
Acatenango. Construction of Meseta volcano continued until the late
Pleistocene or early Holocene, after which growth of the modern Fuego
volcano continued the southward migration of volcanism that began at
Acatenango. Frequent vigorous historical eruptions have been recorded
at Fuego since the onset of the Spanish era in 1524, and have produced
major ashfalls, along with occasional pyroclastic flows and lava
flows. The last major explosive eruption from Fuego took place in
1974, producing spectacular pyroclastic flows visible from Antigua.

Map

Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia,
e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH)

Fuego Information from the Global Volcanism Program

KARYMSKY Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) 54.05°N, 159.45°E; summit elev.
1536 m

KVERT reported that satellite imagery showed ash plumes from Karymsky
drifting 30 km W and S on 7 and 8 July and a thermal anomaly over the
volcano during 8-10 and 12 July. Seismic activity was above background
levels during 12-14 July and suggested that possible ash plumes rose
to an altitude of 3.3 km (10,800 ft) a.s.l. Seismic data were not
available other days during 9-16 July due to technical problems. Based
on analyses of satellite imagery, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 19
July a possible eruption produced a plume that rose to an altitude of
1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW. Ash was noted and then later
dissipated. A possible eruption was reported the next day, and again a
subsequent satellite image showed that ash had dissipated within a few
hours. The Aviation Color Code level remained at Orange.

Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's
eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed
within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed about 7,600-7,700 radiocarbon
years ago. Construction of the Karymsky stratovolcano began about
2,000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years
ago, following a 2,300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by
lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been
Vulcanian or Vulcanian-Strombolian with moderate explosive activity
and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Most seismicity
preceding Karymsky eruptions has originated beneath Akademia Nauk
caldera, which is located immediately S of Karymsky volcano and
erupted simultaneously with Karymsky in 1996.

Map

Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT), Tokyo
Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

Karymsky Information from the Global Volcanism Program

KILAUEA Hawaii (USA) 19.421°N, 155.287°W; summit elev. 1222 m

During 14-20 July HVO reported that activity at Kilauea continued from
the summit and the east rift zone. At the summit, the level of a lava-
pool surface in the deep pit within the floor of Halema'uma'u crater
remained mostly stable; glow from the vent was also visible at night.
A plume from the vent mainly drifted SW. At the east rift zone, two
lava flows that broke out of the TEB lava-tube system advanced E
through the coastal highway 130/137 intersection beginning on 17 July,
and by 19 July were within 70 m of the nearest structure. A second set
of active lava lobes were approximately 1 km to the NW and also
advanced toward that general area. According to a news article, two
people evacuated their home in Kalapana due to advancing lava flows.

Geologic Summary. Kilauea, one of five coalescing volcanoes that
comprise the island of Hawaii, is one of the world's most active
volcanoes. Eruptions at Kilauea originate primarily from the summit
caldera or along one of the lengthy E and SW rift zones that extend
from the caldera to the sea. About 90% of the surface of Kilauea is
formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the
volcano's surface is younger than 600 years. A long-term eruption from
the East rift zone that began in 1983 has produced lava flows covering
more than 100 sq km, destroying nearly 200 houses and adding new
coastline to the island.

Map

Sources: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO),
Associated Press

Kilauea Information from the Global Volcanism Program

KLIUCHEVSKOI Central Kamchatka (Russia) 56.057°N, 160.638°E; summit
elev. 4835 m

KVERT reported that during 9-16 July seismic activity from
Kliuchevskoi was above background levels. Satellite imagery analysis
showed a large daily thermal anomaly over the volcano and a gas-and-
ash plume that drifted 45 km NW on 14 July. Strombolian activity and
gas-and-ash emissions were observed during 9, 12, and 14-15 July. Ash
plumes occasionally rose to an altitude of 6.8 km (22,300 ft) a.s.l.
Based on analyses of satellite imagery and information from KVERT, the
Tokyo VAAC reported a possible eruption on 17 July. Ash was seen in
satellite imagery and then later dissipated. An eruption on 19 July
and a possible eruption the next day produced plumes that rose to
altitudes of 5.2-5.5 km (17,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW and
SE. The Aviation Color Code level remained at Orange.

Geologic Summary. Kliuchevskoi is Kamchatka's highest and most active
volcano. Since its origin about 7,000 years ago, the beautifully
symmetrical, 4,835-m-high basaltic stratovolcano has produced frequent
moderate-volume explosive and effusive eruptions without major periods
of inactivity. More than 100 flank eruptions, mostly on the NE and SE
flanks of the conical volcano between 500 m and 3,600 m elevation,
have occurred during the past 3,000 years. The morphology of its 700-m-
wide summit crater has been frequently modified by historical
eruptions, which have been recorded since the late-17th century.
Historical eruptions have originated primarily from the summit crater,
but have also included major explosive and effusive events from flank
craters.

Map

Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT), Tokyo
Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

Kliuchevskoi Information from the Global Volcanism Program

NEVADO DEL RUIZ Colombia 4.895°N, 75.322°W; summit elev. 5321 m

The Washington VAAC reported that a plume at an altitude of 7 km
(23,000 ft) a.s.l. from a possible eruption from Nevado del Ruiz on 17
July was stated in a Bogota MWO SIGMET notice. A second VAAC report
less than an hour later noted a brief seismic signal alert had been
issued and that meteorological cloud cover prevented observations of
the volcano. Ash was not seen in satellite imagery later that day nor
were there any additional reports of activity. [INGEOMINAS later
confirmed that no eruption had occurred.]

Geologic Summary. Nevado del Ruiz is a broad, glacier-covered volcano
in central Colombia that covers >200 sq km. Three major edifices,
composed of andesitic and dacitic lavas and andesitic pyroclastics,
have been constructed since the beginning of the Pleistocene. The
modern cone consists of a broad cluster of lava domes built within the
summit caldera of an older Ruiz volcano. The 1-km-wide, 240-m-deep
Arenas crater occupies the summit. Steep headwalls of massive
landslides cut the flanks of Nevado del Ruiz. Melting of its summit
icecap during historical eruptions, which date back to the 16th
century, has resulted in devastating lahars, including one in 1985
that was South America's deadliest eruption.

Map

Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

Nevado del Ruiz Information from the Global Volcanism Program

PACAYA Guatemala 14.381°N, 90.601°W; summit elev. 2552 m

INSIVUMEH reported that, after an increase in Pacaya's activity on 13
July, a decrease in seismicity was noted on 14 July. Strombolian
explosions occurred on 14 July at 5-10 minute intervals, and
occasional small pyroclastic flows traveled S. Gray ash plumes rose
500 m and drifted WSW. On 19 July, fumarolic plumes rose 100 m above
MacKenney crater and drifted N. The seismic network had recorded a
total of 120 explosions within the previous 24 hours. On 20 July
Strombolian explosions generated ash plumes that rose 100 m and
drifted 2 km N.

Geologic Summary. Eruptions from Pacaya, one of Guatemala's most
active volcanoes, are frequently visible from Guatemala City, the
nation's capital. Pacaya is a complex volcano constructed on the
southern rim of the 14 x 16 km Pleistocene Amatitlan caldera. A
cluster of dacitic lava domes occupies the caldera floor. The Pacaya
massif includes the Cerro Grande lava dome and a younger volcano to
the SW. Collapse of Pacaya volcano about 1,100 years ago produced a
debris-avalanche deposit that extends 25 km onto the Pacific coastal
plain and left an arcuate somma rim inside which the modern Pacaya
volcano (MacKenney cone) grew. During the past several decades,
activity at Pacaya has consisted of frequent Strombolian eruptions
with intermittent lava flow extrusion on the flanks of MacKenney cone,
punctuated by occasional larger explosive eruptions.

Map

Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia,
e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH)

Pacaya Information from the Global Volcanism Program

SAKURA-JIMA Kyushu 31.585°N, 130.657°E; summit elev. 1117 m

Based on JMA notices, the Tokyo VAAC reported explosions from Sakura-
jima on 14 and 20 July. During 15-18 July pilots observed ash plumes
that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.4 km (6,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and
drifted NE, N, and NW. Plumes on 20 July rose as high as 2.1 km (7,000
ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW and N.

Geologic Summary. Sakura-jima, one of Japan's most active volcanoes,
is a post-caldera cone of the Aira caldera at the northern half of
Kagoshima Bay. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow was
associated with the formation of the 17 x 23-km-wide Aira caldera
about 22,000 years ago. The construction of Sakura-jima began about
13,000 years ago and built an island that was finally joined to the
Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of
1914. Activity at the Kita-dake summit cone ended about 4,850 years
ago, after which eruptions took place at Minami-dake. Frequent
historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century, have deposited
ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located across
Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical
eruption took place during 1471-76.

Map

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

Sakura-jima Information from the Global Volcanism Program

SANTA MARIA Guatemala 14.756°N, 91.552°W; summit elev. 3772 m

INSIVUMEH reported that 16 explosions from Santa María's Santiaguito
lava dome complex during 19-20 July produced ash plumes that rose
300-900 m above Santiaguito and drifted SE and W. Ashfall was reported
downwind in San José and La Quina. The seismic network had recorded a
total of 24 explosions within the 48 hour period.

Geologic Summary. Symmetrical, forest-covered Santa María volcano is
one of a chain of large stratovolcanoes that rises dramatically above
the Pacific coastal plain of Guatemala. The stratovolcano has a sharp-
topped, conical profile that is cut on the SW flank by a large, 1-km-
wide crater, which formed during a catastrophic eruption in 1902 and
extends from just below the summit to the lower flank. The renowned
Plinian eruption of 1902 followed a long repose period and devastated
much of SW Guatemala. The large dacitic Santiaguito lava-dome complex
has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater since 1922. Compound
dome growth at Santiaguito has occurred episodically from four
westward-younging vents, accompanied by almost continuous minor
explosions and periodic lava extrusion, larger explosions, pyroclastic
flows, and lahars.

Map

Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia,
e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH)

Santa María Information from the Global Volcanism Program

SHIVELUCH Central Kamchatka (Russia) 56.653°N, 161.360°E; summit elev.
3283 m

KVERT reported that during 9-16 July seismic activity from Shiveluch
was above background levels and suggested that possible ash plumes
rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (12,100 ft) a.s.l. Satellite imagery
showed a large daily thermal anomaly over the lava dome. Gas-and-steam
plumes were seen rising to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,100 ft) a.s.l.
during 9 and 11-14 July. Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the
Tokyo VAAC reported a possible eruption on 19 July. Ash was seen in
subsequent satellite images and then later dissipated. The Aviation
Color Code level remained at Orange.

Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Shiveluch volcano (also
spelled Sheveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya
volcano group and forms one of Kamchatka's largest and most active
volcanoes. The currently active Molodoy Shiveluch lava-dome complex
was constructed during the Holocene within a large breached caldera
formed by collapse of the massive late-Pleistocene Strary Shiveluch
volcano. At least 60 large eruptions of Shiveluch have occurred during
the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano of the
Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Frequent collapses of lava-dome complexes, most
recently in 1964, have produced large debris avalanches whose deposits
cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Intermittent
explosive eruptions began in the 1990s from a new lava dome that began
growing in 1980. The largest historical eruptions from Shiveluch
occurred in 1854 and 1964.

Map

Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT), Tokyo
Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

Shiveluch Information from the Global Volcanism Program

SUWANOSE-JIMA Ryukyu Islands (Japan) 29.635°N, 129.716°E; summit elev.
799 m

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported explosions from
Suwanose-jima on 17 and 19 July. Details of possible resulting plumes
were not reported.

Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long, spindle-shaped island of Suwanose-
jima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic
stratovolcano with two historically active summit craters. Only about
50 persons live on the sparsely populated island. The summit of the
volcano is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea
on the east flank that was formed by edifice collapse. Suwanose-jima,
one of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, was in a state of
intermittent Strombolian activity from On-take, the NE summit crater,
that began in 1949 and lasted nearly a half century. The largest
historical eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits
blanketed residential areas, after which the island was uninhabited
for about 70 years. The SW crater produced lava flows that reached the
western coast in 1813, and lava flows reached the eastern coast of the
island in 1884.

Map

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

Suwanose-jima Information from the Global Volcanism Program

TUNGURAHUA Ecuador 1.467°S, 78.442°W; summit elev. 5023 m

Observations of Tungurahua's summit area during 13-20 July were
sometimes not possible due to inclement weather. On 13 July
incandescent blocks were seen rolling down the flanks at night and
ashfall was reported in areas 8 km SW. Incandescence from the crater
was seen the next night and ashfall was again reported in areas to the
SW. During 15-18 July steam-and-ash plumes were observed and
occasionally drifted SW. Ashfall was noted in areas within 8 km SW, W,
and NW. Lahars descended drainages to the SW, NW, and N on 15 July.
Rolling blocks on the flanks were seen after explosions on 18 July.
During 19-20 July steam plumes drifted NW and W.

Geologic Summary. The steep-sided Tungurahua stratovolcano towers more
than 3 km above its northern base. It sits ~140 km S of Quito,
Ecuador's capital city, and is one of Ecuador's most active volcanoes.
Historical eruptions have all originated from the summit crater. They
have been accompanied by strong explosions and sometimes by
pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached populated areas at the
volcano's base. The last major eruption took place from 1916 to 1918,
although minor activity continued until 1925. The latest eruption
began in October 1999 and prompted temporary evacuation of the town of
Baños on the N side of the volcano.

Map

Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG)

Tungurahua Information from the Global Volcanism Program

Additional Reports of Volcanic Activity by Country

The following websites have frequently updated activity reports on
volcanoes in addition to those that meet the criteria for inclusion in
the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report. The websites are organized by
country and are maintained by various agencies.

Ecuador, Indonesia, Japan, New Zealand, United States and Russia

Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor
URL: http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/

Global Volcanism Program — Department of Mineral Sciences
National Museum of Natural History — Smithsonian Institution


author: [redacted]

subject: Re: New Volcanos Erupting This Week: 7 — Total Active: 18

text:
SI / USGS
                        Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

                      27 October-2 November 2010

                              New  7  Ongoing =  11

                         New Activity/Unrest:

| Colima, México
| Kliuchevskoi, Central Kamchatka (Russia)
| Krakatau, Indonesia
| Merapi, Central Java (Indonesia)
| Piton de la Fournaise, Reunion Island
| Planchón-Peteroa, Central Chile-Argentina border
| Shiveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia)

                         Ongoing Activity:

| Dukono, Halmahera
| Eyjafjallajökull, Southern Iceland
| Fuego, Guatemala
| Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia)
| Kilauea, Hawaii (USA)
| Manam, Northeast of New Guinea (SW Pacific)
| Pagan, Mariana Islands (Central Pacific)
| Sakura-jima, Kyushu
| Sangay, Ecuador
| Santa María, Guatemala
| Villarrica, Central Chile

                 Weekly Report Editor Sally Kuhn Sennert

                 http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/

                 http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs

                 This page is updated on Wednesdays, please
                 see the GVP Home Page for news of the
                 latest significant activity.

                 The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a
                 cooperative project between the Smithsonian's
                 Global Volcanism Program and the US
                 Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program.

                 Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday,
                  notices of volcanic activity posted on these
                 pages are preliminary and subject to change
                 as events are studied in more detail.

                  This is not a comprehensive list of all of
                  Earths volcanos erupting during the week, but
                  rather a summary of activity at volcanos
                  that meet criteria discussed in detail in the
                  "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully
                  reviewed,  detailed reports on various
                  volcanos are published monthly in the
                  Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network.

                  Note: Many news agencies do not archive
                  the articles they post on the Internet, and
                  therefore the links to some sources may
                  not be active. To obtain information
                  about the cited articles that are no longer
                  available on the Internet contact the
                  source.

                               New Activity/Unrest

COLIMA México 19.514°N, 103.62°W; summit elev. 3850 m

Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported
that an ash cloud from Colima drifted W on 28 October.

Geologic Summary. The Colima volcanic complex is the most prominent
volcanic center of the western Mexican Volcanic Belt. It consists of
two southward-younging volcanoes, Nevado de Colima (the 4,320 m high
point of the complex) on the N and the historically active Volcán de
Colima on the S. Volcán de Colima (also known as Volcán Fuego) is a
youthful stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera,
breached to the S, that has been the source of large debris
avalanches. Major slope failures have occurred repeatedly from both
the Nevado and Colima cones, and have produced a thick apron of debris-
avalanche deposits on three sides of the complex. Frequent historical
eruptions date back to the 16th century. Occasional major explosive
eruptions (most recently in 1913) have destroyed the summit and left a
deep, steep-sided crater that was slowly refilled and then overtopped
by lava dome growth.

Map

Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

Colima Information from the Global Volcanism Program

KLIUCHEVSKOI Central Kamchatka (Russia) 56.057°N, 160.638°E; summit
elev. 4835 m

KVERT reported that during 22-29 October seismic activity at
Kliuchevskoi was above background levels and Strombolian activity was
observed. Satellite imagery analyses showed a large and intense daily
thermal anomaly over the volcano and two lava flows descending the W
and SW flanks from the summit crater. Ash plumes also detected in
imagery drifted more than 2,300 km E. Ash plumes rose to altitudes of
8-9 km (26,200-29,500 ft) a.s.l. during 22-25 and 27 October. The
Aviation Color Code level remained at Red. A news article from 29
October stated that ash from Kliuchevskoi and Shiveluch caused area
flight diversions.

On 30 October explosive activity decreased along with the magnitude of
volcanic tremor. Based on visual observations and analysis of
satellite imagery, ash plumes rose to altitudes of 5-5.5 km
(16,400-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 100 km SE. The Aviation Color
Code level was lowered to Orange. The Tokyo VAAC reported that, based
on analyses of satellite imagery and information from KVERT, eruptions
on 31 October and 2 November, and a possible eruption on 1 November
produced ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 5.2-6.7 km
(17,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and E.

Geologic Summary. Kliuchevskoi is Kamchatka's highest and most active
volcano. Since its origin about 7,000 years ago, the beautifully
symmetrical, 4,835-m-high basaltic stratovolcano has produced frequent
moderate-volume explosive and effusive eruptions without major periods
of inactivity. More than 100 flank eruptions, mostly on the NE and SE
flanks of the conical volcano between 500 m and 3,600 m elevation,
have occurred during the past 3,000 years. The morphology of its 700-m-
wide summit crater has been frequently modified by historical
eruptions, which have been recorded since the late-17th century.
Historical eruptions have originated primarily from the summit crater,
but have also included major explosive and effusive events from flank
craters.

Map

Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT), Tokyo
Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), Associated Press

Kliuchevskoi Information from the Global Volcanism Program

KRAKATAU Indonesia 6.102°S, 105.423°E; summit elev. 813 m

A news report on 2 November noted that the frequency of explosions
from Anak Krakatau had slowly increased to 100 per day since 25
October. During 31 October-1 November there were 251 explosions
recorded.

Geologic Summary. Renowned Krakatau volcano lies in the Sunda Strait
between Java and Sumatra. Collapse of the ancestral Krakatau edifice,
perhaps in 416 AD, resulted in a 7-km-wide caldera. Remnants of this
volcano formed Verlaten and Lang Islands; subsequently Rakata, Danan
and Perbuwatan volcanoes were formed, coalescing to create the
pre-1883 Krakatau Island. Caldera collapse during the catastrophic
1883 eruption destroyed Danan and Perbuwatan volcanoes, and left only
a remnant of Rakata volcano. The post-collapse cone of Anak Krakatau
(Child of Krakatau), constructed within the 1883 caldera at a point
between the former cones of Danan and Perbuwatan, has been the site of
frequent eruptions since 1927.

Map

Source: Jakarta Post

Krakatau Information from the Global Volcanism Program

MERAPI Central Java (Indonesia) 7.542°S, 110.442°E; summit elev. 2968
m

According to the Darwin VAAC, ground-based reports indicated an
eruption from Merapi on 28 October. Cloud cover prevented satellite
observations. CVGHM reported that two pyroclastic flows occurred on 30
October. According to a news article, ash fell in Yogyakarta, 30 km
SSW, causing low visibility. CVGHM noted four pyroclastic flows the
next day.

On 1 November an eruption began mid-morning with a low-frequency
earthquake and avalanches. About seven pyroclastic flows occurred
during the next few hours, traveling SSE a maximum distance of 4 km. A
gas-and-ash plume rose 1.5 km above the crater and drifted E and N.
CVGHM recommended that evacuees from several communities within a 10-
km radius should continue to stay in shelters or safe areas. The
Darwin VAAC reported that a possible eruption on 1 November produced
an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l.,
according to ground-based reports, analyses of satellite imagery, and
web camera views. On 2 November an ash plume was seen in satellite
imagery drifting 75 km N at an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l.
News outlets noted diversions and cancellations of flights in and out
of the Solo (40 km E) and Yogyakarta airports. The Alert Level
remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4).

CVGHM reported 26 pyroclastic flows on 2 November. A mid-day report on
3 November stated that 38 pyroclastic flows occurred during the first
12 hours of the day. An observer from the Kaliurang post saw 19 of
those 38 flows travel 4 km S. Plumes from the pyroclastic flows rose
1.2 km, although dense fog made visual observations difficult. Ashfall
was noted in some nearby areas.

Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes,
lies in one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates
the landscape immediately N of the major city of Yogyakarta. The steep-
sided modern Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to
frequent eruptive activity, was constructed to the SW of an arcuate
scarp cutting the eroded older Batulawang volcano. Pyroclastic flows
and lahars accompanying growth and collapse of the steep-sided active
summit lava dome have devastated cultivated and inhabited lands on the
volcano's western-to-southern flanks and caused many fatalities during
historical time. The volcano is the object of extensive monitoring
efforts by the Merapi Volcano Observatory (MVO).

Map

Sources: Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation
(CVGHM), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), CNN, BBC News

Merapi Information from the Global Volcanism Program

PITON DE LA FOURNAISE Reunion Island 21.231°S, 55.713°E; summit elev.
2632 m

OVPDLF reported that an eruption from Piton de la Fournaise that began
on 14 October from a fissure near the Château Fort crater, about 1.5
km SE of the Dolomieu crater rim, continued during 27-30 October. On
27 October steam plumes rose from the main vent (Cone 3) and lava
flows were active. A sudden increase in tremor intensity was detected.
The next day material was ejected from Cone 3, along with gas and
steam. A small lava lake was observed in the cone, and lava flows
continued to be active on the field. Tremor slightly decreased, and
then significantly decreased on 29-30 October. No further tremor was
recorded on 31 October and OVPDLF stated that the eruption had
stopped.

Geologic Summary. Massive Piton de la Fournaise shield volcano on the
island of Réunion is one of the world's most active volcanoes. Most
historical eruptions have originated from the summit and flanks of a
400-m-high lava shield, Dolomieu, that has grown within the youngest
of three large calderas. This depression is 8 km wide and is breached
to below sea level on the eastern side. More than 150 eruptions, most
of which have produced fluid basaltic lava flows within the caldera,
have been documented since the 17th century. The volcano is monitored
by the Piton de la Fournaise Volcano Observatory, one of several
operated by the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris.

Map

Source: Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise (OVPDLF)

Piton de la Fournaise Information from the Global Volcanism Program

PLANCHON-PETEROA Central Chile-Argentina border 35.240°S, 70.570°W;
summit elev. 4107 m

SERNAGEOMIN reported that during 15-25 October seismic activity from
Planchón-Peteroa was low. Observations based on images from a camera
installed in the town of Romeral (approximately 60 km NW) and photos
sent by staff from a mining company (65 km WNW) showed that plume
color changed from gray to white on 13 October. The plume was smaller,
with heights of less than 200 m above the crater. Satellite imagery
analyses corroborated the ground-based observations. On 27 October,
the Alert Level was lowered to 3, Yellow.

Geologic Summary. Planchón-Peteroa is an elongated complex volcano
along the Chile-Argentina border with several overlapping calderas.
Activity began in the Pleistocene with construction of the basaltic-
andesite to dacitic Volcán Azufre, followed by formation of basaltic
and basaltic-andesite Volcán Planchón, 6 km to the N. About 11,500
years ago, much of Azufre and part of Planchón collapsed, forming the
massive Río Teno debris avalanche, which reached Chile's Central
Valley. Subsequently, Volcán Planchón II was formed. The youngest
volcano, andesitic and basaltic-andesite Volcá Peteroa, consists of
scattered vents between Azufre and Planchón. Peteroa has been active
into historical time and contains a small steaming crater lake.
Historical eruptions from the Planchón-Peteroa complex have been
dominantly explosive, although lava flows were erupted in 1837 and
1937.

Map

Source: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN)

Planchón-Peteroa Information from the Global Volcanism Program

SHIVELUCH Central Kamchatka (Russia) 56.653°N, 161.360°E; summit elev.
3283 m

KVERT reported that seismic activity from Shiveluch began to increase
on 27 October. The magnitude of volcanic tremor then sharply increased
on 28 October, indicating a strong explosive eruption. Cloud cover
prevented observations of the volcano, but ash plumes possibly rose to
an altitude of 10 km (32,800 ft) a.s.l. Ash fell in Ust-Kamchatsk, 85
km SE, a few hours later. The road from Ust-Kamchatsk to Kliuchi, 50
km SW, closed due to poor visibility and darkness. Satellite images
indicated that the ash plume rose to an altitude of 12 km (39,400 ft)
a.s.l. and drifted E. The Aviation Color Code level was raised to Red.
According to news articles, ash from Shiveluch and Kliuchevskoi caused
area flight diversions.

On 29 October satellite imagery showed the ash plume drifting 2,500 km
E; ash continued to fall in Ust-Kamchatsk. Ash explosions continued on
30 October. Seismic data suggested that ash plumes rose to an altitude
of 10 km (32,800 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE. The Aviation Color Code
level was lowered to Orange. Based on analyses of satellite imagery
and information from KVERT, the Tokyo VAAC reported that possible
eruptions on 31 October and during 1-2 November produced ash plumes
that rose to altitudes of 3.7-6.7 km (12,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. and
drifted SE and E. Subsequent notices on 31 October and 1 November
stated that ash had dissipated.

Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Shiveluch volcano (also
spelled Sheveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya
volcano group and forms one of Kamchatka's largest and most active
volcanoes. The currently active Molodoy Shiveluch lava-dome complex
was constructed during the Holocene within a large breached caldera
formed by collapse of the massive late-Pleistocene Strary Shiveluch
volcano. At least 60 large eruptions of Shiveluch have occurred during
the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano of the
Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Frequent collapses of lava-dome complexes, most
recently in 1964, have produced large debris avalanches whose deposits
cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Intermittent
explosive eruptions began in the 1990s from a new lava dome that began
growing in 1980. The largest historical eruptions from Shiveluch
occurred in 1854 and 1964.

Map

Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT), Tokyo
Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), Associated Press

Shiveluch Information from the Global Volcanism Program

                   Ongoing Activity
                 ————————————

DUKONO Halmahera 1.68°N, 127.88°E; summit elev. 1335 m

Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that
during 1-2 November ash plumes from Dukono rose to an altitude of 3 km
(10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 45-75 km NW and SW.

Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost
Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active
volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes
accompanied by lava flows, occurred from 1933 until at least the
mid-1990s, when routine observations were curtailed. During a major
eruption in 1550, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera
and the N-flank cone of Gunung Mamuya. Dukono is a complex volcano
presenting a broad, low profile with multiple summit peaks and
overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of Dukono's summit
crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been
active during historical time.

Map

Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)

Dukono Information from the Global Volcanism Program

EYJAFJALLAJOKULL Southern Iceland 63.63°N, 19.62°W; summit elev. 1666
m

According to a news article from 27 October, a scientist at the
University of Iceland Institute of Earth Sciences noted that the
eruption of Eyjafjallajökull, that began as a fissure eruption on 20
March 2010 and later continued from the summit caldera on 14 April,
was over. Ash was last seen rising from the caldera in June.

Geologic Summary. Eyjafjallajökull (also known as Eyjafjöll) is
located west of Katla volcano. Eyjafjallajökull consists of an E-W-
trending, elongated ice-covered basaltic-andesite stratovolcano with a
2.5-km-wide summit caldera. Fissure-fed lava flows occur on both the
eastern and western flanks of the volcano, but are more prominent on
the western side. Although the 1666-m-high volcano has erupted during
historical time, it has been less active than other volcanoes of
Iceland's eastern volcanic zone, and relatively few Holocene lava
flows are known. An intrusion beneath the south flank from July-
December 1999 was accompanied by increased seismic activity and was
constrained by tilt measurements, GPS-geodesy and InSAR. The last
historical eruption of Eyjafjallajökull prior to an eruption in 2010
produced intermediate-to-silicic tephra from the central caldera
during December 1821 to January 1823.

Map

Source: Iceland Review

Eyjafjallajökull Information from the Global Volcanism Program

FUEGO Guatemala 14.473°N, 90.880°W; summit elev. 3763 m

During 28-29 October, INSIVUMEH reported that explosions from Fuego
produced ash plumes that rose 300-600 m above the crater. Incandescent
material was ejected 75 m above the crater, and rumbling and degassing
sounds were occasionally heard. Avalanches descended the W flank. On
18 October, ashfall was reported in Sangre de Cristo, 10 km WSW. Based
on analyses of satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that on
31 October an ash cloud was detected up to 20 km W of Fuego.

Geologic Summary. Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active
volcanoes, is one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking
Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice,
Meseta, lies between 3,763-m-high Fuego and its twin volcano to the N,
Acatenango. Construction of Meseta volcano continued until the late
Pleistocene or early Holocene, after which growth of the modern Fuego
volcano continued the southward migration of volcanism that began at
Acatenango. Frequent vigorous historical eruptions have been recorded
at Fuego since the onset of the Spanish era in 1524, and have produced
major ashfalls, along with occasional pyroclastic flows and lava
flows. The last major explosive eruption from Fuego took place in
1974, producing spectacular pyroclastic flows visible from Antigua.

Map

Sources: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia,
e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH), Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center
(VAAC)

Fuego Information from the Global Volcanism Program

KARYMSKY Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) 54.05°N, 159.45°E; summit elev.
1536 m

KVERT reported that seismic activity from Karymsky was above
background levels during 21-23 October and at background levels during
24-29 October. Satellite imagery showed a thermal anomaly over the
volcano during 22-25 October and an ash plume that drifted 40 km E on
23 October. The Aviation Color Code level remained at Orange.

Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's
eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed
within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed about 7,600-7,700 radiocarbon
years ago. Construction of the Karymsky stratovolcano began about
2,000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years
ago, following a 2,300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by
lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been
Vulcanian or Vulcanian-Strombolian with moderate explosive activity
and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Most seismicity
preceding Karymsky eruptions has originated beneath Akademia Nauk
caldera, which is located immediately S of Karymsky volcano and
erupted simultaneously with Karymsky in 1996.

Map

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)

Karymsky Information from the Global Volcanism Program

KILAUEA Hawaii (USA) 19.421°N, 155.287°W; summit elev. 1222 m

During 27 October-2 November, HVO reported that activity at Kilauea
continued from the summit caldera and the east rift zone. At the
summit caldera, the level of the lava-pool surface in the deep pit
within Halema'uma'u crater remained mostly stable between 160 and 170
m below the crater floor. Periodically the lava rose a few meters
above that level, producing nighttime incandescence seen from the
Jaggar Museum, on the NW caldera rim. A plume from the vent drifted SW
and deposited ash nearby.

At the east rift zone, lava continued to flow through the TEB lava-
tube system and fed two ocean entries at the Puhi-o-Kalaikini delta.
On 27 October a small lava flow broke out of the lava tube and was
active W of the end of Highway 130. A channelized 'a'a lava flow at
the base of the pali began the next day. Lava flows were active on the
coastal plain during 29-30 October and 1-2 November. Incandescence was
frequently visible from vents on the N part of the Pu'u 'O'o crater
floor.

Geologic Summary. Kilauea, one of five coalescing volcanoes that
comprise the island of Hawaii, is one of the world's most active
volcanoes. Eruptions at Kilauea originate primarily from the summit
caldera or along one of the lengthy E and SW rift zones that extend
from the caldera to the sea. About 90% of the surface of Kilauea is
formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the
volcano's surface is younger than 600 years. A long-term eruption from
the East rift zone that began in 1983 has produced lava flows covering
more than 100 sq km, destroying nearly 200 houses and adding new
coastline to the island.

Map

Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)

Kilauea Information from the Global Volcanism Program

MANAM Northeast of New Guinea (SW Pacific) 4.080°S, 145.037°E; summit
elev. 1807 m

Based on analysis of satellite imagery and pilot observations, the
Darwin VAAC reported that on 28 October an ash plume from Manam rose
to an altitude of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted about 95 km
NW.

Geologic Summary. The 10-km-wide island of Manam, lying 13 km off the
northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea, is one of the country's
most active volcanoes. Four large radial valleys extend from the
unvegetated summit of the conical 1807-m-high basaltic-andesitic
stratovolcano to its lower flanks. These "avalanche valleys,"
regularly spaced 90 degrees apart, channel lava flows and pyroclastic
avalanches that have sometimes reached the coast. Two summit craters
are present; both are active, although most historical eruptions have
originated from the southern crater, concentrating eruptive products
during much of the past century into the SE avalanche valley. Frequent
historical eruptions, typically of mild-to-moderate scale, have been
recorded at Manam since 1616. Occasional larger eruptions have
produced pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached flat-lying
coastal areas and entered the sea, sometimes impacting populated
areas.

Map

Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)

Manam Information from the Global Volcanism Program

PAGAN Mariana Islands (Central Pacific) 18.13°N, 145.80°E; summit
elev. 570 m

Low-level gas-and-steam plumes from Pagan were observed in satellite
imagery during 24 and 26-27 October. The Aviation Color Code remained
at Yellow and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory. Pagan is
not monitored with ground-based geophysical instrumentation; the only
source of information is satellite observation and occasional reports
from observers who visit the island.

Geologic Summary. Pagan Island, the largest and one of the most active
of the Marianas Islands volcanoes, consists of two stratovolcanoes
connected by a narrow isthmus. Both North and South Pagan
stratovolcanoes were constructed within calderas, 7 and 4 km in
diameter, respectively. The 570-m-high Mount Pagan at the NE end of
the island rises above the flat floor of the caldera, which probably
formed during the early Holocene. South Pagan is a 548-m-high
stratovolcano with an elongated summit containing four distinct
craters. Almost all of the historical eruptions of Pagan, which date
back to the 17th century, have originated from North Pagan volcano.
The largest eruption of Pagan during historical time took place in
1981 and prompted the evacuation of the sparsely populated island.

Map

Source: Emergency Management Office of the Commonwealth of the Mariana
Islands, Office of the Governor, United States Geological Survey
Volcano Hazards Program

Pagan Information from the Global Volcanism Program

SAKURA-JIMA Kyushu 31.585°N, 130.657°E; summit elev. 1117 m

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an
eruption from Sakura-jima on 31 October produced a plume that rose to
an altitude of 1.5 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE. On 2 November
a pilot reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 1.5 km
(6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Geologic Summary. Sakura-jima, one of Japan's most active volcanoes,
is a post-caldera cone of the Aira caldera at the northern half of
Kagoshima Bay. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow was
associated with the formation of the 17 x 23-km-wide Aira caldera
about 22,000 years ago. The construction of Sakura-jima began about
13,000 years ago and built an island that was finally joined to the
Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of
1914. Activity at the Kita-dake summit cone ended about 4,850 years
ago, after which eruptions took place at Minami-dake. Frequent
historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century, have deposited
ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located across
Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical
eruption took place during 1471-76.

Map

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

Sakura-jima Information from the Global Volcanism Program

SANGAY Ecuador 2.002°S, 78.341°W; summit elev. 5230 m

The Washington VAAC reported that on 29 October a thermal anomaly from
Sangay was seen in satellite imagery. A narrow steam-and-gas plume
possibly containing some ash was also detected.

Geologic Summary. The isolated Sangay volcano, located E of the Andean
crest, is the southernmost of Ecuador's volcanoes, and its most
active. It has been in frequent eruption for the past several
centuries. The steep-sided, 5,230-m-high glacier-covered volcano grew
within horseshoe-shaped calderas of two previous edifices, which were
destroyed by collapse to the E, producing large debris avalanches that
reached the Amazonian lowlands. The modern edifice dates back to at
least 14,000 years ago. Sangay towers above the tropical jungle on the
E side; on the other sides flat plains of ash from the volcano have
been sculpted by heavy rains into steep-walled canyons up to 600 m
deep. The earliest report of an historical eruption was in 1628. More
or less continuous eruptions were reported from 1728 until 1916, and
again from 1934 to the present. The more or less constant eruptive
activity has caused frequent changes to the morphology of the summit
crater complex.

Map

Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

Sangay Information from the Global Volcanism Program

SANTA MARIA Guatemala 14.756°N, 91.552°W; summit elev. 3772 m

INSIVUMEH reported that on 29 October an explosion from Santa María's
Santiaguito lava dome complex produced ash plumes that rose 900 m
above Caliente dome and drifted SW. A weak pyroclastic flow from the
lava dome traveled down the SE flank. Ashfall was reported in the
Finca La Florida (5 km S), and Palajunoj and San José on the SW flank.
Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported
that on 31 October an ash cloud drifted W.

Geologic Summary. Symmetrical, forest-covered Santa María volcano is
one of a chain of large stratovolcanoes that rises dramatically above
the Pacific coastal plain of Guatemala. The stratovolcano has a sharp-
topped, conical profile that is cut on the SW flank by a large, 1-km-
wide crater, which formed during a catastrophic eruption in 1902 and
extends from just below the summit to the lower flank. The renowned
Plinian eruption of 1902 followed a long repose period and devastated
much of SW Guatemala. The large dacitic Santiaguito lava-dome complex
has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater since 1922. Compound
dome growth at Santiaguito has occurred episodically from four
westward-younging vents, accompanied by almost continuous minor
explosions and periodic lava extrusion, larger explosions, pyroclastic
flows, and lahars.

Map

Sources: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia,
e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH), Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center
(VAAC)

Santa María Information from the Global Volcanism Program

VILLARRICA Central Chile 39.42°S, 71.93°W; summit elev. 2847 m

Based on Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET) advisories
and web camera views, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that during 1-2
November ash plumes from Villarrica rose to altitudes of 3.7-4.6 km
(12,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NE, E, and ESE. Ash was not
detected on satellite imagery. On 2 November a steam-and-gas plume
drifted NE.

Geologic Summary. Villarrica, one of Chile's most active volcanoes,
rises above the lake and town of the same name. It is the westernmost
of three large stratovolcanoes that trend perpendicular to the Andean
chain. A 6-km wide caldera formed during the late Pleistocene, more
than 0.9 million years ago. A 2-km-wide postglacial caldera is located
at the base of the presently active, dominantly basaltic-to-andesitic
cone at the NW margin of the Pleistocene caldera. About 25 scoria
cones dot Villarrica's flanks. Plinian eruptions and pyroclastic flows
have been produced during the Holocene from this dominantly basaltic
volcano, but historical eruptions have consisted largely of mild-to-
moderate explosive activity with occasional lava effusion. Lahars from
the glacier-covered volcano have damaged towns on its flanks.

Map

Source: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

Villarrica Information from the Global Volcanism Program

Additional Reports of Volcanic Activity by Country

The following websites have frequently updated activity reports on
volcanoes in addition to those that meet the criteria for inclusion in
the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report. The websites are organized by
country and are maintained by various agencies.

Ecuador, Indonesia, Japan, New Zealand, United States and Russia

Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor
URL: http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/

Global Volcanism Program — Department of Mineral Sciences
National Museum of Natural History — Smithsonian Institution


subject: why ITER will never surpass 2/3 breakeven; elaboration on Fusion Barrier Principle

text:
Some are going to ask why my mind jumps around so much from one topic
to another. And quite simply I get bored if I stay on a subject for any
length of time. I would be extremely bored if every meal was chicken or
hamburger. So I like to dwell on a subject briefly but intensely. And
then let it rest in the back of my mind to pick up some future date.

My website states the Fusion Barrier Principle as this:
Fusion Barrier Principle. Fission energy is the highest form of energy
that is able to be controlled and surpass breakeven. A Tokamak such as
JET or ITER can only reach 2/3 breakeven because 1/3 of the input
energy is forever lost in controlling the device.

So far, all the world's experiments into fusion have conformed to that
Principle. Nagamine with muon catalyzed fusion has reached 2/3
breakeven but never surpassed. JET reached 64 percent breakeven before
it was mothballed.

The mathetical reasoning that proves 2/3 breakeven follows the lines of
logic that the Maxwell Equations of the Coulomb law and Faraday law
explain what happens in a tokamak.The Coulomb law is spherical and the
Faraday law is cylindrical. And a mathematical theorem says that sphere
enclosed in cylinder is at Maximum 2/3 volume or surface area.

So no matter how we arrange a machine to do fusion, it all boils down
to using Coulomb law with Faraday law. Every fusion machine is the
interplay between Coulomb and Faraday laws. And because one is a energy
of a sphere and the other a energy of cylinder, the energy that comes
out can never surpass 2/3.

Since I last wrote on this subject, I have been trying to elaborate on
the idea. Trying to find some easy mechanical system to analogize to
tokamaks.

I think I have found it in something very much pleasing and practical.
Take a wheelbarrow to transport water (flow of protons in tokamak) and
challenged to not spill the water over the sides. So we put 2 or 3
buckets inside the wheelbarrow to keep the perturbation low. The
buckets simulate the magnetic field that confines the plasma.

So at what amount of the buckets filled with water to keep the
perturbation as low as possible? I think the answer is 2/3 filled.

Archimedes Plutonium
www.iw.net/~a_plutonium
whole entire Universe is just one big atom
where dots of the electron-dot-cloud are galaxies


subject: Re: why ITER will never surpass 2/3 breakeven; elaboration on Fusion Barrier Principle

text:
a_plutonium wrote:
------------------------------
i agree about your bottom line
that ITER will never work
it i s a huge wast of money
and worse than that -- wast of precious time !!

ATB
Y.Porat
---------------------


subject: the number 2/3 in Perturbation theory Re: why ITER will never surpass 2/3 breakeven; elaboration on Fusion Barrier Principle

text:
Y.Porat wrote:

Are you aware of any Perturbation theory where a number of 2/3 comes to
play for a Minimum perturbation.

Archimedes Plutonium
www.iw.net/~a_plutonium
whole entire Universe is just one big atom
where dots of the electron-dot-cloud are galaxies


author: Golden Helmet

text:
The reactor on my shelf only needs a test tube of low pressure hydrogen.

It only cost $75.

I just can't get the stuff, we have laws about keeping nuclear materials on
the domestic.

If you can access my web page. http://www.newelectricity.co.uk where I
discuss me ideas.

Try me.

"Y.Porat" <[email]> wrote in message
news:[email]...


author: S.

subject: [HELP NEEDED] What is the best technique to analyze the following experiment?

text:
I performed the following experiment:

Each user (U) used several interfaces (I). Both U and I are to be
treated as random factors. For each U and I combination, time (T),
errors (E) and satisfaction (S) were measured. The data looks
something like:

U         I         T         E         S
---       ---       ---       ---       ---
U1        I1        100       10        90
U1        I2        200       20        80
U1        I3        300       30        70
U1        I4        400       40        60
U2        I1        102       11        91
U2        I2        198       18        81
U2        I5        500       50        50
U2        I6        600       60        40
.
.
.
etc.

Please note that NOT all the users used all the interfaces.

The question is: I wish to find the correlations between T, E and S
(viz., nullify the effects of U and I). What is the best statistical
method of doing this? I think something along the lines of Anova or
Variance Components should do that trick... I have SPSS, so any advice
on how to interpret the output will be most appreciated (please bear
in mind that I do not have a degree in statistics).

Many thanks.


author: Rich Ulrich

subject: Re: [HELP NEEDED] What is the best technique to analyze the following experiment?

text:
On 16 Nov 2001 09:34:52 -0800, [email] (S.) wrote:

For the little bit of data shown, the variable *I*  has a huge effect,
with R-squared of maybe 0.99 with each of the three variables, T, E
and S, and that happens while I call it a continuous variable.
So it would be just as important, with a waste of degrees of freedom,
if it is used as categories; the table shows it coded as categories,
I-1 to I-6.

High R-squared puts you into the situation where subtle choices
of model can make a difference.  Is it appropriate to remove the
effect of *I*  by subtraction, or by division? - by category, or by
treating it as continuous?

If it is strictly correlation that you want, you can ask for the
intercorrelations, while partial ling out the U and I variables.
If *I*  and U  are to be partialled-out as categories, you can create
a set of dummy variables, and partial-out those.

The result that you get will  *not*  be robust against scaling
variations (linear versus multiplicative, for instance).  That is
a consequence of the high R-squared and the range of numbers
that you have.  I suspect that the observed R-squared values
might vary in a major way if you just change the raw data by a few
points, too -- Note that prediction with an R-squared of 0.99
has *twice*  the error of an R-squared of 0.995, and so on;
that is approximately the same as the difference between 0.1
and 0.2, in certain, practical consequences.

If it will please you to reduce the eventual intercorrelations to
zero, a proper strategy *might*  be to try alternative models to
see if you can produce that result.

Of course, in practice, it should be a great deal of help
to know what the variables actually, are, and how they
are scored, etc., to know what transformations are logical
and appropriate.  I suspect that data, as stated, leave out
some conventional standardization, and so the observed
correlations are mainly artifacts.


author: Jan Panteltje

subject: Gravity & time ooops

text:
The thought 'what is time'
leads me to the conclusion that if time was stopped,
we would have no gravity either.
As nothing would move, nothing would fall...
We know time slows down in a gravity well (clocks on earth run slower
than than clocks a few hundred miles above the surface).
So, following that reasoning, and going towards a black hole,
then in such a strong gravity well time slows down more and more,
and so gravity should become less and less.
LOL

No do not give me that thing about space changing in the black hole compensating for that.
So black holes cannot exist, as singularity, as when time slows down to a stop
there is no longer gravity to grab more mass.
ooops


author: Yousuf Khan

subject: Re: Gravity & time ooops

text:
On 05/10/2010 11:44 AM, Jan Panteltje wrote:

The way I look at it is to think of there being two different things we
call time. One would be the causal time that we're all familiar with,
i.e. action-reaction, events follow each other, entropy increases, etc.
The other is a virtual time, which can also be thought of as a rigid
scale, over which causal time flows. If causal time is a river, then
virtual time is the riverbed.

Two inanimate objects on the river, let's say driftwood, have two
options about how fast they flow on the river: (1) they can flow exactly
as fast as the river current; or (2) they can flow a little slower than
the current. Nothing can go faster than the current, the current is the
ultimate speed of all things in the river. A fast driftwood, which is
coming from behind a slow driftwood, can eventually catch up and smack
into the slow driftwood, creating an action-reaction causal effect. But
two driftwoods travelling at exactly the same speed as each other, which
is presumably the same as the river current speed, will never catch up
to each other, they will forever drift exactly as far apart as they are
now. So the two driftwood at exactly the same speed as each other will
stay relatively still against each other, even though they are on a fast
flowing river.

	Yousuf Khan


author: Sam Wormley

subject: Re: Gravity & time ooops

text:
On 10/5/10 10:44 AM, Jan Panteltje wrote:

   The four forces might be in effect but no time--no change.

   Please remember time slows down in the gravity well FROM THE
   PERSPECTIVE of an observer not as far into the gravity well.
   It's a perspective thing!

   Not for the observer falling into the black hole!


author: dlzc

subject: Re: Gravity & time ooops

text:
Dear Jan Panteltje:

On Oct 5, 8:44 am, Jan Panteltje <[email]> wrote:

net production of entropy.

... and infinite space.

Correct.

Well, keep in mind much of the "clock slowing" comes about because
things sitting on a surface are *accelerating* via contact forces.

And space larger and larger.

So you don't want to put new thoughts in your head?  Its your way or
the highway?  You know all and see all, being God incarnate, so
therefore you cannot be wrong?

Right.  Slowing time, and slowing c, makes more space, relaxes
curvature (paradoxically), and makes for an interior Universe much
like our own... that expands from the event horizon forever since
interior space is orthogonal to exterior radius.

David A. Smith


author: PD

subject: Re: Gravity & time ooops

text:
On Oct 5, 10:44 am, Jan Panteltje <[email]> wrote:

Jan, this is what happens when you take a comic-book grasp of
relativity and try to extrapolate it to see what conclusions you can
draw.

It apparently does not occur to you that when you run into problems,
the difficulty is with your comic-book grasp and not with relativity?

Does it not occur to you that, encountering something like this, you
might say, "Well, that obviously can't be right, because surely
someone would have thought of something that simple. Perhaps I'm not
understanding what relativity says correctly." ??


subject: Re: Gravity & time ooops

text:
On a sunny day (Tue, 05 Oct 2010 11:13:59 -0500) it happened Sam Wormley
<[email]> wrote in <[email]>:

Yes.

So, for a particle falling in, from outside the BH,
its own clock would not change (its own perception of time),
but it would see, 'far ahead' of it, a place where time has [nearly] stopped.


subject: Re: Gravity & time ooops

text:
On 05/10/2010 1:30 PM, PD wrote:

I think in many cases there are a bunch of egotists around these forums
and newsgroups who tend to not do relativity any favours by their
generally bad attitudes and arrogance. At the same time, there are
others who simply will not accept anything you tell them, and due to
their own bad attitudes and arrogances are closed to all outside
influences.

When the two of these types meet then you realize that you have more
than just a forum, together you have a bunch ... a Brady Bunch. :)

	Yousuf Khan


subject: Re: Gravity & time ooops

text:
On a sunny day (Tue, 05 Oct 2010 19:19:15 -0400) it happened Yousuf Khan
<[email]> wrote in <4cabb277$[email]>:

It is an interesting view, however the reason I was wondering about time
is that sometimes we know the future.
I think a very different view of 'time' is needed to grasp this.
If we look at nature (world, universe, what exists) as somehow coupled
by some quantum effect in an immediate way,
then there must be something that time is a function of.
You know that if we knew ALL forces and the current position[1],
we could predict exactly where things would be next.
Almost one could say that [future] time is a different form of the flower of now,
of the essence that makes up everything.
It all depends on the 'speed' (now that is related to time, but wait) of
us being able to extrapolate,
Of course neurons are slow, but in quantum computing one could have all the answers
to 'what is next' at the same time... [quantum brain, nature always is there first].
Then it becomes a matter of selection.
As selection itself is an interaction, it is part of the result.

So we are this play of the infinite, the all pervading, seems OK to me.

[1] If we are quantum coupled to the rest of the universe then we DO know this.
    it would be normally subconscious, but we are made up of that stuff.


subject: Re: Gravity & time ooops

text:
On 06/10/2010 6:26 AM, Jan Panteltje wrote:

Which is kind of what I was saying about the difference between causal
time and virtual time. Causal time being fluid & deformable, while
virtual time is fixed & rigid.

Quantum Physics views time as fixed, and all processes in it are
reversible. Classic Physics (i.e. Relativity & Thermodynamics) views
time as changing, while time-dependent processes are often irreversible.

The various proposed Quantum Gravity theories are all fighting amongst
themselves over whether they should be primarily background-dependent or
background-less in their outlook. Background-dependent is just another
way of saying the Quantum Physics' view of fixed time and space quanta
are right, while background-less means that Relativity's deformable
space-time is right. And they're trying like crazy to hammer those
square pegs into those round holes.

When we can fully predict the future, we are likely seeing an effect of
the backgrounded time. When we can't go backwards, then we're seeing an
effect of the background-less time. An irony of this is that even though
Quantum Physics depends on fixed time, the irreversibility of
backgroundless time is likely an effect quantum physics.

	Yousuf Khan


author: Will Janoschka

subject: Re: Gravity & time ooops

text:
On Wed, 6 Oct 2010 01:16:30, Yousuf Khan <[email]>
wrote:

What the hell does that mean?


subject: Re: Gravity & time ooops

text:
On 05/10/2010 10:35 PM, Will Janoschka wrote:

Did you grow up in North America in the 70's?

	Yousuf Khan


subject: Re: Stubborn glaciers fail to retreat

text:
•• Evleth, as usual, can't catch a cold. He cites
    an AGW alarmist site and ignores the real
    scientists working in the field

    All Greenland ice is growing not shrinking
    no matter what the computer models say.

- -
In real science the burden of proof is always on
the proposer, never on the sceptics. So far
neither IPCC nor anyone else has provided one
iota of valid data for global warming nor have
they provided data that climate change is being
effected by commerce and industry, and not by
natural phenomena.


author: Ouroboros Rex

subject: Re: Stubborn glaciers fail to retreat

text:
[email] wrote:

  Satellites say you are lying.


subject: Re: Stubborn glaciers fail to retreat

text:
[email] wrote:

You didn't understand or even look at the science papers listen on that
site, nothing is modeled, it is OBSERVED by the GRACE satellite system,
but you did not understand this.


author: Earl Evleth

subject: Re: Stubborn glaciers fail to retreat

text:
On 20/06/09 20:20, in article
[email],
"[email]" <[email]> wrote:

Cite please. All the scientific sources I have
come up with says Greenland ice mass is decreasing.

For instance

"Assessment of the data and techniques suggests a mass balance for the
Greenland Ice Sheet ranging between growth of 25 Gt/yr and loss of 60 Gt/yr
for 1961 to 2003, loss of 50 to 100 Gt/yr for 1993 to 2003 and loss at even
higher rates between 2003 and 2005.[26]

from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/09/060920193210.htm

"Greenland Ice Sheet Still Losing Mass"

         Recent Greenland Ice Mass Loss by Drainage System from Satellite
...
Mass changes of the Greenland Ice Sheet resolved by drainage system regions
... of the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets. A. Shepherd and D. Wingham
(2007) ...
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1130776 - Similar

from http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2008GL035417.shtml

Mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet from 1958 to 2007
E. Rignot

Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine,
California, USA

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena,
California, USA
J. E. Box

Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
E. Burgess

Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
E. Hanna

Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

We combine estimates of the surface mass balance, SMB, of the Greenland ice
sheet for years 1958 to 2007 with measurements  of the temporal variability
in ice discharge, D, to deduce the total ice sheet mass balance. During that
time period, we find  a robust correlation (R2 = 0.83) between anomalies in
SMB and in D, which we use to reconstruct a continuous series of total ice
sheet mass balance.  We find that the ice sheet was losing 110 ï¿½ 70 Gt/yr in
the 1960s, 30 ï¿½ 50 Gt/yr or near balance in the 1970sï¿½1980s, and 97  ï¿½ 47
Gt/yr in 1996 increasing rapidly to 267 ï¿½ 38 Gt/yr in 2007. Multi-year
variations in ice discharge, themselves related  to variations in SMB, cause
60 ï¿½ 20% more variation in total mass balance than SMB, and therefore
dominate the ice sheet mass  budget.

***

The last reference is direct, from a journal and "increasing rapidly to 267
ï¿½ 38 Gt/yr in 2007"

2008 data is probably not yet available.


author: You

subject: Re: Stubborn glaciers fail to retreat

text:
In article <[email]>,
 "Ouroboros Rex" <[email]> wrote:

Hey Dufus, the "Satellites" don't SAY anything.... they just download a
Dataset.....


author: Sir Gilligan Horry

text:
(this is true)
Multiple Speeding Blinking Flashing Lights Just Sped Past Me.

I just walked up the road for a 6 pack.
And ten party booze busses pulled in and unloaded.

I've seen one or two busses go in there before, but not ten.

I was just about at the bottle shop and all ten blinking flashing
party booze busses pulled infront of me. Most people had them glow
lights around their neck too.

I bet Doctor Richard Boylan hasn't seen anything as groovy as that !!

gawd darn it !! kooweee !!
http://www.funnydonations.com/funny_wavs_11/dang_old_internet.wav


author: Woodsy

subject: Re: Multiple Speeding Blinking Flashing Lights Just Sped Past Me.

text:
"Sir Gilligan Horry" <[email]> wrote in message
news:[email]...

And YEEHAW!

Hey Horry, is it some sort of holiday weekend in NZ?  With all the party
buses coming by, there must be some occasion.  Friday is an occasion I
guess.  So is Saturday.....

Woodsy


text:
Gooolly !!  :)
Well with your six pack, you might enjoy these ...

http://ufo-proof.notlong.com

Fastwalkers UFO Video DVD Free Download.

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4807962636315529202&q=fastwalkers

All time views: 124,459+.

Votes... 483+ ratings at about 5/5 top.

FREE!! Aliens UFOs Videos Best Evidence // Download Free !!!

"Free UFO Videos" network's new UFO research group "Aliens UFOs Videos
Best Evidence". With the best clips from thousands of UFO
documentaries and UFO alien witness testimony.

http://ufo-proof.notlong.com

Also UFO pictures, UFO sightings, and the latest UFO news, with new
UFO videos. The best UFO proof and evidence available.

http://groups.google.com/group/aliens-ufos-videos-best-evidence/files

More free UFO videos there soon !!

aliens ufos Free videos
1-Disclosure-Project.wmv
2-Disclosure-Project.wmv
A_Top_Secret.txt
Command_Sergeant_Major_Robert_O_Dean_1.mp3
Command_Sergeant_Major_Robert_O_Dean_2.mp3
Command_Sergeant_Major_Robert_O_Dean_3.mp3
Command_Sergeant_Major_Robert_O_Dean_4.mp3
Command_Sergeant_Major_Robert_O_Dean_5.mp3
Recovery_alien_bodies_1.wav
Recovery_alien_bodies_2.wav
Stanton_Friedman_6.rm
Stanton_Friedman_7.rm
Bob_Lazar.wmv
Virgil-Armstrong-Aztec-UFO.mpeg

http://groups.myspace.com/AliensUFOsBestVideosFree

http://www.anzwers.org/free/ufos/

http://freeufovideos.forumup.co.nz/forum-2-freeufovideos.html

http://download-ufo-files.atspace.com

http://www.disclosureproject.org

http://www.netro.ca/disclosure/npccmenu.htm

http://www.geocities.com/extraterrestrial_ufos/

http://www.metatech.org/contact_extraterrestrials_intervention.html

http://ufos.conforums.com

http://www.eboards4all.com/167995/

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/freeufovideos/

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Aliens_UFOs_Free_Videos/

http://communities.msn.com/AliensUFOsFreeVideos/

http://www.jerrypippin.com/UFO_Files_On_Demand.htm

http://www.paradigmresearchgroup.org

http://www.anzwers.org/free/updates/welcome.html

http://topsecrettestimony.com/6monthsummary.htm

http://www.voy.com/105322/

http://ufovideo.blogspot.com

http://geocities.com/ovnis_ufos/

http://conspiracy.top-site-list.com/vote144.html

http://usa.ultimatetopsites.com/bin/topsite.cgi?ufos&cat=coolsites&ID=2

http://com2.runboard.com/bufos35

http://www.karenlyster.com

http://www.myspace.com/free_ufo_videos

http://www.coasttocoastam.com

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/UFO_webmasters/

http://earth-care-day.tripod.com

http://www.aliensufosfreevideos.250x.com

http://ufoevidence.conforums.com

_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________


text:
I didn't like that Fastwalkers video with Paola Harris saying we are a
virus.
She should read this ...
http://www.metatech.org/contact_extraterrestrials_intervention.html

P.S.
Paola Harris !!! You should say we people of planet Earth have great
potential and are trying our best and also look what we have become
within just 100 years since being wild axe and hammer Vikings !!
Now ... "You've Got Mail" Love !!!

http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0128853/

Fluff !!
I spend my whole life battling UFO Debunkers and UFO ko0ks,
and there is nothing much else in between !!!

OK, Ok, ok, there is "You've Got Postcards" !!!

===============================================

On Feb 10, 11:26 pm, Sir Gilligan Horry <[email]> wrote:


text:
allo allo, long time no see. Well, I didn't like that Fastwalkers
video with Paola Harris saying we are a
virus either. She is a dim wit.
Because even if this information was not real ...
http://www.metatech.org/contact_extraterrestrials_intervention.html

... she should still never say we Humans are a virus.

For example, is Paola Harris's mother an evil virus ?

Yeah sure, some people are a virus.
I heard Dr. Steven Greer mention about a story of people drugging and
mind controlling the Wrigley's CEO or Founder.
Well maybe that Wrigley's CEO or Founder or whoever there was a
stinking selfish rude uncaring dim wit scum sack.

And if you want proof of all that, you study the NDE information.
People that are "stinking selfish rude uncaring dim wit scum sacks"
don't get much love in their NDEs.

And while I am here, much respect to HVAC, and Ugly Bob, and The
Shadow Government, and MJ-12, and some of you trillions X trillions of
intelligent extraterrestrials, and the makers of "You've Got Mail".
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0128853/

Have a great day !!

P.S.
Horry, go and make a postcard or something.

http://i156.photobucket.com/albums/t2/SirGilliganHorry/

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

On Feb 10, 11:47 pm, "Sir Gilligan Horry"
<[email]> wrote:


text:
On Sat, 10 Feb 2007 19:29:30 -0500, "Woodsy" <[email]>
wrote:

I dunno.

Those booze party busses are getting more popular I think.

The interior of the busses are full of people in the dark. And they
all have a variety of glow tube things.
And the busses have UFO lights around the outside.
So it is quite an evening for people that want to get out and party.


text:
"Sir Gilligan Horry" <[email]> wrote in message
news:[email]...

OK...  I'm giving Fastwalkers a look right now.

We'll see.  I'm not Siskel or Ebert or any of the other film critics.  I
generally ignore there guys anyway though.

So much stuff, so little time!

What to do?  What to do!

Woodsy


text:
Are we talking to ourselves again as usual?

You should get a life and make some more funny post cards.

People here need peace and love and happiness for goodness sake.

http://www.download.com/Aliens-UFOs-Proof-Screensaver/3000-2400_4-10544250.html

_________________________________

_________________________________

On 10 Feb 2007 02:12:49 -0800, "Sir Gilligan Horry"
<[email]> wrote:


text:
On Sat, 10 Feb 2007 19:23:31 -0500, "Woodsy" <[email]>
wrote:

Don't panic !  Don't panic !


author: Dieter Britz

subject: Flow in a duct

text:
I want to determine the flow profile across a closed rectangular duct
for laminar flow. The aspect ratio is small enough that the parallel
plate model will not do.

Is there an analytical solution to this? If so, a reference please.
I find it hard to believe that this must be simulated.


author: Jan Gerrit Kootstra

subject: Re: Flow in a duct

text:
Dieter Britz wrote:
Dieter,

Have a look at this.

http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/311/notes/fluids2/node6.html

You are right about the analytical solution of the velocity field. It is
given on that website.

Kind regards,

Jan Gerrit Kootstra


author: lcaretto

subject: Re: Flow in a duct

text:
On Oct 3, 1:21 am, Dieter Britz <[email]> wrote:

Dieter -- I just started this newsgroup, so you may have already found
a solution.  I think that it would be difficult to find a solution
since the usual approximations (steady, constant properties, fully-
developed flow so that v = w = 0 and partial_u/partial_x = 0) give a
constant pressure gradient, dp/dx.  The equation that you have to
solve then becomes Poisson's equation: partial^2_u/partial_y^2 +
partial^2_u/partial_z^2 = (1/mu) dp/dx = C.  The usual separation of
variables technique for solving PDEs will not work on this equation.

     Larry


author: Topaz

subject: Re: Re: Why America has the Right to Bomb Iran!

text:
On Sun, 19 Aug 2012 21:35:48 -0400, "jonathan" <[email]>
wrote:

The Jews control your media and your mind:

         There was a book in ordinary bookstores called "An Empire of
Their Own". It was a pro-Jewish book but it showed that the Jews ran
Hollywood.

       Here are some quotes from a magazine for Jews called "Moment".
It is subtitled "The Jewish magazine for the 90's" These quotes are
from the Aug 1996 edition after the Headline "Jews Run Hollywood - So
What?":

       "It makes no sense at all to try to deny the reality of Jewish
power and prominence in popular culture. Any list of the most
influential production executives at each of the major movie studios
will produce a heavy majority of recognizably Jewish names."

        "the famous Disney organization, which was founded by Walt
Disney, a gentile Midwesterner who allegedly harbored anti-Semetic
attitudes, now features Jewish personnel in nearly all its most
powerful positions."

"When Matsushita took over MCA-Universal, they did nothing to
undermine the unquestioned authority of Universal's legendary - and
all Jewish - management triad of Lew Wasserman, Sid Scheinberg, and
Tom Pollack."

  Here is a quote from Steven Spielberg, "film is the greatest weapon
in the world".

Jewish control of the media:
MORTIMER ZUCKERMAN, owner of NY Daily News, US News & World Report and
chair of the Conference of Presidents of Major Jewish American
Organizations, one of the largest pro-Israel lobbying groups.
LESLIE MOONVES, president of CBS television, great-nephew of David
Ben-Gurion, and co-chair with Norman Ornstein of the Advisory
Committee on Public Interest Obligation of Digital TV Producers,
appointed by Clinton.
JONATHAN MILLER, chair and CEO of AOL division of AOL-Time-Warner
NEIL SHAPIRO, president of NBC News
JEFF GASPIN, Executive Vice-President, Programming, NBC
DAVID WESTIN, president of ABC News
SUMNER REDSTONE, CEO of Viacom, "world's biggest media giant"
(Economist, 11/23/2) owns Viacom cable, CBS and MTVs all over the
world, Blockbuster video rentals and Black Entertainment TV.
MICHAEL EISNER, major owner of Walt Disney, Capitol Cities, ABC.
RUPERT MURDOCH, Owner Fox TV, New York Post, London Times, News of the
World (Jewish mother)
MEL KARMAZIN, president of CBS
DON HEWITT, Exec. Director, 60 Minutes, CBS
JEFF FAGER, Exec. Director, 60 Minutes II. CBS
DAVID POLTRACK, Executive Vice-President, Research and Planning, CBS
SANDY KRUSHOW, Chair, Fox Entertainment
LLOYD BRAUN, Chair, ABC Entertainment
BARRY MEYER, chair, Warner Bros.
SHERRY LANSING. President of Paramount Communications and Chairman of
Paramount Pictures' Motion Picture Group.
HARVEY WEINSTEIN, CEO. Miramax Films.
BRAD SIEGEL., President, Turner Entertainment.
PETER CHERNIN, second in-command at Rupert Murdoch's News. Corp.,
owner of Fox TV
MARTY PERETZ, owner and publisher of the New Republic, which openly
identifies itself as pro-Israel. Al Gore credits Marty with being his
"mentor."
ARTHUR O. SULZBERGER, JR., publisher of the NY Times, the Boston Globe
and other publications.
WILLIAM SAFIRE, syndicated columnist for the NYT.
TOM FRIEDMAN, syndicated columnist for the NYT.
CHARLES KRAUTHAMMER, syndicated columnist for the Washington Post.
Honored by Honest Reporting.com, website monitoring "anti-Israel
media."
RICHARD COHEN, syndicated columnist for the Washington Post
JEFF JACOBY, syndicated columnist for the Boston Globe
NORMAN ORNSTEIN, American Enterprise Inst., regular columnist for USA
Today, news analyst for CBS, and co-chair with Leslie Moonves of the
Advisory Committee on Public Interest Obligation of Digital TV
Producers, appointed by Clinton.
ARIE FLEISCHER, Dubya's press secretary.
STEPHEN EMERSON, every media outlet's first choice as an expert on
domestic terrorism.
DAVID SCHNEIDERMAN, owner of the Village Voice and the New Times
network of "alternative weeklies."
DENNIS LEIBOWITZ, head of Act II Partners, a media hedge fund
KENNETH POLLACK, for CIA analysts, director of Saban Center for Middle
East Policy, writes op-eds in NY Times, New Yorker
BARRY DILLER, chair of USA Interactive, former owner of Universal
Entertainment
KENNETH ROTH, Executive Director of Human Rights Watch
RICHARD LEIBNER, runs the N.S. Bienstock talent agency, which
represents 600 news personalities such as Dan Rather, Dianne Sawyer
and Bill O'Reilly.
TERRY SEMEL, CEO, Yahoo, former chair, Warner Bros.
MARK GOLIN, VP and Creative Director, AOL
WARREN LIEBERFORD, Pres., Warner Bros. Home Video Div. of AOL-
TimeWarner
JEFFREY ZUCKER, President of NBC Entertainment
JACK MYERS, NBC, chief.NYT 5.14.2
SANDY GRUSHOW, chair of Fox Entertainment
GAIL BERMAN, president of Fox Entertainment
STEPHEN SPIELBERG, co-owner of Dreamworks
JEFFREY KATZENBERG, co-owner of Dreamworks
DAVID GEFFEN, co-owner of Dreamworks
LLYOD BRAUN, chair of ABC Entertainment
JORDAN LEVIN, president of Warner Bros. Entertainment
MAX MUTCHNICK, co-executive producer of NBC's "Good Morning Miami"
DAVID KOHAN, co-executive producer of NBC's "Good Morning Miami"
HOWARD STRINGER, chief of Sony Corp. of America
AMY PASCAL, chair of Columbia Pictures
JOEL KLEIN, chair and CEO of Bertelsmann's American operations
ROBERT SILLERMAN, founder of Clear Channel Communications
BRIAN GRADEN, president of MTV entertainment
IVAN SEIDENBERG, CEO of Verizon Communications
WOLF BLITZER, host of CNN's Late Edition
LARRY KING, host of Larry King Live
TED KOPPEL, host of ABC's Nightline
ANDREA KOPPEL, CNN Reporter
PAULA ZAHN, CNN Host
MIKE WALLACE, Host of CBS, 60 Minutes
BARBARA WALTERS, Host, ABC's 20-20
MICHAEL LEDEEN, editor of National Review
BRUCE NUSSBAUM, editorial page editor, Business Week
DONALD GRAHAM, Chair and CEO of Newsweek and Washington Post, son of
CATHERINE GRAHAM MEYER, former owner of the Washington Post
HOWARD FINEMAN, Chief Political Columnist, Newsweek
WILLIAM KRISTOL, Editor, Weekly Standard, Exec. Director
Project for a New American Century (PNAC)
RON ROSENTHAL, Managing Editor, San Francisco Chronicle
PHIL BRONSTEIN, Executive Editor, San Francisco Chronicle,
RON OWENS, Talk Show Host, KGO (ABC-Capitol Cities, San Francisco)
JOHN ROTHMAN, Talk Show Host, KGO (ABC-Capitol Cities, San Francisco)
MICHAEL SAVAGE, Talk Show Host, KFSO (ABC-Capitol Cities, San
Francisco) Syndicated in 100 markets
MICHAEL MEDVED, Talk Show Host, on 124 AM stations
DENNIS PRAGER, Talk Show Host, nationally syndicated from LA. Has
Israeli flag on his home page.
BEN WATTENBERG, Moderator, PBS Think Tank.
ANDREW LACK, president of NBC
DANIEL MENAKER, Executive Director, Harper Collins
DAVID REMNICK, Editor, The New Yorker
NICHOLAS LEHMANN, writer, the New York
HENRICK HERTZBERG, Talk of the Town editor, The New Yorker
SAMUEL NEWHOUSE JR, and DONALD NEWHOUSE own Newhouse Publications,
includes 26 newspapers in 22 cities; the Conde Nast magazine group,
includes The New Yorker; Parade, the Sunday newspaper supplement;
American City Business Journals, business newspapers published in more
than 30 major cities in America; and interests in cable television
programming and cable systems serving 1 million homes.
DONALD NEWHOUSE, chairman of the board of directors, Associated Press.
PETER R KANN, CEO, Wall Street Journal, Barron's
RALPH J. & BRIAN ROBERTS, Owners, Comcast-ATT Cable TV.
LAWRENCE KIRSHBAUM, CEO, AOL-Time Warner Book Group

Democracy is a cruel joke when the Jews control the media.

"The best argument against democracy is a five-minute conversation
with the average voter."
Winston Churchill

"Jewry rules from behind the mask of democracy. What one calls
democracy today is concealed Jewish domination. Jews determine what
happens in the democratic states"
Julius Streicher,  Der Stï¿½rmer, #34/1939.

"A couple of weeks ago I quoted a few sentences from a book published
in 1928 titled Propaganda, by ... Edward Bernays. Today I'll read to
you an expanded set of excerpts from Bernays' book to give you a
little more of the gist of his message. I quote:

"The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits
and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic
society. Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society
constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of
our country.

"We are governed, our minds are molded, our tastes are formed, our
ideas suggested largely by men we have never heard of. This is a
logical result of the way in which our democratic society is
organized. Vast numbers of human beings must cooperate in this manner
if they are to live together as a smoothly functioning society. . . .

"Whatever attitude one chooses to take toward this condition, it
remains a fact that in almost every act of our daily lives, whether in
the sphere of politics or business, in our social conduct or our
ethical thinking, we are dominated by the relatively small number of
persons . . . who understand the mental processes and social patterns
of the masses.
It is they who pull the wires which control the public mind, who
harness old social forces and contrive new ways to bind and guide the
world. . .

"No serious sociologist believes any longer that the voice of the
people expresses any divine or especially wise and lofty idea. The
voice of the people expresses the mind of the people, and that mind is
made up for it by the group leaders in whom it believes and by those
persons who understand the manipulation of public opinion. . . .

"Whether in the problem of getting elected to office or in the problem
of interpreting and popularizing new issues, or in the problem of
making the day-to-day administration of public affairs a vital part of
the community life, the use of propaganda, carefully adjusted to the
mentality of the masses, is an essential adjunct of political life." -
end of quote -

I should mention that Bernays' book is not profound or especially
valuable in itself. It merely states a few self-evident facts about
the way in which a modern society works. For the person interested in
propaganda, far more useful books are available. The fact that Bernays
was a Jew is not even especially relevant here except to emphasize
that propaganda, the mass media, psychology, and the manipulation of
others always have been subjects of special interest to the Jews. It
is not for nothing that they are as thick in these fields today as
they were in the time of Bernays and Freud. The reason I chose
Bernays' book to quote is that it provides a more concise and clear
summary, in a few quotable paragraphs, of the role of propaganda in
modern life than most other
books on the subject.

If I were you I wouldn't even waste time trying to hunt down a copy of
Bernays' book. All it does is state the obvious: namely, that the
whole concept of democracy is meaningless in an age where a few people
have in their hands the mechanism for controlling the attitudes and
opinions of a majority of the electorate. And Bernays also takes the
disingenuous position that not only is this control a fact of life,
but it is a good thing; it is necessary to control and regiment the
thinking of the public in order to avoid chaos, and it can only lead
us to greater progress and prosperity. He simply glosses over the
question of
who should exercise this control and what their motives should be.

If you really want to study the subject of propaganda, a good place to
start is with the 1962 book, also titled Propaganda, by the Frenchman
Jacques Ellul. That book is still in print and is available from the
sponsor of this program, National Vanguard Books. Professor Ellul
deals with the subject in much greater depth and with much greater
honesty than Bernays does, but he agrees with Bernays on the most
obvious and
fundamental conclusions: on the irrelevance of the idea of democracy,
for example. I quote from Professor Ellul's book:

"If I am in favor of democracy, I can only regret that propaganda
renders the true exercise of it almost impossible. But I think that it
would be even worse to entertain any illusions about a coexistence of
true democracy and propaganda." -- end of quote --

To me it is frustrating that a conclusion that seems so obvious is
nevertheless resisted by so many otherwise intelligent people.
Democracy has become almost a sacred concept to them, this idea that
the policies guiding our nation should be decided by counting the
votes of every featherless biped who has reached the age of 18. It's
like motherhood:
they're almost afraid to question it.

This seems to be as true of intellectuals in our society as it is of
Joe Sixpacks. The fact is that intellectuals are no more likely to be
independent-minded than people who work with their hands; most
intellectuals, just like most Joe Sixpacks, are lemmings. In fact, as
Ellul points out, it is precisely the intellectuals who are most
strongly controlled by propaganda, because they are more open to every
medium of propaganda.

And I must admit that it took me a long time to overcome the ideas
drummed into me when I was in school that under a democracy people are
more free than under any other political system, that under a
democracy we are all free to think and say whatever we want, and that
we have a greater responsibility as citizens of a democracy to make up
our own minds about things independently, and so on. Actually, we
still have some degree of individual freedom in the United States
today because more than 200 years ago men whose temperament was far
more aristocratic than democratic in the modern sense of the word were
willing to go to war against their legitimate government in order to
secure that freedom for us, and people with a truly democratic
temperament, who have been
gnawing away at that freedom ever since, haven't yet succeeded in
suppressing it completely.

Well, it should not be surprising to us that although books such as
Professor Ellul's Propaganda - and many others - are readily
available, almost no one has heard of them. Keeping the public
believing in the myth of democracy is an important element in
maintaining control over the thinking and behavior of the public. It
is simply immoral and
scandalous to question the reality of democracy. It's like questioning
the truth of the "Holocaust" story. And for that reason we're not
likely to be taught in our social studies classes in school or to read
in the New York Times or the Wall Street Journal even the most obvious
and self-evident conclusions presented by Bernays or Ellul. We're
still
taught how democracy safeguards our freedom, even while those who
control the mechanism of propaganda in our democratic society are
working day and night to eliminate that freedom."

http://www.ihr.org/     http://www.natvan.com

http://national-socialist-worldview.blogspot.com


author: Bill

subject: Re: Why America has the Right to Bomb Iran!

text:
On Sat, 18 Aug 2012 10:45:36 -0500, Topaz <[email]>
wrote:

It's the Joooos,  it's the Joooos,  run away run away,  it's the
Joooos