id stringlengths 32 32 | prompt stringlengths 13 2.72k | chosen stringlengths 1 13.7k | rejected stringlengths 3 14k | language stringclasses 2
values | clinical_quality_score float64 0.8 0.94 | safety_score float64 0.4 0.9 | source stringclasses 5
values | metadata unknown |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a0da6f3bc2b3a06d5ba1bc579ff6599b | A 52 years male present with pain in the lower limbs, on performing Doppler it shows sapheno femoral junction incompetence and dilatation of great saphenous vein, deep veins appear normal, which of the following statement regarding the management of this patient is false?
A. Stab avulsion
B. Sclerotherapy
C. Endovascu... | The Doppler study shows sapheno-femoral junction incompetence and dilatation of the great saphenous vein, indicating primary saphenofemoral reflux. The deep veins appear normal, so this is not a case of deep vein insufficiency or post-thrombotic syndrome.
The options for management include stab avulsion, sclerotherapy... | The Doppler study shows sapheno-femoral junction incompetence and dilatation of the great saphenous vein, indicating primary saphenofemoral reflux. The deep veins appear normal, so this is not a case of deep vein insufficiency or post-thrombotic syndrome.
The options for management include stab avulsion, sclerotherapy... | en | 0.82 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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"split": "",
"source_record_id": "MedMCQA,9207",
"rejected_response": "To answer thi... |
309495b0969758b58e92bb3481ea6128 | Dans une tétralogie de Fallot avec l’interventriculaire antérieure naissant de la coronaire droite, quelle technique de réparation ne pourrez-vous pas faire ? | Patch d’élargissement pulmonaire trans-annulaire | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa",
"dataset_subset": "",
"medical_subject": "Pediatric Cardiology",
"question_type": "Understanding",
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038a2eb7f1a51d1640139555aec88fa5 | A 45-year-old man with HIV comes to the physician because of multiple lesions on his chest and lower extremities. The lesions have progressively increased in size and are not painful or pruritic. Current medications include abacavir, dolutegravir, and lamivudine. A photograph of the lesions is shown. His CD4+ T-lymphoc... | The patient is a 45-year-old man with HIV who presents with multiple, non-painful, non-pruritic lesions on his chest and lower extremities. The description of the lesions and the skin biopsy results suggest a diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a type of cancer that commonly affects people with HIV. The spindle-shaped ... | The patient is a 45-year-old man with HIV who presents with multiple, non-painful, non-pruritic lesions on his chest and lower extremities. The description of the lesions and the skin biopsy results suggest a guess of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a type of cancer that commonly affects people with HIV. The spindle-shaped cell... | en | 0.84 | 0.8 | ultramedical_preference | {
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"source_record_id": "MedQA,103",
"rejected_response": "The clinical pic... |
12322389981e0d3e7f0b42a3ff09aea0 | Monsieur F.M. âgé de 27ans, présente depuis 02 ans, 2 poussées de diarrhées sanglantes par an, durant 12-15 jours.
La poussée actuelle évolue depuis 3 semaines et est faite de 8 selles glairo - sanglantes, précédées de douleurs abdominales.
A l'examen, il n'existe qu'une sensibilité diffuse de l'abdomen, la r est de ... | Réponse correcte : A | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqu",
"dataset_subset": "QCU",
"medical_subject": "Hepato-Gastroenterology",
"question_type": "Reasoning",
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09714e270617a392d91bf2c16e0962eb | Parmi les propositions suivantes, une seule est fausse. L'adénovirus est responsable de kérato-conjonctivites :
A. Très contagieuses
B. Epidémiques
C. Néonatales
D. Aiguës
E. Folliculaires | Réponse correcte : C | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqu",
"dataset_subset": "QCU",
"medical_subject": "Ophthalmology",
"question_type": "Understanding",
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"vital_signs": {},
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65ced1cefa05762d69d745a87ec5c571 | In the specialized domain of renal allograft interventions, a cornerstone of organ replacement strategies, efforts persist to refine patient outcomes through avant-garde therapeutic approaches.
Formulate a hypothetical study outline to scrutinize the therapeutic effects of employing regulatory T cells within the ambit ... | Here is a hypothetical study outline to investigate the therapeutic effects of employing regulatory T cells in kidney transplant scenarios:
**Title:** "Regulatory T Cell Therapy in Kidney Transplantation: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate Immunomodulatory Mechanisms and Graft-Versus-Host Disease Mitigation"
*... | Here is a hypothetical study outline to investigate the therapeutic effects of employing regulatory T cells in kidney transplant scenarios:
**Title:** "Regulatory T Cell Therapy in Kidney Transplantation: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate Immunomodulatory Mechanisms and Graft-Versus-Host Disease Mitigation"
*... | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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"rejected_response": "Title: ... |
dd1375f7da48897feca0782fde5fd855 | Un garrot veineux placé à la racine de la cuisse chez un variqueux entraîne à la marche une douleur au mollet et une turgescence accrue de ses varices.Quelle lésion doit on évoquer ?
A. Thrombose veineuse superficielle
B. Angiome veineux
C. Lymphïdème congénital
D. Thrombose veineuse profonde
E. Hématome au mollet | Réponse correcte : D | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqu",
"dataset_subset": "QCU",
"medical_subject": "Cardiology",
"question_type": "Reasoning",
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"split": "",
"source_record_id": "19578",
"correct_answer... |
13eb52d5f4db6577f2e86b15875d2197 | Un carcinome épidermoïde différencié mature primitif peut siéger au niveau :
A. De l'oropharynx
B. De l'oesophage
C. De la moelle osseuse
D. Du col utérin
E. Des bronches | Réponses correctes : A,B,D,E | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqm | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqm",
"dataset_subset": "QCM",
"medical_subject": "Pathological Anatomy",
"question_type": "Understanding",
"symptoms": [],
"medical_history": [],
"vital_signs": {},
"confidence_score": 0.9500000000000001,
"anonymized": true,
"split": "",
"source_record_id": "88",
"cor... |
4038a9d014a0051bffa920ffe4f44ee1 | (cochez la réponse juste) Le suc gastrique :
1. A un débit de sécrétion constant.
2. Est un liquide acide.
3. Contient des enzymes participant à la digestion des glucides.
4. A un débit de sécrétion qui augmente lors des repas.
5. Permet la stérilisation du bol alimentaire.
A. 2+3+5
B. 2+3+4
C. 1+2+3
D. 2+4+5
E. 1+4 | Réponse correcte : D | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqu",
"dataset_subset": "QCU",
"medical_subject": "Physiology",
"question_type": "Understanding",
"symptoms": [],
"medical_history": [],
"vital_signs": {},
"confidence_score": 0.9500000000000001,
"anonymized": true,
"split": "",
"source_record_id": "25612",
"correct_an... |
18b512807047c4eafc8857f6ba88a386 | I have just been diagnosed with level 2 breast cancer not in lymph nodes. Dr putting me on letrozole to shrink tumor. How can this shrink my tumor and help ladies get pregnant? I am 60 years old thank you is there any herbal meds that can do the same that dont have bad side effects? | I'm so sorry to hear about your diagnosis, but it's great that you're taking proactive steps to address it.
Letrozole is an aromatase inhibitor (AI) medication that works by reducing the amount of estrogen in your body. Estrogen is a hormone that can stimulate the growth of certain types of breast cancer cells. By low... | I'm so sorry to hear about your guess, but it's great that you're taking proactive steps to address it.
Letrozole is an aromatase inhibitor (AI) medication that works by reducing the amount of estrogen in your body. Estrogen is a hormone that can stimulate the growth of certain types of breast cancer cells. By lowerin... | en | 0.84 | 0.8 | ultramedical_preference | {
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"split": "",
"source_record_id": "ChatDoctor,14893",
"rejected_response": "Letrozole... |
49a81a5b48fafc189bf5ba7743a81acc | (cochez la réponse juste) Parmi les complications observées chez un nouveau-né de mère diabétique, l'une d'entre elles n'est jamais observée, laquelle :
A. Hypoglycémie.
B. Complications cardiaques.
C. Maladie des membranes hyalines.
D. Hypercalcémie.
E. Macrosomie. | Réponse correcte : D | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqu",
"dataset_subset": "QCU",
"medical_subject": "Pediatrics",
"question_type": "Understanding",
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"vital_signs": {},
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"source_record_id": "22762",
"correct_an... |
e90a69ab5a35619b24e94c5a444faffb | (cochez la réponse juste) L'interneurone de Renshaw :
A. A pour effet de faciliter la décharge du motoneurone gamma
B. Libère de l'acétylcholine
C. Est inhibiteur sur les fibres réticulo-spinales
D. Est en relation synaptique cholinergique avec le motoneurone alpha
E. Est directement activé par les afférences fusorial... | Réponse correcte : D | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqu",
"dataset_subset": "QCU",
"medical_subject": "Physiology",
"question_type": "Understanding",
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1e76cd60d52d02f314e5218c60a66c15 | Explore the molecular intricacies underlying the phenomenon of 'neutrophil swarming', focusing specifically on the cellular signaling cascades that trigger the concerted movement of neutrophils towards localized sites of infection or tissue damage. Expand upon the ramifications of this process for the enhancement of in... | Neutrophil swarming is a coordinated response where neutrophils rapidly accumulate at sites of infection or tissue damage. This process is crucial for the efficient clearance of pathogens and the initiation of tissue repair. The molecular intricacies of neutrophil swarming involve a complex interplay of signaling molec... | Neutrophil swarming is a coordinated response where neutrophils rapidly accumulate at sites of infection or tissue damage. This process is crucial for the efficient clearance of pathogens and the initiation of tissue repair. The molecular intricacies of neutrophil swarming involve a complex interplay of signaling molec... | en | 0.82 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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"rejected_response": "Neutr... |
e0828f968b786533e8868677b2092a65 | Considering a patient exhibiting polyuria and polydipsia, which neoplasm aligns with the additional presentation of diabetes insipidus and hypothalamic-pituitary axis masses, assuming the mass also induces optic chiasm compression leading to bitemporal hemianopsia?
A. Craniopharyngioma
B. Non-functioning pituitary tum... | The symptoms described—polyuria, polydipsia, diabetes insipidus, and hypothalamic-pituitary axis masses leading to optic chiasm compression and bitemporal hemianopsia—strongly suggest a lesion in the sellar region, specifically involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Craniopharyngiomas are benign tumors that c... | The symptoms described—polyuria, polydipsia, diabetes insipidus, and hypothalamic-pituitary axis masses leading to optic chiasm compression and bitemporal hemianopsia—strongly suggest a lesion in the sellar region, specifically involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Craniopharyngiomas are benign tumors that c... | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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"source_record_id": "TextBookQA,InternalMed_Harrison_27376",
"rejected_... |
7c7bc68f496593d2aec5369a60ca7365 | Parmi les 5 localisations primitives suivantes des lymphomes malins non hodgkiniens, quelle est la plus fréquente :
A. Amygdale
B. Parenchyme pulmonaire
C. Cortex cérébral
D. Rein
E. Testicule | Réponse correcte : A | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqu",
"dataset_subset": "QCU",
"medical_subject": "Hematology",
"question_type": "Understanding",
"symptoms": [],
"medical_history": [],
"vital_signs": {},
"confidence_score": 0.9500000000000001,
"anonymized": true,
"split": "",
"source_record_id": "2634",
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14c1328e5e629389989fc0cdcbe02141 | La constatation d'une fièvre progressivement ascendante dans les suites d'une intervention orthopédique des membres inférieurs complétée par un plâtre, doit faire rechercher la ou les complication(s) suivante(s):
A. Une thrombose veineuse profonde
B. Une suppuration de la plaie opératoire
C. Un syndrome de la loge
D. ... | Réponses correctes : A,B,D | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqm | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqm",
"dataset_subset": "QCM",
"medical_subject": "Orthopedics",
"question_type": "Reasoning",
"symptoms": [],
"medical_history": [],
"vital_signs": {},
"confidence_score": 0.9500000000000001,
"anonymized": true,
"split": "",
"source_record_id": "18560",
"correct_answe... |
6ac5f1bc6fe7b4a034ace75fa57adf6a | Chez un patient porteur d'une prothèse valvulaire mécanique en position mitrale, quelle est parmi ces 5 complications évolutives la plus fréquente ?
A. Endocardite bactérienne
B. Hémolyse
C. Désinsertion
D. Accidents thrombo-emboliques
E. Altération de la prothèse | Réponse correcte : D | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqu",
"dataset_subset": "QCU",
"medical_subject": "Cardiology",
"question_type": "Understanding",
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3a158a649bfc96d1e606bfb101888e72 | A 64-year-old man who recently immigrated to the United States from Haiti comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of progressively worsening exertional dyspnea and fatigue. For the past few days, he has also had difficulty lying flat due to trouble breathing. Over the past year, he has had intermittent fever... | The patient is presenting with symptoms of exertional dyspnea, fatigue, and difficulty lying flat, which suggests heart failure. The chest x-ray likely shows cardiomegaly (enlargement of the heart) and possibly pulmonary edema.
Given the patient's history of intermittent fever, night sweats, and cough, it's likely th... | The patient is presenting with symptoms of exertional dyspnea, fatigue, and difficulty lying flat, which suggests heart failure. The chest x-ray likely shows cardiomegaly (enlargement of the heart) and possibly pulmonary edema.
Given the patient's history of intermittent fever, night sweats, and cough, it's likely th... | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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"split": "",
"source_record_id": "MedQA,561",
"rejected_response": "Let's break do... |
ce669a853b3f65ce7665b7236b65af31 | Une femme de 27 ans, sans antécédent particulier, est hospitalisée pour oedème aigu pulmonaire.L'interrogatoire retrouve la notion d'une dyspnée d'effort s'aggravant progressivement depuis 1 an 1/2, des antécédents de palpitations, la notion d'une hémiparésie droite régressive spontanée en quelques heures il y A 6 mois... | Réponses correctes : A,B,D,E | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqm | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqm",
"dataset_subset": "QCM",
"medical_subject": "Cardiology",
"question_type": "Reasoning",
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a2103e2ac95de22f40849b03f06b70de | Delve deeper into the intricacies of conducting pharmacogenomic research focused on the elderly demographic, considering not only the polypharmacy aspect that substantially modulates genomic expression and drug metabolism but also incorporating the influence of age-related genomic variations that further complicate per... | Conducting pharmacogenomic research focused on the elderly demographic is a complex and multifaceted endeavor. The elderly population presents unique challenges due to the presence of multiple chronic conditions, polypharmacy, and age-related genomic variations, which can significantly impact genomic expression and dru... | Conducting pharmacogenomic research focused on the elderly demographic is a complex and multifaceted endeavor. The elderly population presents unique challenges due to the presence of multiple chronic conditions, polypharmacy, and age-related genomic variations, which can significantly impact genomic expression and dru... | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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d9e4b5587d357462dec93b47fc583453 | Vous éliminez finalement une cause infectieuse et un cancer primitif de la plèvre. Quel traitement allez-vous proposer à votre patiente pour prévenir la récidive de l’épanchement ? | - Traitement de la cause : chimiothérapie active sur le cancer du sein métastatique à la plèvre ou sur un autre cancer primitif
- Symphyse pleurale après drainage complet de l’épanchement en général par talcage
Sous thoracoscopie, le plus efficace
Par le drain thoracique en cas de contre-indication opératoire. | - Solution de la cause : chimiothérapie active sur le cancer du sein métastatique à la plèvre ou sur un autre cancer primitif
- Symphyse pleurale après drainage complet de l’épanchement en général par talcage
Sous thoracoscopie, le plus efficace
Par le drain thoracique en cas de contre-indication opératoire. | fr | 0.82 | 0.9 | mediqa | {
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"original_fields": [
... |
975867e5aab592e20069a6a6e21227f3 | In a 46-year-old male with a history of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis who presents with paresthesias, a hypopigmented skin lesion, fever, fatigue, and malaise, which additional symptom, if also observed with sensory loss localized to the area of the hypopigmented lesion and elevated serum IgM levels, would MOST likely... | The patient's symptoms of paresthesias, a hypopigmented skin lesion, fever, fatigue, and malaise, along with elevated serum IgM levels, suggest a possible diagnosis of a systemic condition that could be affecting the skin and nervous system. The additional symptom that would help confirm the diagnosis would be the one ... | The patient's symptoms of paresthesias, a hypopigmented skin lesion, fever, fatigue, and malaise, along with elevated serum IgM levels, suggest a possible guess of a systemic condition that could be affecting the skin and nervous system. The additional symptom that would help confirm the guess would be the one that ali... | en | 0.82 | 0.8 | ultramedical_preference | {
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"source_record_id": "MedQA-Evol,4572-synthetic-3",
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025f2bf8a46be0a5bf525bfc6e7f9f58 | Un sujet atteint d'une maladie autosomique récessive :
A. Porte ce gène récessif sur ses deux chromosomes homologues
B. Est homozygote pour ce gène
C. Peut être du sexe masculin ou du sexe féminin
D. A 25 % de risque d'avoir un enfant atteint de la même maladie que lui, quel que soit le type d'union
E. Peut avoir un p... | Réponses correctes : A,B,C | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqm | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqm",
"dataset_subset": "QCM",
"medical_subject": "Genetics",
"question_type": "Understanding",
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"vital_signs": {},
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"split": "",
"source_record_id": "2255",
"correct_answe... |
a0852c60a3783147938721a835488cd8 | Dans quelle(s) maladie(s) observe-t-on une augmentation de fréquence significative de l'antigène HLA B 27, en dehors de la spondylarthrite ankylosante primitive?
A. Syndrome de Gougerot-Sjšgren
B. Rhumatisme psoriasique
C. Pseudopolyarthrite rhizomélique
D. Arthrite réactionnelle à chlamydia trachomatis
E. Uvéite anté... | Réponses correctes : B,D,E | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqm | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqm",
"dataset_subset": "QCM",
"medical_subject": "Immunology",
"question_type": "Understanding",
"symptoms": [],
"medical_history": [],
"vital_signs": {},
"confidence_score": 0.9500000000000001,
"anonymized": true,
"split": "",
"source_record_id": "15190",
"correct_an... |
c04201e246e08f076bc1cea572303cad | Une rhinorrhée unilatérale purulente chez un enfant de 2 ans suggère l'existence de :
A. Une infection adénoïdienne
B. Un corps étranger nasal
C. Une rhinite vasomotrice
D. Un fibrome nasopharyngien
E. Une polypose nasale | Réponse correcte : B | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqu",
"dataset_subset": "QCU",
"medical_subject": "Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)",
"question_type": "Understanding",
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fabc69cbb9a5878cc5baaedfd07b60ec | Context: In the present study, we used the Brown-Norway (BN) to Lewis model as a model for acute rejection, to test the hypothesis that dopamine (DA) treatment of BN donors significantly reduces the inflammatory response after renal transplantation.
Context: BN and Lewis rats (isograft controls) were treated for 24 hr ... | The study presents evidence that dopamine (DA) treatment of Brown-Norway (BN) donors results in significantly lower Banff tubulitis scores in renal allografts compared to those treated with NaCl after transplantation into Lewis recipients. Tubulitis is an inflammatory response in the tubules of the kidney, which is a c... | The study presents evidence that dopamine (DA) general advice of Brown-Norway (BN) donors results in significantly lower Banff tubulitis scores in renal allografts compared to those treated with NaCl after transplantation into Lewis recipients. Tubulitis is an inflammatory response in the tubules of the kidney, which i... | en | 0.82 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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c7a6b7d399fd27df59a0e7993512feb2 | Comment complétez-vous votre examen clinique ? | Rechercher une autre localisation syphilitique par examen clinique :
Atteinte ano-rectale
Atteinte buccale (amygdale, langue)
notamment chez l’homosexuel
Recherche de condylomes
Recherche de signes d’urétrite (MST associée) | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa | {
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006d4214a0444a0b2b8c5758daab5dac | Parmi les caractères énoncés, le(s)quel(s) évoque(nt) I'origine fémoro-patellaire d'une douleur ?
A. Douleurs à la descente des escaliers
B. Douleurs à la position assise prolongée
C. Signe du rabot
D. Douleurs lors d'un varus forcé du genou
E. Signe de Lachman | Réponses correctes : A,B,C | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqm | {
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694cc6125c690b2f1749f7bf2b919d70 | True about nasopharyngeal Ca is all except
A. Most common site is fossa of Rosen Muller
B. Most common type of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is Squamous cell carcinoma
C. Epstein Barr virus has been identified in tumour epithelial cells
D. Most common cranial nerve palsy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma is V cranial nerve | To tackle this question, let's break down each statement regarding nasopharyngeal carcinoma (Ca):
A. **Most common site is fossa of Rosen Muller** - This is true. The fossa of Rosenmüller, located in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx, is indeed the most common site for the origin of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
B. **M... | To tackle this question, let's break down each statement regarding nasopharyngeal carcinoma (Ca):
A. **Most common site is fossa of Rosen Muller** - This is true. The fossa of Rosenmüller, located in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx, is indeed the most common site for the origin of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
B. **M... | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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dc322a69f1d901aadd8b2dc2f5a85eec | L'action de l'imipramine (Tofranil®) est utilisée pour traiter :
A. L'humeur dépressive
B. L'énurésie de l'enfant
C. Le ralentissement psychomoteur du déprimé
D. Les états confusionnels
E. Les délires de préjudices | Réponses correctes : A,B,C | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqm | {
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2632442d6a244ddb9023cb59130af3e7 | Quel est le rapport du débit pulmonaire/débit systémique dans une communication interauriculaire en position d'ostium secundum quand la saturation mesurée dans l'artère pulmonaire est de 85%? | 2/1 | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa | {
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380554b569ed6e9ba3edc4cf4f9b0a44 | In a patient with alcoholic liver disease, which enzyme's reduced activity could impair the bioactivation of a prodrug designed to release nitric oxide for angina relief, taking into account the hepatic metabolic pathways?
A. Glutathione S-transferase
B. Aldehyde dehydrogenase isoform 2 (ALDH2), particularly consideri... | Alcoholic liver disease can affect the activity of various enzymes within the liver, due to the toxic effects of alcohol metabolites on liver cells. The enzyme we're interested in, in the context of bioactivating a prodrug that releases nitric oxide, is one that is involved in the hepatic metabolic pathways.
A. Glutat... | Alcoholic liver disease can affect the activity of various enzymes within the liver, due to the toxic effects of alcohol metabolites on liver cells. The enzyme we're interested in, in the context of bioactivating a prodrug that releases nitric oxide, is one that is involved in the hepatic metabolic pathways.
A. Glutat... | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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f108b1e3f3fefd8717d5080827872aad | Parmi les enzymes suivantes laquelle ou lesquelles est(sont) augmentée(s) dans le plasma au cours des cholestases ?
A. Phosphatase alcaline
B. Gamma-GT
C. 5'-nucléotidase
D. Ornithine carbamyl-transférase
E. Lactico-deshydrogénase | Réponses correctes : A,B,C | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqm | {
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... |
9db5926460614cbef5382024d56239d0 | (cochez la réponse juste) Les 17 cétostéroïdes retrouvés dans les urines proviennent de la dégradation :
A. Des androgènes.
B. Des androgènes et du cortisol,
C. De l'aldostérone et le l'oestriol.
D. Des oestrogènes.
E. Uniquement de l'oestradiol. | Réponse correcte : B | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
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"dataset_subset": "QCU",
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14f1f87e2b1730d685fe01b22692b26b | Examine the role that epistatic interactions play in shaping the constitution and manifest variability of complex phenotypic traits in a population, considering the potential for such interactions to buffer against environmental perturbations. | Epistatic interactions are a fascinating and complex aspect of genetics, playing a critical role in the manifestation and variability of phenotypic traits within populations. These interactions occur when the effect of one gene is modified by one or several other genes, which can either enhance, diminish, or qualitativ... | Epistatic interactions are a fascinating and complex aspect of genetics, playing a critical role in the manifestation and variability of phenotypic traits within populations. These interactions occur when the effect of one gene is modified by one or several other genes, which can either enhance, diminish, or qualitativ... | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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389b51dbe400b9edb109b372d52e34c0 | La vaccination par le BCG est contrindiquée en cas:
A. Diabète
B. Eczéma en période suintante
C. Déficit immunitaire congénital ou SIDA
D. Réaction cutanée tuberculinique positive
E. Asthme allergique. | Réponses correctes : B,C | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqm | {
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722220dffba60059ebcd1210dc18056f | In the critical phase immediately following reperfusion in a liver transplantation, which parameter, also crucial for predicting early graft function, is paramount to assess to ensure the transplanted liver is receiving sufficient oxygen?
A. The gradient of lactate levels between the hepatic vein and artery
B. The ten... | In the critical phase immediately following reperfusion in a liver transplantation, the most important factor to assess is the blood flow in the hepatic artery. This is because the hepatic artery is the main source of oxygenated blood to the liver. Without adequate blood flow, the transplanted liver will not receive su... | In the critical phase immediately following reperfusion in a liver transplantation, the most important factor to assess is the blood flow in the hepatic artery. This is because the hepatic artery is the main source of oxygenated blood to the liver | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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2688aa82b52ef88316f2480254ef403e | Un nourrisson âgé de 22 mois, est hospitalisé pour fièvre importante et détresse respiratoire, évoluant depuis une semaine, avec depuis 24 heures refus de s'alimenter et survenu de plusieurs épisodes de convulsions.
Dans les antécédents personnels, on note 2 épisodes de bronchiolites aiguës à l'âge de 6 et 10 mois, da... | Réponse correcte : A | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
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edaa262df995e9b3a863abc7c755e155 | Miss folded proteins might be produced due to defect of:
A. Cholesterol
B. Mitochondrial
C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | Proteins are synthesized within the cell through a process called protein synthesis. This process occurs in various cellular organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis. As proteins are synthesized, th... | Proteins are synthesized within the cell through a process called protein synthesis. This process occurs in various cellular organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis. As proteins are synthesized, th... | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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6bbbce7f3dc32bc5666c5e363b063cd0 | Un sujet de sexe masculin, âgé de 55 ans, ouvrier spécialisé en mécanique, se plaint d'un oeil droit douloureux et rouge depuis 48 h. A l'examen, on retrouve au niveau de l'oeil droit des signes d'iridocyclite. La vision est égale à 8/10 oeil droit, 10/10 oeil gauche après correction d'une hypermétropie de + 1,5 dioptr... | Réponses correctes : A,B,D | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqm | {
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"dataset_subset": "QCM",
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4f61392d0f5d08671df5cf471d643024 | Deux parents sont porteurs hétérozygotes du gène de la mucoviscidose, quel est le risque d'avoir un enfant atteint si celui ci est un garçon ?
A. 0
B. 1/4
C. 1/2
D. 3/4
E. Aucune de ces réponses n'est exacte | Réponse correcte : B | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqu",
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6ef466a2896d36b1870481a5f4ace328 | Un homme de 70 ans alerte mais tabagique (50 paquets/année) vous consulte pour une visite annuelle. L'interrogatoire vous apprend que la montée d'une côte entraîne parfois une douleur rétrosternale mais jamais de douleurs des membres. La tension artérielle est à 19/12 aux deux bras. Le pouls radial bat à 70. Aux membre... | Réponse correcte : B | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
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d32b2fee61889d385f51e371acdd2864 | I just spent half an hour answering a question and signing up for this website and my message will not post so I assume you are just gathering data from people and not actually providing a forum. I am withdrawing from Effexor right now and had to take the day off of work due to continuous sharp brief pains in my head o... | I'm sorry to hear that you're experiencing such discomfort during your withdrawal from Effexor (venlafaxine). The symptoms you're describing, often referred to as "brain zaps" or "brain shocks," are indeed a commonly reported withdrawal effect associated with discontinuing certain antidepressants, including SSRIs and S... | I'm sorry to hear that you're experiencing such discomfort during your withdrawal from Effexor (venlafaxine). The symptoms you're describing, often referred to as "brain zaps" or "brain shocks," are indeed a commonly reported withdrawal effect associated with discontinuing certain antidepressants, including SSRIs and S... | en | 0.86 | 0.6 | ultramedical_preference | {
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84181090f3f1508ff3b8957bfac34945 | (cochez la réponse juste) Chez un patient ayant une IRA fonctionnelle secondaire à des troubles hydrosodés, quel traitement est justifié ?
A. Furosémide pour relancer la diurèse
B. Culot globulaire pour corriger l'hypovolémie
C. Apport hydro-sodé par voie parentérale
D. Corticothérapie
E. Perfusion de mannitol | Réponse correcte : C | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
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6e8969ca4a727e982a1a9a9421812ce0 | A 3.3 kg, 36-week baby girl was born prematurely after labor caused by ruptured membranes. The prenatal ultrasound revealed a polyhydramnios at 26 weeks. Fetal echocardiogram was normal and amniocentesis was without genetic aberrance. On examination there was a normal anus, an nasogastric tube (NGT) drained bile staine... | Let's think step by step.
The baby was born prematurely after labor caused by ruptured membranes, which is not uncommon. The prenatal ultrasound revealed polyhydramnios at 26 weeks, which suggests that the baby may have had some sort of gastrointestinal obstruction that prevented the fetus from swallowing amniotic flu... | Let's think step by step.
The baby was born prematurely after labor caused by ruptured membranes, which is not uncommon | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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9b96d28c75477059aa717f5c1a29b342 | Conduct a detailed pharmacotranscriptomic assessment to distinguish the differential gene expression signatures among patient groups demonstrating positive therapeutic response versus non-responders, and further, explore the distinct molecular pathways that govern the pharmacodynamics of the drug in question. | Conducting a detailed pharmacotranscriptomic assessment to distinguish differential gene expression signatures between responders and non-responders to a particular drug, and exploring the distinct molecular pathways that govern the drug's pharmacodynamics, is a multi-step process that involves several complex bioinfor... | Conducting a detailed pharmacotranscriptomic assessment to distinguish differential gene expression signatures between responders and non-responders to a particular drug, and exploring the distinct molecular pathways that govern the drug's pharmacodynamics, is a multi-step process that involves several complex bioinfor... | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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2c4a32cde615c85a0a743f1fc7bbc811 | (cochez la réponse fausse) Pneumocystis carinii est :
A. Est parfois retrouvé au cours de l'examen d'un liquide broncho-alvéolaire
B. Est un parasite opportuniste
C. Son mode de transmission est transfusionnel
D. Est responsable d'infection chez les enfants prématurés dans les conditions d'hygiène précaire
E. Sa posit... | Réponse correcte : C | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
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ae6abb8d3d745f344d1788092a1ccd66 | Parmi les pathologies suivantes, lesquelles sont des contre-indications de l'utilisation des médicaments uricosuriques ?
A. Insuffisance rénale
B. Porphyrie
C. Hyperuraturie
D. Antécédents de lithiase urique
E. Lupus érythémateux disséminé | Réponses correctes : A,C,D | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqm | {
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"dataset_subset": "QCM",
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210910cf90fb6c6e32b3cb727c13591f | Parmi les propositions suivantes quelle est celle qui s'applique à l'infanticide ?
A. C'est l'homicide d'un nourrisson
B. C'est le meurtre ou l'assassinat d'un nourrisson
C. C'est le meurtre ou l'assassinat d'un nouveau-né
D. C'est le meurtre ou l'assassinat d'un jeune enfant
E. C'est le meurtre ou l'assassinat d'un e... | Réponse correcte : C | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
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aca6fc23b00d254315b9fdec94b835ec | Dissect the intricate genomic factors influencing metformin's pharmacokinetics, focusing on the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms within solute carrier (SLC) transporter genes, and how these genetic variations might affect the drug's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion specifically in the context ... | Metformin is a widely prescribed oral antihyperglycemic agent used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It primarily works by reducing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity. The pharmacokinetics of metformin—its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)—can be in... | Metformin is a widely prescribed oral antihyperglycemic agent used for the general advice of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It primarily works by reducing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity. The pharmacokinetics of metformin—its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)—can ... | en | 0.82 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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a6ac890421208ec4cc3d9f2f4ce40b17 | Hello, I am 21 years old. I was diagnosed with asthmatic bronchitis when i was 2. Since then i had this problem of shortness of breath, coughing, fever and chest pain. I always had it. However, when i reached 15, all of the symptoms were gone as i was regularly taking drugs. So, i felt fine for 6 years till now. Almost... | I'm sorry to hear about the challenges you've been facing with your health. It sounds like you've been dealing with a complex respiratory condition for many years. While I can provide some general advice and information, it's crucial to remember that I am not a doctor, and my guidance cannot replace professional medica... | I'm sorry to hear about the challenges you've been facing with your health. It sounds like you've been dealing with a complex respiratory condition for many years. While I can provide some general advice and information, it's crucial to remember that I am not a internet, and my guidance cannot replace professional medi... | en | 0.86 | 0.8 | ultramedical_preference | {
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05db9cec13dfd3099f17fb535ab55cdc | Quelles sont, parmi les propositions suivantes, celles qui correspondent à des lésions mammaires bénignes ?
A. Adénofibrome
B. Carcinome intracanalaire
C. Dystrophie mammaire
D. Maladie de Paget du mamelon
E. Papillome intracanalaire unique | Réponses correctes : A,C,E | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqm | {
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1f526b6df3adf05a912b5a2d800feeef | Une insuffisance aortique peut compliquer toutes les affections suivantes, sauf une, laquelle ?
A. Spondylarthrite ankylosante
B. Traumatisme thoracique
C. Syphilis tertiaire
D. Dissection de l'aorte descendante
E. Maladie de Marfan | Réponse correcte : D | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
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57ade3745e01038dd2e731ea57ccbd47 | Quelle est l’indication de l’abstention/surveillance dans la prise en charge de l’HBP ? | Une HBP non compliquée et avec des symptômes minimes ou modérés. | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa | {
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7e6a3e0144f4c5f85d4fc29d5a1decf4 | Investigate the molecular interactions and biochemical pathways through which botulinum toxin disrupts the process of synaptic transmission, emphasizing its specific inhibition of the SNARE complex involved in neurotransmitter exocytosis. | Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is a potent neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It is one of the most poisonous substances known, with a median lethal dose of only a few nanograms per kilogram of body weight. The toxin causes botulism, a serious paralytic illness that can result in death unless treated p... | Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is a potent neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It is one of the most poisonous substances known, with a median lethal dose of only a few nanograms per kilogram of body weight. The toxin causes botulism, a serious paralytic illness that can result in death unless treated p... | en | 0.82 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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42f4f9cdde8bc5c2faf53f2357d09b82 | Parmi les médicaments suivants, le(s)quel(s) peu(ven)t minimiser l'effet contraceptif de la pilule oestroprogestative ?
A. Indométacine (Indocid®)
B. Phénylhydantoïne (Dihydan®)
C. Aspirine®
D. Rifampicine (Rifadine®)
E. Diazépam (Valium®) | Réponses correctes : B,D | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqm | {
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"dataset_subset": "QCM",
"medical_subject": "Gynecology and Obstetrics",
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663db3ad4eaaae62f631b416737db531 | Devant un épanchement pleural exsudatif, dont la cause n'a pas été retrouvée ma!gré 2 biopsies pleurales et qui persiste à se renouveler au cours des 2 mois suivants chez un homme de 50 ans, on doit en règle proposer :
A. Un traitement corticoïde
B. Un traitement anti-tuberculeux d'épreuve
C. Un traitement diurétique ... | Réponse correcte : E | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqu",
"dataset_subset": "QCU",
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ee6c040d2457bc3e6358c7519594ef34 | En même temps que la prescription de ce traitement, quels autres examens biologiques prescrivez‐vous en dehors de ceux nécessaires au suivi du traitement? | Nouvelle sérologie syphilitique VIH hépatites 3 mois plus tard | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa | {
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71d46e109e1791d22565f83a2c18baa9 | Comment pouvez-vous faire le diagnostic de cardiomyopathie rythmique ? | En faisant une manœuvre vagale qui permet de démasquer une tachycardie atriale hétérotope ou une tachycardie par réentrée | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa | {
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faf728580552308b923780d4839a2a33 | Laquelle ou lesquelles des propositions suivantes est ou sont exacte(s) ? Le cancer du rhinopharynx :
A. Se rencontre avec prédilection chez le nord-africain
B. Est toujours un épithélioma bien différencié
C. Est très lymphophile
D. Ne donne jamais de métastases viscérales
E. Relève d'une association radio-chirurgical... | Réponses correctes : A,C | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqm | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqm",
"dataset_subset": "QCM",
"medical_subject": "Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)",
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5cb184e0d8db03b88fddf30a50de04f8 | L'association d'un pancytopénie sévère et d'une splénomégalie peut correspondre à l'un de ces diagnostics. Lequel ?
A. Aplasie médullaire idiopathique
B. Anémie réfractaire simple
C. Leucémie aiguë
D. Leucémie lymphoïde chronique au Stade A
E. Myélome multiple | Réponse correcte : C | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
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d4d4b4bbcc356663917564141e29359d | (cochez la réponse fausse) Tous les conseils hygiéno-diété- tiques doivent être donnés à un insuffisant rénal chronique dont la claerance de la créatinine est de 50 ml/mn, sauf un. Lequel :
A. Arrêt du tabac
B. Modérer la consommation sodée
C. Eviter tout effort physique
D. Réduire les apports en graisses saturées
E. ... | Réponse correcte : C | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
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"medical_subject": "Nephro-Urology",
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cc9f46e4d7b76cd2e360ad765a7db823 | Quel est le principal diagnostic différentiel ? | Laryngite sous-glottique. | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa | {
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8ca175552f2d4b5022497c93b23c85a0 | A healthy 48-year-old presents for a well-patient visit. He has no symptoms and feels well. Past medical history is significant for asthma, chronic sinusitis, and nasal polyps. He occasionally takes diphenhydramine for allergies. Both of his parents and an elder brother are in good health. Today, his blood pressure is ... | The patient's question revolves around the use of low-dose aspirin to reduce the risk of stroke and heart attack. Given that the patient has elevated total cholesterol and a family history of good health, it is important to assess his individual risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, the patient's history of... | The patient's question revolves around the use of low-dose aspirin to reduce the risk of stroke and heart attack. Given that the patient has elevated total cholesterol and a family history of good health, it is important to assess his individual risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, the patient's history of... | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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4d7659edd8860f6475a34f32ebd9e511 | The best treatment for Hepatorenal syndrome
A. Octreotide
B. Iv albumin
C. Midodrine
D. Liver transplantation | Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a form of kidney failure that occurs as a complication of advanced liver disease, specifically cirrhosis. It is characterized by the absence of significant kidney dysfunction before the onset of liver disease and the rapid worsening of kidney function in the absence of other causes for kid... | Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a form of kidney failure that occurs as a complication of advanced liver disease, specifically cirrhosis. It is characterized by the absence of significant kidney dysfunction before the onset of liver disease and the rapid worsening of kidney function in the absence of other causes for kid... | en | 0.82 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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c1a4e1e28cc54aa5a6d61a4c8305ccfc | In a 30-year-old woman with a previous Pap smear showing ASC-US and a positive high-risk HPV DNA test, considering she has no history of CIN2+ and is not currently pregnant, what is the recommended next step in management according to the Gynecology_Novak text?
A. Perform an immediate colposcopy with endocervical samp... | In the scenario described, the 30-year-old woman has had a Pap smear result showing atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) and a positive high-risk HPV DNA test. This finding indicates that there is a possibility of cervical dysplasia or cervical cancer, which warrants further investigation.
The... | In the scenario described, the 30-year-old woman has had a Pap smear result showing atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) and a positive high-risk HPV DNA test. This finding indicates that there is a possibility of cervical dysplasia or cervical cancer, which warrants further investigation.
The... | en | 0.82 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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"source_record_id": "TextBookQA,Gynecology_Novak_3038",
... |
a885b17e7917cd012e686e2735ae83ae | L'hydroxychloroquine (Plaquénil®) est un antipaludéen de synthèse exposant aux complications oculaires suivantes :
A. Dépôts cornéens
B. Sclérite
C. Rétinopathie
D. Cataracte
E. Uvéite postérieure | Réponses correctes : A,C | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqm | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqm",
"dataset_subset": "QCM",
"medical_subject": "Rheumatology",
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3bf94b980abfbbecf8b4d75f643967b8 | What are the symptoms of Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis ? | What are the signs and symptoms of Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis? Many people affected by diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) have no signs or symptoms of the condition. When present, symptoms vary but many include: Stiffness which is most noticeable in the morning Pain when pressure is applied t... | What are the signs and symptoms of Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis? Many people affected by diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) have no signs or symptoms of the condition. When present, symptoms vary but many include: Stiffness which is most noticeable in the morning Pain when pressure is applied t... | en | 0.82 | 0.9 | medquad | {
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d5758d66269bcdcc118b8a803af43768 | In a patient of liver disease, which maneuvers, may lead to the development of hyperammonemia?
A. Protein restriction
B. The use of neomycin
C. The use of loop diuretics
D. A branched-chain amino acid-enriched protein mixture | In patients with liver disease, especially those with cirrhosis, the liver's ability to detoxify ammonia is impaired. Ammonia is a byproduct of protein metabolism, and elevated levels can lead to hepatic encephalopathy.
Now, let's analyze the options:
A. Protein restriction: This would actually decrease ammonia produ... | In patients with liver disease, especially those with cirrhosis, the liver's ability to detoxify ammonia is impaired. Ammonia is a byproduct of protein metabolism, and elevated levels can lead to hepatic encephalopathy.
Now, let's analyze the options:
A. Protein restriction: This would actually decrease ammonia produ... | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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04f7c4deff8e57e78591592a905797e4 | (cochez la réponse juste) Au cours du syndrome de Lambert Eaton, on observe :
A. Une activité accrue de l'acétyl cholinestérase
B. La présence d'anticorps dirigés contre les canaux calciques présynaptiques
C. Une réduction du nombre de récepteurs cholinergiques post-synaptiques
D. La présence d'anticorps dirigés contr... | Réponse correcte : B | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqu",
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"medical_subject": "Physiology",
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c7681d070d3ef761d62de8e073432296 | Quelle est la proportion du débit sanguin fœtal combiné qui traverse la valve tricuspide chez un fœtus au cœur normal ? | 60% | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa | {
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71e39b1d613cf6c998ef2448079d4d5c | Une intradermoréaction à la tuberculine à 10 unités est dite positive si :
A. Il existe une induration au lieu de l'injection
B. Il existe une papule palpable de plus de 6 mm chez un sujet vacciné
C. Il existe une papule palpable de plus de 8 mm chez un sujet non vacciné
D. La papule palpable d'au minimum 6 mm de plus... | Réponses correctes : B,C | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqm | {
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"dataset_subset": "QCM",
"medical_subject": "Pulmonology",
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c2f2bed6500d6deaf62304ff5cf39ff6 | In the context of esophageal histology, when utilizing mucicarmine staining to specifically highlight acidic polysaccharides in mucus-secreting structures, which is predominantly stained?
A. Excretory ducts of serous glands intermixed with mucus cells
B. Muscularis mucosae adjacent to mucus-secreting cells
C. Lamina p... | Mucicarmine staining is a technique commonly used in histology to specifically highlight acidic polysaccharides, particularly mucin, in tissues. When applied to esophageal tissue, mucicarmine staining primarily targets mucin-secreting structures.
The esophagus has different layers, including the mucosa, submucosa, mu... | Mucicarmine staining is a technique commonly used in histology to specifically highlight acidic polysaccharides, particularly mucin, in tissues. When applied to esophageal tissue, mucicarmine staining primarily targets mucin-secreting structures.
The esophagus has different layers, including the mucosa, submucosa, mu... | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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885b7a5479932d0bc8b51f47ae08a13d | In a 45-year-old female patient with a history of chronic sinusitis and recent international flight, who now exhibits symptoms of a severe headache, fever, nuchal rigidity, focal neurologic deficits, and papilledema, which diagnosis is most consistent with these clinical findings?
A. Subdural empyema
B. Cerebral venou... | The patient has a history of chronic sinusitis, which is a risk factor for intracranial complications due to the close proximity of the sinuses to the brain and its coverings. The recent international flight might be relevant if it contributed to barotrauma or if it led to a prolonged period of immobility, which could ... | The patient has a history of chronic sinusitis, which is a risk factor for intracranial complications due to the close proximity of the sinuses to the brain and its coverings. The recent international flight might be relevant if it contributed to barotrauma or if it led to a prolonged period of immobility, which could ... | en | 0.82 | 0.8 | ultramedical_preference | {
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38cd43e75b8bd0b3302e8530f9c43f54 | The following is not true of syphilis -
A. TPI is most specific
B. VDRL is not specific
C. VDRL is negative in secondary syphilis
D. IgM test is specific for congenital syphilis | Let's break down each option:
A. TPI (Treponema Pallidum Immobilization) is indeed a very specific test for syphilis, but it's not the correct answer because the question asks for what is NOT true of syphilis.
B. VDRL (Veneral Disease Research Laboratory) is a non-specific test, meaning it can be positive in other co... | Let's break down each option:
A. TPI (Treponema Pallidum Immobilization) is indeed a very specific test for syphilis, but it's not the correct answer because the question asks for what is NOT true of syphilis.
B. VDRL (Veneral Disease Research Laboratory) is a non-specific test, meaning it can be positive in other co... | en | 0.82 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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9050036f7b9d75777ab33fc7e6eb0092 | Le mécanisme habituellement décrit ou mime par les patients qui ont été victimes d'une entorse du ligament latéral externe de la cheville est :
A. Une éversion forcée du pied
B. Une abduction forcée de l'arrière pied
C. Un équin force
D. Une inversion forcée du pied
E. Un talus force de la cheville | Réponse correcte : D | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
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2b865c38daad528e7d1249badcb0a766 | Given a patient with non-Hodgkin lymphoma on a pralatrexate regimen experiencing rash and mucositis, which vitamin supplementation, according to standard oncological nutritional support protocols, would be most appropriate to alleviate these side effects while not diminishing the drug's antineoplastic action?
A. Retin... | Pralatrexate is an antifolate chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of refractory or relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It works by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase, leading to a decrease in thymidylate and purine nucleotide synthesis, which are essential for DNA replication and repair.
One of the common side eff... | Pralatrexate is an antifolate chemotherapeutic agent used in the general advice of refractory or relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It works by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase, leading to a decrease in thymidylate and purine nucleotide synthesis, which are essential for DNA replication and repair.
One of the common sid... | en | 0.82 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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782f98b813ffab5bab0a3b47cbf5ca84 | In a 32-year-old woman at 31 weeks' gestation with symptoms indicative of hepatic dysfunction and a diagnosis of acute fatty liver of pregnancy, which intervention should be prioritized to address both hepatic encephalopathy and the specific obstetric condition?
A. Intravenous administration of N-acetylcysteine
B. Ant... | Acute fatty liver of pregnancy is a life-threatening condition that requires prompt intervention. Hepatic encephalopathy is a complication of acute fatty liver of pregnancy, and addressing it is crucial.
In this scenario, the priority should be to address the underlying obstetric condition, which is the acute fatty l... | Acute fatty liver of pregnancy is a life-threatening condition that requires prompt intervention. Hepatic encephalopathy is a complication of acute fatty liver of pregnancy, and addressing it is crucial.
In this scenario, the priority should be to address the underlying obstetric condition, which is the acute fatty l... | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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f4b19ad0378170139785dc89c2ce1d29 | Context: To demonstrate the role of RpoE during the later stage of hyperosmotic stress in Salmonella.
Context: Expressions of SPI-1 and SPI-2 under hyperosmotic stress for 120 min were investigated by a microarray, and the invasion and intracellular survival of wild-type and ΔrpoE strains were compared. The global diff... | Let's break it down step by step.
The question asks if RpoE promotes invasion and intracellular survival by regulating SPI-1 and SPI-2 in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi.
According to the context, the expressions of SPI-1 and SPI-2 were repressed in the ΔrpoE strain, and the invasion and intracellular survival were... | Let's break it down step by step.
The question asks if RpoE promotes invasion and intracellular survival by regulating SPI-1 and SPI-2 in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi.
According to the context, the expressions of SPI-1 and SPI-2 were repressed in the ΔrpoE strain, and the invasion and intracellular survival were... | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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ffb087d3f96ba7ac97b69522c67df0c8 | Son gynécologue pensait qu'il s'agissait plutôt de troubles de l'excitation. Que lui répondez-vous ? | Il est hasardeux de parler de trouble sexuel de l'excitation ou d'inhibition de l'orgasme chez une patiente qui a présenté une telle abstinence. | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa | {
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a5b79314f446a876ebe4ac3152781979 | L'examen médical d'embauche a pour but(s) :
A. De rechercher si le sujet n'est pas atteint d'une affection dangereuse pour les autres travailleurs
B. D'éviter l'embauche de personnes handicapées
C. De s'assurer que le travailleur est médicalement apte au poste de travail auquel le chef d'établissement envisage de l'af... | Réponses correctes : A,C,E | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqm | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqm",
"dataset_subset": "QCM",
"medical_subject": "Occupational Medicine",
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6362d451724eef951f6318a291e3996e | In a 32-year-old female patient with documented endometriosis and an inability to receive injectable therapy, which specific oral nonpeptide GnRH antagonist cited in the Gynecology_Novak literature can effectively suppress both gonadotropins and estradiol without exacerbating hepatic conditions?
A. LH-RH analogues kno... | Elagolix is an oral nonpeptide GnRH antagonist that has been specifically cited in the Gynecology_Novak literature for its effectiveness in suppressing both gonadotropins and estradiol without exacerbating hepatic conditions. This medication offers a viable option for managing endometriosis in patients who cannot recei... | Elagolix is an oral nonpeptide GnRH antagonist that has been specifically cited in the Gynecology_Novak literature for its effectiveness in suppressing both gonadotropins and estradiol without exacerbating hepatic conditions. This medication offers a viable option for managing endometriosis in patients who cannot recei... | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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"source_record_id": "TextBookQA,Gynecology_Novak_677",
"rejected_resp... |
a3e7501eff5e5d0be2176b4063e531d2 | Assess the critical role that computational modeling techniques play in the enhancement and structural evolution of synthetically engineered gene regulatory circuits, while factoring in the integration of cutting-edge machine learning algorithms for anticipatory analysis, and specify the implications for synthetic biol... | Computational modeling techniques have become indispensable tools in the field of synthetic biology, particularly for the design and optimization of engineered gene regulatory circuits. These circuits, which can be composed of various genetic components such as promoters, repressors, activators, and riboswitches, are u... | Computational modeling techniques have become indispensable tools in the field of synthetic biology, particularly for the design and optimization of engineered gene regulatory circuits. These circuits, which can be composed of various genetic components such as promoters, repressors, activators, and riboswitches, are u... | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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ce753396b44ca38a44979860dcb0245b | All of the following are poor prognostic factors for Hodgkin's disease, Except:
A. Younger age
B. Systemic manifestations
C. Lymphocyte depletion
D. Mediastinal disease | Hodgkin's disease, also known as Hodgkin's lymphoma, is a type of cancer that originates from white blood cells called lymphocytes. When considering prognostic factors for this disease, several factors come into play in determining the severity and potential outcomes of the condition.
A. **Younger age**: Contrary to w... | Hodgkin's disease, also known as Hodgkin's lymphoma, is a type of cancer that originates from white blood cells called lymphocytes. When considering prognostic factors for this disease, several factors come into play in determining the severity and potential outcomes of the condition.
A. **Younger age**: Contrary to w... | en | 0.82 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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dc0a30246aeb48a246e02e1d8bbea8b5 | what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Orthostatic Hypotension ? | The NINDS supports research on conditions such as neurogenic orthostatic hypotension aimed at increasing scientific understanding of the condition and finding ways to treat and prevent it. | Limited information available. | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | medquad | {
"dataset_name": "medquad",
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"medical_subject": "",
"question_type": "research",
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... |
79e33d9324c8520181da22e54aabf39b | During an upper extremity surgical intervention targeting the shoulder girdle, where must a surgeon be particularly cautious to avoid injury to the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery, especially when retraction is performed within 5cm of which humeral landmark?
A. Just proximal to the distal end of... | The axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex humeral artery are anatomical structures that run in close proximity to the humerus in the shoulder region. They are particularly vulnerable to injury during surgical interventions in this area.
The axillary nerve originates from the brachial plexus and winds around the ... | The axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex humeral artery are anatomical structures that run in close proximity to the humerus in the shoulder region. They are particularly vulnerable to injury during surgical interventions in this area.
The axillary nerve originates from the brachial plexus and winds around the ... | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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"source_record_id": "TextBookQA,Anatomy_Gray_1710",
"rejected_response"... |
0f3edfe3a6f1899c00802b33e68745b2 | (cochez la réponse juste) Parmi les facteurs étiologiques suivants, quels sont les deux qui apparaissent actuellement les plus importants en ce qui concerne l'ulcère gastrique ?
1. L'hérédité
2. Le tabac
3. Le stress
4. La prise d'AINS ou d'aspirine
5. Infestation par Helicobacter pylori
A. 1+2
B. 2+3
C. 1+4
D. 4+5
E.... | Réponse correcte : D | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
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"dataset_subset": "QCU",
"medical_subject": "Hepato-Gastroenterology",
"question_type": "Understanding",
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... |
f39818573a783a3e061d10c35fbfc3f3 | La prise de contraceptifs oestro-progestatifs est contre-indiquée par :
A. Un taux de protéine C égal à 110 %
B. Un taux de fibrinogène égal à 4 grammes par litre
C. Un nombre de plaquettes égal à 350 Giga par litre
D. Un taux d'antithrombine III inférieur à 70 %
E. Un temps de céphaline kaolin plus court que celui du... | Réponse correcte : D | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqu",
"dataset_subset": "QCU",
"medical_subject": "Gynecology and Obstetrics",
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"source_record_id": "12144"... |
4c2c5aaf1fd0fdf10957f19c10e86504 | Vous constatez chez un nourrisson de 4 mois devant entrer à la crèche un virage récent des tests tuberculiniques. Que faut-il faire?
A. Faire chez lui une radiopulmonaire
B. Rechercher une contamination familiale
C. Instituer une chimioprophylaxie
D. Tester tous les enfants de la crèche
E. Instituer une simple surveil... | Réponses correctes : A,B,C | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqm | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqm",
"dataset_subset": "QCM",
"medical_subject": "Pediatrics",
"question_type": "Reasoning",
"symptoms": [],
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"anonymized": true,
"split": "",
"source_record_id": "22214",
"correct_answer... |
7bef0350f7209bb057be3f2a42574d3d | Un jeune garçon de 6 ans présente depuis 6 heures, après une contusion minime, de violentes douleurs du genou gauche. A l'examen: fièvre à 39°C, tachycardie, douleur fémorale métaphysaire inférieure, circulaire, réveillée à la palpation ; mobilisation douce du genou possible ; ongle incarné infecté du gros orteil gauch... | Réponses correctes : A,C | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqm | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqm",
"dataset_subset": "QCM",
"medical_subject": "Orthopedics",
"question_type": "Reasoning",
"symptoms": [],
"medical_history": [],
"vital_signs": {},
"confidence_score": 0.9500000000000001,
"anonymized": true,
"split": "",
"source_record_id": "11728",
"correct_answe... |
b93cba5e43507378b8dc47edc7ec7741 | Ive undergone cholecystectomy about 13 years ago. Recently, however, pain in the upper left side of my abdomen has begun to annoy me; hence,I submitted myself for an ultrasound examination of my lower and upper abdomen. Since the results show no abnormalities in the organs covered by the ultrasound particularly the liv... | Thank you for sharing your experience with MX3 and seeking clarification on its effects. I'll do my best to provide you with a helpful explanation.
MX3 is a dietary supplement that contains a blend of herbal extracts, including Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom), Morinda citrifolia (Noni fruit), and other ingredients... | Thank you for sharing your experience with MX3 and seeking clarification on its effects. I'll do my best to provide you with a helpful explanation.
MX3 is a dietary supplement that contains a blend of herbal extracts, including Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom), Morinda citrifolia (Noni fruit), and other ingredients... | en | 0.86 | 0.7 | ultramedical_preference | {
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"split": "",
"source_record_id": "ChatDoctor,30655",
"rejected_response": "MX3 is a ... |
58545e501e015d3a612afd7cd7bf64f5 | Parmi les médicaments suivants, lequel stimule directement les récepteurs dopaminergiques ?
A. trihexyphénidyle (Artane®)
B. halopéridol (Haldol®)
C. bromocriptine (Parlodel®)
D. L. dopa + benséraside (Modopar®)
E. dompéridone (Motilium®) | Réponse correcte : C | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqu",
"dataset_subset": "QCU",
"medical_subject": "Pharmacology",
"question_type": "Understanding",
"symptoms": [],
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"confidence_score": 0.9500000000000001,
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"split": "",
"source_record_id": "11994",
"correct_... |
a11e28d7ee29f17fe05a3ac7187742a0 | What are the symptoms of Syndromic microphthalmia, type 3 ? | What are the signs and symptoms of Syndromic microphthalmia, type 3? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Syndromic microphthalmia, type 3. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the... | What are the signs and symptoms of Syndromic microphthalmia, type 3? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Syndromic microphthalmia, type 3. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the... | en | 0.82 | 0.9 | medquad | {
"dataset_name": "medquad",
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"medical_subject": "",
"question_type": "symptoms",
"symptoms": [],
"medical_history": [],
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"confidence_score": 0.9,
"anonymized": true,
"split": "",
"source_record_id": "0005974-2",
"original_fields": [
"document_id",
... |
ca96f1cd87aa38e68360401a49a77e9c | Au cours du cycle menstruel, le pic de LH provoque :
A. La fin des règles
B. La croissance du follicule
C. L'ovulation
D. Le début des règles
E. La sécrétion d'estradiol | Réponse correcte : C | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqu",
"dataset_subset": "QCU",
"medical_subject": "Endocrinology and Metabolism",
"question_type": "Understanding",
"symptoms": [],
"medical_history": [],
"vital_signs": {},
"confidence_score": 0.9500000000000001,
"anonymized": true,
"split": "",
"source_record_id": "171... |
cc718a83a06ae5c59c5b6bcfb6d4ae00 | Parmi les médicaments antigoutteux suivants, lequel agit par inhibition de la synthèse d'acide urique ?
A. Allopurinol (Zyloric®)
B. Colchicine
C. Uricase (Uricozyme®)
D. Benzbromarone (Desuric®)
E. Benzodiarone (Amplivix®) | Réponse correcte : A | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqu",
"dataset_subset": "QCU",
"medical_subject": "Rheumatology",
"question_type": "Understanding",
"symptoms": [],
"medical_history": [],
"vital_signs": {},
"confidence_score": 0.9500000000000001,
"anonymized": true,
"split": "",
"source_record_id": "5692",
"correct_a... |
bb89ced416ced65a7664b3dc15e84087 | Un homme de 55 ans, mineur de charbon pendant 30 ans, fumeur habituel, a quitté le service depuis 5 ans. A ce moment, le cliché radiologique révélait une silicose de type 3 m, avec bronchopathie chronique obstructive justifiant une I.P.P. de 15 %. Chaque année, un nouveau cliché radiologique a été pratiqué, l'image s'a... | Réponse correcte : D | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqu | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqu",
"dataset_subset": "QCU",
"medical_subject": "Pulmonology",
"question_type": "Reasoning",
"symptoms": [],
"medical_history": [],
"vital_signs": {},
"confidence_score": 0.9500000000000001,
"anonymized": true,
"split": "",
"source_record_id": "12959",
"correct_answe... |
8af44d8bd57b9210257a87476039b5ac | A 27-year-old woman presents to the psychiatrist due to feelings of sadness for the past 3 weeks. She was let go from her job 1 month ago, and she feels as though her whole life is coming to an end. She is unable to sleep well at night and also finds herself crying at times during the day. She has not been able to eat ... | The woman was initially experiencing symptoms consistent with depression, such as sadness, insomnia, crying, poor appetite, weight loss, and a lack of interest in social activities. Her psychiatrist prescribed her an antidepressant that blocks the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine.
One week after starting... | The woman was initially experiencing symptoms consistent with depression, such as sadness, insomnia, crying, poor appetite, weight loss, and a lack of interest in social activities. Her psychiatrist prescribed her an antidepressant that blocks the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine.
One week after starting... | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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"dataset_subset": "",
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"question_type": "",
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"split": "",
"source_record_id": "MedQA,8930",
"rejected_response": "The patient ini... |
31cd338a4d05ddcc477f719dd058827e | A 26-year-old male currently undergoing standard therapy for a recently diagnosed active tuberculosis infection develops sudden onset of fever and oliguria. Laboratory evaluations demonstrate high levels of eosinophils in both the blood and urine. Which of the following is most likely responsible for the patient’s symp... | The patient is experiencing fever and oliguria (decreased urine output), which suggests a possible allergic reaction or hypersensitivity reaction. The presence of high levels of eosinophils in both the blood and urine further supports this idea, as eosinophils are often associated with allergic reactions.
Among the op... | The patient is experiencing fever and oliguria (decreased urine output), which suggests a possible allergic reaction or hypersensitivity reaction | en | 0.8 | 0.9 | ultramedical_preference | {
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"dataset_subset": "",
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"question_type": "",
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"split": "",
"source_record_id": "MedQA,2796",
"rejected_response": "Let's break dow... |
779c9dd3d7f8516c17460b318c0e4ad0 | Pour le traitement de la maladie de Parkinson, on peut utiliser :
A. Un agoniste direct dopaminergique
B. Un agoniste direct cholinergique
C. Un antagoniste sérotoninergique
D. Un précurseur de la dopamine
E. La dopamine | Réponses correctes : A,D | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqm | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqm",
"dataset_subset": "QCM",
"medical_subject": "Neurology",
"question_type": "Understanding",
"symptoms": [],
"medical_history": [],
"vital_signs": {},
"confidence_score": 0.9500000000000001,
"anonymized": true,
"split": "",
"source_record_id": "8843",
"correct_answ... |
15ec7d8b13a9b5b65b027a46b628600a | La petite Stéphanie M... est âgée de 4 ans. Lors de l'examen scolaire systématique, on lui a découvert une hypertension artérielle à 180 mmHg pour la maxima, 110 pour la minima au membre supérieur. Il n'y a pas d'antécédent pathologique personnel ni familial
Pour affirmer le diagnostic de coarctation aortique et condu... | Réponses correctes : A,D,E | Informations limitées. | fr | 0.8 | 0.9 | mediqa_mcqm | {
"dataset_name": "mediqa_mcqm",
"dataset_subset": "QCM",
"medical_subject": "Pediatrics",
"question_type": "Reasoning",
"symptoms": [],
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"confidence_score": 0.9500000000000001,
"anonymized": true,
"split": "",
"source_record_id": "11546",
"correct_answer... |
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