| {"id": "rome1_4_1", "instrument": "Rome I (Regulation (EC) No 593/2008)", "jurisdiction": "EU", "article": "Art. 4(1)", "title": "Applicable law in the absence of choice", "text": "To the extent that the law applicable to the contract has not been chosen in accordance with Article 3 and without prejudice to Articles 5 to 8, the law governing the contract shall be determined as follows: (a) a contract for the sale of goods shall be governed by the law of the country where the seller has his habitual residence; (b) a contract for the provision of services shall be governed by the law of the country where the service provider has his habitual residence; ... (e) a franchise contract shall be governed by the law of the country where the franchisee has his habitual residence; (f) a distribution contract shall be governed by the law of the country where the distributor has his habitual residence.", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008R0593", "topics": ["contracts", "applicable law", "sale of goods", "services"], "date": "2008-06-17", "celex": "32008R0593"} | |
| {"id": "rome1_4_2_4", "instrument": "Rome I (Regulation (EC) No 593/2008)", "jurisdiction": "EU", "article": "Art. 4(2)-(4)", "title": "Applicable law in the absence of choice (characteristic performance & closer connection)", "text": "2. Where the contract is not covered by paragraph 1 or where the elements of the contract would be covered by more than one of the points (a) to (h) of paragraph 1, the contract shall be governed by the law of the country where the party required to effect the characteristic performance of the contract has his habitual residence. 3. Where it is clear from all the circumstances of the case that the contract is manifestly more closely connected with a country other than that indicated in paragraphs 1 or 2, the law of that other country shall apply. 4. Where the law applicable cannot be determined pursuant to paragraphs 1 or 2, the contract shall be governed by the law of the country with which it is most closely connected.", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008R0593", "topics": ["contracts", "applicable law", "characteristic performance"], "date": "2008-06-17", "celex": "32008R0593"} | |
| {"id": "rome1_6_1", "instrument": "Rome I (Regulation (EC) No 593/2008)", "jurisdiction": "EU", "article": "Art. 6(1)", "title": "Consumer contracts", "text": "Without prejudice to Articles 5 and 7, a contract concluded by a natural person for a purpose which can be regarded as being outside his trade or profession (the consumer) with another person acting in the exercise of his trade or profession (the professional) shall be governed by the law of the country where the consumer has his habitual residence, provided that the professional: (a) pursues his commercial or professional activities in the country where the consumer has his habitual residence, or (b) by any means, directs such activities to that country or to several countries including that country, and the contract falls within the scope of such activities.", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008R0593", "topics": ["contracts", "applicable law", "consumer"], "date": "2008-06-17", "celex": "32008R0593"} | |
| {"id": "rome1_6_2", "instrument": "Rome I (Regulation (EC) No 593/2008)", "jurisdiction": "EU", "article": "Art. 6(2)", "title": "Consumer contracts - Choice of law", "text": "Notwithstanding paragraph 1, the parties may choose the law applicable to a contract which fulfils the requirements of paragraph 1, in accordance with Article 3. Such a choice may not, however, have the result of depriving the consumer of the protection afforded to him by provisions that cannot be derogated from by agreement by virtue of the law which, in the absence of choice, would have been applicable on the basis of paragraph 1.", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008R0593", "topics": ["contracts", "applicable law", "consumer", "choice of law"], "date": "2008-06-17", "celex": "32008R0593"} | |
| {"id": "rome1_8_1", "instrument": "Rome I (Regulation (EC) No 593/2008)", "jurisdiction": "EU", "article": "Art. 8(1)", "title": "Individual employment contracts - Choice of law", "text": "An individual employment contract shall be governed by the law chosen by the parties in accordance with Article 3. Such a choice of law may not, however, have the result of depriving the employee of the protection afforded to him by provisions that cannot be derogated from by agreement under the law that, in the absence of choice, would have been applicable pursuant to paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 of this Article.", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008R0593", "topics": ["contracts", "applicable law", "employment"], "date": "2008-06-17", "celex": "32008R0593"} | |
| {"id": "rome1_8_2", "instrument": "Rome I (Regulation (EC) No 593/2008)", "jurisdiction": "EU", "article": "Art. 8(2)-(4)", "title": "Individual employment contracts - Absence of choice", "text": "2. To the extent that the law applicable to the individual employment contract has not been chosen by the parties, the contract shall be governed by the law of the country in which or, failing that, from which the employee habitually carries out his work in performance of the contract. The country where the work is habitually carried out shall not be deemed to have changed if he is temporarily employed in another country. 3. Where the law applicable cannot be determined pursuant to paragraph 2, the contract shall be governed by the law of the country where the place of business through which the employee was engaged is situated. 4. Where it appears from the circumstances as a whole that the contract is more closely connected with a country other than that indicated in paragraphs 2 or 3, the law of that other country shall apply.", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008R0593", "topics": ["contracts", "applicable law", "employment"], "date": "2008-06-17", "celex": "32008R0593"} | |
| {"id": "rome2_4_1", "instrument": "Rome II (Regulation (EC) No 864/2007)", "jurisdiction": "EU", "article": "Art. 4(1)", "title": "General rule - Torts/Delicts", "text": "Unless otherwise provided for in this Regulation, the law applicable to a non-contractual obligation arising out of a tort/delict shall be the law of the country in which the damage occurs irrespective of the country in which the event giving rise to the damage occurred and irrespective of the country or countries in which the indirect consequences of that event occur.", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32007R0864", "topics": ["torts", "applicable law", "non-contractual"], "date": "2007-07-11", "celex": "32007R0864"} | |
| {"id": "rome2_4_2_3", "instrument": "Rome II (Regulation (EC) No 864/2007)", "jurisdiction": "EU", "article": "Art. 4(2)-(3)", "title": "General rule - Torts/Delicts (Exceptions)", "text": "2. However, where the person claimed to be liable and the person sustaining damage both have their habitual residence in the same country at the time when the damage occurs, the law of that country shall apply. 3. Where it is clear from all the circumstances of the case that the tort/delict is manifestly more closely connected with a country other than that indicated in paragraphs 1 or 2, the law of that other country shall apply. A manifestly closer connection with another country might be based in particular on a pre-existing relationship between the parties, such as a contract, that is closely connected with the tort/delict in question.", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32007R0864", "topics": ["torts", "applicable law", "non-contractual", "exceptions"], "date": "2007-07-11", "celex": "32007R0864"} | |
| {"id": "brussels1a_7_1", "instrument": "Brussels Ia (Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012)", "jurisdiction": "EU", "article": "Art. 7(1)", "title": "Special jurisdiction - Contracts", "text": "A person domiciled in a Member State may be sued in another Member State: (1) (a) in matters relating to a contract, in the courts for the place of performance of the obligation in question; (b) for the purpose of this provision and unless otherwise agreed, the place of performance of the obligation in question shall be: \u2014 in the case of the sale of goods, the place in a Member State where, under the contract, the goods were delivered or should have been delivered, \u2014 in the case of the provision of services, the place in a Member State where, under the contract, the services were provided or should have been provided; (c) if point (b) does not apply then point (a) applies.", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215", "topics": ["jurisdiction", "contracts", "special jurisdiction"], "date": "2012-12-12", "celex": "32012R1215"} | |
| {"id": "brussels1a_7_2", "instrument": "Brussels Ia (Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012)", "jurisdiction": "EU", "article": "Art. 7(2)", "title": "Special jurisdiction - Torts", "text": "A person domiciled in a Member State may be sued in another Member State: (2) in matters relating to tort, delict or quasi-delict, in the courts for the place where the harmful event occurred or may occur.", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215", "topics": ["jurisdiction", "torts", "special jurisdiction"], "date": "2012-12-12", "celex": "32012R1215"} | |