title: Extremely long equations giving overfull hbox

text: I am using wxMaxima for doing homework. I have extremely long mathematical equations. I exported my work to a `.tex` file. But now I have several overfull bad box warnings. I tried to use `geometry` package to reduce margin to almost nothing and even changed the paper to landscape. Still I am not able to make the equations fit. I am not able to figure out which LaTeX tag is preventing hyphenation from working in the math environment. Can someone suggest a solution smarter than manually fixing each of the overfull boxes? My file looks like this:               \documentclass{article}          %% Created with wxMaxima 13.04.2          \setlength{\parskip}{\medskipamount}     \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}     \usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}     \usepackage{graphicx}     \usepackage{color}     \usepackage{amsmath}     \usepackage{geometry}     \geometry{legalpaper, landscape, margin=0.1in}          \definecolor{labelcolor}{RGB}{100,0,0}          \begin{document}          \noindent     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%     %%% INPUT:     \begin{minipage}[t]{8ex}{\color{red}\bf     \begin{verbatim}     (%i12)      \end{verbatim}}     \end{minipage}     \begin{minipage}[t]{\textwidth}{\color{blue}     \begin{verbatim}     kill(all)$     u : A + (u0 - A)*exp(-x/%lambda);     \end{verbatim}}     \end{minipage}     %%% OUTPUT:     \begin{math}\displaystyle     \parbox{8ex}{\color{labelcolor}(\%o1) }     A+{e}^{−\frac{x}{\lambda}}\,\left( u0−A\right)      \end{math}     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%               \noindent     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%     %%% INPUT:     \begin{minipage}[t]{8ex}{\color{red}\bf     \begin{verbatim}     (%i2)      \end{verbatim}}     \end{minipage}     \begin{minipage}[t]{\textwidth}{\color{blue}     \begin{verbatim}     assume(L > 0)$     I : (k/2)*(u/l)^2 + (%tau/2)*(diff(u,x))^2 + (%tau)*(u/l);     E : integrate(I,x,0,L);     \end{verbatim}}     \end{minipage}     %%% OUTPUT:     \begin{math}\displaystyle     \parbox{8ex}{\color{labelcolor}(\%o3) }     \frac{k\,{\left( A+{e}^{−\frac{x}{\lambda}}\,\left( u0−A\right) \right) }^{2}}{2\,{l}^{2}}+\frac{\tau\,\left( A+{e}^{−\frac{x}{\lambda}}\,\left( u0−A\right) \right) }{l}+\frac{\tau\,{e}^{−\frac{2\,x}{\lambda}}\,{\left( u0−A\right) }^{2}}{2\,{\lambda}^{2}}     \end{math}          \begin{math}\displaystyle     \parbox{8ex}{\color{labelcolor}(\%o4) }     ({e}^{−\frac{2\,L}{\lambda}}\,(\left( \left( 2\,\lambda\,k\,{A}^{2}+4\,\lambda\,\tau\,l\,A\right) \,L+\left( \tau\,{l}^{2}−3\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,{A}^{2}+\left( \left( 2\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k−2\,\tau\,{l}^{2}\right) \,u0−4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,\tau\,l\right) \,A+\left( \tau\,{l}^{2}+{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,{u0}^{2}+4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,\tau\,l\,u0\right) \,{e}^{\frac{2\,L}{\lambda}}+\left( 4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k\,{A}^{2}+\left( 4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,\tau\,l−4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k\,u0\right) \,A−4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,\tau\,l\,u0\right) \,{e}^{\frac{L}{\lambda}}+\left( −\tau\,{l}^{2}−{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,{A}^{2}+\left( 2\,\tau\,{l}^{2}+2\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,u0\,A+\left( −\tau\,{l}^{2}−{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,{u0}^{2}))/(4\,\lambda\,{l}^{2})     \end{math}     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%               \noindent     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%     %%% INPUT:     \begin{minipage}[t]{8ex}{\color{red}\bf     \begin{verbatim}     (%i5)      \end{verbatim}}     \end{minipage}     \begin{minipage}[t]{\textwidth}{\color{blue}     \begin{verbatim}     eq1 : diff(E,A) = 0;     eq2 : diff(E,%lambda) = 0;     \end{verbatim}}     \end{minipage}     %%% OUTPUT:     \begin{math}\displaystyle     \parbox{8ex}{\color{labelcolor}(\%o5) }     \frac{{e}^{−\frac{2\,L}{\lambda}}\,\left( \left( \left( 4\,\lambda\,k\,A+4\,\lambda\,\tau\,l\right) \,L+2\,\left( \tau\,{l}^{2}−3\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,A+\left( 2\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k−2\,\tau\,{l}^{2}\right) \,u0−4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,\tau\,l\right) \,{e}^{\frac{2\,L}{\lambda}}+\left( 8\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k\,A−4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k\,u0+4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,\tau\,l\right) \,{e}^{\frac{L}{\lambda}}+2\,\left( −\tau\,{l}^{2}−{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,A+\left( 2\,\tau\,{l}^{2}+2\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,u0\right) }{4\,\lambda\,{l}^{2}}=0     \end{math}          \begin{math}\displaystyle     \parbox{8ex}{\color{labelcolor}(\%o6) }     ({e}^{−\frac{2\,L}{\lambda}}\,(−\frac{2\,L\,\left( \left( 2\,\lambda\,k\,{A}^{2}+4\,\lambda\,\tau\,l\,A\right) \,L+\left( \tau\,{l}^{2}−3\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,{A}^{2}+\left( \left( 2\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k−2\,\tau\,{l}^{2}\right) \,u0−4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,\tau\,l\right) \,A+\left( \tau\,{l}^{2}+{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,{u0}^{2}+4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,\tau\,l\,u0\right) \,{e}^{\frac{2\,L}{\lambda}}}{{\lambda}^{2}}+\left( \left( 2\,k\,{A}^{2}+4\,\tau\,l\,A\right) \,L−6\,\lambda\,k\,{A}^{2}+\left( 4\,\lambda\,k\,u0−8\,\lambda\,\tau\,l\right) \,A+2\,\lambda\,k\,{u0}^{2}+8\,\lambda\,\tau\,l\,u0\right) \,{e}^{\frac{2\,L}{\lambda}}−\frac{\left( 4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k\,{A}^{2}+\left( 4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,\tau\,l−4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k\,u0\right) \,A−4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,\tau\,l\,u0\right) \,L\,{e}^{\frac{L}{\lambda}}}{{\lambda}^{2}}+\left( 8\,\lambda\,k\,{A}^{2}+\left( 8\,\lambda\,\tau\,l−8\,\lambda\,k\,u0\right) \,A−8\,\lambda\,\tau\,l\,u0\right) \,{e}^{\frac{L}{\lambda}}−2\,\lambda\,k\,{A}^{2}+4\,\lambda\,k\,u0\,A−2\,\lambda\,k\,{u0}^{2}))/(4\,\lambda\,{l}^{2})+(L\,{e}^{−\frac{2\,L}{\lambda}}\,(\left( \left( 2\,\lambda\,k\,{A}^{2}+4\,\lambda\,\tau\,l\,A\right) \,L+\left( \tau\,{l}^{2}−3\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,{A}^{2}+\left( \left( 2\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k−2\,\tau\,{l}^{2}\right) \,u0−4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,\tau\,l\right) \,A+\left( \tau\,{l}^{2}+{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,{u0}^{2}+4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,\tau\,l\,u0\right) \,{e}^{\frac{2\,L}{\lambda}}+\left( 4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k\,{A}^{2}+\left( 4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,\tau\,l−4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k\,u0\right) \,A−4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,\tau\,l\,u0\right) \,{e}^{\frac{L}{\lambda}}+\left( −\tau\,{l}^{2}−{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,{A}^{2}+\left( 2\,\tau\,{l}^{2}+2\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,u0\,A+\left( −\tau\,{l}^{2}−{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,{u0}^{2}))/(2\,{\lambda}^{3}\,{l}^{2})−({e}^{−\frac{2\,L}{\lambda}}\,(\left( \left( 2\,\lambda\,k\,{A}^{2}+4\,\lambda\,\tau\,l\,A\right) \,L+\left( \tau\,{l}^{2}−3\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,{A}^{2}+\left( \left( 2\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k−2\,\tau\,{l}^{2}\right) \,u0−4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,\tau\,l\right) \,A+\left( \tau\,{l}^{2}+{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,{u0}^{2}+4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,\tau\,l\,u0\right) \,{e}^{\frac{2\,L}{\lambda}}+\left( 4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k\,{A}^{2}+\left( 4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,\tau\,l−4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k\,u0\right) \,A−4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,\tau\,l\,u0\right) \,{e}^{\frac{L}{\lambda}}+\left( −\tau\,{l}^{2}−{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,{A}^{2}+\left( 2\,\tau\,{l}^{2}+2\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,u0\,A+\left( −\tau\,{l}^{2}−{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,{u0}^{2}))/(4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,{l}^{2})=0     \end{math}     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%               \noindent     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%     %%% INPUT:     \begin{minipage}[t]{8ex}{\color{red}\bf     \begin{verbatim}     (%i7)      \end{verbatim}}     \end{minipage}     \begin{minipage}[t]{\textwidth}{\color{blue}     \begin{verbatim}     eq1 : expand(eq1/L);     \end{verbatim}}     \end{minipage}     %%% OUTPUT:     \begin{math}\displaystyle     \parbox{8ex}{\color{labelcolor}(\%o7) }     \frac{2\,\lambda\,k\,A\,{e}^{−\frac{L}{\lambda}}}{{l}^{2}\,L}−\frac{\lambda\,k\,u0\,{e}^{−\frac{L}{\lambda}}}{{l}^{2}\,L}+\frac{\lambda\,\tau\,{e}^{−\frac{L}{\lambda}}}{l\,L}−\frac{\lambda\,k\,A\,{e}^{−\frac{2\,L}{\lambda}}}{2\,{l}^{2}\,L}−\frac{\tau\,A\,{e}^{−\frac{2\,L}{\lambda}}}{2\,\lambda\,L}+\frac{\lambda\,k\,u0\,{e}^{−\frac{2\,L}{\lambda}}}{2\,{l}^{2}\,L}+\frac{\tau\,u0\,{e}^{−\frac{2\,L}{\lambda}}}{2\,\lambda\,L}−\frac{3\,\lambda\,k\,A}{2\,{l}^{2}\,L}+\frac{\tau\,A}{2\,\lambda\,L}+\frac{\lambda\,k\,u0}{2\,{l}^{2}\,L}−\frac{\tau\,u0}{2\,\lambda\,L}−\frac{\lambda\,\tau}{l\,L}+\frac{k\,A}{{l}^{2}}+\frac{\tau}{l}=0     \end{math}     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%               \noindent     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%     %%% INPUT:     \begin{minipage}[t]{8ex}{\color{red}\bf     \begin{verbatim}     (%i8)      \end{verbatim}}     \end{minipage}     \begin{minipage}[t]{\textwidth}{\color{blue}     \begin{verbatim}     assume(%lambda > 0)$     eq1 : limit(eq1,L,inf);     eq2 : limit(eq2,L,inf);     \end{verbatim}}     \end{minipage}     %%% OUTPUT:     \begin{math}\displaystyle     \parbox{8ex}{\color{labelcolor}(\%o9) }     \frac{k\,A}{{l}^{2}}+\frac{\tau}{l}=0     \end{math}          \begin{math}\displaystyle     \parbox{8ex}{\color{labelcolor}(\%o10) }     −\frac{\left( \tau\,{l}^{2}+3\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,{A}^{2}+\left( \left( −2\,\tau\,{l}^{2}−2\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,u0+4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,\tau\,l\right) \,A+\left( \tau\,{l}^{2}−{\lambda}^{2}\,k\right) \,{u0}^{2}−4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,\tau\,l\,u0}{4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,{l}^{2}}=0     \end{math}     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%               \noindent     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%     %%% INPUT:     \begin{minipage}[t]{8ex}{\color{red}\bf     \begin{verbatim}     (%i11)      \end{verbatim}}     \end{minipage}     \begin{minipage}[t]{\textwidth}{\color{blue}     \begin{verbatim}     eq2 : expand(eq2);     \end{verbatim}}     \end{minipage}     %%% OUTPUT:     \begin{math}\displaystyle     \parbox{8ex}{\color{labelcolor}(\%o11) }     −\frac{3\,k\,{A}^{2}}{4\,{l}^{2}}−\frac{\tau\,{A}^{2}}{4\,{\lambda}^{2}}+\frac{k\,u0\,A}{2\,{l}^{2}}+\frac{\tau\,u0\,A}{2\,{\lambda}^{2}}−\frac{\tau\,A}{l}+\frac{k\,{u0}^{2}}{4\,{l}^{2}}−\frac{\tau\,{u0}^{2}}{4\,{\lambda}^{2}}+\frac{\tau\,u0}{l}=0     \end{math}     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%               \noindent     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%     %%% INPUT:     \begin{minipage}[t]{8ex}{\color{red}\bf     \begin{verbatim}     (%i12)      \end{verbatim}}     \end{minipage}     \begin{minipage}[t]{\textwidth}{\color{blue}     \begin{verbatim}     facsum_combine : false$     eq2 : facsum(eq2,A,%lambda);     \end{verbatim}}     \end{minipage}     %%% OUTPUT:     \begin{math}\displaystyle     \parbox{8ex}{\color{labelcolor}(\%o13) }     −\frac{3\,k\,{A}^{2}}{4\,{l}^{2}}−\frac{\tau\,{A}^{2}}{4\,{\lambda}^{2}}+\frac{\left( k\,u0−2\,\tau\,l\right) \,A}{2\,{l}^{2}}+\frac{\tau\,u0\,A}{2\,{\lambda}^{2}}−\frac{\tau\,{u0}^{2}}{4\,{\lambda}^{2}}+\frac{u0\,\left( k\,u0+4\,\tau\,l\right) }{4\,{l}^{2}}=0     \end{math}     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%               \noindent     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%     %%% INPUT:     \begin{minipage}[t]{8ex}{\color{red}\bf     \begin{verbatim}     (%i14)      \end{verbatim}}     \end{minipage}     \begin{minipage}[t]{\textwidth}{\color{blue}     \begin{verbatim}     solve(eq1,A);     \end{verbatim}}     \end{minipage}     %%% OUTPUT:     \begin{math}\displaystyle     \parbox{8ex}{\color{labelcolor}(\%o14) }     [A=−\frac{\tau\,l}{k}]     \end{math}     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%               \noindent     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%     %%% INPUT:     \begin{minipage}[t]{8ex}{\color{red}\bf     \begin{verbatim}     (%i15)      \end{verbatim}}     \end{minipage}     \begin{minipage}[t]{\textwidth}{\color{blue}     \begin{verbatim}     eq2 : subst(−(%tau*l)/k,A,eq2);     \end{verbatim}}     \end{minipage}     %%% OUTPUT:     \begin{math}\displaystyle     \parbox{8ex}{\color{labelcolor}(\%o15) }     −\frac{\tau\,{u0}^{2}}{4\,{\lambda}^{2}}+\frac{u0\,\left( k\,u0+4\,\tau\,l\right) }{4\,{l}^{2}}−\frac{\tau\,\left( k\,u0−2\,\tau\,l\right) }{2\,k\,l}−\frac{{\tau}^{2}\,l\,u0}{2\,{\lambda}^{2}\,k}−\frac{{\tau}^{3}\,{l}^{2}}{4\,{\lambda}^{2}\,{k}^{2}}−\frac{3\,{\tau}^{2}}{4\,k}=0     \end{math}     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%               \noindent     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%     %%% INPUT:     \begin{minipage}[t]{8ex}{\color{red}\bf     \begin{verbatim}     (%i16)      \end{verbatim}}     \end{minipage}     \begin{minipage}[t]{\textwidth}{\color{blue}     \begin{verbatim}     solve(eq2,%lambda);     \end{verbatim}}     \end{minipage}     %%% OUTPUT:     \begin{math}\displaystyle     \parbox{8ex}{\color{labelcolor}(\%o16) }     [\lambda=−\sqrt{\frac{\tau}{k}}\,l,\lambda=\sqrt{\frac{\tau}{k}}\,l]     \end{math}     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%          \end{document}


title: List of figures as chapter

text: I want my list of figures look like an ordinary chapter in my appendix. But right now my table of contents looks like this: ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/23yeE.png) This is how I add my list of figures:               \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\listfigurename}     \listoffigures      Apparently `\listoffigures` uses `\chapter*` instead of `\chapter`. Basically I want the numbering to look like this:               Appendix     A. List of Figures     B. Appendix test chapter 1     C. Appendix test chapter 2      I tried using `\patchcmd` from `etoolbox` as suggested here but it had no effect.               \patchcmd{\listoffigures}{\chapter*}{\chapter}{}{}      Is it possible to do it like this? Is there a better way? Edit: I just came up with the following hack:               \renewcommand\listfigurename{A. List of Figures}     \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\listfigurename}     \listoffigures     \setcounter{chapter}{1}      This fixes my table of contents but unfortunately the pdf bookmark for my list of figures is now name "A. List of Figures" as well but I want it to be simply "List of Figures". Edit2 with MWE:               \documentclass{scrreprt}          \begin{document}          \tableofcontents{}          \chapter{Chapter 1}          \part{Appendix}          \appendix     \pagenumbering{Roman}          \listoffigures          \chapter{Appendix chapter 1}     \chapter{Appendix chapter 2}          \end{document}


title: Tufte-handout class and Indentation

text: I'm using `tufte-handout` class. I'd like to avoid indentation discrepancies in the side-notes. In particular I would like the beginning of each line in a side note to be (by default) equally indented. But, so far what I have is only this:                   \documentclass{tufte-handout}              \geometry{lmargin=72pt,tmargin=72pt,textwidth=350pt,marginparwidth=144pt}             \usepackage[english]{babel}                 \usepackage{graphicx} % allow embedded images            \setkeys{Gin}{width=\linewidth,totalheight=\textheight,keepaspectratio}            \graphicspath{{graphics/}} % set of paths to search for images         \usepackage{amsmath}  % extended mathematics         \usepackage{booktabs} % book-quality tables         \usepackage{units}    % non-stacked fractions and better unit spacing         \usepackage{multicol} % multiple column layout facilities         \usepackage{lipsum}   % filler text         \usepackage{enumitem}         \usepackage{upgreek}         \usepackage{mathtools}         \usepackage{marvosym}              \newcommand\blfootnote[1]{\begingroup              \renewcommand\thefootnote{}\footnote{#1}%              \addtocounter{footnote}{-1}%              \endgroup               }              \usepackage{fancyvrb} % extended verbatim environments             \fvset{fontsize=\normalsize}% default font size for fancy-verbatim environments              \newcommand{\doccmd}[1]{\texttt{\textbackslash#1}}         \newcommand{\docopt}[1]   {\ensuremath{\langle}\textrm{\textit{#1}}\ensuremath{\rangle}}% optional command argument         \newcommand{\docarg}[1]{\textrm{\textit{#1}}}% (required) command argument         \newcommand{\docenv}[1]{\textsf{#1}}% environment name         \newcommand{\docpkg}[1]{\texttt{#1}}% package name         \newcommand{\doccls}[1]{\texttt{#1}}% document class name         \newcommand{\docclsopt}[1]{\texttt{#1}}% document class option name         \newenvironment{docspec}{\begin{quote}\noindent}{\end{quote}}% command specification environment              \newcounter{savedenumi}         \newenvironment{moreenum}{%           \setcounter{savedenumi}{\value{enumi}}%            \begin{enumerate}\setcounter{enumi}{\value{savedenumi}}%             }{%            \end{enumerate}%          }              \title{Title}              \author[Author]{Author}                   \begin{document}         \section{Section}\label{sec:Section}            \begin{itemize}               \item Item1\blfootnote{This is a side note,\\and this is a side note;\\this is a side note, too.}              \item Item2              \item Item3              \end{itemize}         \end{document}


title: TeX doesn't recognize built-in control sequences?

text: I'm trying to learn to build things from the ground-up with TeX (not LaTeX--- I've used LaTeX before, so I know how easy a solution "`\usepackage{amsthm}`+`\begin{theorem}`" is) and I'm trying to build my own theorem environment that, among other things, indents on both the left and right. I know what `\narrower` and `\leftskip` (`\rightskip`) do. However, TeX doesn't recognize these control sequences.               \def\thm[#1]{\par {\leftskip 1in \rightskip 1in %       \noindent {\bf Theorem.} {\it #1 \/} \newline \noindent}     \def\endthm{ } \par}      Upon compile (by the way, that's:               pdftex def.tex     * \input sandbox.tex      where `def.tex` contains this and `sandbox.tex` contains               \thm[Name of theorem] Blah blah \endthm      ) I get the error saying "Undefined control sequence." So what's going on? I got the impression from my readings that these (`\leftskip`, &c.) are built into TeX, so it shouldn't be a package issue. Also, that `\noindent` at the end of the second line doesn't work, but that's less annoying at the moment.


title: overstruck \diamond and plus in plain TeX?

text: I need a character in plain TeX that combines a plus with a quadrilateral whose corners are the four endpoints of the plus. Is there a way to create such a thing? I apologize for editing the question; I could not figure out how to enter an answer. I was able to construct the character using gpic, put the resulting specials in a box, and define `\gjoin` to copy from that box. I will use this character in the third edition of my graph theory textbook to denote the join of two graphs, for a variety of reasons. I believe it is a useful and natural character. The suggested overstrike using `\ooalign` did not do the job for me. Drawing the character as lines that join four specified points should avoid spacing difficulties due to overstrikes. Here is the answer I found:               \expandafter\ifx\csname dplus\endcsname\relax \csname newbox\endcsname\dplus\fi     \expandafter\ifx\csname dplustemp\endcsname\relax     \csname newdimen\endcsname\dplustemp\fi          \setbox\dplus=\vtop{\vskip -7pt\hbox{%           \kern .021in%           \special{pn 11}%           \special{pa 0 50}%           \special{pa 50 100}%           \special{fp}%           \special{pa 50 100}%           \special{pa 100 50}%           \special{fp}%           \special{pa 100 50}%           \special{pa 50 0}%           \special{fp}%           \special{pa 50 100}%           \special{pa 50 0}%           \special{fp}%           \special{pa 50 0}%           \special{pa 0 50}%           \special{fp}%           \special{pa 0 50}%           \special{pa 100 50}%           \special{fp}%           \hbox{\vrule depth0.100in width0pt height 0pt}%           \kern 0.110in         }%       }%            \def\gjoin{\copy\dplus}          $G\gjoin H$ and $G_1\gjoin G_2$


title: How to replace the "." with ":" in the proof environment?

text: I have seen a similar post here How to remove the "." in the proof environment?. But I don't know how I can modify the answer to replace `.` with `:` by using `etoolbox`.


title: Style when mixing arguments/methods from a computer program with text and math

text: I'm working on a document that is a cross of user's guide and a technical manual. I describe a system which has variables that I handle normally, then introduce an R package that I've written which deals with some of the same variable. My question is how to deal with the computer package-related components. For (1) the name of the package, (2) function (method) names, and (3) variable/parameter/argument names: Should they be set in a `\texttt`/`\verb` style inline and in equations? Should they be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence? Or should I avoid using them at the beginnings of sentences? Essentially, I'm asking a broader version of How to typeset variables and other code?.


title: LaTeX, '&' or 'en' instead of 'and' in references

text: In the references I want to cite like this: (Author1, author2 **en/ &** author3). So far I only manage to get: (Author1, author2 **and** author3). Does anyone know how to put en/& in the reference? I use plainnat, or natbib as style. Can anyone help me? I feel kinda stupid but I don't know how to answer Mico, so I hope it works like this. I understand your explanation except for one thing. If I scroll in my TeX document to `bibliography{plainnat}` I can't save it as a file. It is just a sentence, not a file or something. How do I do this?


title: How to align block of nodes horizontally with TikZ

text: I have this figure with three rows of nodes. I would like to center the first and the third rows by moving the nodes a bit to the right so to make the figure appears more balanced: ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/dXGoS.png) I tried with `\centering` but with no effect. Here's the code:               \documentclass{paper}          \usepackage{tikz}     \usetikzlibrary{arrows}          \begin{document}          \begin{figure}     \centering     \begin{tikzpicture}[->,>=stealth',shorten >=1pt,auto,node distance=4cm,       thick]            \tikzstyle{author node} = [circle,fill=blue!20,right]       \tikzstyle{thread node} = [circle,fill=red!20,right]            \node[author node] (1)  {A};       \node[author node] (2)  [right of=1] {B};            \node[thread node] (3) [below of=1] {1};       \node[thread node] (4) [right of=3] {2};       \node[thread node] (5) [right of=4] {3};       \node[thread node] (6) [right of=5] {4};            \node[author node] (7) [below of=3] {C};       \node[author node] (8) [right of=7] {D};       \node[author node] (9) [right of=8] {E};            \path[every node/.style={font=\sffamily\small}]         (1) edge node {} (3)         (1) edge node {} (4)         (2) edge node {} (5)         (2) edge node {} (6)              (7) edge node {} (3)         (7) edge node {} (4)         (7) edge node {} (4)         (7) edge node {} (5)         (8) edge node {} (4)         (8) edge node {} (6)         (8) edge node {} (6)         (9) edge node {} (3)         (9) edge node {} (5)         (9) edge node {} (6);          \end{tikzpicture}     \end{figure}          \end{document}


title: How to create something like `matching` environment from examdesign in eqexam

text: I use eqexam package to create an exam with single-choice, multiple-choice and fill-in questions. I chose it for visual appeal, easy localization / translation and ability to randomize answers. What it is lacking is support for **matching tests** (i.e. connecting a set of answers on the left with set of answers on the right), something like 'matching' environment from examdesign class. How to create support for matching tests for `eqexam`, or how to port 'matching' environment from `examdesign` into `eqexam`?


title: How can I force \left, \right delimiters to automatically (!) have the same size despite line breaks?

text: This code               \documentclass{article}          \usepackage{amsmath}          \begin{document}     \begin{align*}     \begin{split}         z = \left( a + b + c \right. \\              \left. + \frac{d}{e} \right)     \end{split}      \end{align*}     \end{document}      produces the following output: ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/KpPHV.png) The two delimiters have different sizes. A common trick to obtain matching sizes is to use `\vphantom` like so:               \documentclass{article}          \usepackage{amsmath}          \begin{document}     \begin{align*}     \begin{split}         z = \left( a + b + c +\vphantom{\frac{d}{e}}\right. \\               \left. + \frac{d}{e} \right)     \end{split}      \end{align*}     \end{document}      which produces the following output: ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/86fCq.png) However, such an approach   * becomes rapidly **complex** as the number of line breaks increases;   * is **not maintainable** at all (because, if a line's contents change, the argument of `\vphantom` may have to be modified as well to obtain the desired output). * * * Alternative approach 1: manually size the delimiters (using `\big` and the likes). Sadly, that's not very maintainable either. Alternative approach 2: using some math environment provided by the `breqn` package, which allows for line breaks between two `\left`/`\right` delimiters and takes care of delimiter sizing. However, I'd like to stay away from `breqn`, if possible. * * * Can you think of a way to make associated `\left`/`right\` delimiters to automatically have the same size despite line breaks, without (explicitly) using the `\vphantom` trick? Ideally, the solution should work for multiple nested pairs of delimiters. For example, in the following, the inner delimiters should have the same size and the outer delimiters should have the same size:               \left( \left( ... \right. \right. \\     \left. \left. ... \right) \right)


title: There is no output by TeXnicCenter

text: I recently encountered a problem when drawing my graphs with gnuplot. When I run my TeX file in TeXnicCenter, it runs but the output PDF file is not relating to the requested file! By running the other files the output is the same and TeXnicCenter makes no change to the graphs and shows the initial PDF graph which seems to be in its memory! I would be grateful if someone could help me about this problem.


title: Roman Number Symbols

text: I am looking for a latex package which supports roman number symbols. Particularly alternative / ancient roman symbols should be included in this package. To be more precise, I currently need a symbol for thousand which looks like "(I)" or "CIↃ".


title: How can I reproduce this table with thick lines?

text: I'm trying to reproduce this table: ![table with thick first vertical and horizontal lines](http://i.stack.imgur.com/4AWwf.jpg) (apologies for the terrible cameraphone pic) I don't know how to get the slightly thicker leftmost and topmost line. Here's a minimal example of what I have so far:               \documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}          \begin{document}          \begin{tabular}{c|c|c|c|c|c}         $*$ & $a$ & $b$ & $c$ & $d$ & $e$ \\\hline         $a$ & $a$ & $b$ & $c$ & $b$ & $d$ \\\hline         $b$ & $b$ & $c$ & $a$ & $e$ & $c$ \\\hline         $c$ & $c$ & $a$ & $b$ & $b$ & $a$ \\\hline         $d$ & $b$ & $e$ & $b$ & $e$ & $d$ \\\hline         $e$ & $d$ & $b$ & $a$ & $d$ & $c$     \end{tabular}          \end{document}      Is there an easy way to make the leftmost and topmost lines thicker?


title: Setting the unit vector ratio gives a '! Dimension too large' error

text: I have a Delaunay-triangulated surface generated in MATLAB, which I would prefer to render in tikz. I use Nico Schlömer's `matlab2tikz` script to generate the standalone tex file. The MATLAB result looks like this: ![matlab out](http://i.stack.imgur.com/kGOoF.png) When I compile the standalone .tex file generated by matlab2tikz, however, it looks like this: ![matlab2tikz](http://i.stack.imgur.com/dWaTr.png) In the MATLAB image, the data aspect ratio is set with MATLAB's `daspect` command, like so:               daspect([1000 1000 1])      I have tried to accomplish the same thing using `unit vector ratio` in pgfplots. However, it makes no difference how I set it. In every case, I get this error:               ! Dimension too large.     <to be read again>      \relax      l.7398 \end{axis}      Any one of these pgfplots settings will cause the error:               unit vector ratio 1 1 1     unit vector ratio 1 1     unit vector ratio 1000 1000 1     unit vector ratio 1 1 0.001      or any of the above with * and also, for the sake of experiment (I don't want a 1 1 1 ratio, it will just give me a flat surface):               axis equal     axis equal image      The `plot box ratio` approach from here doesn't work either - same error. I figure it must be possible to make this work. The tikz rendering looks very nice otherwise. The data set has about 7000 lines, so I can't post it here, and anyway it works without the unit vector transformation, so I don't think that the data is the problem. Here is the code for the axis (with the large colormap omitted!):               \begin{axis}[%     %width=6.82222222222222in,     %height=3.40720720720721in,     area legend,     unit vector ratio = 1 1,     view={-37.5}{30},     scale only axis,     xmin=545550,     xmax=584400,     xlabel={Ost [m]},     xmajorgrids,     ymin=5542050,     ymax=5569500,     ylabel={Nord [m]},     ymajorgrids,     zmin=8.46471544296322,     zmax=16.9194594285807,     zlabel={$\text{U [ms}^{\text{-1}}\text{]}$},     zmajorgrids,     axis x line*=bottom,     axis y line*=left,     axis z line*=left      The complete source may be obtained here.


title: Float points in subsection

text: I have a serious problem here... There is a formating like this:               \titleformat{\section}     {\color{Mahogany}\normalfont\Large\bfseries}     {\color{Mahogany}\thesection}{1em}{}          \titleformat{\subsection}     {\color{Bittersweet}\normalfont\Large\bfseries}     {\color{Bittersweet}\thesection}{1em}{}          \titleformat{\subsubsection}     {\color{BurntOrange}\normalfont\Large\bfseries}     {\color{BurntOrange}\thesection}{1em}{}          %-----------------------          \tableofcontents     \newpage     \section{The awesome section}     Some useful text.          \subsection{The awesome subsection}     Some more useful text.      So, I expect now a section formating like this:               1 The awesome section     1.1 The awesome subsection      but what I get is this:               1 The awesome section     1 The awesome subsection      Does anyone has a solution for this ? thx


title: How to format table with long column head entries?

text: I would like to create some kind of feature matrix with available classes in columns and implemented features as rows. Problem is, that the class names are quite long. Rotating them by 90° simply looked quite silly, so am looking for alternate ideas. The only idea I had so far was to write the heading text horizontally with a arrow (or similar) matching the "heading row" with a column. But frankly I have no idea how to do something like this in latex. An minimal example of my naive approach looks like this.               \documentclass{beamer}          \usepackage{tabularx}          % I am actually using a custom theme     % The space ``wasted'' is similar for PaloAlto though     \usetheme{PaloAlto}          \begin{document}     \frame     {       \frametitle{Comparision of boost implemented graph classes}       \begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{X c c c}         %         % Column Headers, first column is empts         %         & \rotatebox{90}{adjacency\_list}         & \rotatebox{90}{adjacency\_matrix}         & \rotatebox{90}{compressed\_sparse\_row\_graph}      \\              %         % Rows, I suspect I need about 10         % Class               adjlist          adjmatrix     csrg         \hline          AdjacencyGraph        & Yes            & No          & Yes \\         Interface \#2         & Yes            & No          & Yes \\         Interface \#3         & Yes            & No          & Yes \\         Interface \#4         & Yes            & No          & Yes \\         Interface \#5         & Yes            & No          & Yes \\         Interface \#6         & Yes            & No          & Yes \\         Interface \#7         & Yes            & No          & Yes \\         Interface \#8         & Yes            & No          & Yes \\         Interface \#9         & Yes            & No          & Yes \\         % Rest omitted       \end{tabularx}     }     \end{document}           If its important: I am doing this for a presentation with beamer.


title: Weird error with xymatrix and pmatrix.

text: Please look at the following minimal example:               \documentclass{article}     \usepackage[all]{xy}     \begin{document}     \(     \xymatrix{     \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1\end{pmatrix}     }     \)     \end{document}      The output I get is the following:               [PDFLaTeX] test.tex => test.pdf (pdflatex)     [PDFLaTeX] finished with exit status 1     ./test.tex:0:No file test.aux.     ./test.tex:7:Extra }, or forgotten \endgroup. }     ./test.tex:7:Missing \endgroup inserted. }     ./test.tex:7:Missing } inserted. }     ./test.tex:7:\begin{document} ended by \end{pmatrix}. }     ./test.tex:7:Missing } inserted. }     ./test.tex:7:Missing $ inserted. }     ./test.tex:7:Missing } inserted. }     ./test.tex:7:Missing } inserted. }     ./test.tex:7:Missing } inserted. }     ./test.tex:7:Missing } inserted. }     ./test.tex:7:Missing \cr inserted. }     ./test.tex:7:Misplaced \cr. }     ./test.tex:7:Missing \cr inserted. }     ./test.tex:7:Misplaced \cr. }     ./test.tex:7:Missing \cr inserted. }     ./test.tex:7:Misplaced \cr. }     ./test.tex:7:Missing \cr inserted. }     ./test.tex:7:Misplaced \cr. }     ./test.tex:7:Missing \cr inserted. }      It goes on like that "for ever". What's the problem here? Does xymatrix not work well with pmatrix?


title: bordermatrix with blocks

text: I need to write a complicated matrix, that has a structure as in the attached picture. ![matrix example](http://i.stack.imgur.com/MpSLW.png)


title: Vertical Line in \bordermatrix

text: > **Possible Duplicate:**   >  bordermatrix with blocks I need to put a vertical line between two columns of a matrix in `\bordermatrix`. I know how to do it in the array environment, but `\bordermatrix` isn't the same. Does anyone know how?


title: Left alignment in TikZ

text: I'm not able to align the text left.               \documentclass{article}     \usepackage{tikz}     \usetikzlibrary{positioning}     \newcommand{\altura}{.45cm}     \begin{document}          \begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm, y=-\altura, node distance=0,outer sep=0,inner sep=0]     \tikzstyle{nome}=[draw, rectangle,anchor=west, minimum height=\altura,minimum width=9cm,fill=yellow!30]          \node[nome,right] (p1) {text};     \node[nome,right] (p2) [below = of p1] {text text};     \node[nome,right] (p3) [below  = of p2] {text text text};          \end{tikzpicture}     \end{document}      The left or `anchor=west` not work. I need the text align left.


title: How can one change an entire document to use bold font?

text: I see many posts in how to changes the font and font size, but none for changing the default font for a document to bold font. I believe this is called changing the font series. The approach in http://www.forkosh.com/pstex/latexcommands.htm (obtained by random Googling) looks like it should work, but doesn't do anything when I stick it in the preamble. Maybe I'm putting it in the wrong place.               \fontencoding{T1}     \fontfamily{garamond}     \fontseries{m}     \fontshape{it}     \fontsize{12}{15}     \selectfont      There is also some discussion here.


title: Issue with lstlisting inside semiverbatim

text: Code I got from here... When I run it, the output has line numbers broken, like it says 1, then from 3 to 6 and then 8 to 11... Any idea why?               \documentclass{beamer}          \setbeamercovered{transparent}          \usepackage{pxfonts}     \usepackage{listings}          \begin{document}          \lstset{language=python,             numbers=left,             numberstyle=\tiny,             showstringspaces=false,             aboveskip=-40pt,             frame=leftline             }          \begin{frame}[fragile]     \frametitle{\texttt{parrot.py}}     \begin{semiverbatim}     \pause     \begin{lstlisting}     if __name__ == "__main":          \end{lstlisting}          \pause     \begin{lstlisting}[firstnumber=last]         print "Oh yes, the, uh,                the Norwegian Blue..."         print "What's, uh...                What's wrong with it? "          \end{lstlisting}          \pause     \begin{lstlisting}[firstnumber=last]         print "I'll tell you what's wrong with it,                my lad."         print "'E's dead,                that's what's wrong with it!"          \end{lstlisting}     \end{semiverbatim}     \end{frame}          \end{document


title: Blocks in Beamer

text: I want to put boxed text/block in Beamer and my LaTeX source is               \documentclass[pdf]{beamer}     \begin{document}     \begin{frame}     \begin{block}{Observation 1}     Simmons Hall is composed of metal and concrete.     \end{block}     \begin{block}{Observation 2}     Simmons Dormitory is composed of brick.     \end{block}     \begin{block}{Conclusion}     Simmons Hall $\not=$ Simmons Dormitory.     \end{block}     \end{frame}     \end{document}      This results in ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/QcX4x.png) whereas what I want is ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/PHFtH.png)


title: How to align section heading left with revtex4-1

text: I am using `revtex4-1` and section headings are aligned in the center. How do I modify this?


title: LaTeX beamer: Code listings in notes

text: How can I add a code listing to a `beamer` note slide? I tried the following which doesn't work:               \note{{\tiny{This is a note           \begin{lstlisting}     foo bar           \end{lstlisting}}}      Any suggestions?


title: List of definitions

text: I have a plain-text document that I would convert to LaTeX. The document is not a typical _text_ document but a list of definitions including some short prefaces and optionally _"post-faces"_. Example (Plain text):               ===============================================================================     3.2.5                          SOME TITLE 1     ===============================================================================                                      (Some sub title 1)             This is an  introduction and a short  text describing the list that follows.     It has some words other words and more words that together is sentences. It has     some words other  words and more words  that together is sentences. It has some      words other words and more words that together is sentences.  Finally it contin-     ues on and on for a bit. Then after a while it ends.          op3r   Indicates that the operand has three regular indicators defining the dest-            ination for the long run in the alternate universe.          dym    Follows that the dinner was late.          flux, k3, k4, yz, az            Property of the beholder is foreseen by the old definition referred by a            longer run for the start point logged by the initiator.             Some text after the list that few read but all should. It is the key to solve      many a question related to the way of deciphering  the meaning of the quirks and     shortcomings.          ===============================================================================     3.2.6                          SOME TITLE 2     ===============================================================================                                      (Some sub title 2)             Another introduction and list of definitions.      * * * Each list of definitions spans about 1 - 4 pages. As a compromise keywords does not have to be on same line as explanation (where they fit), as with e.g. _op3r_ in the rather silly example above. This is done in the plain-text document to make it more compact. My question is what would be the best way to organize this in a LaTeX document. Is there some package for this kind of definition lists? It is also quite possible I'm going to extend it to include _general text_ chapters in the future. I have played around with using tables, but not sure if the would be the best way. Typically something like _(Edited with more complete example for future readers.)_ :               \documentclass[a4paper,10pt]{article}     \usepackage[english]{babel}     \usepackage{tabularx}     \usepackage{parskip}     \setlength{\parindent}{20pt}     \begin{document}          %==============================================================================     \section{SOME TITLE 1}     %==============================================================================          \begin{center}     \emph{(Some subtitle 1)}     \end{center}          This is an  introduction and a short  text describing the list that follows.     It has some words other words and more words that together is sentences. It has     some words other  words and more words  that together is sentences. It has some      words other words and more words that together is sentences.  Finally it contin-     ues on and on for a bit. Then after a while it ends.          \begin{tabularx}{1\textwidth}{ l X }         \multicolumn{2}{l}{op3r}  \\         & Indicates that the operand has three regular indicators defining the     destination for the long run in the alternate universe. \\         \multicolumn{2}{l}{dym}  \\         & Follows that the dinner was late. \\         \multicolumn{2}{l}{flux, k3, k4, yz, az} \\         & Property of the beholder is foreseen by the old definition referred      by a longer run for the start point logged by the initiator.     \end{tabularx}          Some text after the list that few read but all should. It is the key to solve      many a question related to the way of deciphering  the meaning of the quirks and     shortcomings.          \end{document}


title: Include PDF via \pdfliteral

text: The `pdfinlimg` package and perl script allow to include ("binary") images directly into the LaTeX source code via the `\pdfliteral` command. For example,               \documentclass[margin=1cm]{standalone}     \newcommand{\pdfinlimg}[5]{     \makebox[#1cm][l]{\immediate\pdfliteral{       q       #3 0 0 #4 0 0 cm       #1 0 0 #2 0 0 cm       0.885 0 0 0.885 0 0 cm       BI       /W #3       /H #4       /CS /RGB       /BPC 8       /F [ /AHx /Fl ]       ID       #5>       EI       Q     }\vbox to #2cm{}}     }          \begin{document}     \pdfinlimg{1}{1}{48}{48}{     789CED973D68625918866108290649B1488A41A658C216214C112E1641A6182445901483A40821C5     202982A4089222488A202944528858C8C562902D06994AA6089262B8A4089262902D069962912D16     AB45B60887619F73BFEBF1EAD59098728597C3F5CBF979CFFBFD9DA89F4ACD31C71C73CCF10834BE     344AC552E1B200F4477EF0F1740BA87FAA3F878C73E3A43EA4621BB1D886158B5A56D41A7E449F6C     09FF125E7BB3363BA57B95D84AC4DEC632C719F5A3AEBE3F0F7FD4ACD59585170BE1E570E77B6736     3E28933B4FF76E6D05EE6C75D554D5BE878FBDE1F7448BFC6464D59DDEA1FB25175F8FA0925DB1D9     7C363E858BB4ECA6B7FDD45115A5CA4A8FE6E3B4A34E3A9E25DF53C7ED91BF0256B1F6D6EEDF9412     EB91D05268463E3F7D7C00373547F8F1BEA9B61A1E01C86CD6C70903D6DE797CD0A7542ECDEC2FCD     E7BAE16D7BD456515B15FBDE4113E90561265FD59FE52FA3CFD7A6B7E1454F1DB6C7AF5F1EA0A272     DB39EBB5055AA72D6D292AB5EFE85532FFAA9E7CBB46489371C9F7C9C4768231BE197F6CC605F5A9     041CE143E3A891DA4AE9045FB720D63C6E6A3EBB4D75D6F5E65F37D23B71E267E5B71532776F778F     117A7C3C32E346F409467265A80C401676263670075522114D74CE3B23CCAF1B99DDF8C2E2C2CAAF     2B9993945DB5D38769F82054FB5BFBC9FA4C2443F4CAF5CB1E1FC808A5F4513AB214198934978FC4     331300C556F3D94AB4EE5A7228ED207D90C66EC09EF5CFF5117D82FE3247104E83F0F0EB03E80EEC     1C5F8D0F11B5F676925457E10C5207A9317D58C5A1125D1AAE43DD3298E34FF177F1D2656618CF02     04294E889F317D18D98106B1B6AA417166C44186B0D6C7E5C371B5DF6B860F4B186B1F6B8039126F     181909033B9F19D1073E1BB6A634965F017DFCE7FA49FA476E0D1F89A8EE9F5DCD275FD096170B22     88804843551C0DB7EC41425757FFE9F9FE4894EE3BAD8DC2DA2B7D77BDD6C7C49C1B2469FE943DCB     465EBB45A96AC3874022F038578C1ACB61BEF1D4DEFE5EE86528FB21E1E9435338EF8DC74F591749     67B3C48DB2A759EFA0AACDC38020445EF9392257D5EEFCE8401E674998455E0DF900729F0285D100     01F135E1C487E623FABCABEB62E2CFF1814ACE89039FCC49C69CDBBC6EF2EC9156E5970277702E22     705F2AA1F04101A0F90C8A76FF9FBE0E9EAA2D23C1234ED4B73E480CF37D62CA0FF8A08F5183EB60     818F3F60B0247792B98B9CEC6CF88CE91344EBB6C565C97D1C5738F7E5BB3F6C0869DAA8DBCB8C3E     AD8ADD75513ACB12817EC50016C8F053FE54BFC831B37359B0449FCA543EA0F7770F2FE3475D7F6E     EADE4B83483EED7842114B7476F8F8F469B3A78B46C52641A81E42061ABA74B8DF5246F05DCB9DD9     E7A7F1D7E3DF1BB7EE7BE358FAFB7855A47B528AC90BA758EA974B7D970F118BBF600519E90B7C00     68F34D30EBC915DB394A5B4B21CF5F0F37FDFBD1F7CF4D4D7D76C693BD32DEBF4C3A43CF04611092     5C784D7E3E103FF0E73AEC061036B91DCF1D26953C59A144AE114E8C01348B99D44E5C97D04171E6     D06920D1886D04D4CF8F758BDA328D0FC985DF054C238428F54E256350CFA74A47F18988BDD199C2     AD75C41E67389124A219713589613EF49BC74D76620632A40CAA36AF9A529F83A04D20110D45DA07     0B1F90FDB958D47D81B3C89D6961031F2E423523F6206FD6A295DC4E1E78682E35D63F5AEE638CDC     61A6143124C2825D1B0FD3BA07BD0C89CB242AF06CFFDFFE03614C6B932ACD5AF977098B1616CB72     588C08AE15FEAB0BA80CE643773DB7DD30997399C989B8438CDA418B5E91344BC0C3394E6995022E     BD0C7F2117948C8591D0A24305D722BE9C6B66C21029FC46B67AD27B1EF5A46B18F058C2BF7E8B18     272E77BE3A6333694688E9B798F7DED310BCC2FD14FBB4B5F7B32E9F638E39E6F8DFE33FDD12CF75     }     \end{document}      produces ![Nyan cat](http://i.stack.imgur.com/DUDnX.png) via `pdflatex`. Is something similar possible with PDF files instead of raster images, i.e. can I copy the (somehow encoded) PDF source code into my LaTeX file such that it is embedded like it would be if I used `\includegraphics`with a regular file? **EDIT:** Consider the following simple and uncompressed PDF               %PDF-1.4     %¿÷¢þ     1 0 obj     << /Pages 3 0 R /Type /Catalog >>     endobj     2 0 obj     << /Creator (cairo 1.10.2 \(http://cairographics.org\)) /Producer (cairo 1.10.2 \(http://cairographics.org\)) >>     endobj     3 0 obj     << /Count 1 /Kids [ 4 0 R ] /Type /Pages >>     endobj     4 0 obj     << /Contents 5 0 R /Group << /CS /DeviceRGB /S /Transparency /Type /Group >> /MediaBox [ 0 0 32.078125 30.984375 ] /Parent 3 0 R /Resources 6 0 R /Type /Page >>     endobj     5 0 obj     << /Length 69 >>     stream     q     Q q     q     1 0 0 1 -0.000000000000000184 -0.015625 cm     /a0 gs /x5 Do     Q     Q     endstream     endobj     6 0 obj     << /ExtGState << /a0 << /CA 1 /ca 1 >> >> /XObject << /x5 7 0 R >> >>     endobj     7 0 obj     << /BBox [ 0 0 33 31 ] /Group << /CS /DeviceRGB /S /Transparency /Type /Group >> /Resources 8 0 R /Subtype /Form /Type /XObject /Length 590 >>     stream     q     0 0 0 rg /a0 gs     28.938 30.203 m 16.031 7.781 l 3.141 30.203 l 2.828 30.656 2.234 31      1.641 31 c 0.844 31 0 30.406 0 29.547 c 0 1.516 l 0 0.656 0.734 0.016      1.641 0.016 c 2.578 0.016 3.281 0.656 3.281 1.516 c 3.281 23.375 l      7.062 16.844 10.797 10.328 14.547 3.797 c 14.797 3.297 15.391 3 16.031      3 c 16.734 3 17.125 3.406 17.531 3.797 c 21.266 10.328 25 16.844 28.781      23.375 c 28.781 1.516 l 28.781 0.656 29.484 0.016 30.438 0.016 c 31.328      0.016 32.078 0.656 32.078 1.516 c 32.078 29.5 l 32.078 30.344 31.234 31      30.438 31 c 29.828 31 29.234 30.75 28.938 30.203 c h     28.938 30.203 m f     Q     endstream     endobj     8 0 obj     << /ExtGState << /a0 << /CA 1 /ca 1 >> >> >>     endobj     xref     0 9     0000000000 65535 f      0000000015 00000 n      0000000064 00000 n      0000000192 00000 n      0000000251 00000 n      0000000427 00000 n      0000000545 00000 n      0000000630 00000 n      0000001395 00000 n      trailer << /Info 2 0 R /Root 1 0 R /Size 9 /ID [<28d7524294bb60d1f3e318954d8f7b36><28d7524294bb60d1f3e318954d8f7b36>] >>     startxref     1455     %%EOF      showing the letter `M` of the METAPOST logo: ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/8HEcm.png) How could I include the drawing instructions into my LaTeX code?


title: How to input foreign unicode characters into XeLaTeX?

text: Friends, I am working on a XeLaTeX document. I am almost done with my document, but I need to input text from a foreign language. I am running Mac OS X. I go to Preferences > Language & Text and in there I enable Gurmukhi - QWERTY. This allows me to input Punjabi characters, which I am able to see in MS Word. I want to input the following unicode characters:               ਰੋਂਦਾ ਬੱਚਾ  ਿੲਕ      However, when I simply paste it into my TeXworks file, it simply does not show up when I compile a PDF file. I have indeed tried to google this, but came up with nothing other than adding some of these statements to my preamble. I am pretty desperate at this point. My preamble already looks like this:               \documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article} %options: [a4paper, leqno, 11pt]     \usepackage{setspace}     \usepackage{fullpage}     \usepackage[cm-default]{fontspec}     \usepackage{amssymb}     \usepackage{xunicode}     \usepackage{xltxtra}     \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}          % -----Page Style-------------     \pagestyle{plain}          % -----Symbols----------------          \usepackage{amssymb}     \usepackage{amsmath}     \usepackage{graphicx}


title: How to show the detail of cite bibitem by a framebox?

text: Recently， an editor want to get the result as follow: http://cpl.iphy.ac.cn/qikan/public/pdfdow_en.asp?xiazailx=%C3%E2%B7%D1&bsid=11963&ag=0&gaohao=2010-1162&houzhui=.pdf In the pdf document every cite hyperlink can show the detail of bib. I want to know how to do?


title: Rotate an arrow around its center

text: I want to draw this with tikz, ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/BqMKV.png) I have been trying to do it with tikz for awhile but didnt get far, with suggestion I moved to PsTricks. This is what I have so far               \documentclass[pstricks,border=15pt]{standalone}     \usepackage{pstricks-add}          \definecolor{DarkOceanSky}{RGB}{133,163,229}     \definecolor{DarkNavyBlue}{RGB}{0,25,63}     \definecolor{Reu}{RGB}{102,173,76}     \definecolor{Crimson}{RGB}{220, 20, 60}          %second part     \def\block{%             \foreach \x in {1,3,5,...,7}             {                 \foreach \y in {1,3,5,...,7}                  {%                     \foreach \angle in {0,45,...,315}                      {                         \psrline{->}(\x,\y)(!0.10 Rand 1.4 mul add sqrt \angle\space PtoC)                      }                  }             }                  \foreach \counter in {0,2,4,6,...,8}             {                 \psline{-, linecolor=DarkNavyBlue,linewidth=1.8pt}(\counter,0)(\counter,8)                 \psline{-, linecolor=DarkNavyBlue,linewidth=1.8pt}(0,\counter)(8,\counter)                       }                  \pscircle*[linecolor=Crimson](4,4){0.2}     }                    \begin{document}     \begin{pspicture}[showgrid](19.0,8)             %\rput(12,0){\block}             \rput(11.0,0){\block}                  \foreach \counter in {0,2,4,6,...,8}             {                 \psline{-, linecolor=DarkNavyBlue,linewidth=1.8pt}(\counter,0)(\counter,8)                 \psline{-, linecolor=DarkNavyBlue,linewidth=1.8pt}(0,\counter)(8,\counter)                       }                  \foreach \counter in {1,3,5,...,7}             {                 \psline{-, linecolor=DarkNavyBlue,linewidth=1.0pt}(\counter,0)(\counter,8)                 \psline{-, linecolor=DarkNavyBlue,linewidth=1.0pt}(0, \counter)(8,\counter)             }                  \foreach \counter in {0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,4.5,5.5,6.5,...,7.5}             {                 \psline{-, linecolor=DarkNavyBlue,linewidth=1.0pt}(\counter,0)(\counter,8)                 \psline{-, linecolor=DarkNavyBlue,linewidth=1.0pt}(0, \counter)(8, \counter)             }                       \pscircle[linecolor=Reu](4,4){4.5}             \pscircle*[linecolor=Crimson](4,4){0.2}                       %I need to draw those small arrows             \psrline{->}(1.6, 0.1)(!0.10 Rand 0.3 mul add sqrt 45 PtoC)      \end{pspicture}      \end{document} ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/TqKce.png) What I need to do now is to create those small arrows on the left figure. They are tiny arrows. I am willing to settle for same size arrows. So basically, fixed-size arrows with different orientations. I think the way to do it is to draw an arrow horizontally and rotate it around the center with random degree. I dont know how to do this and not sure if it is the right way. Can you help me?


title: Changing autocomplete order in Texmaker

text: Does anyone know if it possible to change the autocomplete precedence/order in Texmaker ? For instance, on my Windows installation, when I begin to type `\begin{al...`, the first thing that pops up is `\begin{align*}`, which is my mostly commonly used environment. This is great, since I can just type `\begin{al + Tab` and my environment is there. However, I've been using my Ubuntu version a lot more recently, and the first thing to pop up on the autocomplete list is now `\begin{align}`, `no star`. This has made typing a bit irritating, since I now have to remember to hit the up arrow every time. For some reason I vaguely recall that Texmaker "learns" your behaviour, but I could be making that up ?


title: How to use lilypond-book with custom fonts?

text: I am trying to create a LaTeX (more precisely, XeLaTeX) document that contains lilypond snippets. I am using `lilypond-book` to create a .tex file. Within my (LaTeX) document, I use a (custom) TTF font. I would like my lyrics to appear in the same font. By using the `\paper` environment and the `#(define fonts (make-pango-font-tree ...))` commands described here, for example, I can use that font within lilypond. I verified this by running the `lilypond` command on my (separate) lilypond file and by viewing the result in a PDF viewer. Now, I basically want to get the same results within my LaTeX+Lilypond document. As far as I understand, `lilypond-book` mostly ignores the `\paper` section within a lilypond file. Is there a way to set the font from within a lilypond file in a way such that it is respected by `lilypond-book`? I assume that there is an easy answer to this question, but I could not find any clues in the excellent lilypond documentation or elsewhere.


title: 3D-PDF with U3D-File - how to create 3Dviews with .vws?

text: Everything is still working - the 3D-Animation of a 3D-Part in my PDF and other options like the `3Dmenu` or the `toolbar`. But now I want to add some Mediabuttons with `\mediabutton[3Dgotoview=...]`. For this opportunity I need a working Views-File with informations about the views. The content of my views-file is just easy to get with the JavaScriptConsole. But how can I create such a file? Just for contents like:               VIEW=First View       COO=-43.4 -1603.9 2199.1       C2C=0.03 -0.5 -0.8       ROO=2274.1       LIGHTS=CAD     END      Yours sincerely and thanks for help.


title: Generate uniform references

text: To generate references, I usually find the needed bibtex formats for references in Google Scholar, which may gives the following references: > B.K. Chun, D.S. Ryu, W.I. Hwang, and H.G. Cho. 2006. An automated procedure > for word balloon placement in cinema comics. Advances in Visual Computing > (2006), 576–585. > > Anastasios Dimou, Olivia Nemethova, and Markus Rupp. 2005. Scene change > detection for H. 264 using dynamic threshold techniques. In Proc. of the 5th > EURASIP Conference on Speech and Image Processing, Multimedia Communications > and Service, Smolenice, Slovac Republic. As you can see from the above example, the two references are not consistent, for example, their names format are different. How could I generate uniform references like the following: > Chun, B.K., Ryu, D.S., Hwang, W.I., and Cho, H.G. 2006. An automated > procedure for word balloon placement in cinema comics. Advances in Visual > Computing 576–585. > > Dimou, A., Nemethova, O., and Rupp, M. 2005. Scene change detection for H. > 264 using dynamic threshold techniques. In Proc. of the 5th EURASIP > Conference on Speech and Image Processing, Multimedia Communications and > Service, Smolenice, Slovac Republic. P.S. It seems it's not easy to find all consistent bibtex formats for them in Google Scholar especially when the number of references are large. Any help will be much appreciated.


title: Orthogonal path routing

text: > **TLDR;** Is there a way I can specify a start and end point it it would > route (hopefully orthogonally) around all nodes and other paths. I'm converting a large number of visio flow charts to `TikZ` and keep running into one issue. Orthogonal* paths with more than one bend are hard to do. I'm also trying to keep the diagrams dynamic so any future changes can be made without tweaking the chart a bunch. Now, I'm able to make these and keep them dynamic, but it seems much harder than it should be. Take the red line: that line required a minimum of 3 distinct points and to keep it dynamic, I ended up using 5! It would be nice if I could just specify a start and end point it it would route around all nodes and other paths. *I'm using terminology from Omnigraffle, so what I mean is that any change in direction for the path is multiple of 90 degrees. ![orthogonal paths2](http://i.stack.imgur.com/a2L6N.png)               \documentclass{article}          \usepackage{tikz}     \usepackage[margin=0.5in]{geometry}     \pagestyle{empty}          \begin{document}          %\input{../tikz-setup.tex}     \usetikzlibrary{shapes, arrows, calc, positioning}          % Define block styles     \tikzstyle{state}   = [ rounded rectangle,                              draw,                              text centered,                              minimum height=3em ,                             minimum width = 6em,                             inner sep = 5pt                           ]     \tikzstyle{test}    = [ diamond,                              draw,                              shape aspect=2,                              inner sep = 0pt,                             text width = 7em,                             text centered                           ]     \tikzstyle{action}  = [ rectangle, draw,                             text width=8em,                             inner sep = 5pt,                              minimum height=5em                           ]     \tikzstyle{data}    = [ trapezium,                              draw,                              trapezium left angle=60,                              trapezium right angle=120pt,                             minimum height = 6em,                              text width = 5em                            ]     \tikzstyle{line}    = [ draw, -triangle 45 ]          \begin{center}     \begin{tikzpicture}[align = flush center, font = \small]         % Place nodes         \matrix [column sep = 2.5em, row sep = 2em] (mtrx)         {              \node [state] (a) {a}; &[1em]         \node (b) {}; \\              \node [action] (c) {c}; &         \node [action] (d) {d}; \\              \node [test] (e) {e}; &         \node [test] (f) {f}; \\             \node [action] (g) {g}; &         \node [action] (h) {h}; \\              \node [action] (i) {i};&         \node [action] (j) {j}; \\              &         \node [state] (k) {k}; \\         };              % Draw edges         \path [line] (a) -- (c);         \path [line] (c) -- (e);              \path [line] (e) -- node [right, near start] {Yes} (g);         \path [line] (e.east) -- node [above] {No} ( $(e.east)!0.3!(f.west)$ ) |- ( $(g)!0.45!(i)$ );              \path [line] (g) -- (i);              \path [line,red] let \p1=( $(a.south)!0.6!(b.south)$ ) in (i.south) -- +(0, -0.5) -| (\p1) -| (d.north);               \end{tikzpicture}     \end{center}     \end{document}      original image


title: Produce the LaTeX logo in MS Word

text: How can I produce the result of `\LaTeX` (and also `\TeX` and `\XeLaTeX`) in MS Word? **EDIT** : Since I don't see an actual reason for closing this question (there are already lots of questions/answers on TEX.SX that do not directly consider TeX/LaTeX methods), I voted to reopen it.


title: Wrong spacing around guillemets

text: I use UTF-8 encoding to type a document in French, with the following definitions for guillemets:               \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{AB}{\og}     \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{BB}{\fg\xspace}      and the Babel package:               \usepackage[francais]{babel}      However, when I type a text like `ceci cela «~quoted~» ceci cela`, the spacing is wrong around the opening guillemet: ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/Zr17d.png) Notice that the space before the opening guillemet is too small, and the spacing after is too large. The closing guillemet has correct spacing. How could I fix that?


title: Usage of \hskip \labelsep while creating an environment with trivlist

text: I am trying to learn how to create a theorem like environment from http://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwilkins/LaTeXPrimer/Theorems.html To keep the code below simple, I am not really defining a new environment but writing the actual inline code for what the environment should look like followed by a theorem environment to compare the output of my code with that of the theorem environment. # Case 1: `\hskip \labelsep` only Here is the code that works fine.               \documentclass{article}     \usepackage{amsthm}     \newtheorem*{theorem}{Theorem}          \begin{document}          % My environment     \begin{trivlist}     \item[\hskip \labelsep \textbf{Theorem.}]     \begin{itshape}     Lorem Ipsum.     \end{itshape}     \end{trivlist}          % Theorem environment for comparison     \begin{theorem}     Lorem Ipsum.     \end{theorem}          \end{document}      This produces the desired output as can be seen below. ![Desired output](http://i.stack.imgur.com/LkhFC.png) # Case 2: No `\hskip \labelsep` I wanted to see why `\hskip \labelsep` is necessary in the above code, so I removed it from my code.               \documentclass{article}     \usepackage{amsthm}     \newtheorem*{theorem}{Theorem}          \begin{document}          % My environment     \begin{trivlist}     \item[\textbf{Theorem.}]     \begin{itshape}     Lorem Ipsum.     \end{itshape}     \end{trivlist}          % Theorem environment for comparison     \begin{theorem}     Lorem Ipsum.     \end{theorem}          \end{document}      This does not produce the desired output. The indentation of my environment appears to be less than the indentation of the actual theorem environment. ![Undesired output](http://i.stack.imgur.com/OMdLZ.png) This indicates that `\hskip \labelsep` is necessary. # Case 3: `\setlength{\labelsep}{1in}` along with `\hskip \labelsep` I tried searching the web to understand why `\hskip \labelsep` is necessary to get the correct indentation but couldn't find anything that made sense to me. I decided to find how varying `\labelsep` affects the indentation.               \documentclass{article}     \usepackage{amsthm}     \newtheorem*{theorem}{Theorem}     \setlength{\labelsep}{1in}          \begin{document}          % My environment     \begin{trivlist}     \item[\hskip \labelsep \textbf{Theorem.}]     \begin{itshape}     Lorem Ipsum.     \end{itshape}     \end{trivlist}          % Theorem environment for comparison     \begin{theorem}     Lorem Ipsum.     \end{theorem}          \end{document}      This produces the output shown below. ![Unexpected output](http://i.stack.imgur.com/edWsh.png) In this output, the behaviour of `\labelsep` seems to match what is described at http://www.troubleshooters.com/linux/lyx/ownlists.htm > \labelsep -- The distance between the rightmost part of the label (assuming > you haven't changed the label from its default right justification) to the > left margin of the item body. This is one of the handiest adjustments you > can make to create the ultimately readable list for your exact situation. > > **BEWARE:** This setting enforces this distance by shoving the label left > rather than moving the body left margin right. If you set this you might > need to add a corresponding amount to \leftmargin, if you want your labels > in a specific place.Use it early and often. I was also expecting the indentation of my environment to be more than the indentation of the actual theorem environment, but as you can see in the output above, the indentation of my environment is same as that of the actual environment. I don't know if the 'BEWARE' note in the above documentation can explain this. # Case 4: `\hskip 1in` only However, if I just use `\hskip 1in` instead of `\hskip \labelsep`, I do see the increase in indentation that I expect.               \documentclass{article}     \usepackage{amsthm}     \newtheorem*{theorem}{Theorem}          \begin{document}          % My environment     \begin{trivlist}     \item[\hskip 1in \textbf{Theorem.}]     \begin{itshape}     Lorem Ipsum.     \end{itshape}     \end{trivlist}          % Theorem environment for comparison     \begin{theorem}     Lorem Ipsum.     \end{theorem}          \end{document}      The output below shows that the indentation of my environment is more than that of the actual theorem environment. ![Increased indentation](http://i.stack.imgur.com/STOEF.png) Could you please explain me the role of `\hskip \labelsep` here and help me to understand why each output appears the way it does?


title: how to change the color of the rule (vertical line) in twocolumn document?

text: I'd like to make the rule between the 2 columns very thin. I found that no matter how small of width I made it, the line was not thin enough for my liking (unless I make it zero, then it will disappear) So I thought may be if I change its color to say gray or light gray, that will make it appear very thin. I can change the width of the rule, but not its color: ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/O8vLj.jpg) Do I have to include `multicol` package for this? but when I tried               \documentclass[twocolumn]{article}%     \usepackage{lipsum}     \usepackage{multicol}     \usepackage{color}     \setlength{\columnseprule}{0.00001pt}     \def\columnseprulecolor{\color{0.5,0.5,0.5}}%     \begin{document}        \lipsum[1-5]     \end{document}      I see no change in the color. no matter what value I used. I must not be setting the columnseprulecolor correctly. Also tried               \documentclass[twocolumn]{article}%     \usepackage{lipsum}     \usepackage{multicol}     \usepackage{color}     \setlength{\columnseprule}{1pt}     \def\columnseprulecolor{\color{red}}     \begin{document}             \lipsum[1-5]     \end{document}      and few other things. So I give up. How to change the color of the rule in twocolumn document? **update** Thanks to everyone for the answers. now it looks much better, now the line appears much thinner. ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/EWpQ2.jpg)               \documentclass{article}%     \usepackage{lipsum}     \usepackage{multicol}     \usepackage{color}     \setlength{\columnsep}{20pt}     \setlength{\columnseprule}{0.01pt}     \renewcommand{\columnseprulecolor}{\color[rgb]{0.9,0.9,0.9}}          \begin{document}     \begin{multicols}{2}     \lipsum[1-5]     \end{multicols}     \end{document}


title: Calendar with TikZ; only print week days

text: I'm trying to compose a TikZ calendar, but only want workdays printed. From the manual (I'm using v2.1): > 57.1.2 Checking Dates > > ... > >   * `workday` Passed by Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, and > Fridays. >   * `weekend` Passed Saturdays and Sundays. > I know I can pass formatting options or node shapes _on top of_ dates based on these checks... but how can I completely omit them from being printed? Or is a date check not the way to go about this? I'm using `week list` since it's so convenient for a calendar format layout by just using `\calendar[dates=2012-01-01 to 2012-01-last]` vs. what I think I _might_ have to do to get what I want, which is pass each weekly range for every month. This quadruples my lines of code and really reduces the re- usability of my document. Is there a better way? I didn't see any examples of this in the manual. * * * If reproducible code is required, I'm looking for this but with no weekends printed:               \documentclass[12pt]{article}     \usepackage{tikz}     \usetikzlibrary{calendar,shapes.geometric}          \begin{document}          \begin{tikzpicture}        [every calendar/.style={            month label above left,            month text={\textit{\%mt}},            week list}]             \calendar[dates=2012-01-01 to 2012-01-last] ;          \end{tikzpicture}          \end{document}


title: Read strings from file that contains the special character #

text: I need to read some values from data files as given in the sample code. The problem arises when the files contain # character. Then I get " ! Illegal parameter number in definition of \@xs@call " error. The point is the files are generated by another program and there are bunch of them that makes it difficult to simply change the files by hand. Any ideas how to deal this issue?               \documentclass{article}     \usepackage{xstring}     \usepackage{filecontents}          % WORKS FINE !!!     \begin{filecontents*}{myfile1.txt}     mean: 0.26068087303584447 lablab     \end{filecontents*}          % if in my file there are special characters (e.g #) then I get errors :( !!!     \begin{filecontents*}{myfile2.txt}     # mean: 0.26068087303584447 lablab     \end{filecontents*}          \newread\myread       \newcommand{\readmean}[1]{       \openin\myread=#1       \read\myread to \mystr       \StrBetween{\mystr}{mean: }{ lablab}[\mymean]       \closein\myread     }          \begin{document}          \readmean{myfile1.txt}     mean1 : \mymean          \readmean{myfile2.txt}     mean2 : \mymean          \end{document}      * * * **UPDATE** Here is part of an example input file:                # created by PartHist.       # range: 0.0 - 1.0      # mPDF info :       # mean: 0.10367941480330108 std:0.081293127812218507      # args: (1.3542643666732745, 11.707772771967631)      #      x y      0.02 6.47      0.04 3.21      .      .      .      Actually I plot the data and I would like to put the additional information like mean and std on the plot which is given in the header file.


title: error in \ref-numbering for figures in tufte-latex

text: please run this mini-example:               \documentclass[]{tufte-book}     \begin{document}          \begin{figure*}     \rule{1in}{1in}         \caption{Figure 1}         \label{fig:f1}     \end{figure*}          \begin{marginfigure}     \rule{1in}{1in}         \caption{Figure 2}         \label{fig:f2}     \end{marginfigure}          \begin{figure}     \rule{1in}{1in}         \caption{Figure 3}         \label{fig:f3}     \end{figure}          Fig. \ref{fig:f1}     Fig. \ref{fig:f2}     Fig. \ref{fig:f3}          \end{document}      it just creates a number for the second figure! the other ones stay empty! can anybody help me? (mactex 2012, tufte-latex 3.5.0, pdfLatex) * * * thank you! now i found out, that the package "subfigure" was activated in a tufte-book- local.tex wich i forgot to delete from the same directory for the the mini example. it somehow destroys the figure counter. sorry! but without your help i would have searched much longer :) * * * this post can be deleted!


title: Why duplicate symbol commands

text: I am wondering why so many duplicates of a symbol exist in latex. Let me provide some: For prime I know two types: 1. `$f'$` 2. `$f^\prime$` in Wiki Prime Symbol it is explained why `\prime` is introduced: "LaTeX provides an oversized prime symbol, `\prime` for use in subscripts [for example `$f_\prime$`]" Yet I wonder why an oversized symbol? Or the backslash: 1. `\backslash` 2. `\setminus` what is the difference? For a long list of slashes in latex visit unicode slashes. I can't understand why so many duplicates and if I don't know the difference, maybe I use it in wrong place. BTW I don't mean the characters that have minor differences (like `\nu` and `\upsilon` which look nearly the same). How can I make sure I am using the correct symbol despite the similar look? What is the real difference between them?


title: Is there some way to have shortfootnote citations in biblatex in two columns

text: I would like foot note citations in two columns * * *   1. Gray AP, Anatomy book, 1997 pp12-13 2. Author B, JAMA, 2000. 245:113-145   2. Author A, Nature, 1997. 34:34-78


title: How to show the location of a conference in BibTeX

text: I have a bibliography of sources in computer science, many of which are conference papers. For these, I use the `inproceedings` entry type. This includes an "optional" or "nonstandard" `location` field, which is where I and my lab colleagues have always stored the location where the conference had taken place. However, none of the styles I have tried to use so far display the `location` field. So I have two questions:   1. What styles show the `location` field, at least for an `inproceedings` entry?   2. How does one normally or usually show the location of a conference, if the `location` field doesn't work with the usual styles (e.g., `plain`, `ams`, `ieeetr`, `amsplain`)? Do you use the `address` field?


title: Cannot change tex4ht.env

text: I have installed the latest version of WinEdt v7 and MiKTeX (october 2012). When I run `latex2html` and `tex4ht` is called the `tex4ht.env` file is everytime overwritten with the default settings. Even if I edit it in the `c:\Program Files\MiKTeX 2.9\tex4ht\base\win32` folder the version saved in my LaTex source folder looks like the original and if I modify that, it is also rewritten. Where does it come from? I need to change the resolution `dvi2png` creates, and that is, as far as I understand done by changing the `tex4ht.env` file - but again - when I change it, it changes back Any help is very appreciated.


title: Listing over two columns - how to page break?

text: I have a two column article:               \documentclass[a4paper, twocolumn]{article}      Inside this is a bigger `lstlisting` which has a `float=*` to merge the two columns. However this listing needs a page break. LaTeX won't break the listing due to the float I think. What can I do to let LaTeX page break my listing?


title: slide numbering in Beamer class (Warsaw theme)

text: I'm using the beamer class and Warsaw theme. Is there any way to have slide numbering at the bottom of the page and on the left (as 2/10) in this theme?   Here is my code:               \documentclass{beamer}     \usetheme{Warsaw}     \begin{document}     \title{How to number the ...?}      \author{My name}      \date{06.06.2005}      \begin{frame}     \titlepage     \end{frame}     \section{Intro}     \begin{frame}     \frametitle{There are many ...}      \end{frame}     \end{document}


title: Generate xkeyval boolean keys 'on the fly'

text: I am not a TeX/LaTeX specialist, recently I wrote a package concerning 'problems' and 'solutions' which is intended to be displayed at the end of the document, however it is not restricted to that purposes. In order to achieve that behaviour, amongst other features, I used the `xkeyval` package, with a lot of key macros and boolean keys also. I want to provide a better version and get rid of dozens of key macro definition lines and boolean key definitions basically looking alike but just setting some flags, replacing the tedious entering of LaTeX code by some short commands like               \GenerateBoolKey[true]{SomeKeys}{DummyBoolKey}      This should define the boolean key `DummyBoolKey` belonging to family `SomeKeys` as if one would have written               \define@boolkey{SomeKeys}{DummyBoolKey}[true]{%     \ifKV@SomeKeys@DummyBoolKey%     %Do something if true%     \else%     %Do something different if false%     \fi%     }%      The `xkeyval` documentation (version 2.6b) says on page 7 that there is defined a macro `\ifKV@fam@key` as `\newif` Well, I failed in writing the above command and using the `\ifKV` macro, here is a minimal (non) working example, which fails during compiling with error message                    ! Too many }'s.      Here's a minimal example               \documentclass{minimal}     \usepackage{xkeyval}          \makeatletter          \providecommand{\GenerateBoolKey}[3][false]{%     \define@boolkey{#2}{#3}[#1]{%     \csname ifKV@#2@#3 \endcsname%     \typeout{true}%  % Do something if true     \else%     \typeout{false}%   % Do something different if false     \fi%     }% End of  \define@boolkey     }% End of \providecommand          \makeatother          % Key Family is called SomeKeys     % Use a fake command for testing purposes          \providecommand{\DummyCommand}[1][false]{%     \setkeys{SomeKeys}{#1}%          % Do something useful inside this command...          }%          \begin{document}          \GenerateBoolKey{SomeKeys}{DummyBoolKey}%     \DummyCommand[DummyBoolKey=true]%          \end{document}      How can I provide the `\newif` command on the fly with my 'wrapper' code in order to provide the `\ifKV` boolean test?


title: Beamer table centering in Rochester?

text: I try to _center_ the table in beamer but even if I use `\begin{center}` there is still more space on the left than on the right. Have you any idea what I can do with that?               \documentclass{beamer}     \let\Tiny\tiny% http://tex.stackexchange.com/q/58087/5764              \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}     \usepackage{polski}     \usepackage{amsmath}     \usepackage{mathtools}     \usepackage{mathabx}     \usepackage{esint}     \usepackage{xcolor}     \usepackage{graphicx}     \usepackage{booktabs}          \usetheme{Rochester}          \begin{document}          \begin{frame}[plain]     \begin{center}     \begin{small}         \begin{tabular}{p{3cm} c c c c}         \toprule         \textbf{qwerty} & \textbf{qwerty} & \textbf{qwerty} & \textbf{qwerty} & \textbf{qwerty}\\         \midrule         {qwerty} & \textcolor{red}{Niemożliwe} & \textcolor{red}{Niemożliwe} & \textcolor{orange}{Utrudnione} & \textcolor{green}{Możliwe}\\     \midrule         \pause         {qwerty} & \textcolor{orange}{Utrudniona} & \textcolor{orange}{Utrudniona} & \textcolor{green}{Możliwa} & \textcolor{green}{Możliwa}\\     \midrule     \pause     {qwerty} & \textcolor{red}{Trudny} & \textcolor{red}{Trudny} & \textcolor{green}{Prosty} & \textcolor{green}{Prosty}\\     \midrule     \pause     {qwerty} & \textcolor{red}{Niemożliwa} & \textcolor{red}{Niemożliwa} &    \textcolor{orange}{Utrudniona} & \textcolor{green}{Możliwa}\\         \bottomrule         \pause            \end{tabular}        \end{small}             \textbf{qwerty qwerty qwerty qwerty qwerty qwerty qwerty qwerty qwerty qwerty qwerty    qwerty    qwerty qwerty qwerty qwerty qwerty qwerty qwerty qwerty qwerty qwerty qwerty }        \end{center}        \end{frame}             \end{document}


title: On line 58, i keep getting the message "missing \item"

text: \documentclass[12pt]{article}     \usepackage{amsmath}     \usepackage{amssymb}     \pagestyle{empty}     \oddsidemargin=0pt     \topmargin=0pt     \textwidth=6.5in     \textheight=8.5in     \begin{document}     \begin{center}     \large{\LaTeX\ Example 4}     \end{center}     Symbols of inclusion in \LaTeX\ can be scaled to match the complexity of the expression.  For     example, consider     \[     (\frac{x^2+1}{x^2+x+1})(x^3+x^2-3x+1)     \]     \begin{quote}     \begin{verbatim}     \[     (\frac{x^2+1}{x^2+x+1})(x^3+x^2-3x+1)     \]     \end{verbatim}     \end{quote}     The parenthesis don't quite match the size of the fraction.  This can be fixed with the \verb+\+left\verb+(+     and the \verb+\+right\verb+)+ commands:     \[     \left(\frac{x^2+1}{x^2+x+1}\right)(x^3+x2-3x+1)     \]     \begin{quote}     \begin{verbatim}     \[     \left(\frac{x^2+1}{x^2+x+1}\right)(x^3+x2-3x+1)     \]     \end{verbatim}     \end{quote}     Or, with braces:     \[     \left\{\frac{x^2+1}{x^2+x+1}\right\}(x^3+x^2-3x+1)     \]     \begin{quote}     \begin{verbatim}     \[     \left\{\frac{x^2+1}{x^2+x+1}\right\}(x^3+x^2-3x+1)     \]     \end{verbatim}     \end{quote}     Observations:     \begin{itemize}     \item Notice in the last example that the braces are each preceded by a backslash.  This is      to let \LaTeX\ know that the braces are to be typeset and do not define a new scope.     \item The \verb+\+left and \verb+\+right commands must match up in pairs, although the symbols of     inclusion do not have to match.  For example \verb+\+left\verb+(+ can be closed by \verb+\+right\verb+)+.     \item The symbols of inclusion \verb+[.]+ and \verb+|.|+ handled similarly.     \item \verb+\+left. and \verb+\+right. are special symbols of inclusion that are ``empty.``  They are not     typeset, but are used to maintain the \verb+\+left and \verb+\+right match that is required by     \LaTeX\.     \item Notice \verb+\+frac \verb+{+ a\verb+}{+ b\verb+}+ typsets the fractions \frac{a}{b}.     \end{itemize}     ---Britney Wiggins     \end{document}


title: Line wrapping on narrow pages

text: I'm trying to format a long paper of mine for the kindle. The following works, but there's a problem.                \usepackage[paperwidth=9cm, paperheight=11.5cm, top=0.1cm, left=0.1cm, right=0.1cm, bottom=0.1cm]{geometry}      Sometimes if a line break is needed in the middle of a word and LaTeX doesn't like the break locations (i.e., it would cause underfull box rather than overfull), it doesn't bother with a hyphen or word wrap. This makes some words run right off the edge of the screen. How can I convince LaTeX to wrap there and have an underfull line rather than having words run right off the edge of the page? That later seems quite a lot worse to me. I'd rather not have to hand tune each line, since the usual format is a regular page, not a kindle page — this is just for proofreading on the road.


title: How do you put spaces in \url?

text: > **Possible Duplicate:**   >  Obey spaces with URL package (path command)   >  How to prevent \url from removing the spaces in a path? The url I want to put in `\url{}` is http://www.maths.manchester.ac.uk/~peterf/MSc%20Examples%208.pdf The `%20` in the url above are actually spaces. How can I type this in LaTeX so that it can be copied and pasted into a browser straight from the pdf?


title: How to prevent \url from removing the spaces in a path?

text: The following code               \documentclass{article}     \usepackage{filecontents}     \begin{filecontents*}{"a b c.tex"}     one     two     \end{filecontents*}          \usepackage{listings}     \usepackage{hyperref}          \begin{document}     \lstinputlisting[caption={\url{a b c.tex}}]{"a b c.tex"}     \end{document}      produces a hyperlink with suppressed spaces given in the path. How to prevent `\url` from removing the spaces in a path?


title: How to set up winefish to use LuaTex

text: I need to write a document that uses Calibri. The internet is telling me that I need to use something called "LuaTeX" to do this. I use WineFish, which is a lightweight TeX editor, in ubuntu. I've apparently got LuaTeX installed on my machine somewhere, but I don't know how to use it to make a `.tex` file into a PDF, and I'd prefer to continue using Winefish's compiler, rather than dealing with the terminal. When I added BibTeX support to winefish, I needed to add the following parameters to a new line in WineFish's "TeXbox" section of its preferences menu:   * "Pattern": for pdfLaTeX, this is "([^:]+):([0-9]+):(.*)"   * "File number": for pdfLaTeX, this is "1"   * "Line number": for pdfLaTeX, this is "2"   * "Output number": for pdfLaTeX, this is "3"   * "Command": for pdfLaTeX, this is `pdflatex -file-line-error-style -src-specials '%B'`   * "Save/Show": for pdfLaTeX, this is "1" What parameters do I put to make LuaTeX work the same way?


title: Biblatex, capitalization of arabic names and name prefixes

text: As we know, using the `useprefix` option, when name prefixes like _von_ , _della_ etc. are present in the bibliography, enables us to change name sorting as well as capitalize those prefixes using commands like `\Citeauthor` and similar. Now, let's say I want to cite an arabic author, e.g. **Abu Hamid Muhammad al- Ghazali**. This name consists of:   1. First name: **Abu Hamid Muhammad** (not entirely true, but let's say it is)   2. Last name: **Ghazali**   3. A definite article: **al** The problem: I want to write the author's name in the text using `\Citeauthor` which, just like `\citeauthor`, produces **al-Ghazali**. However, this is not proper (at least not in my language) because the rule is: if only the last name is cited, the definite article must be capitalized. Same goes for the bibliography if we have "lastname, firstname" scheme. Not to mention the beginning of the sentence. One solution might be to define a custom name prefix. This would solve the capitalization problem simply by using the `useprefix` option, but now sorting of the bibliography would be wrong, since the name should be sorted under " **G** " (Ghazali), not under " **A** " (al-Ghazali). So, this isn't a perfect solution, though it may hold water, since I always can use the `sortkey` field. So, can anyone advise what to do (except, of course, "you should write his last name manually, not using cite commands")? :-)


title: Where to find updated listing 'lstpatch.sty'?

text: I'm wondering where to find updated patch files, in particular **lstpatch.sty** verson **1.4**? It seems many packages doesn't come with the file, and my updated TexShop keep asking for the latest version (1.4).


title: Creating Multiple pdf files with Texlipse

text: I have been using Texlipse for a while now and like it. The only issue that I have is that Texlipse only allows me to have a single Tex and PDF file in each project. I was wondering if anyone had found a way to make Texlipse accept multiple Tex files and then output to multiple pdf files? And assistance would be appreciated.


title: Layout drawing in XeLaTeX

text: Could somebody help me, please, is it possible to make this layout drawing in XeLaTeX? ![Layout drawing](http://i.stack.imgur.com/7ALdl.png)


title: Using ifthenelse in pgfmath

text: Following questions on constructing functions on the forum, I tried to build some myself. I can't seem to get the `ifthenelse` function in TikZ/PGF to work. Here is an example:               \documentclass[]{minimal}          \usepackage{tikz}     \usepackage{pgfplots}          \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}     \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}          \begin{document}          %this works     \pgfmathdeclarefunction{f}{0}{%       \pgfmathparse{x^2}%     }          %this does not work     \pgfmathdeclarefunction{g}{0}{%       \pgfmathparse{ifthenelse(x<0,-x^2,x^2)}%     }          \begin{tikzpicture}     \begin{axis}[every axis plot post/.append style={       mark=none,domain=-2:2,smooth},        axis x line*=bottom, axis y line*=left, enlargelimits=upper]             \addplot {f};       \addplot {g};     \end{axis}     \end{tikzpicture}          \end{document}


title: Punctuation spacing after long exponents

text: When typesetting equations with long exponents or high-numbered footnotes right before punctuation marks, the result is a rather awkward large space between the last letter and the punctuation mark:               \setcounter{footnote}{138}     {\Huge     $X^{\mathrm{red}}$, blah\footnote{}.     }      resulting in ![large whitespace before punctuation marks](http://i.stack.imgur.com/qB1Pg.png) Now, I'm not sure that this would actually look better, but is there an (elegant, i.e. no manually inserted negative whitespace ....) way to have the `.` and `,` appear _under_ the exponent? EDIT: To avoid confusion: I'm interested to find out whether it's _possible_ to have the `,` in `$X^{\mathrm{red}}$,` treated like the `0` in `$X_{0}^{\mathrm{red}}$`. Whether this behaviour is _advisable_ is, of course, an entirely different question!


title: How to define any text and page number in header?

text: I use the following code to have a customized header in all pages, but I've lost the page numbering:               \documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}     \title{\textbf{DOCUMENT TITLE}}     \usepackage[spanish]{babel}     \usepackage{pdflscape}     \usepackage{color, colortbl}     \definecolor{Gray}{gray}{0.9}     \usepackage{enumitem}     \usepackage{anysize}     \marginsize{3cm}{3cm}{2.5cm}{2.5cm}          \usepackage{caption}     \captionsetup[table]{skip=10pt}          \usepackage{fancyhdr}     \usepackage{lipsum}          \pagestyle{fancy}     \headheight=0.5pt          \fancyhf{}          \lhead{\small{DOCUMENT}}     \thispagestyle{fancy}               \begin{document}          \maketitle     \newpage     \tableofcontents     \newpage     \section{TITLE}          \end{document}


title: Change numbering system for margin figures in tufte-handout document class

text: I'm using the tufte-handout document class to provide margin comments on a third-party text for teaching purposes. I therefore want to preserve the numbering of the main text figures (`figure` and `figure*` environments), while at the same time keep the numbering of my margin figures (`marginfigure` environment) separate. Is there some way to create a separate numbering system for the margin figures only (e.g., miniscule roman numerals 'Figure iii' or letters 'Figure a') while at the same time leaving the other two figure environments untouched? (I do not need any LoF)


title: pst-node help formatting

text: I'm trying to center the fifth row and make the `$\\{...\\}$` closer together, unfortunately I don't know much latex.               \psset{nodesep=2pt}     \newpsstyle{DblDash}{linestyle=dashed, dash=1pt 1.5pt, doubleline}     \begin{psmatrix}[mnode=r,colsep=0.3,rowsep=0.5]           & &[name=1] $D_6$ \\           & [name=2] $\{e,a,a^2,a^3,a^4,a^5\}$ & [name=3]$\{e,a^2,a^4,b,a^2b,a^4b\}$ &                                         [name=4]$\{e,a,a^2,a^4,ab,a^3b,a^5\}$ \\           &[name=5] $\{e,a^3b,b,a^3b\}$ &  [name=6] $\{e,a^3,a^2b,a^5b\}$ &  [name=7] $\            {e,a^3,ab,a^4b\}$ \\          & & [name=8] $\{e,a^2,a^4\}$ \\          &[name=9]$\{e,b\}$ &[name=10]$\{e,ab\}$ & [name=11]$\{e,a^2b\}$ &[name=12]$\{e,a^3b\}$ & [name=12]$\{e,a^4b\}$ & $\{e,a^5b\}$ & [name=13]$\{e,a^3\}$ \\     && [name=14]$\{e\}$          \ncline{1}{2}\ncline{1}{3}\ncline{1}{4}     \ncline{2}{5}\ncline{2}{6}     \ncline{3}{6}\ncline{4}{7}\ncline{4}{6}     \ncline{5}{8}\ncline{6}{8}\ncline{7}{8}     \ncline{9}{14}\ncline{10}{14}\ncline{11}{14}     \ncline{12}{14}\ncline{13}{14}\ncline{8}{10}     \ncline{8}{9}\ncline{8}{11}\ncline{8}{12}\ncline{8}{13}     \end{psmatrix}      ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/CknQW.png)


title: Double row heading in pgfplotstable

text: Good day all! I store tables on CSV files and use pgfplotstable package to call the files. This works fine but I have a challenge. I need to bring the units in bracket (i.e (MeV) and (mb/MeV/sr) e.t.c.) to the next line so that I'll have two lines dedicated to the head row and the width of the coulumns does not get too large. I need someone to help me out! Please find below an excerpt of my latex code. Thanks in advance...               \begin{table}     \caption{\label{tab:knockho3}As in table~\ref{tab:knockho1} but for complementary angles of \mbox{$60^\circ - 120^\circ$}.}      \centering     \resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{%     \pgfplotstabletypeset[col sep=comma,         columns/Energy (MeV)/.style={string type},         columns/Experiment (mb/MeV/sr)/.style={string type},         columns/Error (mb/MeV/sr)/.style={string type},         columns/Simulation (mb/MeV/sr)/.style={string type},         every head row/.style={             before row=\toprule,             after row=\midrule},         every last row/.style={after row=\bottomrule}         ]{Tables/knockho3.csv}%     }     \end{table}


title: Windows Pandoc TexLive

text: I installed the latest texlive and pandoc on windows 8. I am able to compile tex to pdfs by manually invoking pdflatex. When I try to go from markdown to pdf via pandoc I get an error about not being able to find article.cls I don't have a user name over 8 characters. If I uninstall TexLive and switch to MikTex it works. I tried to get support from the official pandoc channels but after looking at paths, usernames, etc.. it was suggest I post something here. We are trying to figure out why running pdflatex from the command line would work but running from pandoc would not.


title: Footnote in environment as parallel

text: In some environments as `parallel` footnotes are printed at the end of the environment itself - as the author writes in the guide. However, for I've some other footnotes in the same page, for the sake of uniformity, I'd like to have all them together, at the bottom of the page. Is it possible to produce an hack moving those notes? I consider this solution: Can I get a normal footnote in a minipage environement in LaTeX? How?, but this way (if I'm not wrong) I obtain, in the same page, for instance, a first note 1 from `footnotemark` and a second note 1 which is a "normal" note (with `\footnote`) Thanx! EDIT               \documentclass{article}     \usepackage{fontspec}     \usepackage{polyglossia}          \usepackage{parallel}     \newenvironment{verseparallel}[2]     {\begin{Parallel}{}{}\footnotesize\parindent=0pt     \ParallelLText{#1}\ParallelRText{#2}}     {\end{Parallel}}          \begin{document}     \begin{verseparallel}     {To be, or not to be: that is the question:\\     Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer\\     The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,\\     Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,\\     And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;}     {To be, or not to be: that is the question:\\     Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer\\     The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,\\     Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,\\     And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;\footnotemark[1]}%     \footnotetext[1]{Shakespeare Hamlet, III 1}     \end{verseparallel}     \bigskip          To be, or not to be\footnote{Shakespeare Hamlet, III 1}: that is the question:     Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous     fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them?     To die: to sleep;\footnotemark[3]\footnotetext[3]{Shakespeare Hamlet, III 1}          \end{document}      You'll realize that there is a problem with footnotes numbers. There is a not fully manual method to set them correctly? If not, I have to add every time something as:               To be, or not to be\addtocounter{footnote}{+1}\footnote{Shakespeare     Hamlet, III 1}: that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind     to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms     against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them? To die: to     sleep;\footnotemark[3]\footnotetext[3]{Shakespeare Hamlet, III 1}


title: "Contents" heading on more than one page in LyX

text: I'm using LyX. I have a 2 page table of contents, and Id like the header ("Contents") to appear on both pages I tried this: Table of Contents with headings on every page by putting the code in the preamble - and by wrapping the "Table Of contents" list with ERT that contains `\AtBeginShipout{\tocheader}` and `\AtBeginShipoutClear` after the "Table Of contents". Nothing worked! I'm using the `article` class.


title: Do I really have to specify the font encoding like this?

text: This input file typesets with no errors, and the PDF is what I wanted, with the three characters:               \documentclass{article}          \usepackage[T5,TS1,T1]{fontenc} % 3 of lmodern's 8 encodings     \usepackage{lmodern}     \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}          \begin{document}          %Font encoding now is T1, the default set by fontenc above     £   % lmodern character, in T1 encoding          \fontencoding{T5}\selectfont     ỉ   % lmodern character (ihookabove), in T5 encoding          \fontencoding{TS1}\selectfont     €   % lmodern character, in TS1 encoding          \end{document}      But that was work for me, because I had to look up in the documentation what encoding each lmodern character was in, then specify that encoding with `\fontencoding {}`. Why doesn't LaTeX look up and set a suitable encoding itself, rather than just giving an error if the character is not in the current encoding? Is there a way that LaTeX can be made to look up the encoding ?


title: LaTeX \nomenclature shows now explanation

text: This is my code:               \usepackage{nomencl}     \renewcommand{\nomname}{Abkürzungsverzeichnis}     \setlength{\nomlabelwidth}{.10\hsize}     \renewcommand{\nomlabel}[1]{#1 \dotfill}     \setlength{\nomitemsep}{-2\parsep}     ....     \printnomenclature     ....     \nomenclature{UI}{Information Unit}      It _almost_ produces the expected output, but, when translating to PDF, I only get the "IU" listed in the resulting file; the long version, "Information Unit", fails to appear. If, instead, I use               \nomenclature{UI} {Information Unit}      (note the blank space between the two arguments), the long version gets printed, but above or below the list of abbreviations. What exactly is the problem here?


title: How to get multiple plots of particular functions?

text: I'm trying to understand how I can get multiple plots from a set of functions to be plotted in the same window without the clutter; _i.e._ , border, axes, grid, whatever... For example, say I want the set of 100 functions `S = {f : f(x)=sin(4*(x-i))/(x-i)+cos(2*i)sin(3*i) 0<i<=5 i∈{0.05, 0.10, ... , 5.0}}` to be plotted in the same window without the clutter and so that I can rotate, scale, etc. afterwards to ultimately make as a "watermark" background that will fly diagonally across the document. I'm certain this will look quite fabulous with sufficient tinkering with the function, but for example let's go with this `S`. * * * I've got some C++ code---it's just a simple `for` loop---I've made that will help me create the list of functions---you know, metaprogramming, making code that makes code. The metaprogramming aspect of this question will be quite easy once I figure out what the general form of function plotting looks like in LaTeX---I've never plotted anything using LaTeX before. * * * How can I replace the image with these plots?               \backgroundsetup{%       scale=5.75,       %% change accordingly       angle=25,       %% change accordingly       opacity=.1,    %% change accordingly       color =black,  %% change accordingly       contents={\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay]             \node at ([yshift=12.5pt,xshift=5pt]current page.center) {\includegraphics[width=5cm]{wave.jpg}};%\includegraphics[width=5cm]{wave.jpg}         \end{tikzpicture}}     }


title: a line after text?

text: I am not aware of having a text with a colon and a line as a command. Is this possible? I am using the `exam` document class so I can use the `\question` command for the proper numbering. example:                \documentclass{exam}      \begin{document}      \begin{questions}          \question{Good} \oolonline          \question{happy} \colonline          \question{sad} \colonline          \question{nervous} \colonline          \question{angry} \colonline      \end{questions}           \end{document}      and it will appear like this: ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/po1SL.png)