title: postfix expand ldap group AND afterwards resolve alias

text: We have a postfix server which has the user config stored in a openldap directory. Recently we also implemented ldap groups which are expanded by postfix. This works fine, unless the group expands to some email alias destinations. All alias expanded from the group seem to not be resolved by the ldap alias database. Any hints on how to have the ldap group expanding AND afterward pass these expanded groupmembers to the ldap alias resolving? Our config looks like this: In main.cf               virtual_alias_maps = ldap:/etc/postfix/ldap_expand_groups.cf,ldap:/etc/postfix/ldap_accountsmap.cf,ldap:/etc/postfix/ldap_expand_alias.cf      The ldap_expand_groups.cf               server_host = ldap://openldap1.server     version = 3     search_base = ou=groups,o=mailhosting     query_filter = (&(mail=%s)(objectclass=groupOfUniqueNames))     leaf_result_attribute = mail     special_result_attribute = uniquemember      The ldap_expand_alias.cf               server_host =  ldap://openldap1.server     search_base = o=mailhosting     query_filter = (&(objectClass=MailAlias)(mail=%s)(accountActive=TRUE))     result_attribute = maildrop     bind = no


title: How to remove obsoleted logs with logrotate?

text: I wanted to remove unnecessary logs automatically , like Xorg.log.0 , and other packed *.gz files , i really don't need that on a laptop system. However , i checked `man logrotate` , but only an entry called `shred` , but irrelevant.


title: Updating data sets from Online databases/Webservice

text: I want to have an idea as to how to update the data regularly from the source, if its stored locally in your server or local machine.Lets say MySQL database. Source:It will be a webservice data repository. Data sets: An online data repository has a number of data sets. I want to know which data sets have been updated and what changes have been made. I have done queries in MySQL, but not done anything like this. Any suggestions?


title: Vim: join lines by replacing ^M

text: I have a file which has embedded `^M` characters. I wish to join the lines at the `^M` character. ie: change this:                ^M                 être, ^M                 étant, ^M                 été,Indicatif,Présent,suis,es,est,sommes,êtes,sont      ^M                 être, ^M                 étant, ^M                 été,Indicatif,Imparfait,étais,étais,était,étions,étiez,étaient      to this:               être,étant,été,Indicatif,Présent,suis,es,est,sommes,êtes,sont     être,étant,été,Indicatif,Imparfait,étais,étais,était,étions,étiez,étaient      This command removes the `^M` but the lines are not joined:               %s/\r//g


title: Canonical paths: why are they needed?

text: The issue of resolving symlinks (symbolic links) is often addressed on this forum, and on others. Related are the concepts of relative, absolute (or full), and canonical (or resolved) pathnames. Two now standard utilities are available, for example in GNU core utilities, to resolve symlinks, and, among other things, produce canonical pathnames: `readlink` and `realpath`. Why do we need canonical paths? Can you give examples where canonical paths are required, and non-canonical absolute paths will not be acceptable? Side question: why do people get "canonical path" answers for "absolute path" questions? But is this technology or sociology ?


title: Why cannot find read /run/user/1000/gvfs even though it is running as root?

text: Can someone tell me what I'm doing wrong, what this is, or how to fix it? I'm running Fedora 18 and getting the error shown               [root@servername /]# find . -name ngirc     find: `./run/user/1000/gvfs': Permission denied     [root@servername /]#      [root@thinktank /]# pwd     /     [root@thinktank /]# ls -ltr ./run/user/1000     ls: cannot access ./run/user/1000/gvfs: Permission denied     total 0     d?????????? ? ?    ?      ?            ? gvfs     lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root  17 May 28 12:30 X11-display -> /tmp/.X11-unix/X0     drwx------. 2 kal  kal  120 May 28 12:30 keyring-QjDw4b     drwx------. 2 kal  kal   40 May 28 12:30 gvfs-burn     drwx------. 2 kal  kal   60 May 28 12:30 krb5cc_5f0bcaf94f916d6b61696e2251a4dbb3     drwx------. 2 kal  kal   60 May 28 18:25 dconf


title: Commands not found: netstat, nmap on CentOS 7

text: ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/XEAMK.png) The commands `nmap`, `netstat` and `lsof` are not found on CentOS7. Why? What should I do to make them work?


title: S-Lang shell (slsh): capture command output in a variable

text: In slsh I know that I have to !-prefix a command to execute it:               !ls       How can I capture its output in a variable?


title: Loop device with 4K sectors

text: Using the `losetup` command, you can turn a regular file into a pretend block device. You can then partition and format it like any other device. Is there some way to make Linux pretend that this "device" has a 4K logical sector size?


title: How to convert all .wav files in subdirectories to .aac using neroAacEnc?

text: I have a collection of music in .wav format, and would like to convert it to .aac/.mp4 using neroAacEnc. How do I do this? I am using Arch Linux x86_64 and Xterm.


title: How to undo DISPLAY export in linux?

text: I have exported my X display to another computer using this command: > export DISPLAY=xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx:0.0 How can I undo it?


title: fedora 20 gnome & ati card black screen after boot

text: After installing Fedora 20 for first boot, everything is OK. But after installing some packages and updating, then rebooting the system, after boot the screen goes black or gnome starts. After first click, gnome freezes or screen goes black, but when I disable ati OpenSource driver, gnome starts properly (but gnome-shell uses 50% of cpu cycles because of software rendering). How can I solve this?


title: How to create rootfs for user mode Linux on Fedora 18?

text: I want to create a rootfs to be used with an UML kernel and be able to use the internet. I was using `febootstrap` with packages: `bash`, `coreutils`, `net- tools`, `iputils`. After using `febootstrap-supermin-helper` I got my `rootfs` but when trying to boot it with UML I get these errors:               [    4.340000] systemd[1]: systemd-logind.service holdoff time over, scheduling restart.     [    4.340000] systemd[1]: dbus.service start request repeated too quickly, refusing to start.     [    4.340000] systemd-logind[638]: Failed to get system D-Bus connection: Did not receive a reply. Possible causes include: the remote application did not send a reply, the message bus security policy blocked the reply, the reply timeout expired, or the network connection was broken.     [    4.340000] systemd-logind[638]: Failed to fully start up daemon: Connection refused      I am wondering which packages are necessary for `rootfs` and if there is any other way besides `febootstrap`.


title: monitor file permission changes

text: How can I figure out which process is changing the permissions of a file? on a Debian server, I have the problem that something is changing the permissions on `/dev/null` every day at 6:20 (since 3 weeks). When I set the correct permissions, they are set back between a few minutes. Then I set it again and after that permissions stay correct until next day 6:20. It doesn't matter at which time I set the permissions.


title: Universal inbox application?

text: I am looking for an application that would allow me to read (summaries of) all kinds of inboxes and social media such as Gmail, Facebook, Disqus, StackExchange, Twitter etc. Is there such a thing?


title: Is there any difference between these two configuration options?

text: Is there any actual difference between               iptables -P FORWARD DROP      and               net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0      ? I know that one is a firewall command while the other one is a kernel option. But:   1. I don't know whether `net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0` is enforced by netfilter or by the kernel directly.   2. I don't know if there is any overhead associated with `iptables -P FORWARD DROP` compared to `net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0`.   3. I couldn't find any reference clearly stating that these two options are actually identical in their effect. That's what I understood, but I'm no netfilter/kernel expert. In short, is there any actual difference between these two commands?


title: Possible to view two text files side by side (read only)?

text: In emacs, we can view two text files side by side. Is it also possible to do so in some simpler/lighter applications such as `less`? Only viewing, no editing.


title: Keeping sudo authentication with gnome-terminal (zsh)

text: Can `sudo` sessions be shared across tabs of `gnome-terminal`, so that once I use `sudo` in one tab, I won't have to re-enter my password every time I open another tab and use `sudo`?


title: Windows Changes File Permissions in Samba File Shares

text: I have mounted an external USB drive that is used for file shares on CentOS. All of the clients access the shares are Windows XP or 7. Within Windows, I use the "Manage your credentials" feature in "User Accounts" to allow the Windows machines to access different shares. I recursively changed the owner, group, and permissions level to match the snippet below for the entire Sales Manager share. The credentials for the user "manager" are set in Windows "Manage your credentials" for access control. I then map the share to a network drive in Windows.               -rwxrwx--- 1 root    managers 924672 Oct 30 08:18 fileName.xls      After a member of the "managers" group opens and saves a file the permissions gets changed to the snippet below. This causes other users who are members of the "managers" group to lose the ability to write that file. In this example, I used the user manager to access a demo file. You can see how manager is now the owner and loses x. The group changes to the default group of the user accessing the file. The group also loses wx.               -rw-r--r-- 1 manager managers 919552 Oct 30 08:25 fileName.xls       I am taking a intro class to UNIX/Linux, but it does not get into the admin side. It is geared towards the end user. My instructor advised me to do exactly what I am doing here by asking you, the gurus. Will you please help or point me in the right direction???


title: accessing stdin/stdout of a process started in another tty

text: I logged in to my linux physically(say tty1) and started a process that watches stdin for commands and has some stdout-put. How can I access/use this process from a SSH session?


title: How to create a new partition on a hard disk?

text: How do I create a new partition on a hard disk, from the terminal? I've been reading the `man` pages for `fdisk` and `mkfs`, but they're confusing. I need to know how to create a new partition on a blank drive, as well as on a drive that already has partitions. Some colleagues told me the latter isn't possible and I need to format; is that accurate?


title: where to start open-source work?

text: This one got closed: freeBSD or linux or something else? But I have a sincere question here. I want to know from the pros what is better for a newbie to start working on. I want to learn/contribute. If not the exact answer, please provide some rationale.


title: Trouble getting busybox switch_root to work

text: I'm working on an embedded ARM Linux system that boots using initramfs. (Here's some background from a couple earlier questions, if you're interested.) So far, thanks in part to help received here, I can boot the kernel via TFTP with an embedded initramfs. The MMC driver detects an SD card containing a new root filesystem, which I can then mount. However, I cannot get the final step, using busybox switch_root to switch to the filesystem on the SD card, to work. At the initramfs shell prompt, I think this should make the kernel switch to the new filesystem:               switch_root -c /dev/console /mnt/root /sbin/init.sysvinit       However, it just makes busybox (to which switch_root is aliased) print its man page, like this:               / # switch_root -c /dev/console /mnt/root /sbin/init.sysvinit      BusyBox v1.17.4 (2010-12-08 17:01:07 EST) multi-call binary.          Usage: switch_root [-c /dev/console] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT [ARGS]          Free initramfs and switch to another root fs:     chroot to NEW_ROOT, delete all in /, move NEW_ROOT to /,     execute NEW_INIT. PID must be 1. NEW_ROOT must be a mountpoint.          Options:          -c DEV  Reopen stdio to DEV after switch      I think the -c option is correct, since it's the same as what is contained in the example, and /dev/console exists.               / # ls -l /dev     total 0     crw-r--r--    1 0        0           5,   1 Jan  1 00:28 console     brw-r--r--    1 0        0           7,   0 Dec 21  2010 loop0     brw-r--r--    1 0        0         179,   0 Dec 21  2010 mmcblk0     brw-r--r--    1 0        0         179,   1 Dec 21  2010 mmcblk0p1     brw-r--r--    1 0        0         179,   2 Dec 21  2010 mmcblk0p2     brw-r--r--    1 0        0         179,   3 Dec 21  2010 mmcblk0p3     brw-r--r--    1 0        0         179,   4 Dec 21  2010 mmcblk0p4      /mnt/root also exists.               / # ls /mnt/root     bin         etc         linuxrc     mnt         sys         var     boot        home        lost+found  proc        tmp     dev         lib         media       sbin        usr      The init executable exists:               / # ls -lh /mnt/root/sbin/     <snip>     lrwxrwxrwx    1 0        0             19 Dec 21  2010 init -> /sbin/init.sysvinit     -rwxr-xr-x    1 0        0          22.8K Dec 21  2010 init.sysvinit      But here's something strange:               /mnt/root/sbin # pwd     /mnt/root/sbin     /mnt/root/sbin # ls -l | grep init.sysvinit     lrwxrwxrwx    1 0        0               19 Dec 21  2010 init -> /sbin/init.sysvinit     -rwxr-xr-x    1 0        0            23364 Dec 21  2010 init.sysvinit     /mnt/root/sbin # ./init.sysvinit      /bin/sh: ./init.sysvinit: not found     /mnt/root/sbin # /mnt/root/sbin/init.sysvinit      /bin/sh: /mnt/root/sbin/init.sysvinit: not found      That's totally mystifying. I'm not sure where I'm going wrong. I've looked at the source, which is at http://git.busybox.net/busybox/tree/util- linux/switch_root.c?id=1_17_4 It's not just the init.sysvinit executable. I can't execute anything from the SD card. For example:               /mnt/root/bin # ./busybox      /bin/sh: ./busybox: not found     /mnt/root/bin # /mnt/root/busybox      /bin/sh: /mnt/root/busybox: not found     /mnt/root/bin # ls -l | grep "2010 busybox"     -rwxr-xr-x    1 0        0           462028 Dec 21  2010 busybox      Anyone have a clue what's amiss here? I thought it might be some problem with mounting the card noexec, but I believe exec is the default, and I tried passing the exec option explicitly at mount with no success.


title: I/O errors on Linux LVM

text: I have a CentOS 6 box with LVM setup and one of the PVs is a USB disk (I know). One of them is getting the error:               Oct 30 10:57:07 alpha01 kernel: lost page write due to I/O error on dm-3     Oct 30 10:57:07 alpha01 kernel: Buffer I/O error on device dm-3, logical block 4      Which is causing problems with all of the LVs on it. pvs shows the PV as unknown device. I can ls to the logical volumes and they show up in lvdisplay, but first I get a bunch of IO errors. I made sure the cables are secure between the USB drive. What should I do to get this back up and running for the meanwhile? Should I unmount each LV and run an fsck.ext4 on each one like `fsck.ext4 -y /dev/vg1/lv_logvolname` ?


title: How can I serve a Kickstart file over the network without a DHCP server?

text: I want to install CentOS 5.5 on two systems. I have a kickstart file. I would like to install CentOS on a system using this kickstart file. I'm reading the instructions provided by fedoraproject.org and RedHat.com, but they suggest using a DHCP server. I don't want to set up a DHCP server right now, and I can't have DHCP traffic on this LAN. How can I make this kickstart available over the network without using DHCP to assign an IP and point to the file I know that it is possible to make the Kickstart file available over HTTP, FTP or NFS. How can I configure the RedHat installer to have an IP address on the network and grab the kickstart file from a remote server?


title: How can produce an "installer" in Linux?

text: How can I produce an installer for a set of source codes for a specific application in Linux? Also, what are the actions happening when one installs software in Linux?


title: Why does SIGUSR1 cause process to be terminated?

text: I was surprised with this comment in other question: > Sending dd the USR1 signal too soon after it has started (i.e. in a bash > script, the line after you started it) will in fact terminate it Can anybody explain _why_?


title: Is PowerVM a full operating system? (And other clarifications.)

text: I have a few things that I was hoping someone with more experience could clarify in regards to using PowerVM (specifically to virtualise via LPARs AIX). So here is what I think I understand regarding PowerVM/LPAR's etc:   * PowerVM itself (i.e. the Hyper-visor/firmware) has no hostname or IP Address of it's own (Excluding things like RSA cards).   * PowerVM is just a hyper-visor/firmware and not a full Operating System.   * Resources are controlled/distributed to the individual LPAR OS's via a VIOS LPAR, which in turn is managed by either a HMC and/or an IVM. Now I'm not overly familiar with IBM virtualisation (More used to Windows/Linux/Solaris) so what I was looking for is if someone could either confirm or clarify these points for me?


title: Udev triggers are not firing on insert of CF card into USB card reader (anymore)

text: I've got a `udev` rule that triggers a shell script that copies photos off my CF card when I insert the card into my USB card reader. This worked fine for a while. But after a recent upgrade it has stopped working. The problem (AFAICT) is that inserting the CF card into the USB reader is no longer triggering any `udev` events, so my script never runs. (Even the entries in `/dev/disk/by-label/` don't show up on insert, and `dmesg` shows nothing about the insert.) I can cause the `udev` events to trigger if I run `fdisk -l /dev/sdf` (or `sdh` or whatever device it is that seems to be where the CF card will appear). I've verified the `udev` events with `udevadm monitor`, and by running `udevd --debug`. After I manually trigger the system, the script works fine from this point. I'm running Debian 6.0 (Squeeze), and I'm pretty confident it was the upgrade from Lenny a couple months back that changed the behavior, but I'm not sure if it was some subtle change in `udev` (perhaps I'm listening for the wrong events?) or some change in the kernel or USB stack? Anyway, anyone have suggestions for how to fix this? Or suggestions for getting more debugging info out of the usb-storage module? This is the udev rule I'm using:               KERNEL=="sd??", SUBSYSTEM=="block", RUN+="/usr/local/bin/hot-add"      ### Update #1: Trigger on blockdev and partition changes I added a rule to trigger on just the block device instead of on a partition (in case that might show up), but it doesn't trigger when I insert the CF card either:               KERNEL=="sd?", SUBSYSTEM=="block", RUN+="/usr/local/bin/hot-add-disk"      Oddly, if I run `fdisk -l /dev/sdf` to trigger recognition of the CF card, I get a "changed" event for `/dev/sdf` (even though I never got an "add" event). ### Update #2: `add` uevent triggers There is an open, incomplete Debian bug that covers some similar ground (skip to Update#25 for the relevant bits). That has some handy tips. For my setup, if I do (as root) `echo add > /sys/block/sdf/uevent` with the CF card inserted but otherwise unrecognized, that will trigger all the `udev` events properly and all my scripts run correctly. Running `udevadm info --query=all --name=sdf` before and after inserting the CF card shows no difference. If I inject the 'add' event and re-run the `udevadm` command I get a bit more output (there is some information about disk partitions). ### Update #3: USB key vs. CF card in USB reader Inserting a vanilla USB key triggers all the `udev` events immediately and works just fine. Inserting a CF card into the USB card reader does not. For the card reader, it seems that the USB device "exists" even when no CF card is inserted (so a `/sys/block/sdf` entry exists), but with the USB key, the `/sys/block/sdj` only exists while the USB key is plugged in. ### Update #4: Maybe fixed in 2.6.38 This Ubuntu bug has an update (the last one) that claims the bug was no longer present in a 2.6.38 kernel. ### Update #5: Not fixed (in 3.2.0) I've upgraded the kernel a couple times, and even changed the motherboard I'm using, and I still see the same problem. I'm currently at a 3.2.0.0 kernel. And `udev` version 164.


title: Start several fish shells in different directories?

text: In order to be able to launch my work environment with a single command, I want to start several `urxvt` windows running `fish` shell in different folders. However, I found no obvious way of having `fish` run a startup command (e.g. a `cd`) and not exit afterwards. Has anyone figured out how to do start `fish` in a particular directory without making it a default in `config.fish`?


title: Using ~/.fonts.conf to change the weight of monospace fonts

text: On OS X, monospaced fonts are slightly more weighted than the other fonts. This (I feel) helps bring out the colors more vividly. ![screenshot](http://i.stack.imgur.com/SiebN.png) Since I am on Linux, I'm trying to replicate the behavior. I'm trying to do this by editing the property "weight" in `~/.fonts.conf`,               <?xml version="1.0"?>     <!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">     <fontconfig>       <match target="font">         <test name="family">           <string>DejaVu Sans Mono</string>           <string>Bitstream Vera Sans Mono</string>         </test>         <edit name="weight" mode="assign">             <const>medium</const>         </edit>       </match>     </fontconfig>      Apparently, this does not work properly. What happens is that bold face DejaVu or Bitstream mono fonts becomes more bold, and nothing happens to the other. ![screenshot](http://i.stack.imgur.com/joKOj.png) So how do I fix this?


title: Graphic driver problems with video streaming

text: I've got my old laptop up and running w/ Elementary OS Luna (Ubuntu 12.04 LTS), and installed the good old `fglrx-legacy` (I have an old Radeon Mobiliy 4xxx). I then installed Steam for the game streaming. But I get constant artifacts appearing all over the place. Underneath them the service seems to be working fine. I tried with and without hardware acceleration, both times it fails to work correctly. As for the artifacts themselves, it's the typical bits of the screen being deformed, put in other parts of the screen, and sometimes working for up to a second. Thanks!


title: Latest (or at least non-ancient) Chromium binary?

text: I've recently been migrating to Puppy Linux (last OS was Ubuntu,) and the only version of Chromium currently available is about as old as the one in the Ubuntu repositories. I ~~really suck at~~ have not had much luck with compiling others' code (I can never manage to get all the build dependencies most of the time,) and the Chromium Project specifically states that it has a ton of unusual dependencies. This wouldn't be much of an issue on a system like Ubuntu or even Arch Linux, because the Chromium project was nice enough to provide the exact command required to fetch all the build dependencies, but with Puppy Linux, you're pretty much dead in the water.   (I know that Puppy Linux has some support for .deb packages, but even the built chromium has an annoying number of dependencies, and I don't want to have to try to round them all up.) I was just wondering if there's anywhere that I can get EITHER-   * A standalone 32-bit (i686 build preferred) Debian package for Chromium 23 or higher   * A Chromium version 23 or higher .pet file If someone manages to find/make the second one, I would be _extremely_ grateful.


title: How can I recover suspended processes after restarting X?

text: I had several instances of Firefox running, which I suspended. I think I used 'the GUI' (KDE's System Activity), which I think is the same as `kill -19`. Normally this works fine - I can resume the processes graphically or from terminal. This time, I was trying to fix an X problem, so I restarted X. Got my desktop back, I can still see the suspended processes, but am not sure how to resume them. In System Activity they no longer have window titles. I tried resuming one (of three), and it .. disappeared ('realized' X had quit?). When I try to start Firefox with one of the suspended profiles, it gives me the 'already running' message. The suspended processes are still taking up memory. Is there a way to recover my FFox sessions the way they were? Or is my only choice to resume them and let them die, then start again? Using up to date (K)Ubuntu 12.04, KDE4


title: Cinnamon doesn't load at launch loading LXDE instead, what is wrong here?

text: Hi I Found myself with this weird issue that after installing Cinnamon desktop environment on a Debian-based linux distro, with `apt-get upgrade` `apt-get install cinnamon`, at the log-in moment even selecting cinammon or cinammon 2D the PC ends loading LXDE (wich was the first desktop-enviroment that I have installed). Logging in as any user I have the same problem, even as root. Tried solving the problem in a "windows like style" (I am pretty new to linux) removing the software with `apt-get purge cinnamon` `apt-get clean` and then re-doing the same thing updating and reinstalling with `apt-get upgrade` `apt-get install cinnamon`, however this did't work for me. The only thing that I think that may be causing the problem is the distro I am using is just a distro created at my university and I think that may not have enough maintennance or also I know that the packages that I installed from cinnamon come from a repository in my university so maybe there are not the same packages that everybody else uses. anyways I am just guessing, I don't know exactly how the repositories works, so any advice, or idea is welcome thanks.


title: Oracle Linux 6 download files?

text: I want to download Oracle Linux 6 for basic use to install on my laptop to use oracle 11g r2 database since this is one of only few Linux distros which is supported. When I go to the downloads section I these are the options:               -Oracle Linux Release 6 Update 4 for x86_64 (64 Bit)     -Oracle Linux Release 6 Update 4 Boot iso image for x86_64 (64 bit)     -Oracle Linux Release 6 Update 4 UEK Boot ISO image for x86_64 (64 bit)     -Oracle Linux Release 6 Update 4 source DVD 1     -Oracle Linux Release 6 Update 4 source DVD 2      I want to just burn it onto a DVD and then install it on my laptop so which is the right download(s) I need? As well, I know UEK is the unbreakable kernel but is this mandatory to install or optional? Normally I would download them all and try, but I'm very limited on my bandwidth.


title: heartbeat stops after reviving primary node

text: I followed these steps correctly, everything worked well before I have revived heartbeat on node01 "at the last steps of the tutorial"   when I hit `/etc/init.d/heartbeat start` it started correctly but the webpage wouldn't open, in other words httpd service haven't been started by heartbeat (which I guess the reason is that the node02 still the primary node it hasn't returned to secondary yet)   so I searched for the STONITH but i didn't find anything that helps.   this is the ha.cf file:                 logfile /var/log/ha-log     logfacility local0     keepalive 2     deadtime 30     initdead 120     bcast eth0     udpport 694     auto_failback on     node node01     node node02      haresources file:               node01 192.168.1.82 httpd      authkeys file:               auth 2     2 sha1 test-ha


title: What's wrong with this tar command?

text: find /informatica/dev/SrcFiles* -mtime +7 -and -size +1M -exec tar -rvf files.8.2.2013.tar {} \;      This command is running/working correctly and I'm not sure whats wrong. I want to find the files that are over 1MB and older than 7 days and then add them to a single tar file.


title: How can I access files of an SMB share if I have the IP?

text: Having the IP, under Linux how can I access shared smb files? When I type in for example: smb://192.168.0.50 I get an error message.


title: XJacker and PulseAudio connection

text: Is it possible to connect the XJacker Sound Amplifier (v2) to PulseAudio on Ubuntu? Or is it just XBOX only.


title: How to install Solaris 11 on Sparc Enterprise T5240 from HyperTerminal

text: We received one Sparc T5240 Server and this is the first time experience with Sparc Servers. I never even saw them before. So i connected to Server using Cutecom app an alternative for Ubuntu to Windows Hyperterminal. I insert the Solaris 11 Boot Media and cutecom generated this log during this process               0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\     0:0:0>SPARC(R) Enterprise T5140/T5240 POST 4.30.4 2009/08/19 07:50             /export/delivery/delivery/4.30/4.30.4/post4.30.4-micro/Niagara/maramba/integrated  (root)       \0xa5\0x9d\0xa1\0xd1 2009 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved     0:0:0>POST enabling CMP 0 threads: 00000000.ffffffff     &\0xa2\0xa1\0xc9\0x95\0x85\0x91\0xcd: 000000ff.00ffffff     0:0:0>VBSC mode is: 00000000.00000001     0:0:0>VBSC level is: 00000000.00000001     \0x9d Normal mode, MAX Testing.     0:0:0>VBSC setting verbosity level 2     0:0:0>Test Memory.....\0x08\\0x08|\0x08/\0x08-\0x08\\0x08|\0x08\0x08Done     0:0:0>Setup POST Mailbox .....\0x08-\0x08\\0x08|-\0x08\\0x08|\0x08/\0x08-\0x08Done     \0x15\0xcd\0xd1\0x95\0xc9 CPU Tests Basic.....0:0:0>Init MMU.....     0:0:0>L2 Tests.....Done     0:0:0>Extended CPU Tests.....     0:0:0>Scrub Memory..... CPU Tests.....Done     0:0:0>Extended Memory Tests.....Done     0:0:0>SPU CWQ Tests... Done     0:0:0>MAU Tests... Done     0:0:0>NCU Setup and PIU link train     0:0:0>NEPTUNE Network Interface Unit Tests.....     2014-04-19 13:24:55.129 0:0:0>\0x09POST Passed all devices.     2014-04-19 13:24:55.134 0:0:0>POST:\0x09Return to VBSC.     2014-04-19 13:24:55.138 0:0:0>Master set ACK for vbsc runpost command and spin...      addr:0x1d - link is down     *****************************************************************************          *          * Starting Desktop Login on display :0...          *          * Wait for the Desktop Login screen before logging in.          *          *****************************************************************************                              *****************************************************************************          *          * The X-server can not be started on display :0...          *          * See file /var/dt/Xerrors for details.          *          *****************************************************************************      I need to Install OS but everytime it reach X-server line and stuck.


title: Why do some applications stop working when permissions are changed in /usr/bin?

text: On OS X, a friend of mine changed the permissions on `/usr/bin` recursively using Finder, in order to grand write access to everyone. Here is how it's done: Go to `/usr/bin` in Finder, then mess with the permissions at the bottom of the info window: ![Finder change permissions](http://i.stack.imgur.com/oRIyt.png) After that, you can no longer run `Terminal.app` for example. But you can still run Disk Utility, which is needed to recover from this without a terminal. Here is the error that you have in this case:               Last login: Fri Jul  4 15:39:24 on ttys001     login(27006,0x7fff78115310) malloc: *** error for object 0x7fceb3412cc0: pointer being freed was not allocated     *** set a breakpoint in malloc_error_break to debug      Luckily, I quickly found a question mentioning this problem here. My first thought was that this is a hardware problem (maybe some random corruption on the hard drive / in RAM / etc..). How is this error related to the wrong permissions in `/usr/bin`? While trying to work on the broken system to get a clean difference listing, I got this:               $ sudo -s     sudo: effective uid is not 0, is sudo installed setuid root?      Here is the result of `diskutil verifyPermissions` (which solves the problem BTW): (Too big to be posted here) Each line is of the form:               Permissions differ on "usr/bin/sudo"; should be -r-s--x--x ; they are -rwxr-xrwx      but I left only the filename, the permission it should have and the current permission: http://pastie.org/9358204               Permissions differ on "usr/bin/login"; should be -r-sr-xr-x ; they are -rwxr-xrwx


title: how is page size determined in virtual address space?

text: Linux uses a virtual memory system where all of the addresses are virtual addresses and not physical addresses. These virtual addresses are converted into physical addresses by the processor. To make this translation easier, virtual and physical memory are divided into pages. Each of these pages is given a unique number; the page frame number. Some page sizes can be 2 KB, 4 KB, etc. But how is this page size number determined? Is it influenced by the size of the architecture? For example, a 32-bit bus will have 4 GB address space.


title: Linking Ethernet interfaces

text: I'm quite new to Linux networking. I have a Debian PC with two Ethernet interfaces, one embedded on the motherboard and another on a PCI card. The first one, let say `eth0` is connected to my router (which is connected to Inet). I want to "link" `eth1` to `eth0`, in order to access my router (and Inet) when I plug a cable in `eth1`. The same way the `eth0` cable is connected to one of my router's Ethernet ports. The Debian PC should also be able to access Inet and LAN, and thus not simply behave as a "virtual link" between the cable plugged in `eth0` (coming from my router) and the cable plugged in `eth1` (going to another PC). Is this achievable? How?


title: apache and php Segmentation fault

text: I have recently migrated to Archlinux. I installed Apache, php and mysql according to the Arch Linux LAMP wiki page. Now I have setup a virtual host for my new Symfony project. For every request I make, I get this error:               [notice] child pid 10859 exit signal Segmentation fault (11)      Can someone please help me with this?


title: How to save a copy of a protected PDF form in Evince?

text: I've got a pretty long PDF form from my ISP and filled it carefully. Willing to save my work of filling it I've tried to use `File - Save a copy...`. But Evince says it can't save it because it is "encrypted". Ridiculous! What a nut has came to the idea to edit-protect a document explicitly meant to be edited? Whatever... Is there a way to bypass the protection? It looks obvious that if I can view its contents it is "decrypted" on load and it's just a matter of intention for the viewing application to honour or dishonour the restriction. I suppose it would be natural for a free software to provide the decision to the user. I don't want to loose my work. Of course I can print-to-file (if printing is not forbidden for this PDF - I wouldn't be surprised if it is) but I want to send it to a colleague to finish filling some fields I don't know what to write in - I wouldn't like to make her to refill the whole form. I understand it is probably impossible to save the work now, but feel like there is to be a solution to prevent this in future: maybe an Evince patch or a compilation option, a record in its config file... or an alternative PDF viewer? Update: I have installed the Adobe brand Acrobat Reader (9.5.1) and it has no problems saving the filled form, while indicating (in the window title) the file is "secured".


title: How to bind a key sequence to a widget in vi cmd mode zsh?

text: Let's say I want to bind `R` to `redo` in vicmd mode. This works.               bindkey -a r redo      If I change it to this, it does not work.               bindkey -a rr redo      I have tried different things with no success. Is this not possible? I know it should be possible to bind sequences to keys in emacs mode, but can you do the same with letters in vi mode?


title: Variable substitution with an exclamation mark in bash

text: I have the following lines in my .cfg bash script file               DDF_SOURCE="siebel_DATA_DATE_FORMAT"     DATA_DATE_FORMAT=${!DDF_SOURCE}      how is `${!DDF_SOURCE`} evaluated? It would be `!siebel_DATA_DATE_FORMAT`, which doesn't make sense to me.


title: External IP check reports different IP from /etc/network/interfaces

text: My ISP gave me static ip range for internet access: 123.123.123.120-125 (Debian) /etc/network/interfaces:               auto eth1     iface eth1 inet static     address 123.123.123.120     netmask 255.255.255.0     gateway 123.123.123.254     dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8      When I go to an external website to check my ip address, it does not report 123.123.123.120, in fact exernal ip check shows me 23.23.23.45 which is different from what the ISP gave me. I can still access internet normally though. (Traceroute shows 23.23.23.45 is also owned by my ISP) The Windows machine right beside this Linux machine is setup using 123.123.123.125, and the website exernal ip check shows 123.123.123.125 I suspect that the ISP is using some kind of advanced proxy? Is it possible that only the Linux machine recognizes the real IP but not Windows? So I did another test, I setup a Windows machine and used same ip 123.123.123.120, I unplugged ethernet cable from Linux machine to Windows machine, run ip check and the ip check reports correctly, it reports 123.123.123.120. What is causing this weird phenomenon in the Linux machine? Here is my /etc/network/interfaces: **Note: _eth0 and eth2 are for virtualbox virtual nics to bridge to so I just commented it out and left them alone_               # The loopback network interface     auto lo     iface lo inet loopback          ## eth0 TPLink Realtek     # auto eth0     # iface eth0 inet static     # address 10.10.10.10     # netmask 255.0.0.0          # eth1 mobo intel nic     auto eth1     iface eth1 inet static     address 61.xx.yy.zz     netmask 255.255.255.0     gateway 61.xx.yy.254     dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8          ## eth2 intel nic     # auto eth2     # iface eth2 inet static     # address 10.10.20.20     # netmask 255.0.0.0      and my ifconfig:               eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr a0:f3:c1:00:52:50                 inet6 addr: fe80::a2f3:c1ff:fe00:5250/64 Scope:Link               UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1               RX packets:131 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0               TX packets:57 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0               collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000                RX bytes:13885 (13.5 KiB)  TX bytes:14304 (13.9 KiB)               Interrupt:42 Base address:0x4000           eth1      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 30:85:a9:a7:a0:bb                 inet addr:61.xx.yy.zz  Bcast:61.xx.yy.255  Mask:255.255.255.0               inet6 addr: fe80::3285:a9ff:fea7:a0bb/64 Scope:Link               UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1               RX packets:339 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0               TX packets:279 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0               collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000                RX bytes:53807 (52.5 KiB)  TX bytes:23917 (23.3 KiB)               Interrupt:18 Memory:f7e00000-f7e20000           eth2      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:1b:21:39:1f:e1                 inet addr:192.168.1.101  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0               inet6 addr: fe80::21b:21ff:fe39:1fe1/64 Scope:Link               UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1               RX packets:643 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0               TX packets:418 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0               collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000                RX bytes:72405 (70.7 KiB)  TX bytes:43037 (42.0 KiB)               Interrupt:16 Memory:f7dc0000-f7de0000           lo        Link encap:Local Loopback                 inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0               inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host               UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1               RX packets:12 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0               TX packets:12 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0               collisions:0 txqueuelen:0                RX bytes:1104 (1.0 KiB)  TX bytes:1104 (1.0 KiB)


title: How to configure bootloader to boot the new kernel?

text: I succesfully upgraded linux kernel from 2.6.32.61 to 3.0.7 on BeableBoard-xM, following the steps below:   1. download and untar kernel sources 3.0.7 from kernel.org   2. copy kernel sources on `/usr/src`   3. configure kernel (`make menuconfig`)   4. build kernel (`make`)   5. install kernel (`make install`) However, after rebooting BB-xM, `uname -r` shows: 2.6.32. It seems to me, that bootloader _(U-Boot)_ has to be manually configured in order to boot the new kernel.               root@beagleboard:/boot# ls -l     total 14172     lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root      74 Jun 15  2013 MLO -> MLO-beagleboard-1.5.0+r24+gitr04b1732220078d47c18a84cbafc52e45db71f13d-r24     -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   23852 Jun 14  2011 MLO-beagleboard-1.5.0+r24+gitr04b1732220078d47c18a84cbafc52e45db71f13d-r24     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  373953 Jul 26  2011 Module.symvers-2.6.32     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1451022 Jul 26  2011 System.map-2.6.32     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  225447 Feb 13 16:05 System.map-2.6.32.61     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  225447 Feb 13 16:03 System.map-2.6.32.61.old     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  605665 Mar 29  2014 System.map-3.0.7     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root   73996 Jul 26  2011 config-2.6.32     -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  284788 Apr  1  2011 u-boot-beagleboard-2011.02+r75+gitrc7977858dcf1f656cbe91ea0dc3cb9139c6a8cc8-r75.bin     drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Jun 15  2013 u-boot-scripts     lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root      83 Jun 15  2013 u-boot.bin -> u-boot-beagleboard-2011.02+r75+gitrc7977858dcf1f656cbe91ea0dc3cb9139c6a8cc8-r75.bin     lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root      13 Jun 15  2013 uImage -> uImage-2.6.32     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3203088 Jul 26  2011 uImage-2.6.32     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1402688 Feb 13 16:05 vmlinux-2.6.32.61     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1402688 Feb 13 16:03 vmlinux-2.6.32.61.old     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5144292 Mar 29  2014 vmlinux-3.0.7      Any ideas how can I configure bootloader?


title: Getting more output from NetCat

text: Currently I'm using the standard `netcat -e /bin/sh` to provide a remote shell for other computers to access. The problem is however that this shell is rather terrible, since it has limited output. For example if I send some invalid command `xxxxx`, I will get no response from the machine, but on the machine there will be an error in the terminal saying `/bin/sh: xxxxx: not found`. If I use the shell to launch a console application, often I cannot see anything the console application outputs, and I can't `Ctrl``z` over the shell because that will close netcat on the machine. It's a mess, I'd like it to work just like SSH (which I can't use). Instead of piping everything to `/bin/sh` like I'm doing with netcat, would it be possible to create a custom application instead that will show me all the outputs in a terminal? Is it possible somehow get the text off the terminal, regardless of what process wrote to it? Would it be possible to start an `sshd` on the box, and then `netcat -e "ssh root@localhost"` and do it that way? (I've tried this, doesn't seem to work). I'm looking for any kind of solution.


title: ADT bundle not installed in ubuntu 12.04

text: I downloaded ADT bundle from android developer site. Bundle name is :- `adt-bundle-linux-x86_64-2014031.zip` It contains eclipse, and sdk folder. In eclipse folder, there is one eclipse executable file. I try to open this using wine1.7, `Wine Windows Program Loader` but it shows `The Z:\home\devsda\Downloads\adt-bundle-linux-x86_64-20140321\eclipse\eclipse executable launcher was unable to locate its home directory` Please help me to install ADT bundle in Ubuntu 12.04, ,so that I will start my project.


title: How to edit file on remote machine with text editor?

text: I am on a Windows machine, and I am using NoMachine to connect to a development box. Unfortunately, the box runs on RHEL5, so lots of software is not supported. I want to use Sublime Text. Is there a way for me to edit files on my development box from Windows after connecting to the box through NoMachine?


title: "ImportError: libssl.so.1.0.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory" during Bitmask installation

text: I am trying to install Bitmask on my system(Fedora 20) to get the riseup VPN running. Running ./bitmask after unpacking the tarball gives the following output:               Bitmask-linux64-0.6.1-4]# ./bitmask     No updates found     /home/GlaDOS/Downloads/Bitmask-linux64-0.6.1-4/./apps/:/home/GlaDOS/Downloads/Bitmask-linux64-0.6.1-4/./lib/     Could not find platform independent libraries <prefix>     Could not find platform dependent libraries <exec_prefix>     Consider setting $PYTHONHOME to <prefix>[:<exec_prefix>]     Traceback (most recent call last):       File "apps/launcher.py", line 8, in <module>         from leap.bitmask.app import start_app as bitmask_client       File "/home/GlaDOS/Downloads/Bitmask-linux64-0.6.1-4/./apps/leap/bitmask/__init__.py", line 26, in <module>         from leap.bitmask.util import first       File "/home/GlaDOS/Downloads/Bitmask-linux64-0.6.1-4/./apps/leap/bitmask/util/__init__.py", line 25, in <module>         from leap.common.config import get_path_prefix as common_get_path_prefix       File "/home/GlaDOS/Downloads/Bitmask-linux64-0.6.1-4/./lib/leap/common/__init__.py", line 3, in <module>         from leap.common import certs       File "/home/GlaDOS/Downloads/Bitmask-linux64-0.6.1-4/./lib/leap/common/certs.py", line 26, in <module>         from OpenSSL import crypto       File "/home/GlaDOS/Downloads/Bitmask-linux64-0.6.1-4/./lib/OpenSSL/__init__.py", line 36, in <module>         from OpenSSL import crypto     ImportError: libssl.so.1.0.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory      The program does not start up because of this(probably), so does anyone have an idea for a solution?


title: Strange problem with IO or file system or what?

text: On a SLES 11 SP2 32-bit system I'm seeing a strange problem. It's as if the OS can not open a file from the beginning of the file. Say I have a file that is 200 lines. If I `cat` or `more` or `vi` the file, the system just hangs. The process never even starts. I can tail the same file, but only up to about 100 lines. These work:               $ tail /path/to/file     $ tail -n 25 /path/to/file      This doesn't work:               $ tail -n 100 /path/to/file      Even an `ls` command on a directory with lots of files fails. There is plenty of disk space. The file system is read/write. An `fsck` did do some fixes but the problem still exists. Any ideas as to what's going on? **Update:** I have a file that is 3048 bytes in size. I can use `tail -c` to read the file in chunks, but as soon as I get close to the actual file size, it hangs again. These work:               $ tail -c 1000 /path/to/file     $ tail -c 2000 /path/to/file      This doesn't work:               $ tail -c 2750 /path/to/file


title: What would happen if we mounted a file system that e2fsck is already running on?

text: It is generally a bad idea to e2fsck a file system while the file system is mounted (the man page mentions one specific situation where it is safe: `-n` given, and `-c`, `-l` or `-L` not given, and even then it is not recommended). However, what would happen if a file system check is _in progress_ when some other process tries to mount the file system read/write? Obviously e2fsck would likely go haywire and complain about dirty blocks all over the place, particularly if the file system then sees active use, but absent administrator intervention to attempt to correct any such "errors", **is there any risk of data loss or file system corruption?**


title: Would installing different versions of libssl cause problems?

text: I am trying to install testing version of Spotify on Debian. It's a testing version and they say it's for Debian Squeeze, my Crunchbang _(64 bit)_ is based on Debian Wheezy, but I'm trying to install it anyway. It says:               % sudo apt-get install spotify-client        Reading package lists... Done     Building dependency tree            Reading state information... Done     Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have     requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable     distribution that some required packages have not yet been created     or been moved out of Incoming.     The following information may help to resolve the situation:          The following packages have unmet dependencies:      spotify-client : Depends: libssl0.9.8 but it is not installable     E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.     % sudo apt-get install spotify-client        Reading package lists... Done     Building dependency tree            Reading state information... Done     Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have     requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable     distribution that some required packages have not yet been created     or been moved out of Incoming.     The following information may help to resolve the situation:          The following packages have unmet dependencies:      spotify-client : Depends: libssl0.9.8 but it is not installable     E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.      In synaptic manager i see that I have `libssl1.0.0`. So is it possible to install `libssl0.9.8`? And would that cause any problems or conflicts between the versions installed?


title: customize and pack a debian image

text: Given a vanilla Debian I need to:   * pick a filesystem   * configure the software ( writing .conf files and edit shell scripts )   * install/remove packages   * install/remove software compiled by me After that I'd like to pack everything in a working .iso/.img. Are there good tools that can help me with this? I basically need to create something like a firmware starting from Debian.


title: Installing guest additions on Virtualbox 4.10 - Host: openSUSE 11.3 64 bit, Guest: Slackware 13.37 32 bit

text: The `Devices menu` -> `CD/DVD Devices` contains `VBoxGuestAdditions.iso`   **But ticking the above menu option doesn't show any menu to select anything from.** The `kernel-devel` is already there.   The host is `openSUSE 11.3` 64 bit. The guest is `Slackware 13.37` 32 bit. What's the way round now?


title: How to install a Debian package from internet?

text: I am trying to install Debian kernel sources using the following commands -               sudo apt-get install linux-headers-$(uname -r)      It prompts me to insert the Debian disk to continue the installation. Why is this so? I have used other Linux Distros and the default behavior seems to be to install from an internet repository. How should I change the default repository location? i.e. configure online repo for Debian and offline one for Ubuntu?


title: CUPS - no document types are supported?

text: I'm hoping to eventually share out a printer for my household using CUPS. At this point I haven't made it past the initial config on the CentOS 6.2 x64 machine. Any document type I try to print using `lpr <doc> -P printer` gives me a `lpr: Unsupported document-format` error message. I've tried text, pdf and others. It will print the test pages from the cups web interface so not all is lots. I can generate lots of scratch paper this way.. In any event - when I tried to export this print via SMB I found that all the dialogs that came with it in windows were read only. No way to add drivers and nothing would print from there either. I've turned on debugging output for both CUPS and SMB but I'm not seeing any error messages. Any suggestions on where to start looking? CUPS 1.7.3   CentOS 6.2   HP LaserJet 1300


title: Workflow management software for Linux

text: I'm not really sure if the software that I need is a workflow management software. Basically I need something that I can host on a Linux server that will provide the following functionality:   * support a pre-set workflow, allowing users to see where they are currently in the workflow, and whether they are expected to act, or they should wait for some external action   * users also need to see the deadline of the entire workflow and the steps that are still ahead   * not absolutely required, but it would be nice to have the ability to track versions of files inside the workflow   * ability to add support materials for steps in the workflow (let's say the workflow went back to the user, to fix some errors, so he will have links to wiki and other relevant materials for that step)   * notifications, for example for the users, when the workflow gets back into a state where they are expected to act


title: vim: create file with +x bit

text: Is there any way to set `+x` bit on script while creating? For example I run:               vim -some_option_to_make_file_executable script.sh      and after saving I can run file without any additional movings. ps. I can run `chmod` from `vim` or even from console itself, but this is a little annoying, cause `vim` suggests to reload file. Also it's annoying to type `chmod` command every time. pps. It would be great to make it depending on file extension (I don't need executable `.txt` :-) )


title: Encryption of home directory for securing data after harddisk corruption

text: Always when I install Linux OS (e.g. Ubuntu), there is a possibility to encrypt the home directory. I was asking myself why is this useful. Is it good in the case when my harddrive is corrupted and I have to go to my manufacturer and let the harddrive at him for about a month for the reparation or exchange? He can't decrypt my data? Naturally, I can't bring the harddrive to him in this state. What are the disadvantages of encryption of home directory when using it every day? I was inspired by the question How do I get rid of a hard disk without exposing my source code?


title: "ls -lH" not following the link but "ls -lH linktofile" following it

text: In a directory there is a link to some other file in some other directory. If I give               ls -lHh      command with no arguments, ls does not resolves the symbolic link but if I give               ls -lHh *      or               ls -lHh linktofile      it then resolves the link. Just curious, why? Using GNU CoreUtils version 8.4


title: using Ubuntu One on Backtrack

text: Is there any way to upload folders using the Ubuntu One client on Backtrack, or is the client incompatible with the OS? I have logged in through the client, but I can't get it to work.


title: FS permission scenario

text: How can I achieve this files & folders permissions scenario: Consider these folder:   Folder A: `640 root apache /var/www/A/`   Folder www: `640 root apache /var/www/`   and this linux user:   `id user1`: `uid=1000(user1) gid=1000(user1) groups=1000(user1)` I want to allow linux user `user1` read/write access _JUST_ to folder A, **BUT** don't change folder A owner or group. I have tried these scenarios but none of them were desirable:   * add `user1` to group `apache`:   cons: `user1` will be able to read other files at `/var/www/`.   * hard-link a folder(ex. folder B) in `user1`'s home to `/var/www/A/` and set proper permissions on folder B rather than A:   cons: hard-links to directories not possible on cross-devices.   * add `user1` to `sudoers`:   cons: complexity of `user1`, plus, `user1` may broke owner/group policy and/or permissions of folder A by human-error. any idea?


title: Upgrade kernel for linux system without upgrading user apps/libs?

text: I built a custom Linux "recovery-cd" image that consists of a compressed `initrd` and boots via `bcdedit` (like Ubuntu Wubi) instead of a physical CD. It has various recovery tools for partition editing, antivirus, etc. Now I have to upgrade the kernel and modules to make it support `UEFI`, so it can boot in a SecureBoot-enabled machine (I'm using a signed grubx64.efi for booting). My image is based on TinyCore Linux 3.x, which added UEFI support (linux 3.10) in the latest 5.x versions. I replaced the 2.6.32 kernel and modules with 3.10 and things appear to work. But TinyCore 3.x has glibc 2.11, while 5.x has glibc 2.17. My question is, how do I make sure there are no incompatibilities between the new kernel and older user apps/libs. I am looking out for removed syscalls and features in all kernel release notes between 2.6.32 and 3.10, but what would a more thorough approach be ? Am I just asking for trouble by doing this ?


title: When does Linux send a root mail and how to force it for testing purposes?

text: Let's say I want to test root mail functionality after I set up nullmailer, how do I force my Debian Linux system to send a root mail? And furthermore on which events does Linux send root mails at all?


title: Disk partition emptied during tar backup

text: This morning I was doing a routine backup of my development drive, one of 4 primary partitions on my hard-drive. The script I ran was:               filename="/home/Backups/Devi_"`eval date +%Y%m%d`".tgz"     touch $filename     tar cvzf $filename /media/Devi/       After a while I started seeing the tar output say it was unable to find certain files and the same message started appearing more and more until the command exited. When I then checked, everything in the drive was gone, hidden files and all. One fact that is probably pertinent is that I had two qt programs running whose executables and libs were on the drive, though I can't figure out how a tar command would cause a deletion like this just because of files in use. I've tried running testdisk to recover directories but it only seems to find top level files/dirs and under them it says nothing found. Right now i'm running Photorec and its finding files so none were overwritten but the filesystem was definitely damaged (I tried fsk.ext4 and I get a clean status with far fewer files than are on the drive). My syslog for the time window (I believe the deletion happend at 11:02) is:               Jul 26 10:17:01 GlaDux CRON[7004]: (root) CMD (   cd / && run-parts --report/etc/cron.hourly)     Jul 26 10:17:05 GlaDux kernel: [ 5835.406184] GLViewer[7032]: segfault at 0 ip 00007eff18138ee6 sp 00007fff24187158 error 4 in libc2.17.so[7eff17fe8000+1be000]     Jul 26 10:17:16 GlaDux kernel: [ 5846.856210] GLViewer[7059]: segfault at 0 ip 00007f470b838ee6 sp 00007fff999ec928 error 4 in libc-2.17.so[7f470b6e8000+1be000]     Jul 26 10:43:41 GlaDux NetworkManager[1141]: <warn> nl_recvmsgs() error: (-33) Dump inconsistency detected, interrupted     Jul 26 10:57:04 GlaDux dbus[1060]: [system] Activating service name='org.freedesktop.UDisks' (using servicehelper)     Jul 26 10:57:04 GlaDux dbus[1060]: [system] Successfully activated service 'org.freedesktop.UDisks'     Jul 26 11:12:25 GlaDux dbus[1060]: [system] Activating service name='org.freedesktop.hostname1' (using servicehelper)     Jul 26 11:12:25 GlaDux dbus[1060]: [system] Successfully activated service 'org.freedesktop.hostname1'     Jul 26 11:13:41 GlaDux NetworkManager[1141]: <warn> nl_recvmsgs() error: (-33) Dump inconsistency detected, interrupted     Jul 26 11:15:41 GlaDux NetworkManager[1141]: <warn> nl_recvmsgs() error: (-33)         Dump inconsistency detected, interrupted     Jul 26 11:17:01 GlaDux CRON[8999]: (root) CMD (   cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.hourly)      I checked and no jobs are scheduled for cron.hourly. However, I think udisk might have something to do with it. Also I've tried doing everything from a live fedora boot and there was no difference. I also tried mounting with a different superblock and had no luck. So I have two questions: Is there any way to recover my directory structure using methods I haven't already mentioned? I have backups so individual file recovery seems like overkill, I'd love to be able too get the rest of the tree. And far more importantly, how in the hell did a simple tar command delete EVERYTHING in the drive. This absolutely baffles me and is by far the worst error an OS has ever given me and it defies my previous experience with linux distros. Any possible explanation would be greatly appreciated. I'm running 3.8.0-23-generic with cinnamint on an x64 machine. The partition in question is a 52 Gb primary ext4 (1 of 4 partitions on the disk, the last one if that matters) and has a blocksize of 4k. **Edit:** the output of tar was something like:               /media/me/Devi/dir1/file1     /media/me/Devi/dir1/file2/     ......     /media/me/Devi/dir100/file1     cannot find file or folder /media/me/Devi/dir101     cannot find file or folder /media/me/Devi/dir102     cannot find file or folder /media/me/Devi/dir102      Also, an hour or so before the deletion, the disk was mounted and the following was logged in kern.log:               Jul 26 09:14:16 GlaDux kernel: [ 2068.519913] EXT4-fs (sda3):     ext4_orphan_cleanup: deleting unreferenced inode 663018     Jul 26 09:14:16 GlaDux kernel: [ 2068.519952] EXT4-fs (sda3): ext4_orphan_cleanup: deleting unreferenced inode 663017     Jul 26 09:14:16 GlaDux kernel: [ 2068.519961] EXT4-fs (sda3): ext4_orphan_cleanup: deleting unreferenced inode 663016     Jul 26 09:14:16 GlaDux kernel: [ 2068.519969] EXT4-fs (sda3): 3 orphan inodes deleted     Jul 26 09:14:16 GlaDux kernel: [ 2068.519970] EXT4-fs (sda3): recovery complete     Jul 26 09:14:17 GlaDux kernel: [ 2068.606194] EXT4-fs (sda3): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)


title: What's the difference between Debian Standard and Gnome?

text: I was wondering, is there any differences between Debian Standard and GNOME versions? Isn't Debian under GNOME by default?


title: Difficulty installing PHP from source to CentOS 6.4

text: **The problem:** After installing PHP from source, functionality is not present - my phpinfo test page does not work. If I use yum to install from the repository functionality is restored. **Why am I doing this:** Ultimately I want to add ImageMagick/MagickWand funcationality. Appearently MagickWand needs to be compiled with PHP and sources I've found stating otherwise have been unsuccessful for me. **What I've tried:** About every resource I've found is fairly straight-forward but nothing really addresses what to do if this process fails:   1. Get your desired distribution. I've tried the latest (5.5.1) and what is in the CentOS repository (5.3.3)   2. Get prerequsits - most reference libxml2-devel, some httpd-devel and gcc.   3. ./configure --with content specific to your build (varies)   4. make && make install   5. place php.ini from source folder into /etc/   6. restart httpd. **A couple examples of documents I've observed for this process:** http://benramsey.com/blog/2012/03/build-php-54-on-centos-62/ http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2008/07/instruction-guide-to-install-php5-from- source-on-linux/ **Im not sure what I'm doing wrong** but honestly I don't work from source very often. I feel that I am missing an unwritten constant. Any advice? I'll be able to provide any additional information as needed.


title: How to install GNU make on FreeBSD 10?

text: I have this error               configure: error: GNU make is required!      and I can't change into `/usr/ports/devel/gmake/`               $ cd /usr/ports/devel/gmake/     cd: /usr/ports/devel/gmake/: No such file or directory      How can I install GNU make on FreeBSD 10?


title: rsync over ssh tunnel

text: ----------         /|                      /|             ------------     |  Home  |        | |                     | |             |    Work   |     |        |--------| |---------------------| |-------------|           |     |ssh-serv|   Firewall:Port-22=open     Firewall           |           |     ----------        | |                     | |             ------------                       |/                      |/      Here is the scenario for the above picture: A worker has access at his Work machine and has also set up a Home ssh server. The worker wants to access his Work machine from his PC@Home but the policy of the company restricts access via the Firewall@Work, but allows him to connect via reverse ssh tunnel. So the worker gives the following command from his workstation@Work :               ssh -fN -R 19999:localhost:22 Home-user@Home      Now from his PC@Home he is able to give the following command and connect to the ssh server of his workstation@Work:               ssh -v Work-user@localhost -p 19999      Is it possible for the worker to use rsync to copy a directory from his PC@Home to his workstation@Work using the existing tunnel?


title: Openbox: disable Alt-F4 on per application basis

text: I am using `LXDE` and in my `.config/openbox/lxde-rc.xml` I have action for `ALT-F4` defined:               <keybind key="A-F4">       <action name="Close"/>     </keybind>      This works, as expected, for all applications. When `ALT-F4` is pressed, the window is closed. I have one application, lets call it `foo`, which I would like to be unaffected by `ALT-F4`. i.e. when `ALT-F4` is pressed, I want the window to stay open (the action should be completely ignored). Is it possible to create such rule?


title: Can ksh on AIX be configured to use the tab key for filename completion?

text: I have some AIX 7 servers that are restricted to what software I can install and wonder if I can get `ksh` to use the tab key to complete filenames at the shell promot. The man pages are sparse for ksh and I don't see any relevant questions here covering this ground. Due to the majority of users using ksh, I'm hesitant to shift my shell to bash - but I suppose that's an easy out. I log in initially from a PC using putty/ssh and work mostly from xterm once the X11 forwarding brings back the traffic to Hummingbird Exceed on the PC. Can /usr/bin/ksh that ships with `bos.rte.shell` for AIX 7.1 be configured to trigger filename completion _(which is normally triggered by pressing ESC+\ )_ by pressing the TAB key?


title: How to mount two windows shared folders in linux?

text: I'm using OpenSuse 12.2 x64. I have tried this in `/etc/fstab`:               //192.168.6.80/shared/folder1 /mnt/folder1 cifs rw,user=guest,password=,uid=1000 0 0     //192.168.6.80/shared/folder2 /mnt/folder2 cifs rw,user=guest,password=,uid=1000 0 0      After rebooting, if I access the first folder `cd /mnt/folder1` and list files `ls`, my shared files are listed. If I try accessing `folder2`, nothing is listed. If I reboot and try again, but this time accessing `folder2` first, the files are listed. After, accessing `folder1` nothing is listed. In other words, it mounts just the first accessed folder. Mounting it manually, `mount -all`, the two folders are mounted, but I need it to be mounted automatically at boot because these folders are used in services. How do I mount more than one shared folder using `/etc/fstab` at boot?


title: Tool for dumping Linux VFS superblock

text: From the `dumpe2fs` man page: > `dumpe2fs` prints the super block and blocks group information for the > filesystem present on device. So `dumpe2fs` will dump the filesystem superblock. Is there any such tool to dump the Linux VFS superblock (i.e. in-memory superblock)?


title: How do you Configure Package Management System (YUM) for MongoDB

text: On the site (mongodb) it lists ...               Create a /etc/yum.repos.d/mongodb.repo file to hold the following configuration information for the MongoDB repository:      then...               [mongodb]     name=MongoDB Repository     baseurl=http://downloads-distro.mongodb.org/repo/redhat/os/x86_64/     gpgcheck=0     enabled=1      I am confused as to what the name of the second set of directions should be, ie what file name?


title: debug mkfs.ext3 command output

text: I was creating a new file system in my external HDD. While formatting, I had to format this partition to the remaining available partition which is somewhere around **850GB**. Now, I created an `ext3` file system in this partition. This is the output of my `mkfs.ext3` command.               mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb3     mke2fs 1.41.3 (12-Oct-2008)     Filesystem label=     OS type: Linux     Block size=4096 (log=2)     Fragment size=4096 (log=2)     52060160 inodes, 208234530 blocks     10411726 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user     First data block=0     Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296     6355 block groups     32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group     8192 inodes per group     Superblock backups stored on blocks:              32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,              4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,              102400000          Writing inode tables: done                                 Creating journal (32768 blocks): done     Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done      Can someone help me debug the information as am not clear on what these values actually represent?


title: Create and Delete Amazon EC2 Volumes using a shell script

text: I am using this following script which does a regular backup of volumes on Amazon AWS cloud service. It creates new snapshots of the volumes and should remove snapshots older than two days. It is creating new snapshots just fine but while removing older snapshots, it is not doing it right.               #!/bin/bash     #     # File: vol-snapshot.sh     TODAY=`date +%m-%d-%Y`     echo "================================================"     echo "Starting SNAPSHOT creation and deletion process for $TODAY"     echo ""     echo "The script will create a snapshot of every single volume"     echo "It will delete snapshots older than two days"     echo ""     echo "Setting ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES FOR ec2"          ##     #     export EC2_HOME='/usr/local/ec2'  # Make sure you use the API tools, not the     AMI tools     export EC2_BIN=$EC2_HOME/bin     export EC2_PRIVATE_KEY=$EC2_HOME/pk-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.pem     export EC2_CERT=$EC2_HOME/cert-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.pem     export REGION=us-east-1d     export PATH=$PATH:$EC2_BIN     export OLD=`date +%m-%d-%Y --date '2 days ago'`     ##     #          #     # To find the current location of JAVA_HOME, try env | grep JAVA_HOME     # It's necessary to put this environment variable in here because     # cron will not have access to your standard environment variables.     export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/jre-1.6.0-openjdk.x86_64     ##          ## Get Volumes     VOLUMES=`ec2-describe-volumes | grep VOLUME | cut -f 2`     echo "The volumes are: $VOLUMES"     echo ""          echo "===================================="     echo "Creating snapshots of volumes: $VOLUMES"     echo ""     for volume in $VOLUMES     do        ec2-create-snapshot -C $EC2_CERT -K $EC2_PRIVATE_KEY -d "Creating     Snapshots for $TODAY" $volume     done          echo""     echo "====================================="     echo "Deleting snapshots older than two days for $VOLUMES"     echo ""     for volume in $VOLUMES     do     OLDEST=`ec2-describe-snapshots -C $EC2_CERT -K $EC2_PRIVATE_KEY | grep     $volume | grep $OLD | sed -e 's/.*snap/snap/' | sed -e 's/\t.*//'`         if [ "x$OLDEST" != "x" ]; then             ec2-delete-snapshot -C $EC2_CERT -K $EC2_PRIVATE_KEY $OLDEST             else             echo "No other snapshots to delete using this script."         fi     done     echo "The end of script."      The following line is simply giving snapshots which is just two days old but not the ones beyond that.               OLDEST=`ec2-describe-snapshots -C $EC2_CERT -K $EC2_PRIVATE_KEY | grep $volume | grep $OLD | sed -e 's/.*snap/snap/' | sed -e 's/\t.*//'      Also, should this be placed under a for loop before if? I would be very pleased if someone can help me out here.


title: SSH asking for password after ssh-copy-id

text: I created a key on my machine with ssh-keygen. I copied the key to remote machine using ssh-copy-id. Tried to connect to remote machine but it asked me the password. Both machines are ubuntu (local 11.04, remote 8.04) ## EDIT (Output with extra verbose) Here is the verbose from ssh:                   OpenSSH_5.8p1 Debian-1ubuntu3, OpenSSL 0.9.8o 01 Jun 2010     debug1: Reading configuration data /home/leandro/.ssh/config     debug1: Applying options for *     debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config     debug1: Applying options for *     debug2: ssh_connect: needpriv 0     debug1: Connecting to 192.168.1.217 [192.168.1.217] port 22.     debug1: Connection established.     debug3: Incorrect RSA1 identifier     debug3: Could not load "/home/leandro/.ssh/id_rsa" as a RSA1 public key     debug2: key_type_from_name: unknown key type '-----BEGIN'     debug3: key_read: missing keytype     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug3: key_read: missing whitespace     debug2: key_type_from_name: unknown key type '-----END'     debug3: key_read: missing keytype     debug1: identity file /home/leandro/.ssh/id_rsa type 1     debug1: Checking blacklist file /usr/share/ssh/blacklist.RSA-2048     debug1: Checking blacklist file /etc/ssh/blacklist.RSA-2048     debug1: identity file /home/leandro/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1     debug1: identity file /home/leandro/.ssh/id_dsa type -1     debug1: identity file /home/leandro/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -1     debug1: identity file /home/leandro/.ssh/id_ecdsa type -1     debug1: identity file /home/leandro/.ssh/id_ecdsa-cert type -1     debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_4.7p1 Debian-8ubuntu1     debug1: match: OpenSSH_4.7p1 Debian-8ubuntu1 pat OpenSSH_4*     debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0     debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.8p1 Debian-1ubuntu3     debug2: fd 3 setting O_NONBLOCK     debug3: load_hostkeys: loading entries for host "192.168.1.217" from file "/home/leandro/.ssh/known_hosts"     debug3: load_hostkeys: found key type RSA in file /home/leandro/.ssh/known_hosts:6     debug3: load_hostkeys: loaded 1 keys     debug3: order_hostkeyalgs: prefer hostkeyalgs: ssh-rsa-cert-v01@openssh.com,ssh-rsa-cert-v00@openssh.com,ssh-rsa     debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent     debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ecdh-sha2-nistp256,ecdh-sha2-nistp384,ecdh-sha2-nistp521,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1,diffie-hellman-group14-sha1,diffie-hellman-group1-sha1     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ssh-rsa-cert-v01@openssh.com,ssh-rsa-cert-v00@openssh.com,ssh-rsa,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256-cert-v01@openssh.com,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384-cert-v01@openssh.com,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521-cert-v01@openssh.com,ssh-dss-cert-v01@openssh.com,ssh-dss-cert-v00@openssh.com,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521,ssh-dss     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com,zlib     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com,zlib     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit:      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit:      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: first_kex_follows 0      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: reserved 0      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1,diffie-hellman-group14-sha1,diffie-hellman-group1-sha1     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,arcfour128,arcfour256,arcfour,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se,aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,arcfour128,arcfour256,arcfour,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se,aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit:      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit:      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: first_kex_follows 0      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: reserved 0      debug2: mac_setup: found hmac-md5     debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none     debug2: mac_setup: found hmac-md5     debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none     debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST(1024<1024<8192) sent     debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP     debug2: dh_gen_key: priv key bits set: 132/256     debug2: bits set: 527/1024     debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_INIT sent     debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REPLY     debug1: Server host key: RSA 72:d5:e9:a2:09:46:e5:f2:e9:65:39:56:ba:f8:bc:38     debug3: load_hostkeys: loading entries for host "192.168.1.217" from file "/home/leandro/.ssh/known_hosts"     debug3: load_hostkeys: found key type RSA in file /home/leandro/.ssh/known_hosts:6     debug3: load_hostkeys: loaded 1 keys     debug1: Host '192.168.1.217' is known and matches the RSA host key.     debug1: Found key in /home/leandro/.ssh/known_hosts:6     debug2: bits set: 555/1024     debug1: ssh_rsa_verify: signature correct     debug2: kex_derive_keys     debug2: set_newkeys: mode 1     debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent     debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS     debug2: set_newkeys: mode 0     debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received     debug1: Roaming not allowed by server     debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent     debug2: service_accept: ssh-userauth     debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received     debug2: key: /home/leandro/.ssh/id_rsa (0x21ef1040)     debug2: key: /home/leandro/.ssh/id_dsa ((nil))     debug2: key: /home/leandro/.ssh/id_ecdsa ((nil))     debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password     debug3: start over, passed a different list publickey,password     debug3: preferred gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,publickey,keyboard-interactive,password     debug3: authmethod_lookup publickey     debug3: remaining preferred: keyboard-interactive,password     debug3: authmethod_is_enabled publickey     debug1: Next authentication method: publickey     debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/leandro/.ssh/id_rsa     debug3: send_pubkey_test     debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply     debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password     debug1: Trying private key: /home/leandro/.ssh/id_dsa     debug3: no such identity: /home/leandro/.ssh/id_dsa     debug1: Trying private key: /home/leandro/.ssh/id_ecdsa     debug3: no such identity: /home/leandro/.ssh/id_ecdsa     debug2: we did not send a packet, disable method     debug3: authmethod_lookup password     debug3: remaining preferred: ,password     debug3: authmethod_is_enabled password     debug1: Next authentication method: password     optimaster@192.168.1.217's password:           leandro@FiberWork72:~$ cd ~/.ssh/     leandro@FiberWork72:~/.ssh$ ls     config  id_rsa  id_rsa.pub  known_hosts  known_hosts.bkp  known_hosts.old      ## EDIT: Ok. I notice something here. I was looking at the ~/.ssh/authorized_keys and realized that in the end of the key it's written this:               me@my_computer_name       instead of:               me@my_computer_ip      I don't know if have something to do with it, but...


title: Tmux hidden input at command line

text: I've just started using tmux recently, and have run into this problem a few times. Whatever I type on the command line, is hidden from view until I press enter and it is executed. I don't know how I triggered this and can't find any mention of 'hidden input' in the manual. I've tried setw -g monitor-activity on, and set -g visual-activity on , but it seems these are meant for something else. To be clear, I can run a program or command if it's typed correctly -- e.g. python manage.py runserver works, but while I am typing it -- no keys show up. It's the same as when you are entering a password for PostgreSQL or similar. The commands do show up in history and can be seen after the command is executed (above the current line).


title: can i run a java software on startup

text: Hi I´m a total beginner when it comes to Linux but here goes, I have a raspberry pi with raspien installed. When I start my PI I would like to run the following steps after the operating system is loaded if possible:   1. a java software that checks the internet connection. If there was no connection a gui prompt to add internet properties should be shown and the user will then fill in a form to set the static ip and passwords as needed.   2. Now the PI has a connection and a browser should open with a given url. It this possible?


title: Detecting SSH agent forwarding

text: How can I find out whether an SSH connection has been established with or without agent forwarding? I'm trying to do the following:               ssh-add -D (delete all stored keys)     ssh --vvv something     ssh-add (adding key)     ssh --vvv something      and compare output, but I can see only subtle differences.


title: Ubuntu: How do the md devices get assembled at bootup?

text: How do the `md` devices get assembled at bootup in Ubuntu? Is `/etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf` truly the relevant factor here? My `mdadm.conf` is sound and I checked that while I was in the rescue CD environment. When running `mdadm -A --scan` it finds and assigns the device names as desired. The `mdadm.conf` contains `AUTO -all` to take out all automatism from assembling the arrays. What I need to do is to be able to auto-assemble the `md` devices as outlined in `mdadm.conf` at boot time or that when assembling it honors the `super- minor` value for the 0.9 array and the `name` (apparently `<hostname>:<super- minor>`) for the 1.2 arrays and does the right thing without `mdadm.conf`. What puzzle piece am I missing? * * * I have the following problem. There are two `md` devices with RAID1 (`md0` and `md1`) and one with RAID6 (`md2`). I am referring to them by the _desired_ device names. `md0` has meta-data version 0.9, the other two have version 1.2. `md0` maps to `/` and the other two are not relevant for _booting_. The boot drive is GPT partitioned. There is a glue "BIOS Boot Partition" (`sda1`) on it. `grub-install --no-floppy /dev/sda` reports success.   * `md0 == sda3 + sdb3`   * `md1 == sda2 + sdb2`   * `md2 == sdc + sdd + sde + sdf + sdg + sdh`   * `sda1` and `sdb1` are "BIOS Boot Partition" each GRUB2 is happy with the `/boot/grub/devicemap` I gave it and I added `part_gpt`, `raid`, `mdraid09` and `ext2` to the modules to preload in GRUB2. Since I still had my root volume in the rescue environment, I simply mounted everything and then `chroot`ed into it:               mkdir /target     mount /dev/md0 /target     mount -o bind /dev /target/dev     mount -o bind /dev/pts /target/dev/pts     mount -o bind /sys /target/sys     mount -o bind /proc /target/proc     chroot /target /bin/bash      From there I reset the `super-minor` on `md0` (with meta-data 0.9) and the `name` on `md1` and `md2`. I also verified that it worked using `mdadm --detail ...`. Other than that I adjusted `/etc/default/grub`, run `update- grub` and also `grub-install --no-floppy /dev/sda` and `grub-install --no- floppy /dev/sdb`. After that, when booting, I am always dropped into the `initramfs` rescue shell, however, because the root file system could not be mounted. The reason, after checking `/proc/mdstat` appears to be that the respective `md` device doesn't even get assembled and run. Not to mention that the other two (meta- data version 1.2) drives receive a device number somewhere in the 125..127 range. **Note:** GRUB2 comes up from the boot disk. So at the very least it has been embedded correctly. The issue is the transition from the initial `rootfs` to the proper root file system.


title: Change the default font size for single account in KDE

text: Recently, I got a new wide screen monitor and had to change my desktop size. Now when I log in, the font size for window titles, buttons, task bar items, etc. is too big. In fact, sometimes it is larger than the container holding the text. Problem is, this is a work computer and I do not have writable access to `/etc`. Can I change the font settings for my own user account? If so, how? Thanks!


title: Switch screens in xorg.conf without reloading X

text: I have an ARM device running ubuntu and the screen set up using xorg.conf as below:               Section "Device"         Identifier  "Card0"         Driver      "fbdev"         Option      "fbdev" "/dev/graphics/fb2"         VendorName  "Unknown"         BoardName   "Unknown"     EndSection          Section "Screen"         Identifier  "Screen0"         Device      "Card0"         DefaultDepth    24             SubSection      "Display"                 Depth               24                 Modes           "1280x800_60.00"              EndSubSection     EndSection      This works well, however I am trying to find if there is a way to switch graphics device (from `/dev/graphics/fb2` to `/dev/graphics/fb0`) while the X server is running etc. i.e while fb2 is connected use that, but once its not connected use fb0. Is there a way to easily do this? Once case is I will have to restart X but I wanted to check if it was possible.


title: Debian 6 Gnome black screen after boot

text: I installed Debian a few weeks ago, and the last time I ran `apt-get update`, I think it updated something **xorg/xserver** , not sure. Since then i get a black screen after boot. If I go into recovery mode I need to input the root password for maintenance, then I get a console. I have an `ATI Radeon HD 7800` and I installed the newest catalyst driver from the ATI website. I checked `/var/log/Xorg.0.log` but couldn't find any errors (EE) If I run `startx`, I just get a black screen, gdm3 gives me this error:`(gdm3:1308): WARNING: Couldn't connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory`. What to do?


title: background process pipe-input

text: if i want to display "aaa" on screen:               (1)$: echo aaa | cat                 ... works OK     (2)$: echo aaa | ( cat )             ... works OK     (3)$: echo aaa | ( cat & )           ... NOT working     (4)$: ( echo aaa & ) | cat           ... works OK      (5)$: echo aaa | ( cat <&0 & )       ... works ok in BASH (but not in SH)     (6)$: echo aaa | ( cat <&3 & ) 3<&0  ... works ok in BASH and SH      conlusion from (3) and (4) -> detached process still have connected output that can be controlled, used, redirected..., but not input! My question is: does someone understand **why and how line (5) works** ??? ... "<&0" is short for "0<&0", why redirecting 0 to 0 is solution, and what really happens behind with input of detached process. Subshell's are not the problem, using braces {...} instead of (...) provide same results. ... and question2: is there better solution for "giving input to detached process" than line (6).


title: Why do we need a firewall if no programs are running on your ports?

text: When I try to telnet to a port on a server, and if there is no program listening on that port telnet dies with a "Unable to connect ... " error. I understand that. But, why do we need a firewall if there is no program listening on any ports?


title: How do I get sar to show for the previous day?

text: on our servers, typing `sar` show's the system load statistics for today starting at midnight, is it possible to show yesterdays statistics?


title: Black screen at boot with Mint and Ubuntu live CDs

text: I just bought an HP pavillion g6 laptop, with the hope of installing Linux on it. I have now tried both Linux Mint (my first choice) and Ubuntu, and both simply give me a black screen from the moment it begins loading the Live CD. I think it reaches the login screen, I can hear the start-up jingle, but all is just black. Mint gives an "Automatic boot in 10...9..." screen, then goes black. I can stop the countdown and pick from a few options, I tried the "compatibility mode" but that didn't help. The other options are integrity and memory checks, or to boot from the harddisk. Ubuntu also shows a brief purple screen, where I can escape and either try it or install it. Given the problem I'm having I don't want to install just yet, so I haven't tried that. Picking "Try Ubuntu" I get a black screen immediately after. Google turned up a suggestion of pressing CTRL+ALT+F2 after it has finished loading, to get a shell, but that doesn't seem to do anything. I also searched through the BIOS options and set "Switchable Graphics Mode" to Fixed instead of Dynamic, but that didn't help either (so I've switched it back again). I'm out of ideas. I'd prefer to get Mint to work, since I'm tired of Ubuntu and want to try out Mint instead. **Update** I am able to get it to work by setting the nomodeset boot option, but without that I still get a black screen (I can just barely make out some elements on the screen, but it's very, very dark). I tried installing the proprietary ATI drivers in the Additional Drivers window, but that didn't seem to help, or they weren't installed properly, I can't seem to tell.


title: Moved Raid from NAS box to PC running Ubuntu hdparm shows drives frozen

text: So I had a RAID5 setup in a Partriot S4 Javelin (a NAS box). I'm now migrating it to a proper server running Ubuntu 14.04. **NOTE:** There are 4 drives. All the drives show up in Ubuntu. Two show partitions. Two of them are frozen according to `hdparm -I` and show no partitions. `mdadm --examine /dev/sd#` on one of the "not frozen" shows `mdadm` finds the superblock for the RAID. So I have 4 drives, two are "frozen" and show no partitions, while two are "not frozen" and show exactly the partition I expected to see. I tried sleep and awake. Still labelled as frozen. Security is not enabled though so no password has been set. How can I unfreeze these drives? Any advice?


title: Trying to update php on CentOS 5.7

text: Apologies in advance - I'm not a good Linux user by any stretch of the imagination. I have a CentOS 5.7 dedicated server on which I host a few websites. I currently have php `5.2.10` installed, but I'd like to update to `5.3.9`. I tried to update manually, and `php -v` displays `5.3.9`. However, when I `phpinfo()`, it displays 5.2.10. **First problem** I followed these instructions for updating PHP manually:   * Logged in as root   * `wget` the latest PHP installation   * `tar zxvf php-.....gz`   * `cd php-....`   * `./configure`   * `make`   * `apachectl stop`   * `make install`   * `apachectl start` I also tried restarting httpd by `/usr/sbin/httpd restart`. `php -v` shows the latest version of PHP but `phpinfo()` on a php page shows the old version. Any idea what the problem there might be? **Second Problem** If I try to `yum update php`, it says this: > Loaded plugins: fastestmirror > > Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile > >   * epel: mir01.syntis.net > >   * rpmforge: ftp-stud.fht-esslingen.de > > > > Excluding Packages in global exclude list > > Finished > > Setting up Update Process > > No Match for argument: php > > No package `php` available. > > No Packages marked for Update I've tried `yum clean all` and adding rpmforge repositories - same outcome! So, secondly, does anyone have any idea why I can't update php from yum? I'd like to be able to do that in future so that I can quickly and easily keep php and mySQL up to date. Thanks in advance,


title: installing libsocket-perl, apt-get searches for wrong filename extension, gets 404

text: I've been having trouble installing a package for a number of days now and can't find the solution anywhere, though I have been able to figure out more exactly what's going wrong. It appears that apt-get or aptitude appends an incorrect extension to the file when searching for a specific dependency package `libsocket-perl` in the archive mirror. Looking through the archive, I can find many versions of the package: http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/pool/main/libs/libsocket-perl/               libsocket-perl_2.014-1+b2_s390x.deb     libsocket-perl_2.014-1.debian.tar.xz     libsocket-perl_2.014-1.dsc     libsocket-perl_2.014-1_amd64.deb     libsocket-perl_2.014-1_armel.deb     libsocket-perl_2.014-1_armhf.deb     libsocket-perl_2.014-1_i386.deb     libsocket-perl_2.014-1_kfreebsd-amd64.deb     libsocket-perl_2.014-1_kfreebsd-i386.deb     libsocket-perl_2.014-1_mips.deb     libsocket-perl_2.014-1_mipsel.deb     libsocket-perl_2.014-1_powerpc.deb     libsocket-perl_2.014.orig.tar.gz     ...      but when apt-get or aptitude attempt to get and install it, I get this error thrown:               E: Failed to fetch http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/pool/main/libs/libsocket-perl/libsocket-perl_2.014-1+b1_amd64.deb  404  Not Found [IP: 64.50.233.100 80]      The `+b1_amd64.deb` extension is not to be found on the archive. Now I don't really understand why I need a `+b1` version of the package or why it isn't available on the archive. Is there a way that I can get the package manager to search for an available version that would do instead?


title: Encrypt hook in mkinitcpio.conf for full system encryption USB drive Arch install

text: I have installed Arch Linux on a USB drive with full system encryption using LUKS. The Arch wiki as usual walked me through almost everything. The only issue I ran into was using setting up the hooks in `mkinitcpio`. The Arch wiki says that for a USB install the `block` hook must come immediately after the `udev` hook. The wiki also says for encryption that the `encrypt` hook must come before, but not necessarily immediately, the `filesystem` hook. Following these rules I first tried:               HOOKS="encrypt base udev block autodetect modconf filesystems keyboard fsck"      but it didn't work, so I moved `encrypt` to be later:               HOOKS="base udev block autodetect modconf encrypt filesystems keyboard fsck"      and it works fine. This leads to my question. What are the dependencies for the `encrypt` hook and where can I find details about hook dependencies?


title: Migrating from tp_smapi to 'normal' ACPI support in 2.6.36

text: I used zen kernel patchset for a long time which included tp_smapi patch. Recently in zen-stable tp_smapi was removed as "We no longer need tp_smapi as of 2.6.36 - the in-kernel thinkpad acpi support is better.". How to port following code to in-kernel thinkpad acpi:               echo 40 > /sys/devices/platform/smapi/BAT0/start_charge_thresh     echo 40 > /sys/devices/platform/smapi/BAT1/start_charge_thresh     echo 60 > /sys/devices/platform/smapi/BAT0/stop_charge_thresh     echo 60 > /sys/devices/platform/smapi/BAT1/stop_charge_thresh


title: Top Command - How to reduce the displayed Columns

text: Can we get specific column in a top command, for eg I'm interested in only the memory utilization and CPU usage column. How do I reduce the displayed columns of the top command to only the above two columns?


title: installing eric5 in CentOS 6.4

text: I am trying to install Eric Python IDE 5 in my CentOS 6.4. The problem here is even I have installed PyQT4 its again saying that module is missing. what I am supposed to do ? here is the terminal log               [root@localhost eric5-5.3.5]# yum install PyQt4     Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security     Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile      * base: centos.excellmedia.net      * epel: mirrors.vinahost.vn      * extras: centos.excellmedia.net      * rpmfusion-free-updates: mirror.us.leaseweb.net      * updates: centos.excellmedia.net     Setting up Install Process     Package PyQt4-4.6.2-9.el6.i686 already installed and latest version     Nothing to do     [root@localhost eric5-5.3.5]# python3 install.py      Checking dependencies     Python Version: 3.3.2     Sorry, please install PyQt4.     Error: No module named 'PyQt4'     [root@localhost eric5-5.3.5]#       how can I solve this issue ?


title: Lowercasing all directories under a directory

text: I want to lowercase every directories' name under a directory. With which commands can I do that?