title: How can I separate these two outputs using awk command

text: Here's my output:               MessageID=3990592283244651750-30192b51.13df831d93a.7eb4;EsbTiming=2013-04-12T01:07:46.099      I want only the time. How can I separate them?


title: Setuid bit seems to have no effect on bash

text: I was experimenting with the security of my system and noticed something strange: setting the setuid bit on a copy of bash located at `/usr/bin/bash- test` seemed to have no effect. When I ran an instance of `bash-test`, my home directory was not set to `/root` and when I ran the `whoami` command from `bash-test`, my username was not reported as being `root`, suggesting that `bash-test` was not running as root. However, if I set the setuid bit on `whoami`, I was reported as being root in any shell, as expected. I tried setting the setuid bit on `/usr/bin/bash` as well and observed the same behavior. Why is bash not running as root when I set the setuid bit on it? Could selinux have something to do with this?


Can I redirect output to a log file and background a process at the same time? In other words, can I do something like this?               nohup java -jar myProgram.jar 2>$1 > output.log &      Or, is that not a legal command? Or, do I need to manually background it like so:               java -jar myProgram.jar 2>$1 > output.log     jobs     [CTRL-Z]     bg 1


title: latexmk with emacs only runs once instead of twice

text: I have `latexmk` setup to run through `Auctex`. I hit `crtl + c crtl + c` and the option `latexmk` is present. When I run a file that has new bibliography items, it says after compiling that I need to run `latexmk` again to fix the dependencies. Why isn't it running twice automatically? Isn't that what it is supposed to do?


title: What does the package UPower output if on a desktop

text: On Ubuntu 12.04, if I use the command:                   upower -i /org/freedesktop/UPower/devices/battery_BAT0      It will output all of the statistics for the battery. However, what does it output if I am using a desktop (I.e. does not have a battery?)


title: is there any command like "wall" that runs a "command" in all terminals

text: as you know "wall" command sends a message to all terminals:               wall message      now my question is this: is there any command that can send a "command" to be run in all terminals?   for example sending `clear` command to all terminals , so then all terminals will be cleared.


title: force re-negotiation of PCIe speed on Linux

text: I'm working with PCIe Gen 3 cards and from time to time they seem to fall back to PCIe 1 or 2 speeds (according to lspci and also observed by the throughput). When rebooting/power cycling the machine the speed goes back to the full PCIe Gen 3 speed in most cases. Is there a less intrusive way to force a renegotiation of the PCI link speed (trying to bring it back to PCI Gen 3) on e.g. RHEL6 ?


title: Forking in a systemd script

text: I want systemd service to handle forking (my file doesn't handle forking by itself. So I'm relying on systemd for handling that) My .service file:               [Unit]     Description=swamp services management service     After=syslog.target          [Service]     Type=forking     ExecStart=/usr/bin/swamp          [Install]     WantedBy=multi-user.target      **Question** Is specifying `Type=forking` enough for what I'm trying to achieve? Or is it similar to expect forking in upstart which actually tells upstart (if I understand correctly, not sure I do, I'm new at writing initscripts) that my service would handle forking/daemonizing.


title: Modern distribution on old hardware

text: I have an old system currently running ubuntu jaunty. The main harware specs are:   * Processor: AMD Athlon 1,2 GHz   * RAM: 512 MB   * Graphics: [SiS] 65x/M650/740 (output from lspci)   * HDD: 40 GB Now jaunty is very old and it is difficult to install recent software via package manager. Especially some newer lightweight browsers such as `surf` or `luakit` are only installable via compiling from source. Moreover the current jaunty installation is not very fast. Now I want to setup a new **fast** and **stable** system where it is easy to install relatively up to date software (i.e. there should be much up to date packages available via a package management system or at least up to date libraries to build things from source without too much pain). I know that there are some distributions which are designed in particular for old hardware such as puppy linux, or damm small linux etc. However for me those distros seem to have not much support and not many packages in general. So my idea is to install a base system from a major distribution and equip it with lightweight software. (As window manager I want to use `xmonad`). I want to do this with a ubuntu alternate installation (ubuntu 12.04 or 12.10 when it is released). This leads me to some questions:   * Is it correct that the fact that for example ubuntu 12.04 runs much slower on a 10 year old machine than for example ubuntu 6.04 is mainly due to the desktop environment used?   * If I do an alternate install with `xmonad` as window manager and other lightweight software, are there other important factors which end in performance differences between new and old ubuntu versions?   * What can I do to tweak the ubuntu alternate installation for performance except choosing lightweight hardware, especially a lightweight window manager?   * Are there any good reasons (concerning performance) to choose another distro (debian, archlinux...) and do the base install with that distro instead of ubuntu alternate?   * Which file-system should I choose for best performance? Is for such an old system `ext2` better than `ext3` or `ext4` or should I even have a look at something like `brtfs`?


title: LFS-7.5 util-linux `make check` fails

text: When I run `make check` in **util-linux** , it fails saying: > 3 tests of 127 FAILED According to **LFS - 7.5** _test logs_ found here, 2 tests fail and that is acceptable. But my `cal` command fails while testing for `big/year` and it says: > cal: Year 1234567890123456789 ...cal: illegal year value: > '1234567890123456789': Numerical result out of range   >  cal: illegal year value: '1234567890123456789': Numerical result out of > range   >  cal: illegal year value: '1234567890123456789': Numerical result out of > range   >  cal: illegal year value: '1234567890123456789': Numerical result out of > range   >  cal: illegal year value: '1234567890123456789': Numerical result out of > range   >  cal: illegal year value: '1234567890123456789': Numerical result out of > range   >  cal: illegal year value: '1234567890123456789': Numerical result out of > range   >  cal: illegal year value: '1234567890123456789': Numerical result out of > range   >  cal: illegal year value: '1234567890123456789': Numerical result out of > range   >  cal: illegal year value: '1234567890123456789': Numerical result out of > range   >  cal: illegal year value: '1234567890123456789': Numerical result out of > range   >  FAILED (cal/bigyear) This is the same question as posted in mailing-list here. But the person who asked the question here was writing an independent script, which resulted in the above mentioned error and he says that he will wait for a `patch`, which rectifies this problem. Will it have a negative effect on my **LFS** build later on? **NOTE:** I am trying to build a `32-bit lfs` system on **Linux Mint 17 32bit**


title: Using ping on multiple interfaces on a NIC

text: I have two systems and each have a NIC with two ethernet ports. One system has a verified NIC card, but the other has a NIC which has to be verified. I use `ping` to verify whether the interfaces on the NIC card is functioning correctly. Why does each interface have to be on a different subnet for `ping` to work? For example:               System 1:  eth0 (10.0.0.1), eth1 (10.0.1.1) -->This NIC is tested good                       ^                ^                       |                |                       V                V     System 2:  eth0 (10.0.0.2), eth1 (10.0.1.2) -->This NIC is being tested      In this setup, `eth0` on `System 1` is connected to `eth0` on `System 2`. And `eth1` on `System 1` is connected to `eth1` on `System 2`. I am using submet mask of `255.255.255.0`. So on `System 2`, I would do the following:               $ ping -I eth0 -c 100 -qA 10.0.0.1     $ ping -I eth1 -c 100 -qA 10.0.1.1      Why couldn't I have this setup though?               System 1:  eth0 (10.0.0.1), eth1 (10.0.0.2) -->This NIC is tested good                       ^                ^                       |                |                       V                V     System 2:  eth0 (10.0.0.3), eth1 (10.0.0.4) -->This NIC is being tested      And then do:               $ ping -I eth0 -c 100 -qA 10.0.0.1     $ ping -I eth1 -c 100 -qA 10.0.0.2      What is it about having a host with multiple interfaces?               $ netstat -rn     Kernel IP routing table     Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface     0.0.0.0         192.168.1.1     0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 eth0     10.0.0.0        0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eth1     10.0.1.0        0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eth2     169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 eth0     192.168.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.252.0   U         0 0          0 eth0


title: Emulate mouse cut'n'paste behavior in a test script

text: I've got a shell script which outputs shell commands which are supposed to be **copy-pasted with the mouse** from one terminal window to another (I can test it in the same window though). The output _should_ not contain any significant whitespace characters other than plain space, and the output lines _should_ be truncated so that the code can be copied properly even on terminals where soft line breaks are copied as hard line breaks. I'd like to make sure. I'm thinking something like this:               $ eval `resize -s 24 80`     $ reset     $ my_script     $ mouse_copy *all of the terminal history except for the first line*     $ mouse_paste     $ assert *the paste created the proper result*      Emulating this with something like `xclip` would be nice, if possible. The script should run on a custom Linux server which has no X. I don't know how in detail how the terminal output is sent to the client, but maybe the script would have to ask the X server on the client side what it's currently displaying?


title: How to migrate the content of one disk on a Raid5?

text: I have one 1.5Tb HDD with Debian Wheezy. I have also four 2Tb empty HDDs. I want to configure the four 2Tb disks in Raid5 and install LVM. Then migrate the content of the 1.5Tb disk on the Raid5. Before starting, I would like to know if the migration could be possible and, if yes, how to do it.


title: Mail Delivery too slow with sendmail

text: We are using javamail to deliver mail for our applications. The mail function runs in a loop to deliver around 100 to 200 mails depending on the range we use. However, it taking more than an hour to send around 100 mails. All the mails are send with an attachment (pdf file) of size 14KB. The mail function is as follows:               sendMailWithAttachment("mail@example.in", "password",                         "192.168.2.160", "25", "false", "false", true, "false",                         to, subject, body);      We are using `sendmail` for mail server and it runs on the same network of the application. So, the latency from application server to mail server is very low. `sendmail` Version:               # sendmail -d0.1     Version 8.13.8      If I run `mailq` on the server, it always shows two or three mails pending at a time.               # mailq     /var/spool/mqueue (3 requests)     Total requests: 3      Load average on the mail server is very low.               $w     14:13:45 up 8 days, 59 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.03, 0.03, 0.00      Where is the issue?


title: cut+sed function joined

text: **Input**               dir/foo      **Output**               dir./      so I need:               echo 'dir/foo' | MAGIC      **Q:** What is `MAGIC`? (something like a `cut`+`sed` joined:D)


title: How to configure Apache Rivet on openSUSE with YaST2

text: I need to configure my Apache web local server to view Tcl Apache Rivet web dynamic applications. The problem I run into is my browser forces me to download the file, so Apache doesn't interpret the file before I visit the application. If I visit the root folder, the index.rvt is directly downloaded. So even Apache does a minimal job. Did somebody have the same problem and sorted it out before ?


title: Does OpenBSD use bcrypt by default?

text: http://codahale.com/how-to-safely-store-a-password/      with what does OpenBSD store the password by default?      They say bcrypt is way more secure then hashing. I googled' it and obsd supports bcrypt, but does it use it by default?      Thank you!


title: How many minutes have passed since the Unix Epoch?

text: Sorry for the lame question How many minutes have passed since the Unix Epoch ? It should be January 1, 1970 ? Let's say approximately until 1 Jan 2011... 5 865 696 000 minutes ?


title: How to get device filename from lsusb output or by device path

text: Related question: USB connect/disconnect notification When the device is plugged/unplugged, I get instant notification, that's great. But to make it (almost) perfect, I also want to get device filename like `/dev/ttyUSB0`, and, even better, all symlinks to it. But, I can't find how to get this information from `udev`, or from `lsusb`, or somehow else. The only ID of the device I have is a device path like `/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.0/usb5/5-1`. How to get device filename from it?


title: ionCube shell script gives error

text: I have this shell script to install ionCube loader:               if [[ $(id -u) -ne 0 ]] ; then echo "Please run as root" ; exit 1 ; fi     echo "Welcome to this script to install the ionCube loader on CentOS!"     cd /usr/local/src     wget http://downloads2.ioncube.com/loader_downloads/ioncube_loaders_lin_x86-64.tar.gz     tar zxvf ioncube_loaders_lin_x86-64.tar.gz     cd  ioncube     mkdir /usr/local/ioncube     echo "Please specify which PHP version you are using (e.g.: 5.3)."     read version     cp ioncube_loader_lin_"$version".so /usr/local/ioncube     path=$(php -i|grep php.ini | awk 'NR==2{print $5}')     read path     echo "zend_extension = /usr/local/ioncube/ioncube_loader_lin_"$version".so" >> "$path"      When I try to run it on `CentOS 6.5 Final` with this PHP version (`php -v`):               PHP 5.3.28 (cli) (built: Jun 23 2014 16:25:09)      Copyright (c) 1997-2013 The PHP Group     Zend Engine v2.3.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2013 Zend Technologies      I get the following error:               ./ioncube.sh: line 17: : File or folder doesn't exist      Line 17:               echo "zend_extension = /usr/local/ioncube/ioncube_loader_lin_"$version".so" >> "$path"      The error says that `$path` doesn't exist. When I try to manually run the command of `$path` (`php -i|grep php.ini | awk 'NR==2{print $5}'`), the output is: `/usr/local/lib/php.ini` When I try to run line 17 but replace `$path` with the actual output of the command (of course I'll replace `$version` too):               echo "zend_extension = /usr/local/ioncube/ioncube_loader_lin_"5.3".so" >> "/usr/local/lib/php.ini"      The command succeeds. I don't understand what's wrong here.


title: How to re-load all running applications from swap space into RAM?

text: If my desktop run out of memory and swaps a lot then I free or kill the application wasting my RAM. But, after that, all my desktop/applications have been swapped and are horribly slow, do you know a way to "unswap" (reload from swap space into RAM) my desktop/applications?


title: How to generate a report summary of messages that triggered a specific DSN code

text: I use Sendmail on CENTOS 5.x, I hope this is a simple question. =) I need to generate a report summary of messages that triggered a specific DSN code. For example:               Jan 11 07:43:34 server-example sendmail[12732]: p937blksdh3: to=<someuser@recipientdomain.com>, delay=00:00:00, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=esmtp, pri=102537, relay=mta.recipientdomain.com. [12.34.56.78], dsn=5.7.1, stat=Service unavailable      Normally, I would just grep for this information (something like: `grep -i "dsn=5.7.1" /var/log/maillog`). But the problem is that this only returns a line like above and doesn't tell me the sender of the message. Ideally, I'm looking for a one-liner that can do the following:   1. Search sendmail maillog for specific DSN.    2. Identify the message-id for the email. (I'm guessing `awk '{print $}'` would be used?)    3. Return the message details for each (presumably grepping for the the message id retrieved from step 2).  I'm a n00b at scripting/one-liners so I'm sure there's probably an easier way to do this. Any thoughts?


title: How to read first and last line from cat output?

text: I have text file. Task - get first and last line from file after               $ cat file | grep -E "1|2|3|4" | commandtoprint          $ cat file     1     2     3     4     5      Need this without cat output (only 1 and 5).               ~$ cat file | tee >(head -n 1) >(wc -l)     1     2     3     4     5     5     1      Maybe awk and more shorter solution exist...


title: How to check available package versions in rpm systems?

text: If I want to check available versions of a package in Debian, I run `apt-cache policy pkgname` which in the case of `wajig` gives:               wajig:       Installed: 2.01       Candidate: 2.01       Version table:      *** 2.01 0             100 /var/lib/dpkg/status          2.0.47 0             500 file:/home/wena/.repo_bin/ squeeze/main i386 Packages             500 ftp://ftp.is.co.za/debian/ squeeze/main i386 Packages      That means that there are three wajig packages, one that is installed (`/var/lib/dpkg/status`), and two others (which are the same version). One of these two is in a local repository and the other is available from a remote repository. How do I achieve a similar result on rpm systems?


title: Multiple-boot from ISO files does not show OS menu

text: I used instructions from PenDriveLinux.com to create a multiple-boot USB drive with some ISO images on it. I used Xubuntu 10.10 Desktop image and a Linux Mint 9 XFCE image. I was able to boot either of the two operating systems. Each one booted directly to the desktop however. If I boot *Ubuntu from an ISO image which has been "burned" to a CD or a USB, I am presented with a menu prompting me to install or try the OS, test memory, etc. Why does booting from the ISO go directly to the desktop, whereas the other method presents the OS menu first? **Update**               menuentry "Ubuntu 10.10 Desktop ISO" {      loopback loop /ubuntu.iso      linux (loop)/casper/vmlinuz boot=casper iso-scan/filename=/ubuntu.iso noeject noprompt splash --      initrd (loop)/casper/initrd.lz     }


title: Extract line number of a file which is having a non zero value before a specified string

text: I'm having a file which contains following data               1. verification: 10 passed 0 failed     2. verification: 10 passed 0 failed     3. verification: 10 passed 1 failed     4. verification: 10 passed 3 failed     5. verification: 10 passed 0 failed      I want to know the line numbers of 3 and 4.


title: Selected ALSA device falls back to default in Wine with PulseAudio installed

text: Under SolydK (based on Debian Testing), as PulseAudio is installed by default, I unless I switch from the default sound device to an item that appears in `winecfg` at the sound settings, I get distorted sound in every application opened with wine. The problem is that whenever I play music in Clementine, the next time I use Wine, the sound device falls back to default. How do I make Wine remember that specific device even after becoming temporarily unavailable? Or, as an alternative solution, how do I make that ALSA device remain available all the time?


title: Collapse some repeated parts of successive lines

text: I have data in notepad like this:               4480-1     4480-2     4480-3     4480-15     4581-1     4581-2     4581-3     4581-4      Can we do it using for loop sort of things? With sed? My required output is `4480-1&-2&-3&-15&4581-1&-2&-3&-4`


title: Setting up a gateway between two subnets on the same physical network

text: I need to configure a DHCP-enabled network (192.168.2.) on a physical layer where resides an already existing network (192.168.1.) with static IPs. I have a Debian 7 server with two interfaces (server and interfaces are all virtuals) and I want to set ip up as the gateway for my network. I used eth0 for routing packets to the original network (to access the internet gatewat at 192.168.1.5) and eth1 for handling traffic from/to my network. ### ifconfig               eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0c:29:d4:02:1b                 inet addr:192.168.1.110  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0               inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fed4:21b/64 Scope:Link               UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1               RX packets:21668983 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0               TX packets:10044848 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0               collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000                RX bytes:10931368249 (10.1 GiB)  TX bytes:2383839079 (2.2 GiB)          eth1      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0c:29:d4:02:25                 inet addr:192.168.2.1  Bcast:192.168.2.255  Mask:255.255.255.0               inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fed4:225/64 Scope:Link               UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1               RX packets:14113604 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0               TX packets:11269734 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0               collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000                RX bytes:1871598524 (1.7 GiB)  TX bytes:10331981618 (9.6 GiB)          lo        Link encap:Local Loopback                 inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0               inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host               UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1               RX packets:8158 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0               TX packets:8158 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0               collisions:0 txqueuelen:0                RX bytes:629690 (614.9 KiB)  TX bytes:629690 (614.9 KiB)      ### route               Kernel IP routing table     Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface     default         192.168.1.5     0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth0     localnet        *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0     192.168.2.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth1      ### iptables -vL               Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 5603K packets, 822M bytes)      pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination                   Chain FORWARD (policy DROP 138K packets, 8597K bytes)      pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination                14M 9542M ACCEPT     all  --  any    any     anywhere             anywhere             state RELATED,ESTABLISHED      398K   27M ACCEPT     all  --  eth1   any     anywhere             anywhere                      Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 2915K packets, 1432M bytes)      pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination               ### iptables -tnat -vL               Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 607K packets, 49M bytes)      pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination                   Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 112K packets, 17M bytes)      pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination                   Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 6893 packets, 977K bytes)      pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination                  Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT 2391 packets, 374K bytes)      pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination               363K   24M MASQUERADE  all  --  any    eth0    anywhere             anywhere         After that I enabled an authoritative DHCP server on eth1. Now the problem: connections with the server are always working (I have a samba share and a MySQL server there) but sometimes (seems randomly) the clients (mainly Windows 7 or XP) fail to connect to the internet for a variable period of time. When in this condition I am able to ping to 192.168.1.110 but not to 192.168.1.5. ## Addendum The fact the FORWARD chain had dropped packets seems suspicious, so I temporarily disabled that filtering with:               iptables -A FORWARD -j ACCEPT      With this new rule in place everything works. I still need to clarify what's going on, though... ## Addendum 2 These are the actual iptables rules: ### iptables-save               # Generated by iptables-save v1.4.14 on Fri Jun 27 20:53:32 2014     *mangle     :PREROUTING ACCEPT [28129147:14012989399]     :INPUT ACCEPT [8479051:1218948772]     :FORWARD ACCEPT [19639349:12792010625]     :OUTPUT ACCEPT [4434912:3183821941]     :POSTROUTING ACCEPT [23940877:15968783924]     COMMIT     # Completed on Fri Jun 27 20:53:32 2014     # Generated by iptables-save v1.4.14 on Fri Jun 27 20:53:32 2014     *nat     :PREROUTING ACCEPT [931027:74896097]     :INPUT ACCEPT [153578:23398245]     :OUTPUT ACCEPT [9169:1292388]     :POSTROUTING ACCEPT [3186:492868]     -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE     COMMIT     # Completed on Fri Jun 27 20:53:32 2014     # Generated by iptables-save v1.4.14 on Fri Jun 27 20:53:32 2014     *filter     :INPUT ACCEPT [2415796:331288771]     :FORWARD DROP [0:0]     :OUTPUT ACCEPT [1218435:1654003511]     -A FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT     -A FORWARD -i eth1 -j ACCEPT     -A FORWARD -j ACCEPT     COMMIT     # Completed on Fri Jun 27 20:53:32 2014


title: replace a character from a string that is in between first and second search using sed or awk

text: I need to replace `_` (underscore) with `?` (question mark) in a file containing email addresses. The file looks like below:               EFT_020034-E015133  20140624    /ACC/EMAIL+test_1@mysite.com         SHR    END      EFT_020034-E015133  20140624    /ACC/EMAIL+test_123_abc@yoursite.net     SHR    END     EFT_020034-E015133  20140624    /ACC/EMAIL+test_456@theirsite.com        SHR    END      The expected output is:               EFT_020034-E015133  20140624    /ACC/EMAIL+test?1@mysite.com         SHR    END      EFT_020034-E015133  20140624    /ACC/EMAIL+test?123?abc@yoursite.net     SHR    END     EFT_020034-E015133  20140624    /ACC/EMAIL+test?456@theirsite.com        SHR    END      How can I do this in **sed** or **awk** without affecting other underscores and only the underscore between `EMAIL+` (constant) and `SHR` (constant). The changed content should be saved in a new file.


title: zsh: set TERM=screen-256color in tmux, but xterm-256color without tmux

text: I need my `$TERM` to be `xterm-256color` outside of tmux (in "plain" terminal with zsh), but `screen-256color` inside tmux. First I tried:   * add `export TERM='xterm-256color'` to my `~/.zshrc`.    * add `set -g default-terminal "screen-256color"` to my `~/.tmux.conf` Now, when I open terminal (say, xterm), `TERM` is `xterm-256color`, which is correct. But when I run tmux, `TERM` is again `xterm-256color`! Then I tried to comment out line in my `~/.zshrc`. Now, when I open terminal, `TERM` is `xterm`, and when I run tmux, `TERM` is `screen-256color`. So it seems if I set `TERM` in the `.zshrc`, tmux firstly sets `TERM` to `screen-256color`, runs shell (which is zsh), and zsh reads `.zshrc` and resets `TERM` to `xterm-256color`. So, how to make `TERM` to be `xterm-256color` in "plain" terminal, and `screen-256color` in tmux?


title: Under what scenarios would I want to set a SUID bit?

text: I'm struggling to wrap my mind around the concept of SUID bits and why they're would be useful. For example, let's say I have a program: `-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 12364 Jan 12 2013 /usr/bin/foo` My understanding is that the `s` in the execut bit for the user owner essentially means that the file can be executed by other users with the authority of the file owner. Why would I want something like this? Why not just change the group for the file so that it works for a group that all the users belong to?


title: Delete *.txt files by date between MMDDYYYY and MMDDYYYYY

text: How can I use `rm` to delete *.txt files between MMDDYYYY and MMDDYYYY ?


title: Interpret backspaces in file

text: Is there a way to interpret/"execute" backspaces in a file/line using common bash commands? I have a console program which prints some stuff and than erases it using backspaces and finally writes the end result. What I actually want is the output at the end.               echo -e "Foo\b\b\bBar" | what_goes_here > test.log      My test.log should only contain "Bar". I guess a problem to do this is how much text should be buffered until considered as really printed... In my case a "line buffered" interpreter would be sufficient. Most utility have a switch which do not print such characters in first place. But the utility at hand has no such switch...


title: Route add gw: how to

text: I'm in a network with IP 10.0.1.X (pc A). There's another sub-network: 10.0.3.0 I can ping pc B connected to this network:               ping 10.0.3.X ---> OK      Now, B is connected also in wifi to a network 192.168.1.1 (C) I want to connect to this one directly from my pc:               sudo route add 192.168.1.1 gw 10.0.3.X      but I have this response: SIOCADDRT: No such process How can I realize this forwarding?


title: Checking HDD health

text: I have a set of old Seagate SATA HDDs that are part of an LVM on Raid setup in a NetGear ReadyNAS. The ReadyNas no longer boots (it hangs on checking FS). I tried reinstalling the OS which did not fix the problem. One piece of advice I have been given is that one of the drives may have failed and that I should check the drive health with the SeaTools program that Seagate provides. Despite being called "SeatTools for DOS" and being an ISO image Seagate says it is only compatible with Windows. I don't believe them and my guess is I could create a bootable CD from it, but my question is, is there a set of Linux tools that will do the job for me? What tests should I run to see if a drive is failing?


title: Mount EXT3 with 16KB blocks

text: I have a failing Sparc based Netgear ReadyNAS that uses LVM on Raid with EXT3 partitions with a 16KB block size. I would like to pull the drives out of the NAS and mount them read only in a Linux box. The issue is that from what I have read x86 PCs cannot (could not) read 16 KB blocks. The suggestions I have seen are to use fuse-ext2. The issue is that the information I can find on the web is a number of years old. What is the best way to mount an EXT3 partition with 16 KB blocks?


title: Make web project writable by apache and other user

text: I am running **ubuntu 12.04 LTS** . To be able to view my web project in the browser I did the following:               chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/project      Now I wanted to open the project in netbeans but it has not the permissions to read or write. So I created another group called netbeans and added the current user and www-data user to that group.               chgrp -R netbeans /var/www/project      but netbeans still cannot write or even read. And it seams that apache only can read the project folder when its owner is www-data. Any ideas how to solve this?


title: Symlink Copy a Directory Non-recursively

text: So I want to symlink copy all the files and folders in one directory to another directory. When I use `cp -s` though without the `-r` option I get a bunch of "omitting directory" warnings, and I don't want to omit directories:               $ cp -s /home/my_username/path_to_directory/* .     cp: omitting directory `/home/my_username/path_to_directory/foo'     cp: omitting directory `/home/my_username/path_to_directory/bar'     cp: omitting directory `/home/my_username/path_to_directory/baz'      If I use the `-r` option though, it symlinks all the files in the directories instead of symlinking the directories themselves. How do I non-recursively symlink all files and folders in one directory to another directory?


title: Is there a way to shove kernel-panic to the screen?

text: I know this may seem, well stupid, but can a user shove the cause of a kernel panic to the screen?


title: Embedded board with apache

text: I'm working on a Davinci DSP ARM embedded board. The board itself is the Texas Instruments 816X/389X EVM. I'm currently trying to get apache working on the board. The problem is that the SDK for the board is extremely basic and doesn't include 'make' or any update manager like RPM, yum, or apt-get. So I'm having a hard time getting it to work. I compiled apache on my host machine, which is connected through minicom to the target. I have G++ Sourcery installed, but don't have any experience with it. So, when I took the compiled files to the target, I ended up with the error: line 1: syntax error: word unexpected (expecting ")") I'm assuming that I did something wrong during the compile, but I'm not really sure because I'm normally a hardware designer and not a software guy.


title: Perl- Adding underscore and sorting rows

text: As I am biologist and new to perl, I would like to get help of perl expert cat input.txt               ##gff-version 2     ##source-version geneious 5.6.3     gi371443188gbJH5566721_extraction_reversed  Geneious    CDS 1043    1132    .    +   .   Name=Xm ITGB3;created by=User;modified by=User;ID=Pa0FVoXpt/GgL1I/VO7LY0UlFAc.1341246976743.1     gi371443188gbJH5566721_extraction_reversed  Geneious    CDS 2063    2260    .    +   .   Name=Xm ITGB3;created by=User;modified by=User;ID=Pa0FVoXpt/GgL1I/VO7LY0UlFAc.1341246976743.1     gi371443188gbJH5566721_extraction_reversed  Geneious    CDS 2336    2593    .    +   .   Name=Xm ITGB3;created by=User;modified by=User;ID=Pa0FVoXpt/GgL1I/VO7LY0UlFAc.1341246976743.1     gi371443188gbJH5566721_extraction_reversed  Geneious    CDS 3474    3633    .    +   .   Name=Xm ITGB3;created by=User;modified by=User;ID=Pa0FVoXpt/GgL1I/VO7LY0UlFAc.1341246976743.1     gi371443188gbJH5566721_extraction_reversed  Geneious    extracted region    1   13933   .   +   .   Name=Extracted region from gi|371443188|gb|JH556672.1|;Extracted interval="2010140 <- 2024072"      My output.txt               gi371443188gbJH5566721_extraction_reversed  CDS 2023029 2022940 .    -   .   Name=Xm ITGB3;created by=User;modified by=User;ID=Pa0FVoXpt/GgL1I/VO7LY0UlFAc.1341246976743.1     gi371443188gbJH5566721_extraction_reversed  CDS 2022009 2021812 .    -   .   Name=Xm ITGB3;created by=User;modified by=User;ID=Pa0FVoXpt/GgL1I/VO7LY0UlFAc.1341246976743.1     gi371443188gbJH5566721_extraction_reversed  CDS 2021736 2021479 .    -   .   Name=Xm ITGB3;created by=User;modified by=User;ID=Pa0FVoXpt/GgL1I/VO7LY0UlFAc.1341246976743.1     gi371443188gbJH5566721_extraction_reversed  CDS 2020598 2020439 .    -   .   Name=Xm ITGB3;created by=User;modified by=User;ID=Pa0FVoXpt/GgL1I/VO7LY0UlFAc.1341246976743.1     ###      My expected ouput               gi_371443188_gb_JH5566721  gene    2020598 2023029 .     -   .   Name=Xm ITGB3;created by=User;modified by=User;ID=Pa0FVoXpt/GgL1I/VO7LY0UlFAc.13412469767431     gi_371443188_gb_JH5566721   CDS 2020598 2020439 .    -   .   Name=Xm ITGB3;created by=User;modified by=User;ID=Pa0FVoXpt/GgL1I/VO7LY0UlFAc.1341246976743.1     gi_371443188_gb_JH5566721   CDS 2021736 2021479 .    -   .   Name=Xm ITGB3;created by=User;modified by=User;ID=Pa0FVoXpt/GgL1I/VO7LY0UlFAc.1341246976743.1     gi_371443188_gb_JH5566721   CDS 2022009 2021812 .    -   .   Name=Xm ITGB3;created by=User;modified by=User;ID=Pa0FVoXpt/GgL1I/VO7LY0UlFAc.1341246976743.1     gi_371443188_gb_JH5566721   CDS 2023029 2022940 .    -   .   Name=Xm ITGB3;created by=User;modified by=User;ID=Pa0FVoXpt/GgL1I/VO7LY0UlFAc.1341246976743.1     ###      I would like help of perl expert in reformating my output in perl code given below. 1.I would like add under score to array[0] in output (i.e gi371443188gbJH5566721_extraction_reversed as gi_371443188_gb_JH5566721) 2.sort rows of CDS in ascending order based on values of column3 & 4 of the output (see expected output) 3.Add new row at the top of file as gi_371443188_gb_JH556672.1 gene with minimum & maximum value of CDS rows (see expected output) My Perl code is given below.               #usr/bin/perl;          open(FH,"$ARGV[0]");          my %num="";     my %all="";     while(<FH>){      chomp $_;         my @array=split("\t"); #print "$array[2]\n";        if($array[2] eq "extracted region"){         $array[8]=~/.*\w+=\"\d+ <- (\d+)"/gm;         $num{$array[0]}="$1";        }        if($array[2] eq "CDS"){        $all{$array[0]}.="$_\n";         }         }             foreach $i (keys %all){              my @line=split "\n",$all{$i};         for ($j=0;$j<=$#line;$j++){         my @new_line=split "\t",$line[$j];         my $pos1=$num{$i}-$new_line[3];         my $pos2=$num{$i}-$new_line[4]; #print $num{$i}; exit;         $new_line[6] =~ s/\+/-/g;         print "$new_line[0]\t$new_line[2]\t$pos1\t$pos2\t$new_line[5]\t$new_line[6]\t$new_line[7]\t$new_line[8]\n";         }         }         print "###\n";


title: Can hardware be accessed directly from user space?

text: At work we have some embedded devices controlled by DOS software. I have been tasked with the responsibility of assessing the use of Linux as a replacement OS for DOS on a next generation of hardware. I am not a linux expert at all and my research leads me to the conclusion that DOS is simply a totally different type of operating system that allows you to do potentially dangerous things if you want to. From my understanding if you wish to access hardware directly you would have to write a custom driver. What I need to know to satisfy the curiosity of my boss is the following: **is it at all possible to access hardware directly from user space**?? My guess is no, but I would like to request the opinion of those with knowledge far greater than mine.


title: Get a list of 3 letter commands on Mac OS X

text: How can I either create or find a list of 3-letter unix commands on Mac OS X? I'd like to create a new program/command for a project. I'd like to make it a 3-letter name, but I don't want to conflict with other unix commands. I am interested in seeing what is available before I settle on a particular name.


title: Switch between keyboard layout based on input event

text: I have a french and a US keyboard on my computer. I'm using awesome wm and have set everything so that it is easy for me to switch between keyboard layout. But I still have to do it myself. Theoretically, it should be possible for the computer to understand from which keyboard the input event comes and use the layout associated with the keyboard. I have looked it up but found no good answer. Is it possible to do so ? I was thinking that I could write a short code analyzing keyboard event and do the switch, but :   * it would run in parallel with the event handler so there could be concurrency problem (something like this);   * it looks like a dirty way of doing it and I prefer a clean solution. Thanks for your help


title: How to exclude some files not matching certain extensions with grep?

text: I want to output all lines containing the word `OK` recursively from a directory. But there are a few extensions which I need to exclude from the result:               *~     *.map     *.js except *.debug.js      I tried:               grep -r --exclude={*~,*.map} "OK" /some/dir      Except that I don't know how to remove from the result all those non-debug `.js` files. Any help is much appreciated.


title: How to mass change password attributes in AIX uname -rv=3 5 for all users but root

text: I want to do a mass change on all users but root in AIX for the following "password attributes":               Weeks before password reuse: 15     Password min length: 6      Can it be done, or do I need to do them one at a time? I tried to use the F6=Command button to see what it runs, but it appears to be running some sort of script and this is beyond me. Are there any other users (besides `root`) whose attributes I should leave unchanged?


title: Is there a way to see details of all the threads that a process has in Linux?

text: For Windows, I think Process Explorer shows you all the threads under a process. Is there a similar command line utility for Linux that can show me details about all the threads a particular process is spawning? * * * I think I should have made myself more clear. **I do not want to see the process hierarcy, but a list of all the threads spawned by a particular process** See this screenshot ![alt text](http://i.stack.imgur.com/ZfcGv.png) **How can this be achieved in Linux?** Thanks!


title: Linux adoption path for a .NET developer

text: I am a .NET C# programmer, I love the .NET stack. I have tried Linux several times but every time I got put off as I could not do anything on it .. (like program for it or on it). Ever since Mono was launched, I find myself using Linux a lot more. (I have also decided to start learning Python.) I would love to learn more about the OS itself - the shell commands, the underlying APIs etc Where do I start, are there any books that are recommended for this? I bought a copy of the - Unix Tools 3rd Edition O'Reilly and plan to go over it (end to end) are there any other recommended books? Note: Not that this would matter, but I am using Ubuntu 10.04, I would like to have Fedora, but I have seen many users post issues with their Mono installations on it.


title: Where does `logger` log its messages to in Arch Linux?

text: The `logger` command logs an entry via syslog, which usually puts that line to some file like `/var/log/messages`. If I understand the documentation correctly in Arch Linux all the logging is done through systemd, but I cannot find the `logger` entries using `journalctl`.   * What exactly happens with a message given to `logger` in Arch Linux?   * Where is the log entry stored? (A quick grep suggests `/var/log/journal/*/system.journal`.)   * How can I access this log? (Do I need any special option for `journalctl`?)


title: Mathematical connection between SZ RSS and VSZ in ps o/p?

text: I wanted to know what mathematical connection is there between the SZ, RSZ and VSZ output in ps output e.g.               ps -p 2363 -o sz,rss,vsz


title: Transforming positional arguments of a shell script

text: I'm trying to write a shell script that will transform positional arguments that are passed to it as follows. The shell script passes these arguments to a binary executable (`ffigen`) which is derived from the `gcc 4.0` frontend, so the command line arguments that follow are also `gcc` arguments, and mean the same thing as they do for `gcc`. Consider the following command line               ./htest.sh -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I /usr/include/glib-2.0 -include \     /usr/include/gtk-2.0/gtk/gtk.h -include/usr/include/bar.h /usr/include/myheader.h      There are essentially two different options here, the `-I` option, which passes a directory to `gcc` to search for include files, and `-include`, which processes a header file as if `#include "file"` appeared as the first line of the primary source file. The two different versions given here differ in whether there is a space between the option flag and the argument. It seems both are permissible. Currently the only versions that appear in upstream are               -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 and -include /usr/include/gtk-2.0/gtk/gtk.h      but it doesn't seem a bad idea to attempt to future-proof this code, in case someone adds these other forms later. What upstream's script does is, for the most part, add the arguments to `CFLAGS`, and then pass the final argument to `ffigen`. What `ffigen` does is not important here - my question is about the return value of `CFLAGS`. Here is upstream's script.               while [ $# -gt 1 ]     do         echo $CFLAGS         case ${1} in           -pthread*)             CFLAGS="${CFLAGS} -D_REENTRANT"             shift             ;;           -x)             shift             shift             ;;           *)             CFLAGS="${CFLAGS} ${1}"             shift             ;;        esac     done          echo $CFLAGS      What I want to do, is where header filenames are specified in the above line, is to transform them to relative path names, relative to the include directory. So, what I would like to see as the returned value to `CFLAGS`, is               -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I /usr/include/glib-2.0 -include gtk-2.0/gtk/gtk.h -includebar.h      What upstream produces is just the arguments unchanged.               -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I /usr/include/glib-2.0 -include \     /usr/include/gtk-2.0/gtk/gtk.h -include/usr/include/bar.h      Rationale: Since Debian has switched to multilib, header files are no longer in their traditional locations. Now, `ffigen`, like its parent `gcc`, can search include paths for header files, _provided_ that only the relative paths are specified. If absolute paths are specified, then of course it will not. Ideally one would want to use a tool which was designed to work with multiarch, but a quick and dirty workaround is to simply strip the header file absolulute paths down to relative path names, and provided ffigen is provided the correct include paths, it will search for and discover the header files. The version I currently have is below. It produces               -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I glib-2.0 -include gtk-2.0/gtk/gtk.h bar.h      which is terrible, but does handle correctly the two cases that actually occur in upstream. A version that handles all four cases correctly would be most welcome. Yes, I'm lazy. I also suck at shell scripting.               while [ $# -gt 1 ]     do         echo $CFLAGS         case ${1} in           -pthread*)             CFLAGS="${CFLAGS} -D_REENTRANT"             shift             ;;           -x)             shift             shift             ;;           -I*)             CFLAGS="${CFLAGS} ${1}"             shift             ;;           *)             RELPATH_AFTER_INCLUDE="${1##*include/}"             CFLAGS="${CFLAGS} ${RELPATH_AFTER_INCLUDE}"             shift             ;;        esac     done          echo $CFLAGS      Here is a little script that I am using to test this               #!/bin/sh          PROGRAM=htest.sh     #PROGRAM=upstream.sh          ./${PROGRAM} -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I /usr/include/glib-2.0 -include \          /usr/include/gtk-2.0/gtk/gtk.h -include/usr/include/bar.h /usr/include/myheader.h      A final note about portability. The scripts above run under dash, and look like they are portable to me. So a version that is portable would be nice, but is not essential. I don't see this code going upstream, so... If not portable, then bash would be Ok.               ###################################################################      For anyone who is interested in the background of this, this is in the context of packaging Clozure Common Lisp for Debian. See the Debian packaging and in particular the README.source file. See upstream patches http://svn.clozure.com/publicsvn/ffigen4/trunk/ffigen4/source/h-to-ffi-common and http://svn.clozure.com/publicsvn/ffigen4/trunk/ffigen4/source/linuxx8664-gcc-4.0.0-h-to- ffi.sh , which combine to make the upstream script `h-to-ffi.sh`, of which I discuss a part here. For the specific issue I'm trying to handle here, see the thread problems building interface databases on Debian multiarch. A discussion of my rationale above is in the third message in that thread, from me, towards the bottom.


title: where can I find the MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE in the user side?

text: While digging into X Windows or X11 stuff I found that X display uses MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE to allow client-server to exchange display data. One thing I don't understand is that I am able to locate and view the MIT- MAGIC-COOKIE in the server(Xclient) which the command               xauth list      and I see stuff like               James5/unix:10  MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1  1bcafdd569b2e1e6dd0dfaf446f437a6     James5/unix:13  MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1  5e536e4c17c94372ebc932f6d1c43abc     James5/unix:15  MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1  999ac8b086f2f8091aa970f40b739ff4     James5/unix:11  MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1  89287e67dfc851c5e7188fc5b7e4dc31      but from what I've learned, the user side should also have this cookie as well in order to compare and cookie from the received X display data. but when I come back to my 'user side' laptop and type               Black@Black-PC ~     $ xauth list     xauth:  file /home/Black/.Xauthority does not exist      an error message like this appears... where on earth can I locate the .Xauthroity file in the user side?


title: Need to grant two users to an AIX server to just one folder

text: Ok, in our environment, most users (including myself as one of the unix admins) don't actually have admin rights directly on the aix servers. We login to a front unix server as ourselves without root access. Then we run a command that logs us in as the actual root user but everything we do is logged to a text file, so if we really screw something up, there are logs to point fingers at who did it. I can't login directly to the unix servers. I don't have access. I have to login to the logging server, then ssh to the server as direct root. Well, I have a request right now that two users that know absolutely nothing about how to navigate a unix command prompt needs access to some log files 3 folders deep. We're going to make it so they're going to log directly into the unix box with the log files, so they don't go through the server that logs all their command history. But our plan is to create them as basic users with no administrative access. Then they're actually going to access the files using a GUI utility to just copy and paste the files to their Windows machines. The permissions on this server without making any modifications look like this already... parent folder `drwxrwxrwx` sub folder `drwxrwxr-x` log folder `drwxr-xr-x` log files `-rw-rw-r--` So, if I create two users on the box and make them part of no security groups, they should already be able to navigate down to the folder no problem because everyone has read access down to the log files. But, what we want is something super simple for these two non-unix experienced users. I've been working this job as a unix admin for about 3 months. I've taken a lot of unix classes but most of my professional experience is in Windows servers. I know in a Windows environment, I'd just share out the logs folder. The user, if wanted to experiment, might notice they could access the parent folder, but probably wouldn't know enough to try it. Is there a way in an AIX unix environment to just somehow share the logs folder out so the users don't have to drill down to the logs folder and possibly get lost or access something they shouldn't access? I'm not changing the permissions. I've been working for this company for 3 months and a multi- million dollar enterprise doesn't like me telling them what they've been doing for the last 20 years is wrong and they should change it. So, I have to make work what they already have in place.


title: kernel event listener

text: I wonder if there is something similar to an event listener in UNIX that a program can subscribe to? Specifically I want to know:               Start and end times of a user session     Start and end of the applications executed by that user      Any Tips?


title: Where to find the source file of function pause(void) and sigsuspend(set)

text: I want to find the source file of pause and sigsuspend in the glibc-2.14.1 package. I grep the package and find the file sysdeps/posix/pause.c has a definition of function pause, the code is               int      __libc_pause (void)      {         sigset_t set;              __sigemptyset (&set);         __sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, NULL, &set);              /* pause is a cancellation point, but so is sigsuspend.             So no need for anything special here.  */              return __sigsuspend (&set);       }       weak_alias (__libc_pause, pause)       I also grep the package for the definition of sigsuspend function and several files have the definition, such as sysdeps/posix/sigsuspend.c and sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/sigsuspend.c. The definition of sigsuspend in sysdeps/posix/sigsuspend.c is               int      __sigsuspend (set)          const sigset_t *set;      {         sigset_t oset;        int save;             if (set == NULL)          {           __set_errno (EINVAL);            return -1;         }             if (sigprocmask (SIG_SETMASK, set, &oset) < 0)           return -1;              (void) pause();         save = errno;             if (sigprocmask (SIG_SETMASK, &oset, (sigset_t *) NULL) < 0)          return -1;              __set_errno (save);        return -1;       }      libc_hidden_def (__sigsuspend)      weak_alias (__sigsuspend, sigsuspend)       I found a problem that pause in sysdeps/posix/pause.c call function sigsuspend and sigsuspend in sysdeps/posix/sigsuspend.c call function pause. It seems to be a cycle. So I think that I don't find the proper souce files of pause and sigsuspend. Can any people tell me where is the source files of these functions. Thanks in advance.


title: Reading Ubuntu installed magazines

text: I installed a digital edition of a magazine from the Ubuntu Software Center. But how do I read it? Is there an accessory tool to access it?


title: When compiling I get an error, `@LIBICONV@: No such file or directory`?

text: When I run `make` for flac, I get this               gcc: error: @LIBICONV@: No such file or directory     make[3]: *** [flac] Error 1     make[3]: Leaving directory `/home/ubuntu/flac/src/flac'     make[2]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1     make[2]: Leaving directory `/home/ubuntu/flac/src'     make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1     make[1]: Leaving directory `/home/ubuntu/flac'     make: *** [all] Error 2      While `aclocal.sh` ran successfully (exit code 0), I got this when I ran it,               configure.ac:308: warning: macro `AM_ICONV' not found in library     configure.ac:309: warning: macro `AM_LANGINFO_CODESET' not found in library     configure.ac:308: warning: macro `AM_ICONV' not found in library     configure.ac:309: warning: macro `AM_LANGINFO_CODESET' not found in library      I tried looking for an `inconv.h`, or for an `iconv-dev` package with my distro and I couldn't find one. How do I resolve this problem?


title: Replace common values in two files according to first column

text: How do I replace common values in two files according to first column? I have file 1 (1.txt):               CH063_01084     CH063_01083     CH063_13925     CH063_14473      and file 2 (2.txt):               CH063_01083         FGSG_16349  4     CH063_14473         FGSG_16350  5      output file should be :               CH063_01084     CH063_01083          FGSG_16349 4     CH063_13925     CH063_14473          FGSG_16350 5


title: Mouse drifts when dragging in Linux Mint KDE on VMWare Fusion

text: I'm using VMware Fusion with Linux Mint KDE (I think v13). The mouse works fine except for when I'm dragging something (e.g. resize or move a window). When I do that the mouse moves. Sort of like I click in one place and then it slowly drifts away a few pixels - like it is slowly snapping to a grid. I don't think it's VMware - the mouse works fine in Windows VMs and in ubuntu gnome VMs. I think it might be some setting in KDE but I don't know what. What can it be? **EDIT** VMware Tools is already installed for this virtual machine.


title: Administratively spread several Thunderbird per-recipient rules for some users?

text: I administer several computers that have Thunderbird/Icedove installed and I want to spread Thunderbird per-recipient rules for some users. The rules are stored in a file - `pgprules.xml` in the user home folder `~/.icedove/_profile_folder_/pgprules.xml`. Is there a way to put these settings/rules in a way that they will be imported by default when the user installs or updates the mail client? I can do that with the OpenPGP settings - under `/etc/xul-ext/enigmail.js`.


title: How can I know the process name which is opening a tcp port?

text: I have two linux servers. Let's say they are `C` and `S`.   `C` is client of `S` On my `S` machine, I type. > $ netstat -an | grep ESTABLISHED   >  tcp 0 0 192.168.1.220:3306 **C:57010** ESTABLISHED Then I can know `C` is connecting now.   In the `C` machine, I'd also like to know the _process name_ which is opening the port **57010** and connecting the `S` server. How can I do that? Of course I have root permission of `C`.


title: Giving input to background processes

text: Is there any way to give input to background processes or which run as daemon processes? I was coding some Puppet configuration files and I had to push them to some remote machine. For that purpose I used git. So I created a bare repository on that remote machine and used a git hook which would update the file after each push. So to update in `/etc/puppet` of the server machine I need to authenticate as root of that machine... But git essentially does this transfer through SSH (in the background ). I tried to use `/bin/expect` to provide username and password for root of the remote machine but it didn't work.


title: how to use dd to fill drive with 1's

text: Filling a drive with /dev/urandom seems to be very slow, so I created a file filled with FF:               dd if=/dev/zero ibs=1k count=1000 | tr "\000" "\377" >ff.bin      I'd like to fill the drive with copies of this file but the following command only writes once:               dd if=ff.bin of=/dev/sdb count=10000      How do I fill the drive with copies of the file, or is there a faster way to fill the drive with 1's?


title: Is interrupting badblocks risky?

text: I'm running badblocks to check for bad segments on an external drive, and it's been about an hour and it has not yet finished. Now, I need to go and consider cancelling. Is this somehow risky? Should I avoid this? Clearly, I will need to start again from scratch; I just want to know if this is somehow risky to abort midway.


title: Cannot switch to console anymore after using Alt_R as mod4

text: I'd like to use the right ALT key as 'mod4' (most notably because, by default, the 'awesome' window manager is using mod4 as a modifier for most WM commands and I like that idea a lot). However I've got an issue: as soon as I add:               xmodmap -e 'add mod4 = Alt_R'      then I cannot use, say, CTRL+ALT+F2 to switch from X to a text console. (note that I always used left ALT to do that, not right ALT: actually before assigning right ALT to mod4 I was never ever using that key) It's really a problem with the shortcut / modifiers since that I can still switch from X to a text console by using, say, the _chvt_ command. For example the following always works fine:               chvt 1      As soon as I clear mod4:               xmodmap -e 'clear mod4'      I can use `CTRL+ALT+F2` (left ALT once again) to switch to my text console. But of course then I don't get the nice default mod4+... 'awesome' shortcuts. So basically I can either use right ALT as mod4 and have awesome work fine _or_ I can clear mod4 (not assigning right ALT to any modifier) and be able to use CTRL+ALT+F2 to swith to a text console. But I cannot do both. Do any of you know why configuring right ALT as mod4 prevents CTRL+left ALT+F2 from switching to a text console? Here's the full _xmodmap_ (when CTRL+left ALT+F2 is _not_ working):               shift   Shift_L (0x32), Shift_R (0x3e)     lock     control Control_L (0x25), Control_L (0x42), Control_R (0x69)     mod1    Alt_L (0x40), Alt_L (0xcc), Metal_L (0xcd)     mod2    Num_Lock (0x4d)     mod3         mod4    Alt_R (0x6c)     mod5    ISO_Level3_Shift (0x5c), Mode_switch (0xcb)      Once again clearing that mod4 and I can switch to a text console fine... I'm not interested in using another setup than:   * right ALT as mod4    * mod4+... as shortcuts for awesome   * CTRL+ALT+F{1,9} to switch to a different VT Now of course I can use "chvt" to switch to a text console, but that wouldn't work that great should my X be stuck. I always like to have the possibility to switch to a text console to, say, kill X if it's stuck (been doing that since the early days of slackware).


title: Where does package make-doc end up after installation?

text: I am on Mint 12 KDE. I used Software Manager to install make-doc - "Documentation for the gnu version of the "make" utility". How do I access what was downloaded?


title: Which filesystem to use for a partition shared with a parallel windows instalation?

text: On my new PC I want to install both Linux and Windows, each on their own rather small partition, and put the big rest of the 1 TB HDD in a further partition (plus swap). Which filesystem should I use? My thoughts:   * NTFS. Linux has write support, but I noticed on my external HDD a huge perfomance drop when only a few GB (of 500 GB) were left free - suddenly a few hundred MB took half an hour to copy... Any ideas why? Also no file permissions with Linux, although that is not 100% necessary but would be a bonus   * fat32. Too old, won't support that partition size anyway   * ext3. Windows can read for example via ext2ifs, but what about good write support? I'd even consider a small virtual machine with a tiny Linux installation to only provide a NFS share to its host windows (probably qemu, distro recommendation are appreciated)   * ext4. I lack the experience with it... It looks lke NTFS is the way to go for now (just as it was two years ago), but I'd prefer a less proprietary solution...


title: How to give HTTP traffic higher priority?

text: When I surf the web, I find that I have to pause my BitTorrent client, to help improve the painfully slow speed (I'm sadly on a 384kbps line). It's not too nice to have to do this manually _every_ time. Please show me the magic button, the one which I only need to press once in order to be blessed with speedier, higher-priority surfing, where the torrents speed take a backseat, only to resume to full speed once my web-surfing is over. [ **FYI** ] NetworkManager manages my network, and Transmission is my BitTorrent client.


title: Is it possible to boot an x86 Linux kernel using both 80x25 text mode consoles and VESA framebuffer consoles?

text: The Linux kernel documents that you can choose to boot Linux with VESA framebuffer consoles instead of the default 80x25 text mode consoles. For text application testing purposes, one may need both modes simultaneously. For instance, `ALT`+`1` to `ALT`+`3` in 80x25 text mode and `ALT`+`4` to `ALT`+`6` in framebuffer mode. Is there a way to achieve dual mode text displays in a single boot?


title: How to efficiently use 3D via a remote connection?

text: I have one weak PC (client) but with acceptable 3D performance, and one strong PC (server) which should be capable of running an application using OpenGL twice, i.e. once locally and once remotely for the client. Currently, I `ssh -X` into it, but the client's console output states software rendering is used and I only get 3 frames per second (fps). Actually, ssh's encryption is not necessary since this is on a LAN, but it's what I already know for remote applications... So, how can the client performance be increased? My ideas are   * use hardware acceleration, but the server's or the client's one and how?   * use something different than ssh I know, in full resolution and without sophisticated compression a 100 Mbit/s LAN won't make more fps, but it's a windowed application of ca. 800x450, so theoretically up to 12 fps (at 24 bits/pixel) should be possible using uncompressed graphical data. And maybe something better is possible using the client's own GPU or some smart compression. \-- **edit** Turns out what I want is basically a local version of what e.g. onlive and gaikai offers. Is there something like this for Linux (and possibly free)? \-- **edit2** VirtualGL looks like the best solution (though currently not working for me), but I wonder if it is possible to do hardware rendering on the client, too


title: What does sudo su work but su does not?

text: I have tried this on `Fedora` and on `Ubuntu`.               kshitiz@kshitiz:~$su     su: Authentication failure          kshitiz@kshitiz:~$sudo su          root@kshitiz:/home/kshitiz#      I am entering the same password in both the cases.


title: Why do you need sudo for "sudo su root"?

text: > **Possible Duplicate:**   >  When do su and sudo use different passwords? Why do you need to use `sudo su root` ? Why won't it work to just use `su root`?


title: Linux Mint: how to update repository references

text: I have a Linux Mint 10 Julia installed on my machine. I'd like to upgrade, but as Linux Mint upgrade page says: why upgrade? I would like to upgrade in order to have more recent software and fixes. According to that my intent is to update repository references so that I can benefit of newest updates and fixes for my installed packages. Which is the most appropriate way to do something like that?


title: change url of web browser thru command line?

text: Is there some way to change the current url (of current tab or an specific tab) of a running web browser (any) thru command line? It can be any browser that run on linux, preferably if it is light weight. I dont mean to close and re-open the browser. I was only able to open new tabs on browsers but not change the current url of them... I could not fast and easily find ways thru qdbus either (not that there arent). If some plugin alows this also, it may be ok too..


title: chown all files based on file name pattern in current directory

text: I'm trying to chown all files whose filenames begin with `ChownFileNames`. I've used this command, but it doesnt seem to work:               find . -maxdepth 1 |grep 'ChownFileNames*' -exec chown hadoop:hadoop -- {} . \;      What am I doing wrong?


title: Patch without changing owner and group

text: I've got a file owned by a non-root user:               # ls -l example.php     -rw------- 1 foo bar ... example.php      I just applied a patch with a command like               patch -p0 <<-EOF     --- .../example.php.orig 2012-06-20 15:07:13.000000000 +0200     +++ .../example.php  2012-06-20 15:43:05.000000000 +0200     ...     EOF      as root and the target file user and group were both changed to `root`. I couldn't find any reference to this in the `man` pages. Is there a way to **leave the file ownership as before** without using `su`, `sudo`, or `chown`?   * `su` seems unable to specify a group.   * `sudo -u foo patch ...` runs fine, but sets the wrong group.   * `sudo -u foo -g bar patch ...` returns `Sorry, user root is not allowed to execute '/usr/bin/patch' as foo:bar on hostname`. This might be because user `foo` is not a member of group `bar`.   * `chown` would mean having to store the permissions before running `patch`, adding another two lines of code.


title: Unable to mount XFS volume after reboot - unknown filesystem type 'xfs'

text: I have an aws ec2 instance that's been running Ubuntu 12.04 for a good long while. It has attached to it an EBS volume formatted with xfs. Today after a reboot, I'm unable to mount this volume. After the reboot, it did not get automatically mounted as per /etc/fstab. Trying to manually mount it as below, I get the following:               mount -t auto /dev/xvdf /usr/local/mnt/media     mount: unknown filesystem type 'xfs'      So it appears Ubuntu has forgotten about xfs... Any hints or ideas as to what I can do to get this volume mounted would be really appreciated.


title: Mutt hangs on close

text: After configuring mutt to monitor all of my Gmail, it hangs when I close it. I don't quite understand how it's using the spoolfile or mailboxes parameters, so perhaps I am using them incorrectly here. My other guess is that it is trying to index too many messages, because it was fine with just my Inbox. Is there a way to limit the amount of messages that mutt tries to index? I just started using Mutt with my Gmail account. I want to monitor all my incoming messages, including a large number of automated messages that are filtered out of my inbox. Here is my muttrc imap configuration:               set folder      = imaps://imap.gmail.com/     set spoolfile   = +[Gmail]/All\ Mail     mailboxes       = +[Gmail]/All\ Mail     set mail_check = 120     set imap_keepalive = 300     unset imap_passive      Here is what the status bar shows about how much mail it is indexing:               ---Mutt: =[Gmail]/All Mail [Msgs:70532 New:51357 Old:528 Flag:129 Post:1 Inc:1 2428M


title: Change string occurrences in file while respecting DOS new line sequences

text: I use Visual Studio for my C# development while using Cygwin for some of the tasks that require scripting. Recently I wanted to change all occurrences of string `AAA` to `BBB` in my project's files. I started with old trusty `sed` but, to my dismay, it changed DOS new line sequences to Unix ones. Here's what I used:               sed -i 's/AAA/BBB/g' $(grep -rl AAA /cygdrive/c/project_path)      It seems there is no `sed` switch that would do what I want. Is there some other Unix tool that could help me? EDIT: In between C# files there are some other scripts that have Unix new line characters. It would be best if this tool didn't change them to DOS ones. :)


title: “Error getting identity: Forbidden” when trying to add Google account to fedora online-accounts

text: I am using fedora 18 32 bit and wanted to add my google account through its gnome online account. I click on "Online Accounts" and then enter my Google username and password. I have enabled 2 step verification to my google. I get the verification code, everything goes well, After that I get > The GNOME application on your computer is requesting access to your Google > Account for the product(s) listed below I click on grant access. It gives an error and says: "Error getting identity: Forbidden" What shall I do?


title: Establishing I/O Patterns for an Application

text: Are there any system tools that allow you to profile an application's usage of storage? Basically, I'm looking for information on determining whether there are more large sequential reads, tiny sequential read, random writes with backtracks, etc.


title: Can I port a Linux DMA driver to Windows?

text: I want to run it on Windows without a significant change. I hope, I can change only headers and corresponding functions. http://www.alterawiki.com/wiki/File:G2x4_avmm_dma_Linux.tar.gz


title: Problem in connecting server to Internet

text: I just have setup a Linux server. But currently I am having problem in connecting to the outside world. I am not able to do wget,apt-get or ping. Here ar some relevant details:               $ping google.com     ping: unknown host google.com      * * *               cat /etc/resolv.conf          search dmust.local     nameserver 198.154.126.1      * * *               vim /etc/network/interfaces          # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system     # and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).          # The loopback network interface     auto lo     iface lo inet loopback          # The primary network interface     auto eth0     iface eth0 inet static             address 198.154.126.179             netmask 255.255.255.0             network 198.154.126.0             broadcast 198.154.126.255             gateway 198.154.126.1             # dns-* options are implemented by the resolvconf package, if installed             dns-nameservers 198.154.126.1             dns-search dmust.local      * * * **Update**               route -n          Kernel IP routing table     Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface     198.154.126.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0     0.0.0.0         198.154.126.1   0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 eth0      * * *               grep '^hosts' /etc/nsswitch.conf     hosts:          files dns


title: Is there a way to pipe the output of one program into two other programs?

text: Sorry if this is a silly question but I'm trying to accomplish something like this but on one line:               $ prog1 | prog2     $ prog1 | prog3      So, I basically want to execute prog1 and pipe the output to prog2 and prog3 separately (not a chained pipe). At first, I was trying to use tee but that didn't seem right because it was dumping output to a file (which is not what I want).               $ prog1 | tee prog2 | prog3 # doesn't work - creates file "prog2"      At some point, I'd probably want to extend this to piping the output to more than two programs but I'm just starting simple for now.               $ prog1 | prog2     $ prog1 | prog3     $ prog1 | prog4     ...


title: Is it possible to find times of past user sessions?

text: Using the `who` command, I can find which users are currently logged into a machine. I would like to determine which users have logged into my machine in the past, and the length of those sessions. Is this information retained, and can I access it? The particular machine I'm thinking of is running Ubuntu 10.10.


title: Configuring Caps Lock as modifier and layout switcher

text: I want to set the caps lock key working as a modifier (modkey) and layout switcher at the same time.   * I want Caps Lock to act as a modkey in awesome in different hotkey combinations, for example, Caps Lock + Enter opens terminal and so on.   * When Caps Lock is pressed as a single key, it should act as a layout switcher on its release (by calling function that executes setxkbmap in rc.lua config). How can I accomplish that? I tried to turn Caps Lock into a modkey, but `modkey = "Lock"` in rc.lua does not seem to work right now, and after I finally made it work somehow (with xmodmap or changing the latter line in config), modkey was acting exactly the way Caps Lock acts: one press turnes it on, and another turns it off. Even if I make Caps Lock the modkey instead of Super_L, I still have no idea of how to handle its single-key release.


title: Using xrandr freezes computer completely

text: I have the following problem: I have a laptop (open) with an external monitor connected. After boot, everything is perfect - the laptop screen is on the left of the external one and both resolutions are max and so on. However, If I use xrandr to, for example, turn off the laptop screen               xrandr --output LVDS1 --off      The system freezes completely - both screens turn black, I can only see a mouse pointer on the external screen. (It doesn't move) All keyboard shortcuts to kill X and so on don't work, and I have to hardreset the laptop. I can't find anything in the logfiles neither of Xorg nor in the system messages. Here is some output that might be helpful:               $ xrandr -q     Screen 0: minimum 320 x 200, current 3286 x 1080, maximum 8192 x 8192     LVDS1 connected 1366x768+0+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 309mm x 174mm        1366x768       60.0*+   40.0          1024x768       60.0          800x600        60.3     56.2          640x480        59.9       VGA1 disconnected (normal left inverted right x axis y axis)     HDMI1 disconnected (normal left inverted right x axis y axis)     DP1 disconnected (normal left inverted right x axis y axis)     HDMI2 disconnected (normal left inverted right x axis y axis)     HDMI3 connected 1920x1080+1366+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 509mm x 286mm        1920x1080      60.0*+        1280x1024      75.0     60.0          1152x864       75.0          1024x768       75.1     60.0          800x600        75.0     60.3          640x480        75.0     60.0          720x400        70.1       DP2 disconnected (normal left inverted right x axis y axis)     DP3 disconnected (normal left inverted right x axis y axis)      I have an intel arrandale chip, the i915 kernel module is loaded as well as KMS. Turning off modesetting at boot totally screws up my resolution and so on. I googled a little bit and found, that freezes using xrandr are known, but I didn't find any solution yet.


title: How to create a "jailed" environment for an application under Linux?

text: Using Ubuntu 11.04 as a Desktop OS, I want to reach "bigger security" with a "jailing" processes: VirtualBox, Google Chrome, Firefox, VLC, PDF/djvu reader, MP3 player, wine, pidgin, transmission, LibreOffice. Normally I would create separate users, and put .desktop icons on the "main users" Desktop, with using gksu+/sudoers setting/ in the .desktop files to "passwordlessly" launch the application as different user. If I understand correctly Qubes OS uses XEN to really separate the applications from each other. The Question: How could I sandbox/chroot/jail (or however you say it) the above applications so that the main user just has to click on an icon on his Desktop to launch them without the system asking for password?


title: Reading character by character with bash read

text: I've been trying to use bash to read a file character by character. After much trial and error, I have discovered that this works:               exec 4<file.txt      declare -i n     while read -r ch <&4;           n=0          while [ ! $n -eq ${#ch} ]                do  echo -n "${ch:$n:1}"                    (( n++ ))               done          echo ""           done      I.e., I can read it line by line and then loop through each line char by char. Before doing this, I had tried: `exec 4<file.txt && while read -r -n1 ch <&4; do; echo -n "$ch"; done` but it would _skip all whitespaces in the file_. Could you please explain why? Is there a way to make the second strategy (i.e. reading char by char with bash's read) work?


title: How to restrict an SSH user to only allow SSH-tunneling?

text: How can I restrict a user on the ssh server to allow them **only** the priviledges for SSH TUNNELING? i.e. So they cannot run commands even if they log in via ssh. My Linux servers are Ubuntu 11.04 and OpenWrt.


title: WordPress installation with Docker

text: I have to migrate my WordPress installation to my own server in order to get SSL working properly. (It was originally on GoDaddy shared hosting, which doesn't allow for external SSL cert installation.) Being slightly paranoid and informed about security, I'd like to run the services inside of Docker containers to limit damage in a worst-case scenario. What I'm not sure of is how to _share_ Docker containers with other Docker containers. If, for example, I have a Docker container responsible for running MySQL/MariaDB, I don't know how I could share that service with another Docker container running FastCGI which is hosting and executing my WordPress PHP code. My web server (nginx) which is currently running outside of a Docker container won't have any problems proxying things along to an exposed port on a Docker container, but how will the FastCGI server (ie: PHP) be able to reach the MySQL container? Is there a guide which details how to pair up multiple independent services like this in Docker?


title: How change prompt of subshell

text: I'm trying to create a simple script that, among other things, will create a subshell:               #!/bin/sh          # setup          "${@:-$SHELL}"          # teardown      The question is: I need to change the default prompt, so for example: > $ # default shell   >  $ ./myscript   >  (myscript) $ # subshell   >  (myscript) $ exit   >  $ I tried to change `PROMPT` and `PS1`, but none of these works. How can I do that? PS.: I need a solution that works both on Bash and ZSH, if possible.


title: Dovecot POP3S & IMAPS SSL Certificate that works for all user domains

text: This may be a really stupid question, but I can't seem to put my head around it. I have a mail server I'm trying to setup to service 6 domains. I will have multiple mail users accessing the server via POP3S or IMAPS. Currently in MS Outlook, they are receiving an unverified SSL cert warning because I'm using a self-signed SSL certificate. I would like to purchase a SSL cert which would stop this warning from appearing. Here is my question. I want each domain group to use something like mail.theirdomain.com as the incoming mail server name. Is there a way to do this without having to purchase a cert for each of the 6 domains? In other words, can I buy one for the mail.maindomain.com and have it authenticate the other DNS names? Currently in DNS, the mail.theirdomain.com has a CNAME setup to mail.maindomain.com. I'm running Dovecot for incoming and Sendmail for outgoing. Latest version on Debian 6.


title: rename randomly files on a USB device

text: I would like to rename all of my files of my USB device randomly. Indeed, in my car, my tuner has not the random function. I think I can do it with PHP ... but I'm pretty sure it is possible to do something shorter in shell script, right? An idea?


title: Logging into an RDS session from the command-line

text: Is it possible to start an xfreerdp session into Microsoft windows from a command-line only install of Linux? The command I use from a full blown Linux install is this:               $ sudo xfreerdp /v:farm.company.com /d:company.com \         /u:oshiro /p:oshiro_password /g:rds.company.com      This command works fine. However, when I run the same command from a command- line install of Linux, I get the following error message:               Warning xf_GetWindowProperty (client /X11/xf_window.c:178): Property 340 does not exist


title: Is it possible to set a whole hard disk(partition) as iscsi target?

text: till now I defined just image files. But I have a logical partition and I'd like to share it by iscsi. Is it possible or I am limited to single files?


title: Facing problem with Regex Inside Sed Command

text: Suppose I run the following commands:               export STR="abcdef.ghijkl.mnopqr.stuvwy.log"     echo $STR | sed 's/\.[^.]*$//'      I am getting the following result:               abcdef.ghijkl.mnopqr.stuvwy      Please help me understand the above result.


title: Where is the GUID Partition Table stored on a device?

text: A friend of mine used my USB stick to install a new version of OS X on his mac. Now that I got it back, I wanted to wipe it (I use Linux myself). However, I'm having a bit of trouble doing so. The first thing I did was write a Fedora LiveCD to it, using `dd`:               # dd if=Fedora.iso of=/dev/sdb      This, I thought, would overwrite the partition table which lies at the beginning of the device and consequently delete the partitions the OS X installer had created. However, I was wrong, the partitions were still there. So I looked up GUID partition tables and realized they add headers not only at the beginning of the device, but at the end, too. So I did:               $ sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb     dd: writing to `/dev/sdb': No space left on device     15687681+0 records in     15687680+0 records out     8032092160 bytes (8.0 GB) copied, 1354.82 s, 5.9 MB/s      After this I removed the USB stick from the computer and plugged it back in. Running `blkid` now would yield no partitions on the device. However, after writing the Fedora image again, the OS X partitions are back:               $ sudo blkid     /dev/sdb1: LABEL="Fedora-17-x86_64-Live-Desktop.is" TYPE="iso9660"      /dev/sdb2: SEC_TYPE="msdos" LABEL="EFI" UUID="B368-CE08" TYPE="vfat"      /dev/sdb3: UUID="f92ff3eb-0250-303f-8030-7d063e302ccf" LABEL="Fedora 17" TYPE="hfsplus"      I suspect this has something to do with that _Protective MBR_ bit in the wikipedia page above. How can I get rid of it? ## Update I ultimately ran `parted` and deleted the GPT from there. I did get spewed with warnings about a corrupted GPT (probably from zeroing it) but that "signatures" were there. So I ultimately restored my USB stick, but it would still be nice if someone could shed some light on what exactly happened, where were those signatures stored?


title: Console utility to know how disk space is distributed?

text: Console utility to know how disk space is distributed. Something like this: ![Scanner screenshot](http://i.stack.imgur.com/iiWOe.png) But with console interface in Linux?


title: Find driver (which is not automatically installed) for a specific hardware

text: Is there some **general** way to find out the name of the driver which I have to install on my linux system given only the hardware name? Maybe some centralized webpage or application which gatters all the hardware information and it's related dirver? Or all which I can do is search it on a web browser? What do you do in this cases? For example, I want to know the driver name for the hardware "Intel Corporation 82801HM/HEM (ICH8M/ICH8M-E) SATA Controller"


title: Tell SSH to use a graphical prompt for key passphrase

text: How can I force SSH to request passphrases using a graphical prompt (GTK, for example) instead of the standard one that uses the terminal? I tried setting `SSH_ASKPASS=/usr/bin/ssh-askpass` but it seems to have no effects. The problem is the fact the openssh documentation says > If ssh **does not have a terminal associated with it** but DISPLAY and > SSH_ASKPASS are set, it will execute the program specified by SSH_ASKPASS > and open an X11 window to read the passphrase. An ssh launched from the command line, in my case as the result of a `git push`, _will_ have a terminal associated with it, so the `SSH_ASKPASS` logic seems to be ignored. Please note that I am not referring to `ssh-add`, but to generic ssh invocations towards an hosts for which a key pair is present but protected by a passphrase.