title: How to test whether Linux is running on a ThinkPad?

text: ### I need to programmatically detect if Linux is running on a ThinkPad. A shell script would be _ideal_ but I can programmatically generate any binary by downloading some source and compiling it on the machine if only a custom program will be able to _reliably_ do that. Focus is: **reliability/accuracy**. If in doubt, I prefer _not_ to run the script. I have a hunch this may be cleverly done using text parsing of things like dmesg or `lshw`, but which method is the most reliable? **Restriction** : run as a normal user, as part of a login script, no possibility of temporarily elevating privileges just to detect the machine model. **Permission** : take as long as needed, speed is not a factor. **Environment** : Ubuntu, but Linux generality is nice to have. Availability of developer-level build tools (GCC can be assumed to "just work"). The login script is run by bash so a code snippet in that syntax would be more directly usable.


title: Where is the bugtracker for `ifconfig` located?

text: Is there an official place to file bugs for the package in which `ifconfig` can be found? Do most major distributions have their own implementation of the library, or does the library come from one central location?


title: Is there a simple flag to prevent installing X and anything that depends on it via ports?

text: I'm running FreeBSD in a small VMWare image and I want to keep it headless. Is there a setting someplace that will guarantee I never pull in X as a dependency, or will I have to rely solely on eternal vigilance? Thanks. See also: the same basic question on SuperUser


title: Return only the portion of a line after a matching pattern

text: So pulling open a file with cat and then using grep to get matching lines only gets me so far when I am working with the particular log set that I am dealing with. It need a way to match lines to a pattern, but only to return the portion of the line after the match. The portion before and after the match will consistently vary. I have played with using sed or awk, but have not been able to figure out how to filter the line to either delete the part before the match, or just return the part after the match, either will work. This is an example of a line that I need to filter:               2011-11-07T05:37:43-08:00 <0.4> isi-udb5-ash4-1(id1) /boot/kernel.amd64/kernel: [gmp_info.c:1758](pid 40370="kt: gmp-drive-updat")(tid=100872) new group: <15,1773>: { 1:0-25,27-34,37-38, 2:0-33,35-36, 3:0-35, 4:0-9,11-14,16-32,34-38, 5:0-35, 6:0-15,17-36, 7:0-16,18-36, 8:0-14,16-32,34-36, 9:0-10,12-36, 10-11:0-35, 12:0-5,7-30,32-35, 13-19:0-35, 20:0,2-35, down: 8:15, soft_failed: 1:27, 8:15, stalled: 12:6,31, 20:1 }      The portion I need is everything after "stalled". The background behind this is that I can find out how often something stalls:               cat messages | grep stalled | wc -l      What I need to do is find out how many times a certain node has stalled (indicated by the portion before each colon after "stalled". If I just grep for that (ie 20:) it may return lines that have soft fails, but no stalls, which doesn't help me. I need to filter only the stalled portion so I can then grep for a specific node out of those that have stalled. For all intents and purposes, this is a freebsd system with standard gnu core utils, but I cannot install anything extra to assist.


title: Depsolving for php-pecl-zip

text: I'm having trouble getting rid of my depsolving errors, and I've been left to figure this one out on my own. It all started when I wanted to upgrade from PHP 5.2 to PHP 5.3 (heaven forbid), and I was told that we have all kinds of dependency mess because we have multiple PHP packages, and no one else is using it, so if I wanted it, I'd have to do it myself. I managed to figure out how to get PHP 5.3 installed, but only by removing all previous versions of PHP and doing a fresh install. Now "my" (someone departed's) code is relying on PHPExcel, which relies on php-pecl-zip, which I apparently don't have. Here's some of what I've tried: **Install with PECL**               # pecl install zip        No releases available for package "pecl.php.net/zip"       install failed      Pretty sure this is because our machines have very strict rules about who they can talk to. So I can't access the package via PECL. **Install with YUM**               # yum install php-pecl-zip     Dependencies Resolved          ================================================================================      Package             Arch          Version                 Repository      Size     ================================================================================     Installing:      php-pecl-zip        x86_64        1.8.10-2.el5            epel            47 k     Installing for dependencies:      php-common          x86_64        5.1.6-24.el5_4.5        updates        152 k      Why does it want a PHP version 5.1 when I have 5.3?   Of course, if I let it go, it barfs:               Transaction Check Error:       file /etc/php.ini from install of php-common-5.1.6-24.el5_4.5.x86_64 conflicts with file from package php-5.3.24-7.x86_64      And just to verify:               # yum list php     Installed Packages     php.x86_64                          5.3.24-7                           installed      Can we get around it? A few attempts follow               # yum install php-pecl-zip --skip-broken     Transaction Check Error:       file /etc/php.ini from install of php-common-5.1.6-24.el5_4.5.x86_64 conflicts with file from package php-5.3.24-7.x86_64      Skip broken does nothing               # yum install php-pecl-zip --skip-broken --exclude=php-common     php-pecl-zip-1.8.10-2.el5.x86_64 from epel has depsolving problems       --> Missing Dependency: php-api = 20041225 is needed by package php-pecl-zip-1.8.10-2.el5.x86_64 (epel)     Packages skipped because of dependency problems:         php-pecl-zip-1.8.10-2.el5.x86_64 from epel      Excluding the package doesn't help               # yum install php-pecl-zip --skip-broken --exclude=php-common --exclude=php-api     php-pecl-zip-1.8.10-2.el5.x86_64 from epel has depsolving problems       --> Missing Dependency: php-api = 20041225 is needed by package php-pecl-zip-1.8.10-2.el5.x86_64 (epel)          Packages skipped because of dependency problems:         php-pecl-zip-1.8.10-2.el5.x86_64 from epel      Can we install an underlying dependency?               # yum install php-api     Package php-common is obsoleted by lift-php, trying to install lift-php-5.3.24-10.x86_64 instead     Resolving Dependencies     --> Running transaction check     ---> Package lift-php.x86_64 0:5.3.24-10 set to be updated     --> Processing Conflict: lift-php conflicts php     --> Finished Dependency Resolution     lift-php-5.3.24-10.x86_64 from COMPANY-codex-released has depsolving problems       --> lift-php conflicts with php     Error: lift-php conflicts with php      This is where the dependency loop starts. You'll notice we have COMPANY-codex- released repos that are in play.               # yum install php-api --skip-broken     Package php-common is obsoleted by lift-php, trying to install lift-php-5.3.24-10.x86_64 instead     Resolving Dependencies     --> Running transaction check     ---> Package lift-php.x86_64 0:5.3.24-10 set to be updated     --> Processing Conflict: lift-php conflicts php     --> Finished Dependency Resolution     lift-php-5.3.24-10.x86_64 from COMPANY-codex-released has depsolving problems       --> lift-php conflicts with php          Packages skipped because of dependency problems:         lift-php-5.3.24-10.x86_64 from COMPANY-codex-released      Exclude lift-php?               # yum install php-api --exclude=lift-php     ================================================================================      Package           Arch          Version                   Repository      Size     ================================================================================     Installing:      php-common        x86_64        5.1.6-24.el5_4.5          updates        152 k      No. So I think YUM is in a dependency loop. I also did some silly stuff installing a new EPEL repo, but then yum couldn't resolve any mirrors, so I had to uninstall it. I'm not sure those were symmetric actions, either. The first time I did this I also had to do `yum install autoconf` **Install downloaded file with PEAR**   So I went to http://pecl.php.net/package/zip and got a download, scp'd it up to my machine.               # pear install -O /home/produser/zip-1.12.4.tgz      PHP Warning:  PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library '/usr/lib/php/20090626/php_zip.dll' - /usr/lib/php/20090626/php_zip.dll: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory in Unknown on line 0     96 source files, building     running: phpize     Configuring for:     PHP Api Version:         20090626     Zend Module Api No:      20090626     Zend Extension Api No:   220090626     building in /var/tmp/pear-build-rootZ3jpba/zip-1.12.4     running: /var/tmp/zip/configure     checking for egrep... grep -E     checking for a sed that does not truncate output... /bin/sed     checking for cc... cc     checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out     checking whether the C compiler works... yes     checking whether we are cross compiling... no     checking for suffix of executables...     checking for suffix of object files... o     checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes     checking whether cc accepts -g... yes     checking for cc option to accept ANSI C... none needed     checking how to run the C preprocessor... cc -E     checking for icc... no     checking for suncc... no     checking whether cc understands -c and -o together... yes     checking for system library directory... lib     checking if compiler supports -R... no     checking if compiler supports -Wl,-rpath,... yes     checking build system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu     checking host system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu     checking target system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu     checking for PHP prefix... /usr     checking for PHP includes... -I/usr/include/php -I/usr/include/php/main -I/usr/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/include/php/Zend -I/usr/include/php/ext -I/usr/include/php/ext/date/lib     checking for PHP extension directory... /usr/lib/php/20090626     checking for PHP installed headers prefix... /usr/include/php     checking if debug is enabled... no     checking if zts is enabled... no     checking for re2c... no     configure: WARNING: You will need re2c 0.13.4 or later if you want to regenerate PHP parsers.     checking for gawk... gawk     checking for zip archive read/writesupport... yes, shared     checking for the location of libz... no     checking pcre install prefix... no     checking libzip... no     checking for the location of zlib... configure: error: zip support requires ZLIB. Use --with-zlib-dir=<DIR> to specify prefix where ZLIB include and library are located     ERROR: `/var/tmp/zip/configure' failed      So those first couple of warnings are actually new. Never seen them before just now. Maybe that's a new lead. (EDIT: I think this startup error is because I went into `/etc/php.ini` and uncommented `extension=php_zip.dll`. When I comment that line back out, it goes away.) But zlib is there:               # yum install zlib     Loaded plugins: fastestmirror     Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile     Excluding Packages in global exclude list     Finished     Excluding Packages from CentOS-5 - Plus     Finished     Setting up Install Process     Package zlib-1.2.3-3.x86_64 already installed and latest version     Nothing to do        **EDIT:**               # rpm -ql zlib     /usr/lib64/libz.so.1     /usr/lib64/libz.so.1.2.3     /usr/share/doc/zlib-1.2.3     /usr/share/doc/zlib-1.2.3/README          # tar xzf zip-1.12.4.tgz     # cd zip-1.12.4     # phpize     # ./configure --with-zlib-dir=/usr/lib64/libz.so.1     configure: error: Can not find zlib headers under "/usr/lib64/libz.so.1"     # ./configure --with-zlib-dir=/usr/lib64/libz.so.1.2.3     configure: error: Can not find zlib headers under "/usr/lib64/libz.so.1.2.3"     # ./configure --with-zlib-dir=/usr/share/doc/zlib-1.2.3 #not that i expect this one to work     configure: error: Can not find zlib headers under "/usr/share/doc/zlib-1.2.3"     # ./configure --with-zlib-dir=/usr/share/doc/zlib-1.2.3/README #not that i expect this one to work     configure: error: Can not find zlib headers under "/usr/share/doc/zlib-1.2.3/README"      So even though the package manager says that's the location of zlib, and I've started compiling the thing by hand, it still doesn't work. Reinstall zlib? Seems to execute fine               # yum reinstall zlib     Downloading Packages:     zlib-1.2.3-3.x86_64.rpm                                  |  51 kB     00:00          Running rpm_check_debug     Running Transaction Test     Finished Transaction Test     Transaction Test Succeeded     Running Transaction       Erasing        : zlib                                                     1/2        Installing     : zlib                                                     1/2           Removed:       zlib.x86_64 0:1.2.3-3                                                                   Installed:       zlib.x86_64 0:1.2.3-3                                                                   Complete!      **EDIT**   Thanks to these guys: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=692704 I realized I needed to install zlib-devel instead. And just for good measure, to remove one of my warnings, I also did re2c.               # yum install zlib-devel     Success          # pear install zip-1.12.4.tgz      make: *** [php_zip.lo] Error 1     ERROR: `make' failed          # yum install re2c     Success          # pear install zip-1.12.4.tgz      ...       creating libtool     appending configuration tag "CXX" to libtool     configure: creating ./config.status     config.status: creating config.h     running: make     /bin/sh /var/tmp/pear-build-root4xHrWH/zip-1.12.4/libtool --mode=compile cc  -I. -I/var/tmp/zip -DPHP_ATOM_INC -I/var/tmp/pear-build-root4xHrWH/zip-1.12.4/include -I/var/tmp/pear-build-root4xHrWH/zip-1.12.4/main -I/var/tmp/zip -I/usr/include/php -I/usr/include/php/main -I/usr/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/include/php/Zend -I/usr/include/php/ext -I/usr/include/php/ext/date/lib -I/var/tmp/zip/lib  -DHAVE_CONFIG_H  -g -O2   -c /var/tmp/zip/php_zip.c -o php_zip.lo     mkdir .libs      cc -I. -I/var/tmp/zip -DPHP_ATOM_INC -I/var/tmp/pear-build-root4xHrWH/zip-1.12.4/include -I/var/tmp/pear-build-root4xHrWH/zip-1.12.4/main -I/var/tmp/zip -I/usr/include/php -I/usr/include/php/main -I/usr/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/include/php/Zend -I/usr/include/php/ext -I/usr/include/php/ext/date/lib -I/var/tmp/zip/lib -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -g -O2 -c /var/tmp/zip/php_zip.c  -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/php_zip.o     In file included from /var/tmp/zip/php_zip.c:30:     /usr/include/php/ext/pcre/php_pcre.h:29:18: error: pcre.h: No such file or directory     In file included from /var/tmp/zip/php_zip.c:30:     /usr/include/php/ext/pcre/php_pcre.h:37: error: expected ‘=’, ‘,’, ‘;’, ‘asm’ or ‘__attribute__’ before ‘*’ token     /usr/include/php/ext/pcre/php_pcre.h:38: error: expected ‘=’, ‘,’, ‘;’, ‘asm’ or ‘__attribute__’ before ‘*’ token     /usr/include/php/ext/pcre/php_pcre.h:44: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before ‘pcre’     /var/tmp/zip/php_zip.c: In function ‘php_zip_pcre’:     /var/tmp/zip/php_zip.c:672: error: ‘pcre’ undeclared (first use in this function)     /var/tmp/zip/php_zip.c:672: error: (Each undeclared identifier is reported only once     /var/tmp/zip/php_zip.c:672: error: for each function it appears in.)     /var/tmp/zip/php_zip.c:672: error: ‘re’ undeclared (first use in this function)     /var/tmp/zip/php_zip.c:673: error: ‘pcre_extra’ undeclared (first use in this function)     make: *** [php_zip.lo] Error 1     ERROR: `make' failed      **EDIT**   Now these guys (http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux- software-2/install-zip-extension-using-pear-840755/) say               # yum install pcre-devel      which doesn't quite work for me, but               # yum install COMPANY-pcre-devel      works fine               # pear install zip-1.12.4.tgz       same make error. **EDIT**   http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/red-hat-31/rpm-error-cannot-create- sourcedir-165733/ http://rpm.pbone.net/index.php3/stat/26/dist/55/size/571124/name/pcre-6.6-2.el5_1.7.src.rpm               # yum install rpm-build     # rpmbuild --rebuild pcre-6.6-2.el5_1.7.src.rpm  # manually downloaded this exact version of the rpm     TONS of output, but the tests all passed, so it seems to have worked...     # cd /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/x86_64     # rpm -ivh pcre-devel-6.6-2.7.x86_64.rpm      # yum list installed | grep pcre     pcre.x86_64                                  6.6-2.7                   installed     pcre-devel.x86_64                                  6.6-2.7                   installed      BOOM! Another dependency down.               # cd dir/to/manually/uploaded/zip.tgz     # pear install zip-1.12.4.tgz           Build process completed successfully     Installing '/usr/lib/php/20090626/zip.so'     install ok: channel://pecl.php.net/zip-1.12.4     configuration option "php_ini" is not set to php.ini location     You should add "extension=zip.so" to php.ini      Yes sir.               # vi /etc/php.ini     add extension=zip.so


title: Difference between command line argument and giving an input command

text: What is the difference between `@ARGV` and asking the user for input?               $num = $ARGV[0];      and               $_ = <STDIN>;      Either way a user has to put an input isn't it? How are they different?


title: Broadcom or Modem wireless connection problem

text: I have a BMC42142 wireless adaptor               lspci -vnn | grep 14e4:     02:00.0 Network controller [0280]: Broadcom Corporation BCM43142 802.11b/g/n [14e4:4365] (rev 01)      and I can't connect to the wireless lan. I'm using `wl` drivers               sudo lspci -vnn -d 14e4:     02:00.0 Network controller [0280]: Broadcom Corporation BCM43142 802.11b/g/n [14e4:4365] (rev 01)         Subsystem: Lenovo Device [17aa:0611]         Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 17         Memory at d0400000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=32K]         Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 3         Capabilities: [58] Vendor Specific Information: Len=78 <?>         Capabilities: [48] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+         Capabilities: [d0] Express Endpoint, MSI 00         Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting         Capabilities: [13c] Virtual Channel         Capabilities: [160] Device Serial Number 00-00-a2-ff-ff-f5-00-90         Capabilities: [16c] Power Budgeting <?>         Kernel driver in use: wl      My wireless modem is TP-Link TD864W and I share this information 'cause I cannot say for sure whether the problem is caused by my adapter or by the modem. Here are the symptoms:   1. I cannot connect to my wireless modem from my laptop. It stays in the "connecting" status.   2. But my android tablet can connect to it.   3. I can connect to my neighbor's modem and even a wireless printer two floors down.  What I've tried:   1. I tried to connect by disabling DHCP and choosing a static IP. This time it says "connected" but I could not browse any sites.


title: Installing OpenMediaVault without keyboard and monitor

text: So I got the parts to my server delivered and assembled it. Now I have the problem that I don't have access to a monitor or keyboard and would like to install OMV to my server. I plan on running the OS from an USB stick (I know this is not recommended, but I got a SLC based stick, so it should be fine). I have a MacBook that's running OS X, could I setup the USB here and move it to the server and then just boot it there? Otherwise I guess I could use some sort of preseed file for headless installation, but I'm not well-versed in unix enviroments so I'm not sure how I should set it up. From what I gather I need to get the install iso on an USB and use that to install to another USB, is this possible to set up with a preseed file? I think OMV locks the OS drive, so ideally the stick should be split (1GB OS – 7GB Storage) so that the one half can be used for storing plugins and other stuff. On a sidenote, found this while looking for help/guides:   https://gist.github.com/ngnpope/3806732 Can I benefit from this in some way?


title: Usefulness of @ARGV in Perl

text: What is the difference between using just normal arrays and the special array (command line argument)? Normal array: `@num(1,2,3,4)`, and you can use `$num[0]`, etc Special array: you have to use `@ARGV`, and becomes `$ARGV[0]`, etc. Is it similar to `while (<>)`? What is the whole purpose of using `@ARGV` instead of a normal array?


title: tmux.conf: Prefix depends on whether session is remote

text: I'm trying to run tmux sessions inside and outside of a remote ssh session, so I want to use c-b prefix for the outer (local) session and c-a prefix inner (remote) session. My question is how can it be done with a single tmux.conf. It's easy to check with bash if the session is remote using something like `[ -n "$SSH_CLIENT" ]`, but I don't know how to reliably incorporate this into tmux.conf, given that `if` appears to be asynchronous and subject to race conditions.


title: Unable to run a device in GenyMotion emulator

text: I have installed GenyMotion and its dependencies(Virtual Box, ...) from AUR. Now I'm trying to run a device in GenyMotion emulator but gets me following error: > Unable to load VirtualBox engine. Make sure that you have installed it > correctly before starting Genymotion. For more information refer to: > https://cloud.genymotion.com/page/faq/#vbox ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/YyWmX.png) **P.S :** You can see the log content in `~/.Genymobile/genymotion-player.log` :               Jan 7 13:19:58 [Genymotion Player] [Error] VBoxManage ("hostonlyif", "create") returns 1      Jan 7 13:19:58 [Genymotion Player] [Error] Output command: "0%...     Progress state: NS_ERROR_FAILURE     VBoxManage: error: Failed to create the host-only adapter     VBoxManage: error: VBoxNetAdpCtl: Error while adding new interface: failed to open /dev/vboxnetctl: No such file or directory     VBoxManage: error: Details: code NS_ERROR_FAILURE (0x80004005), component HostNetworkInterface, interface IHostNetworkInterface     VBoxManage: error: Context: "int handleCreate(HandlerArg*, int, int*)" at line 66 of file VBoxManageHostonly.cpp"


title: Drive was unable to assemble into the array

text: I ran               mdadm -A /dev/md0 /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1      Only `/dev/sdb1` was loaded into the array though. I have a few more arrays on the same two drives too. Each time the partition on `sda` failed. `dmesg` told me that `sda` was out of sync... Since this was from a rescue cd. I've disconnected `sda` (hardware wise) for the time being, since it was preventing me from booting. How should I proceed? Is this likely the cause of a borked drive? I had some weird fs issues the other day I couldn't track down (maybe a precursor): missing files that later magically re-appeared. Maybe a missing cable? The main question is how do I try to re-sync the drive?               cat /proc/mdstat     Personalities : [raid10]      md3 : active raid10 sda4[1]           955683840 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]          md2 : active raid10 sda3[1]           10483712 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]          md1 : active raid10 sda2[1]           10484736 blocks 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]          md0 : active raid10 sda1[1]           101376 blocks 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]          unused devices: <none>      _update_ I ran `badblocks` on the whole other drive, and a long `smartctl` test, it found no problems. a request output of `mdadm -D /dev/md0` _(I have md0-3 if others are needed)_               /dev/md0:             Version : 0.90       Creation Time : Mon May 31 20:24:14 2010          Raid Level : raid10          Array Size : 101376 (99.02 MiB 103.81 MB)       Used Dev Size : 101376 (99.02 MiB 103.81 MB)        Raid Devices : 2       Total Devices : 1     Preferred Minor : 0         Persistence : Superblock is persistent              Update Time : Mon Oct 25 07:58:25 2010               State : clean, degraded      Active Devices : 1     Working Devices : 1      Failed Devices : 0       Spare Devices : 0                   Layout : far=2          Chunk Size : 512K                     UUID : 30ffe1d2:f5759995:820bb796:b5530bd2 (local to host slave-iv)              Events : 0.212              Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State            0       0        0        0      removed            1       8        1        1      active sync   /dev/sda1      Since I've found no actual issues with the drive, but obviously something went wrong, I'm wondering what I should do next? _as of today a full backup of important data is in place_ _update 2_ Whenever I try to add what was `sda` back in (at least without wiping it) it screw's up my boot process with a kernel magic number error. I'm guessing because the kernel version got out of sync. currently this drive is in an external enclosure as `sdd`. Should I re-add (re-sync) this drive while it's connected via usb? will that 'cause problems?               df     Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on     udev                   10M  284K  9.8M   3% /dev     /dev/md1              9.9G  7.0G  2.4G  75% /     shm                   3.0G  1.5M  3.0G   1% /dev/shm     /dev/md0               96M   15M   77M  16% /boot     /dev/md2              9.9G  6.5G  3.0G  69% /var     /dev/md3              898G  451G  402G  53% /home     none                  1.0G   45M  980M   5% /tmp     /dev/sdb1             992M   36M  956M   4% /media/D4A4-B7C1      each md drive has an sda/sdb corresponding. it was the sda drive (or 0 drive) in the array that I had to pull.


title: libpcrecpp.so.0 error in 64bit

text: I'm trying to execute a file and it throws this error               error while loading shared libraries: libpcrecpp.so.0: cannot open shared object file:     No such file or directory      I browse Synaptic Packge Manager and found this `libpcrecpp0`. I installed it and run the executable again but the same error shows. I also installed ia32libs thinking it needs 32 libs. System: Linux Mint 15 Olivia 64bit


title: Setup linux cluster like Windows with CentOS or Ubuntu?

text: Along the lines of this MSDN article, how would you setup a pair of Ubuntu or CentOS (or RHEL) servers in a cluster so they appear to hosted applications as a single server, but will continue to work even if a node in the cluster becomes inoperable (or needs maintenance, etc)? I presume this is possible.


title: Cancel completion, but only completion, in zsh

text: When a completion function takes a long time, I can interrupt it by pressing `Ctrl`+`C` (terminal interrupt key, sends SIGINT) or `Ctrl`+`G` (bound to `send-break`). I am then left with the uncompleted word. However, if I happen to hit `Ctrl`+`C` or `Ctrl`+`G` just as the completion function finishes, my key press may cancel the command line and give me a fresh prompt instead of cancelling the completion. How can I set up zsh so that a certain key will cancel an ongoing completion but do nothing if no completion function is active?


title: Using 'find' for recursive search and delete

text: My queston is kind off a basic * nautilus at time cant do well at recursive search & related operations... I want to search files having name libre in them & then delete them... I am half done here & cant find a relaiable way to delete files especially when filenames have white spaces in them...               find -iname *libre*      this will search the files but lets say a file is 'Libre Office Word' now it has white spaces can you guide how to delete such files too?


title: How would I go about making this IPTABLE rule for every ip and not just one?

text: iptables -I PREROUTING -t nat -p udp -s 192.168.0.62 --dport 53 -j DNAT --to-destination 23.21.182.24      Instead of 192.168.0.62 I'd like to set that as a global rule, EVERY ip that needs dns should attempt to use 23.21.182.24 first. Is it possible?


title: Why does skype not pick up my microphone?

text: I've got `skype` running (32 bit mode) on Slackware64 -- the sound is fine but my mic is not able to be detected. KMIX shows that my mic is enabled, and I can hear myself when I test it. Some notifications I get in Konsole when starting `skype` are below:               ALSA lib conf.c:4692:(snd_config_expand) Unknown parameters CARD=PCH     ALSA lib control.c:953:(snd_ctl_open_noupdate) Invalid CTL default:CARD=PCH      EDIT -- Added screenshot. ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/bEDd7.png) Here is my ALSA mixer. If I turn the Front Mic all the way up, I can hear myself speaking through my output device. I have kept it down all the way so I don't hear myself. ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/plNnL.png) Edit -- Another snapshot of AlsaMixer ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/xbf9m.png)


title: Use _roff to underline words

text: I currently have a file that I'd like to pass through a `_roff` to format with underline a few words in the file, and then view the file in `less`. Just a few, mind you, not whole sections or anything. **How do i underline specific words in a file with`_roff`?** NB: I know I have groff and nroff.   NNB: I don't know a whole lot about type formatting.


title: How to use the ul command line utility

text: I wanted to answer http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3043/use-roff-to- underline-words with "just use ul, this command is meant specifically for underlining text", however I just can't grasp how to use it. I thought               $ echo "hello _kitty_ world" > /tmp/foo.txt     $ ul /tmp/foo.txt      would give me an underlined "kitty", however it doesn't. What am I doing wrong?


title: What is the difference between the packages postgresql and postgresql-9.n?

text: I know that packages `postgresql-9.1`, `postgresql-9.2` etc., are packages for Postgresql database versions 9.1 and 9.2 and so on. What I don't know is what the package `postgresql` is for? Does installing this package install whatever is the latest version in the current release in the distribution? If yes or not, what is its purpose? The closest questions I could find here is this one, Why do package names contain version numbers? and it doesn't answer my question appropriately.


title: How to use wildcards (*) when copying with scp?

text: Why can't I copy with scp when I'm using `*` characters in the path?               scp SERVERNAME:/DIR/* .      What configs do SCP need to allow `*` in the path? UPDATE: the problem is not on server side, pscp is trying to use SCPv1, and that's why the error message: ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/AWxRl.png)


title: rsync specific directories

text: Below are the directories of my directory structure. I only want to run `rsync` on the content under the archive directory of any subdirectory and exclude everything else:               ./     ap/     ap/aploader/     ap/aploader/archive/     ap/as400/     ap/as400/archive/     ce/     ce/archive/     edi/     edi/810/     edi/810/archive/     fin/     fin/adp/     fin/adp/archive/     gl/     gl/adp/     gl/adp/archive/     gl/as400/     gl/as400/archive/     gl/dcb/     gl/dcb/archive/     om/     om/pricelist/     om/pricelist/archive/     om/sygma/     om/sygma/archive/      The source and destination directories have the same directory structure but only archive directory need to `rsync`. For example: Everything under `/xx/inbound/om/pricelist/archive` needs to be copied to `/yy/inbound/om/pricelist/archive` and `xx/inbound/om/sygma/archive` needs to be copied to `/yy/inbound/om/sygma/archive`, and so on... I tried the following which doesn't work as I want it to:               rsync --include '**archive/***' --exclude '*' -avzh -avzh /xx/inbound/ /yy/inbound


title: How to show lines after each grep match until other specific match?

text: I know that by using the `"-A NUM"` switch I can print specific number of trailing lines after each match. I am just wondering if it's possible to print trailing lines until a specific word is found after each match. e.g. When I search for "Word A" I want to see the line containing "Word A" and also the lines after it until the one containing "Word D". context:               Word A     Word B     Word C     Word D     Word E     Word F      command:               grep -A10 'Word A'      I need this output:               Word A     Word B     Word C     Word D


title: Driver for Validity sensor 138a:0018

text: Does anyone know a driver which supports Validity sensor in HP Pavilion dv6 Notebook? I'm running Linux Mint 16 Cinnamon. If there isn't any driver, can I run the Windows version of the driver for it on Wine? This is the `lsusb` output.               chinmaya@chinmaya-HP-dv6 ~ $ lsusb     Bus 002 Device 002: ID 8087:0024 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub     Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub      Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub     Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub     Bus 001 Device 004: ID 04f2:b252 Chicony Electronics Co., Ltd      Bus 001 Device 003: ID 138a:0018 Validity Sensors, Inc. Fingerprint scanner     Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:0024 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub     Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub


title: How to remove cache device from bcache?

text: I believe, that once I made sure my cache device state is "clean":               $ sudo cat /sys/block/bcache0/bcache/state      I can just physically remove it from the machine when it is powered off or boot with liveCD and clean the superblock with:               $ sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=<backing device for cache> bs=1024 count=1024      But I cannot find anywhere a confirmation, that this procedure wouldn't mess anything up.


title: ide and pci bus commands

text: Is the ide interface also a bus? Is there a command like lspci or lsusb, to find out what devices are on the ide bus? Sources seem to contradict eachother. I'm asking this question here because of the need to know how to explore the bus in linux, but I would also like to make sure I understand what it is to begin with. Would that there is command like lssata as well?


title: "find: .: No such file or directory" while using find on the current directory

text: Find command seems not to work at all. For example, I'm in a directory where there absolutely is file named index.php and I execute this:               [root@server htdocs]# find . -name "index.php"     find: .: No such file or directory      I always get this no such file or directory error. No matter what path I define, or what file I search for, I always get this error. I'm pretty sure that I'm overlooking something very simple. Can someone point out what I'm doing wrong?               [root@server htdocs]# pwd     /srv/www/htdocs     [root@server htdocs]# type -a find     find is /usr/bin/find     [root@server htdocs]# ls -la | grep index.php     -rw-rw-r--  1 andris users  413 Sep  1  2013 index.php     [root@server htdocs]# find . -name "index.php"     find: .: No such file or directory     [root@server htdocs]# find .     .     find: .: No such file or directory          [root@server htdocs]# stat .       File: `.'       Size: 4096            Blocks: 8          IO Block: 4096   directory     Device: ca00h/51712d    Inode: 155686      Links: 12     Access: (0775/drwxrwxr-x)  Uid: (  504/  andris)   Gid: (  100/   users)     Access: 2014-06-17 19:37:22.000000000 +0000     Modify: 2014-06-08 21:06:16.000000000 +0000     Change: 2014-06-08 21:06:16.000000000 +0000          [root@server htdocs]# find --version     GNU find version 4.2.27     Features enabled: D_TYPE O_NOFOLLOW(enabled) LEAF_OPTIMISATION SELINUX      `strace find .` output: https://gist.github.com/andrisp/f3adaf740548eead33da               [root@server htdocs]# find . -noleaf -name "index.php"     find: .: No such file or directory


title: Disabling power management

text: I am running Cubieez on a Cubieboard2, I need to disable screen saver and power management, I've followed several tutorials about but none seems to work, I've written:               xset s off.     xset -dpms     xset s noblank     exec /etc/alternatives/x-session-manager      In `~/.xinitrc` but the board keeps going to blank. What's more interesting is that if I enter `xset -dpms` in the command line it works and stops the power management, so I wonder is if it really reading the `~/.xinitrc` file.


title: Invoking memory compaction on linux 2.6.35 kernels and beyond

text: This LWN article about memory compaction indicates that memory compaction can be invoked in the linux kernel by > Writing a node number to /proc/sys/vm/compact_node, causing compaction to > happen on the indicated NUMA node. When should I write the node number to the sys entry? I mean what should I detect or read and then write the node to the sys entry? What should be my criteria and how should I measure that criteria before writing to the sys entry? > (…) The other is for the system to fail in an attempt to allocate a higher- > order page; in this case, compaction will run as a preferable alternative to > freeing pages through direct reclaim. In the absence of an explicit trigger, > the compaction algorithm will stay idle; there is a cost to moving pages > around which is best avoided if it is not needed. What is meant by allowing the system to fail? Fail in what way? How can I detect that failure ? By failure does it mean simple request for allocating a higher order page, which was denied ? In this case is the compaction algorithm run automatically, by itself? My requirement: I'd like to trigger memory compaction by getting an idea of system state and memory fragmentation on the system. And I'd like to know for sure that compaction will help before actually running it.


title: What is the "~/" directory?

text: I'm trying to locate where some files are stored and I can easily browse to them via ssh by going to "cd ~/foldername", however, I have no idea what directory "~/" actually is. When I browse around folders via WinSCP (yes, I'm a Windows admin), I can't seem to locate this folder at all. This is probably the most "noob" question I've ever asked but I've been having a tough time Googling it due to the length and it not actually coming up. **Note:** I'm using Amazon Linux on EC2 if it makes any difference. Thanks in advance.


title: Ubuntu 12 installation - partitions

text: I want to install Ubuntu 12 and I would like to partition my hard drive so that the OS lives in its own partition and the data in a different one. Thus if the system breaks for some reason, the data will remain intact. Is there a better way of doing this?


title: Compress zip files with higher compression

text: I have a large number of zip files that were compressed using the zip command. I would like to recompress them with the -9 flag to improve the compression ratio. Does anyone know if that can be done without manually decompressing and then compressing. PS. I need to keep them as zip files since they are served to windows users( and as such have white spaces in their names)


title: Set environment variable for all of tmux shells when gnome-sessions gets restarted

text: To solve this problem, I need to set the environment variable `DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS` for all shells inside `tmux` every time I restart gnome without restarting tmux (this is often). How can I best solve this?   * I cannot cleanly change another processes' environment.   * I cannot send a command to every pane   * I could set the environment variable in my `PROMPT_COMMAND`. It means I need to press `Enter` before I can run gnome applications. It's ugly and overkill.   * I could set the environment variable by executing a command before every command, but that's a bit overkill. Is there another way to fix this in a cleaner way?


title: Which process updates /proc/scsi/scsi?

text: I wrote C that displays info about my hardware on ubuntu. Now I wonder how I can make it more flexible such as querying the hardware directly instead of the file the os updates. So I think I can look what write to `/proc/scsi/scsi` and do the same so that this code can work also on unices who could have other method than a /proc/scsi/scsi and so that I can learn how to display hardware information.               #include <stdio.h>     #include <stdlib.h>     int main()     {        char ch, file_name[25] = "/proc/scsi/scsi";        FILE *fp;         fp = fopen(file_name,"r"); // read mode         if( fp == NULL )        {           perror("Error while opening the file.\n");           exit(EXIT_FAILURE);        }         printf("The contents of %s file are :\n", file_name);         while( ( ch = fgetc(fp) ) != EOF )           printf("%c",ch);         fclose(fp);        return 0;     }      For me it looked like this               $ cc driveinfo.c;./a.out      The contents of /proc/scsi/scsi file are :     Attached devices:     Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00       Vendor: ATA      Model: WDC WD2500JS-75N Rev: 10.0       Type:   Direct-Access                    ANSI  SCSI revision: 05     Host: scsi1 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00       Vendor: ATA      Model: ST3250824AS      Rev: 3.AD       Type:   Direct-Access                    ANSI  SCSI revision: 05     Host: scsi2 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00       Vendor: TSSTcorp Model: DVD+-RW TS-H653A Rev: D300       Type:   CD-ROM                           ANSI  SCSI revision: 05     Host: scsi3 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00       Vendor: Optiarc  Model: DVD-ROM DDU1681S Rev: 102A       Type:   CD-ROM                           ANSI  SCSI revision: 05     Host: scsi4 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00       Vendor: Lexar    Model: USB Flash Drive  Rev: 1100       Type:   Direct-Access                    ANSI  SCSI revision: 00     Host: scsi5 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00       Vendor: WD       Model: 5000AAKB Externa Rev: l108       Type:   Direct-Access                    ANSI  SCSI revision: 00      Can it run on other unices e.g. bsd? How can I make it run on ms-windows? Can I query the hardware directly instead of the file `/proc/scsi/scsi` ?


title: How to execute grep in tcl for getting XYZ-123 type pattern

text: How can I execute this grep command in TCL? `grep '[A-Z][A-Z][A-Z]\\-[0-9][0-9][0-9]' file1 > file2`


title: wheezy maven install

text: I have wheezy installed from a pen drive. Updated things and thought I had got `maven` and `eclipse`. But `maven` projects would not compile. I uninstalled all the `maven` programs I could find in Add/remove software. That was 2 days back. Now can't remember what I removed and anyway fear something was missing. What -all- do I need to install to get `maven` working with java projects--run from command line and eclipse? Should I reinstall eclipse/STS? What I tried : downloaded libmaven-install-plugin-java_2.3-4_all.deb' Tried to install :                dpkg -i libmaven-install-plugin-java_2.3-4_all.deb  Output: > Selecting previously unselected package libmaven-install-plugin-java. > (Reading database ... 133826 files and directories currently installed.) > Unpacking libmaven-install-plugin-java (from .../libmaven-install-plugin- > java_2.3-4_all.deb) ... dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of > libmaven-install-plugin-java: libmaven-install-plugin-java depends on > libmaven2-core-java; however: Package libmaven2-core-java is not installed. > libmaven-install-plugin-java depends on libplexus-digest-java; however: > Package libplexus-digest-java is not installed. > > dpkg: error processing libmaven-install-plugin-java (--install): dependency > problems - leaving unconfigured Errors were encountered while processing: > libmaven-install-plugin-java


title: How can I get the first column of a 300GB txt file?

text: let me first explain my problem in detail. It's actually pretty simple. I have a huge .txt file, 300GB to be more preciese, and I would like to put all the distinct strings from the first column, that match my pattern into a different .txt file.               awk '{print $1}' file_name | grep -o '/ns/.*' | awk '!seen[$0]++' > test1.txt      This is what I've tried, and as far as I can see it works fine but the problem is that after some time I get the following error:               awk: program limit exceeded: maximum number of fields size=32767         FILENAME="file_name" FNR=117897124 NR=117897124      Any suggestions for parsing through a file this big?


title: How do I create this symbolic link in Unix?

text: I want to run gmake when I run make, so I am creating a symbolic link. My gmake is inside `/usr/local/dist`. My make is inisde `/usr/ccs/bin`. Is this the correct command: `ln -s /usr/local/dist/gmake /usr/ccs/bin/make` My confusion is, do I even care about `/usr/ccs/bin/make`? I am making a symbolic link so if I type "make" anywhere it should just run gmake at `/usr/local/dist` right? So should the command be: `ln -s /usr/local/dist/gmake make`?


title: Does perf includes some "graphing" abilities?

text: It's possible to create a bitmap or a vector image out of the data collected by the `perf` profiler under linux ?


title: How to authenticate a user with PAM, that is not the user that started the application

text: I'm currently developing an authentication module for an application. The decision was made to do this by using PAM. I have made this work but it can only authenticate the user that started the application. This means that if I started the application as the user 'appname' the authentication only tells me it is successful if the user is 'appname' and not 'some_user' If I su to that 'some_user' and started the application in that terminal then I can authenticate 'some_user' but not 'appname' I turned on the debug flag for pam_unix in common-auth. Resulting in the following output when it rejects:               unix_chkpwd[4107]: check pass; user unknown     unix_chkpwd[4107]: password check failed for user (pamtest)     [app]: pam_unix(other:auth): authentication failure; logname=[appname] uid=1000 euid=1000 tty= ruser=[appname] rhost=  user=pamtest


title: Creating a local workspace for development/testing

text: I want to be able to `mount`, say /home/$USER/workspace to /usr/local/workspace. Right now I'm using the python package pyfilesystem which uses `fuse` to do that. My problem is, that inside that mount I am not able to create `symlinks`. I don't even need symlinks going outside the mount, but even a symlink that normally is created for a shared library during compilation, will not be created inside the mount. So I'm either looking for a totally different approach, or a tool (preferably written in `Python`) that does exactly what `pyfilesystem` is doing and supports the creation of symlinks. Further constraints:   * Using a simple symlink instead of a mount does not work for me as the mounted directory will actually be inside a `chroot`.   * Mounting must not require root privileges.   * Changing `fstab` is not an option.   * Thus using `mount bind` is not an option.


title: How to set Linux to ask for authentication when running potentially dangerous commands?

text: I've faced times when I accidentally ran dangerous commands and lost all my data. How do I set Linux to ask for current user password or root user password when running potentially dangerous commands like `rm -rf .` or `rm -rf /` and many other?


title: How to prevent shutdown when an SSH user is logged in?

text: I'm administrating a networked environment and I had an interesting situation arise yesterday. When a host is required to shutdown by a regular user, it refuses to do so if other users are logged in locally. This, however, is not the case when other users are logged in via SSH. If one user is logged in locally and one user is logged in via SSH and the locally logged in user attempts shutdown it succeeds without even a warning and the other user's SSH connection is abruptly terminated. My question is, is there a way to prevent this like the policy does for local users? I have already looked at the man page for `sshd_config` and couldn't find anything that seems related. * * * **EDIT (Additional info.):** There are 4 OS's on the network: Mandriva 2009, Mandriva 2010.2, Mandriva 2011 and Ubuntu 11.04. The specific case I'm referring to had the SSH user on a Mandriva 2009 host and the local user on a Mandriva 2011 host. Mandriva 2009 hosts use the GNOME 2.28 environment, 2010.2 hosts use GNOME 2.32, 2011 hosts use KDE Plasma and the Ubuntu 11.04 hosts use Unity. * * * **Update** As I noted in this question, I have looked into `polkit` actions under `/usr/share/polkit-1/actions/` and found (in the file `org.freedesktop.consolekit.policy`) an action called `org.freedesktop.consolekit.system.stop-multiple-users` that throws the message               System policy prevents stopping the system when other users are logged in      I'm thinking (due to the `org.freedesktop.*` naming convention) that this is some kind of signal sent to the DM via D-BUS. I think that if I can find out what signal triggers this `polkit` action, I should be able to modify its behavior. Any ideas? * * * **Update 2** I tried a little experiment today and it gave me very strange results. I tried logging in via SSH to one box and made sure no other users were logged in on any VTs. If I choose to `Shutdown` from the "Actions" menu of GDM, I get the long-awaited policy message informing me that it's impossible to do so without authentication as other users are logged in. **However** , if I use GDM to locally log in and choose to shut down the box from GNOME's menu, the SSH session is clobbered as before. How is this possible? Is the behavior different when I initiate a `shutdown` request from GDM than when I initiate it from within a `gnome-session`? Does that tell anybody anything that can help me solve the problem?


title: Mac OS X: Terminal Prompt Username

text: I'm using Mac OS Snow Leopard (v10.6.8). I've changed the account name under `System Preferences > System > Accounts > Full Name`. However, that does not change the username on the terminal prompt. That is, by changing the `export PS1` to, for example, `\u`, the username remains the old one. I did not rename the home directory under `/Users/username`, but I was hoping it would be possible just to change that particular username on the terminal (I think it is called short name).


title: SSH public key authentication works on LAN and not from WAN

text: I've setup my SSH server to use public key authentication. When I connect to my server on local network, it authenticates. But it doesn't when I connect over the internet. I don't think the problem is port forwarding. It used to work before disabling password login in the server. Here is the output of ssh -vvv user@example.com               OpenSSH_6.2p2, OSSLShim 0.9.8r 8 Dec 2011     debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh_config     debug1: /etc/ssh_config line 20: Applying options for *     debug1: /etc/ssh_config line 53: Applying options for *     debug2: ssh_connect: needpriv 0     debug1: Connecting to example.com [1.2.3.4] port 22.     debug1: Connection established.     debug3: Incorrect RSA1 identifier     debug3: Could not load "/Users/myuser/.ssh/id_rsa" as a RSA1 public key     debug1: identity file /Users/myuser/.ssh/id_rsa type 1     debug1: identity file /Users/myuser/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1     debug1: identity file /Users/myuser/.ssh/id_dsa type -1     debug1: identity file /Users/myuser/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -1     debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0     debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_6.2     debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version dropbear_0.52     debug1: no match: dropbear_0.52     debug2: fd 3 setting O_NONBLOCK     debug3: put_host_port: [example.com]:22     debug3: load_hostkeys: loading entries for host "[example.com]:22" from file "/Users/myuser/.ssh/known_hosts"     debug3: load_hostkeys: found key type RSA in file /Users/myuser/.ssh/known_hosts:2     debug3: load_hostkeys: loaded 1 keys     debug3: order_hostkeyalgs: prefer hostkeyalgs: ssh-rsa-cert-v01@openssh.com,ssh-rsa-cert-v00@openssh.com,ssh-rsa     debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent     debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1,diffie-hellman-group14-sha1,diffie-hellman-group1-sha1     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ssh-rsa-cert-v01@openssh.com,ssh-rsa-cert-v00@openssh.com,ssh-rsa,ssh-dss-cert-v01@openssh.com,ssh-dss-cert-v00@openssh.com,ssh-dss     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-gcm@openssh.com,aes256-gcm@openssh.com,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-gcm@openssh.com,aes256-gcm@openssh.com,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-etm@openssh.com,umac-64-etm@openssh.com,umac-128-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com,hmac-ripemd160-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96-etm@openssh.com,hmac-md5-96-etm@openssh.com,hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,umac-128@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-etm@openssh.com,umac-64-etm@openssh.com,umac-128-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com,hmac-ripemd160-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96-etm@openssh.com,hmac-md5-96-etm@openssh.com,hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,umac-128@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com,zlib     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com,zlib     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit:      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit:      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: first_kex_follows 0      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: reserved 0      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: diffie-hellman-group1-sha1     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,3des-ctr,aes256-ctr,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,aes256-cbc,twofish256-cbc,twofish-cbc,twofish128-cbc,blowfish-cbc     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,3des-ctr,aes256-ctr,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,aes256-cbc,twofish256-cbc,twofish-cbc,twofish128-cbc,blowfish-cbc     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-sha1-96,hmac-sha1,hmac-md5     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-sha1-96,hmac-sha1,hmac-md5     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit:      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit:      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: first_kex_follows 0      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: reserved 0      debug2: mac_setup: found hmac-md5     debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none     debug2: mac_setup: found hmac-md5     debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none     debug2: dh_gen_key: priv key bits set: 132/256     debug2: bits set: 501/1024     debug1: sending SSH2_MSG_KEXDH_INIT     debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEXDH_REPLY     debug1: Server host key: RSA 10:21:9f:80:7b:a3:94:0d:ca:3b:15:fd:e1:37:20:ee     debug3: put_host_port: [1.2.3.4]:22     debug3: put_host_port: [example.com]:22     debug3: load_hostkeys: loading entries for host "[example.com]:22" from file "/Users/myuser/.ssh/known_hosts"     debug3: load_hostkeys: found key type RSA in file /Users/myuser/.ssh/known_hosts:2     debug3: load_hostkeys: loaded 1 keys     debug3: load_hostkeys: loading entries for host "[1.2.3.4]:22" from file "/Users/myuser/.ssh/known_hosts"     debug3: load_hostkeys: found key type RSA in file /Users/myuser/.ssh/known_hosts:2     debug3: load_hostkeys: loaded 1 keys     debug1: Host '[example.com]:22' is known and matches the RSA host key.     debug1: Found key in /Users/myuser/.ssh/known_hosts:2     debug2: bits set: 534/1024     debug1: ssh_rsa_verify: signature correct     debug2: kex_derive_keys     debug2: set_newkeys: mode 1     debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent     debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS     debug2: set_newkeys: mode 0     debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received     debug1: Roaming not allowed by server     debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent     debug2: service_accept: ssh-userauth     debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received     debug2: key: /Users/myuser/.ssh/id_rsa (0x7fc0336004b0),     debug2: key: /Users/myuser/.ssh/id_dsa (0x0),     debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password     debug3: start over, passed a different list publickey,password     debug3: preferred publickey,keyboard-interactive,password     debug3: authmethod_lookup publickey     debug3: remaining preferred: keyboard-interactive,password     debug3: authmethod_is_enabled publickey     debug1: Next authentication method: publickey     debug1: Offering RSA public key: /Users/myuser/.ssh/id_rsa     debug3: send_pubkey_test     debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply     debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password     debug1: Trying private key: /Users/myuser/.ssh/id_dsa     debug3: no such identity: /Users/myuser/.ssh/id_dsa: No such file or directory     debug2: we did not send a packet, disable method     debug3: authmethod_lookup password     debug3: remaining preferred: ,password     debug3: authmethod_is_enabled password     debug1: Next authentication method: password     user@example.com's password:      and here my server's sshd_config:               # Package generated configuration file# See the sshd_config(5) manpage for details          # What ports, IPs and protocols we listen for     Port 22     # Use these options to restrict which interfaces/protocols sshd will bind to     #ListenAddress ::     #ListenAddress 0.0.0.0     Protocol 2     # HostKeys for protocol version 2     HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key     HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key     HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key     #Privilege Separation is turned on for security     UsePrivilegeSeparation yes          # Lifetime and size of ephemeral version 1 server key     KeyRegenerationInterval 3600     ServerKeyBits 768          # Logging     SyslogFacility AUTH     LogLevel INFO          # Authentication:     LoginGraceTime 120     PermitRootLogin no     StrictModes yes          RSAAuthentication yes     PubkeyAuthentication yes     AuthorizedKeysFile  %h/.ssh/authorized_keys          # Don't read the user's ~/.rhosts and ~/.shosts files     IgnoreRhosts yes     # For this to work you will also need host keys in /etc/ssh_known_hosts     RhostsRSAAuthentication no     # similar for protocol version 2     HostbasedAuthentication no     # Uncomment if you don't trust ~/.ssh/known_hosts for RhostsRSAAuthentication     #IgnoreUserKnownHosts yes          # To enable empty passwords, change to yes (NOT RECOMMENDED)     PermitEmptyPasswords no          # Change to yes to enable challenge-response passwords (beware issues with     # some PAM modules and threads)     ChallengeResponseAuthentication no          # Change to no to disable tunnelled clear text passwords     PasswordAuthentication no          # Kerberos options     #KerberosAuthentication no     #KerberosGetAFSToken no     #KerberosOrLocalPasswd yes     #KerberosTicketCleanup yes          # GSSAPI options     #GSSAPIAuthentication no     #GSSAPICleanupCredentials yes          X11Forwarding yes     X11DisplayOffset 10     PrintMotd no     PrintLastLog yes     TCPKeepAlive yes     #UseLogin no          #MaxStartups 10:30:60     #Banner /etc/issue.net          # Allow client to pass locale environment variables     AcceptEnv LANG LC_*          Subsystem sftp /usr/lib/openssh/sftp-server          # Set this to 'yes' to enable PAM authentication, account processing,     # and session processing. If this is enabled, PAM authentication will     # be allowed through the ChallengeResponseAuthentication and     # PasswordAuthentication.  Depending on your PAM configuration,     # PAM authentication via ChallengeResponseAuthentication may bypass     # the setting of "PermitRootLogin without-password".     # If you just want the PAM account and session checks to run without     # PAM authentication, then enable this but set PasswordAuthentication     # and ChallengeResponseAuthentication to 'no'.     UsePAM yes      If it's at all useful, my server is Raspbian and my client is OS X Mavericks EDIT: the permission of the ~/.ssh directory in the server is set to 700. The authorized_keys file is set to 600. EDIT: Log of internal connection:               $ ssh 192.168.2.145 -l user -vvv                                                                                [14:48:01]     OpenSSH_6.2p2, OSSLShim 0.9.8r 8 Dec 2011     debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh_config     debug1: /etc/ssh_config line 20: Applying options for *     debug1: /etc/ssh_config line 53: Applying options for *     debug2: ssh_connect: needpriv 0     debug1: Connecting to 192.168.2.145 [192.168.2.145] port 22.     debug1: Connection established.     debug3: Incorrect RSA1 identifier     debug3: Could not load "/Users/myuser/.ssh/id_rsa" as a RSA1 public key     debug1: identity file /Users/myuser/.ssh/id_rsa type 1     debug1: identity file /Users/myuser/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1     debug1: identity file /Users/myuser/.ssh/id_dsa type -1     debug1: identity file /Users/myuser/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -1     debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0     debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_6.2     debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_6.0p1 Debian-4     debug1: match: OpenSSH_6.0p1 Debian-4 pat OpenSSH*     debug2: fd 3 setting O_NONBLOCK     debug3: put_host_port: [192.168.2.145]:22     debug3: load_hostkeys: loading entries for host "[192.168.2.145]:22" from file "/Users/myuser/.ssh/known_hosts"     debug3: load_hostkeys: found key type RSA in file /Users/myuser/.ssh/known_hosts:1     debug3: load_hostkeys: loaded 1 keys     debug3: order_hostkeyalgs: prefer hostkeyalgs: ssh-rsa-cert-v01@openssh.com,ssh-rsa-cert-v00@openssh.com,ssh-rsa     debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent     debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1,diffie-hellman-group14-sha1,diffie-hellman-group1-sha1     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ssh-rsa-cert-v01@openssh.com,ssh-rsa-cert-v00@openssh.com,ssh-rsa,ssh-dss-cert-v01@openssh.com,ssh-dss-cert-v00@openssh.com,ssh-dss     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-gcm@openssh.com,aes256-gcm@openssh.com,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-gcm@openssh.com,aes256-gcm@openssh.com,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-etm@openssh.com,umac-64-etm@openssh.com,umac-128-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com,hmac-ripemd160-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96-etm@openssh.com,hmac-md5-96-etm@openssh.com,hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,umac-128@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-etm@openssh.com,umac-64-etm@openssh.com,umac-128-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com,hmac-ripemd160-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96-etm@openssh.com,hmac-md5-96-etm@openssh.com,hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,umac-128@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com,zlib     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com,zlib     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit:      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit:      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: first_kex_follows 0      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: reserved 0      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ecdh-sha2-nistp256,ecdh-sha2-nistp384,ecdh-sha2-nistp521,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1,diffie-hellman-group14-sha1,diffie-hellman-group1-sha1     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-256-96,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-sha2-512-96,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-256-96,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-sha2-512-96,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit:      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit:      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: first_kex_follows 0      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: reserved 0      debug2: mac_setup: found hmac-md5     debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none     debug2: mac_setup: found hmac-md5     debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none     debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST(1024<1024<8192) sent     debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP     debug2: dh_gen_key: priv key bits set: 128/256     debug2: bits set: 514/1024     debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_INIT sent     debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REPLY     debug1: Server host key: RSA 12:1b:b5:5b:ab:f9:55:ed:e9:e9:56:cf:8c:a1:4c:4e     debug3: put_host_port: [192.168.2.145]:22     debug3: put_host_port: [192.168.2.145]:22     debug3: load_hostkeys: loading entries for host "[192.168.2.145]:22" from file "/Users/myuser/.ssh/known_hosts"     debug3: load_hostkeys: found key type RSA in file /Users/myuser/.ssh/known_hosts:1     debug3: load_hostkeys: loaded 1 keys     debug3: load_hostkeys: loading entries for host "[192.168.2.145]:22" from file "/Users/myuser/.ssh/known_hosts"     debug3: load_hostkeys: found key type RSA in file /Users/myuser/.ssh/known_hosts:1     debug3: load_hostkeys: loaded 1 keys     debug1: Host '[192.168.2.145]:22' is known and matches the RSA host key.     debug1: Found key in /Users/myuser/.ssh/known_hosts:1     debug2: bits set: 534/1024     debug1: ssh_rsa_verify: signature correct     debug2: kex_derive_keys     debug2: set_newkeys: mode 1     debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent     debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS     debug2: set_newkeys: mode 0     debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received     debug1: Roaming not allowed by server     debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent     debug2: service_accept: ssh-userauth     debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received     debug2: key: /Users/myuser/.ssh/id_rsa (0x7ffeda40b940),     debug2: key: /Users/myuser/.ssh/id_dsa (0x0),     debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey     debug3: start over, passed a different list publickey     debug3: preferred publickey,keyboard-interactive,password     debug3: authmethod_lookup publickey     debug3: remaining preferred: keyboard-interactive,password     debug3: authmethod_is_enabled publickey     debug1: Next authentication method: publickey     debug1: Offering RSA public key: /Users/myuser/.ssh/id_rsa     debug3: send_pubkey_test     debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply     debug1: Server accepts key: pkalg ssh-rsa blen 279     debug2: input_userauth_pk_ok: fp 8e:81:e9:af:21:99:69:37:61:69:3a:76:b9:42:00:00     debug3: sign_and_send_pubkey: RSA 8e:81:e9:af:21:99:69:37:61:69:3a:76:b9:42:00:00     debug1: read PEM private key done: type RSA     debug1: Authentication succeeded (publickey).     Authenticated to 192.168.2.145 ([192.168.2.145]:22).     debug1: channel 0: new [client-session]     debug3: ssh_session2_open: channel_new: 0     debug2: channel 0: send open     debug1: Requesting no-more-sessions@openssh.com     debug1: Entering interactive session.     debug2: callback start     debug2: fd 3 setting TCP_NODELAY     debug3: packet_set_tos: set IP_TOS 0x10     debug2: client_session2_setup: id 0     debug2: channel 0: request pty-req confirm 1     debug1: Sending environment.     debug3: Ignored env PATH     debug3: Ignored env TMPDIR     debug3: Ignored env SHELL     debug3: Ignored env HOME     debug3: Ignored env USER     debug3: Ignored env LOGNAME     debug3: Ignored env SSH_AUTH_SOCK     debug3: Ignored env Apple_PubSub_Socket_Render     debug3: Ignored env DISPLAY     debug3: Ignored env __CHECKFIX1436934     debug3: Ignored env __CF_USER_TEXT_ENCODING     debug3: Ignored env SECURITYSESSIONID     debug3: Ignored env TERM_PROGRAM     debug3: Ignored env PWD     debug1: Sending env LC_CTYPE =      debug2: channel 0: request env confirm 0     debug3: Ignored env TERM     debug3: Ignored env ITERM_SESSION_ID     debug3: Ignored env ITERM_PROFILE     debug3: Ignored env SHLVL     debug3: Ignored env OLDPWD     debug3: Ignored env GREP_OPTIONS     debug3: Ignored env GREP_COLOR     debug3: Ignored env PAGER     debug3: Ignored env LESS     debug3: Ignored env LSCOLORS     debug3: Ignored env LS_COLORS     debug1: Sending env LC_ALL = en_US.UTF-8     debug2: channel 0: request env confirm 0     debug1: Sending env LANG = en_US.UTF-8     debug2: channel 0: request env confirm 0     debug3: Ignored env _     debug2: channel 0: request shell confirm 1     debug2: callback done     debug2: channel 0: open confirm rwindow 0 rmax 32768     debug2: channel_input_status_confirm: type 99 id 0     debug2: PTY allocation request accepted on channel 0     debug2: channel 0: rcvd adjust 2097152     debug2: channel_input_status_confirm: type 99 id 0     debug2: shell request accepted on channel 0


title: apt-get install without debconf prompt

text: I would like to install chef via apt non-interactively, but by default, apt installation brings up this prompt: ![apt install chef prompt](http://i.stack.imgur.com/Rs9Ly.png) Is there a way to skip this step during installation or pass a value to apt install? I'm only using chef-solo, so don't actually need the server componenent, so simply press return on this prompt.


title: What was the old linux game for programmers, simulating a life on a grid of pixels?

text: I remember about 10 years ago in the official Linux repository there was a program, simulating a life of creatures on a grid of pixels (each occupying one pixel). The point of the "game" was in writing a code for the creatures, which could live and reproduce in this world (i.e. you edit the C++ source code and recompile the project to add a new creature). You could also decide a few parameters, e.g. how strong your creatures will be. However, all such "good" features came at a price of increased consumption of the creatures according to a predefined formula. After compiling you could run it, and observe your creatures, which are pixels on a (mostly) green rectangle (most of the "world" was "occupied" by something like grass). Observe, how the creatures live and reproduce or become extinct. Could anyone tell me, what could be the name of this "game"? **P.S.** Most probably it was in RedHat repository **P.P.S.** After some search I didn't find the original program. It seems, that the closest modern "relative" is Avida.


title: How to undelete just deleted directory with "rm -R" command?

text: I deleted an important directory with `rm -R` command. This is an very populer host data. It was located `/var/zpanel/hostdata/ayrintilih` After remove ayrintilih directory has gone everything. I tried to undelete with `ext4magic` program. But it need to another hdd volume for recovery. Error message:               ERROR: can not use "/root/recoveried" for recover directory. It's the same filesystem : "/dev/dm-0"      My ISP just replied my request:               Unfortunately there is no way to add another Volume to a virtual Instance.      If it would be a dedicated Server, we could do it, but not in a Cloudserver.      You could try to minimize the partition and create another one, that would      count as another Volume. We also recommend to have allways a      Backup for your Important files.


title: How to see invisible items in Elementary OS Luna?

text: Nautilus is not the file manager anymore in Elementary OS Luna - or it has change name to Pantheon-files. Cannot find its settings. How to see invisible items?


title: Importing files from Windows to Linux

text: I would like to copy a CSV file from a Windows environment to a Linux environment. Both environments communicate through a terminal emulator called SecureCrt.


title: Is there any point in using `sudo` when you are the sole user of your machine?

text: I'd like to know if there is any reason why I should use `sudo` instead of `su`, taking into account that I am the owner and sole user of my machine (and hence have root access whenever I want). Also, in case there is a good reason to prefer `sudo`, I want to know what privileges should I give myself. * * * **EDIT:** I have just found a very nice reference for `sudo`. If anyone is interested it is here.


title: Why GRUB boots Debian 32-bits instead Ubuntu 64-bits in my multiboot configuration?

text: I installed Ubuntu GNOME Remix 64-bis on my system. I set the installer to reuse my `/boot` and `/home`. Since ubiquity (the Ubuntu installer) was giving me hard time installing GRUB I selected to "Continue Without a Bootloader" and since I installed/mounted `/boot` in my previous `/boot` I just had to do `update-grub` from Debian 32-bits and problem solved... sounds easy, but it isn't. The `update-grub` command detects Ubuntu in my other HD:               sudo update-grub2     [sudo] password for braiam:      Generating grub.cfg ...     Found background image: /usr/share/images/desktop-base/desktop-grub.png     Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10-2-686-pae     Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.10-2-686-pae     Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.8.0-19-generic     Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.8.0-19-generic     Found memtest86+ image: /memtest86+.bin     Found memtest86+ multiboot image: /memtest86+_multiboot.bin     Found Ubuntu 13.04 (13.04) on /dev/sda1     Found Windows 7 (loader) on /dev/sdb1     done      But when I select "Ubuntu 13.04" it boots into Debian. I check out the grub.cfg entries and see that the `root` and `UUID` values are set the same as Debian's.               sudo grub-mkconfig     Generating grub.cfg ...     #     # DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE     #     # It is automatically generated by grub-mkconfig using templates     # from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub     #          ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###     if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then       load_env     fi     set default="0"          if [ x"${feature_menuentry_id}" = xy ]; then       menuentry_id_option="--id"     else       menuentry_id_option=""     fi          export menuentry_id_option          if [ "${prev_saved_entry}" ]; then       set saved_entry="${prev_saved_entry}"       save_env saved_entry       set prev_saved_entry=       save_env prev_saved_entry       set boot_once=true     fi          function savedefault {       if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then         saved_entry="${chosen}"         save_env saved_entry       fi     }          function load_video {       if [ x$feature_all_video_module = xy ]; then         insmod all_video       else         insmod efi_gop         insmod efi_uga         insmod ieee1275_fb         insmod vbe         insmod vga         insmod video_bochs         insmod video_cirrus       fi     }          if [ x$feature_default_font_path = xy ] ; then        font=unicode     else     insmod part_msdos     insmod ext2     set root='hd0,msdos7'     if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then       search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd1,msdos7 --hint-efi=hd1,msdos7 --hint-baremetal=ahci1,msdos7 --hint='hd0,msdos7'  cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773     else       search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773     fi         font="/usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2"     fi          if loadfont $font ; then       set gfxmode=auto       load_video       insmod gfxterm       set locale_dir=$prefix/locale       set lang=en_US       insmod gettext     fi     terminal_output gfxterm     set timeout=5     ### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###          ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###     insmod part_msdos     insmod ext2     set root='hd0,msdos8'     if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then       search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd1,msdos8 --hint-efi=hd1,msdos8 --hint-baremetal=ahci1,msdos8 --hint='hd0,msdos8'  0cef2d59-21ca-4ba2-a9b2-0b9ef1f42589     else       search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 0cef2d59-21ca-4ba2-a9b2-0b9ef1f42589     fi     Found background image: /usr/share/images/desktop-base/desktop-grub.png     insmod png     if background_image /braiam/.cache/gnome-control-center/backgrounds/14fb12e1345ca2dfd3807e7f7b1122b0d6015d9453ed5742de72b988a9cffded; then       set color_normal=white/black       set color_highlight=black/white     else       set menu_color_normal=cyan/blue       set menu_color_highlight=white/blue     fi     ### END /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###          ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###     Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10-2-686-pae     Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.10-2-686-pae     menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-simple-cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773' {         load_video         insmod gzio         insmod part_msdos         insmod ext2         set root='hd0,msdos5'         if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then           search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd1,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd1,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci1,msdos5 --hint='hd0,msdos5'  279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f         else           search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f         fi         echo    'Loading Linux 3.10-2-686-pae ...'         linux   /vmlinuz-3.10-2-686-pae root=UUID=cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773 ro initrd=/install/initrd.gz quiet radeon.hw_i2c=1         echo    'Loading initial ramdisk ...'         initrd  /initrd.img-3.10-2-686-pae     }     submenu 'Advanced options for Debian GNU/Linux' $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-advanced-cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773' {         menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 3.10-2-686-pae' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.10-2-686-pae-advanced-cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773' {             load_video             insmod gzio             insmod part_msdos             insmod ext2             set root='hd0,msdos5'             if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd1,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd1,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci1,msdos5 --hint='hd0,msdos5'  279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f             else               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f             fi             echo    'Loading Linux 3.10-2-686-pae ...'             linux   /vmlinuz-3.10-2-686-pae root=UUID=cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773 ro initrd=/install/initrd.gz quiet radeon.hw_i2c=1             echo    'Loading initial ramdisk ...'             initrd  /initrd.img-3.10-2-686-pae         }         menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 3.10-2-686-pae (recovery mode)' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.10-2-686-pae-recovery-cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773' {             load_video             insmod gzio             insmod part_msdos             insmod ext2             set root='hd0,msdos5'             if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd1,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd1,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci1,msdos5 --hint='hd0,msdos5'  279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f             else               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f             fi             echo    'Loading Linux 3.10-2-686-pae ...'             linux   /vmlinuz-3.10-2-686-pae root=UUID=cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773 ro single initrd=/install/initrd.gz             echo    'Loading initial ramdisk ...'             initrd  /initrd.img-3.10-2-686-pae         }     Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.8.0-19-generic     Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.8.0-19-generic         menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 3.8.0-19-generic' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.8.0-19-generic-advanced-cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773' {             load_video             insmod gzio             insmod part_msdos             insmod ext2             set root='hd0,msdos5'             if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd1,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd1,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci1,msdos5 --hint='hd0,msdos5'  279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f             else               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f             fi             echo    'Loading Linux 3.8.0-19-generic ...'             linux   /vmlinuz-3.8.0-19-generic root=UUID=cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773 ro initrd=/install/initrd.gz quiet radeon.hw_i2c=1             echo    'Loading initial ramdisk ...'             initrd  /initrd.img-3.8.0-19-generic         }         menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 3.8.0-19-generic (recovery mode)' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.8.0-19-generic-recovery-cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773' {             load_video             insmod gzio             insmod part_msdos             insmod ext2             set root='hd0,msdos5'             if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd1,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd1,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci1,msdos5 --hint='hd0,msdos5'  279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f             else               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f             fi             echo    'Loading Linux 3.8.0-19-generic ...'             linux   /vmlinuz-3.8.0-19-generic root=UUID=cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773 ro single initrd=/install/initrd.gz             echo    'Loading initial ramdisk ...'             initrd  /initrd.img-3.8.0-19-generic         }     }          ### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###          ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###          ### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###          ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ###     Found memtest86+ image: /memtest86+.bin     menuentry "Memory test (memtest86+)" {         insmod part_msdos         insmod ext2         set root='hd0,msdos5'         if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then           search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd1,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd1,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci1,msdos5 --hint='hd0,msdos5'  279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f         else           search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f         fi         linux16 /memtest86+.bin     }     menuentry "Memory test (memtest86+, serial console 115200)" {         insmod part_msdos         insmod ext2         set root='hd0,msdos5'         if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then           search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd1,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd1,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci1,msdos5 --hint='hd0,msdos5'  279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f         else           search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f         fi         linux16 /memtest86+.bin console=ttyS0,115200n8     }     Found memtest86+ multiboot image: /memtest86+_multiboot.bin     menuentry "Memory test (memtest86+, experimental multiboot)" {         insmod part_msdos         insmod ext2         set root='hd0,msdos5'         if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then           search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd1,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd1,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci1,msdos5 --hint='hd0,msdos5'  279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f         else           search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f         fi         multiboot   /memtest86+_multiboot.bin     }     menuentry "Memory test (memtest86+, serial console 115200, experimental multiboot)" {         insmod part_msdos         insmod ext2         set root='hd0,msdos5'         if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then           search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd1,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd1,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci1,msdos5 --hint='hd0,msdos5'  279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f         else           search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f         fi         multiboot   /memtest86+_multiboot.bin console=ttyS0,115200n8     }     ### END /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ###          ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###     Found Ubuntu 13.04 (13.04) on /dev/sda1     menuentry 'Ubuntu 13.04 (13.04)' --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'osprober-gnulinux-simple-bf554a2f-a035-4c22-bca8-162def35a03c' {         insmod part_msdos         insmod ext2         set root='hd0,msdos5'         if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then           search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd1,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd1,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci1,msdos5 --hint='hd0,msdos5'  279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f         else           search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f         fi         linux /vmlinuz-3.10-2-686-pae root=UUID=cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773 ro initrd=/install/initrd.gz quiet radeon.hw_i2c=1         initrd /initrd.img-3.10-2-686-pae     }     submenu 'Advanced options for Ubuntu 13.04 (13.04)' $menuentry_id_option 'osprober-gnulinux-advanced-bf554a2f-a035-4c22-bca8-162def35a03c' {         menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux (on /dev/sda1)' --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'osprober-gnulinux-/vmlinuz-3.10-2-686-pae--bf554a2f-a035-4c22-bca8-162def35a03c' {             insmod part_msdos             insmod ext2             set root='hd0,msdos5'             if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd1,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd1,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci1,msdos5 --hint='hd0,msdos5'  279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f             else               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f             fi             linux /vmlinuz-3.10-2-686-pae root=UUID=cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773 ro initrd=/install/initrd.gz quiet radeon.hw_i2c=1             initrd /initrd.img-3.10-2-686-pae         }         menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 3.10-2-686-pae (on /dev/sda1)' --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'osprober-gnulinux-/vmlinuz-3.10-2-686-pae--bf554a2f-a035-4c22-bca8-162def35a03c' {             insmod part_msdos             insmod ext2             set root='hd0,msdos5'             if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd1,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd1,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci1,msdos5 --hint='hd0,msdos5'  279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f             else               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f             fi             linux /vmlinuz-3.10-2-686-pae root=UUID=cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773 ro initrd=/install/initrd.gz quiet radeon.hw_i2c=1             initrd /initrd.img-3.10-2-686-pae         }         menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 3.10-2-686-pae (recovery mode) (on /dev/sda1)' --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'osprober-gnulinux-/vmlinuz-3.10-2-686-pae-root=UUID=cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773 ro single initrd=/install/initrd.gz-bf554a2f-a035-4c22-bca8-162def35a03c' {             insmod part_msdos             insmod ext2             set root='hd0,msdos5'             if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd1,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd1,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci1,msdos5 --hint='hd0,msdos5'  279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f             else               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f             fi             linux /vmlinuz-3.10-2-686-pae root=UUID=cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773 ro single initrd=/install/initrd.gz             initrd /initrd.img-3.10-2-686-pae         }         menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 3.8.0-19-generic (on /dev/sda1)' --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'osprober-gnulinux-/vmlinuz-3.8.0-19-generic--bf554a2f-a035-4c22-bca8-162def35a03c' {             insmod part_msdos             insmod ext2             set root='hd0,msdos5'             if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd1,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd1,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci1,msdos5 --hint='hd0,msdos5'  279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f             else               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f             fi             linux /vmlinuz-3.8.0-19-generic root=UUID=cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773 ro initrd=/install/initrd.gz quiet radeon.hw_i2c=1             initrd /initrd.img-3.8.0-19-generic         }         menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 3.8.0-19-generic (recovery mode) (on /dev/sda1)' --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'osprober-gnulinux-/vmlinuz-3.8.0-19-generic-root=UUID=cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773 ro single initrd=/install/initrd.gz-bf554a2f-a035-4c22-bca8-162def35a03c' {             insmod part_msdos             insmod ext2             set root='hd0,msdos5'             if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd1,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd1,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci1,msdos5 --hint='hd0,msdos5'  279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f             else               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f             fi             linux /vmlinuz-3.8.0-19-generic root=UUID=cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773 ro single initrd=/install/initrd.gz             initrd /initrd.img-3.8.0-19-generic         }         menuentry 'Ubuntu 13.04 (13.04) (on /dev/sda1)' --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'osprober-gnulinux-/vmlinuz-3.10-2-686-pae--bf554a2f-a035-4c22-bca8-162def35a03c' {             insmod part_msdos             insmod ext2             set root='hd0,msdos5'             if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd1,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd1,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci1,msdos5 --hint='hd0,msdos5'  279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f             else               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f             fi             linux /vmlinuz-3.10-2-686-pae root=UUID=cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773 ro initrd=/install/initrd.gz quiet radeon.hw_i2c=1             initrd /initrd.img-3.10-2-686-pae         }     }          Found Windows 7 (loader) on /dev/sdb1     menuentry 'Windows 7 (loader) (on /dev/sdb1)' --class windows --class os $menuentry_id_option 'osprober-chain-AA64B45A64B42AC9' {         insmod part_msdos         insmod ntfs         set root='hd0,msdos1'         if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then           search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd1,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd1,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci1,msdos1 --hint='hd0,msdos1'  AA64B45A64B42AC9         else           search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root AA64B45A64B42AC9         fi         chainloader +1     }     ### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###          ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ###     ### END /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ###          ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###     # This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries.  Simply type the     # menu entries you want to add after this comment.  Be careful not to change     # the 'exec tail' line above.     ### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###          ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###     if [ -f  ${config_directory}/custom.cfg ]; then       source ${config_directory}/custom.cfg     elif [ -z "${config_directory}" -a -f  $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then       source $prefix/custom.cfg;     fi     ### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###     done      I could edit the entry at hand, but the fine "DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE" that the grub.cfg has at the start held me back. Should I edit this entries by hand, create a custom script, or I'm just doomed? `ls /boot` of the main disk:               ls /boot/     abi-3.8.0-19-generic       initrd.img-3.8.0-19-generic  System.map-3.8.0-19-generic     config-3.10-2-686-pae      iso                          vmlinuz-3.10-2-686-pae     config-3.8.0-19-generic    lost+found                   vmlinuz-3.8.0-19-generic     extlinux                   memtest86+.bin               vmlinuz-3.8.0-19-generic.efi.signed     grub                       memtest86+_multiboot.bin     initrd.img-3.10-2-686-pae  System.map-3.10-2-686-pae      `ls /boot` of the disk where I installed Ubuntu:               ls /media/braiam/bf554a2f-a035-4c22-bca8-162def35a03c/boot/     grub  initrd.img-3.8.0-19-generic.new      `blkid`               blkid     /dev/sda1: UUID="bf554a2f-a035-4c22-bca8-162def35a03c" TYPE="ext4" #here Ubuntu     /dev/sda2: UUID="7cb917ba-babb-42cd-897e-2070d540eda4" TYPE="swap"      /dev/sdb1: UUID="AA64B45A64B42AC9" TYPE="ntfs"      /dev/sdb2: UUID="F66E431C6E42D551" TYPE="ntfs"      /dev/sdb3: UUID="75a0854b-8b6b-453f-8aec-2a081a1f19e3" TYPE="swap"      /dev/sdb5: UUID="279a18da-130b-46dd-8b54-84da48eb445f" TYPE="ext4" #Here boot     /dev/sdb6: UUID="393cd35e-b827-4dea-acb5-2a66f2369dce" TYPE="swap"      /dev/sdb7: UUID="cead26d6-08f4-4894-ac78-a9a4ce59f773" TYPE="ext4" #here Debian     /dev/sdb8: UUID="0cef2d59-21ca-4ba2-a9b2-0b9ef1f42589" TYPE="ext4"       `fdisk -l`:               sudo fdisk -l     [sudo] password for braiam:           Disk /dev/sda: 13.7 GB, 13701316608 bytes     255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1665 cylinders, total 26760384 sectors     Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes     Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes     I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes     Disk identifier: 0x8e48c4c5             Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System     /dev/sda1         2104515    26749046    12322266   83  Linux (here is Ubuntu)     /dev/sda2              63     2104514     1052226   82  Linux swap / Solaris          Partition table entries are not in disk order          Disk /dev/sdb: 200.0 GB, 200049647616 bytes     255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 24321 cylinders, total 390721968 sectors     Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes     Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes     I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes     Disk identifier: 0x1549f232             Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System     /dev/sdb1   *          63   223629311   111814624+   7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT     /dev/sdb2       225724416   336437306    55356445+   7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT     /dev/sdb3       223629312   225724415     1047552   82  Linux swap / Solaris     /dev/sdb4       336439294   390721535    27141121    5  Extended     /dev/sdb5       336439296   338391039      975872   83  Linux (here is boot)     /dev/sdb6       338393088   339390463      498688   82  Linux swap / Solaris     /dev/sdb7       339392512   368687103    14647296   83  Linux (here is Debian)     /dev/sdb8       368689152   390721535    11016192   83  Linux      Ubuntu's and Debian fstab are the very same, except for the `/` entry.               sudo os-prober      [sudo] password for braiam:      /dev/sda1:Ubuntu 13.04 (13.04):Ubuntu:linux     /dev/sdb1:Windows 7 (loader):Windows:chain      `cat /boot/grub/device.map`:               cat /boot/grub/device.map      (hd0)   /dev/disk/by-id/ata-Maxtor_6L200M0_L40WL3VH     (hd1)   /dev/disk/by-id/usb-Sandisk-Curzer      (I'm taking this info from my mind since I ran `sudo grub-mkdevicemap` which changed the entries)


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