Last Updated on 17 June 2018 by Eric Bretscher
This article is part of a series dealing with building best-in-class lithium battery systems from bare cells, primarily for marine use, but a lot of this material finds relevance for low-voltage off-grid systems as well.
This article discusses the protection of lithium battery banks in the context of marine installations. A previous article detailed the design and assembly of such lithium battery banks. Before a lithium battery can be put into service, it must be protected or the first adverse event to occur will damage or destroy it.
A good understanding of DC electrical systems is needed to build and commission a lithium battery installation. This article is aimed at guiding the process, but it is not a simple blind recipe for anyone to follow.
The information provided here is hopefully thorough and extensive. It reflects the knowledge I have accumulated building some of these systems. There is no guarantee that it will not change or grow over time. It is certainly not sufficient or intended to turn a novice into an electrical engineer either. You are welcome to use it to build a system, but at your own risk and responsibility.
Battery Protection, Battery Management or Both?
The needs of lithium batteries fall into two categories:
- Requirements to be met to prevent dangerous developments, damage or the rapid destruction of some or all of the cells.
- Requirements to ensure a long operating life and an absence of issues over time.
The first category represents acute needs which must covered by battery automated protection functions; the second one pertains to battery management. Battery protection must be seen as the basic subset of functions battery management is built upon: there is no management without protection, but at the lowest acceptable limit a lithium battery can be protected without being automatically managed.
An unprotected lithium battery can become a fire risk or an expensive fiasco: take care of the cells and the battery will take care of itself
A lithium battery cannot be responsibly operated without a layer of protection between itself and the electrical installation because:
- Lithium cells are quickly destroyed by voltage excursions.
- Excessive discharge causes severe and irreversible damage.
- Overcharging a lithium battery, or recharging it in a damaged state, can overheat it to the point where it can ignite and burn extremely hot.
Protection is simply a matter of keeping at all times each and every cell within its allowed operating voltage limits and ensuring nothing ever begins to warm up. Give or take a few degrees at high sustained currents, a lithium bank on board should run at ambient temperature, at all times, no exception.
Integrated short-circuit protection is also commonly found on small battery packs, but it is problematic to implement on larger banks, such as found on marine vessels, because the potential fault currents can exceed the interrupt rating of the disconnectors; fusing must be used for this purpose. Also, due to the relative size of the battery and wiring, the risk is not so much towards the battery: something else is likely to melt or get destroyed first.
A protection system must be able to act automatically at any time in case of detected issue, before a serious situation develops. Alarming is pointless for that matter: alarming relies on someone not only being present, but also understanding what is happening and knowing what to do. The human factor becomes embedded into the reliability of the scheme and momentary inattention or absence instantly results in zero protection. It is only a matter of time.
Battery protection is therefore the first and most essential layer of any lithium system, because it implements all key safety functions and protects the asset. It needs to be built and engineered correctly. A number of devices are available on the market to perform this task, with wide variations in quality, reliability and suitability for a marine installation. Interestingly enough, some people have routinely installed junk-grade gadgets on large expensive assets without even blinking an eye, while others simply dispensed themselves from installing anything… As we all know, accidents always happen to others, but the banks I see destroyed seem to be those, a curious paradox.
Cell Voltage Monitoring
The need for monitoring the individual cell voltage is the main point of distinction between a lithium battery bank and a lead-acid one, where total battery voltage only is ever considered. It is made necessary by the fact that voltage excursions quickly become destructive with lithium cells and lithium cells stop accepting current when fully charged, which prevent a battery from self-equalising the way lead-acid ones do.
In order for a LiFePO4 cell not to fail, its own voltage must be remain at all times with a prescribed range, above 2.0VDC in all cases and below about 3.65VDC. Practically, cell destruction occurs at about 4.2VDC, when the electrolyte is decomposed, but voltages in excess of 3.55VDC don’t make much sense and the cells are sensitive to the maximum instantaneous voltage they are exposed to, not just the average. Many charging sources deliver a voltage superimposed with a ripple and the peaks from the ripple can destroy the cells even if the average value as reported by a multimeter appears acceptable.
The obvious purpose of low voltage protection is ensuring that no cell ever gets excessively discharged. The practical low voltage limit of a lithium iron phosphate cell is typically 2.5-2.8VDC. In the case of a 4-cell, 12V-equivalent configuration, one can argue that sufficient low-voltage protection can be obtained by monitoring the total battery voltage:
The worst-case scenario would be reached if three cells were fully charged (3.35V open-circuit) while the fourth one was very low.
Considering that a balanced pack is below 15% state-of-charge at 12.8V, even adopting 12.6V as battery low cut-off voltage would give a lowest possible cell voltage of:
VCell_Low = 12.6V – 3 x 3.35V = 2.55V
This is still an acceptable value. However, this result does not extrapolate at all to a 24V installation with 8 cells in series.
Low-voltage protection requires the automatic disconnection of the loads from the battery, so the lowest cell voltage doesn’t sink any further and this is absolutely essential. Such an event is referred to as a Low Voltage Disconnect (LVD) or Low Voltage Condition (LVC) disconnect. Reconnection must not take place until the lowest cell has been recharged up into its normal operating range.
Cell-based low-voltage protection is what allows taking full advantage of lithium batteries, because it allows discharging almost fully when needed without any concerns and it maximises the available capacity and performance of the installation.
High-voltage protection is obviously related to charging and a similar calculation, even based on a modest end-of-charge voltage of 14.0V for the same 4-cell configuration, shows that protection must be based on individual cell voltages:
If we consider three cells out of four at a mid-range voltage of 3.3V, which is not a worst-case scenario, we can calculate the voltage of the fourth cell as follow:
VCell_High = 14.0V – 3 x 3.3V = 4.1V
A LiFePO4 cell at 4.1V is far into destruction territory and it is clearly impossible to guarantee that no harmful voltage excursion can take place if only the overall battery voltage is being monitored.
There is no alternative to cell-level monitoring and automated protection with lithium batteries
Cell level protection is required here for ensuring charging safety and, should any cell drift towards an unacceptable voltage, charging must stop. This can involve automatically disabling the charger(s) and, if this doesn’t appear effective, the battery must be automatically disconnected from all charging sources: this typically means disconnecting the charge bus, an event referred to as a HVC disconnect. This should always be treated as a serious issue: a HVC event indicates that something is not in order in the installation and the charge bus should not reconnect unless the battery is significantly depleted.
Since cell-level voltage measurement is mandatory for charging safely, it can just as well be used for over-discharge protection too. Cell-level protection is the minimum standard for operating a lithium bank.
Cell Over-Temperature Monitoring
Monitoring the temperature of the cells is highly desirable for the simple reason that temperature is always involved when the situation starts going seriously wrong with lithium battery cells and it provides a second view of what is happening in a battery pack that is completely independent from the voltage information.
In most instances, voltage deviations will highlight problems first, especially in simple series topologies such as 4S or 8S. When parallel blocks of cells are used, voltage monitoring applies to each block only (because the parallel cells all share the same voltage by definition) and temperature monitoring can provide a more granular view of what is happening. Temperature sensors can be inserted between the cell casings and therefore any one sensor can monitor a pair of cells. Full temperature monitoring can therefore be achieved with a number of sensors equal to half of the number of cells.
LiFePO4 cells should ideally be operated between about 10°C and 25°C, but safety concerns only develop at very high temperatures. The absolute maximum temperature a bank should be allowed to reach depends a lot on the environmental conditions it is exposed to. A LFP bank should ideally not be exposed to temperatures exceeding 30°C to prevent premature aging; in this case, a temperature as low as 40°C could be used for alarming. A high temperature should eventually lead to a complete system shutdown and disconnection of the bank. The consistency of the temperature readings within a bank is a lot more valuable piece of information. A marine house bank should always operate within a few degrees from ambient temperature and discrepancies between cells are highly suspicious. The recommended maximum allowed temperature deviation within a lithium battery bank is 5°C from highest to lowest . Any value exceeding this should be investigated, regardless of what the actual absolute temperature is.
Do Not Ever Rely on a Battery Monitor for Protection
Battery monitors with configured high and low state of charge limits are not suitable devices for protecting lithium batteries. The state of charge displayed is merely a completely unreliable estimate obtained by accounting for charge and discharge currents over time. If the battery is cycled for a period without ever being fully recharged, the monitor has no opportunity to reset its capacity count (provided it was configured to do so in the first place).
Protection must be implemented based on the voltage of each individual cell and the capacity estimate made by the instrument is irrelevant. Cell voltages are either within range, or they are not, and they are all that matters.
Do Not Confuse Protection and Control
A protection system with automated disconnection is just that: a last line of defence that should never be activated. Using the disconnection device(s) to terminate charging (a suggestion often formulated by DIY implementers) is out of the question. It breaches the system design boundaries, where the battery protection layer’s role is to mitigate any failure in the charge control system. More specifically, one role of the BMS is defending against a failure in maximum charging voltage regulation.
Several owners of lithium banks I know came to grief with the battery protection layer after making alterations to their charging infrastructure: as it should be. In such circumstances, people sometimes complain about the protection when they should in fact be looking at the consequences of what they have been doing.
Protecting the battery as an adverse event is developing eventually entails disconnecting it. There are three types of devices that can be employed to this effect and, each time, they need to be able to cope with all the current that can be expected in the installation. Battery disconnection is a feature in all battery management systems and most of them can only handle a specific type of disconnector, so discussing the pros and cons of the disconnection schemes is relevant. One may rule out a BMS because it cannot control the type of disconnector best suited for the application.
Regardless of their type, high-current contactors can be designed for the current to flow in a specific direction. This can be somewhat disconcerting, as a simple metal contact obviously conducts independently of the direction of the current, but this is ignoring the effect of the magnetism produced by very high currents. This magnetism can interfere with the one from the energising coil and affect the operation or reliability of the contactor. If the datasheet specifies the direction of the current, follow it.
Mechanical Contactors, or Relays
In a mechanical contactor, a coil holds a contact closed when energised. Such devices are also termed “monostable” as they can only be in one state when not energised. Their drawback is the continuous drain arising from the coil current. There are wide variations in coil power between contactors and this will determine the standby power drain of the system, so it is very important to pay attention to the coil current data. Some contactors have built-in measures to reduce the coil current once the contact is closed (holding requires less power than closing), or the addition of an external capacitor and resistor can deliver a similar result, see below. In this case, the capacitor must be large enough to cause the relay to close while it charges and then the resistor must be low enough to still reliably holding the contact closed while reducing the current.
When power is switched on into a coil, the voltage increases relatively gently, but upon turn off, the abrupt collapse of the magnetic field causes a spike (also known as back EMF). The higher the coil power, the stronger the spike. This spike can cause the equipment controlling the relay (i.e. the BMS) to fail, so it should be neutralised using a free-wheeling diode. Some relays have this diode built-in and the coil has a polarity as a result, some haven’t and it should be added externally.
The expression “fail-safe” is sometimes used in relation with (and to promote) simple contactors, because a power failure results in disconnection. That is all very well, but there are far worse and more insidious failures modes than a simple power loss, as discussed further in the section about reliability, and this type of configuration doesn’t automatically fare very well in a Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA). The outcome of the most common control failure (rather than power failure) usually is that the relay can no longer open because power to the coil can no longer be interrupted. Since the normal state of the contactor is closed when the system is operating normally, such a failure only becomes apparent when a need arises to disconnect, i.e. in an emergency.
Solid state relays emulate the operation of a mechanical relay by using MOSFET transistors instead of a coil and a contact. The advantages are immediate: the control current is very low (technically zero after the device has switched, but the drive circuitry usually adds a small consumption) and there is no arcing or contact damage, as there are no contacts.
However, MOSFET transistors can easily be destroyed by voltage or current spikes and, when they fail, they nearly always do so by short-circuiting completely. Another technical consideration is that such a switch normally has a polarity and it only operates “one way”. When polarised in reverse, the device conducts like a diode and a high current will result in overheating and the complete destruction of the unit, unless it was specifically designed to also block reverse current. This is far from always the case as it requires using back-to-back MOSFETs, i.e. twice as many transistors for twice the losses, heat and cost.
In a typical small craft marine installation, the disconnectors must be able to handle several hundreds of amps and they can be exposed to voltage transients from starter motor or windlass motor switching. Should the unit fail as a result, it will almost invariably fail short and leave the battery permanently connected. This is not a good prospect in a safety system. Disconnecting the charge bus must also prevent the battery from draining itself into a damaged charger for example, so the disconnector must fully isolate the circuits. Building a suitable solid-state switch is possible, but far from cheap. Solid-state switching is best suited for relatively small battery packs operating in well controlled conditions.
A typical latching relay has two coils instead of one and a mechanical contact that can stay either opened or closed. Power is only required in the form of a short pulse to one of the coils to change the state of the relay, so there is no on-going consumption associated with the device. This, and the fact that the contact itself can withstand tremendous abuse compared to a solid-state switch, tends to make it the preferred solution in marine systems that are in service 24/7. The coils used in latching relays are not usually rated to remain energised for long periods and they will quickly burn out if left powered. Some larger latching relays sometimes use a small motor to open and close their contact.
The drawback of latching relays is that they require a different control logic with two commands instead of one and so they are not interchangeable with standard holding relays.
A control failure means that the device stays in its last state, either opened or closed, and this is generally not a pleasing prospect either. However, since the control circuitry is only operating briefly for switching and spends its near-whole life inactive, ensuring and monitoring its integrity can be achieved much more successfully.
Battery protection doesn’t guarantee that the bank will offer a long service life; it only ensures that no dangerous development can take place and that the battery can’t be quickly destroyed. Battery protection systems operate by enforcing operating limits on cell voltages and temperatures to prevent accidents, but they are unable to prevent lithium plating damage due to reduced-voltage overcharging, or loss of capacity resulting from keeping the cells at a high state of charge for example.
Battery management includes functions beyond protection. The purpose of a battery management system is ensuring that the battery is operated as close as possible to the optimum. This means:
- Deciding whether charging is necessary
- Deciding whether charging should be prevented
- Deciding whether discharging is acceptable
- Ensuring the battery doesn’t remain idle at a high state of charge for long periods of time
- Ensuring that the cells remain balanced over time
- In some applications, provide thermal management of the battery to keep it within an acceptable temperature range
Most battery management functions rely on knowing the state of charge and therefore battery management is not possible unless battery current information is provided to the BMS. Basic battery protection is quite simple and straightforward, battery management is not; it can involve sophisticated decision-making algorithms.
Battery Management Systems
The term Battery Management System (BMS) is used indifferently for devices that provide protection functions only or protection and management functions. Regardless, the most essential function here is a safety one, as stated earlier. Management, if present and well implemented, can ensure longer cell life and consistent performance over time regardless of the regime of utilisation of the bank.
The following must be achieved for effective battery protection on board:
- Individual cell voltages must be measured. Problems with lithium batteries always occur at cell level.
- Overheating must be detectable. When things go very wrong with lithium cells, heat is nearly always involved. Heating is what can eventually lead to thermal runaway and a battery fire.
- The system must be able to automatically act to prevent cell damage. This means eliminating the cause of the problem by disconnection. Alarming is not good enough. Human-powered systems, involving alarms, watching, monitoring and taking action when something goes wrong will always fail in short order: the first time no one is around or paying attention.
- The protection system must be reliable and resilient, it must be protected from voltage transients and not be able to fail unnoticed. Having a level of redundancy and a self-checking ability is highly desirable in a marine BMS, because we are protecting large assets worth much more than the battery.
- The BMS must not induce uneven drain on the cells, or it will throw the bank out of balance and create problems in very short order. This was an issue with some early junk BMS contraptions and it caused a few people to start clamouring that “BMS were harmful”. Using with decent equipment to begin with goes a long way.
- The intrinsic consumption of the BMS solution must be as low as practically possible, or it may drain the battery to destruction in the absence of power for charging. Boats can end up spending winters with snow covering solar panels at times, with little or no energy input and the installation must tolerate these conditions. This generally weighs against solutions that require holding contactors closed. Battery banks drained flat by the BMS also caused some people to claim that any electronics added to the battery were “harmful”. If the cells get low to a point where it is obvious that recharging is not taking place, a BMS must be able to shutdown the installation as well as itself to preserve the battery.
A system encompassing the features listed above will prevent an accident with the battery and ensure the cells cannot get damaged. It could however cause damage to other equipment on board if it gets triggered, so a few additional features are also desirable and correct electrical design is essential.
Essential Features for Marine Installations
Marine applications, especially on ocean-going vessels, tend to place higher requirements on the systems than what would be found in other applications where power availability is more of a convenience.
Availability and Resilience
Batteries on marine vessels are relatively important and energy storage is often seen as an area where high availability is desirable. For this reason, the BMS should be designed to control a dual DC bus system: charge disconnection should be distinct and separate from load disconnection, otherwise a charge regulation issue can cause the vessel to lose all power unexpectedly. Conversely, an over-discharge condition would effectively prevent recharging, which would be senseless and defeat recovery.
Any BMS not engineered to control split buses can essentially be ruled out in serious marine applications.
Support for Advanced Charger Disconnection
The disconnection of the charge bus must be able to be performed without resulting in damage such as the destruction of alternators or wind generators. This require the management system to be able to provide “advanced notice” of a charge disconnect.
A protection action should not take place unexpectedly, especially if the problem develops gradually, such a low battery. There must be an output to indicate an issue, whether it stems from cell voltage or temperature so the user has time to react appropriately.
A Word about “Non-Essential” Features…
If a BMS is any good, gimmicks such as displaying cell voltages should be entirely irrelevant: the end-user wants reliable, trouble-free energy storage, not a subscription to the Lithium Channel on Battery TV, always wondering what is going to come up next.
Protection Voltage Limits
The battery chemistry sets the absolute outer limits of what voltage a cell can tolerate. The manufacturer sets more conservative absolute limits to discourage abuse of the product. The system designer may opt for more conservative cell voltage limits again.
So, which one should the BMS use? It depends… but it is interesting.
Junk-grade BMS often use upper cell voltage limits well outside manufacturer recommendations, like 3.7-3.8V for high-voltage cut-off. It allows the product to be used “successfully” in electrical systems that shouldn’t be charging lithium batteries. Some implementers sometimes expect an alarm just outside their control limits and then the BMS not only protects the battery, but also flags any anomalies in the charging system. In this approach, it is important that the BMS doesn’t try to enforce charging voltage limits that are in fact too low to sustain good cell health on the long run.
Debating at long length what the “magic” voltage numbers should be is rather pointless
If the expectation is that the BMS doesn’t only protect against serious events, but also ensures long battery life and sustained performance, then it needs an algorithm much more sophisticated than enforcing simple cell voltage limits and needs to play a role into charge control.
Cell Upper Voltage Limit
My experience so far indicates that the cells must be able to be charged up to 3.50V routinely. Systems without cell balancing experience more cell-to-cell variations at that voltage and an alarm limit below 3.55V would be asking for trouble. Disconnection may happen at 3.60V, with 3.65V absolute maximum as it is the manufacturer upper limit.
Cell Lower Voltage Limit
The low end is much simpler to deal with. The remaining capacity drops off very quickly below 3.00V, manufacturers usually indicate 2.50V as end of discharge voltage and the chemistry becomes unstable below 2.00V. Other than that, there is no reason to leave much unused capacity at the low end. The chemistry is most stable and the cells age the slowest when heavily discharged.
I alarm for any cell at 3.00V and disconnect at 2.80V. It almost allows using the full capacity of the cell when needed.
Battery Management Functions
Some BMS units offer limited battery management functions. The most common (and often only) one is automated cell balancing. A lot of myths and misunderstandings exist around automatic cell balancing, so we will discuss the subject in some detail.
The concept and the importance of balancing cells were treated at considerable length in the context of assembling a lithium battery bank. Over time, cells that were initially balanced drift apart and a time eventually comes when something needs to be done about it. If the cells are of good quality, they were never abused in service and the manufacturing process was consistent, it can take many years before rebalancing becomes necessary. With a bit less luck at the time of purchase, cell balance adjustments can be necessary every year or so. If cell balancing becomes frequently necessary, there is a major problem: cells are shorting internally and failing. A cell with high self-discharge must be replaced.
Properly implemented automatic cell balancing has its place in most lithium installations, because it prevents charging problems with high cell voltage events from developing on the long run. If the cells could be hand-picked from lab test data to all be virtually identical, then a pack could possibly be constructed that would remain balanced until the end of its life. In common real-world applications, this is not possible.
Part of the answer to the question “should it balance the cells or not” may depend on who will own and operate the installation. People who build their own systems and actually understand what they are doing may decide to check on cell balance now and then and perform any adjustments manually. For everyone else, the general answer is that balancing is an integral part of battery management. Only installations with unduly low charging voltages get away with sloppy cell balance and they do so at the expense of other problems developing, such as large capacity reductions from memory effects after a few years in service.
There are passive and active cell balancing circuits: passive circuits “burn” excess energy from the higher charged cells and active circuits transfer it to the lower cells, but not without losses.
In theory at least, active balancing is superior in applications with restricted recharging opportunities or where gaining access to the maximum possible capacity is essential. Even so, starting with a matched set of cells of equal capacity beats transferring energy. Active balancing is also much more complex and costly to achieve.
Active balancing systems further split up into inductive and capacitive energy transfer systems, the latter being much less common. Some active balancing circuits continually transfer energy between cells throughout charging and discharging with the aim of maintaining all cells at the same voltage at all times. While such a strategy results in operating top balanced cells at the top and bottom balanced cell at the bottom and the available capacity is theoretically maximised, efficiency is nowhere near 100%. Energy can also be transferred uselessly during the cycle because of differences in cell internal resistance causing discrepancies in voltage. It is a crude strategy that requires the ability of quickly transferring a lot of charge between cells in order to succeed. Mastervolt MLI batteries operate this way.
The photo shows a 30A blade fuse and the transformer performing the coupling between cells at different voltages on the top circuit board. In front of the transformer (yellow and red), we have 4 MOSFET transistors (typically in a push-pull arrangement) flanked by two electrolytic “tank” capacitors. The transistors switch the current going to the transformer and the capacitors provide the peak of the current. Switching high currents into inductive loads like transformers at high-frequencies is hard on electronics. The most likely failure mode is one of the MOSFETs failing short from stresses, at which point a second transistor might then get destroyed by current overload before the fuse blows.
Note the control board installed vertically on the front and the ribbon cable to control the balancers. More electrolytic capacitors (blue and cylindrical) there.
Passive balancing can be used with top or bottom-balanced packs and its aim is maintaining cell balance either at the top or bottom by shunting some current over any cells registering an excessive state of charge compared to the others. As the battery banks of interest to us here are basically always top-balanced, we will consider shunt-balancing at the top.
Shunting involves connecting a resistor across the cell terminals: if the cell is charging, some of the charging current will flow through the resistor instead of through the cell and the cell will be charging at a reduced rate. If the cell is not charging, then the resistor simply contributes to producing a discharge current for that cell only. The amount of current flowing through the shunt is the ratio between the cell voltage Vcell and the resistance R of the shunt circuit. Either way, a resistive balancer operates by “wasting” some energy. The amount of power the balancer needs to dissipate as heat is P = Vcell 2/ R.
Smart Shunt Balancing
Ideally, a shunt balancer should waste exactly the amount of charge required to bring any high cells down to the level of the others and therefore restore balance. In this case, shunting can happen during discharge and at normal operating voltages. Practically, determining how much energy this represents cell-by-cell is a non-trivial task that first requires knowing the state of charge of each cell at the end of a full charging cycle. Then it becomes possible to selectively deplete any cell requiring it by the precise amount needed to achieve balance. A computer-controlled centralised BMS with a current sensor is required to do this. This type of balancing only needs to occur occasionally and only needs to perform very small corrections. The shunting currents can be very small because once the magnitude of the correction has been calculated, the adjustments themselves can be done over hours or days while the bank is operating normally. Factory-engineered EV battery packs typically operate this way.
As we were finishing to charge a pack, we determined that we need to perform a balance adjustment of -1Ah on a specific cell. The cell voltage is now Vcell = 3.35V and the shunt has a resistance of R = 10Ω. The shunt current is equal to Ishunt = 3.35V / 10Ω = 0.335A and the amount of shunting time required to deplete 1Ah is t = 1Ah / 0.335A = 3 hours.
However, if the cell voltage drops during this period, the shunting time will be extended. The BMS needs to continuously track and accumulate the amount of energy shunted and every cell effectively has its own capacity monitor embedded in the BMS.
The shunt would dissipate P = 3.35V x 3.35V / 10Ω = 1.12W in heat, which is a very modest value.
Voltage-based shunting is a crude shortcut sometimes used with cheap equipment and is commonly found on BMS systems built around cell boards. Shunting begins whenever the cell voltage exceeds a threshold. This strategy can work if the shunting voltage is only ever reached at low currents and the cells are near-fully charged each time. It can work for charging DIY EVs overnight at C/10 using CC/CV chargers. Charging at high currents with alternators on boats results in the cell voltages rising too early, because of the parasitic effect of the internal resistance of the cells. At this point, the shunts engage and operate not only based on the state of charge of each cell, but mainly on its R x I voltage drop. Cells with higher internal resistance get shunted and receive less current for no valid reason. This typically results in upsetting balance. If charging continues until the current tapers down to a very low value, the shunts may find enough time to correct for the upset they caused earlier. On boats, we often shut the engine down before this has happened and start discharging again and the shunting cell boards just mess up the bank.
Voltage-based shunt balancers commonly create significant heat, because there is very little time to fix up cell balance at the top before charging terminates and they need to handle a lot of current compared to a calculated shunting strategy. In practice, shunting cell boards cause so much havoc that their threshold voltage is usually set high enough to make them virtually useless. Their main pitfall is that they have no idea of what the battery current is doing and they shunt while the current is still high.
For doing the same work as above, a shunt balancing cell board with a capacity of Ishunt = 2A starting to operate at Vcell = 3.6V would produce P = 3.6V x 2A = 7.2W of heat for t = 1Ah / 2A = 30 minutes. The cell voltage would also need to be held at 3.6V for that duration by the charging system, which means overcharging.
In other words, a 2A-rated shunt isn’t enough to do the job, because it takes too long.
Voltage-based shunts are voltage limiters with a limited current capacity, i.e. their rating. In order for them to work properly, the charging source also needs to cooperate: if the charger supplies more current than the shunts can carry, then some current must go through the cell and its voltage will keep increasing. Also, in order to balance the pack, all the other cells eventually need to be taken as high as the overcharged cell, which takes a long time and is undesirable. Voltage-driven shunting is a generally a poor strategy unless it can operate at lower voltages with a charging regime controlled to make it work. It is never the case when it is just blindly thrown into a system.
Shunt Balancer Reliability
A passive (resistive) balancer can also fail, of course, in one of two ways: open-circuit, and then it simply can’t operate any more, or fail short and then it can’t be stopped. The first failure mode is less likely and could go unnoticed for a long time. The second failure mode is the harmful one as it would cause the affected cell to get discharged uncontrollably to destruction. There is much hype around about “cell balancers destroying banks” and very little in the way of supporting cases once all the cases of brand new faulty cell boards are discounted. A passive shunt balancer operates at cell voltage only and switches a resistive load, i.e. no spikes. This means virtually no stress on the switching transistor and it makes it immensely reliable compared to active balancing circuits.
Other Battery Management Functions
Reporting the state of charge of the battery is a BMS function sometimes present. A BMS with a chemistry-specific SOC algorithm will massively outperform any ordinary battery monitor in data accuracy and reliability.
Disabling charging in excessively low temperatures or battery temperature control are management functions sometimes available on upper end units. A BMS should ideally direct charging as it is the only piece of equipment in the system actually capable of determining what the battery needs.
BMS Topology Considerations
BMS solutions come in two main flavours: either distributed or centralised. The difference would not matter much if the functionality was identical, but distributed BMS systems have slipped towards the cheap and nasty end of the spectrum in recent years.
Distributed BMS Architectures
Distributed BMS systems typically have the advantage of being scalable over a large and variable numbers of cells in series. These systems use one “cell board” per parallel cell group and usually some kind of head unit to implement the control functions. In order to retrieve the information pertaining to each cell, a communication bus linking all the cell boards is necessary. This increases the complexity and cost of the cell boards and the communication loop can be seen as somewhat vulnerable: this is not automatically true and cell boards themselves are commonly vulnerable due to their lack of physical protection, especially in marine systems. Regardless, this was “addressed” by some designers focused on the low end of the market by using a simple current loop over a single wire, starting from the master board, passing through every cell boards, and returning to the master. It is no longer possible to transport individual cell information, so the loop just carries information about one or two conditions typically, like over-voltage/under-voltage. The master can see an alarm condition, but can’t identify the cell it is originating from. It makes battery management impossible, but protection without any diagnostics can certainly be obtained this way.
As most of these “one wire loop” systems are first and foremost designed for lowest engineering and production cost to the vendor, many other aspects tend to leave much to be desired. Close attention must also be paid to the protection limits implemented, because the clear intent is often allowing drop-in lithium battery replacements on automotive installations where battery-damaging (but not dangerous) charging voltages must not trip the “BMS” and cause grief to the installer.
Some early distributed BMS solutions implemented digital communications across all the cells and were scalable up to fairly high voltage pack configurations, typical of EV systems. This can be quite good, but it is more complex to design than a centralised BMS. In recent years, distributed solutions have drifted towards the bottom end of the scale.
Centralised BMS Architecture
On a centralised BMS, voltage sensing wires run from each cell to the module, as well as wiring for the cell temperature sensors. This wiring needs to be arranged neatly, but it is easy to protect. On marine installations with 4 or 8 (groups of) cells, it is always straightforward. If battery management is the objective, then the BMS must also have access to battery current information through a suitable sensor. Depending on what the objective of the management algorithm is, the BMS may need access to the installation load current as well as the battery current, or currents through the charging and discharging paths separately.
A centralised BMS has access to every piece of battery information in one place and at any time: this is necessary for implementing many management strategies, including and especially smart cell balancing. It becomes possible to track capacity cell-by-cell, track cell internal resistance, predict time-to-empty, issue charging parameters, manage charging sources and loads and much more.
Centralised BMS modules tend to include more engineering effort, especially on the firmware side. A vendor interested in marketing BMS for maximum profits immediately looks in the direction of a distributed system with cell boards and an analogue loop, because it can easily adapt to any number of cells; a centralised unit can only offer a predetermined number of inputs for cell voltage measurement and will only fit installations within these limits.
From a reliability point of view, a BMS is just an electronic circuit with external connections. It can fail in two ways: internally, or due to an external event reaching it through its connections.
Internal BMS Failure
An internal, or intrinsic failure, is a failure “for no apparent reason”. Ageing of the components, component defect, manufacturing defect can all lead to an internal failure. Quality of the parts and construction have a role to play, but also design: components like electrolytic capacitors have a finite life, which gets shorter at high temperatures. After 10-15 years, most electrolytic capacitors aren’t looking too good in general. In a device like a BMS, they can be easy to avoid altogether and ceramic capacitors can be used instead, with a near unlimited life expectancy. They may just cost a little more. The maximum voltage rating of the parts used also matters a great deal: 16V-rated components exposed to battery voltage in an automotive-like system have almost no margin for surviving voltage transients.
Electronic devices are most likely to fail “for no reason” when they are either very new or very old
Component and manufacturing defects tend to come out at the start, while ageing effects appear at the far end. The ageing limit can be pushed so far back by design and component selection that it can move past obsolescence and become irrelevant: the Voyager space probes are still sending back information after 40 years.
The failure probability curve of electronic hardware has a characteristic U-shape. Quality control and factory testing at the start are intended to take out most of the bad samples and prevent them from reaching the market. From the user’s point of view, the failure risk keeps decaying immediately after purchase and reaches a low level that remains somewhat constant over most of the product’s life. This level is very much a function of the quality of the product.
The prospective life of well-managed marine LiFePO4 banks already appears to be in excess of 10 years (as of 2017), based on data from early installations, and this figure keeps increasing all the time. As a BMS should logically outlast the cells it is protecting, this is placing increasing demands on the long-term reliability of the units. Even though we don’t yet see this into the BMS market, it is starting to make more and more sense to design for 20 years of operation now.
BMS Failure from External Event
On one side, a BMS measures small signals and, on the other, it actuates remote devices. These connections and the associated wiring can pick up transient voltages, RF energy or be exposed to unfortunate events caused by the installer or user. How resilient the BMS is to such events at its terminals depends on how much protection was built into its design.
Devices that include protections at their terminals are sometimes referred to as being “hardened”, like industrial-grade control equipment. Hardening electronic circuitry means adding components that serve no functional purpose and may never actually do anything over the life of the device. They exist as an insurance policy, and should an abnormal event take place one day, they can prevent damage to the device. An industrially-hardened circuit can include a lot of such additional components for protection, they take board space and they add to cost without contributing anything to functionality. For this reason, they are the first ones to be found “missing”.
A particularly vulnerable part of BMS modules is the outputs driving the battery disconnectors. Relay coils are inductive in nature and produce a current surge on energisation and a reverse voltage spike upon de-energisation. These are hard on the MOSFET switching transistors handling the current. When such a MOSFET fails, 99% of the time it turns itself into a short-circuit. It is very bad news for a lot of BMS designs:
The BMS is holding a normally-open battery disconnector closed. It looks fail-safe: lose the power and the contactor releases, disconnecting the battery. One day, the voltage transients caused by switching the relay coil finally manage to kill the transistor, which can’t be turned off any more. If the contactor is supposed to be closed, the installation has power and the failure is both hidden and undetectable, but the system has no protection any more. This is the worst kind of failure mode.
If the BMS uses latching relays instead, then a transistor failure becomes detectable, because the coils should never be energised under normal circumstances. However, should the BMS suddenly “stop” functioning, it may leave the battery connected indefinitely (in both configurations, by the way). This can be addressed too, but the intent here is not to delve deeply into electronic engineering. This type of thinking and analysis is part of failure mode analysis. It needs to be performed by system designers both at component and installation levels.
The designer of a BMS can go to great lengths to mitigate or eliminate these risks and design up to a standard, or instead ignore them and design down to a cost, and the product may have no more and no less functionality for the user and yet be vastly different in suitability. Quality does matter in relation with the application and marine applications include situations where high reliability matters, and others where people or large assets can be at risk.
Last, but not least, a BMS module is just one component in the system and its role is ensuring that no single failure can result in a hazardous situation. The designer of the battery bank and associated electrical system should ensure that his installation does not depend on the BMS to operate safely, but instead relies on the BMS to protect itself if something goes wrong. This way, two cascaded failures need to take place before risks develop. Meanwhile, a single failure must be both visible and detectable, or it will go unnoticed until a second one follows and causes some disaster big or small, but usually costly!
General Guidelines for BMS Installation
Protecting the bank is an essential part of installing it on board. The details of the installation of a BMS are specific to the solution retained, but it must always involve establishing dedicated connections for sensing the cell voltages and should also involve adding temperature sensors to the cells.
The best location for the BMS module is generally close to the battery, so the length of the voltage sensing wiring is minimised. Keeping this wiring short makes it less susceptible to pick up electromagnetic disturbances. Keeping the cell-sensing wiring into the battery compartment also eliminates considerations around fusing that wiring, a questionable idea as it negatively affects reliability.
The DC disconnectors associated with the BMS can be relocated to meet wiring constraints. It is sometimes simpler to run a feeder cable from the battery to the distribution panel and split the system into a charge bus and a load bus over disconnectors at the panel, rather than inside the battery compartment. In some circumstances, an argument can be built for installing the BMS and disconnectors literally into the battery pack with all cell terminals inaccessible when there are any risks of third parties interfering with the battery. This type of construction makes bypassing the battery protection layer impossible without first resorting to tools and some dismantling.
Over the last two years or so, I received a number requests to write this article. I resisted and deferred because I have been using my own BMS modules, but the focus here is on the technology.
This article now logically complements the construction of lithium battery banks and all the changes required in the battery compartment for transitioning from a lead-acid battery to a protected and operable lithium iron phosphate battery have been covered. Over a year ago already now, I was writing about the all-important aspect of redesigning the electrical system to operate with a lithium battery and a BMS and this now just leaves the interesting subject of charge control and charging the cells on board. Lithium batteries require full system integration to offer the best performance and longest life, something even high-cost commercial solutions have commonly overlooked. After a while, some of these vendors have had to face the longer-term consequences and cost associated with their engineering shortcuts that sacrificed battery life and pulled out of the market.
 DNV GL Guideline for Large Maritime Battery Systems, DNV GL – 10/03/2014 No. 2013-1632, Rev. V1.0


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Your wish to earn money could be accepted
Everyone wishes to earn money and become a millionaire. But, you have to understand that earning a huge amount of money and becoming a millionaire is not an easy thing to achieve. People spend their whole lives in earning money but they can never become a millionaire because they are missing out on a simple trick. Earning money is art. It is not a fixed technique that can make you a millionaire. You have to understand that you have to mix a few things so that earning money could become easy for you.
Follow the right way to success
Now there are so many methods through which you can earn money without simply following the same, repeated technique. You might serve your entire life in a corporate office or you might keep on finding that one unique business idea. So, in this way, your entire life would be spent just while thinking to earn money.
Casinos and poker games are worthy of trying as they can make you rich overnight
So, if you want easy money and if you want fast money, then give a shot to casinos and poker games. You might think that all these games are totally dependent on your luck and you might lose whatever money you have compiled.
The sunglasses that are capable of making everything visible
But, now the case is different. There are so many technologies that have been developed. These technologies are capable of making you a millionaire overnight. Without further ado, those devices are the marked cards, the poker analyzers, and the poker sunglasses cheating.
Now through these devices it becomes really easy to analyze the stuff that is written on the back of the cards or the side of the cards with a specialized ink. The specialized ink could not be seen with the naked eyes. But, if you put on the sunglasses, or use the poker analyzer or use the contact lenses then everything becomes so smooth and easy.
You can see what you would never be able to see through the naked eyes. So, in this way, you become a millionaire or even a billionaire. So, for more information you should pay a visit to the following link https://www.markedcardsforsale.com/
The above-mentioned website consists of several devices that are capable of making you win! So, visit these links and make your life easier and happening.

domain: finance


SUVs are a popular choice for families and individual Attacproject.eu/ who need a vehicle that can handle a variety of terrain. However, even the most reliable SUVs need regular maintenance and repairs. If you’re looking for a reliable SUV repair shop, here are a few things to keep in mind:
- Choose a shop that specializes in SUVs. Not all auto repair shops are created equal. Some shops specialize in certain types of vehicles, such as SUVs. This means that the mechanics at these shops will have more experience working on SUVs and will be better equipped to diagnose and repair any problems that your SUV may have.
- Get recommendations from friends, family, or online reviews. The best way to find a reliable SUV repair shop is to ask for recommendations from people you trust. If you don’t have any personal recommendations, you can also read online reviews.
- Visit the shop in person. Before you take your SUV to a repair shop, it’s a good idea to visit the shop in person. This will give you a chance to see the shop’s facilities and meet the mechanics who will be working on your SUV.
- Ask about the shop’s warranty policy. Most reputable SUV repair shops will offer a warranty on their repairs. This means that if the repair doesn’t fix the problem, the shop will fix it again at no charge.
Once you’ve found a reliable SUV repair shop, you can be confident that your SUV will be in good hands. Here are some of the services that most SUV repair shops offer:
- Oil changes and tire rotations. These are two of the most basic maintenance services that all SUVs need on a regular basis.
- Brake repairs. Brakes are one of the most important safety features on your SUV. If your brakes are not working properly, it could put you and your passengers at risk.
- Suspension repairs. The suspension system on your SUV helps to keep it stable and comfortable on the road. If your suspension is not working properly, you may experience problems with handling or ride quality.
- Engine repairs. The engine is the heart of your SUV. If your engine is not working properly, it could lead to a variety of problems, including decreased fuel efficiency and decreased power.
If you’re looking for a reliable SUV repair shop, keep these tips in mind. By following these tips, you can be confident that your SUV will be in good hands and that you’ll be back on the road in no time.
Here are some additional tips for choosing an SUV repair shop:
- Ask about the shop’s experience with your specific model of SUV. Not all SUVs are created equal, and some models may require specialized knowledge or equipment to repair.
- Get an estimate in writing before any work is started. This will help to avoid any surprises when you get the bill.
- Make sure that the shop is licensed and insured. This will protect you in case something goes wrong during the repair process.
By following these tips, you can be sure to find a reliable SUV repair shop that can keep your vehicle in top condition


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Lobby at Barbican Birmingham Parking meters in Tampa Bay Amy’s Bread in New York Bike chained up in Oxford Pizza at Codsall Dining Club Lilleshall Abbey View from the canals in Aldridge Bike in Oxford Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower at University of Birmingham London Tube Station Inside Oxford Cathedral Inside Oxford Museum of Science Selfridges at Bullring Shopping Centre in Birmingham Metro Station in New York Inside Lecture Theatre at Barbican Birmingham Cookies at Codsall Dining Club Grandeur in Oxford Bikes in the streets of Oxford Inside Oxford Cathedral Lilleshall Abbey Peering through Central Library Giant Anglepoise lamp in Birmingham Me and Karen at Lilleshall Monument Looking Up at Lillishaw Abbey Looking Up in Custard Factory in Birmingham Birmingham Grand Central View from Oxford Cathedral Music door at Bodleian Library in Oxford Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower at University of Birmingham Bike shed in the shade Inside Oxford Cathedral Inside Roof of One World Trade Center World Trade Center (PATH) Station Outside the Custard Factory in Birmingham White Ladies Priory White Ladies Priory Colmore Row Canal boats in Birmingham Park Lime Pits Country Park St Giles Hotel Street Sign in New York Red post box Door number 46 graffitied signed in Birmingham Bike shop Lilleshall Abbey Fridge in Digbeth, Birmingham View from Lilleshall Monument St Giles Hotel Centre City building in Birmingham Icecream Van at Walsall Arboretum Birmingham Central Library One World Trade Center Cannock Chase Inside Barber Institute Birmingham Shake That Ting at Codsall Dining Club Looking down at University of Birmingham Looking up in Oxford Looking Up at Entrance of Barbican Birmingham Dorms in Oxford Oxford indoor market Times Square in New York Number plate in Florida Modern architecture in Oxford 20 Fenchurch in London Lecture hall at Barber Institute Birmingham View from Lilleshall Monument Friends enjoying the sun Dry riser inlet Birmingham New Street Station Black and White Buildings in New York Swans at Wolverhampton’s West Park Looking up at a chimney Little Italy in New York Canal in Birmingham Peering through the gates Homes in Oxford New York Stock Exchange Views from top of the Rockefeller Birmingham Hebrew Congregation A House Near Lillishaw Abbey A food stand in New York Barbican Tube Station Looking Down at River Rea at Cannon Hill Park in Birmingham Cyclist in Oxford The Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford University of Birmingham Overlooking the canals in Aldridge Spiral staircase in University of Birmingham New York on a paddle boat Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery Library of Birmingham New Library at University of Birmingham Ginger cat playing Looking into the clouds Looking up at University of Birmingham Times Square New York New Street Station High Street in London Street in New York Birmingham Central Library split in two Selfridges at Bullring Shopping Centre in Birmingham Library of Birmingham Architecture on the streets of New York Small House Near University of Birmingham Tree hugging house Looking up the Cube in Birmingham Radcliffe Camera Grand Central station in Birmingham View from the canal in Aldridge Red Telephone Boxes Looking Up in Custard Factory Bridgnorth The Custard Factory Street in Oxford Barbican Clearwater Beach in Florida Cannock Chase University of Birmingham Lake at Walsall Arboretum Balloons at Walsall Arboretum Ginger cat playing Table Tennis and Graffiti in Custard Factory Barber Institute Birmingham New York Public Library China Town in New York New York Skyline from Top of the Rock Times Square New York One World Trade Center Grand Piano on Stage at Barbican Birmingham View from Oxford Cathedral Street in New York Walking across Brooklyn Bridge Looking up in New York Looking Down at Lillishaw Abbey Looking up in Birmingham Barbican Manhattan Bridge peering through buildings Baker Street Tube Station Tampa Bay in Florida Bodleian Library in Oxford Cows Near Lillishaw Abbey Looking up at Brooklyn Bridge Chimney at Custard Factory in Digbeth, Birmingham Baked ‘n’ Bricked at Codsall Dining Club Dog enjoying the sun Brooklyn Bridge and Manhattan
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domain: library


text:
March 8 at 7:30 p.m.
ISRAELI JAZZ NIGHT WITH KULA AND HOCH FAU’s Jewish Cultural Society
Aaron Kula, accordion, and Reuben Hoch, drums, will collaborate for the first with an all-star ensemble of jazz musicians from the Klezmer Company Orchestra and the Chassidic Jazz Project. The impromptu performance will feature some of the hits from Israelic and Chassidic song festivals during the past 50 years. $13. Wimberly Library, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton. 800-564-9539 or www.fauevents.com.

domain: entertainment


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There are some roles playing games where you play with the help of miniatures on any series of maps. These games are built around a series of skirmishes that take place in a given location. The game setup pits two players against each other, each controlling one side of a warring army.
They fight the battle out in the mapped location and whichever player wins the battle will win the game. The game itself has become rather popular, with sales growing into the millions. You can also purchase miniature wargames online via https://tistaminis.com/pages/warhammer-age-of-sigmar-new-items.
It is actually the second-highest selling product of the company that manufactures the game. The skirmish works well for two players who are looking for just a quick game without having to get involved in the entire world of dungeons and dragons.
A Dungeon Master is not needed for a miniatures skirmish game, meaning that gameplay can continue much faster than a traditional D&D game. The traditional battle rules have been simplified, allowing players to accomplish more in one turn than they ever could before.
The game takes place on any number of boards or maps which are made of tiles, which represent a five square foot area. The starter set will usually include a basic map allowing for gameplay, but any number of locations can be purchased in fantastic location expansion books. These books will set out a new type of adventure book.

domain: game


Bulgarian Institutions Are Already Working on Brexit Plan Without a Deal – If only the UK would do the same! | Rainmaker - An International Defence & Security Network
The Council of Ministers adopted a report on the implementation of the Action Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU without agreement. Preparations for Brexit without an agreement are on two levels: the EU and national institutions.
At the EU level, 19 legislative proposals covering the most urgent measures to address the immediate consequences of Brexit without agreement have been made. They will allow visa-free travel to and from the United Kingdom, coordination of social security systems, transport links and the EU budget.
At the national level, the competent authorities have made significant progress on the implementation of the Non-Transaction Action Plan. Legislative changes have been made to the Foreigners Act in the Republic of Bulgaria, educational activities have been carried out for the administration, information messages have been sent to the persons trading with the United Kingdom.
Bulgarian institutions already have separate sections on their sites dedicated to Brexit, to inform stakeholders about changes in the sector. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has a section in which information about Bulgarian citizens and companies is published.
The site also has an English section for British citizens living in Bulgaria. A number of other institutions publish useful information from their competence.


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I researched both Baking soda and Borax quite a while ago and found them to be healthful when used in appropriate amounts —then, due to our sweet grandbabies I forgot about it. I was reminded when a good friend sent me this Facebook reel about using borax and baking soda together with sea salt —and as always, the Lord’s timing is so great!
So today I want to give you all the science —and you’ll see why I’m now taking a pinch of these myself daily. If you have arthritis, osteopenia, osteoporosis, or even random joint pain —you will not want to miss this.
So often these simplest of healing compounds have been suppressed and then they are forgotten about. Well, no more.
Here’s the fascinating story of how the need for boron (in the form of Borax) for arthritis was originally discovered. (Actual recipes will follow below).
When scientist Rex E. Newnham, PhD, DO, ND, developed unexpected painful arthritis back in the 1960’s, he was stunned because he was quite healthy. Conventional drugs didn’t help his arthritic condition. He knew there had to be a reason that he, and others his age around him, were all developing arthritic pain.
Being a soil and plant scientist by training, he began investigating and discovered that the food crops in his area were deficient in the trace mineral Boron.
Not having any boron handy, Newnham began taking very small daily doses of a product called Borax. He knew the main ingredients in Borax are water, salt, oxygen and the trace mineral boron. Nothing more. Nothing less. So he began putting what amounted to one-eighth to one-quarter teaspoon of Borax into a liter of water each day, and drinking it.
You can read the outcome in his old writings here.
“I found out all that I could about boron… 40-60 grams was too high a dose. So I took 30 mg of borax twice daily (~6 mg of elemental boron/day) and in a week the pain was less. In ten days the pain was less. In three weeks the pain, swelling and stiffness had all gone, so I stopped taking the borax. A year later the pain and swelling returned so I took more borax and in two weeks all was right again.”
He told public health and medical school authorities in and around Melbourne about his discovery, but they were not interested.
Eventually he had tablets made with a safe and effective quantity of borax.
Within five years and only by word of mouth he sold 10,000 bottles a month. He could no longer cope with the demand and by 1981 asked a drug company to market it.
That was a MAJOR mistake. They indicated that this would reduce their profits. Very soon afterwards Australia instituted a regulation declaring boron to be poisons in any concentration. Newnham was fined $1000 for selling a “poison”, stopping his work in Australia.
As Newnham began publishing his research, his arthritis findings traveled worldwide. That’s when the EU stepped in and also classified Boron compounds to be a “poison”, however, we know Boron has low toxicity in mammals (similar to table salt), but is toxic to arthropods (ants and cockroaches).” See Ants: Get Rid Of Them & Their Nest Fast, The Non-Toxic Way
No Stopping This Man
Not to be shut down completely, Newnham continued his research. As medical writer Walter Last, a former Chief Forensic Chemist at Cologne University in Germany would later detail:
“Newnham found, for instance that Jamaica has the lowest levels of Boron in the soil, and arthritis rates are about 70% of the population. He noted that even most dogs in Jamaica were limping.
But Carnarvon, Western Australia, has high boron levels in soil and water, and the arthritis rate is only 1%.
What Newnham demonstrated is that areas of the world with the lowest levels of Boron in their water and soil have the highest levels of arthritis. And where there are the highest levels of Boron there are the lowest levels of arthritis.
He also found that the lowest rates of arthritis were where the daily Boron intake (through food and water) were at least 3 mg. Anything lower than 3 mg. per day, and arthritis appeared to be the inevitable result for large swathes of the population.
One key study supporting his finding wrote: “A substantial number of (peer-reviewed) articles support boron supplementation of 3 mg/d for any individual who is consuming a diet lacking in fruits and vegetables or who is at risk for or has osteopenia; osteoporosis; osteoarthritis (OA); or breast, prostate, or lung cancer.” (source)
3 mg. of Boron Per Day For Both Bone and Cartilage Tissue
Newnham’s research provided some extremely insightful information into the role of Boron in arthritis. Walter Last explained:
“Bone analysis showed that arthritic joints and nearby bones had only half the boron content of healthy joints. Equally, synovial fluid that lubricates joints and provides nutrients to the cartilage is boron deficient in arthritic joints. After boron supplementation was instituted, bones were much harder than normal and surgeons found them more difficult to saw through.
(As a surgical nurse with a fair number of orthopedic cases in my day, I can attest to soft bones in most cases!)
“With additional dietary boron, bone fractures heal in about half the normal time in both man and animal. Horses and dogs with broken legs, or even a broken pelvis, have fully recovered.”
Newnham later stated that arthritis sufferers can get rid of their pain, swelling and stiffness in about one to three months from the time they start replenishing their body’s Boron levels by taking a total of 3 mg. of Boron per day.
What about toxicity?
As forensic chemist Walter Last would later point out, studies have demonstrated it takes ingestion of 26 mg. of Boron per kilogram of body weight before any kind of toxicity was noticed. That means a person weighing 160 pounds would have to take 216 mg. of Boron daily before signs of toxicity would begin to show up.
Just 3 mg. taken daily begins to wipe out arthritis symptoms in a few short months. It just has to be taken regularly.
Walter Last concludes his insights into Newnham’s research:
“Chemical fertilizers inhibit the uptake of boron from the soil: an organic apple grown in good soil may have 20 mg boron, but if grown with fertilizer it may have only 1 mg of boron or less. Fertilizers combined with poor food choices have greatly reduced our boron intake compared to 50 or 100 years ago.”
Yikes! No wonder we see so much arthritis!
Dr. Newnham’s research proves the theory that “we are what we eat.” And if we eat foods that are deficient in Boron, we will likely end up with bone loss from osteoporosis along with the wear-and-tear of arthritis, since Boron is needed for both bone and cartilage tissue repair.
Boron is dirt cheap!!!
Life Extension Boron, 3 mg, 100 vegetarian capsules are $5.95. Some people want to get better faster and want 5 mg or 10 mg, Read the reviews. Most people get results with boron.
Natural borax such as 20 Mule Team is also very effective (and cheap). This will also help raise your pH which is important for overall health.
How Much To Use:
At 30:10 in the video down below, Dr. Amanda Vollmer gives these directions:
“First, dissolve a lightly rounded teaspoonful (5-6 grams) of Borax in 1 litre of good-quality water. This is your concentrated solution: keep it out of reach of small children.”
Standard dose = 1 teaspoon (5 ml) of concentrate above. This has 25 to 30 mg of borax (and provides about 3 mg of boron). Take 1 dose per day mixed with drink or food. If that feels right then take a second dose with another meal. For maintenance, you may continue indefinitely with 1 or 2 doses daily.”
The Facebook video mentioned at the top is another simple way to take it. Stir a pinch of each into 4-6 ounces of water once/day:
WARNING!!! DO NOT CONFUSE BORAX WITH BORIC ACID! DO NOT TAKE BORIC ACID IN PLACE OF BORAX!
NEVER take large amounts of “Borax” it can be harmful, even fatal.
Borax in very low doses is actually VERY beneficial to human health and health benefits can be enormous.
Pharmaceutical grade is not noticeably purer or better.
What About Borax For Graphene Oxide & Toxic Additives In the Recent Jabs?
Borax is very useful in combating graphene nano-fibers which are widely found in disposable masks, as well as, COVID test swabs, which are critical for the dual purpose of DNA harvesting and collection. Many believe toxic additives are also in many of the jabs and boosters. Boron is an indispensable supplement for detoxing heavy metals and one of the few known nanobot replication-inhibitors.
- Ethylene Oxide, FDA PCR Swab Recall, & Strange Black Fibers That Move
- Crazy Objects Found in Blood of the Vacc’d & In Vaccine Vials
Dr. Carrie Madej recommends taking borax and 3 other ingredients together at a medical conference:
For an external (not to drink) nano-detox bath, add these to hot water and soak as long as you can:
- 1 cup of baking soda (aluminum-free)
- 1 cup of Epsom salts (plain, without fragrance)
- 1 cup of pure borax
- 1/2 cup of Bentonite clay
Go Deeper Researching Borax:
The Doctors Beyond Borders/Doctors Beyond Medicine website is incredibly valuable, clear and to the point.
Baking Soda: One of the Most Necessary Effective Medicines on Earth
In terms of importance, appropriate bicarbonate levels are just as crucial as hydration, getting enough oxygen, staying warm, maintaining healthy pH (high oxygen status) and optimal nutrition.
Medical College of Georgia scientists reported in The Journal of Immunology that a daily dose of baking soda helps reduce the destructive inflammation of autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. The study confirms the hypothesis that Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3), commonly called baking soda, can be a simple cure to autoimmune diseases.
It is used in the bloodstream to regulate pH as a counterbalance to acid build up. Bicarbonate affects the pH of cells and tissues, balances cell voltage, and increases CO2, which helps with oxygenation.
Sodium Bicarbonate can be used as a first line of defense for a vast range of sickness including, cancer, flu, diabetes, kidney disease and even the common cold. Sodium Bicarbonate can be used in many forms whether transdermally in a bath or orally. Every cancer patient should be prescribed bicarbonate because it makes the hardest to kill, most acidic, cancer cells vulnerable to cancer treatments.
Using pH test strips makes it easy to monitor your pH. If you are not confident or are very sick, working with a functional medicine doctor is one way to insure you do it right. Search “functional medicine doctor near me“.
“No weapon that is formed against you shall prosper…” ~Isaiah 54:17
“For I know the plans I have for you, declares the Lord, plans for welfare and not for evil, to give you a future and a hope.” ~Jeremiah 29:11
Deep Roots At Home now has a PODCAST! We are covering everything from vaccines, parenting topics, alternative medicine. Head over today and like, share and download a few episodes! https://buff.ly/3KmTZZd
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Medical Disclaimer: I am no longer a practicing medical professional, and I am not doctor. I am a mother. I do seek scientific confirmation of the safety and effectiveness of the herbs and remedies I use. Using remedies is a personal decision. Nothing I say on this blog is intended to treat or prevent disease. Consult your own doctor.
©2023 Deep Roots at Home • All Rights Reserved

domain: medical


text:
About the event
Jean ‘Binta’ Breeze Poetry Masterclass, Ilkley Literature Festival. In this poetry session by award-winning writer and pioneering dub poet Jean ‘Binta’ Breeze, you will be encouraged to play with words and experiment with fresh, original language. Through writing exercises, readings-performances and exploring form and rhythm you will start to develop a writing style, an ear for poetry and an awareness of how it can be used in everyday life. For beginners and intermediate writers. Please bring pen and paper. (Places limited – please book in advance.) Tickets: £15/10. Visit: www.ilkleyliteraturefestival.org.uk or call: 01943 816714.

domain: artistic


text: It has been known since the early sixties that nickel sulfide inclusions cause spontaneous fracture of toughened (thermally tempered) glass, but despite the considerable amount of work done on this problem in the last four decades, failures still occur in the field with regularity. In this study we have classified (by viewing through a 60x optical microscope) inclusions into two groups, which are classic and atypical nickel sulfides. The classics look like the nickel sulfide inclusions found at the initiation-of-fracture of windows that have broken spontaneously. We have compared the structure and composition of the atypical inclusions with the structure and composition of the classics. All of the classic and atypical nickel sulfide inclusions studied in this work were found to have a composition in the range of Ni52S48 to Ni48S52. Inclusions on the nickel rich side of stoichiometric NiS were found to be two-phase assemblies, and inclusions on the sulphur rich side of NiS were single phase. It had been proposed that the atypicals were passive, and of a different composition to the classics. However, we found that the difference between passive and dangerous nickel sulfide inclusions was not a difference in composition but rather a difference in the type of material in the internal pore space. The passive's had carbon char in their internal pore space, whereas the pore space of dangerous inclusions contained Na2O. The presence of Na2O and carbon char with the inclusions indicates that the formation of the inclusions results from a reaction of a nickel-rich phase with sodium sulphate and carbon. (C) 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

domain: literature


text:
Justin Bieber will play a small show in London to mark the release of his new album.
The singer will release his fifth studio album, which is titled Changes, on 14 February and – three days earlier – will perform in front of just 2,350 people at Indigo in London’s 02 Arena.
It’s a one-off event that will see Bieber play acoustic versions of songs followed by a Q&A.
Ahead of that, he will release a brand new single from the record tomorrow (7 February). The song is called “Intentions” and is a collaboration with American rapper Quavo.
To be in with a chance to buy tickets to the intimate event, fans must pre-order Bieber’s new album from his official store before 4pm GMT on 8 February.
Tickets go on sale via AXS on 10 February at 9am GMT.
Changes will also include Bieber’s single “Yummy”, and marks Bieber’s first album since Purpose in 2015.
Other recent tracks include the Poo Bear and Jay Electronica collaboration “Hard 2 Face Reality”, and 2017’s “Friends”, which was written with producer BloodPop.
Earlier this month, Bieber revealed that he has been diagnosed with Lyme disease, a bacterial infection caused by ticks.
The singer shared a post with fans after becoming aware of social media speculation that he was suffering from drug addiction.
“They failed to realise I’ve recently been diagnosed with Lyme disease, not only that but had a serious case of chronic mono which affected my skin, brain function, energy and overall health.
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KINGSTON – The city and the two civilian post-secondary schools are looking reinstate the student bus pass program for the start of classes in September.
Last year, as the city suspended transit fares and St. Lawrence College and Queen’s University sent their students home, all sides agreed to cancel the agreements in place to provide transit services to students.
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Those agreements, together worth close to $3 million, saw more than 23,000 Queen’s University students pay $90 each and almost 6,100 St. Lawrence College students charged $164 each for unlimited transit access.
As part of last year’s cancellation, the city reimbursed about $850,000 to the schools’ student associations.
On Tuesday night, city council is to consider a plan to again put in place a four-month, $119 student pass for both schools, a continuation of a program first approved last August.
“Although a return to in-person, on-campus learning is anticipated, it is difficult to re-establish contract agreements on the basis of a mandatory student fee for transit access when student travel needs are not completely understood at this time,” stated a report to council from Sheila Kidd, commissioner of transportation and public works.
Student transit access is to be available through a virtual transit pass available for purchase at the city’s website.
Alternative arrangements are to be made for students who cannot access the pass system through a mobile phone.
“There continues to be a shared desire and willingness by the city and the student associations to re-establish an arrangement that ensures as many students as possible have access to transit service once the circumstances related to COVID-19 are resolved and there is more clarity regarding student travel needs,” Kidd added.


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If you’re seeking a Testosterone center near Goodlettsville, Tennessee, you may be researching Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT) treatment. The Tennessee Men’s Clinic stands as the foremost authority in men’s sexual health care in Tennessee, with two locations in the Nashville Metro Area. They focus on treating conditions such as Premature Ejaculation, Erectile Dysfunction, and Low Testosterone (PE, ED, Low-T).
Choosing the right treatment center for sexual health concerns is a crucial decision. When it comes to exploring ESWT treatment, it’s natural to have numerous questions in mind. This comprehensive guide will address some of the frequently asked questions regarding ESWT treatment at the Tennessee Men’s Clinic.
What is Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT) and How Does it Work?
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Who is a Suitable Candidate for ESWT Treatment?
ESWT treatment is often recommended for men who have erectile dysfunction due to poor blood flow to the penis. Candidates may have tried other treatments without success or want a non-invasive alternative to medications or surgery. It is essential to consult with a qualified healthcare provider at the Tennessee Men’s Clinic to determine if ESWT is the right approach for your specific situation.
What are the Benefits of ESWT Treatment?
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What Can I Expect During an ESWT Treatment Session?
During an ESWT treatment session at the Tennessee Men’s Clinic, you can expect a comfortable and non-invasive experience. The clinician will use a handheld device to deliver low-intensity shock waves to the targeted areas. The procedure is typically painless, and you can resume your regular activities immediately after the session. The entire process is designed to be convenient and discreet, ensuring that you can prioritize your sexual health with minimal disruption to your daily routine.
Is ESWT Treatment Covered by Insurance?
Insurance coverage for ESWT treatment may vary depending on your specific insurance plan and provider. It’s important to verify your coverage with your insurance company and the Tennessee Men’s Clinic before proceeding with treatment. The clinic’s knowledgeable staff can assist you in navigating insurance inquiries and provide guidance on potential financing options if needed.
How Do I Find a Reputable Testosterone Center near Goodlettsville, Tennessee?
When seeking a reputable Testosterone center near Goodlettsville, Tennessee, it’s crucial to prioritize the expertise and experience of the healthcare providers. The Tennessee Men’s Clinic offers a distinguished team of specialists who are dedicated to addressing men’s sexual health concerns with discretion and professionalism. Additionally, consider factors such as location, appointment availability, and patient reviews to ensure a positive and efficient experience.
Exploring ESWT treatment at a reputable Testosterone center near Goodlettsville, Tennessee, can provide men with a non-invasive and effective solution for addressing erectile dysfunction. By knowing the principles of ESWT, its benefits, candidacy requirements, treatment experience, insurance considerations, and choosing a reputable healthcare provider, men can make informed decisions to prioritize their sexual health.


A few years from now, I will look back at this movie and wonder what the weirdest part of this venture was. Was it all the unintentional homoeroticism between Ranveer Singh (playing hairy Bikram) and Arjun Kapoor (as toothy Bala)? Was it the fact that a script this bad got someone like Irrfan Khan (Supercop Satyajeet Sarkar) interested? Or is it that Priyanka Chopra (Love interest Nandini), having been in the industry a decade longer than either of the two heroes, comes off looking more like their aged babysitter than a legit romantic partner person? The correct answer, of course, is all of the above. And we haven’t even talked about the greasy bodiness of it all yet.


2.7MHz OSCILLATOR IS NOW INCLUDED TO REPLACE
THE INTERNAL VFO.
With the VFO 1000, tuning SSB is a
snap. Most hams operate on even 1KHz
frequencies. So using the 1KHz tuning step, SSB
signals are received without careful tuning as
required with analog tuning. Usually no tweaking
is required. Use the 5KHz tuning step when
tuning shortwave broadcast.The VFO 1000/Collins is a
direct digital synthesizer programmed to enhance the
operation of Collins S-Line receivers. There are
30 tunable memories that are programmed to provide the
functions of VFO, MEMORIES, and GENERAL COVERAGE
reception. The first 6 memories are factory assigned
for the 80 meter to 10 meter ham bands. The remaining
bands are assigned to provide general coverage of the
shortwave bands. They can be easily user re-assigned
in any way you wish up to 30MHz. Some memories
could be your favorite net frequencies, others could
be used for general coverage of the shortwave
broadcast bands. The encoder has 5KHz, 1KHz,
100Hz, and 10Hz tuning steps. The encoder can be
locked to prevent accidental changes. An
LED indicates when the encoder is active. There
is a 50KHz step available in the setup mode to
speed-up frequency entry. The
LCD is blue backlite with white characters. No
mods to the receiver are required.
GIVES COMPLETE CONTROL OF FREQ, ACCURACY,
& STABILITY TO THE VFO 1000.
SWITCH IS INCLUDED TO SWITCH BACK TO THE
RECEIVER'S INTERNAL VFO IF DESIRED.
IS BY SLIPPING AN EYELET WITH A WIRE
ATTACHED OVER PIN 1 OF THE PTO TUBE.
If you prefer traditional Collins tuning, switch the
2.7MHz oscillator OFF and set the VFO display to the
low end of the desired 200KHz segment, then tune
using the receiver tuning knob. The operating
frequency in this case is the VFO display plus the
receiver dial. The tuning knob on the VFO can be
disabled to prevent accidental changes.
Installation of the VFO 1000 is by removing the 6U8 HF
oscillator tube, inserting the included adapter in the
socket, then insert the 6U8 in the adapter. A
cable goes from the adapter to the main unit. A
switch on the adapter switches between the ham band
crystals and the shortwave unit.


Woman tosses Molotov cocktail into Fla. USCIS office
WASHINGTON (AP) — A woman tossed a lit Molotov cocktail into the lobby of a U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services office in Oakland Park, Florida. But no major injuries were reported.
That’s according to a report of the incident sent to administration officials and viewed by The Associated Press. The woman walked into the office Friday afternoon and hurled a bottle filled with gasoline and a lit fuse. But the fuse disconnected and didn’t ignite, according to the report.
Security officers handcuffed her, and she was taken into custody. The report did not list her name.
No one was injured, though one person reported feeling ill from the smell of gasoline.
Citizenship and Immigration Services handles legal immigration, and is run by Acting Director Ken Cuccinelli, who has presided over major recent changes.


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Yesterday we looked at some of the most rock-bottom-priced
Sand Section listings and sales by the measure of price per square foot (PPSF).
The inspiration for that post was a new price cut at 301 16th
that called attention to the very low PPSF for the property – just over $500/PSF currently – which, we noted, is "unusual for the Sand Section."
So what's "usual" for the Sand Section?
We decided to answer that the best way we know how: With data.
This new chart (click to enlarge)
gives you several answers, depending on what you're interested in.
The most solidly colored columns in the charts are the median
prices by the foot. (Half the prices in the sample are higher, half are lower.)
Medians are generally more reliable as indicators than averages. Average prices tend to be subject to greater fluctuation due to a couple of anomalous sales (high or low). You'll see in our chart here that, in every case, the average price is a nudge higher than the median.
The overall median PPSF for the Sand is $787/PSF
(green column on the right).
You could almost call that $800/PSF, which certainly underscores our point from yesterday – a PPSF near $500 is a major dip below the norm.
This figure of $787/PSF includes SFRs and townhomes, but not land sales.
This median is drawn from 100
MLS-reported sales in the Sand from Jan. 1, 2011, through Sept. 30, 2011, the first 3 quarters of this year.
Townhomes, more commonly beach-adjacent and therefore more valuable by the foot, had a higher median PPSF of $813/PSF
. (Rust-colored bar on the chart.) It's worth noting that there are relatively few sales to go by, even over 3 quarters, just 29
TH transactions in total.
SFRs as a group posted a slightly lower median PPSF of $780/PSF
(dark blue column), still within 1% of the overall Sand Section median. There were 71
sales in that mix.Nerdy Note 1:
In running these calculations, we specifically excluded
7 high-PPSF sales which were either lot sales or principally land-value sales. If there's a small house on a valuable lot, the PPSF is all wobbly, largely irrelevant. (The top 3 of those were 205 20th
, 319 23rd Place
and 2908 The Strand
; we also cut out 3120 Alma
.)Nerdy Note 2:
Before we took that surgical step of removing land sales, we also needed to adjust the raw output of data in a couple of significant ways. A raw search turns up 1600 The Strand
twice, so we removed the duplicate. There were also 2 improperly coded Tree Section sales in the Sand Section data at first, but we got those out, too.
We took out stuff that didn't belong, but we'll admit that we did not go the extra mile and add
off-market sales into this mix. In general, we knew that finding and evaluating every off-market sale just to evaluate PPSF would require more labor than justified by the value added.
We know, for instance, that we didn't add 1800 The Strand
(5br/7ba, 5325 sq. ft.), the Sand's highest-dollar sale of the year at $12.250m
and one with a PPSF of $2,299/PSF. That one would have raised the SFR average
from $811/PSF to $832/PSF, but would barely have changed the median
for SFRs, from $780 to $781/PSF.
Now, what do you do with median or average PPSF for a whole sub-region of MB? Probably not too much.
With our diverse housing stock, the bulk data don't tell you much about how one specific property should be priced. But you can at least measure against these to say, for instance, "wow, did we get a deal!" Or not.
----------------------Nerdy Note 3 – a soapbox moment:
Putting in this kind of attention to the data output before running an analysis is what gives us confidence in MBC's figures, and, frankly, little confidence in the numbers generated by others, especially automated systems that cull data from who-knows-where without human intervention.
We recently saw a major local brokerage publish a "market update" for Q1-Q3 2011 that failed to remove duplicate sales and that compared 2010 to 2011 with a major apples-to-oranges mistake – including townhomes in one year's data, but not the other year's. Sheez.
Before you blame the interns who (presumably) ran the numbers, remember that nothing gets printed (or should get printed) without a responsible editorial eye passing over – but someone missed several incongruous conclusions drawn from the "market update" totals. (The bogus numbers suggested 2011 was blazingly better than 2010.) Yellow and red flags missed by the grown-ups. Tsk-tsk.
Lesson: If you don't know that your data source is exacting, don't consume the data.
Or: Don't sit down to eat at the restaurant if there's a "C" grade hanging in the window.


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" May you know the Beauty and Truth that is Who You Are. May you know the Wisdom within, and always listen to and express the Song of your Soul. "
- Beth Budesheim
Welcome. I'm a Body & Energy Healer (and former RN), Intuitive Counselor, and Artist, who works with people both in-person, and through phone, Skype and email.
The foundation and core of all my work is Essence and the wise healing energies that flow within, around and through All.
I believe that connection to this realm, to knowing ourSelves and the world in this way, opens doorways to intuition, physical well-being , mental and emotional healing, authentic empowerment, love & understanding, greater clarity about self- life -next steps, and personal connection to Spirit/Source.
I believe that art has the power to illuminate what is wanting to emerge and be realized, and that creating art opens doorways to Spirit and our own essence.
I'm available for intuitive readings, energy medicine, bodywork and intuitive art commissions. Learn more HERE. Paintings, prints and my oracle card deck are available in the online BOUTIQUE. However we connect, my promise is to bring not only my 17+ years of experience and solid training, but also a gentle spirit and caring heart.
- Support before and after surgery or with other health issues.
- Recenter, nourish and refresh your body, mind, heart and spirit. Deep self care & soul care, so you are nourished to do your own service in the world.
- Land into Who You Are, be in and know your own unique energy. Cultivate healthy boundaries.
- Artwork for your home, business, or website.
- Intuitive painting commissions- Goddess Energy Portraits™, Personal Healing Mandalas
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- Know more of your own spiritual essence, connect with your Higher Self and Spirit Guides.
- Find clarity about your next steps in life, relationship, or work.
- Move forward organically from the authentic call of your Heart & Soul into who you are becoming.
If any of these touch something within you, I have a variety of services, art, products and offerings here that just might appeal to you. Have a look around and please feel free to contact me with any questions.