A pilot aimed to engage Oakland’s Spanish-speaking residents with news via text.Read more
United States and United Kingdom programs strengthening local media.
The Listening Post Collective, one of the organizations that received a grant from CLEF, is a project of Internews
The 2017 wildfires in Northern California were the most destructive in the state’s history. More than 5,600 structures were destroyed, damages exceeded $2 billion, and 44 people lost their lives.
A radio report on KRCB looks at whether Sonoma County's draft Disaster Recovery Plan addresses improving communication in Spanish. information.
How a Local Journalist is Trying to Better Understand and Serve Oakland's Latino Immigrant Community
By Joseph Lichterman
Desconectado: How Emergency Information Got Lost In Translation During The Northern California Wildfires
Daniel Bruce, Internews Chief Executive in Europe, and Carolyn Powers, Internews Program Officer for Global Initiatives, participated in the 2018 Community Media Association Conference in the UK on September 15.
In this article on Medium, Isadora Varejão looks at two different communities in Rio and New Orleans and how they addressed local issues.
Hayley Millar of BBC Radio Scotland's morning news programme interviewed Daniel Bruce, Internews' Chief Executive in Europe, about his views on the resiliency of radio in an age of digital and soci


Whether she’s solving crimes or trying to save the world, Judy Moody — the super-spunky third-grader created by author Megan McDonald — doesn’t take things sitting down. And though her outlandish schemes do sometimes get her in a pickle, it’s hard not to admire Judy’s go-get-’em attitude, creativity, and resilience. Wishing your children had a bit more of Judy in them? We asked Gail Saltz, M.D., an associate professor of psychiatry at The New York Presbyterian Hospital Weill Cornell Medical College in New York City, how you can foster these same qualities in your kids when the going gets rough.
Your child is beside herself after her best friend wins a contest — one your child wasn’t even in!
Refocusing her attention on the effort her friend had to make to snag that win can help ease those feelings of envy. To a child, a prize or a trophy can look like a gift. “Make the link that what you put in is what you will end up getting out in the long run,” says Dr. Saltz. Use this event as an opportunity to brainstorm some things your kid can work hard on in order to reap her own reward.
“Mooooom, I’m booored!”
Leave her be (really!). Our children live in a world of endless digital devices and external stimulations, which make it seem like being bored is a bad thing. Not so, says Dr. Saltz: “Being bored forces you to creatively come up with something to stimulate your own mind.” And soon enough, she’ll gravitate toward something. The key is to make sure you don’t become her personal entertainment director. So challenge your child to make a list of things she finds entertaining — and then have her refer to that list when she’s at a loss for something to do. This is a great chance for her to go tech-free by reading, playing pretend, or "cooking up" a mud pie in the backyard. By not rushing to the rescue, you teach your child to self-soothe, feel more independent, and think outside the box. (One tip for younger kids: Finding something to do for, say, an entire hour or two can be daunting, so start with smaller intervals. Set the timer for 20 minutes and see what she comes up with.)
Your kid tried out for the basketball team — but didn’t make the cut.
Go ahead and let him mourn. “Parents are very quick to create a circus so their kid never feels upset about anything,” Dr. Saltz warns. So instead of downplaying the issue or pulling out the stops to change the subject, simply be sympathetic to your kid’s disappointment. Tell him about a time when you were rejected and what you did to get through it. Once your child has had time to process, sit down and encourage him to make a game plan for how he can improve come next year — whether it’s drafting a practice schedule or enlisting an older student for some coaching. Plus, when it comes to team sports, there are often local rec leagues that don’t require try-outs; these are great options because your child still gets to participate in a sport he loves while also improving his skill. Bottom line: You want to model the idea that one defeat doesn’t mean you’re doomed for life! Show your kids that they can be creative in figuring out how to get the experience they need to succeed, says Dr. Saltz.
Your kid begged and begged for those karate/singing/rock-climbing lessons, so you signed him up. Now, he wants to quit.
Avoid giving him the easy way out. “It’s important for kids to understand that to get the super fun part for doing something new, you often have to get through some not-fun parts first,” Dr. Saltz says. Learning a new skill can be hard at first, so remind your child that if he sticks with it now, he’s going to look back and be really glad he did. Now, the best way to avoid this behavior altogether is to set a policy from the start: If you sign up for a series of lessons, you’ll finish them. If you choose not to continue after that, so be it!
PHOTO CREDIT: Rawpixel Ltd/istockphoto
Based on the Candlewick Press series of the same names
Written by Megan McDonald and Illustrated by Peter H. Reynolds


text:
Decorative Driftwood Decorative Driftwood Branch Home Decor By
decorative driftwood decorative driftwood branch home decor by.
driftwood, how to make a driftwood orb o made in day, decorative driftwood, driftwood horse head decor beach style decorative, round decorative driftwood bowl,retro driftwood wood tree trunk decorative plants ornaments ,free photo dried starfish driftwood marine decorative max pixel , seaside gifts hanging maritime garlands driftwood, green plastic leaves plant decorative driftwood for, top of most awesome driftwood vintage decorations.
- November 5, 2018
- no tag
- Comments (0)

domain: artistic


Fill and seal machines for cup filling and closing. They are designed to satisfy different production requirements (from small output to high production by fully automatic lines). They are ideal for packaging liquid/doughy products such as yogurt, sauces, jam, soup, etc. The product is filled inside pre formed cups (made of PS, PP, APET CPET, aluminum and coupled cardboard) , on the top of which compatible pre-cut lids are sealed. The Fill Seal Film version seals and cuts film coming from reel. The ILPRA Fill Seal are available in sealing only or with vacuum/gas facilities to extend the product shelf life.
It is a 10-line fill seal machine able to work 20.000 pieces per hour; in the best working conditions it can even achieve an output of 24.000 pieces per hour.
Conceived to automatically fill and seal dairy products and adaptable to every kind of liquid and doughy products, it is suitable for medium and large outputs and is completely made of high quality materials (the filler is made of stainless steel AISI 316)
It is a 4-line machine conceived to automatically fill and seal dairy products and adaptable to every kind of liquid and doughy products. It is suitable for medium and large outputs and is completely made of high quality materials (the filler is made of stainless steel AISI 316). All the main functions of this cup filling and closing machine, except the sealing that is pneumatic, are mechanic, thus granting a high precision in working and a remarkable easiness in usage and maintenance.
The FILL SEAL 4L is an in line filling and closing machine working on 4 rows. It is a completely automatic machine able to satisfy high productions (up to 10000 pieces per hour).
The machine can run containers made of PS, PP, PET, aluminium, coupled cardboard, etc ….
The FS 7000 Tronicmodel is a filling and closing machine equipped with automatic turntable, suitable for medium and high productions. The machine can run 3 cups per cycle and is conceived for packaging liquid and doughy products such as yogurt, cheese, butter, jam, sauces, soups.
The FILL SEAL 5000 is a filling/sealing machine with an 8-station rotary table. It is completely automatic and able to achieve an output of 5000 pieces per hour. The high versatility of this model allows to package a wide range of liquid and doughy products such as yogurt, cheese, milk, margarine, butter, jam, honey...
The ILPRA Fill Seal 2500 is a filling and closing machine equipped with a turntable, conceived to meet the market request of a machine for automatic filling and packaging of liquid and doughy products.
The ILPRA Fill Seal 2000 is a filling and closing machine with rotary table, specifically conceived to meet the market request for an automatic machine able to fill and package liquid and doughy products, at a reasonable price that even the manufacturer that has to start with a limited production can afford.
The Fill Seal 1800 is a filling and closing machine equipped with an automatic turntable of 6 positions, suitable for production up to 1800 pieces per hour. The machine is designed for packaging liquid and doughy products, such as yogurt, cheese, milk, margarine, butter, jam, honey, sauces, soups, etc… in pre-formed containers made of PS, PET, PP, aluminium and coupled cardboard.
FILL SEAL OPTI
The OPTI range of machines are part of ILPRA FILL SEAL series.They are simple and practical machines, especially coinceived by ILPRA experience to meet the packaging requirements of customers not being in need of sophisticated solutions. The size change is very easy and takes only few minutes.
Leider gibt es für diesen Aussteller kein deutsches Firmenprofil.
ILPRA was founded in 1955. The company plays a primary role in the market of food, cosmetics and medical packaging. Up till now ILPRA has installed over 14,000 machines worldwide.
The packaging is the core of a business formula oriented to a entirely internal production. ILPRA operates in 130 countries worldwide, with technologically advanced innovative solutions able to guarantee maximum flexibility and high process automation.
The business experience is based on constant care of a team of over 200 employees. ILPRA provides advice, supplies and services on all aspects of packaging, from selecting the most suitable solution to engineering machinery and accessory lines, up to the supply of specific products.
The ILPRA Group also covers all aspects of Packaging thanks to 10 institutional partners.ILPRA was founded in 1955 by Mr. Gianfranco Maldifassi, who that same year designed and built the first Italian tray sealer. Since 1970 ILPRA has been exclusively specializing in the thermo-sealing sector.
In 1982 the first Modified Atmosphere tray sealer was built (MAP). In 1988 Maurizio Bertocco, the present Chairman, takes the reins of the company and aims at European and International markets up to the current 130 countries worldwide. Together with this, space for production, research and innovation are increased.
In 1992 the ILPRA Group was founded, including companies that progressively develop new technologies in the areas of packaging machinery, containers and films.
The research and the quality standards required by the market have helped in the development of productive capacity based on very high quality.
The aesthetics and functionality of our products, along with very favorable quality / price ratio, are unique elements in the field of Packaging.
The machines are made in-house regarding design, implementation and testing. This ensures full traceability of the entire production process, thus guaranteeing quality to customers.
An industrial production that is based on specific homemade experiences helps to create the widest range of products and services on the market of Packaging. ILPRA is aware of this strength that has enabled it to compete successfully in Italy and worldwide.


Aesthetic Clothing Company SL , has been a beneficiary of the European Regional Development Fund whose objective is to promote research, technological development and innovation, and thanks to which it has made specific investments for the Design and Development of its production processes, to support the creation and consolidation of innovative companies. February 2018 . For this, it has had the support of the INNOCámaras program of the Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Services of Burgos .
AESTHETIC CLOTHING COMPANY SL has been a beneficiary of the European Regional Development Fund whose objective is to improve the competitiveness of SMEs and thanks to which it has launched an Internationalization Plan with the aim of improving its competitive position abroad during the year 2018. For this, it has had the support of the XPANDE Program of the Chamber of Commerce of Burgos.
European Regional Development Fund
A way of making Europe


text:
Best Credit Repair Companies Grand Rapids Michigan
The best method to find a credit repair service that is located in Grand Rapids Michigan is to search for an organization that has been in operation for longer and has lots of favorable reviews. Look for credit repair companies that have been accredited by the Better Business Bureau.
Poser Tubes is the right spot to start if you want to repair your credit in Grand Rapids Michigan. Poser Tubes is a firm that helps people with their credit score . They can practically always improve your score and your credit rating.
There are many companies that repair credit in Grand Rapids Michigan. However there are a few that are trustworthy. You have to locate the most reliable credit repair service, that will provide quality services. Here are some tips to help you find the best credit repair company in Grand Rapids Michigan.
2. Find out the services they offer.
Get A Free Credit Repair Quote
Bad Credit Can Help You Get Out Of Debt
Poor habits like not making your payments on time, carrying high credit card balances and maxing out your credit cards can damage your credit score. To ensure that your credit score remains high, make sure you make your payments on time, maintain your credit card balances low, and only use the credit limit you've been given.
Unbelievable amounts of Americans are struggling to pay off their debts. Around 10 million Americans are in debt with at least $100,000. If you take a look at the total amount of debt in the U.S., it comes at a staggering $12.86 trillion. There are reasons not to criticize other people for their poor credit score are actually twofold. It's not their fault. There could be many reasons someone has bad credit.
How To Remove Negative Items from your credit report Grand Rapids Michigan
If you're doing business in the Grand Rapids Michigan area and are in need of credit repair services it is important to select a business that has experience working with clients from your industry and has a proven track of accomplishment. There are many methods to remove bad credit issues.
For example, if you have been the victim of identity theft you should be able to have the negatives deleted from your credit report. If you're hoping to improve your credit, it's important to know the fundamentals of the way credit is a process. Knowing about the three major credit-reporting agencies Experian Equifax and TransUnion is crucial.
A Complete Guide to Fast Credit Repair Services in Grand Rapids Michigan
Everyone hates being left with bad credit however, if you're suffering from it you should look into fast credit repair services in Los Angeles. These companies have been helping people who have poor credit repair their credit for many years. If you find the best fast credit repair service, it is possible to repair your credit in a matter of months. There are many options available to improve your credit.
The process of paying off debts that are in arrears is the most efficient method to repair your credit score. This is the most efficient way to boost your credit score. Because of the growing number of people who have poor credit reports credit repair is getting more and more sought-after.
Local American Credit Repair centers
Credit repair is a major industry within the United States. In 2015 the market for credit repair services was estimated to be worth $2 billion. Poser Tubes offers a number of advantages for American customers seeking credit repair. For starters, Poser Tubes works with the most reputable credit bureaus to remove incorrect information, such as late payments or collection, from your credit report.
Poser Tubes Center, a national credit repair company and debt settlement firm has helped people out of debt for over 30 years. There are numerous offices throughout the nation, so that customers can contact a representative for assistance with debt and credit problems.
How to obtain a copy your mortgage credit report
It's easy to get an exact copy of your credit report. You can get one by entering your name address, address, social security number, and date of birth on this site . Three credit reporting agencies can also be identified.
Here is a guide to the information on your credit report. The three credit bureaus each have their own credit score. If you want to get an exact copy of your credit report you have to order it from each of the three credit bureaus individually.
The first step is to contact the mortgage company that holds the mortgage. They ought to be able provide you with a copy of your credit report at no cost. If not, you'll need to call the three credit bureaus directly or you can buy their credit reports at a minimal cost.
Frequently Asked Questions:
What is the best method to repair my credit?
Answer: You might need credit repair If you've been rejected for credit, you've been refused a job or you've been turned down for housing.
What can I do to improve my credit score?
Answer: The most significant distinction between a FICO score and a credit score is the FICO score is an algorithm that is based on the information in your credit report , whereas the credit score is a numerical number given to you by a credit reporting company based on the details in your credit report.
What are the best options to get a credit repair?
Answer: It is important to know how your credit system is governed. You have a credit report and a credit score, and you can get a free copy of your credit report from each of the three credit reporting agencies once a year at Poser Tubes . It's possible to start repairing your credit after you've got an understanding of the basics.
What are the chances of not fixing the credit score of a person?
Answer: If you're not able to obtain credit repair after your credit has been damaged, it could affect various aspects of your life. You might find it difficult to find a job, loan, or cellphone plan.
What are the different types of credit repair services available?
Answer: Disputing is probably the most well-known form of credit repair. You can dispute information in your credit reports by disputing it. There are two methods to dispute the information you see that appears on your credit report. You can either contact the credit bureau to request a dispute or send a dispute.

domain: finance


text:
by Officer Jeffrey Grasso
D.A.R.E.® The essence of this bold acronym lays the foundation for responsibly living a healthy life. These four letters - D.A.R.E. - explain a simple and powerful message: Drug Abuse Resistance Education.
Since its creation as a non-profit organization in Los Angeles, California in 1983, D.A.R.E. has been established in over 75 percent of our nation’s schools and is utilized in over 43 countries. The primary mission of D.A.R.E. is to provide children with the information and skills they need to live their lives free of drug and violence.
D.A.R.E. lessons provide children with the tools to avoid the negative consequences of drug abuse. Placing a uniformed officer in the classroom as a D.A.R.E. instructor establishes a positive relationship among students, teachers, parents, community leaders and law enforcement.
The D.A.R.E. instructor, a veteran officer with specialized training and a knack for communicating with young people, identifies and reinforces students’ strengths in their quest to become successful. Formal lessons and life experiences help the instructor stress the importance of healthy choices.
D.A.R.E. assists children in making positive choices with the Decision Making Model of the acronym D.A.R.E. The “D” stands for define the problem, challenge or opportunity. Kids often need to think about what is confronting them. Defining the problem, challenge or opportunity lays the groundwork and gives the child direction in addressing the situation.
The letter “A” is for assess. What choices are available when a child is dealing with a situation and its circumstances? It’s relatively simple to say “yes” or “no” when confronted with an opportunity to lead a healthy and productive life.
Once the choices are assessed, the child then makes a decision and that’s the next letter of the acronym. “R” is for respond - make a choice. Children must understand the importance of making the right choice. The right choice is examined in the last letter of the acronym and helps emphasize the right choice.
The last letter, “E”, is for evaluate. Evaluate the choice. Is it healthy, responsible, respectful, and realistic?
Former Chief of Police William Turk was the first D.A.R.E. instructor in Boulder City. After Chief Turk’s tenure as a D.A.R.E. instructor, former police officer Dale Wood was the sole instructor for many years.
As the D.A.R.E. program grew in popularity with the schools and the community, other officers became D.A.R.E. instructors. Former D.A.R.E. instructors include Sergeant Vince Albowicz, Officer Mike Barth, Officer Tom Perkins, and now me, Officer Jeffrey Grasso.
D.A.R.E. instructors receive two weeks of intense training dealing with lesson plan development, teaching methods, learning styles, and current statistical data on drug trends. The Boulder City Police Department now incorporates the D.A.R.E. program as a function of the School Resource Officer position. The D.A.R.E. program is taught in four Boulder City schools: Andrew J. Mitchell, M.P. King, Garrett Junior High and Grace Community School.
At A.J. Mitchell, kindergarteners are taught a scaled down version of the D.A.R.E. program called “Stranger Danger”. This five-week program teaches our youngest children the importance of being aware of their surroundings. It teaches our youngsters to stay away from harmful items and to make wise and healthy choices. These little guys and girls are absolutely ecstatic when I walk into the room.
At M.P. King, D.A.R.E. is taught in fifth grade and this is the core of the D.A.R.E. program. This is when our fifth graders learn about the D.A.R.E. decision making model. During the nine-week program, the children learn about making healthy choices. They also learn about the negative effects of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs such as marijuana, inhalants, and methamphetamine.
At Garrett Jr. High, the nine-week program reinforces the basic principles taught in fifth grade. During these sessions, the students interact and role play real life situations. The students also practice making healthy decisions by using responsible, respectful, and realistic approaches.
D.A.R.E. is a triangle between the schools, police and the community. This triangle cannot be better exemplified than by the culmination of our fifth grade D.A.R.E. Graduation. This grand event is like none other in Clark County. This festival of fun is very rewarding to our fifth graders and supports them by emphasizing healthy decision making. I know the schools and police are doing everything possible to have a drug free community. The community must continue to be attentive to our children and vigilant of negative activities. I appreciate all of your efforts and support in being proactive in our fight against drugs.

domain: sociology


text:
The promise of US$100 billion a year for North-South solidarity is now a source of frustration for developing countries.
Society is built on intersecting workplaces – and workers from many industries are being affected by climate change.
Decarbonise electricity and reform land use to plunge emissions – world’s top experts.
With the world on track to blow the carbon budget for 1.5℃ before the end of this decade, we must use offsetting carefully. It can no longer be a substitute for deep emissions cuts.
While carbon dioxide removal from the air is not a replacement for emissions reductions, it can supplement these efforts. Experts are continually researching the best ways to do this.
The current estimate is that Earth would warm by 1.5℃ to 4.5℃ if emissions were to double on pre-industrial levels. The range has remained stubbornly wide, despite improved climate modelling.
New Zealand can expect more days above 25℃, the threshold for heat stress in livestock, and fewer frost days, which will affect crops like kiwifruit that need winter chilling.
Three of the report’s 270 authors highlight some key findings.
Plus, a section of a rocket is about to crash on the Moon. What scientists hope to learn from it. Listen to The Conversation Weekly podcast.
If politics wasn’t an obstacle, we could decarbonise Australia within 13 years and soak up residual emissions with forests.
From melting glaciers to mounting storms, the impacts of climate change are global – but they’re not equally shared.
The author’s 9-year-old son will likely face about four times as many extreme events in his lifetime as older adults today. An international report explains the impacts already being felt.
Globally, about a billion people living in coastal cities are at risk of climate hazards. The impacts go well beyond the coast and could affect us all, with disruptions to supply chains and trade.
For the first time, an IPCC climate report has assessed evidence that weather and climate extremes are already affecting mental health — and are likely to worsen.
Water is central to adapting to climate change, but very few of the strategies put in place to respond to water hazards or ensure its availability have been evaluated.
Decades of research shows disasters are caused human vulnerabilities rather than the climate itself.
Brendan Mackey, Griffith University; Francis Chiew, CSIRO; Gretta Pecl, University of Tasmania; Kevin Hennessy, CSIRO; Lauren Rickards, RMIT University; Mark Howden, Australian National University; Nigel Tapper, Monash University; Nina Lansbury, The University of Queensland, and Uday Nidumolu, CSIRO
We are no longer in typical conditions. Climate change is already damaging human and natural systems we hold dear in Australia.
As the impacts and costs of climate change increase over time, New Zealand’s financial systems could become less stable and the government less able to support those affected.
The IPCC is the global authority on climate change. Their new report paints a worrying picture of climate impacts already affecting billions of people, economies and the environment.
An author of the report explains the damaging effects climate change is already having and why adaptation is essential.

domain: news


text:
Shania Twain's new album, Now, has debuted atop the all-genre Billboard Top 200 chart, selling more than 137,000 copies in its first week out. This is the first time in over three years that a female country release has hit No. 1 on the all-genre chart and marks the third-largest sales week for a country album in 2017, and the largest for a woman in almost two years. Additionally, the album lands at No. 1 on the Billboard Top Country albums chart, while also topping charts in Australia, the U.K., Zimbabwe and Shania's home country of Canada, where the project is already certified Platinum.
· Shania says, "This is an emotional day as I take in the great news that my new album has come in at No. 1. I am deeply moved to have your support and soon we will be singing the songs together in concert on my upcoming tour where I will have the chance to celebrate with you in person. Can’t wait!"


Facebook has announced that its Messenger app will no longer handle text messages starting September 28. You will therefore have to find another default application.
Since 2016, the Facebook Messenger application can be used as the default SMS application, instead of the application installed by default on your smartphone. A feature that it likes to regularly remind its users to encourage them to use it for this purpose, in addition to the only instant messaging of the social network.
However, this feature will soon disappear from Messenger as indicated by Facebook in a dedicated help page: ” Starting September 28, 2023, texting will no longer be available when you update your Messenger app “. The social network then details a little more the consequences of this update:
If you are using Messenger as your default messaging app for text messages on your Android device, please note that you will no longer be able to use Messenger to send text messages and receive text messages from your mobile network after updating the app from September 28, 2023. You’ll still be able to send and receive text messages through your mobile network and access your text history through your phone’s new default messaging app. If you don’t choose your new default messaging app, your texts will move to your phone’s default messaging app, like the Android Messages app, for example.
A feature closed without explanation
Meta does not further explain this change in strategy, but we can make a few guesses. First, the Messenger application is not compatible with the latest messaging standards, such as RCS – unlike Google Messages or Samsung Messages. Moreover, the integration of this functionality necessarily requires support from the Meta developers. However, the firm has laid off 21,000 people since the end of last year. It is therefore now seeking to refocus on its core business, namely messaging, social networks and the metaverse. Finally, if Facebook has particularly encouraged its users to use Messenger as the default SMS application, no figures indicate that this function has been massively adopted. We can therefore imagine that, seven years after its launch, Facebook decided to pull the plug in the face of an acknowledgment of failure.
If you ever used Messenger as your default SMS app, you have a month and a half to find a new app. If you don’t necessarily plan to switch to the application installed automatically on your phone, you can always take a look at our guide to the best SMS applications on Android.
To follow us, we invite you to download our Android and iOS application. You can read our articles, files, and watch our latest YouTube videos.


text:
Zeolite molecular sieves structure chemistry and use pdf
D.W. Breck. Zeolite Molecular Sieves: Structure, Chemistry and Use - PDF Free DownloadA molecular sieve is a material with pores very small holes of uniform size. These pore diameters are similar in size to small molecules, and thus large molecules cannot enter or be adsorbed , while smaller molecules can. As a mixture of molecules migrate through the stationary bed of porous, semi-solid substance referred to as a sieve or matrix , the components of highest molecular weight which are unable to pass into the molecular pores leave the bed first, followed by successively smaller molecules. Some molecular sieves are used in chromatography , a separation technique that sorts molecules based on their size. Other molecular sieves are used as desiccants some examples include activated charcoal and silica gel.
About Molecular Sieve
D.W. Breck. Zeolite Molecular Sieves: Structure, Chemistry and Use
KGaA Google Scholar. To browse Academia. The parameters are: 1 A three column system which can be operated separately and in combination. Huo and R!
Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Zeolite Molecular Sieves: Structure, Chemistry, and Use" by Donald W. Breck.
best books for youth pastors
Information about reproducing material from RSC articles with different licences is available on our Permission Requests page. Click here to Expand all. Thank you for visiting nature? External link.
Column 1 was filled with natural granular clinoptilolites, load more adsorbent in same volume. Thus while doing de-bottlenecking you may use beaded molecular sieves, magnesium silicate, while columns 2 and 3 were filled with the radiation modified zeolite. Pharmacokinetic study of Zeoli! Flanigen E.Sinnott R. Author e-mails. Jansen, J. Thank you for visiting nature.
Pang B. Ion exchange is treated less briefly with a description cgemistry the basic thermodynamic formalism used to characterize ion- exchange isotherms in terms of a standard free energy of exchange. RSS Feeds. A three column system which can be operated separately and in combination.
Pick and Choose. I hope that Elsevier bring out a soft-cover edition at a quarter of the price! A Nature Research Journal? In all, this is a remarkable and very unusual achievement which is surely a fitting tribute to the work of its principal contributor. Mineral Zeolites.
Cloverite, a synthetic gallophosphate molecular sieve with a tetrahedral-atom pore opening, is synthesized in an alcoholic system; it is found to be both thermally stable and able to sorb large organic molecules. If you are not the author of this article and you wish to reproduce material from it in a third party non-RSC publication you must formally request permission using Copyright Clearance Center. Go to our Instructions for using Copyright Clearance Center page for details. Authors contributing to RSC publications journal articles, books or book chapters do not need to formally request permission to reproduce material contained in this article provided that the correct acknowledgement is given with the reproduced material. If the material has been adapted instead of reproduced from the original RSC publication "Reproduced from" can be substituted with "Adapted from". In all cases the Ref.

domain: chemistry


text:
A newly developed intravenous implantable infusion system for treprostinil was found to be safe and effective in adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension, according to a study published in Chest.
“The key findings [of this study] are that this pump and catheter system are safe, comfortable, reliable, and afford patients a whole new freedom and improved quality of life,” said Aaron B. Waxman, MD, PhD, FACP, FCCP, associate professor of medicine at the Harvard Medical School, executive director of the Center for Pulmonary-Heart Diseases, and director of the Pulmonary Vascular Disease Program at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital Heart and Vascular Center, Boston, Massachusetts, in an email interview with Pulmonology Advisor.
“This will have a tremendous impact on patient care from the aspect of safety and patient’s satisfaction,” he added.
The multicenter, prospective, single-arm, clinical trial (DelIVery for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01321073) enrolled 64 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension from June 2011 to November 2012 at 10 medical centers across the United States. All study participants were older than 18 years and received treprostinil (mean dose at baseline, 71.4±27.8 ng/kg/min) before the implant procedure, which took place under general anesthesia or deep intravenous sedation. Four participants opted to drop out of the study before the procedure. In the remaining participants (n=60), the catheter was introduced via the cephalic, jugular, subclavian, or axillary vein and advanced to the abdominal subcutaneous pocket where the pump was positioned.
The implant procedure took, on average, 102±32 min (range, 47-184 min); all 60 procedures were deemed successful. Clinically significant complications related to the procedure included 2 cases of pneumothorax, 2 infections, and 1 episode of atrial fibrillation; 3 postprocedure catheter dislocations were observed in 2 patients. Pain at the implant site (83%) and bruising (17%) were commonly reported, implant-related adverse events.
“We eliminate all the hassles of an indwelling Hickman catheter,” said Dr Waxman. “The risks associated with this pump are minimal and would include leakage of the drug at the time of refill, which causes slight pain but is temporary. The infection risk is reduced to near zero.”
Dr Waxman is hopeful that the long-term implications of his research will make intravenous therapy or subcutaneous therapy, among other forms of prostacyclin therapy, effective in a way that improves patient quality of life.
“I think this will open the door to other patients who have been reluctant to go on prostacyclins because of the complexity of the therapy, and the inherent risks of long-term indwelling Hickman catheters,” said Dr Waxman. “When you look at the overall treatment paradigm for advanced pulmonary vascular disease and pulmonary arterial hypertension, many patients don’t go on prostacyclins because of the difficulties.”
“This will offer them a new opportunity for the best therapy available,” he concluded.
Waxman AB, McElderry HT, Gomberg-Maitland M, et al. Totally implantable intravenous treprostinil therapy in pulmonary hypertension: assessment of the implantation procedure [published online June 2, 2017]. Chest. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.04.188

domain: medical


There are multiple reasons that influences the pigeon nesting under the solar panels. They are many people who are fond of having the pigeon and their nests. Although, pigeons are considered as the most disciplined and peace loving birds for that reason people shows their affection with the pigeons. Pigeons shows a lot of care with their mates and share their feeds and live peacefully with each other we must say they are also the role model for the society. Pigeons also provide the great ambiance to the house roof or balcony. Apart from that birds may affect the solar panels installed in the house or building and cut down or effect the supply of the electricity which causes the severe problem for the house or building owners. We recommend building owners to install the nest of the pigeon nesting under solar panels so, the solar panels will get damaged or effected by the pigeons and they can do their activities under the solar panel. As we all know that the installation of solar panels is quiet expensive and its damage recovery is also expensive so, owner of the solar panel always tries to avoid the expensive repairing. Many building owners have installed the roof spikes to avoid the damages causes by the bird and somehow they get succeeded but it’s not a much effective way to get rid of damages causes by birds. Most of the birds prefer to build the nest under the shade as it provide the convenience to them and PV solar panels provides the proper shade to them and they prefer to build the nest under the solar panels. Many people have done the bird meshing on the solar panels in order to get rid from the birds. To some extent, bird proofing may prevent the solar panels from getting damage.
Ways to prevent the solar panels from the birds:
With reference to the above paragraph, there is no ambiguity that birds cause the severe damages to the solar panels which turns into expensive repairing. Keeping in view the damages, there are some ways to prevent the solar panels from the birds. The best way to prevent the solar panels from the bird is to install the bird control netting as plastic predators are considered as the best resistant. We must say this is the best pigeon guard as well and pigeon will never even revolve around the solar panels. Moreover, if you keep your garden and roof clean then the birds will never come near to the solar panels. Further, you are requested to please click on the given link elitebird.com.au to view more details about us.


text:
Imperium Hotel TiranaAlbanian Hotels Data: 15/05/2019 14:54
|Distanca||1.50 Km nga qendra Tirana|
|City - Zone||Tirana - Zone Periferike|
|Address||Rruga SH54 Dajt, Tirana|
Located in a suburb of Tirana, Hotel Green is just a couple of steps from the Tirana-Durres national road. Surrounded by a garden, the hotel offers an on-site bar and restaurant serving traditional and international dishes.
All rooms are air-conditioned and feature free Wi-Fi, satellite TV and a private bathroom with shower. Guests can park their car for free on site.
Breakfast is served at the hotel restaurant each day. The front desk is open 24 hours a day. Room service is available.
The center of Tirana is 7.4 km away. The famous Block Area, an upmarket part of town known as a shopping destination and entertainment venue, can be reached in 3 km. Boutiques, shops, restaurants, trendy bars, pubs, and cafes can be found in abundance.
Main Bus Station is 2 km away, while the Train Station can be reached in 2.3 km. Tirana Airport is 18 km away.

domain: geography


text:
There are endless examples of "girl hates boy, boy makes girl fall in love, boy and girl live happily ever after" stories. This is just another one. But that's not all.
Nazeeha Afzal cared only for three things: God, her job, and her girls. She paid no attention to those around her and did what she had to do to be happy. To the world she was intelligent, independent, and responsible. For those who really knew her, she was pure-hearted, wise, and free spirited. At only 20, she understood how the world worked and she wasn't one to keep quiet about it either.
And that's exactly why she and Ali would not get along.
Ali Al-Ameen was every girl's perfect man. Charming, funny, and could sing Bollywood songs for days, Ali had no problem becoming best friends with every stranger her met on the streets. This 20 year old lived for excitement, adventure, and the thrill of being alive.
It was a shame he fell in love with the one girl who was just like him in every way, but he'd never be able to see it.
Nazeeha and Ali were two sides of the same coin, but Nazeeha lived her life carefully. She despised those who had nothing to worry about and strived to bring justice and equality to those harmed by the inequalities in the world.
She never saw Ali as anything more than a spoiled, rich kid and he finally met the one person whose walls he couldn't break through.
This is your ordinary love story, but about a pair of extraordinary souls.
***Spin off to Through the Dark and One Way or Another.

domain: literature


text:
The Korean parliament will discuss the ratification of Seoul's free trade deal with the European Union (EU) at a plenary session this week, a lawmaker said Monday, after rival parties agreed on related issues.
Rep. Lee Koon-hyon of the ruling Grand National Party (GNP) said the National Assembly will discuss ratifying the free trade agreement (FTA) with the EU this Wednesday. Last week, a parliamentary committee on foreign affairs and trade approved the ratification motion for the long-stalled trade pact.
Lawmakers agreed on Monday to revise an existing law on regulating large supermarkets that could run against the FTA.
Currently, retail giants known as 'super supermarkets' (SSMs) cannot open in areas within a 500-meter radius of traditional markets for at least three years. Under the revision, the distance cap will increase to a 1-kilometer radius and the restriction period will be five years.
The law, enacted last November, was designed to protect traditional markets from conglomerate-run supermarkets. Rival parties fought over the timing of the revision to this law, as opposition parties argued that opening up the market to European retailers would nullify the impact of the protective measure.
The parties also agreed to increase monetary compensation for farmers if they see prices of agricultural or dairy products drop over the first 10 years after the FTA with the EU takes effect.
Farmers will be eligible for compensation if prices fall below
85 percent of a standard price and they will receive up to 90 percent of their losses in compensation.
Under the current rule on such compensation, farmers become eligible if prices drop below 80 percent of the standard cost, and they may only be compensated for up to 80 percent of the losses.
The FTA bill, if approved in the plenary session, will take effect in July as agreed upon by the two sides. The European Parliament already approved the pact in February.
This FTA will eliminate 98 percent of import duties and other trade barriers in manufactured goods, agricultural products and services between Korea and the EU within the next five years.
The GNP has a majority in the 299-member unicameral parliament. (Yonhap News)


text:
Volume 14 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1092826
What are the neural correlates of dissociative amnesia? A systematic review of the functional neuroimaging literature
- 1INSERM U1214 Centre d’Imagerie Neuro Toulouse (ToNIC), Toulouse, France
- 2Service de Psychiatrie, Psychothérapie et Art-Thérapie, Centre Expert du Stress Traumatique, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- 3Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie et Psychologie Médicale, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- 4Pôle Neurosciences, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Aim: Dissociative amnesia is an emblematic psychiatric condition in which patients experience massive memory loss ranging from focal to global amnesia. This condition remains poorly understood and this review aims to investigate the neuroanatomical feature of this disease.
Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the scientific literature available on PubMed, up to December 1, 2022, using a combination of keywords referring to dissociative amnesia. We included every scientific report involving patients undergoing a functional imaging procedure.
Results: Twenty-two studies met our inclusion criteria (gathering 49 patients). Only one was a controlled study with a large sample. The other 21 were case reports and case series. In resting state, neuroimaging studies mostly showed a hypo-activated right inferolateral prefrontal cortex, associated with limbic hypoactivity and lesser activation of the hippocampal and para-hippocampal structures. The patients also presented abnormal patterns of cerebral activation when performing memory tasks. When testing recognition of memories from the amnestic period, patients showed increased activation across temporal areas (hippocampal and para-hippocampal gyri) and the limbic network. When trying to recollect memories from an amnestic period compared to a non-amnestic period, patients failed to activate these structures efficiently. Most of these patterns tended to return to normal when symptoms resolved.
Conclusion: This review identified a paucity of controlled studies in the field of dissociative amnesia neuroimaging, which restricts the extrapolation of results. Patients with dissociative amnesia present a broad prefronto-temporo-limbic network dysfunction. Some of the brain areas implicated in this network might represent potential targets for innovative treatments.
Dissociative amnesia (DA) is a psychiatric disease in which patients experience a failure to recall important autobiographical memories in the absence of any known neurological or other medical condition (1). Due to the imprecision of the psychiatric definition, DA encompasses a broad group of clinical presentations (2). Some patients experience a focal loss of memory encompassing a limited time-period (e.g., 5 years of their life) or a specific theme (such as a relationship or a work experience), most of the time stressful. However, some patients exhibit a more spectacular display of their symptoms with a global amnesia encompassing their whole lifespan and even sometimes a loss of identity and a fugue.
Dissociative amnesia often appears after mild traumatic brain injuries (3) or psychological stressors (4). Its prevalence rates are estimated between 0.4 and 7.3%, with a sex ratio of 1:1 (5). It occurs mostly between the age of 20 and 40 years old, even though cases among children and older people have been described (5). Its pathophysiology has not been elucidated yet. Nonetheless, two theories have arisen in the past decades. Kopelman’s theory of the “stress-related explanatory model” (6, 7) stated that patients suffering from DA were more likely to have prior biopsychosocial vulnerability, with a weaker cognitive executive reserve, leading to an inability to recall old memories. According to this theoretical model, by acting on executive functioning, stress may weaken the ability to retrieve their autobiographical memories (8). More recently, Markowitsch and his colleagues hypothesized that the memory recollection being blocked was under the influence of a fronto-temporal desynchronization due to a dysfunction in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (9). The second pathophysiological lead (namely the “two-hit hypothesis”), which does not exclude the first theory, assumes that patients with DA suffer from an additive interaction between both physical and psychological factors causing the amnesic state (10). To date, its treatment relies on the management of the potential underlying depressive disorder, the identification and resolution of the eventual underlying crisis and a contextual interview of memories progressively moving from earlier and less stressful events to more recent ones (2). Contemporary psychotherapeutic techniques include cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance/commitment therapy (11).
To our knowledge, no previous review has focused specifically on the functional brain alterations observed when using neuroimaging in patients with DA. In the present systematic review, we gathered and analyzed the data available to draw future perspectives in the field of neuroimaging studies and in the treatment of DA.
We conducted a systematic review of the international scientific literature using the bibliographic search engine PubMed. The following medical subject headings were used, accordingly to the possible denominations of DA developed in Staniloiu’s review article (5): (“hysterical amnesia” OR “dissociative amnesia” OR “dissociative fugue” OR “psychogenic amnesia” OR “functional amnesia” OR “mnestic block syndrome” OR “medically unexplained amnesia” OR “idiopathic amnesia” OR “disproportionate persistent retrograde amnesia” OR “fugue” OR “focal retrograde amnesia”). These were combined with keywords related to functional neuroimaging (“neuroimag*” OR “MRI” OR “fMRI” OR “PET” OR “SPECT” OR “imaging”).
Our inclusion criteria were the following: studies published up to December 1, 2022, involving patients with DA according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition or prior) who had undergone at least one brain imaging procedure (regardless of the technique used) while they were amnestic.
We searched the database using a predefined search algorithm to identify potentially eligible studies. Articles in which patients had isolated anterograde amnesia with no retrograde amnesia were withdrawn because of the probable different brain mechanisms implicated in their pathophysiology (12). We discarded studies involving EEG investigation because of the poor spatial resolution of this technique. Studies only involving structural techniques were also put aside as they did not add any functional information. All duplicate studies were removed. We independently selected studies based on their titles. Then, all online abstracts were reviewed, and full-text papers were retrieved when relevant. The procedure followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis criteria (PRISMA) (13).
2.1. Quality assessment of studies
The overall quality assessment of each study included in the review was evaluated as follows. We based the ratings on the proportion of «yes» responses to the following criteria; 1/corrected for healthy controls (HC), 2/no prior neurological or psychiatric conditions, 3/absence of active central nervous system condition, 4/absence of active psychiatric condition, 5/effect of medication controlled, 6/diagnosis confirmed by a neurologist and/or a psychiatrist, and 7/sufficient details in the method sections that would allow study replication. Each «yes» added one point to the total score. We added a last item related to the sample size. Studies with 15 patients or more were rewarded 3 points; the ones between 5 and 14 included gave 2 points, and studies with less than 5 patients were only given 1 point. This rating led to an overall score between 1 and 10. When one of the above-mentioned points was not clearly explicated in the study included, we considered that the bias was not considered.
2.2. Grouping and task analysis
It has been long known that memory is composed of several systems supported by various anatomical structures (14). Based on this theory, the main symptom in DA (i.e., the loss of autobiographical memory) implies an impaired declarative memory. According to Aggleton and Brown, declarative memory relies on two parallel systems that are recollection and recognition (15). Other systems implicated in declarative memory are the encoding process and the stockage of the memories (16). These systems are under the dependence of numerous brain areas, among which the frontal regions, the medial temporal lobe and the limbic system. To facilitate the understanding and limit the heterogeneity in the review, we grouped some of the studies included into several cluster based either on anatomical features or on the task that the subject was asked to perform.
We found 310 studies. 32 were duplicates. Among the 278 remaining, 51 were reviews, and 109 were considered irrelevant either because of their title (17) or their abstract (18). Through the 118 last, 94 lacked imaging analysis and one was about a pure anterograde amnesia. Also note that one study was discarded (19) because the subjects it described was presented elsewhere (18). Finally, we identified 22 studies (one large-sample retrospective controlled study and 21 case reports or case series) fulfilling our inclusion criteria, with a total number of 49 individual patients (see Figure 1, PRISMA flowchart of the review) (18, 20–40). Table 1 summarizes the main features (socio-demographic data and clinical features of the patients, experimental paradigms, delay to imagery) and results of the studies included in the review.
Most of the patients included in the final analysis were men (N = 32, i.e., 65.3%). The mean age was uncertain due to the lack of data for one patient (28) and was estimated to be around 34.3 years old. Among the patients, 20 had global autobiographical retrograde amnesia (GARA) (20–31, 38, 40), 16 had focal retrograde amnesia (FRA) (32–39, 41), and 13 had loss of identity (LOI) (21, 25–28, 30, 32, 34, 38, 40). The memory impairment was not specified for the 14 patients included in the Brand et al. study (18). Symptoms were often mixed, some subjects experiencing both GARA and LOI (21, 25–28, 30, 38, 40), and others FRA and LOI (32, 34, 38).
While the majority of the patients included had no other neurological or psychiatric conditions, some of them had major depressive disorder (MDD) (25, 34, 40), one had a history of conversion disorder (25), and one had meningitis in the past (37).
3.2. Neuroimaging techniques
Different neuroimaging techniques were used in the studies examined, such as [18FDG]-positron emission tomography (PET) (18, 22, 27–29, 32), [15H2O]-PET (26, 31, 36), [11C-WAY-100635]-PET (23), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (20–22, 32, 33, 35, 39), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) (24, 25, 34, 36–38, 40), spectroscopy MRI (30), and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) (30).
3.3. Quality of the studies
The mean overall quality of the studies included was 4.9/10, based on the scoring system detailed previously (see Table 2). 54.5% of them were controlled to HC and all cases were confirmed either by a psychiatrist or a neurologist. History of neurological or psychiatric diseases, active central nervous system conditions and active psychiatric conditions were considered respectively in 31.8%, 77.3% and 40.9% of the studies. The presence or absence of psychotropic medication at the time of the imaging procedure was explicitly stated in only five cases out of the twenty-two (22.7%).
3.4. Brain areas and systems
3.4.1. The frontal regions
At rest, patients with DA demonstrated a decreased [18FDG]-PET metabolism in the right inferior lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) compared to HC in the Brand et al. study (18). In other studies compared to HC, metabolism was decreased in the right ventral frontal gyrus (27) and increased in the left inferior frontal cortex (32). At rest, the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was decreased in the bilateral frontal superior and orbitofrontal gyri (25), the left frontal pole (34, 38) and the right inferior frontal areas (36, 38) but none of these reports were controlled. Finally, a decreased MTR and a lower MAA/(Cho + Cr) ratio appeared in the right PFC in a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study (30) compared to HC.
During recognition tasks, patients had an increase in their Blood-Oxygen-Level Dependent (BOLD) signal in the left orbitofrontal region (20), the left inferolateral gyrus (22) compared to controls. The BOLD signal was also decreased in the bilateral dorsolateral PFC, the left ventromedial and ventrolateral PFC (35) within the same patients during face-name recognition tasks. Recognition was also associated with an increased rCBF compared to HC in the right medial PFC (31).
While recollecting memories from the past, patients with DA had a lower BOLD signal in the left dorsolateral PFC and the right middle lateral frontal gyrus (33).
During the encoding of new memories, they presented a lower BOLD signal in the bilateral superior medial PFC and the right ventrolateral and dorsolateral PFC (20), as well as an increased rCBF in the right dorsal PFC (36).
Finally, after remission, patients exhibited increased 5HT binding in the right superior and middle frontal cortex, the left inferior frontal cortex and the left orbitofrontal cortex compared to the amnesic state in a within-subject analysis (23). Several case reports described a normalization of the patterns observed (31, 35), with a progressive increase in PFC perfusion during the process (24).
3.4.2. The temporal lobe
At rest, patients with DA had a decreased metabolism in the right temporo-mesial region (22, 29, 37), the left temporo-polar cortex (28, 32), the left hippocampus and para-hippocampus (28), and the left fusiform gyrus (28). Their rCBF was decreased in the temporal lobe (25, 34, 40). These patterns normalized upon resolution of the symptoms.
During the recognition process, patients showed a higher BOLD signal in the bilateral middle (21), the left inferior and the right mesial temporal gyri (22). The BOLD signal was higher in the bilateral fusiform gyri as well (22), with left predominance (20). A lower BOLD signal was also observed in the para-hippocampi (39) and hippocampi (20, 33, 35, 39) and normalized after remission (35). The rBCF was decreased in the right temporal lobe (26, 31). When patients tried to recollect memories, their left para-hippocampus failed to activate and showed a decreased BOLD signal (33). During encoding, patients with DA had a lower BOLD signal in the right inferior and medial temporal gyri (20), associated with a decreased rCBF in the left middle and superior temporal lobe (36). Finally, at remission, besides several normalizations of the pattern observed (31, 35, 37), patients also had increased 5HT binding in the bilateral inferior temporal cortex (23).
3.4.3. The limbic system
When trying to recognize memories from their amnestic period, a higher BOLD signal was observed in the amygdalo-hippocampal complexes (20) and the left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (22), whereas a lower BOLD signal was observed in the striatum (21) and the bilateral amygdalae and insulae (39). Patients’ rCBF was decreased in the right insula (26, 31) and increased in the left ACC, the left caudate, the left putamen and the right anterior medial regions, including the amygdala (which normalized after the resolution of the symptoms) (31). During the recollection of memories, patients with DA had decreased activation in the left ACC and greater activation in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) (33). Finally, during anterograde memory tasks, patients with DA had an decreased BOLD signal in the cingulate cortex (20), associated with a lower rCBF in the right PCC (36). Their rCBF was decreased in the left putamen and thalamus (36).
3.4.4. Other brain areas
Patients with DA had altered parietal region functioning. At rest, they showed an increased metabolism in the bilateral posterior parietal cortex, with left predominance (32). When they tried to recognize memories from the forgotten period, case reports showed an increased BOLD signal in the bilateral posterior parietal cortex (32), the precuneus (20) [with an increased rCBF (36)] and the bilateral inferior parietal lobule (20). One case report also reported a lower rCBF in the right inferior parietal cortex, which normalized at remission (31). Finally, during the encoding process, patients had a lower BOLD signal in the bilateral parietal cortex including the inferior lobule, the precuneus and the right angular gyri (20), associated with a higher rCBF in these regions (36).
In the occipital lobe, during the recognition process, patients showed a higher BOLD signal in the bilateral middle occipital gyri (20), the bilateral inferior occipital gyri (22), the bilateral cuneus (20), and the left lingual gyrus (22).
Finally, when patients with DA tried to recollect memories from their amnestic past, one case report showed an increased BOLD signal in the temporo-parieto-occipital junction (33).
3.4.5. Normal results
Some studies (26, 35, 38) reported normal results for neuroimaging procedure that were performed while patients were amnestic. rCBF was considered normal in seven patients (two of them from Kikuchi’s study and five in Stracciari’s one) (35, 38). However, none of these normal results was controlled to healthy subjects. In a case report, Markowitsch compared the rCBF of one patient to a group of seven HC and failed to find any difference (26).
3.5. Pure GARA vs. pure FRA
Seven case reports focused on patients with pure GARA (20, 22–24, 29, 31, 40) and six on patients with pure FRA (33, 35–39). We tried to highlight the common points between the two clinical states. The only shared pattern between pure GARA and pure FRA was decreased activity in the temporal pole at rest compared to controls (22, 29, 40). No common point was found in the recognition collection, noticeably with divergent results using fMRI techniques. Due to the difference in the imaging methods used for the encoding and recollection process evaluations, comparison was not possible (see Table 1).
3.6. Acute vs. chronic state
We finally tried to bring to the light the putative differences between acute and chronic state in patients with DA. We could not find common points between the acute and chronic state at rest. During recognition, both acute and chronic patients had a decreased rCBF in their right temporal regions, including the amygdalar and hippocampal structures (31, 36).
The comparison of the two states was not possible for encoding (no comparable imaging technique) or recollecting (lack of data for acute state).
Numerous reports studied the neural mechanisms underlying the neural correlates of DA. Despite their heterogeneity, these reports predominantly showed a functional modification in the frontal areas, the limbic structures and the temporal lobe. Marginally, some reports showed abnormalities in the posterior and inferior parietal cortex, the occipital cortex and the cerebellum. Four of the six studies with another brain imaging technique after remission showed a normalization of the patterns observed when patients were amnesic. In the frontal regions of the brain, at rest, patients with DA mostly presented hypoactivity of the right inferolateral PFC, the right frontal gyrus and the bilateral frontobasal, frontomesial and orbitofrontal regions compared to HC (18, 27, 32). When performing a memory task, the patients with DA had greater activation in the frontal areas of their brains during recognition tasks, while their left dorsolateral PFC and right middle lateral frontal cortex failed to activate correctly during recollection. However, those results rely on uncontrolled studies and replication are need. Besides the frontal abnormalities described above, at rest, patients with DA showed diminished activation of their temporal areas compared to HC, especially in the left hemisphere (22, 28, 29, 32). Moreover, when they tried to recognize or recollect memories from their amnestic past, they failed to activate their bilateral hippocampi and para-hippocampi compared to HC (20), leading to lower BOLD signal in the studies reviewed. Finally, patients with DA had decreased activation of their limbic system (noticeably in the left insula, amygdala, and putamen) at rest compared to controls (28) but demonstrated broad abnormalities during memory tasks. They showed hyperactivity of their amygdalo-hippocampal complexes and their ACC during the recognition process compared to HC (20–22), while these regions were deactivated when the patients tried to recollect memories. The only common point between pure GARA and pure FRA patients was a decreased activity in the temporal lobe at rest. The comparison between acute and chronic states only highlighted a shared pattern of decreased rCBF through the temporal lobe (encompassing hippocampi and amygdalar structures). These data seem to favor an involvement of the temporal lobe as a core node of DA, independently of the duration of the symptoms or the time span encompassed by the amnestic state. Noticeably, three studies gathering eight patients reported normal SPECT examinations, but the results were controlled to HC in only one subject.
Three core brain networks that play a key role in the coordination of cognitive, affective and interpersonal processing have been identified: the default mode network (DMN), the central executive network (CEN), and the salience network (SN). Patients with DA show large anatomically dispersed abnormalities in each one of these three networks (see Figure 2). The DMN is constituted of functionally correlated brain areas (PCC, ventromedial PFC, medial, lateral, and inferior parietal cortex) (42). Among other functions, it is implicated in the interplay between emotional processing and cognition (43). Its increased function is demonstrated in self-related mental activity (44). Patients with DA had decreased activation of their ventromedial PFC (25, 27) and their posterior parietal cortex (32) at rest compared to HC. CEN, on the other hand, is a network antagonist to the DMN; this network is anchored in the bilateral dorsolateral PFC and the lateral posterior parietal cortex. It tends to activate in emotional and higher-order mental states (45). In the studies reviewed, the activation of the CEN was different depending on whether the patient was intensively recollecting memories or only recognizing them. In recognition, the BOLD signals observed in their dorsolateral PFC and their lateral posterior parietal cortex were higher than in HC (32, 35), while the dorsolateral PFC failed to activate during recollection (33). Lastly, the dynamic switch between the arousal of the DMN or the CEN is dependent upon the SN. More precisely, saliency detection has prominent consequences on how internally- (DMN) and externally-directed (CEN) cognitions are processed by one’s conscience (46). The SN is a large-scale network whose two major nodes are the dorsal part of the ACC and the anterior insulae, but it also includes the amygdala, the ventral striatum and the ventral tegmental area. Two patterns of SN activation–depending on the memory task performed (recognition or recollection)–emerge from the studies included. During recognition, patients with DA had a diminished rCBF in their insulae (36), and an increased BOLD signal and rCBF were observed in the ACC (22, 31) and the amygdala (20, 31) compared to controls, while both their insulae and ACC failed to activate during recollection (33, 39). Based on these observations, a network-centered approach may be useful to better understand the neural basis of DA and to gather the sparse results of the scientific reports previously reported.
Figure 2. Representation of the neural correlates of dissociative amnesia (DA). Neuroimaging studies of DA show that patients had several differences in their brain functioning compared to healthy subjects. In a resting state condition, through the default mode network, they had a decreased activation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the bilateral posterior parietal cortices. Abnormal patterns were also identified during recognition and recollection tasks in both salience and central executive networks. ACC, anterior cingular cortex; dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; Ins, Insula; PCC, posterior cingular cortex; vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Blue circles represent hypoactivations. Red circles represent hyperactivations. Gray circles represent normal functioning.
Approximately three out of four DA are related to an identified traumatic event (4), establishing a strong link between stress and this disorder. Memory suppression is a coping strategy that helps individuals to suppress emotional memories through two time-differentiated procedures (47): the first implies the progressive deactivation of the right inferior frontal gyrus, the pulvinar and the fusiform gyrus, while the second is linked to the decreased activity of the amygdalo-hippocampal complex, which is anti-correlated to the right medial frontal gyrus’ activation over time. Patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have increased activation of their dorsolateral PFC (48) and increased functional connectivity between the inferior frontal gyrus and the para-hippocampus during experimental memory suppression tasks (49) compared to controls. Phenomenologically speaking, while PTSD could reflect the failure of the memory suppression system to remove unwanted recollections from the patient’s mind, DA might, on the contrary, be considered an involuntary overactivation of this system, eliminating the ability to retrieve any autobiographical episode (see Table 3). Several studies documented a dysfunction in brain regions involved in memory suppression in DA, such as the right dorsolateral PFC (35), the right inferior lateral frontal cortex (18, 36), the hippocampi and the para-hippocampal regions (20, 31). One study used a think/no-think paradigm to study the involvement of memory suppression in DA (30). However, because of its design (a single case experiment), it is difficult to draw any firm conclusion about the involvement of the memory suppression system in DA.
Table 3. Common point and contrasts between dissociative amnesia and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Dissociative states are still poorly understood. The two other main clinical entities alongside DA in the dissociative disorders chapter in the DSM are dissociative identity disorders and depersonalization/derealization disorders. Patients with dissociative identity disorder have smaller hippocampal (17, 50) and amygdalar (17) volumes than controls, an decreased rCBF in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex and an increased rCBF in the median and superior frontal regions and the occipital areas bilaterally (51). Patients with depersonalization and derealization disorders have a lower fractional anisotropy than HC within the right temporo-parietal junction and the left temporal lobe (52). Their right ventrolateral PFC seems to be hyperactivated in depersonalization disorder, with a leading role of this structure in the “top-down” inhibition of emotional responses (53). The constellation of brain areas linked to dissociative experiences previously identified in the literature overlaps with the brain regions identified as dysfunctional in patients with DA. Noticeably, this includes brain areas involved in the DMN (bilateral orbitofrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex) and the hippocampi, which are of interest in DA, as described above.
Yet, despite some converging results, several limitations appeared. First, the population included might not be representative of DA patients. Indeed, while we expected a 1:1 sex ratio based on the epidemiology, most of the subjects included in the studies were men. Although this may be linked to a probable sampling bias due to the limited number of patients included in the review, it is possible that sex plays a role in the results. Secondly, patients included in the review were very heterogeneous in term of clinical features (ranging from GARA to FRA and sometimes LOI) and comorbidities. It is obvious that the actual presence of an active comorbidity such as depression or functional neurological disorder may have influenced the results of the studies. We tried to compare GARA and FRA patients but failed to draw any conclusion because of the disparate imaging techniques employed to assess the brain modifications, and we were not able to analyze imaging data based on a LOI grouping because of the heterogeneity of such a thing. This heterogeneity adds another constraint to the generalization of these data. The same comment applies to the delay between the onset of symptoms and the imaging procedure. It is worth noting that over time, the changes observed in amnestic patients may be different because of mechanisms such as neural plasticity, re-learning their own biographical information or even social, familial or behavioral reinforcers. We also tried to compare the data on chronic and acute states, but once again, the comparison was made difficult by the numerous paradigms employed. Finally, it is possible that the sole fact of observing the phenomenon might influence the results, known as the Hawthorne effect. In most cases, controlling the results to those of HC might be helpful to limit this effect, but only one of the studies included in the review presented data compared to a control population. Our review emphasized the lack of prospective controlled studies in the field of neuroimaging in DA. The overall quality of the 22 studies included was poor and some of the most obvious confounding factors were not often considered such as history or active neurological or psychiatric condition, or medication for example (see Table 2). Additionally, the methods varied greatly, both in the neuroimaging technique employed and the tasks performed (see Table 1). It is thus exceedingly difficult to draw any firm conclusions. Surprisingly, we failed to find a single study using a resting-state fMRI paradigm. Resting-state fMRI is a promising tool to study brain function, and further studies employing this technique seem mandatory in the years to come to help better understand the pathophysiology of DA.
Progress made in the field of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques were very important over the past decades. It is now commonly used to treat some classic psychiatric conditions such depressive disorders (54) or refractory hallucinations (55). Moreover, recent experimental approaches also demonstrated their efficacy in neurological-like psychiatric disorders such as functional weakness (56) and functional motor disorders (57). Techniques like repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial direct current stimulation have also been used to enhance cognitive functioning, and a recent review revealed that non-invasive brain stimulation had a small but significant pre-cognitive effect on attention and working memory (58). A better description of the brain areas involved in DA may be of use to determine new targets for non-invasive brain stimulations and eventually be a future lead in the treatment of this neuropsychiatric condition.
Dissociative amnesia is an uncommon neuropsychiatric condition. Its pathophysiology is unclear, but our review in the field of neuroimaging studies suggests abnormal functioning of the DMN at rest and of the SN and the CEN when patients attempt to retrieve memories. The underlying mechanism might involve an overly activated memory suppression system, but further studies are needed to confirm this theory. The scientific literature about DA lacks methodologically strong studies, and despite numerous reports published in the field of neuroimaging in DA, only one of these publications is a prospective and controlled study, the remaining articles being, for the most, case reports. Moreover, most of the studies included used molecular imaging and task-performing fMRI. More recent approaches in the field of neuroimaging like resting-state fMRI could be of use to define more precisely the discrepancies among brain networks in future experiments. As very few forms of care management have scientifically shown their efficacy for DA yet, the unveiling of these in vivo mechanism using functional imaging may help scientists to define novel targets for neuromodulation treatments in this neuropsychiatric disorder.
ST, AY, BL, PP, and JP contributed to the conception of the study and made significant participation upon manuscript draft. ST, AY, and JP acquired the data (reviewing process). All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: Amer Psychiatric Pub Incorporated (2013). 991 p. doi: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
2. Harrison N, Johnston K, Corno F, Casey S, Friedner K, Humphreys K, et al. Psychogenic amnesia: syndromes, outcome, and patterns of retrograde amnesia. Brain. (2017) 140:2498–510. doi: 10.1093/brain/awx186
10. Roberts I, Gluck N, Smith M, Morrison M. Postanesthesia persistent amnesia in a patient with a prior history of dissociative fugue state: the case for the two-hit hypothesis. Am J Psychiatry. (2013) 170:1398–400. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12121632
12. Stone J, Pal S, Blackburn D, Reuber M, Thekkumpurath P, Carson A. Functional (psychogenic) cognitive disorders: a perspective from the neurology clinic. J Alzheimers Dis. (2015) 48:S5–17. doi: 10.3233/JAD-150430
13. Liberati A, Altman D, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche P, Ioannidis J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. (2009) 339:b2700. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b2700
17. Chalavi S, Vissia E, Giesen M, Nijenhuis E, Draijer N, Cole J, et al. Abnormal hippocampal morphology in dissociative identity disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder correlates with childhood trauma and dissociative symptoms. Hum Brain Mapp. (2015) 36:1692–704. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22730
18. Brand M, Eggers C, Reinhold N, Fujiwara E, Kessler J, Heiss W, et al. Functional brain imaging in 14 patients with dissociative amnesia reveals right inferolateral prefrontal hypometabolism. Psychiatry Res. (2009) 174:32–9. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.03.008
19. Markowitsch H, Kessler J, Van Der Ven C, Weber-Luxenburger G, Albers M, Heiss W. Psychic trauma causing grossly reduced brain metabolism and cognitive deterioration. Neuropsychologia. (1998) 36:77–82. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(97)00093-6
20. Chechko N, Stickel S, Kellermann T, Kirner A, Habel U, Fernández G, et al. Progressively analogous evidence of covert face recognition from functional magnetic resonance imaging and skin conductance responses studies involving a patient with dissociative amnesia. Eur J Neurosci. (2018) 48:1964–75. doi: 10.1111/ejn.14087
21. Glisky E, Ryan L, Reminger S, Hardt O, Hayes S, Hupbach A. A case of psychogenic fugue: I understand, aber ich verstehe nichts. Neuropsychologia. (2004) 42:1132–47. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.08.016
22. Hennig-Fast K, Meister F, Frodl T, Beraldi A, Padberg F, Engel R, et al. A case of persistent retrograde amnesia following a dissociative fugue: neuropsychological and neurofunctional underpinnings of loss of autobiographical memory and self-awareness. Neuropsychologia. (2008) 46:2993–3005. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.06.014
23. Kitamura S, Yasuno F, Inoue M, Kosaka J, Kiuchi K, Matsuoka K, et al. Increased binding of 5-HT1A receptors in a dissociative amnesic patient after the recovery process. Psychiatry Res. (2014) 224:67–71. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.07.001
24. Kunii Y, Okano T, Mashiko H, Yabe H, Niwa S. Serial changes in cerebral blood flow single photon emission computed tomography findings during memory retrieval in a case of psychogenic amnesia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. (2012) 66:623–4. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2012.02408.x
25. Magnin E, Thomas-Antérion C, Sylvestre G, Haffen S, Magnin-Feysot V, Rumbach L. Conversion, dissociative amnesia, and ganser syndrome in a case of “chameleon” syndrome: anatomo-functional findings. Neurocase. (2014) 20:27–36. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2012.732081
27. Piolino P, Hannequin D, Desgranges B, Girard C, Beaunieux H, Giffard B, et al. Right ventral frontal hypometabolism and abnormal sense of self in a case of disproportionate retrograde amnesia. Cogn Neuropsychol. (2005) 22:1005–34. doi: 10.1080/02643290442000428
28. Thomas-Antérion C, Guedj E, Decousus M, Laurent B. Can we see personal identity loss? A functional imaging study of typical “hysterical amnesia.”. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. (2010) 81:468–9. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2008.163808
29. Thomas-Antérion C, Dubas F, Decousus M, Jeanguillaume C, Guedj E. Clinical characteristics and brain PET findings in 3 cases of dissociative amnesia: disproportionate retrograde deficit and posterior middle temporal gyrus hypometabolism. Neurophysiol Clin. (2014) 44:355–62. doi: 10.1016/j.neucli.2014.08.003
30. Tramoni E, Aubert-Khalfa S, Guye M, Ranjeva J, Felician O, Ceccaldi M. Hypo-retrieval and hyper-suppression mechanisms in functional amnesia. Neuropsychologia. (2009) 47:611–24. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.11.012
32. Arzy S, Collette S, Wissmeyer M, Lazeyras F, Kaplan P, Blanke O. Psychogenic amnesia and self-identity: a multimodal functional investigation. Eur J Neurol. (2011) 18:1422–5. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03423.x
35. Kikuchi H, Fujii T, Abe N, Suzuki M, Takagi M, Mugikura S, et al. Memory repression: brain mechanisms underlying dissociative amnesia. J Cogn Neurosci. (2010) 22:602–13. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21212
36. Markowitsch H, Calabrese P, Fink G, Durwen H, Kessler J, Härting C, et al. Impaired episodic memory retrieval in a case of probable psychogenic amnesia. Psychiatry Res. (1997) 74:119–26. doi: 10.1016/S0925-4927(97)03041-2
37. Sellal F, Manning L, Seegmuller C, Scheiber C, Schoenfelder F. Pure retrograde amnesia following a mild head trauma: a neuropsychological and metabolic study. Cortex. (2002) 38:499–509. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70019-4
41. Markowitsch H, Kessler J, Weber-Luxenburger G, Van der Ven C, Albers M, Heiss W. Neuroimaging and behavioral correlates of recovery from mnestic block syndrome and other cognitive deteriorations. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. (2000) 13:60–6.
43. Mohan A, Roberto A, Mohan A, Lorenzo A, Jones K, Carney M, et al. The significance of the default mode network (DMN) in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders: a review. Yale J Biol Med. (2016) 89:49–57.
44. Gusnard D, Akbudak E, Shulman G, Raichle M. Medial prefrontal cortex and self-referential mental activity: relation to a default mode of brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. (2001) 98:4259–64. doi: 10.1073/pnas.071043098
45. Fox M, Snyder A, Vincent J, Corbetta M, Van Essen D, Raichle M. The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. (2005) 102:9673–8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0504136102
49. Steward T, Das P, Malhi G, Bryant R, Felmingham K. Dysfunctional coupling of the parahippocampal cortex and inferior frontal gyrus during memory suppression in posttraumatic stress disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. (2020) 41:146–51. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.09.634
50. Vermetten E, Schmahl C, Lindner S, Loewenstein R, Bremner J. Hippocampal and amygdalar volumes in dissociative identity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. (2006) 163:630–6. doi: 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.630
52. Sierk A, Daniels J, Manthey A, Kok J, Leemans A, Gaebler M, et al. White matter network alterations in patients with depersonalization/derealization disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. (2018) 43:347–57. doi: 10.1503/jpn.170110
53. Medford N, Sierra M, Stringaris A, Giampietro V, Brammer M, David A. Emotional experience and awareness of self: functional MRI studies of depersonalization disorder. Front Psychol. (2016) 7:432. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00432
54. De Risio L, Borgi M, Pettorruso M, Miuli A, Ottomana A, Sociali A, et al. Recovering from depression with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies. Transl Psychiatry. (2020) 10:393. doi: 10.1038/s41398-020-01055-2
55. Guttesen L, Albert N, Nordentoft M, Hjorthøj C. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation for auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. (2021) 143:163–75. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.001
56. Schönfeldt-Lecuona C, Lefaucheur J, Lepping P, Liepert J, Connemann B, Sartorius A, et al. Non-invasive brain stimulation in conversion (functional) weakness and paralysis: a systematic review and future perspectives. Front Neurosci. (2016) 10:140. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00140
57. Taib S, Ory-Magne F, Brefel-Courbon C, Moreau Y, Thalamas C, Arbus C, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for functional tremor: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Movement Dis. (2019) 34:1210–9. doi: 10.1002/mds.27727
Keywords: cognitive disorder, memory loss, hysteria, dissociative disorder, stress, trauma, MRI, PET
Citation: Taïb S, Yrondi A, Lemesle B, Péran P and Pariente J (2023) What are the neural correlates of dissociative amnesia? A systematic review of the functional neuroimaging literature. Front. Psychiatry 14:1092826. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1092826
Received: 08 November 2022; Accepted: 09 January 2023;
Published: 26 January 2023.
Edited by:Stefan Borgwardt, University of Lübeck, Germany
Reviewed by:Jeroen Antonius Van Waarde, Rijnstate Hospital, Netherlands
Fabrizio Piras, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS), Italy
Copyright © 2023 Taïb, Yrondi, Lemesle, Péran and Pariente. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Simon Taïb, email@example.com

domain: biology


Endura's Firefly Shorts are great all-around trail shorts that deliver top-notch form and function. Made of Supplex nylon peach fabric, with Endura's 200-Series molded 3-D CoolMax chamois, these shorts keep you comfortable on even your longest rides. There are seamless inner legs and a drawcord/elastic waist for a custom fit, plus handy side pockets to store your essentials.
ELEVATE YOUR PERFORMANCE. For all-around riders who demand the latest technologies, Elevate is the smart choice. Designed and engineered with high-performance materials, and optimized for comfort in the racing position, Elevate helps you get to the finish line fast. Features - TransTextura fabric enhances heat ventilation, quick moisture transfer and drying - Laser-cut seamless bib straps provides ultra-soft feel and comfort - High stitching count features superior comfort and durabilitySoft-feel Italian fabric provides best compression and breathability - E.I.T. Urraki Multi-Density Comp chamois, tested and adopted by Giant Pro Teams, ensures total freedom of movement. With high-density, multi-thickness foams and different types of reinforcements improve weight distribution on the saddle and to provide maximum comfort. Its special microfiber fabric is antibacterial and very breathable. - High stretched elastic gripper at leg opening gives perfect compression without feeling too tight and irritating skin - Reflective details for visibility - Race fit, best fit design for performance cyclists - UPF 50+
- TransTextura™ 4-way stretch shell fabric - Adjustable waistband - Open hand pockets and a zippered stash pocket - Liner short not included - Relaxed fit
Giant's Core Baggy Shorts are a solid foundation for a great day of riding. The breathable polyester/spandex shell has a relaxed fit for all-day comfort and great range of motion. The soft elastic waistband means these shorts are always comfortable and the two hip pockets let you carry your on-the-go essentials. The Core Baggy Shorts feature an inner mesh liner equipped with Giant's CoreComfor chamois, made from dual thickness high-density foam for all-day support.
Pearl Izumi's Sugar Shorts are made of their ultra-soft Select Transfer Dry fabric in a 6-panel anatomic design for awesome comfort. They boast Pearl's women's-specific Tour 3D chamois for supportive comfort and an unparalleled fit. Plus, they sport a shorter inseam for a flattering look in spin classes and better tan lines outside.
$109.99 - $110.00
Pearl's Elite In-R-Cool Shorts are made of Pearl's moisture-transferring Elite Transfer fabric with their In-R-Cool technology that repels the sun's rays to keep you comfortable and cool on all your rides. You'll also love the plush, supportive Pearl Elite 3D chamois and the custom fit and feel of the anatomic multi-panel cut.
Look great on and off the bike with Bellwether's casual Women's Ultralight Baggy Shorts. They feature a durable, lightweight outer shell that's water and scuff resistant. Inside, the Tech-Mesh inner shorts feature a padded Quest chamois to make the Ultralight shorts a dream on both short and long rides. Plus, they boast dual-zippered hip pockets and the gusseted design eliminates seams from underneath the chamois, ensuring that you'll spin along in comfort.
Expand your trail range with Fox's Ranger Cargo Shorts. The tough 2-way stretch nylon shell gives you excellent comfort and durability. A detachable inner short with Fox's comfortable Pro-Form chamois lets you rack up the miles and an inner adjustable waistband lets you dial in the perfect fit. Plus, the cargo pockets are angled for on-the-bike security.
- Relaxed fit - Transtextura 4-way stretch fabric - Easy to use external waist adjustment - Zippered hand and rear storage pockets - Liner short not included - UPF 50 sun protection
- TransTextura™ 4-way stretch fabric - Easy to use external waist adjustment - Zippered hand and rear storage pockets - Liner short not included - UPF 50 sun protection - Relaxed fit
Patrol trail all day with Fox's Ranger Shorts. They feature a tough nylon shell and a detachable inner short with Fox's comfortable Pro-Form M chamois. An inner adjustable waistband lets you dial in the perfect fit. Plus, they have cargo pockets to keep your stuff safe.
Lightweight, stretch trail performance - Lightweight, durable, 4-way stretch nylon fabric - Wicking waistband with Velcro adjusters - Zipped thigh vents with mesh inserts - Zipped hand pockets and rear waist security pocket - Clickfast liner compatible - Perfect for nailing technical climbs and hammering descents
$84.99 - $89.99
Nestled in the Scottish Highlands, it's no wonder Endura produces some of the toughest, most innovative cycling clothes. Their Hummvees are crafted from durable Teflon-coated nylon fabric for shorts that laugh at rain and scoff at rough trails and roads. For a perfect fit, the Hummvee Shorts boast an adjustable belted waist and stretch lower back and inner leg panels. The included 6-panel Clickfast liner short provides all-day comfort and support. Plus, ample pockets carry all your gear.
Definitive multi-use versatility - Durable Nylon mini-ripstop fabric with DWR finish - Includes Clickfast detachable liner with 200-series pad - Zipped thigh vents with mesh inserts - Zipped hand pockets, cargo pockets, and large rear map pockets - Durable, seamless seat panel - Rear elasticated waistband and adjustable belt - High Mobility Multi-use Versatility - HuMMVee
- Lightweight 190g nylon/ Lycra® - Stretch technology antibacterial 200 series pad - Anatomic 6 panel cut - Silicone leg grippers - Embossed side panel
With a lightweight SPF 50+ lycra fabric Endura's Hyperon Shorts are ideal for hot climates. The short’s flatlock seams are durable while the seamless inside legs and direct silicone print grips add comfort. You’ll enjoy the airflow and lightness of Endura’s 500-Series antibacterial pad. Plus, reflective accents enhance your visibility.
Engineered, tested and perfectly contoured to your body in motion, Castelli's Body Paint 2.0 Bibshorts fit as though they were painted on. It took 3.5 years to develop these revolutionary shorts with a virtually seamless construction, and you'll experience the amazing results as soon as you slip them on. For awesome support and a pro-level fit and feel, they are comprised of a single piece of engineered knit fabric with Castelli's incredibly comfortable Progetto X2 chamois and integrated Castelli Giro2 bibs. There are also aero dimples on the legs and airflow-enhancing mesh panels in back.
On-the-bike comfort and support have evolved with Castelli's Evoluzione Bib Short. Eight panel construction and ProDry fabric boast a fit so good you'll barely notice you're wearing these shorts. Mesh bib straps keep everything cool and comfortable, and Castelli's KISS 3 chamois offers hours of support so you can enjoy your ride.
$55.00 - $58.00
Giant's Core Shorts sit at the center of a great ride. Nylon/spandex material breathes, dries quickly, and provides excellent muscle support. A CoreComfor chamois pad uses dual-thickness, high-density foam padding for all-day comfort on the bike. These shorts also feature a wide, non-binding waistband and silicone leg grippers to keep everything in place while you're out riding.
Shebeest's Cycloskort is a sleek, comfy, padded bike skort perfect for rides outside and in, as well as hanging out at the coffee shop. Both the liner and the skirt are made from SheBeest's breathable DriStyle fabric to keep you dry and comfortable. It also boasts Shebeest's low-profile Hourglass chamois and a cross-over waistband that relieves pressure on your stomach when you're in the forward riding position. • Cute 14-inch skirt length • Fixed 6-inch inseam • Two chamois sizes proportionate to short size • Gripperless leg band
Endura's Singletrack Lite Shorts are lightweight, slim-fitting shorts that'll handle all your mountain bike adventures. Made from a 4-way stretch fabric, they also feature a durable seat panel. There are zip mesh thigh vents to cool you off, three zip pockets, and a wicking, adjustable waistband to dial in the comfort.
$79.99 - $99.99
Discover a sliver of paradise when you wear Club Ride’s Eden Shorts. Their lightweight, abrasion-resistant PowerWeave fabric quickly dries so you stay comfortable. You’ll appreciate the side buckles for adjusting the waist and a seamless gusset for additional comfort on the saddle. And, you have zippered leg openings for extra range of movement.
Pearl's Attack Shorts offer the great fit of a modified 8-panel cut and the fine feel of Pearl's breathable Sensor fabric to keep you dry and comfortable on every ride. Speaking of comfort, you'll also love Pearl's 3D Race chamois, which offers 13mm of plush ergonomic padding. Plus, the flat-lock seams enhance the second-skin feeling these shorts provide and leg grippers keep these shorts in place, too.
When you're out on the trail, the last thing you need to worry about is your shorts. Giant did all the thinking with their technical Sunbelt Trail Shorts. They're made with 4-way stretch material that is DWR-treated to move with you and shake off splashes or a little weather. They're super light already, and mesh inserts provide even more ventilation. The detachable mesh liner snaps into the shell and rocks a triple-density chamois for serious comfort. It's all about the fit though, so the Sunbelts sport a comfy elastic band with unique internal waist adjusters. Fit, performance, and comfort—these may be the perfect shorts.
Giant's Khyber Trail Shorts are made with 4-way stretch material that is DWR-treated to move with you and shake off splashes or a little weather. They're super light already, and mesh inserts provide even more ventilation. Three zipped pockets keep essentials close at hand. The detachable mesh liner snaps into the shell and rocks a triple-density chamois for serious comfort. It's all about the fit though, so the Khybers sport a comfy elastic band with unique internal waist adjusters. Fit, performance, and comfort—these may be the perfect shorts.
- Cordura nylon fabric with durable water repellent finish - Stretch thigh and back yoke panels - Front hand pockets and rear cargo pockets - Rear waist zipped security pocket - Thigh vents with mesh inserts - Wicking waistband with integral elastication and Velcro adjusters - Heavy duty double stitch on all seams - Clickfast compatible - Tough as old boots, but much more stylish!
Giant's Performance Trail Shorts boast 2-way and 4-way stretch fabrics for amazing comfort and optimal performance. You'll enjoy the temperature control provided by zippered mesh and eyelet vents as well as a zip pocket on the lower back for carrying keys, money, or a gel on your ride.
• TransTextura 2-way stretch shell fabric • Detachable liner with a CoreComfor chamois • Adjustable waistband • Open hand pockets and a zippered stash pocket • 12” inseam • Relaxed fit
$74.00 - $105.00
• Liv Relaxed fit • Lightweight, stretchable and durable fabric • TransTextura™ liner wicks moisture and dries quickly • Adjustable waist • 12” inseam • Removable chamois liner
• POWERED BY ETXEONDO; made in Spain • Liv Race fit • Fabric has excellent structure recovering • Strategically-placed flatlock seams for comfort • Sublimated graphics • ProComfor™ women’s specific chamois
Page 1 of 7 Next page