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Background and Aims
Potassium (K) fertilizers are used in intensive and extensive agricultural systems to maximize production. However, there are both financial and environmental costs to K-fertilization. It is therefore important to optimize the efficiency with which K-fertilizers are used. Cultivating crops that acquire and/or utilize K more effectively can reduce the use of K-fertilizers. The aim of the present study was to determine the genetic factors affecting K utilization efficiency (KUtE), defined as the reciprocal of shoot K concentration (1/[K]shoot), and K acquisition efficiency (KUpE), defined as shoot K content, in Brassica oleracea.
Genetic variation in [K]shoot was estimated using a structured diversity foundation set (DFS) of 376 accessions and in 74 commercial genotypes grown in glasshouse and field experiments that included phosphorus (P) supply as a treatment factor. Chromosomal quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with [K]shoot and KUpE were identified using a genetic mapping population grown in the glasshouse and field. Putative QTL were tested using recurrent backcross substitution lines in the glasshouse.
More than two-fold variation in [K]shoot was observed among DFS accessions grown in the glasshouse, a significant proportion of which could be attributed to genetic factors. Several QTL associated with [K]shoot were identified, which, despite a significant correlation in [K]shoot among genotypes grown in the glasshouse and field, differed between these two environments. A QTL associated with [K]shoot in glasshouse-grown plants (chromosome C7 at 62·2 cM) was confirmed using substitution lines. This QTL corresponds to a segment of arabidopsis chromosome 4 containing genes encoding the K+ transporters AtKUP9, AtAKT2, AtKAT2 and AtTPK3.
There is sufficient genetic variation in B. oleracea to breed for both KUtE and KUpE. However, as QTL associated with these traits differ between glasshouse and field environments, marker-assisted breeding programmes must consider carefully the conditions under which the crop will be grown.
Arabidopsis; Brassica oleracea; genetics; potassium (K); potassium use efficiency (KUE); quantitative trait loci (QTL); shoot
Iron is an essential element for both plant productivity and nutritional quality. Improving plant iron content was attempted through genetic engineering of plants overexpressing ferritins. However, both the roles of these proteins in plant physiology, and the mechanisms involved in the regulation of their expression are largely unknown. Although the structure of ferritins is highly conserved between plants and animals, their cellular localization differs. Furthermore, regulation of ferritin gene expression in response to iron excess occurs at the transcriptional level in plants, in contrast to animals which regulate ferritin expression at the translational level.
In this review, an overview of our knowledge of bacterial and mammalian ferritin synthesis and functions is presented. Then the following will be reviewed: (a) the specific features of plant ferritins; (b) the regulation of their synthesis during development and in response to various environmental cues; and (c) their function in plant physiology, with special emphasis on the role that both bacterial and plant ferritins play during plant–bacteria interactions. Arabidopsis ferritins are encoded by a small nuclear gene family of four members which are differentially expressed. Recent results obtained by using this model plant enabled progress to be made in our understanding of the regulation of the synthesis and the in planta function of these various ferritins.
Studies on plant ferritin functions and regulation of their synthesis revealed strong links between these proteins and protection against oxidative stress. In contrast, their putative iron-storage function to furnish iron during various development processes is unlikely to be essential. Ferritins, by buffering iron, exert a fine tuning of the quantity of metal required for metabolic purposes, and help plants to cope with adverse situations, the deleterious effects of which would be amplified if no system had evolved to take care of free reactive iron.
Iron; bacterioferritins; ferritins; oxidative stress; iron storage; seeds; pathogens; nutrition
Nitric oxide (NO) is a signalling and physiologically active molecule in animals, plants and bacteria. The specificity of the molecular mechanism(s) involved in transducing the NO signal within and between cells and tissues is still poorly understood. NO has been shown to be an emerging and potent signal molecule in plant growth, development and stress physiology. The NO donor S-nitrosoglutathion (GSNO) was shown to be a biologically active compound in plants and a candidate for NO storage and/or mobilization between plant tissues and cells. NO has been implicated as a central component in maintaining iron bioavailavility in plants.
Scope and Conclusions
Iron is an essential nutrient for almost all organisms. This review presents an overview of the functions of NO in iron metabolism in animals and discusses how NO production constitutes a key response in plant iron sensing and availability. In plants, NO drives downstream responses to both iron deficiency and iron overload. NO-mediated improvement of iron nutrition in plants growing under iron-deficient conditions represents a powerful tool to cope with soils displaying low iron availability. An interconversion between different redox forms based on the iron and NO status of the plant cells might be the core of a metabolic process driving plant iron homeostasis. Frataxin, a recently identified protein in plants, plays an important role in mitochondria biogenesis and in maintaining mitochondrial iron homeostasis. Evidence regarding the interaction between frataxin, NO and iron from analysis of frataxin knock-down Arabidopsis thaliana mutants is reviewed and discussed.
Nitric oxide; iron homeostasis; frataxin; strategy I; strategy II; dinitrosyl iron complexes; oxidative stress
Background and Aims
Global climate models predict decreases in leaf stomatal conductance and transpiration due to increases in atmospheric CO2. The consequences of these reductions are increases in soil moisture availability and continental scale run-off at decadal time-scales. Thus, a theory explaining the differential sensitivity of stomata to changing atmospheric CO2 and other environmental conditions must be identified. Here, these responses are investigated using optimality theory applied to stomatal conductance.
An analytical model for stomatal conductance is proposed based on: (a) Fickian mass transfer of CO2 and H2O through stomata; (b) a biochemical photosynthesis model that relates intercellular CO2 to net photosynthesis; and (c) a stomatal model based on optimization for maximizing carbon gains when water losses represent a cost. Comparisons between the optimization-based model and empirical relationships widely used in climate models were made using an extensive gas exchange dataset collected in a maturing pine (Pinus taeda) forest under ambient and enriched atmospheric CO2.
Key Results and Conclusion
In this interpretation, it is proposed that an individual leaf optimally and autonomously regulates stomatal opening on short-term (approx. 10-min time-scale) rather than on daily or longer time-scales. The derived equations are analytical with explicit expressions for conductance, photosynthesis and intercellular CO2, thereby making the approach useful for climate models. Using a gas exchange dataset collected in a pine forest, it is shown that (a) the cost of unit water loss λ (a measure of marginal water-use efficiency) increases with atmospheric CO2; (b) the new formulation correctly predicts the condition under which CO2-enriched atmosphere will cause increasing assimilation and decreasing stomatal conductance.
Economics of gas exchange; free air CO2 enrichment; marginal water-use efficiency; photosynthesis; Pinus taeda; stomatal conductance; stomatal optimization
Background and Aims
In some lupin species, phosphate deficiency induces cluster-root formation, which enhances P uptake by increasing root surface area and, more importantly, the release of root exudates which enhances P availability.
Three species of Lupinus, L. albus, L. atlanticus and L. micranthus, with inherently different relative growth rates were cultivated under hydroponics in a greenhouse at four phosphate concentrations (1, 10, 50 and 150 µm) to compare the role of internal P in regulating cluster-root formation.
The highest growth rate was observed in L. atlanticus, followed by L. albus and L. micranthus. At 1 µm P, cluster-root formation was markedly induced in all three species. The highest P uptake and accumulation was observed in L. micranthus, followed by L. atlanticus and then L. albus. Inhibition of cluster-root formation was severe at 10 µm P in L. atlanticus, but occurred stepwise with increasing P concentration in the root medium in L. albus.
In L. atlanticus and L. albus cluster-root formation was suppressed by P treatments above 10 µm, indicating a P-inducible regulating system for cluster-root formation, as expected. By contrast, production of cluster roots in L. micranthus, in spite of a high internal P concentration, indicated a lower sensitivity to P status, which allowed P-toxicity symptoms to develop.
Cluster roots; lupin; Lupinus; phosphate nutrition; toxicity; uptake
Background and Aims
In spite of the abundance of archaeological, bio-archaeological, historical and genetic data, the origins, historical biogeography, identity of ancient grapevine cultivars and mechanisms of domestication are still largely unknown. Here, analysis of variation in seed morphology aims to provide accurate criteria for the discrimination between wild grapes and modern cultivars and to understand changes in functional traits in relation to the domestication process. This approach is also used to quantify the phenotypic diversity in the wild and cultivated compartments and to provide a starting point for comparing well-preserved archaeological material, in order to elucidate the history of grapevine varieties.
Geometrical analysis (elliptic Fourier transform method) was applied to grapevine seed outlines from modern wild individuals, cultivars and well-preserved archaeological material from southern France, dating back to the first to second centuries.
Key Results and Conclusions
Significant relationships between seed shape and taxonomic status, geographical origin (country or region) of accessions and parentage of varieties are highlighted, as previously noted based on genetic approaches. The combination of the analysis of modern reference material and well-preserved archaeological seeds provides original data about the history of ancient cultivated forms, some of them morphologically close to the current ‘Clairette’ and ‘Mondeuse blanche’ cultivars. Archaeobiological records seem to confirm the complexity of human contact, exchanges and migrations which spread grapevine cultivation in Europe and in Mediterranean areas, and argue in favour of the existence of local domestication in the Languedoc (southern France) region during Antiquity.
Domestication syndrome; origin of cultivars; Vitis vinifera; seed; elliptic Fourier transforms
Background and Aims
Qualitative and quantitative studies of the pattern of invasive plant development is considered a key aspect in understanding invasiveness. An architectural analysis was therefore performed in order to understand the relationship between shoot architecture and invasiveness in red-osier dogwood, Cornus sericea (Cornaceae).
The structural and ontogenic characteristics of individuals in invading and non-invading populations in the native range of the species were compared to test the implication of developmental plasticity on invasiveness.
Key Results and Conclusions
The results show that the shrub has a modular architecture governed by strong developmental rules. Cornus sericea is made up of two levels of organization, each with its own intrinsic sequence of differentiation. These intrinsic mechanisms were used as a framework for comparison and it was found that, in response to the light environment, developmental plasticity was elevated, resulting in two architectural strategies. This developmental plasticity concerns the growth direction and the size of the modules, the speed of their time-course changes, their branching and flowering. Under an open canopy, C. sericea rapidly develops large vertical structures and abundant flowering. This strategy leads the plant to be invasive by excluding competitors and disseminating in the landscape. In the understorey, C. sericea slowly develops long horizontal structures which creep across the soil surface, while assimilating structures are poorly developed. This strategy does not lead to invasiveness but may allow the plant to survive in the understorey and reach sunny patches.
Cornus sericea; Cornus stolonifera; red-osier dogwood; shrub; invasive; architecture; phenotypic plasticity; development; light; human disturbance
Background and Aims
Photosynthetic plasticity in response to a range of environmental factors that include [CO2], water availability, light intensity and temperature, is ubiquitous among plants with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). The present study examined how seasonal changes in light availability, as experienced by greenhouse CAM crops in northern latitude regions, influence diel carboxylation patterns and impact on carbon gain and seasonal accumulation of biomass.
In the CAM bromeliad Aechmea ‘Maya’ integrated measurements of leaf gas exchange, diel metabolite dynamics (e.g. malate, soluble sugars and starch) and biomass accumulation were made four times a year, i.e. in winter, spring, summer and autumn.
During the brighter seasons (spring and summer) daytime Phases II and IV were dominated by C4 carboxylation, whilst the higher diurnal uptake in the autumn and winter was characterized by equal contributions of both Rubisco and PEPC. As a consequence, net CO2 uptake showed a significant depression at the end of the day in the darker months when supplementary illumination was turned off. Remarkable seasonal consistency was found in the amount of storage reserves available for nocturnal carboxylation, a consequence of predominantly daytime export of carbohydrate in spring and summer whilst nocturnal export was the major sink for carbohydrate in autumn and winter.
Throughout the different seasons Aechmea ‘Maya’ showed considerable plasticity in the timing and magnitude of C3 and C4 carboxylation processes over the diel cycle. Under low PPFD (i.e. winter and autumn) it appears that there was a constraint on the amount of carbohydrate exported during the day in order to maintain a consistent pool of transient carbohydrate reserves. This gave remarkable seasonal consistency in the amount of storage reserves available at night, thereby optimizing biomass gain throughout the year. The data have important practical consequences for horticultural productivity of CAM plants and suggest a scenario for reconciling carbohydrate partitioning between competing sinks of nocturnal acidification and export for growth.
Aechmea ‘Maya’; seasonal; CAM; bromeliad; carbon budgets; gas exchange; metabolite dynamics; PEPC; photoperiod extension; PPFD; photosynthetic plasticity; Rubisco
Background and Aims
Models based on the consideration of plant development as the result of source–sink relationships between organs suffer from an inherent lack of quantification of the effect of trophic competition on organ growth processes. The ‘common assimilate pool theory’ underlying many such models is highly debatable.
Six experiments were carried out in a greenhouse and outdoors with two grapevine cultivars and with 12 management systems, resulting in different types of plant architecture. Ten variables were used to quantify the impact of variations in assimilate supply and topological distances between sources and sinks on organogenesis, morphogenesis and biomass growth.
A hierarchy of the responses of these processes to variations in assimilate supply was identified. Organ size seemed to be independent of assimilate supply, whereas both organogenesis and biomass growth were affected by variations in assimilate supply. Lower levels of organ biomass growth in response to the depletion of assimilate supplies seemed to be the principal mechanism underlying the plasticity of plant development in different environments. Defoliation or axis ablation resulted in changes in the relationship between growth processes and assimilate supply, highlighting the influence of non-trophic determinants. The findings cast doubt on the relevance of ‘the common assimilate pool theory’ for modelling the development of grapevine.
The results of this study suggest new formalisms for increasing the ability of models to take plant plasticity into account. The combination of an ecophysiological model for morphogenesis taking environmental signals into account and a biomass driven model for organogenesis and biomass allocation taking the topological distances between the sources and the sinks into account appears to be a promising approach. Moreover, in order to simulate the impact of agronomic practices, it will be necessary to take into account the non-trophic determinants of plant development such as hormonal signaletics.
Biomass growth; branching system; common assimilate pool; morphogenesis; organogenesis; source–sink; grapevine; Vitis vinifera
Background and Aims
Previous molecular phylogenetic studies disagree with the informal generic-level taxonomic groups based on morphology. In this study morphological characters in the caesalpinioid clade Detarieae are evaluated within a phylogenetic framework as a means of better understanding phylogenetic relationships and morphological evolution.
Morphological characters were observed and scored for representative species of Detarieae focusing on the resin-producing genera. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out with morphological characters alone and then combined with DNA sequences.
Despite a high level of homoplasy, morphological data support several clades corresponding to those recovered in molecular phylogenetic analyses. The more strongly supported clades are each defined by at least one morphological synapomorphy. Several characters (e.g. apetaly) previously used to define informal generic groups evolved several times independently, leading to the differences observed with the molecular phylogenetic analyses. Although floral evolution is complex in Detarieae some patterns are recovered.
New informal taxonomic groupings are proposed based on the present findings. Floral evolution in the diverse Detarieae clade is characterized by a repeated tendency toward zygomorphy through the reduction of lateral petals and toward complete loss of petals.
Caesalpinioideae; Detarieae; floral evolution; Leguminosae; morphology; phylogeny; resins; taxonomy
Background and Aims
Previous studies indicate that the size-controlling capacity of peach rootstocks is associated with reductions of scion water potential during mid-day that are caused by the reduced hydraulic conductance of the rootstock. Thus, shoot growth appears to be reduced by decreases in stem water potential. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of reduced hydraulic conductance in size-controlling peach rootstocks.
Anatomical measurements (diameter and frequency) of xylem vessels were determined in shoots, trunks and roots of three contrasting peach rootstocks grown as trees, each with different size-controlling characteristics: ‘Nemaguard’ (vigorous), ‘P30-135’ (intermediate vigour) and ‘K146-43’ (substantially dwarfing). Based on anatomical measurements, the theoretical axial xylem conductance of each tissue type and rootstock genotype was calculated via the Poiseuille–Hagen law.
Larger vessel dimensions were found in the vigorous rootstock (‘Nemaguard’) than in the most dwarfing one (‘K146-43’) whereas vessels of ‘P30-135’ had intermediate dimensions. The density of vessels per xylem area in ‘Nemaguard’ was also less than in ‘P30-135’and ‘K146-43’. These characteristics resulted in different estimated hydraulic conductance among rootstocks: ‘Nemaguard’ had higher theoretical values followed by ‘P30-135’ and ‘K146-43’.
These data indicate that phenotypic differences in xylem anatomical characteristics of rootstock genotypes appear to influence hydraulic conductance capacity directly, and therefore may be the main determinant of dwarfing in these peach rootstocks.
Prunus; rootstock; vessel diameter; hydraulic conductance; dwarfing; xylem anatomy; Poiseuille–Hagen
Background and Aims
Intraspecific ploidy-level variation is an important aspect of a species' genetic make-up, which may lend insight into its evolutionary history and future potential. The present study explores this phenomenon in a group of eastern Asian Cardamine species.
Plant material was sampled from 59 localities in Japan and Korea, which were used in karyological (chromosome counting) and flow cytometric analyses. The absolute nuclear DNA content (in pg) was measured using propidium iodide and the relative nuclear DNA content (in arbitrary units) was measured using 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole fluorochrome.
Substantial cytotype diversity was found, with strikingly different distribution patterns between the species. Two cytotypes were found in C. torrentis sensu lato (4x and 8x, in C. valida and C. torrentis sensu stricto, respectively), which displays a north–south geographical pattern in Japan. Hypotheses regarding their origin and colonization history in the Japanese archipelago are discussed. In Korean C. amaraeiformis, only tetraploids were found, and these populations may in fact belong to C. valida. C. yezoensis was found to harbour as many as six cytotypes in Japan, ranging from hexa- to dodecaploids. Ploidy levels do not show any obvious geographical pattern; populations with mixed ploidy levels, containing two to four cytotypes, are frequently observed throughout the range. C. schinziana, an endemic of Hokkaido, has hexa- and octoploid populations. Previous chromosome records are also revised, showing that they are largely based on misidentified material or misinterpreted names.
Sampling of multiple populations and utilization of the efficient flow cytometric approach allowed the detection of large-scale variation in ploidy levels and genome size variation attributable to aneuploidy. These data will be essential in further phylogenetic and evolutionary studies.
Cardamine amaraeiformis; Cardamine schinziana; Cardamine torrentis; Cardamine valida; Cardamine yezoensis; cytogeography; DNA ploidy level; flow cytometry; Japan; Korea; polyploidy
Background and Aims
The cellular structure of fleshy fruits is of interest to study fruit shape, size, mechanical behaviour or sensory texture. The cellular structure is usually not observed in the whole fruit but, instead, in a sample of limited size and volume. It is therefore difficult to extend measurements to the whole fruit and/or to a specific genotype, or to describe the cellular structure heterogeneity within the fruit.
An integrated method is presented to describe the cellular structure of the whole fruit from partial three-dimensional (3D) observations, involving the following steps: (1) fruit sampling, (2) 3D image acquisition and processing and (3) measurement and estimation of relevant 3D morphological parameters. This method was applied to characterize DR12 mutant and wild-type tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum).
The cellular structure was described using the total volume of the pericarp, the surface area of the cell walls and the ratio of cell-wall surface area to pericarp volume, referred to as the cell-wall surface density. The heterogeneity of cellular structure within the fruit was investigated by estimating variations in the cell-wall surface density with distance to the epidermis.
The DR12 mutant presents a greater pericarp volume and an increase of cell-wall surface density under the epidermis.
Stereology; 3D morphology estimation; tomato fruit; cellular structure; image analysis; confocal microscopy
Background and Aims
Nitrogen availability varies greatly over short time scales. This requires that a well-adapted plant modify its phenotype by an appropriate amount and at a certain speed in order to maximize growth and fitness. To determine how plastic ontogenetic changes in each trait interact and whether or not these changes are likely to maximize growth, ontogenetic changes in relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), specific leaf area (SLA) and root weight ratio (RWR), before and after a decrease in nitrogen supply, were studied in 14 herbaceous species.
Forty-four plants of each species were grown in hydroponic culture under controlled conditions in a control treatment where the supply of nitrogen remained constant at 1 mm, and in a stress treatment where the nitrogen supply was abruptly decreased from 1 to 0·01 mm during the growth period.
Key Results and Conclusions
In the treatment series, and in comparison with the control, NAR and RGR decreased, RWR increased, and SLA did not change except for the timing of ontogenetic change. Species having greater increases in the maximum rate of change in RWR also had smaller reductions in RGR; plasticity in RWR is therefore adaptive. In contrast, species which showed a greater decrease in NAR showed stronger reductions in RGR; plasticity in NAR is therefore not adaptive. Plasticity in RGR was not related to plasticity in SLA. There were no significant relationships among the plasticities in NAR, RWR or SLA. Potentially fast-growing species experienced larger reductions in RGR following the nitrogen reduction. These results suggest that competitive responses to interspecific competition for nitrogen might be positively correlated with the plasticity in the maximum rate of change in RWR in response to a reduction in nitrogen supply.
Root weight ratio; net assimilation rate; nutrient stress; ontogenetic plasticity; specific leaf area
It is becoming increasingly clear that stress and metabolic signalling networks interact and that this interaction is important in plant responses to herbivory, pathogen attack, drought, cold, heat and osmotic stresses including salinity. At the interface between these two major signalling systems are the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and signalling factors including protein kinases and transcription factors.
This briefing reviews links between ABA, stress and sugar signalling, focusing on the roles of sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinases (SnRKs), SnRK1-activating protein kinases (SnAKs), calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) and ABA response element binding proteins (AREBPs, which are transcription factors). Links between stress and nitrogen / amino acid signalling are also described, including the roles of a protein kinase called general control non-derepressible (GCN)-2 in regulating protein synthesis through phosphorylation of the α-subunit of translation initiation factor-2 (eIF2α) in response not only to decreases in amino acid levels but also to a range of stresses. Evidence of a link between sugar and amino acid signalling is explored, with nitrate reductase being a target for regulation by both SnRK1 and GCN2 through different mechanisms; possible links between SnRK1 and GCN2 via a pathway including the protein kinase target of rapamycin (TOR)-1 are described. The significance of these interactions to the concept of signalling networks as opposed to simple cascades and pathways, and the importance of the subject in the context of the predicted increase in severity and range of stresses that plants will have to withstand as a result of global climate change are discussed.
ABA (abscisic acid); AREBP (ABA response element binding protein); CDPK (calcium-dependent protein kinase); climate change; GCN2 (general control non-derepressible 2); metabolic signalling; protein kinase; signalling networks; SnAK (SnRK1-activating protein kinase); SnRK (sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase); stress signalling; transcription factor
Background and Aims
In rain forests, sapling survival is highly dependent on the regulation of trunk slenderness (height/diameter ratio): shade-intolerant species have to grow in height as fast as possible to reach the canopy but also have to withstand mechanical loadings (wind and their own weight) to avoid buckling. Recent studies suggest that mechanosensing is essential to control tree dimensions and stability-related morphogenesis. Differences in species slenderness have been observed among rainforest trees; the present study thus investigates whether species with different slenderness and growth habits exhibit differences in mechanosensitivity.
Recent studies have led to a model of mechanosensing (sum-of-strains model) that predicts a quantitative relationship between the applied sum of longitudinal strains and the plant's responses in the case of a single bending. Saplings of five different neotropical species (Eperua falcata, E. grandiflora, Tachigali melinonii, Symphonia globulifera and Bauhinia guianensis) were subjected to a regimen of controlled mechanical loading phases (bending) alternating with still phases over a period of 2 months. Mechanical loading was controlled in terms of strains and the five species were subjected to the same range of sum of strains. The application of the sum-of-strain model led to a dose–response curve for each species. Dose–response curves were then compared between tested species.
The model of mechanosensing (sum-of-strain model) applied in the case of multiple bending as long as the bending frequency was low. A comparison of dose–response curves for each species demonstrated differences in the stimulus threshold, suggesting two groups of responses among the species. Interestingly, the liana species B. guianensis exhibited a higher threshold than other Leguminosae species tested.
This study provides a conceptual framework to study variability in plant mechanosensing and demonstrated interspecific variability in mechanosensing.
Mechanosensing; interspecific variability; trees; lianas; rain forest; neotropical species; bending; biomechanics; Bauhinia; Eperua; Symphonia; Tachigali
Background and Aims
The root meristem of the Arabidopsis thaliana mature embryo is a highly organized structure in which individual cell shape and size must be regulated in co-ordination with the surrounding cells. The objective of this study was to determine the role of the AUX1 LAX family of auxin import carriers during the establishment of the embryonic root cell pattern.
The radicle apex of single and multiple aux1 lax mutant mature embryos was used to evaluate the effect of this gene family upon embryonic root organization and root cap size, cell number and cell size.
It was demonstrated here that mutations within the AUX1 LAX family are associated with changes in cell pattern establishment in the embryonic quiescent centre and columella. aux1 lax mutants have a larger radicle root cap than the wild type and this is associated with a significant increase in the root-cap cell number, average cell size, or both. Extreme disorganization of the radicle apex was observed among quadruple aux1 lax1 lax2 lax3 mutant embryos, but not in single aux1 null or in lax1, lax2 and lax3 single mutants, indicating redundancy within the AUX1 LAX family.
It was determined that the AUX1 LAX family of auxin influx facilitators participates in the establishment of cell pattern within the apex of the embryonic root in a gene-redundant fashion. It was demonstrated that aux1 lax mutants are affected in cell proliferation and cell growth within the radicle tip. Thus AUX1 LAX auxin importers emerge as new players in morphogenetic processes involved in patterning during embryonic root formation.
AUX1 LAX genes; auxin; Arabidopsis thaliana; embryogenesis; meristem; radicle development; cell pattern establishment
Background and Aims
Initial release height and settling speed of diaspores are biologically controlled components which are key to modelling wind dispersal. Most Sphagnum (peat moss) species have explosive spore liberation. In this study, how capsule and spore sizes affect the height to which spores are propelled were measured, and how spore size and spore number of discharged particles relate to settling speed in the aspherical Sphagnum spores.
Spore discharge and spore cloud development were filmed in a closed chamber (nine species). Measurements were taken from snapshots at three stages of cloud development. Settling speed of spores (14 species) and clusters were timed in a glass tube.
The maximum discharge speed measured was 3·6 m s−1. Spores reached a maximum height of 20 cm (average: 15 cm) above the capsule. The cloud dimensions at all stages were related positively to capsule size (R2 = 0·58–0·65). Thus species with large shoots (because they have large capsules) have a dispersal advantage. Half of the spores were released as singles and the rest as clusters (usually two to four spores). Single spores settled at 0·84–1·86 cm s−1, about 52 % slower than expected for spherical spores with the same diameters. Settling speed displayed a positive curvilinear relationship with spore size, close to predictions by Stokes' law for spherical spores with 68 % of the actual diameters. Light-coloured spores settled slower than dark spores. Settling speed of spore clusters agrees with earlier studies. Effective spore discharge and small, slowly settling spores appear particularly important for species in forested habitats.
The spore discharge heights in Sphagnum are among the greatest for small, wind-dispersed propagules. The discharge heights and the slow settling of spores affect dispersal distances positively and may help to explain the wide distribution of most boreal Sphagnum species.
Bryophyte; explosive capsules; long-distance dispersal; peatland; peat moss; settling speed; Sphagnum; spore; spore capsule; Sweden; terminal velocity; wind dispersal
Background and Aims
Convective gas flow in helophytes (emergent aquatic plants) is thought to be an important adaptation for the ability to colonize deep water. In this study, the maximum depths achieved by seven helophytes were compared in 17 lakes differing in nutrient enrichment, light attenuation, shoreline exposure and sediment characteristics to establish the importance of convective flow for their ability to form the deepest helophyte vegetation in different environments.
Convective gas flow development was compared amongst the seven species, and species were allocated to ‘flow absent’, ‘low flow’ and ‘high flow’ categories. Regression tree analysis and quantile regression analysis were used to determine the roles of flow category, lake water quality, light attenuation and shoreline exposure on maximum helophyte depths.
Two ‘flow absent’ species were restricted to very shallow water in all lakes and their depths were not affected by any environmental parameters. Three ‘low flow’ and two ‘high flow’ species had wide depth ranges, but ‘high flow’ species formed the deepest vegetation far more frequently than ‘low flow’ species. The ‘low flow’ species formed the deepest vegetation most commonly in oligotrophic lakes where oxygen demands in sediments were low, especially on exposed shorelines. The ‘high flow’ species were almost always those forming the deepest vegetation in eutrophic lakes, with Eleocharis sphacelata predominant when light attenuation was low, and Typha orientalis when light attenuation was high. Depths achieved by all five species with convective flow were limited by shoreline exposure, but T. orientalis was the least exposure-sensitive species.
Development of convective flow appears to be essential for dominance of helophyte species in >0·5 m depth, especially under eutrophic conditions. Exposure, sediment characteristics and light attenuation frequently constrain them to a shallower depth than their flow capacity permits.
Aeration; convective flow; exposure; helophytes; lakes; lakeshore vegetation; light attenuation; redox; regression tree; sediment motion; trophic state; waves
Wetlands are species-rich habitats performing valuable ecosystem services such as flood protection, water quality enhancement, food chain support and carbon sequestration. Worldwide, wetlands have been drained to convert them into agricultural land or industrial and urban areas. A realistic estimate is that 50 % of the world's wetlands have been lost.
This paper reviews the relationship between wetlands and agriculture with the aim to identify the successes and failures of agricultural use in different types of wetlands, with reference to short-term and long-term benefits and issues of sustainability. It also addresses a number of recent developments which will lead to pressure to reclaim and destroy natural wetlands, i.e. the continuous need for higher production to feed an increasing world population and the increasing cultivation of energy crops. Finally, attention is paid to the development of more flood-tolerant crop cultivars.
Agriculture has been carried out in several types of (former) wetlands for millennia, with crop fields on river floodplain soils and rice fields as major examples. However, intensive agricultural use of drained/reclaimed peatlands has been shown to lead to major problems because of the oxidation and subsidence of the peat soil. This does not only lead to severe carbon dioxide emissions, but also results in low-lying land which needs to be protected against flooding. Developments in South-East Asia, where vast areas of tropical peatlands are being converted into oil palm plantations, are of great concern in this respect. Although more flood-tolerant cultivars of commercial crop species are being developed, these are certainly not suitable for cultivation in wetlands with prolonged flooding periods, but rather will survive relatively short periods of waterlogging in normally improved agricultural soils. From a sustainability perspective, reclamation of peatlands for agriculture should be strongly discouraged. The opportunities for agriculture in naturally functioning floodplains should be further investigated. The development and use of crop cultivars with an even stronger flood tolerance could form part of the sustainable use of such floodplain systems. Extensive use of wetlands without drastic reclamation measures and without fertilizer and pesticides might result in combinations of food production with other wetland services, with biodiversity remaining more or less intact. There is a need for research by agronomists and environmental scientists to optimize such solutions.
Wetlands; sustainable agriculture; peat subsidence; floodplains; rice fields; water use; irrigation

domain: literature


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From its rich cultural heritage to its breathtaking landscapes, Russia has long been a hub for artistic expression. The Dance and Theatre Arts Prize is an initiative aimed at promoting and celebrating the talent of young artists in the field of dance and theatre. Whether you’re a seasoned performer or just starting your artistic journey, this scholarship could be your ticket to success.
The Scholarship Provider
The $200 Dance and Theatre Arts Prize Russia, 2024 is sponsored by the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation in collaboration with renowned dance and theatre institutions in the country. The scholarship aims to nurture and support young talents by providing them with financial aid and invaluable opportunities for artistic development.
The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation is committed to fostering cultural exchange and encouraging international cooperation in the field of arts. Through initiatives like the Dance and Theatre Arts Prize, they aim to create a global platform for young artists to showcase their skills and connect with other talented performers from around the world.
The $200 Dance and Theatre Arts Prize Russia, 2024 is open to dancers and theatre artists from all countries. Whether you’re a solo performer or part of a group, as long as you have a passion for dance or theatre arts, you are eligible to apply for this scholarship.
This scholarship is not limited to any specific age group, ensuring that artists at different stages of their careers can benefit from this opportunity. So whether you’re a young talent just starting out or an experienced performer looking for a career boost, this scholarship could be your chance to shine on the international stage.
Russia, with its vibrant arts and culture scene, is the perfect host country for the Dance and Theatre Arts Prize. From the world-famous Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow to the historic Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia is home to some of the most renowned dance and theatre institutions in the world. The scholarship offers recipients the chance to immerse themselves in this rich artistic environment and learn from industry professionals.
Not only will you have access to state-of-the-art facilities and top-notch training programs, but you’ll also get a chance to explore Russia’s fascinating history and culture. From exploring iconic landmarks like the Red Square and the Hermitage Museum to experiencing traditional Russian cuisine, studying in Russia will be an unforgettable cultural experience.
The $200 Dance and Theatre Arts Prize Russia, 2024 offers recipients a generous scholarship worth $200. This financial aid can be used towards tuition fees, travel expenses, accommodation, or any other costs associated with pursuing dance or theatre studies in Russia.
In addition to the monetary support, recipients will also benefit from mentorship programs, workshops, and masterclasses conducted by industry experts. This holistic approach ensures that scholarship recipients not only receive financial assistance but also gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance their artistic abilities.
Level and Field of Study
The Dance and Theatre Arts Prize is open to individuals pursuing studies in dance or theatre arts. Whether you’re interested in contemporary dance, classical ballet, physical theatre, or any other form of performing arts – this scholarship caters to a wide range of disciplines within the field.
As for the level of study, the scholarship is available for both undergraduate and graduate programs. Whether you’re just starting your artistic education or looking to further specialize in your chosen discipline, this scholarship will provide you with the support you need to excel in your studies.
How to Apply for the $200 Dance and Theatre Arts Prize Russia, 2024
Applying for the Dance and Theatre Arts Prize is a straightforward process. Interested applicants can visit the official website of the scholarship provider to access the application form.
The application form will require applicants to provide personal and contact information, as well as details about their artistic background and aspirations. Applicants may also be required to submit videos or portfolios showcasing their talent. The selection committee will evaluate applications based on merit, passion, and potential for artistic growth.
It’s important to note that all applications must be submitted before the deadline, which is December 31st, 2023. Late submissions will not be considered, so make sure to complete your application well in advance.
Countries That Can Apply
The Dance and Theatre Arts Prize Russia, 2024 is open to applicants from all countries. Regardless of where you are located in the world, as long as you meet the eligibility criteria and have a passion for dance or theatre arts, you are encouraged to apply for this scholarship.
This global approach ensures that talented artists from diverse cultural backgrounds have an equal opportunity to showcase their skills and contribute to the vibrant arts scene in Russia.
Eligibility Criteria for the $200 Dance and Theatre Arts Prize Russia, 2024
To be eligible for this scholarship opportunity, applicants must meet certain criteria:
- Applicants must have a genuine passion for dance or theatre arts.
- There are no age restrictions – all aspiring artists, regardless of age, are welcome to apply.
- Applicants must demonstrate talent and potential in their chosen discipline.
- Applicants must be willing to travel to Russia and pursue their studies in the country.
The selection committee will evaluate applications based on the above criteria, ensuring a fair and inclusive selection process.
1. Can I apply if I am already studying dance or theatre arts in another country?
Absolutely! The scholarship is open to artists at different stages of their careers, including those who are already pursuing studies in another country. If you meet the eligibility criteria and are passionate about dance or theatre arts, you are encouraged to apply.
2. How many scholarships will be awarded?
The exact number of scholarships to be awarded is not specified. However, the scholarship program aims to support a significant number of talented individuals each year. The final number of recipients will depend on the quality and quantity of applications received.
3. Are there any language requirements for the scholarship?
While proficiency in Russian is not mandatory, having basic knowledge of the language can greatly enhance your experience while studying in Russia. It is recommended that applicants have at least a basic understanding of Russian to fully immerse themselves in the cultural and educational environment.
4. Can I apply if I am unable to travel to Russia due to visa restrictions?
The scholarship requires recipients to study in Russia, so it’s important for applicants to ensure they can obtain the necessary visas and fulfill any travel requirements before applying. If you have concerns about visa restrictions or other travel-related issues, it is advisable to consult with the appropriate authorities or seek guidance from the scholarship provider.
5. Will I have to return to my home country after completing my studies?
There is no obligation for scholarship recipients to return to their home countries after completing their studies in Russia. However, the scholarship program aims to nurture and support young talents who can contribute to the global arts community. Recipients are encouraged to use their skills and knowledge gained during their studies in Russia to make a positive impact in their respective countries or wherever they choose to pursue their artistic careers.
6. Can I apply for the scholarship if I am a self-taught dancer or theatre artist?
Absolutely! The Dance and Theatre Arts Prize recognizes talent and potential, regardless of formal training or educational background. If you are a self-taught artist who demonstrates exceptional skills and passion for dance or theatre arts, you are encouraged to apply.
7. When will the results of the scholarship application be announced?
The exact date for announcing the results of the scholarship application is not specified. However, applicants can expect to receive notification regarding the status of their application within a few months after the deadline.
So what are you waiting for? Don’t miss out on this incredible opportunity to showcase your talent and take your dance or theatre arts career to new heights. Apply for the $200 Dance and Theatre Arts Prize Russia, 2024 today!

domain: artistic


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A business owner has started making and selling his own sunglasses - made entirely from plastic pollution collected from British beaches.
Harry Dennis, 26, spends his time collecting discarded fishing nets, known as ghost nets, from the coastline.
Made from polypropylene, the nets pose a greater threat to the marine environment as not only do they not decompose, but they are specifically designed to trap wildlife.
Harry, from St Agnes, Cornwall, decided to do something about it - and is now collecting ghost nets before recycling the material within and turning them into fashionable sunglasses.
He said: "Polypropylene is an incredibly harmful material in our oceans and it makes up 10 per cent of plastic pollution.
"It kills marine life and the characteristic that make it strong also make it a good material to recycle.
"We've been working in Cornwall collecting nets off beaches but this is part of a wider scheme, we're sending the nets to a plant in Denmark and it's a collaborative scheme.
"I've worked in marine conservation, I'm a diver and a surfer and I've travelled across the world. This is a problem you'll see on every shoreline. These nets wash up everywhere."
Harry said that ghost nets are one of the biggest threats our oceans face, as not only do they fail to decompose - they also trap wildlife.
He said: "640 tonnes of ghost nets enter the oceans every single year and fishing gear as a whole is four times as harmful as other types of other plastics.
"It's designed to catch marine organisms and it does that if it's attached to boats or not.
"It's known as ghost nets, they'll trap an organism and it will kick start this cycle where other animals are attracted to the decaying organism and it acts as a lobster pot.
"More will be attracted to feed and get stuck. It leads to a pretty depressing cycle unless it is removed from the ocean."
Harry said he named his company Waterhaul after an old fishing term, coined by fishermen to describe pulling up nets with no fish in them. He continued: "That's our mission in one word, bringing the nets out the sea.
"After we collect them, the nets are then shredded and extruded into these pellets, the pellets are what we can then mould into a new product.
"In this case we turn them into a sunglasses frame."
Urging more people to join the fight against plastic, Harry said:"I'd encourage everyone to get out and take part in a beach clean, you'll instantly relate when you see this polypropylene, you'll see how common it is.
"If people spot a large net, often we are collecting ones greater than a hundred metres in length - if you spot one report it to us."
To find out more about Waterhaul's products visit the website.

domain: news


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It’s time to listen to the electronic music:
Recently there was a post about this project here: Rumpistol – Away
And now here is the remixed album.
Rumpistol — idm / ambient / electronic / glitch musician from Copenhagen (Denmark).
Rumpistol on the web:

domain: geography


The Ferrari F50 was introduced by the Italian Sports car maker in 1995 to celebrate their 50th anniversary. Only 349 were made between 1995 and 1997. The Ferrari F50 was fitted with a 4.7L V12 engine. The car has a top speed of 325 kilometers an hour (202 miles per hour). This photo of the Ferrari F50 was selected as the Daily Cool Photo for today on Running Wolf’s Rant. Watch this space for daily updates in the Photography and Babes categories.
Latest posts by Henno Kruger (see all)
- A quick chat with Thundermerwe - December 5, 2016
- Jack Parow & Jitsvinger stel “Dis Bef*k” Remix vry - December 1, 2016
- Win a Pixies, The Temper Trap etc. CD Hamper! - November 30, 2016


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Twenty-three years after the last victory, Técnico has won the National Rugby Championship once again. The Técnico Rugby team and the Faculty of Law’s Rugby team played the finals at Estádio Nacional, last Saturday, May 29. The Técnico team won the final match by 15-11 and became the national champion. This is the third time that Técnico Rugby team wins the rugby national championship.
The Técnico rugby team was honoured by the president of Técnico, professor Rogério Colaço, this Wednesday, June 2, with the Técnico’s 110th anniversary commemorative medal.


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A teenager from Delhi, Anushka draws eclectic and varied pieces of art that circle around varied themes. Her art speaks about imagination and fantasy but in real life, her character is cool, grounded and straightforward while she finds ways to know more about the world around her. She likes movies and music and wouldn't probably feel at home in one of her artistic worlds.
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domain: entertainment


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eVoL wrote:Tichinde - Like the technical version of (a slightly geekier) the fonz.
In the end, Darksiders: Warmastered Edition is the perfect example of how to do a remaster right. Everything that made the original Darksiders special is still here, and is better than ever thanks to the power of current gen consoles. If you haven’t gotten into the series yet, the budget price of $19.99 is as good a chance as you will ever get.
The good news for owners of the original from 2010: Who has the game in the Steam library receives 29 the Warmastered Edition completely free. The new edition simply appears in their own game list. THQ Nordic's representative told us in person.
Prey wrote:Fans of the IP will be pleased to know that Darksiders: Warmastered Edition is now avialable for free to those who own the original game! Restart Steam and check for the new addition under the original game in your library. Woo!
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domain: library


Some years ago there seemed to be many Spitfires and Gum Moth caterpillars
in the street trees around Sydney. Now there do not seem to be any.
Where have they all gone?
There have been several reasons suggested for this phenomenon.
One suggestion is that the replacement of the old incandescent street
lights by fluorescents with their high UV output has disrupted the
mating process of many lepidoptera species.
Another is that the build up of lead from leaded petrol exhaust
deposited on the foliage poisoned them. If this is the case,
perhaps they will come back soon now we are mainly using
Another is that the populations naturally go through random highs
and lows. For example there was an amazing population explosion
of Gardenia Bee Hawks in 2003 in Sydney, yet
they were rare in the preceeding 10 years and also since in 2004.
It has also been suggested that the increasing population of
Euro Wasps (Vespula germanica, VESPIDAE) is
killing the caterpillars. These wasps have been observed
cutting caterpillars up to take back to their nests.
Gardenia Bee Hawk Caterpillar
(updated 24 May 2008)


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Early evidence has demonstrated that a number of factors set the stage for the recent Target payment card data breach, and one of them no doubt was poor authentication practices.
MORE FIDO in the News
The Wall Street Journal: Apple Wants to End Passwords for Everything. Here’s How It Would Work
Passwords have been the longtime standard for securing online accounts,...June 24, 2022
S&P Global: Big Tech pushes forward with password-less authentication
A tech industry coalition including Apple Inc., Alphabet Inc. and...
CNET: Learn About Passkeys, the No-Password Login Tech Coming to iOS 16 and Android
Apple recently showed off a new replacement for passwords coming...


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Welche Comics sollte man unbedingt gelesen haben? Welche kann man seiner Oma weiterempfehlen? Gibt es einen Kanon von Werken, die so bedeutsam sind, dass sie aus dem Meer an Publikationen herausragen? Gibt es sie, die 100 besten Comics aller Zeiten?
Die Redaktion der Comic Speedline hat das Experiment gewagt und eine Liste der Top100 Comics aufgestellt. Einzige Regel: Es gibt keine Regeln! Vom Underground-Geheimtipp bis zum Superhelden-Mainstream, vom Manga über das frankobelgische Album bis zum Zeitungsstrip: Alles ist erlaubt.
Schau doch einfach mal rein - es ist für jeden was dabei. Und vielleicht findest Du dabei sogar Deinen neuen Lieblingscomic?
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domain: biology


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Cruise Line Christens First Luxury Expedition Ship in Boston
October 28, 2021 1 min read
Vantage Deluxe World Travel Celebrate the christening of its first ocean-going small-ship, Ocean Explorer, in Boston on Monday. Along with Vantage Founder & Chairman Henry R. Lewis and local dignitaries, the ship\’s godmothers Patricia Lewis, wife of Mr. Lewis, and VP of Worldwide Operations Deirdre Dirkman performed the ceremony. Ocean Explorer will sail worldwide with 15 itineraries that include Europe, transatlantic crossings, Central and South America, and Antarctica. “At Vantage, our goal is to provide the ultimate in small-ship luxury experience,” said Henry R. Lewis, Founder & Owner, Vantage Deluxe World Travel. “Ocean Explorer will offer a completely unique experience for travelers
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On November 3, professors across all departments were faced with a challenge: how to address the election. From canceling class to walking to the polls, professors had a variety of plans for students on Tuesday and throughout the week.
Adapting to COVID-19 restrictions, the Bowdoin Public Service in Washington program is still moving forward this year. Instead of the program’s normal culminating trip to Washington, D.C., during the first week of spring break, the trip has been modified into a virtual program called Deep Dive D.C.
This past weekend, women’s soccer team captains Theresa Huckaby ’22 and Ailish O’Brian ’22, alongside women’s volleyball captains Emily King ’21 and Ashley Williams ’21, raised $2,905 for the nonprofit organization Maine Inside Out (MIO) through a virtual 5k fundraiser.


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27 travel hacks that even frequent fliers don't know.
If you plan to travel to the Netherlands, here are some tips and tricks to make it successful!
Thinking about going to Japan? Here’s your essential Japanese travel tip sheet to help you out!
Morocco Travel Cheat Sheet; Sign up at www.wandershare.com for high-res image. Marrakech in Marrakech-Tensift-El Haouz
Wales Travel Cheat Sheet; Sign up at www.wandershare.com for high-res images.
New Zealand Travel Cheat Sheet. www.SimpleTravelDeals.com
A guide to travel on the off times http://www.luggagefactory.com/briggs-riley-luggage


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The Salzach rises in the Kitzbühel Alps, specifically in the area of the "Salzachgeier" at approx. 2300 metres above sea level, north of the Gerlos Pass. After approx. 226 kilometres, it feeds into the Inn at Marktl, the birthplace of Pope Benedict XVI.
In the section between Bergheim (near Salzburg) and Marktl, it forms the border between Germany and Austria. The Salzach was hugely important to Burghausen in the salt-trading area from the 14th century. Duties on the salt were collected here by the Duke's customs officers, and the salt was either transferred onto wagons or continued its journey towards Passau by water.


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Today in music history:
There were several significant events on this day between the years 1953 and 2011.
On this day in 1953 Patty Scialfa, future member of Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band, is born in Deal, New Jersey.
On this day in 1966 future country music crooner Martina McBride is born in Sharon, Kansas. Also on this day a U.S. magazine targeted to teenagers called Datebook creates a controversy when they reprint some of John Lennon's interview 4 months earlier in the London Evening Standard, where Lennon said, "We're more popular than Jesus now." The American media jumps on the quote and turns it into a major story.
On this day in 1967 The Doors' “Light My Fire” hits number one.
On this day in 1968 The Beatles record “Hey Jude.”
On this day in 1970 The Rolling Stones' contract with Decca expires. The band leaves notorious manager Allen Klein and they deliver one final song to the label to fulfill its obligation, the famously unreleasable "C*cksucker Blues" (aka Schoolboy Blues).
On this day in 1972 Gilbert O'Sullivan's “Alone Again (Naturally)” hits number one.
On this day in 1998 Miramax studios announces their purchase of the rights to The Beatles' 1964 film A Hard Day's Night, intending to remaster it in time for the film's 35th anniversary.
On this day in 2005 an anonymous bidder pays one million dollars for the original handwritten lyrics to The Beatles' “All You Need Is Love” at the Hippodrome nightclub in London.
On this day in 2011 singer-songwriter Gene McDaniels dies at the age of 76.


With most members on their way to the airport for a week-long recess, the House today joined the Senate with a vote to end the furloughs of air-traffic controllers. Iowa Republican Tom Latham stated, "We are taking this action to end the administration's political games that threaten our passengers' rights and their safety." The vote was 361 to 41, but Democratic whip Steny Hoyer said it didn't go far enough. "Instead of dressing this serious wound with a small band-aid, let's get to work on a real solution." Lori Montgomery reports on economic policy for the Washington Post.


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Citigroup's Mary McNiff: The No. 1 Woman to Watch
Early in her career, when colleagues would begin to reminisce about their college days, Mary McNiff would often casually remove herself from the conversation.
Back then, slipping away just seemed easier than telling co-workers that her parents didn't have the money to send her to college and instead she took accounting classes at night and on weekends while working full time at the former Abbey National in London.
As her career progressed and she moved into larger roles, however, McNiff began to be more forthcoming about her background and, in doing so, found that she was actually helping others open up about what they may be hiding or any other anxieties. She recently shared her story at an internal town hall that was broadcast globally and was "overwhelmed" by the feedback she received from colleagues at all levels.
"A lot of people can relate to my story, and they feel comfortable telling me their stories," said McNiff. "I think it's made me more approachable."
McNiff, who grew up in England, said that she ended up in accounting school because her mother had one rule: She had to choose a profession.
"I could have become a plumber. I could have been an electrician. I chose accounting," she said.
It obviously suited her. Over a 30-year career, McNiff has run auditing teams on four continents for business units of Abbey National, Barclays, JPMorgan Chase, Lloyds Banking Group and, since 2011, Citigroup, where she is now CEO of its Citibank unit.
McNiff, American Banker's No. 1 Woman to Watch for 2019, was promoted to the CEO role in April following the retirement of Barbara Desoer. For the two years prior, McNiff was the global bank's chief auditor and before that was the chief administrative officer for Citi's Mexico and Latin America region.
In her new role, McNiff is largely responsible for protecting the safety and soundness of Citibank, which accounts for about 75% of Citigroup's nearly $2 trillion of assets. She is involved in setting strategy and developing new business as well, but her chief function is making sure that the bank has the proper risk procedures and policies in place to ensure that it can withstand an economic downturn.
She is also now part of the 15-person leadership team that reports to President and CEO Michael Corbat and sets overall strategy for Citigroup. In that capacity, she oversees global data aggregation and reporting for the company and chairs the business practices committee, which is responsible for ensuring that business practices across the global bank meet the highest standards of professionalism and ethical behavior.
Like other top leaders at Citi, McNiff is committed to diversifying Citi's global workforce to better represent the customers and communities the company serves. McNiff co-leads Citi's Hispanic/Latino group and, in that role, works to develop skills training, networking events and other programs aimed at helping Hispanic and Latino employees find new opportunities within the company.


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Many cleansing products cause oil-water emulsions which will also have an adverse effect on the oil filtering equipment.
Blogs by Maritime Community
The Costa Concordia disaster, which has claimed at least 13 lives, has shocked the world. But maritime experts say such a catastrophe was just a matter of time. In recent years, the cruise industry has been building ever-bigger ships in pursuit of profit -- and disregarding the dangers the giant vessels pose.
Despite the well-known risks of severe penalties in most countries around the world for trafficking or possessing illegal drugs, some seafarers have been tempted by drug smugglers’ promises of easy money. Unfortunately, instead of receiving “big money” for helping smuggle drugs, many have been arrested, convicted and sentenced to stiff fines and long years in prison.
The Global Maritime Community has many type of players and many are members of this Club. You may find them as per your need by using the filter below


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Prices for corn tortillas, the Mexican staple, are forecast to rise in the coming days by between nearly 11 and 21 percent, according to figures from the National Union of Industrial Mills and Tortillas.
Meanwhile, gasoline and diesel prices are seen by one retail association rising an average of about 7 percent this year due to tax changes, volatility of the peso currency and higher crude prices.
“That they say they are now going to hike prices is unjustified. We don’t see the market conditions for this to happen,” said Jose Rogelio Garza, a deputy economy minister.
The forecast from the Mexican Association of Gasoline Businesses (AMEGAS) was quickly dismissed as false in a statement by state-run oil company Pemex, but that did not stop complaints.
“My suppliers bring me the dough by car and if gasoline prices go up then obviously they are going to have to adjust their prices,” said Jorge Garcia, the owner of a Mexico City bakery.
The price of liquefied natural gas, used for cooking, rose by an average of 25 percent in 2017, while electricity rates have also inched up, according to government data.
“With increasing gas prices we’re going to have to make adjustments… I can’t work without gas,” said Garcia.
As inflation hovers near a 16-year high at just below 7 percent, officials insisted the forecast price spikes, which have triggered social media outrage and threats of protests, are not warranted.
“In 2018, variations in international fuel prices will continue to be cushioned,” the finance ministry said in a statement on Tuesday, emphasizing a scheme that allows it to reduce a key excise tax applied to fuel sales.
With presidential elections looming in July, the government is especially sensitive to the possibility that protests could further erode its support among voters.
But beyond rhetoric, the government is mostly powerless to force the hands of gas station owners as its ability to set prices ended in late November after it finalized a gradual, nationwide fuel liberalization.
The move to market prices, part of sweeping 2013-2014 energy reform, ending a transitional period during which it still set maximum gasoline and diesel prices.
The fuel regulator, or CRE, said in a statement that prices in central Mexico for Pemex’s Magna gasoline, which makes up more than 80 percent of total sales, have only risen 1.3 percent compared to average prices at the end of November, an increase it described as stable.
The CRE reported that the average nationwide price on Tuesday for Magna stood at 16.13 pesos per liter.
That works out to about $3.15 per gallon at the current exchange rate.
For many years prior to the passage of the energy reform, fuel prices in Mexico were set by the government and were the same across the country.
($1 = 19.3710 Mexican pesos)
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in Most cases, there were not more than two, sometimes three sonatas, which were presented in different interpretations. It was, however, already at that time, a time of yesterday. The star of Argerich, Barenboim and Pollini were just, Brendel was already older, but was still an insider tip. The Stars of the time – and by the Emperor appreciated – were Friedrich Gulda, which begun in 1967, recording the 32 sonatas in Amadeo quickly cult status gained, and the enfant terrible of Canada, Glenn Gould.
Otherwise, the Older set the tone. Wilhelm Kempf, Born in 1895, had just made with recordings of the Schubert sonatas, attention, and Wilhelm Backhaus had died in the previous year, with 85 years in Villach after a concert. There's been a shooting. It the forces left, and he had to op Beethoven's e flat major Sonata. 31 no. 3 before the conclusion of the sentence ending. He apologised to the audience. After a Pause, Backhaus adopted with Schumann's "Why". A touching Moment. The Emperor found the right tone.
The Russian Emil Gilels, the Chilean Claudio Arrau and the Italians Benedetti-Michelangeli were at the peak of their fame, and belonged to the Emperor's favorites. Sviatoslav Richter had a furious "Appassionata" in Carnegie Hall in the West. And for the first Time ever I heard the name of Solomon, actually, Solomon Cutner. The Briton had to retire because of a stroke early on, and was revered by the Emperor for his playing of Beethoven, almost mythical.
inventors of wonderful melodies
Today, however, hard to imagine: the Emperor took a liking to the piano playing of the Hitler-admirer Elly Ney. It had been after 1945, "Mode", - stated in his book, but out of the games Opus 111 made up of a large, quiet solitude, and I have a deeper understanding of Beethoven than many of the technically superior colleagues.Updated Date: 15 July 2020, 11:19

domain: history


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The New York Sun runs a little piece today by Eric Ormsby on W.H Auden, a notice of the publication of Auden’s Collected Prose, Volume III: 1949-1955 .
It is a nice summary of the book, as one would expect from Ormsby, but along the way it quotes the last poem Auden wrote, the 1973 “Archaeology.” And I was reminded just how frustrating Auden’s quietism can be. The quoted lines run:
one moral, at least, may be drawn,
to wit, that all
our school text-books lie.
What they call History
is nothing to vaunt of,
being made, as it is,
by the criminal in us:
goodness is timeless.
OK, so it’s nice, and Audenesque, and though he would have changed such filler phrases as “to wit,” it represents much in his thought. But much of that much is just wrong. Auden’s retreat to what he called “the Great Good Place” can give him an admirable clarity:
The Hidden Law does not deny
Our laws of probability,
But takes the atom and the star
And human beings as they are,
And answers nothing when we lie.
And it can give him a despicable muddiness. After reading such famous lines in Auden’s “Spain, 1937” as it as History to the defeated / May say Alas but cannot help or pardon and Today the deliberate increase in the chances of death; / The conscious acceptance of guilt in the necessary murder , George Orwell cried that they manage only to combine “the gangster and the pansy.” “Mr. Auden’s brand of amoralism is only possible if you are the kind of person who is always somewhere else when the trigger is pulled,” Orwell later added. “So much of left-wing thought is a kind of playing with fire by people who don’t even know that fire is hot.”
And there both the clarity and the muddiness are in “Archaeology.” History . . . / being made, as it is, / by the criminal in us well, yes, you know what he means. And goodness is timeless yes, there, too, you know what he means. But put them together and what do you have? A world where grace and virtue and right action are impossible, where they dwell altogether elsewhere than this messy human world.
Altogether elsewhere, vast
Herds of reindeer move across
Miles and miles of golden moss
Silently and very fast.


Tereza Novotná, an associate research fellow at our Institute, has provided a commentary for the E15 portal. In the article, she discusses the visit of German Chancellor Olaf Scholz to Prague and the energy crisis that threatens the EU. According to Novotná, responsibility also lies with other countries, including the Czech Republic, which also failed to develop other energy sources in time.
Read the full article in English here.#Scholz #Crisis #Germany
Expertise: EU foreign policy, North and South Korea and NE Asia; European External Action Service, EU Delegations; transatlantic relations and trade; EU enlargement and EU institutions; Germany (foreign and domestic politics, particularly in the Eastern parts of Germany).


Model Breastfeeding Makes the Pages of Vogue Magazine — Yes!
Printed in the October 2013 issue of Vogue Netherlands, model Ymre Stiekema poses topless in a Vermeer-esque inspired spread and is photographed breastfeeding her baby. The photos, entitled “The Master & the Girl,” are the first to show a mom breastfeeding her child since the now infamous TIME Magazine attachment parenting cover.
The fashion style guide’s Dutch edition is no stranger to controversy — back in April, the Netherlands mag’s “Heritage Heroes” spread depicted models in blackface for a fashion spread. This time around, it looks as though the _Vog_ue editors wanted to take on another hot topic: Breastfeeding.
Vogue isn’t the first magazine to place a breastfeeding mom on its pages. W magazine broke the mold in 2008 when they placed a coy photo of Angelina Jolie breastfeeding on its cover and who could forget the controversy-stricken _TIME _cover shoot where 26-year-old mom of two, Jamie Lynne Grument, was snapped breastfeeding her almost four-year-old son.
In the interview, Grumet revealed that she is a big proponent of attachment parenting and has two children (an adopted son and a biological son). She told TIME that she understands the critics who question extended breastfeeding and attachment parenting, but believes it’s a normal parenting style: “They are people who tell me they’re going to call social services on me or that it’s child molestation. I really don’t think I can reason with those people. But as far as someone who says they’re uncomfortable with this, I don’t think it’s wrong to admit this. But people have to realize this is biologically normal. It’s not socially normal.The more people see it, the more it’ll become normal in our culture. That’s what I’m hoping. I want people to see it.” The Vogue photo seems to want to do the same thing: Socially normalize what’s biologically normal, and remove the bias on breastfeeding.
In the particular breastfeeding photo, Ymre nurses her baby, dressed in a bonnet while decked head-to-toe in high fashion garb. It’s definitely not a photo of the everyday mom, but still, it’s beautiful.
What do you think: Will this Vogue spread spark controversy or will it help “normalize” breastfeeding in our culture?


Honda has been stirring up rumors. No, not BIG rumors, but rather an equally exciting and fast-spreading mid-size rumor.
In what form? Enter the supposed Africa Twin 850 that will (hopefully!) reach the market in 2021.
But what exactly is the Honda CRF850L Africa Twin and why should we be so excited about it?
In the sections below, we propose what the newest mid-sized ADV motorcycle might be, what we hope it will be, and when we expect it to arrive.
Why the CRF850L? Why now?
Honda is no stranger to the ADV bike market. Take the Honda CRF1000L Africa Twin and the up-spec Africa Twin Adventure Sports. Both are highly capable motorcycles, and both getting serious improvements for the 2021 model year.
In fact, both are now dubbed CRF1100Ls following an increase of stroke measurement by 6.4mm and the resulting 1,084cc displacement.
But the real reason for the CRF850L Africa Twin? The bump in size of the flagship Africa Twin leaves a gap left to be filled by a mid-sized adventure motorcycle in Honda’s lineup, while also entering a highly competitive category that’s mostly dominated by European manufacturers.
Adding the CRF850L to the adventure lineup will create an opportunity for Honda to grab ahold of newer or less experienced ADV riders who are looking for a platform that is less than liter sized.
Think of the mid-sized Africa Twin as the stepping stone between the entry-level CB500X or endure model CRF450L and the long-stroke, teched-out CRF1100L Africa Twin.
What Will the CRF850L Africa Twin Look Like?
Oh, can we dream, but some things are pretty certain to come to fruition.
Expect and all-new engine platform from Big Red, coming in the form of 800-850cc liquid-cooled, four-stroke parallel-twin engine.
Considering that the new platform will have to meet the restricted Euro 5 emissions standards and the numbers we have recently seen of similarly sized competitors, we’d expect the Africa Twin 850 to crank out roughly 90 horsepower. And be extremely tractable, smooth, and rider-friendly in typical Honda fashion.
A full suite of rider aid electronics is also expected on the Africa Twin 850, including selectable ABS, traction control and power delivery modes via a throttle-by-wire system derived from the big-displacement Africa Twin 1100.
Honda will also likely use the same full-color 6.5-inch TFT dashboard used on the 1100, and Apple CarPlay may work its way to the 850. Cruise control will likely be seen on the middleweight as well.
The Africa Twin 850 will more than likely use a steel semi-double-cradle-frame also derived from the 1100, while employing long-travel Showa suspension to soak up all the imperfections of trail and tarmac you point it towards. We also expect a 21-inch front wheel and 18 inch rear wheel to be used, offering serious capability off-road.
Will there be an Africa Twin Adventure Sports model?
Just like the 1100 Africa Twin, we expect an up-spec, more capable Adventure Sports trim for the 850.
Taking notes of the long-stroke model, it should be expected to more fuel capacity, Showa EERA semi-active suspension, an adjustable windscreen, tubeless tires, and more!
But, of course, that will come at an added cost. Somewhere in the range of an additional $3,000, just like the 1100 model.
The CRF850L Will Have Stiff Competition
The middleweight Africa Twin will enter a cutthroat and booming market of similar-sized machines, mostly ruled by European manufacturers.
The competition will come in form of the BMW F 850 GS and the Triumph Tiger 800, as well as the Austrian’s bid into the middleweight ADV game–the new KTM 790 Adventure and more off-road focused 790 Adventure R.
The upcoming Yamaha Tenere 700 will also serve as tough competition for the CRF850L.
The serious competitors:
- BMW Motorrad F 850 GS
- KTM 790 Adventure
- Triumph Tiger 800
- Yamaha Tenere 700
When to Expect the Africa Twin 850
If Honda blesses the ADV market by putting the Africa Twin 850 into production, we likely won’t see it hit the markets until the 2021 model year.
We’ve seen the photos, but the required tooling, testing, and production of an all-new model is no small task, and Honda doesn’t do anything half-heartedly.
That, and considering that Big Red has just launched the heavily updated and noteworthy CRF1100L in the United States, it wouldn’t want to spoil the buzz surrounding the flagship model.
Personally, I’d expect to see an official announcement of the middleweight Africa Twin sometime around the 2020 EICMA show in Milan, Italy. Until then, we will continue to daydream over the thought of shredding the 850 through the backwoods!
*Images shown are of the 2019 Africa Twin Adventure Sports


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*CVC GOLD RIDE -- Saturday, September 14th, 8:30 AM*
Meeting at Citibank Parking Lot - Westlake Village -- Westlake Blvd. & Agoura Road (North East Corner) for announcements; promptly at 8:30 am, then split into our groups to depart.
Fair warning...I may not ride this week.
*Route: Rockstore via Cornell; Upper Encinal; Lake Loop; 29.2 miles; 3,231 Feet.
**For a detailed map and route slip, go to: http://ridewithgps.com/routes/1411628
*The *Gold Ride* is an Intermediate recreational ride, 30-40+ miles in length and averaging 14+ mph. It is mandatory to have & wear a helmet. It is the rider's responsibility to ensure that the helmet is in good condition (check expiration on helmet inner tag) and that your bike is in working condition as well. *This is a "drop **ride**" so please understand the route before you start (and how to get back). As always we will try to stick together & have a fun safe **ride**. We will regroup regularly and to allow everyone a chance to ride together.*
*Inclement weather policy*: In the interest of safety, whenever it is either actively raining or the ride route has wet roads, it is our club policy to cancel a club ride. Club members may still choose to meet and ridein these conditions; however, the ride will not be considered an official club ride. Please remember to park in the area along Westlake Blvd. (between the street and the first driveway aisle) and not in the area in front of the Shops/Market. If we don't respect the requests of the lease tenants, we could be asked to park elsewhere.
Please feel free to contact me with any questions.
Henry Montalvo Gold Ride Captain

domain: hobby


text:
Philz Coffee Mint Mojito Recipe
Looking for a refreshing twist on your daily coffee routine? Try this Philz Mint Mojito inspired coffee, featuring the perfect blend of fresh mint and sweet mojito flavors.
Start out with your favorite coffee or cold brew
Muddle fresh mint with sugar.
Add to a shaker with milk or creamer.
Enjoy! Swipe up for tips and recipe.
All on the on site!

domain: food


text: The Boston Globe has described David Amram as “the Renaissance man of American music.” He has composed over 100 orchestral and chamber works, written two operas, and early in his career, wrote many scores for theatre and films, including Splendor in the Grass and The Manchurian Candidate. He plays the French horn, piano, guitar, numerous flutes and whistles, percussion instruments, and a variety of folkloric instruments from 25 countries. He has conducted and performed as a soloist with symphony orchestras around the world, participated in major music festivals, and traveled from Brazil to Cuba and from Kenya to Egypt. While actively assimilating the musical cultures of the countries he has visited, he has kept up a remarkable pace of composing, using his experiences in the worlds of jazz, folk and ethnic music as inspiration and basic material for his formal compositions. He has collaborated with such notables as Leonard Bernstein, Dizzy Gillespie, Lionel Hampton, Charles Mingus, Dustin Hoffman, Thelonius Monk, Willie Nelson, Jack Kerouac, Betty Carter, Odetta, Elia Kazan, Arthur Miller, and Tito Puente. Since being appointed first composer-in-residence with the New York Philharmonic in 1966-67, he has become one of the most acclaimed composers of his generation, listed by BMI as one of the Twenty Most Performed Composers of Concert Music in the United States since 1974. Amram’s participation at CWA is made possible by the Leo Block Distinguished Visiting Professor Program at the University of Denver.


text:
Ole Miss football schedule 2020 prediction, breakdown, analysis, ranking every game, game times.
Ole Miss Football Schedule 2020
Sept. 6 Baylor (in Houston)
Sept. 12 SE Missouri State
Sept. 19 Auburn
Sept. 26 at LSU
Oct. 3 Alabama
Oct. 10 at Vanderbilt
Oct. 17 Florida
Oct. 24 UConn
Oct. 31 OPEN DATE
Nov. 7 at Texas A&M
Nov. 14 at Arkansas
Nov. 21 Georgia Southern
Nov. 26 Mississippi State
SEC East Teams Missed: Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri, South Carolina, Tennessee
Ole Miss Football Schedule 2020 Prediction, Best Case Scenario
9-3: Lane Kiffin’s club comes out hot with a terrific win over Baylor, it tunes up against SE Missouri State, and then the era kicks off large with a win over Auburn. There might be losses to LSU and Alabama, but a win at Vanderbilt is followed up by a terrific home victory over Florida.
With a win over UConn, the Rebels are bowl eligible before Halloween. They win three of their last four games – including the home date against Mississippi State in the Egg Bowl – and stay in the hunt for a ten-win season after going to a bowl game.
Ole Miss Football Schedule 2020 Prediction, Worst Case Scenario
4-8: The Rebels lose to Baylor to start the season, and things don’t get a whole lot better with losses to Auburn, at LSU and Alabama in a 1-4 start. They come up with a few wins in October, but they lose to Florida.
With a loss at Texas A&M, there’s no more margin for error if they want to go bowling. Unfortunately, they lose either at Arkansas or to the Georgia Southern option attack. Worst of all, they lose at home to Mike Leach and Mississippi State.
Ole Miss Football Schedule 2020 Ranking Hardest To Easiest
2020 preseason ranking of the Ole Miss football schedule from the hardest-looking games to the easiest

domain: sports


India does not give credence to Pak missile test
India on Saturday did not give much credence to the test-firing of a ballistic missile by Pakistan saying such tests were regularly required as the technology was imported.
"Such tests have been happening for ever. Pakistan requires testing of missiles as the technology is flowing in from some other parts of the world. Therefore, regular testing is required," Navy chief Admiral Sureesh Mehta, who is also the Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, told reporters in New Delhi.
His comment was sought on the test-firing of the Shaheen-II or Hatf-VI long-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile by Pakistan on Saturday. It is Pakistan's longest range missile with a reach of 2,000 kms and capable of carrying nuclear and conventional warheads.


text:
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Get over 200 all-digital channels so you don’t miss a thing! Time Warner Cable New York, NY The crystal clear picture and digital-quality sound are unsurpassed.
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Viewing pictures, music, movies, and videos has never been faster or easier than through Time Warner Cable Road Runner® Broadband. Take advantage of Road Runner® Turbo w/ PowerBoost® to enjoy the fastest speeds of up to 15mbps downloads at only $10 more per month! You can find Road Runner Broadband® High Speed Internet packages that deliver an extra burst of speed when downloading large files like videos, music and more. Time Warner Cable Road Runner® Broadband keeps you safe as well with free antivirus and firewall software for security, protection from viruses, and outstanding customer service.
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Everyday stress and juggling a multitude of things in our lives is a major factor in determining how much sleep we can get each night.
How many of us wake up in the morning feeling more exhausted than when we actually went to bed? And sleep deprivation can have a dramatic impact on our lives, not only will it make you feel lethargic and perhaps grumpy but it can affect our ability to work and stay healthy.
Some people have their sleep routine disturbed if they work shifts for example and if you are a new parent, the demands of babies and children can interrupt a good night’s sleep.
Some people can function perfectly well on just six hours sleep and others might need eight or more but how much sleep do we actually need?
The NHS has now helped to answer the question, reports the Liverpool Echo.
According to NHS Choices, most of us need around eight hours of good-quality sleep a night to function properly – however it’s more important that you find out how much sleep you actually need and then try to achieve it.
If you wake up tired and spend the day longing for a chance to have a nap, it's a good indicator that you’re not getting enough sleep. Particular conditions may cause poor sleep, including health conditions such as sleep apnoea. But, in most cases, it’s due to bad sleeping habits.
After several sleepless nights, the mental effects become more of a concern. Your brain will cloud, making it difficult to concentrate and make decisions. You’ll start to feel down - and may fall asleep during the day. Your risk of injury and accidents at home, work and on the road also increases.
What could happen if you don't get enough sleep?
Sleep boosts immunity
If you seem to catch every cold and flu bug which is going around, your bedtime could be to blame. Prolonged lack of sleep can disrupt your immune system, so you're less able to fend off bugs.
Sleep can slim you
Sleeping less may mean you put on weight. Studies have shown that people who sleep less than seven hours a day tend to gain more weight and have a higher risk of becoming obese than those who get seven hours of slumber. It's believed to be because sleep-deprived people have reduced levels of leptin (the chemical that makes you feel full) and increased levels of ghrelin (the hunger-stimulating hormone).
Sleep boosts mental wellbeing
Given that a single sleepless night can make you irritable and moody the following day, it's not surprising that chronic sleep debt may lead to long-term mood disorders like depression and anxiety. When people with anxiety or depression were surveyed to calculate their sleeping habits, it turned out that most of them slept for less than six hours a night.
Sleep prevents diabetes
Studies have suggested that people who usually sleep less than five hours a night have an increased risk of having or developing diabetes. It seems that missing out on deep sleep may lead to type 2 diabetes by changing the way the body processes glucose – the high-energy carbohydrate that cells use for fuel.
Sleep increases sex drive
Men and women who don't get enough quality sleep have lower libidos and less of an interest in sex, research shows. Men who suffer from sleep apnoea – a disorder in which breathing difficulties lead to interrupted sleep – also tend to have lower testosterone levels, which can lower libido.
Sleep wards off heart disease
Long-standing sleep deprivation seems to be associated with increased heart rate, an increase in blood pressure and higher levels of certain chemicals linked with inflammation, which may put extra strain on your heart.
Sleep increases fertility
Difficulty conceiving a baby has been claimed as one of the effects of sleep deprivation, in both men and women. Apparently, regular sleep disruptions can cause trouble conceiving by reducing the secretion of reproductive hormones.
According to NHS Choices, if you don't get enough sleep, there's only one way to compensate – getting more sleep. It won't happen with a single early night. If you've had months of restricted sleep, you'll have built up a significant sleep debt, so expect recovery to take several weeks.
Expect to sleep for upwards of 10 hours a night at first. After a while, the amount of time you sleep will gradually decrease to a normal level. Don’t rely on caffeine or energy drinks as a short-term pick-me-up. They may boost your energy and concentration temporarily - but can disrupt your sleep patterns even further in the long term.

domain: psychology