Frosta VassverkGreen projects
Although we are only seldom affected by failing water supply or low quality water, there is still a need to maintain and upgrade the Norwegian water system and pipes. KBN is not an expert in this field, but we are in other areas, such as getting finances for this upgrade, through green bonds.
Bergen Light RailGreen projects
On March 13th 2000, the City Council of Bergen, Norway selected the alignment for the construction of a light-rail transit line between the centre of the city and the airport at Flesland. The system is known locally as Bybanen.
Green is good in OverhallaGreen projects
Overhalla municipality in Nord-Trøndelag county started its energy and climate plan as early as 2007. The plan states that new buildings must be constructed to ensure low energy use, or so-called passive housing methods.


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The Audit Risk and Compliance Committee Meeting will now be held on Wednesday 7 December 2022 at 6pm.
With free hire of beach wheelchairs along the Cockburn coastline and the provision of beach matting at Ngarkal Beach, our coastline can be accessed by people of all abilities.
The Floating Beach wheelchair is free to hire for people with disability and is located at Ngarkal Beach, Port Coogee Marina. The passenger must wear a lifejacket (provided with the hire) and be assisted by two adults who are proficient swimmers. After making a booking, wheelchair pick-up and drop-off can be organised and provided at Ngarkal Beach.
Saturday and Sunday, 10am - 2pm during summer when lifeguards are patrolling the beach.
9 Coleville Crescent,
PO Box 1215, Bibra Lake DC,
Western Australia, 6965
Office opening hours: 8.30am to 4.30pm Monday to Friday (excluding public holidays)
Cockburn Nyungar moort Beeliar boodja-k kaadadjiny. Koora, yeyi, benang baalap nidja boodja-k kaaradjiny.
Ngalak kaadatj dayin boodja, kep wer malayin. Ngalak kaadatj koora koora wer yeyi ngalang birdiya.
City of Cockburn acknowledges the Nyungar people of Beeliar boodja. Long ago, now and in the future they care for country.
We acknowledge a continuing connection to land, waters and culture and pay our respects to the Elders, past, present and emerging.

domain: geography


text:
Friday, 11 November 2011
DVD RACK (TOP CHOICE): THE TOURIST
Depp & Jolie take a light vacation.
12A, 103 Minutes. Starring: Angelina Jolie, Johnny Depp, Paul Bettany & Timothy Dalton. Director: Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck. Screenplay: Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck,Christopher McQuarrie & Julian Fellowes
Somewhere in between Angelina Jolie wounding a little in 'Salt' and Johnny Depp about to venture 'Stranger Tides' as Captain Jack Sparrow comes 'The Tourist'. A film where the A list, Hollywood young living legends check into Venice to cut a movie whilst taking a vacation. Racking up the miles from Paris to Venice they remake a 2007 French hit 'Anthony Zimmer' with German director Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck.
The set up is simple...ish, just like the plot. Angelina Jolie's character, Elise is followed by the police, all sorts of special agents and behind the newspaper and coat guys as they are all after her husband, Alexander. Her husband sends word for her to take a train from Paris to Venice in order to find a suitable stooge with a similar build and height. Elise's task is to make this man look like her husband so her tail will be thrown off the scent. This is where we meet Johnny Depp's Frank and the story begins.
This jet setting film is designed to be a style over substance affair and is more of a classic crime caper than your average slick thriller. Still as Depp and Jolie look to explore some different territory the critics have already began to set up camp. This is exactly what 'The Tourist' is however, it's just different. It may not be the greatest release this year but that doesn't mean it's bad. It may not be well travelled but neither is it in way over it's head. The film is light but enjoyable, a little slow in parts but also one you can keep pace with. It may not be the most memorable Friday you'll have but it will be an enjoyable one.
The film is well written and even if you suspect a twist you will still be kept guessing until the end. There are some brilliant choice pieces of direction, like when the pair are shot (with a camera that is) in separate rooms. The romance and chemistry between the two stars may simmer more than it boils, but it still bubbles. The laughs may be few but there are some pure moments of comic genius, besides this isn't a romantic comedy either, nor is it an action thriller. The film sits somewhere between the two genres serving as a caper that would of felt at home in the 50's. Classic feeling like the timeless European backdrop.
Now even though it's sitting in an era of special effects and big budgets, 'The Tourist' is as quaint an as endearing as it's location. Proving that an old dog doesn't have to learn new tricks to get attention. It's refreshing in a film to see two 'regular' characters involved in action but not just automatically able to handle weaponry or action situations, like say a random chef who is 'Under Siege'. Although this film isn't one you could call 'real' at least there's some authenticity to it.
Nothing new or broke here as Depp is on his usual, top, charming form and Jolie is on her alluring one as she rubs off from her dose of 'Salt' in a film that the aforementioned should have been more like. The leading man and woman effortlessly perform well, motoring this film along, even if it looks like they never leave second gear. Still no one can pull off running across rooftops like Jack Sparrow in his P.J.s like Depp can and no one can put on and wear those dresses and that quiet confidence like Jolie. The A listers get a B plus and the support from Paul Bettany and Timothy Dalton help bond the film together.
Still even with the one time sexiest man and woman alive taking top billing the films top attraction is the beautiful locations of Paris and more notably Venice. From every old hotel balcony to gondola filled river this picture is a postcard of perfection. Visually stunning and not mentally challenging, 'The Tourist' may have been called a lot of things but one thing it is is enjoyable. The film is the ideal Friday night date movie, with neither party having to compromise. It's not too romantic for the guys and not too violent for the girls. Depp provides eye candy for the girls and a mans perspective for the guys and Jolie vice versa. Even if 'The Tourist' is a bit of a vagabond in nomads land looking for a place to go it still hits home. Sure it may not be a five star destination but like many love it or hate it trips, it's best you check it out for yourself. TIM DAVID HARVEY.

domain: artistic


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Wayne Rooney is "angry" after a friend, who had been told to be tested for COVID-19, visited his family home and later returned a positive result.
We name 15 African players who are shaping up to enjoy a big campaign in league competitions broadcast by ESPN in Africa.
Liverpool winger Harry Wilson joined second-tier Championship side Cardiff City on loan for the rest of the season.
The English Football League has rejected a £50 million ($65 million) COVID-19 bail-out offer from the top flight, the EFL said on Thursday.
The proposal to "save" English soccer, led by officials from Liverpool and Man United, would help the game, but at what actual cost?
Manchester United and Liverpool are backing a radical plan led by the EFL to overhaul English football, sources have confirmed to ESPN.
Adelaide United playmaker Riley McGree has been bought by new U.S. franchise Charlotte FC, which is due to enter Major League Soccer in 2022.
|Preston North End||8||3||1||4||0||10|
|Queens Park Rangers||8||1||4||3||-4||7|

domain: news


text:
The Mudcat Café TM
Thread #66694 Message #3907214
Posted By: Creede
22-Feb-18 - 02:18 PM
Thread Name: If I had the wings of an angel - parodies
Subject: RE: If I had the wings of an angel - parodies
I'm surprised no one has added this to the thread. It appeared in the book (pre-movie, pre-TV show) version of M*A*S*H; the "Blake" in the lyrics refers to company commander Col. Henry Blake.
Oh if I had the wings of an angel
I'd fly to the high Pyrennees
And I'd open an open-air laundry
Specializing in Blake's B.V.D.'s.
Actually considering the tone of the book I'm a bit surprised the lyrics weren't scatologically closer to the ones published heretofore.


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In accordance with the view enterprise, the replica observe company seems to lose billions every year, and endeavors are undertaken to rolex replica watches and shed them in dramatic demonstrative uk replica watches approaches.
Reproduction timepieces are not fake or substantial fake timepieces these are custom-created timepieces made in a percentage of 1:1 for the unique observe the important points in the clock are essentially the same as that of the first, and the process can also be shipped in watch activity.
Duplicate vs. initial timepieces:
The look of replica timepieces is largely just like genuine watches, as is the internal design. Various industrial facilities have varying levels of control over the options from the wrist watches, and details restoration uk replica watches are more expensive than regular replica designer watches.
A lot of people are confused about the difference between traditional and fake timepieces. There is not any differentiation between initial and reproduction designer watches in capability and design. When purchasing mobile phone duplicate watches, there could be a variation. For that reason, you ought to look into real reproduction timepieces.
The principle variation between replica and real wrist watches will be the material quality and prices. The visible difference in substance quality does not imply that it must be of low quality good quality. Replica wrist watches are likewise manufactured from high-top quality resources, but they are reduce in excess weight. This lightens the wrist watch.
What Attributes Characterize Duplicate Designer watches?
Adornment enthusiasts are checking out the characteristics of duplicate timepieces. Fake designer watches have each of the same capabilities as authentic watches. Replica watches created from stainless steel are rust-resistant and non-oxidizing. Additionally, as a result of top quality in the metallic, it really is highly immune to blows.
Proof against 3 atm machine for fake wrist watches. You could potentially go swimming and wash the face while using the your wristwatch by doing this. These wrist watches, which may have a changeable straps development, enable you to keep the watch about the wrist no matter its density.

domain: design


text:
After being battered by Tropical Storm Fay and Hurricane Gustav, United Methodists along the Gulf Coast are beginning to assess the damage and coordinate relief efforts.
In the days prior to Gustav’s landfall just west of New Orleans on September 1, the United Methodist Committee on Relief (UMCOR) secured its Sager Brown Depot in Baldwin, Louisiana, and made sure evacuating staff members had proper credentials to return immediately after the storm had passed.
Flood buckets and other supplies are being distributed from Sager Brown to aid relief efforts across Louisiana and other affected annual conferences.
“We are receiving reports of catastrophic flooding and debris in parts of the state,” said Marilyn Swanson, director of Disaster Recovery Ministry for the Florida Annual Conference, affected by Tropical Storm Fay in late August. Four UM churches reported minor damage, including one that was looted during the storm.
Bishop Timothy Whitaker is asking UMCOR for a $10,000 emergency grant to help with initial needs. The conference is poised to provide flood buckets filled with cleanup supplies to homeowners. It has 1,400 buckets stored in a warehouse in Madison, located about one hour from Tallahassee.
Churches can support hurricane relief efforts by assembling and shipping flood buckets to Sager Brown and the Florida Annual Conference. UMs are also asked to re-stock their local food pantry or food bank. Work teams are expected to be needed after the water recedes.
Volunteers should contact their Jurisdictional Volunteer in Mission Coordinator for information about when and where their help will be needed. To donate to UMCOR, drop checks in church offering plates or mail them directly to UMCOR, P.O. Box 9068, New York, NY 10087. Write Advance #3019695, Hurricanes 2008 on the memo line. Credit card donations can be made by calling 800-554-8583 or by going to www.givetomission.org.
– Erik Alsgaard, Florida Annual Conference (UMNS) and UMCOR


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A tool used to connect springs to webbing.
— OR —
A tool used to connect springs to webbing. Kevin considers this his most valuable tool! It saves money and countless hours of attaching springs the old fashioned way.
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Cozy up for the holidays with Broadway Custom Cushions! Any Size, any peice!

domain: hobby


text:
Jamie sits with authors Tiffany Davis, Thelonious Legend, and Kevin Wayne Williams to discuss their work, their biggest obstacles, and the process of creation for writers of all levels.
Featuring: Jamie Broadnax @jamiebroadnax
Want to support TWiB? Shop at Amazon using this link: http://twib.me/amazon – Buy what you would normally buy and TWIB gets MONEY!
Want more @BlackGirlNerds:
SUBSCRIBE: iTunes |Stitcher| RSS Feed


The Education Secretary, Krishan Kumar, today virtually launched the first of its kind initiative of Government High School, Abdal in district Amritsar that developed a portal named "Students Management System".
Lauding the dedicated efforts being put in by the school headmistress, Deepika Dean and staff for sprucing up the infrastructural facilities, mobilising community participation, qualitative improvement for boosting learning outcomes, enrolment drive etc, Education Secretary said that the innovative step of starting portal "Student Management System" would go a long way in bringing in positive change in public perception about the government schools.
He exhorted the district education officers and school heads to replicate the unique initiative in other districts and schools.
Deepika Dean, Headmistress, while divulging details said that the "Student Management System" portal has been developed with the sole motive of strengthening the bond between school and parents.
All the 300 student would be provided unique id and password. All the requisite data and information about the students would be uploaded on the portal.
“The students and parents could log in to know about the each and every detail, including, daily assignments, marks obtained by the students in class tests or house examination, sports activity, notices regarding organising of different activities and programmes. Parents can also send their feedback, suggestions and grievances”, she said.
Assistant Director (SCERT, Salinder Singh, District Education Officer (Secondary) cum State Coordinator, Enrollment Booster Team, Satinderbir Singh, State Media Coordinator, Parmod Bharti, Deputy District Education Officers-Rajesh Sharma, Harbhagwant Singh, DSM, Balraj Singh, Amardeep Singh Baath, School staff and School Management Committee members of the school were also present in the video conference.


text:
In a Georgia courtroom last month, 11-year-old Dalton Archer plead guilty to murdering his father’s girlfriend near Christmastime last year, when he was 10. Archer automatically went through juvenile court, something that took years of fighting for a similar defendant in Pennsylvania. Though changes are happening across the country, not all young people are guaranteed a juvenile court hearing instead of adult court for very serious crimes.
In 1997, Oklahoma law specified that children as young as 7 could be handed to adult courts, according to a 1998 report from the federal Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. At that time, about one-third of the states set some floor age between 10 and 15 for eligibility for transfer to criminal court. The rest set none.
By 2008, a handful of references to 7- and 8-year-old eligibility for adult trials were erased from state codes. Two-thirds of states had set a floor for transfer to adult courts on murder charges, all between 10 and 15 years old. And most states had set a minimum age for adult court on non-murder charges, according to a 2009 report by Michele Deitch of the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas at Austin.
Yet 22 states and the District of Columbia still had no minimum age for adult court, Deitch reported at that time. Which, read with laws on minimum age for criminal intent, meant children as young as 7 could go to adult court, she wrote. And numerous states automatically sent juveniles charged with certain crimes straight to adult court, a process called mandatory transfer.
Deitch still studies youth in adult courts and says since her report, she’s “not seen any state take this [mandatory transfer] on explicitly, though it may be part of other reforms.” But she also added that she is “seeing some states remove some items from transfer-eligible offenses.”
Mississippi put most 17-year-olds charged with arson, drug offenses or robbery firmly in juvenile court under a 2010 law. The same year, Nevada closed a loophole that allowed prosecutors to delay filing charges against 13-year-olds until they were 14 and would be sent to adult court. And Colorado decided to send most 14- and 15-year-olds to juvenile court by default instead of adult court.
But for some juveniles involved in serious crimes, the adult system remains the first stop after arrest, no matter what.
“Pennsylvania, like some other states, treats all cases of murder as adults in the first instance,” noted Robert Schwartz, executive director of the Juvenile Law Center in Pennsylvania.
“For example, the case earlier this year, Jordan Brown was arrested at 11 for murder,” said Schwartz. “Originally he was kept in the adult system then sent to juvenile court.”
Brown was arrested in 2009, but it took until 2012 for his defenders to get him moved to and his case heard in a juvenile court.
“But serious, violent felony cases involving preteen defendants make up only a handful of all criminal cases involving minors of all ages,” Schwartz noted.
Complete national statistics are not available, but a large FBI dataset called the Uniform Crime Reporting Program listed nine juveniles aged 12 and under arrested for murder or manslaughter in 2010, and a dozen the year before. Robberies barely topped 600 in each year.


text:
Conclusion: Expression of AQPs in the vocal folds and the parasympathetic regulation of AQPs in the laryngeal glands may be important for controlling laryngeal secretion and vocal fold hydration. These findings are thought to be an initial step towards understanding potential mechanisms of water flow through the vocal fold surface.
Objectives: Lubrication of the vocal folds is important for phonation and laryngeal defense. However, the system of water transport in the laryngeal epithelium has not yet been clarified. The discovery of aquaporins (AQPs), a family of small, integral membrane proteins that facilitate water transport in response to osmotic gradients, has revealed a molecular mechanism for rapid water transport across the cell membranes of various tissues. We investigated the expression of nine AQP subtypes (AQP1-9) in the murine larynx and examined the neural regulating mechanisms of these subtypes.
Materials and methods: Distribution of AQPs (AQP1-9) in the murine larynx was examined by immunohistochemistry. Next, the neural mechanism regulating AQPs in the larynx was investigated using unilateral vagotomized mice.
Results: Expression of eight AQP subtypes (AQP1-8) was detected in the murine larynx, while AQP9 expression was not detected. AQP1, AQP4, and AQP5 were expressed in the vocal folds. AQP1 immunoreactivity was localized to the subepithelial connective tissue. AQP4 was densely expressed around the anterior commissure and was sparse at the squamous epithelium of the vocal fold, while AQP5 was expressed throughout the vocal fold epithelium. Vocal fold AQP expression was minimal at the vocal process. AQP2, AQP3, AQP5, AQP6, AQP7, and AQP8 were localized to the submucosal glands. Expression of AQPs in the vagotomized region was significantly decreased compared to the contralateral intact side, indicating the involvement of AQPs in parasympathetic regulation of laryngeal gland secretion.

domain: biology


|Publication number||US4588538 A|
|Application number||US 06/589,816|
|Publication date||May 13, 1986|
|Filing date||Mar 15, 1984|
|Priority date||Mar 15, 1984|
|Publication number||06589816, 589816, US 4588538 A, US 4588538A, US-A-4588538, US4588538 A, US4588538A|
|Inventors||Tai-Shung Chung, Howard Furst, Zev Gurion, Paul E. McMahon, Richard D. Orwoll, Daniel Palangio|
|Original Assignee||Celanese Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (17), Referenced by (100), Classifications (21), Legal Events (8)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This invention was made with government support under contract No. NAS1-15749 awarded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The Government has certain rights in this invention.
This invention relates to processes for forming fiber reinforced tapes. More particularly, this invention relates to processes for forming impregnated carbon fiber tapes using a crosshead type die.
The use of crosshead dies for coating metallic wires of various types with plastic materials is well known. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,341,509, 4,247,504, and 4,150,929. Crosshead dies have also been used to coat tire cord, with, for example, an acrilonitrile/butadienne copolymeric rubber. See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,328,133 and 4,300,878. Other patents disclosing the use of crosshead dies include U.S. Pat. No. 4,171,195, 4,172,106 and 4,274,821.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,485,912 discloses that "high tensile strength elements, such as tapes" may be formed by
manufacturing a plurality of synthetic resinous oriented strands or filaments and subsequently encapsulating such materials within a relatively soft low tensile strength matrix or casing.
However, this patent does not disclose the composition of the matrix. Likewise, U.S. Pat. No. 3,461,197, discloses a similar article which consists of
a first thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic material having disposed therein a plurality of reinforcing filaments such as fibers or filaments of glass.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,758,247 refers to a crosshead die which is used for coating flat cables utilizing a melt consisting of rubber or plastics including polyethylene or polypropylene. Finally, U.S. Pat. No. 3,993,726, discloses the use of "a crosshead extruder to impregnate the rovings with a thermoplastic polymer under high pressure".
The use of air to spread a carbon fiber prior to impregnation is disclosed in several patents. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,704,485, an apparatus for spreading a graphite fiber tow is disclosed which involves the use of a pulsating, gaseous medium. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,873,389 and 3,795,944 both disclose the use of a counter air flow means for spreading graphite fiber tows which are to be impregnated with thermosetting materials.
The cooling of impregnated carbon fiber bundles following crosshead die extrusion is also known. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,993,726, cooling sprays or a cooling bath are used, and in U.S. Pat. No. 3,728,424, electrical cables impregnated with a polyester in a crosshead die are cooled by passing through a first ambient air cooling zone and then into a second water cooling tank.
However, none of the above-identified patents discloses either the inventors' specific gas jet spreading system, their crosshead die design or their air cooling means as disclosed hereafter.
In the prior art, carbon fiber-based, prepreg tapes were normally prepared using thermoset resins, with the thermoset resin itself literally painted onto the tapes in an uncured condition. However, care had to be taken to insure that the temperature of the tape remained low during storage, so that autocuring did not occur. When the tape was to be used in forming an article, layers of the tape with the desired orientation were placed on an appropriate form, heated to the curing temperature in a controlled manner and normally under vacuum and/or externally applied pressure baked for the period of time necessary to insure a complete cure. But a major problem with this system was that after curing, it was impossible to reform the article if errors in forming had occurred. Therefore, large amounts of wasted material often resulted. Finally, using this method, it was difficult to obtain thick, uniform coatings and the adhesion of the thermoset polymer to the carbon fiber was often poor.
Thus, it is an object of the instant invention to prepare a simple and inexpensive, but readily usable, crosshead die.
It is another object of this invention to prepare such a die for use in impregnating fibers with thermoplastic, resinous, materials.
It is another object of this invention to prepare tapes which are based upon a thermoplastic resinous, fibrous matrix.
These and other objectives are obtained by utilizing the process of the instant invention.
The instant invention involves a process for preparing thermoplastic impregnated tapes and rovings which employs the steps of gas spreading a carbon fiber tow, feeding the tow into a crosshead die, impregnating the tow with a thermoplastic material to form a tape, withdrawing the tape from the die, and gas cooling, as described hereafter. The process of the instant invention allows the application of high molecular weight, high melting, thermoplastic polymers under controlled conditions without the use of a solvent. The tapes of the instant invention may be employed to form shaped articles, such as airplane wing skins and/or other wing components, and may be reused even after shaping by simply heating to slightly above the polymer melting point and reshaping or reforming.
FIG. 1 is a diagramatic view of the various devices used in carrying out the process of the instant invention
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the gas jet carbon fiber spreader used in carrying out the process of the instant invention.
FIG. 2-A is a perspective view of the same devise with the top removed.
FIG. 3 is a cutaway side view of the polymer entry port of the crosshead die of the instant invention.
FIG. 4 is a cutaway end view of the crosshead die of the instant invention.
FIG. 5 is another version of the bottom half of FIG. 4.
In FIG. 1, several graphite fiber bundles (1) are shown. The tow or bundles are conveyed to the crosshead die by a suitable drive roll (3). In order to insure uniform spreading of each of the graphite fiber bundles, they are passed over a gas spreading means (5). After uniform spreading, the fibers enter the crosshead die (6). The thermoplastic polymer which is used to impregnate the fiber tow is added in pellet or other dry form to the extruder, melted and conveyed to the crosshead die through a barrel (7). After impregnating the fiber tow to form a tape (8), the tape is withdrawn from the die and passed through the gas cooling means (9), using suitable drive rollers (10).
The polymers which are useful in carrying out the process of the instant invention for impregnating carbon fibers constitute virtually any type of relatively high molecular weight thermoplastic polymer, including polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, the various polyamides, polyimides, polyamidimides, polyetherimides, polysulfones, e.g., polyether sulfones, polyether ether ketones, polybutylene terephthalate and the like. The melting point of the polymer must be at least 50° F. and preferably at least 200° F. above ambient conditions. Higher melting temperatures insure that there will be no undue sticking or binding of the extruded polymer tapes prior to use. In addition to one component polymer systems, mixtures of various thermoplastic polymers may also be employed to advantage where specific combinations of properties are desired.
Of particular importance are the liquid crystal polymers or LCPs. Examples of these polymers include the wholly aromatic polyester resins which are discussed in the following publications: (a) Polyesters of Hydroxybenzoic Acids, by Russell Gilkey and John R. Caldewell, J. of Applied Polymer Sci., Vol. II, Pages 198 to 202 (1959), (b) Polyarylates (Polyesters From Aromatic Dicarboxylic Acids and Bisphenols), by G. Bier, Polymer, Vol. 15, Pages 527 to 535 (August 1974), (c) Aromatic Polyester Plastics, by S. G. Cottis, Modern Plastics, Pages 62 to 63 (July 1975); and (d) Poly(p-Oxybenzoyl Systems): Homopolymer for Coatings: Copolymers for Compression and Injection Molding, by Roger S. Storm and Steven G. Cottis, Coatings Plast. Preprint, Vol. 34, No. 1, Pages 194 to 197 (April 1974). See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,039,994; 3,169,121; 3,321,437, 3,553,167; 3,637,595; 3,651,014; 3,723,388; 3,759,870; 3,767,621; 3,778,410; 3,787,370; 3,790,528; 3,829,406; 3,890,256; and 3,975,487.
Other polyesters are disclosed, for instance, (a) Polyester X7G-A Self Reinforced Thermoplastic, by W. J. Jackson, Jr., H. F. Kuhfuss, and T. F. Gray, Jr., 30th Anniversary Technical Conference, 1975 Reinforced Plastics/Composites Institute, The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., Section 17-D, Pages 1 to 4, (b) Belgian Pat. Nos. 838,935 and 828,936, (c) Dutch Pat. No. 7505551, (d) West German Pat. Nos. 2520819, 2520820, 27222120, 2834535, 2834536 and 2834537, (e) Japanese Pat. Nos. 43-223; 2132-116; and 3021-293, and (f) U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,991,083; 4,991,014; 4,057,597; 4,066,620; 4,067,852; 4,075,262; 4,083,829; 4,093,595; 4,112,212; 4,118,372; 4,130,545; 4,130,702; 4,146,702; 4,153,779; 4,156,070; 4,159,365; 4,160,755; 4,161,470; 4,169,933; 4,181,792; 4,183,895; 4,184,996; 4,188,476; 4,191,681; 4,201,856; 4,219,461; 4,224,433; 4,226,970; 4,230,817; 4,232,143; 4,238,598; 4,238,600; 4,239,913; 4,242,496; 4,245,082; 4,245,804; 4,247,514; 4,256,624; 4,265,802; 4,267,289; 4,269,965; 4,279,803; and 4,299,756.
The polyesters and copolyesters which are preferred consist essentially of structural units having recurring groups of the formula
--O--R1 --O-- (I)
--OC--R2 --CO-- (II)
--O--R3 --CO-- (III)
wherein units I and II, if present, are present in substantially equimolar amounts; R1, R2 and R3 are radicals selected from the group of (1) single and fused six-membered aromatic carbocyclic ring systems wherein the chain-extending bonds of the ring system if attached to the same ring, are positioned 1,3- or 1,4- (preferably 1,4-) to each other, and if attached to different rings, are preferably in positions parallel and oppositely directed, and (2) multiple six-membered aromatic carboxcyclic ring systems in which the individual rings are joined by a chemical bond or a trans-vinylene group and in which the chain extending bonds of each ring are in the 1,3- or 1,4- (preferably 1,4-) positions; R2 may also be ##STR1## wherein A is a divalent radical containing one or two bycyclic in-chain atoms; and R3 may also be ##STR2## wherein the aliphatic portion is attached to the carbonyl group. Preferred group (1) radicals are phenylene and naphthylene. Preferred group (2) radicals are two-ring systems. Illustrative of (1) are ##STR3## and of (2) are ##STR4## The foregoing ring systems, except for R2, as indicated below are also intended to include one or more substituents, e.g., chloro, bromo, fluoro, or lower alkyl (1-4 carbon atoms) on the ring or rings. The R2 aromatic ring systems should preferably be unsubstituted when only one kind of unit I and one kind of unit II are used, i.e., when a homopolymer is formed to insure obtaining oriented fibers. In the case of copolymers, it is preferred that the R2 aromatic ring systems be unsubstituted because of thermal or hydrolytic instability and/or cost of the R2 -ring substituted copolymers.
Also included are those (co)polyesters wherein up to 25 mol %, preferably up to 5 mol %, based on the total I, II and III units, are aromatic polymer-forming units (i.e., units wherein the chain extending functional groups are attached to aromatic rings) not conforming to those described above and which do not interfere with the anisotropic melt forming capability of the polymers. A non-limiting list of these units includes ##STR5##
The (co)polyesters, as mentioned above, may comprise units I and II in substantially equimoler amounts or may comprise unit III or may comprise a combination of units I, II, and III and, of course, more than one kind of unit (I, II and/or III) can be present in the polymer.
Preferred (co)polyesters of the invention consist essentially of units I and II. In such polymers, it is preferred that R1 is selected from the group of 1,4-phenylene; chloro-, dichloro-, bromo-, dibromo-, methyl-, dimethyl- and fluoro-1,4-phenylene; 4,4'-biphenylene; 3,3',5,5'-tetramethyl-4,4'-biphenylene and R2 is selected from the group of trans-1,4-cyclohexylene; trans-2,5-dimethyl-1,4-cyclohexylene; trans-vinylenebis(1,4-phenylene); 4,4'-biphenylene; 2,6-naphthylene; and 1,4-phenylene and with the proviso that more than one kind of unit I or II are present. Of such copolyesters, two types are particularly preferred because of properties and cost. In the first type, the polymers consist essentially of the recurring units ##STR6## wherein X is selected from the group of chloro-, bromo-, fluoro-, and methyl radicals; n is 1 or 2; and Y is selected from the group of 4,4'-biphenylene and 2,6-naphthylene, the ratio of ##STR7## units being within the range of 4:1 to 1:4. In the second type, the polymers consist essentially of the recurring units ##STR8## wherein Z is selected from the group of 4,4'biphenylene, 2,6-naphthylene, and 1,4-phenylene, the ratio of ##STR9## units being within the range of 4:1 to 3:2. With each type of polymer, up to 25 mol percent of non-conforming units may be present as described above.
Of the (co)polyesters containing only type III units, the polymers consisting essentially of the recurring units ##STR10## are preferred.
The (co)polyesters are prepared preferably by melt polycondensation of derivatives of dihydric phenols and aromatic-aliphatic, aromatic and cycloaliphatic dicarboxylic acids or their derivatives. A convenient preparative method is the melt polycondensation of the diacetate of a dihydric phenol with a dicarboxylic acid. Alternatively, phenolic carboxylic acids or their derivatives may be used as coreactants in the preparation of polyesters and copolyesters.
A list of useful dihydric phenols preferably in the form of their diacetate derivatives includes hydroquinone, chlorohydroquinone, bromohydroquinone, methylhydroquinone, dimethylhydroquinone, dichlorohydroquinone, dibromohydroquinone, 4,4'-oxydiphenol, 4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol, 4,4'-thiodiphenol, 4,4'-biphenol, 3,5,3',5'-tetramethyl-4,4'-bisphenol, 3,5,3',5'-tetrachloro-4,4'-biphenol, 2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene, and 4,4'-methylenediphenol and the like.
A list of useful dicarboxylic acids includes terephthalic acid, 4,4'-bibenzoic acid, 4,4'-oxydibenzoic acid, 4,4'-thiodibenzoic acid, 4-carboxyphenoxyacetic acid, 4,4'-trans-stilbenedicarboxylic acid, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, ethylenedioxy-4,4'-dibenzoic acid, isophthalic acid, the halogen and methyl substituted derivatives of the foregoing dicarboxylic acids, 1,4-trans-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-trans-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, and the like.
A nonlimiting list of phenolic carboxylic acids includes 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 4-hydroxy-4'carboxy azobenzene, ferulic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-(4'-hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid and the alkyl, alkoxy and halogen substituted versions of these compounds.
In addition, it is possible to prepare anisotropic polymers by polymerizing methylacryloxy benzoic acid utilizing an alkali metal hydroxide and free radical initiators as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,112,212, 4,130,702 and 4,160,755.
Useful phenolic-carboxylic acid derivatives include p-acetoxybenzoic acid and p-acetoxycinnamic acid and the like.
A nonlimiting list of various polyesters and copolyesters includes: poly(methyl-1,4-phenylene 2,5-dimethyl-trans-hexahydroterephthalate); copoly(methyl-1,4-phenylene trans-hexahydroterephthalate/terephthalate) (8/2); copoly(chloro-1,4-phenylene trans-hexahydroterephthalate/isophthalate) (9/1) and (8/2); copoly(ethyl-1,4-phenylene terephthalate/2,6-naphthalate) (7/3); copoly(tert. butyl-1,4-phenylene/3,3',5,5'-tetramethyl-4,4'-biphenylene/terephthalate) (7/3); copoly(chloro-1,4-phenylene/3,3',5,5'-tetrachloro-4,4'-biphenylene terephthalate) (7/3).
The liquid crystal polymers including wholly aromatic polyesters and poly(ester-amide)s which are suitable for use in the present invention may be formed by a variety of ester forming techniques whereby organic monomer compounds possessing functional groups which, upon condensation, form the requisite recurring moieties are reacted. For instance, the functional groups of the organic monomer compounds may be carboxylic acid groups, hydroxyl groups, ester groups, acryoxy groups, acid halides, amine groups, etc. The organic monomer compounds may be reacted in the absence of a heat exchange fluid via a melt acidolysis procedure. They, accordingly, may be heated initially to form a melt solution of the reactants with the reaction continuing as said polymer particles are suspended therein. A vacuum may be applied to facilitate removal of volatiles formed during the final state of the condensation (e.g., acetic acid or water).
Commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,083,829, entitled "Melt Processable Thermotropic Wholly Aromatic Polyester," describes a slurry polymerization process which may be employed to form the wholly aromatic polyesters which are preferred for use in the present invention. According to such a process, the solid product is suspended in a heat exchange medium. The disclosure of this patent has previously been incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Although that patent is directed to the preparation of wholly aromatic polyesters, the process may also be employed to form poly(ester-amide)s.
When employing either the melt acidolysus procedure or the slurry procedure of U.S. Pat. No. 4,083,829, the organic monomer reactants from which the wholly aromatic polyesters are derived may be initially provided in a modified form whereby the usual hydroxy groups of such monomers are esterified (i.e., they are provided as lower acyl esters). The lower acyl groups preferably have from about two to about four carbon atoms. Preferably, the acetate esters of organic monomer reactants are provided. When poly(ester-amide)s are to be formed, an amine group may be provided as a lower acyl amide.
Representative catalysts which optionally may be employed in either the melt acidolysis procedure or in the slurry procedure of U.S. Pat. No. 4,083,829 include dialkyl tin oxide (e.g., dibutyl tin oxide), diaryl tin oxide, titanium dioxide, antimony trioxide, alkoxy titanium silicates, titanium alkoxides, alkali and alkaline earth metal salts of carboxylic acids (e.g., zinc acetate), the gaseous acid catalysts such as Lewis acids (e.g., BF3), hydrogen halides (e.g., HCl), etc. The quantity of catalyst utilized typically is about 0.001 to 1 percent by weight based upon the total monomer weight, and most commonly about 0.01 to 0.2 percent by weight.
The wholly aromatic polyesters and poly(ester-amide)s suitable for use in the present invention tend to be substantially insoluble in common polyester solvents and accordingly are not susceptible to solution processing. As discussed previously, they can be readily processed by common melt processing techniques. Most suitable wholly aromatic polymers are soluble in pentafluorophenol to a limited extent.
The wholly aromatic polyesters which are preferred for use in the present invention commonly exhibit a weight average molecular weight of about 2,000 to 200,000, and preferably about 10,000 to 50,000, and most preferably about 20,000 to 25,000. The wholly aromatic poly(ester-amide)s which are preferred for use in the present invention commonly exhibit a molecular weight of about 5,000 to 50,000, and preferably about 10,000 to 30,000; e.g., 15,000 to 17,000. Such molecular weight may be determined by gel permeation chromatography and other standard techniques not involving the solutioning of the polymer, e.g., by end group determination via infrared spectroscopy on compression molded films. Alternatively, light scattering techniques in a pentafluorophenol solution may be employed to determine the molecular weight.
The wholly aromatic polyesters and poly(ester-amide)s additionally commonly exhibit an inherent viscosity (I.V.) of at least approximately 2.0 dl./g., e.g., approximately 2.0 to 10.0 dl./g., when dissolved at a concentration of 0.1 percent by weight in pentafluorophenol at 60° C.
For the purposes of the present invention, the aromatic rings which are included in the polymer backbones of the polymer components may include substitution of at least some of the hydrogen atoms present upon an aromatic ring. Such substituents include alkyl groups of up to four carbon atoms; alkoxy groups having up to four carbon atoms; halogens; and additional aromatic rings, such as phenyl and substituted phenyl. Preferred halogens include fluorine, chlorine and bromine. Although bromine atoms tend to be released from organic compounds at high temperatures, bromine is more stable on aromatic rings than on aliphatic chains, and therefore is suitable for inclusion as a possible substituent on the aromatic rings.
The fibers useful herein are basically carbon fibers which may be prepared by a variety of methods. Virtually any of the prior art methods of carbon fiber preparation may be employed in this invention.
The preparation of carbon fibers has been well known in the art for many years. Basically, there are two methods for preparing these fibers, which differ with respect to the starting materials employed. One method starts with a natural or synthetic fiber, which is then carbonized. In the other process petroleum pitch or coal tar pitch is used as the starting material.
Typical of the patents involving the use of pitch is U.S. Pat. No. 4,317,809, which is incorporated herein by reference, along with the other patents cited therein. Generally, using the pitch process, the pitch is heated under high pressure and then under atmospheric pressure with sparging to form a mesophase pitch. Following this step, the pitch is converted into a fiber, thermoset, and carbonized.
Included among the fibers which may be formed into graphite or carbon fibers and are useful in this invention are those materials where the polymeric precursor is, for example, cellulose, acrylic derivatives, and, in particular, polyacrylonitriles. Specifically, the acrylic polymer may contain not less than about 85 mol percent of acrylonitrile units, with not more than about 15 mol percent of a monovinyl compound which is copolymerizable with acrylonitrile, such as styrene, methylacrylate, methylmethacrylate, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl pyridine and the like. Other copolymerizable monomers include styrene sulfonic acid, allyl sulfonic acid, alkyl acrylates and methacrylates, vinyl acetate, vinyl proprionate, vinyl chlorine, vinylidine chloride, and the like.
There are numberous procedures for carbonizing the precursor fibers of the instant invention. In general, they involve a first heating step in the range of about 200°-400° C., followed by a second heating step in a non-oxidizing atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 800°-3000° C. For examples of these processes which are incorporated by reference herein, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,197,282, 4,079,122, as well as U.S. Pat. No. 4,131,644.
FIG. 1 is a drawing of the overall process of the instant invention. A fiber roll frame (2) is shown which contains numerous rolls of graphite fiber tows. The individual fiber tows are pulled from the fiber bundles onto a roll (3) and from the roll directed into an gas jet spreading means (5), which acts to spread the fibers to provide better wetability in the crosshead die (6). After impregnation of the fibers, the high temperature, semi-molten tape which results is pulled from the die by drawing rolls (10), while being cooled by gas cooling means (9).
The purpose of the gas jet spreading means shown in FIG. 2 is to insure that the bundles or tows of individual carbon fibers, which may each contain up to as many as 24,000 fibers, are uniformly spread out across the entire width of the merged tow. Unless uniform distribution of the fibers is obtained, the strength properties of the resulting tape will not be uniform and the tape will have a tendency to split along its lengthwise direction. The gas jet spreading means consists of a gas box (30) into which compressed air or another gas is fed through a conventional adjustable gas metering means (31). The preferred pressure of gas flow into the gas jet spreading means is in the range of approximately 40-90 psi. One, or more than one, gas exit ports (34) are provided to cause gas from within the gas box to impinge in a generally perpendicular fashion on the moving fiber tows that pass across the exit ports. Preferably the exit ports are "V" shaped and pointed in the direction of movement of the fiber tow. After exiting from the air spreading means, the tow demonstrates a relatively uniform appearance across its entire width. The gas spreading means, as shown in FIG. 2-A, is provided with shims (36) or other means to allow an air box cover (38) to be attached, so that a flow channel for the carbon fiber tow is provided. The gas box is held in place by convenient attached means, such as clamps (39).
The fiber bundles which are introduced into the crosshead die generally perpendicular to the direction of flow of the polymer melt, are fed into the crosshead die through a horizontally extended fiber entry window (25) shown in FIG. 4. As the fiber moves through the crosshead die and reaches the point where the polymer exits from the lower and upper exit ports (23) and (22), the polymer is forced into contact with the fibers actually surrounding each individual fiber. The resulting impregnated fiber tape exits from the die through a horizontally extended exit window (26). Within the crosshead die itself, entrance window adjustment means (27) and exit window adjustment means (28) are provided. In a preferred embodiment, the adjustment means comprise threaded screws which cause the leading edge of the entrance die lips (29) and the exit die lips (30) to deflect downwardly as pressure from the screw is increased upon the die lips. In order to facilitate adjustment of the width of the die lips, hollow spaces are provided at A and B within the die. The die may also be equipped with a pressure transducer means and various thermocouples or heating elements to monitor and control conditions within the die.
The extruder which is used for extruding the thermoplastic polymer disclosed herein may be of any conventional design, although the preferred types are the so-called screw extruders (preferably twin screw). Polymeric flake or chip is added to the extruder, melted and then forced out from the extruder and in through the entry barrel (13) of the crosshead die, as shown in FIG. 3. The molten polymer enters the barrel at the entry port (14) and is conducted along a main polymer flow channel (15) to the division chamber (16), where the flow of the polymer is divided into an upper flow channel (17) and a lower flow channel (18).
The temperature at which the extruder operates is of course dependent on the melting point of the thermoplastic polymer which is to be used for fiber impregnation. In general, it is preferred that the extruder be operated approximately 30°-55° C. higher than the melting point of the polymer. For example, with the liquid crystal type polymers disclosed above, the melting point is in the range of 270°-300° C. It is important that extrusion temperatures not greatly exceed the polymer's melting point because of the possibility of polymer heat degradation. The pressure within the crosshead die is relatively low, usually no more than about 2 or 3 atmospheres, but is above ambient pressure, in order to assure that there is complete wetting of the carbon fiber with the thermoplastic polymer.
After the polymer is forced from the extruder and enters the barrel through entry port (14), it is maintained at or above the desired temperature by means of variable heaters (19) which surround the barrel. In order more accurately to control the flow of polymer through the barrel from the extruder to the crosshead die, a metering pump may be attached within the barrel. This pump adjustably controls the rate of flow of the extruded polymer into the crosshead die.
The entry barrel is attached to the extruder and the crosshead die by the use of attachment means (11). Preferably these devices are simply bolted together. The flow rate of the polymer through the barrel is controlled by the rate at which the polymer is added to the extruder, the rate at which the extruder is operating, and by flow control valves (12) which control the flow to the upper and lower flow channels (17) and (18) respectively.
FIG. 4 is a cutaway end view of the crosshead die of the instant invention. An end view of the upper polymer flow channel is shown at (20), while at (21) an end view of the lower polymer flow channel is shown. The polymer which flows into these areas of the die, exits through upper and lower exit ports (22) and (23) and impregnates the fiber bundles (24) which are moving in the direction of flow through the crosshead die as shown. The rate of flow of the polymer through the crosshead die is determined by the rate at which it is fed to the die by the extruder. The rate of tape formation may vary from 0.1 to 10 feet per minute. Using the crosshead die and process of this invention, tapes having widths of up to about 6" and thicknesses of from about 2 to about 20 mils may be prepared.
A partial cutaway end view of a modification of the crosshead die of the instant invention is shown in FIG. 5. In order to increase tension on the incoming fibers, a fiber diversion path is provided. In this modification, instead of providing a straight path for the fibers to follow through the crosshead die, a diversion around a stationary spindle (50) is provided. This diversion increases the tension on the fibers, thereby increasing the adhesion of the polymer to the fiber. The modified crosshead die is also provided with a drain opening (72) to allow escape of excess impregnation plastic as it builds up within the die.
After impregnation, the resulting tape is pulled from the exit die by the drive rolls 10, and immediately cooled in a gas cooling means (64), as shown at FIG. 1. The purpose of immediate gas cooling (i.e., air cooling) is to insure that the tape which leaves the crosshead die in a semimolten, and therefore, weakened state, does not pull apart transversely prior to cooling. The gas cooler, as shown in FIG. 1, includes an air regulator (60), an air regulation gauge, and a tube (64) for providing compressed air or another gas to the cooler. The cooler is designed in such a fashion that gas is provided both above and below the plane of the exiting tapes. In a preferred device a longitudinally extended, cylindrical tube (64) is provided with a uniform flow of air. The tube itself may be equipped with a filter/diffusion screen, so as to insure that a relatively uniform flow of air appears across the entire crosssectional area of the air cooler. In order to allow passage of the tape through the device, openings commensurate with the width and height with the tape (66) are provided. The openings should be at least wide enough to allow ready passage of the tape without any obstruction or contact between the tape and the gas cooler itself. A closure cap (68) may optionally be provided to maintain gas pressure within the tube. Preferably the gas is air which is provided to the tube at about the 20 psi level.
After the tapes of the instant invention have been prepared, they may be formed into the desired shapes. In practice, the tapes are placed on a mold and arranged in an orientation order dictated by the structural requirements of the article being formulated. Usually some layers will be placed at cross angles to each other in order to improve transverse strength. The tapes are then heated to the desired temperature, which is slightly above the melting point of the polymer material which has been employed and pressure is applied to form a consolidated article. The tapes or articles prepared from the crosshead die of the instant invention may be reused after formation by simply remelting the tapes and then reorienting and/or reforming them.
A copolymer based upon LCP4060, manufactured by Celanese Specialty Operations, having a melting point of about 275° C. and an average I.V. of about 4.0, was prepared in a reactor and rendered in chip form. The polymer is a reaction product of 2,6-hydroxy naphthanoic acid, terephthalic acid, and para-aminophenol. The polymer chip was then added to a ZSK model twin-blade extruder operating at a temperature of about 300° C. The melted polymer from the extruder was fed into the barrel of a crosshead die at the rate of 10 gms per second. The barrel itself had been heated to and was maintained at approximately 310° C. throughout, as monitored by thermocouples attached to the barrel. Within the barrel, the polymer was forced into upper and lower flow channels and ultimately into the crosshead die itself, entering the die at a 90° angle to the flow of the polymer was a carbon fiber tow.
A carbon fiber tow was prepared by assembling on a grid fifteen individual, small-sized fiber tows of carbon fiber having an approximate fiber count of 6000 per bundle for a total of 90,000 individual fibers. The carbon fibers themselves were prepared based upon acrylonitrile copolymers having a percent elongation of 1.3 percent at room temperature and are known under the trade name of Celion. The 15 bundles were merged onto a drive roll and fed through an air jet spreading device which uniformly spread the individual fiber tows into a single fiber tow having a width of approximately 31/2". The air jet spreading device contained a pair of V-shaped air impingement slots, and air was fed into the device at a pressure of 60 psi. (The pressure inside the box was about 5 psi.) After air jet spreading, the combined tow was fed into the crosshead die at the rate of approximately 0.3 meters per minute. Upon entering the crosshead die, the fiber was deflected from its normal path by a stationary deflection bar located within the crosshead die. The bar served to increase the tension of the fiber. Within the die the fiber was forced into contact with the polymer coming from the extruder through the barrel. The polymer within the die was maintained at approximately 315°-320° C. The polymer was forced into contact with the carbon fiber, from both above and below the plane of the fiber. The resulting tape exited from the die through compressed die lips to produce an impregnated fiber tape having a width of approximately 3" and a thickness of about 3-5 mil.
Immediately after extrusion from the die, the tape was air cooled in an air quench device which provided a flow of air above and below the tape. The air quench device was operated at an internal air pressure of 1 atmosphere. The tape itself was pulled from the die by a pair of rubber driven rolls and wound up between sheets of paper onto a large roll. The resulting tape was useful in preparing composite structures.
Example 1 was repeated except that in place of the Celion fiber a Hercules Co., Intermediate Modulus CF,IM-6 carbon fibers having an epoxy size was employed on 20 bobbins. A satisfactory tape useful in preparing composite structures resulted.
Example 1 was repeated except that a high-strength carbon fiber having a 1.7% elongation at room temperature was employed on 15 bobbins. The fiber is available from the Celanese Specialty Operations under the trade name of Celion. A satisfactory tape resulted.
Example 1 was repeated except that a copolymer (LCP2000), available from the Celanese Specialty Operations, based upon hydroxy benzoic acid and hydroxy naphthoic acid, was obtained having a melting point of about 250° C. and an I.V. of about 2.5 and rendered in chip form. The polymer was then added to a ZSK model twin-blade extruder operating at a temperature of about 260° C. The extruder was fed into the barrel of a crosshead die. The barrel of the crosshead die was also heated to 260° C. A tow was prepared as in Example 1, using a bobbin rack and ten individual, small-sized fiber tows. The polymer in the crosshead die itself was maintained at approximately 275° C. Otherwise processing was the same as in Example 1. A satisfactory tape was preparing using this process.
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|US9339842||Jun 5, 2015||May 17, 2016||Cubic Tech Corporation||Systems and methods for the transfer of color and other physical properties to laminate composite materials and other articles|
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|US9410644||Jun 13, 2013||Aug 9, 2016||Ticona Llc||Subsea pipe section with reinforcement layer|
|US9443635||Mar 18, 2015||Sep 13, 2016||Southwire Company, Llc||Electrical transmission cables with composite cores|
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|US9685257||Aug 15, 2016||Jun 20, 2017||Southwire Company, Llc||Electrical transmission cables with composite cores|
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|US20040018352 *||Mar 26, 2003||Jan 29, 2004||Complastik Corporation||Composite articles including prepegs, preforms, laminates and sandwich moldings, and methods of making the same|
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|US20070063374 *||Aug 24, 2006||Mar 22, 2007||Nicholas Barakat||System and method for making polyethylene terephthalate sheets and objects|
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|DE3840373A1 *||Nov 30, 1988||Jun 7, 1990||Lentia Gmbh||Thermoplastic, fibre-reinforced composite material comprising polyphenylene ethers and polyamides|
|DE102011005462B3 *||Mar 11, 2011||Jun 14, 2012||Thermoplast Composite Gmbh||Verfahren sowie Vorrichtung zur Herstellung eines Faserverbundwerkstoffes in Form eines mit einem Polymer imprägnierten Faserbandes|
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|DE102011090143A1||Dec 29, 2011||Jul 4, 2013||Thermoplast Composite Gmbh||Verfahren sowie Vorrichtung zur Herstellung eines Faserverbundwerkstoffes in Form mindestens eines mit einem Polymer imprägnierten Breit-Faserbandes|
|EP0320839A2 *||Dec 10, 1988||Jun 21, 1989||BASF Aktiengesellschaft||Method for making a fibre-reinforced composite|
|EP0320839A3 *||Dec 10, 1988||Nov 23, 1989||BASF Aktiengesellschaft||Method for making a fibre-reinforced composite|
|EP0364829A2 *||Oct 6, 1989||Apr 25, 1990||Bayer Ag||Composites|
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|EP0397505A2 *||May 10, 1990||Nov 14, 1990||Neste Oy||Method and apparatus for manufacturing fibre-reinforced material|
|EP0397505A3 *||May 10, 1990||Oct 2, 1991||Neste Oy||Method and apparatus for manufacturing fibre-reinforced material|
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|EP0589925A1 *||Mar 9, 1992||Apr 6, 1994||Georgia Tech Research Corporation||Flexible multiply towpreg and method of its production|
|EP0589925A4 *||Mar 9, 1992||Mar 15, 1994||Georgia Tech Res Inst||Flexible multiply towpreg, products therefrom and method of production therefor.|
|EP0600861B1 *||Apr 29, 1991||Jul 16, 1997||MAGNA PEBRA GmbH||Process and device for manufacturing plastic mouldings|
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|EP0628391A4 *||Oct 5, 1993||Apr 19, 1995||Polyplastics Co||Structure of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic resin and method of manufacturing the same.|
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|EP0628392A4 *||Oct 5, 1993||Apr 19, 1995||Polyplastics Co||Structure of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic resin and method of manufacturing the same.|
|EP0670778A1 *||Nov 17, 1993||Sep 13, 1995||The America3 Foundation||Material for the fabrication of sails|
|EP0670778A4 *||Nov 17, 1993||Sep 27, 1995||America3 Foundation||Title not available|
|EP0976515A1 *||Jul 22, 1999||Feb 2, 2000||Valeo||Method and apparatus for impregnating a textile element for the fabrication of a friction material as well as textile element, wire and fricton material|
|WO1990003877A1 *||Oct 13, 1989||Apr 19, 1990||Weyerhaeuser Company||Pultrusion system for condensation resin injection|
|WO1998058785A1 *||Jun 22, 1998||Dec 30, 1998||Hydril Company||Method and device for impregnating fiber bundles with resin|
|WO2000038904A1 *||Dec 27, 1999||Jul 6, 2000||Owens Corning||Process and apparatus for filament winding composite workpieces|
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|WO2012142096A1||Apr 11, 2012||Oct 18, 2012||Ticona Llc||Composite core for electrical transmission cables|
|WO2012142098A2||Apr 11, 2012||Oct 18, 2012||Ticona Llc||Umbilical for use in subsea applications|
|WO2012142107A1||Apr 11, 2012||Oct 18, 2012||Ticona Llc||Continious fiber reinforced thermoplastic rod and pultrusion method for its manufacture|
|WO2012142129A1||Apr 11, 2012||Oct 18, 2012||Daniel Allan||Electrical transmission cables with composite cores|
|WO2013098224A1||Dec 21, 2012||Jul 4, 2013||Thermoplast Composite Gmbh||Method and device for producing a fibre composite material in the form of at least one wide fibre strip impregnated with a polymer|
|WO2013120644A1 *||Jan 17, 2013||Aug 22, 2013||Lff Composite Technology Gmbh||Fibre composite material containing filaments and production method|
|U.S. Classification||264/29.2, 264/171.23, 423/447.8, 264/136, 264/237, 264/171.13, 264/29.7, 423/447.1|
|International Classification||B29C47/02, B29B15/14, B29B15/12|
|Cooperative Classification||D02J1/18, B29B15/122, B29C47/0019, B29C47/027, B29K2307/00, B29K2101/12, B29K2105/101|
|European Classification||B29C47/02D, B29B15/12B, B29B15/14|
|Mar 15, 1984||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: CELANESE CORPORATION, 1211 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS,
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:CHUNG, TAI-SHUNG;FURST, HOWARD;GURION, ZEV;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:004250/0103;SIGNING DATES FROM 19831128 TO 19840312
|Nov 20, 1986||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: BASF AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, 6700 LUDWIGSHAFEN, GERMAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:CELANESE CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004632/0863
Effective date: 19861110
Owner name: BASF AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT,GERMANY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CELANESE CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004632/0863
Effective date: 19861110
|Sep 11, 1989||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 15, 1993||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Nov 19, 1993||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: CYTEC TECHNOLOGY CORP., NEW JERSEY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BASF AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT;REEL/FRAME:006777/0773
Effective date: 19931026
|Feb 14, 1998||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|May 10, 1998||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Jul 21, 1998||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 19980513


text:
Quilt Triangle Thin Frames | Honey Cuts
- Package contains 1 steel craft die (die creates 9 frames and one centerpiece).
- Dark grey lines indicate the cutting lines.
- Light grey background indicates individual metal die.
Honey Cuts... our very own custom craft dies, made of high-quality finished 100% steel. Compatible with most die-cutting machines on the market today.
Small Triangle: 1/16", each frame is 1/8" wide.
Largest Triangle: 5 1/2" wide to 2 3/4"
RETIRING!! All sales final on retiring items.
- Fast and free shipping over $100
- Highly rated
Love my dies. Honey Bee Stamps is fast becoming one of my favorite. Shipped fast and arrived fast. Great company.
Anything that uses up scraps I am a fan of and even more so is that its all inclusive and you do not have to stack them as they are already stacked and ready to go. Faster and easier way all around, I think once these went on sale I purchased just about every one of them. For me this was a must have and every paper crafter needs to have some of these in their stash.
I absolutely love all the Thin Frames that I bought!!! They will be used a lot!! Thank you!
Company is great to work with and has great customer service.
I LOVE HONEY BEE products! Please go to their website, LOOK at their AMAZING variety of products! I PROMISE you won’t be disappointed!!! Stamps, dies, papers, Gemstones, Oh my!


text:
Quick and low carb breakfast solutions.
Are your mornings a rush? Breakfast doesn’t have to take a backseat, especially if you have a stash of grab-and-go low carb delights at your fingertips. Plan and prep ahead, and you can start your day full and fueled.
Quick, Delicious Energizing Options for Busy Mornings
Whether you’re hungry for eggs, oats or a delicious low carb alternative to a breakfast pastry, we have fiber- and protein-rich options.
If you’re short on time but craving a sweet treat minus a ton of carbs and sugar you might find in a breakfast pastry or donut, you can savor this soft-baked energy bar with your coffee or tea (or during your morning commute). It has more fiber than a bowl of oatmeal, four grams of Net Carbs, 15 grams of protein and one gram of sugar. Take your pick from blueberry or vanilla macadamia nut.
Low Carb and Keto Egg Bites
From the flavors of the Mediterranean to broccolini and bacon or spinach and goat cheese, egg bites can be a fast and delicious breakfast. You can customize your egg bites recipe with your choice of veggies, protein, cheese, spices, and herbs. Eat your egg bites while warm or refrigerate them for up to five days and warm them in the microwave when ready.
Add chia seeds or hemp hearts to your overnight oats for a low carb, fiber-rich option, while protein powder or Atkins Shakes give your overnight oats a flavorful protein boost. Simply prepare the night before and refrigerate for at least four hours.

domain: food


text:
Facts & Origin
Bostchon: A charming cross between Boston Terrier and Bichon Frisé.
Discover the Bostchon, an adorable cross between the lively Boston Terrier and the cuddly Bichon Frisé. This hybrid is known for its friendly nature, adaptable temperament and manageable size, making it a perfect companion for many life situations.
In summary, the Bostchon is a lovable, playful and adaptable dog that fits well into a variety of living situations. With proper care, training and love, this charming mixed breed is sure to win many hearts.
Origin of the Bostchon
The Bostchon's roots are as varied as he is. The Boston Terrier, often called the "American gentleman," has its roots in the United States. The Bichon Frisé , on the other hand, originated in the Mediterranean region and became especially popular in Spain and France. The Bostchon combines these different origins into a unique and charming blend.
|Origin||France - USA|
|Life expectancy||10 - 15 years|
|Activity level||low - average|
|FCI group||not recognised|
|AKC group||not recognised|
|KC group||not recognised|
Attitude, character and temperament of the breed
Possible character traits
Bostchons are known for their friendly and playful nature. They inherit the lively energy of the Boston Terrier and the affectionate nature of the Bichon Frisé, which makes them excellent companion dogs. Bostchons are also very intelligent and learn quickly, which makes training easier. They tend to bond strongly with their owners and love being part of family activities.
Suitability and Attitude
The Bostchon is an excellent companion for a variety of households. His small to medium size and adaptable temperament allow him to live well in apartments as well as homes with gardens. He is also a good choice for families with children and the elderly, as he has a gentle and loving nature.
Care and health
On the grooming side, Bostchons require regular coat care, as they can inherit the curly hair of the Bichon Frisé. Their coats should be brushed regularly to prevent matting, and they need occasional coat trims. Bostchons can be prone to certain health problems, including eye disease, hip dysplasia, and allergies. Regular veterinary care and a balanced diet are therefore important.
What does this mixed breed look like?
The Bostchon is a small to medium sized dog with a robust build and a charming facial expression. His coat can be curly like the Bichon Frisé or smooth like the Boston Terrier and varies in colors from white to black to brown. His eyes are usually dark and round, and he has drooping ears that give his face an even sweeter expression.
Often occur with allergies and intolerances.
Patellar luxation is the term used to describe a displacement of the kneecap, which is one of the most common causes of lameness in dogs.
Shortness of breath
Difficult breathing can be recognized by the dog's rattling and sometimes accelerated breathing rate.
Problems with the Patellar can be a displacement or weak kneecap, which is one of the most common causes of lameness in dogs, also because of overweight.
However, as the dog ages, this elasticity can be lost and completely inhibited by diseases such as spondylosis.
A Bostchon is a hybrid breed that consists of a pair of parents that are each a Boston Terrier and a Bichon Frisé. This cross can bring a variety of different characteristics.
In general, these mixed breeds are very loving, affectionate, energetic and curious. They are known to love to cuddle.
Since the Bostchon is a hybrid, there is no uniform size. But in general are small to medium size.
These mixed breeds generally live 12-15 years. Depending on how well you take care of them, they can live even older.
Yes, they are very affectionate and therefore need a lot of attention and love. It is important to give them a lot of time and attention to make them feel happy and secure.

domain: pet


Minister Ndebele welcomes murder finding in Blackheath road crash
12 Dec 2011
Transport Minister Sibusiso Ndebele has welcomed the finding by the Western Cape High Court earlier today (12 December) that taxi driver Jacob Humphreys was guilty of murdering 10 school pupils who died after his minibus was hit by a train at a level crossing at Blackheath outside Cape Town last year.
“We welcome the finding by Western Cape High Court Judge Robert Henney that Jacob Humphreys was guilty on 10 charges of murder and four of attempted murder, after his minibus was hit by a train at a level crossing at Blackheath outside Cape Town last year.
“Our society has degenerated to a level where some drivers continue to display a blatant disregard for human life. In conjunction with the Ministries of Police and Justice, as well as the National Prosecuting Authority, we will continue to ensure that we are more aggressive in dealing with irresponsible drivers to protect our constitutionally entrenched right to life. To this end, in those instances where it can be proved that a motorist’s conduct is such that it can be inferred that he had some form of intention to cause the death of the deceased, that motorist will be charged with murder.
“Law enforcement officers are out in full force to ensure safe roads, particularly during the December holidays. No mercy will be shown to any person who disobeys road rules. We call upon all road users to be part of obeying road rules. Before embarking on a trip, test yourself, test your vehicle and act responsibly on the roads. Road safety is everybody’s responsibility. Road traffic offences must be reported to 0861 400 800,” said the Minister.
Cell: 083 6444 050
Issued by: Department of Transport
12 Dec 2011
[ Top ]


text:
Prepping for Halloween is the perfect excuse to reflect back on the previous 10 months, and 2015 was rife with major pop culture moments that make for excellent costumes. Miley Cyrus's streak of outrageous outfits at the VMAs was truly unforgettable, as was Rick Owens's recent spring/summer 2016 show, in which he strapped models onto models.
We took the most memorable fashion-heavy pop-culture moments and shopped them out just in time for Halloween. From Chanel Oberlin in Screen Queens to Selena Gomez as "Arsyn" in Taylor Swift's "Bad Blood" music video, we did all the work so you don't have to. Keep scrolling for the most relevant (and incredibly easy) Halloween costumes of this year.


Simon Smith at CentreCorp Management Services Ltd. is pre-leasing the next phase in the expansion of Wonderland Gateway Centre, an open centre at the intersection of Wonderland and Wharncliffe roads in Southwest London’s dominant retail zones. The existing centre, shadow-anchored by Lowe’s, includes Ren’s Pets, Tim Hortons, etc. The next phase is a 10,000 square foot building at a signalized intersection on Wonderland Rd. that sees almost 30,000 vehicles passing per day. Units in the new construction are ranging from 1000 to 5000 square feet. Construction is expected to start in Spring 2021 for a fourth quarter 2021 possession. Suggested uses include quick service Italian, Mediterranean, Mexican and/or Asian restaurants as well a host of medical, financial and other service uses. Patio space could be made available. Plans are also underway for large format uses in subsequent phases. Over 31,000 people are living within a three kilometre with more residential planned immediately west of the site. The median age in the area is about 40-years and the average household income is in excess of $103,400 per year.
CentreCorp Management Services Ltd., 2851 John St., Suite One, Markham, Ontario L3R 5R7 (Simon Smith – 905/968-3134 email@example.com)


text:
Get A Free Estimate
Escape the hustle and bustle of city life and venture into the picturesque suburban haven of Kensington, Maryland. Tucked away in the heart of Montgomery County, this charming town beckons with its warm sense of community, diverse cultural offerings, and an abundance of family-friendly amenities. As you start settling down in Kensington, MD, you’ll find a place where job opportunities meet a thriving local economy, where top-notch education nurtures young minds, and where the lush green parks and recreational options invite you to unwind and savor life’s simple pleasures. Movers and Packers Maryland locals recommend are at your service in case you are moving here.
Kensington enjoys a dynamic local economy. There is a variety of job opportunities available within and near the town. With its strategic location just a short commute away from major employment centers such as Bethesda and Washington D.C., residents can easily access a wide range of career options. The average base salary is $71,000 per year, while the unemployment rate is 5,7%, which is lower than the US average of 6%.
Professionals in healthcare, technology, government, and education will find ample job prospects and a convenient commute from Kensington. This accessibility to major job hubs makes the town an ideal location for those seeking work-life balance and career growth after moving there with the help of moving companies Kensington has to offer.
Kensington’s education system is a major draw for families with young children. The town boasts top-rated schools, both public and private. These schools provide a nurturing and stimulating environment for young minds. Educators’ dedication and parents’ involvement contribute to a high-quality education that sets the stage for a bright and successful future. Families can rest assured that their children receive a well-rounded education and the support they need to thrive academically and socially. The best schools in Kensington include:
One of the most endearing aspects of life here is the palpable sense of community. From the moment you step into this welcoming suburb, you’ll feel embraced by a spirit of togetherness and belonging. Neighbors aren’t just strangers living in proximity. They quickly become friends, looking out for one another and celebrating life’s milestones as a cohesive unit. Block parties, community events, and local gatherings are common, providing opportunities to meet new people and foster meaningful connections. Families particularly cherish this strong communal bond. Kensington is truly a haven for raising children in a safe and nurturing environment. Helping your kids adjust to the move will be an easy task here!
Residents take immense pride in their community, actively participating in local initiatives, supporting small businesses, and contributing to the betterment of the town. Homeowners often take meticulous care of their properties, showcasing beautifully landscaped gardens that enhance the overall aesthetic appeal of the neighborhoods. Furthermore, community associations play an integral role in maintaining a high standard of living, ensuring that public spaces are well-maintained and that collective interests are safeguarded.
Moreover, Kensington’s strong sense of community also permeates through the town’s institutions. Local schools, places of worship, and community centers serve as focal points for gatherings and activities that promote inclusivity and cultural diversity. The genuine care and support for one another foster an environment where families from various backgrounds feel embraced and accepted, reinforcing the town’s reputation as an open and welcoming community.
Nature enthusiasts will be thrilled with the abundance of parks and recreational options available in Kensington. The town features well-maintained parks with playgrounds, sports fields, and scenic trails for hiking and biking. Residents can stay active and connect with nature right in their backyard. Whether it’s a stroll through Rock Creek Park or a family picnic at the nearby Wheaton Regional Park, there’s no shortage of outdoor activities to enjoy after furniture moving helpers Maryland residents love finish their job.
Kensington takes pride in its cultural diversity, which is reflected in its numerous cultural gems and culinary delights. The town embraces art, music, and theater, offering cultural events and exhibitions that cater to a wide range of interests. The city’s dining scene is a gastronomic adventure, with a plethora of international cuisines available to tantalize your taste buds. From quaint cafes to upscale restaurants, the options are as diverse as the community itself.
The real estate market in Kensington is as diverse as its residents. Prospective homeowners will find an array of housing options, including historic homes, charming townhouses, modern condos, and spacious single-family houses. Whether you’re a young professional seeking a trendy apartment or a family looking for a spacious home with a backyard, Kensington has it all.
Don’t wait to hire the best long distance moving companies Maryland offers. The town’s real estate market provides an excellent opportunity for both buyers and sellers to find their dream homes or invest in properties with great potential. The median home value is $797,300, and the median rent is around $1,920.
This town offers an unparalleled suburban lifestyle. It combines job opportunities, excellent education, a strong sense of community, abundant recreational options, cultural diversity, and diverse housing choices. With its proximity to major employment centers, top-rated schools, and an array of family-friendly amenities, settling down in Kensington, MD, presents an exceptional opportunity for individuals and families to thrive in a nurturing and vibrant community. So, it may be the perfect choice if you’re looking for a place to call home that offers the best of both worlds.

domain: sociology


text:
This month, the Times Higher Education Supplement (THES) published its worldwide ranking of universities. The 2006 rankings are the third exercise of this kind by the THES
. As the THES puts it, “the elite institutions have mostly held their places, but below is a host of challengers from around the world”.
Harvard University is, like last year, the leader. Out of the top 10 institutions, seven are from the US and three from the UK
, i.e. Cambridge, Oxford and Imperial College, on positions two and three respectively, and all up from the previous year. Universities in English-speaking countries dominate the top 200, with the US easily in the lead (55), the UK second (29) and Australia in a good position. Continental Europe still figures strongly, though not on the places at the very top: out of the leading 200 institutions, an astonishing 10 and six come from the Netherlands and Switzerland respectively. Germany occupies eight out of the top 200 positions, and France six. Spain and Italy have only one university each in this group.
Asian universities are still not too numerous. China has only five in the top 200, although two of them occupy relatively high ranks (no. 14 and 28), and India four. Japan, with 10 institutions, figures relatively strongly. No single university from Latin America or Africa is among the top 200.
THES World University Rankings


text:
IndusInd Bank Ltd shares climbed as much as 6.5% in intra-day trade on Tuesday after a media report said that the promoter Hinduja Group has asked the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for permission to raise its stake in the private lender.
IndusInd Bank shares touched a high of Rs 707.45 in the morning session, but later pared gains to trade at Rs 668.80, up 0.7% from their previous close, at 11:42 am on BSE. The stock has fallen over 43% in the last one month compared with a 23% fall in the benchmark Sensex.
IndusInd Bank, founded by Hinduja brothers, is seeking relaxation in rules to raise promoter stake in the lender from the mandated 15% to 26%, similar to the relief granted to Uday Kotak recently in the case of Kotak Mahindra Bank, according to a report in Economic Times.
According to RBI’s bank licensing rules, a private bank’s promoter needs to pare its holding to 40% within three years, 20% within 10 years and to 15% within 15 years of getting the banking licence. IndusInd got its banking licence in 1994.
RBI recently allowed Uday Kotak, promoter of Kotak Mahindra Bank, to hold a 26% stake as long as the bank didn’t raise capital from a share sale to outsiders or on a rights basis. However, Kotak’s voting rights were restricted to 15% of the capital starting April 2020.
“We have just recently written to the RBI to increase shareholding from 15% to 26%,” the report quoted Ashok Hinduja, chairman of the Hinduja Group of Companies (India), as saying. “When I saw that Kotak Mahindra Bank has got a dispensation, we also thought of writing to them. Why not give us that dispensation as well? Let’s see how they respond.”
IndusInd Bank shares have been under pressure of late following concerns about the bank’s health after the Yes Bank debacle. CEO Romesh Sobti had recently written to investors that rumours about the health of the bank were unfounded and that IndusInd “remains focussed on building scale with profitability, on a platform of strong capitalisation/liquidity and high credit ratings”.

domain: finance


text:
The path to self awareness and inner connection weaves through the darkness of our world. It requires us to recalibrate the balance between our soul and our bodies.
We are always descending within the darkness of the physical world. It is that descent, that confusion we find in our lives that we must abandon in order to rise up to the path of the light. This is the path of the Creator, who is hidden in all of Creation. Yet, until find the true Tzaddik, the loop that was forged at the time of our birth in this world will continue.
We rise only to fall – fall only to rise. We hold onto our false sense of self because we are too afraid to move forward. This is the job of the Tzaddik – to show us our own way. It is the path most carved out for each of us that allows us the comfort to let go of all of the false perceptions we have packed into our mind.
When we let go – we find ourselves and the body is once more ruled by the soul.


text:
Chocolate Covered Kiwi Pops
- 2-4 kiwis
- 1 cup chopped dark chocolate
- 1/2 cup coconut oil
- 6-12 wooden popsicle sticks
- peeled and cut each kiwi in 1 inch thick rounds. Stick a popsicle stick in each round. freeze on a tray in the freezer.
- melted chocolate and coconut oil over a double boiler, and then let cool to room temperature.
- dip each kiwi-pop into the chocolate mixture. it will immediately turn crispy. either place it on a tray to refreeze, or dig in!