|Publication number||US3305278 A|
|Publication date||Feb 21, 1967|
|Filing date||Jun 15, 1964|
|Priority date||Jun 15, 1964|
|Publication number||US 3305278 A, US 3305278A, US-A-3305278, US3305278 A, US3305278A|
|Inventors||Cencel Joseph Arthur, Mccoy Norman Edward|
|Original Assignee||Teledyne Inc|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (6), Classifications (8)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
Feb. 21, 1967 A, CENCEL ETAL HYDROS TATI C SUPPORT BEARING Filed June 15, 1964 3 sheets sheet 1 Feb. 21, 1967 J. A. CENCEL ETAL 3,305,278
HYDROSTATIC SUPPORT BEARING Filed June 15, 1964 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 Feb. 21, 1967 J. A. CENCEL ETAL 3,305,278
HYDROSTATIC SUPPORT BEARING 5 Sheets-Sheet 25 Filed June 15, 1964 JMM w w& 6 22 m M; wummfl 1 N United States Patent M Calif.
Filed June 15, 1964, Ser. No. 374,959 7 Claims. (Cl. 308-9) The present invention relates to magnetic memory devices and more particularly to an improved rotating disc memory of the magnetic type.
In information handling systems, a moving magnetizable surface is used for information storage. It is well known that magnetizable drums, tapes, and discs of various sorts can be utilized for this purpose. In recent years, the requirements of magnetic recording have dictated that a uniform spacing may be maintained between the magnetic transducer with which reading or writing is accomplished, and the moveable magnetizable medium on which information is stored.
Various schemes have been devised to accomplish this purpose such as contact recording techniques, in which the transducer actually is biased against the moving surface and separated therefrom by a cushion of fluid (usually air) or memories utilizing the Bernoulli effect, such as disclosed in the patent to S. Fomenko, No. 2,950,353. On the other hand, there are the conventional fixed-spacing magnetic drums, well known in the art, and, more recently, the solid discs, biased against a headplate, and separated therefrom by an air bearing which is developed by the high speed motion of the disc with respect to the backing plate.
Such a disc memory is typified in U.S. Patent No. 2,899,260 to Farrand, in which a disc is rotatably mounted on a central shaft by means of a web member having substantial radial stiffness with no appreciable axial stiffness. The backing plate, in which the heads are positioned, is lapped substantially flat and steps are machined into the surface to generate the air cushions or the air bearings. Means are provided to bias the disc away from the backing plate during starting and stopping and to bias the disc towards the plate once the disc is up to speed.
When the disc is rotating, the disc is moved axially toward the moving plate with substantial thrust so that a strong bias exists, forcing the disc against the backing plate. Steps in the lapped surface generate hydrodynamic bearings which provide an opposite bias to keep the disc away from the plate. 7 In operation, an equilibrium is reached at a fixed spacing from the plate, thereby assuring a uniform spacing between the disc surface and the recording heads.
In the prior art devices, the necessity for axial movement and biasing of the disc has limited the available memory space to one surface of the disc. In an attempt to increase the useful recording area, the device was modified to prepare a pair of backing plates between which the disc and the plates is extremely limited and, when not rotating, the disc is frequently in contact with one or the other plates.
When running at operating speed, hydrodynamic forces are generated between each of the plates and the disc which tend to keep the disc centered between them, and therefore tends to be selfcorrecting. Because of the close spacing involved and the extremely small tolerances, when starting and stopping and, in the rest position, the disc is usually in contact with a plate surface. Starting and stopping then tends to wear the magnetic coating from the disc.
In such an application, clearly, axial motion of the driving shaft is not permissible and therefore, the useful 3,35,Z73 Patented Feb. 21, 1967 life of the memory is limited by the number of startstop cycles that can be permitted before one or more of the recording tracks is adversely affected by wear. What is needed and what has been provided by the present invention is a simple, reliable, trouble free source of fluid pressure to support the disc during starting and stopping. Such a pressure system is provided with no external connections, capable of being wholly contained within a hermetically sealed memory unit.
In accordance with the present invention, a rotatable magnetic memory is designed basically along the teachings of Farrand mentioned above, in which a disc member includes a flexible web between the hub and the outer, annular portion of the disc upon which the magnetizable medium is coated. The backing plates, including the magnetic transducer mountings, is provided with stepped depressions to produce a viscous shear or boundary lubricated air bearing which results from the spinning of the disc in close proximity (about 0.0001") to the backing plate. Each of the magnetic heads is located in the headplate and suflicient area is provided to supply air to form the air bearing.
Considering first the operation of the disc when running, as the disc revolves, the air drawn through head slots is compressed due to the change in the gap from the recessed areas to the surface of the headplate. This pressure varies inversely with the gap and increases as the gap is decreased and decreases as the gap increases. Each headplate thus provides pressure on the disc proportional to the gap between the rotating disc and the headplate. The disc tends to be self centering, therefore, and any deviation towards a first plate increases the pressure as the gap narrows and decreases the pressure as the gap widens between the disc and the second plate thereby resulting in a net force tending to keep the disc centered between the plates.
Since the restoring pressures are a function of the relative speed between the disc and the headplates, during starting and stopping and at rest, the above described phenomena can provide little or no support to the disc. As a result, physical contact and wear between the headplate and the disc becomes a problem.
According to the present invention this problem is solved by the provision of an auxiliary pressure supply during starting and stopping. Each headplate is provided with a plurality of holes, each located in a region of maximum hydrodynamic pressure. Concentric with each hole is located a small diameter tube ending in series with the hole. Each tube is connected, through suitable tubing and manifolds, to a common tank which stores a suitable fluid. While the disc is rotating in normal operation, the pressure in the tank is made to equal the average pressure between the disc and the headplates.
The relative size of each tube opening with respect to each hole is such that with the disc centered and nonrotating, approximately half of the tank pressure is dropped between the headplate and the disc and between the tube and hole. Therefore, as the disc approaches a headplate, the fluid flow 'is decreased, decreasing the pressure drop through the series of restrictions which increases the pressure between the headplate and the disc, thereby forming a restoringforce. When the disc is decelerating during stopping, the volume of fluid stored under pressure in the tank is suflicient to maintain the disc to headplate spacing until the disc comes to rest.
During start up, it must be assumed that a pressure equilibrium exists throughout the memory system such that there is no differential suflicient to support the disc away from the headplate. In accordance with the present invention, a heater coil is provided within the tank which is controlled by a pressure switch. When the memory system is energized, the heater coil is connected first to a source of power. The heater coil is of suflicient thermal capacity to cause a rapid temperature rise within the tank, thereby causing a pressure buildup of the stored fluid. When the pressure exceeds a value sulficient to support the disc through the plurality of orifices, a pressure switch is actuated which simultaneously turns off the heater and energizes the motor.
As the disc accelerates, fluid pressure is generated by the hydrodynamic bearings and as this pressure in creases beyond the pressure in the tank, additional fluid is pumped into the tank, further accelerating the cooling started by the de-energization of the heater unit. As the disc comes up to speed, the pressure in the tank is increased until it is at equilibrium with the hydrodynamic pressure of the disc and plate.
The heater is carefully designed to provide suflicient tank pressure to support the disc until the rotating disc can maintain itself. The pressure switch also must be carefully set to avoid a detrimental cycling of the heater and motor, since the pressure switch alternatively connects the source of power to the heater or the motor. If the volume of the tank or the thermal capacity of the heater were inadequate, then the pressure switch would go into oscillation at a very slow rate, alternately connecting the heater and then the motor. Conceivably, the motor could never reach a speed adequate to provide suflficient pressure to support the disc.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention, utilizing only a single recording surface of the disc, an apparatus can be prepared substantially identical to that disclosed by Farrand in the above identified patent, with the modification that the solenoid circuit is eliminated and the disc is permanently pre-loaded against the headplate. In accordance with the present invention, the pressure tank is provided to supply suflicient fluid pressure at the restrictive orifices to support the disc away from the surface of the headplate. When turning on the memory, a pressure switch initially connects the source of power to the heater circuits until the pressure in the tank reaches a value suflficient to support the disc. The pressure switch is then energized which disconnects the power source from the heater and connects it, instead, to the motor circuits. The motor is energized and the disc begins to rotate. As the disc comes up to speed, the pressure generated by the hydrodynamic bearings increases until it exceeds the pressure in the tank at which time the disc becomes self supporting and the tank pressure is built up by contributions from the hydrodynamic bearings of the disc. This pressure buildup also facilitates cooling of the heater element without any loss in supporting pressure for the disc. Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide a hermetically sealed rotatable memory system utilizing hydrodynamic bearings.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a magnetic memory system containing an integral pressure system for starting and stopping in conjunction with the hydrodynamic bearing system.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a self-contained pressure system to supplement a magnetic disc memory during starting and stopping.
It is still another object of invention to provide a selfcontained heremetically sealed magnetic memory system having a pressure generator without moving parts.
It is still another object of invention to provide a hermetically sealed magnetic memory system including a storage tank to provide a supporting pressure system during starting and stopping of the memory.
It is still a further object of the invention to provide a hermetically sealed rotatable simple disc memory, both surfaces of which are utilized for magnetic recording.
It is still another object of invention to provide a hermetically sealed magnetic memory system of the hydrodynamic pressure type with no external pressure connections.
It is still yet another object of invention to provide a hermetically sealed magnetic memory system suitable for use in any orientation under any environmental conditions.
The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention, both as to organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof will be better understood from the following description considered in connection with the accompanying drawings in which several preferred embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example. It is to be expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for the purpose of illustration and description only and are not intended as a definition of the limits of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a top view of a magnetic disc memory according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a side sectional view of the device of FIG. 1 taken along line 22 in the direction of the appended arrows;
FIG. 3 is a top view of a headplate for a disc memory according to the present invention;
FIG. 4a is a sectional view of a hydrodynamic bearing surface of the plate of FIG. 3 taken along line 44 in the direction of the appended arrows;
FIG. 4b is a graph illustrating the hydrodynamic pressure profile of the bearing surface of FIG. 4a;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of a head mounting orifice in the headplate of FIG. 3, slightly enlarged to show a magnetic transducer positioned therein;
FIG. 6 is a side sectional view of a cushioning orifice in the headplate of FIG. 3 taken .along lines 6-6 in the direction of the appended arrows;
FIG. 7 is an enlarged side sectional view of an orifice together with means for supplying fluid, taken along lines 77 of FIG. 8;
FIG. 8 is a bottom view of the memory of FIG. 1;
FIG. 9 is a view of the memory of FIG. 1 with the cover plate removed therefrom; and
FIG. 10 is a perspective view, partly broken away, of the fluid supply tank of FIG. 2.
Turning first to FIG. 1, there is shown a top view of a completely assembled magnetic memory system in cluding a main housing 12, and a protective cover 14, which includes an open work grill 16, to permit circulation of air throughout the main housing 12. The memory system is better seen in the side sectional view of FIG. 2 which, for convenience, shows the memory with the protective cover 14 removed.
From FIG. 2, it may be seen that the memory includes the main housing 12, which is provided with integral cooling fins 18, around the circular periphery thereof and over the portion enclosing a rotor and shaft assembly 20', and an upper and lower headplate 26, 28', respectively. The upper and lower portions of the housing are separated by spacer 30, which includes upper and lower seals 32, 34, for maintaining an isolation between the interior of the housing and the surrounding atmosphere.
A bottom cover plate mounts on the lower housing to protect the lower headplate 28, and is provided with a cover plate seal 38, to maintain the isolation.
Integral with the upper housing member 22, is a stator coil 40, which, when energized, causes rotation of a rotor 42, which is mounted on suitable bearing members 44 to a central shaft 46.
A magnetizable disc 48 is mounted on the rotor 42 by a relatively thin, flexible web element 50 which is radially stiif, but permits motion of the disc 48 in an axial direction.
Shown, but not described, are the various mechanical elements for interconnecting the various parts and holding them in the assembly, together with the various seals that are provided to maintain the interior of the memory fluid tight. The separation between the headplates 26, 28, is maintained by three precision spacers 52, one of which can be seen near the bottom of FIG. 2, held in place by a spacer bolt 54.
The magnetizable disc 48 rotates in close proximity to the upper and lower headplates 26, 28 in which are mounted suitable magnetic transducers. The transducers 54 are electrically connected to external circuits which apply signals to and receive signals from the magnetic memory unit. It will be noted that the magnetic transducer 54 is positioned in a cut-out portion 56 of the headplate 28 which is a part of the fluid recirculating system of the memory unit.
The various elements of the fluid pressure system of the present invention are also shown in FIG. 2. They include a reservoir tank 58 which is mounted on the upper headplate 26. A pressure switch 62 is mounted immediately below the tank and communicates with it through a small diameter tube 61, in a manner to be described below. An upper manifold 62 is mounted on the upper headplate 26 and a lower manifold 64 is mounted on the lower headplate 28. Flexible tubing, not shown, provides fluid under pressure from the reservoir tank 58 to the upper manifold 62. The upper and lower manifolds 62 and 64 are connected by a section of flexible tubing 84 and other sections of flexible tubing (not shown) to apply fluid pressure to various orifices distributed throughout the upper and lower headplates.
The individual elements of the pressure system are treated in greater detail in FIGS. 6 through 10, described below.
Turning now to FIG. 3, there is shown a view of atypical headplate 70 showing the various operative elements. The upper and lower headplates 26, 28, in their operative surfaces are substantially similar, and ditfer only in the placement and location of cut-out portions 56, in which transducers 54 are to be mounted, or in the placement of fluid pressure orifices 72 which connect to the fluid pressure system.
The headplate 70 is provided with a plurality of hydrodynamic bearing surfaces 74 which are shown in vastly expanded scale in the view of FIG. 4a.
In both FIGS. 3 and 4a, the scale in the vertical or depth dimension is exaggerated since the actual depth of the step shown in approximately .0005 inch. Looking at the piate 70 as viewed in FIGS. 3 and 4a, the hydrodynamic bearing surfaces are designed to accommodate a magnetic disc rotating in a clockwise direction as viewed in FIG. 3, or from right to left, as viewed in FIG. 4.4.
At the leading edge of the bearing surface, 74, a semicylindrical recess 76 is provided which is optional and is not necessary to satisfactory operation. The recess 76 initiates an area of relatively low pressure which then gradually builds up over the bearing surface 74 and reaches a maximum over the remaining flat surface area 73 of the disc. all areas except in the hydrodynamic bearing surfaces themselves. An analysis of pressure as a function of position on the surface of the headplate is shown in FIG. 4b. As shown, the pressure starts at a low at the recess 7s and builds up.
Turning to FIG. 5, a typical magnetic transducer 54 is shown positioned in one of the cut-out portions 56, in a headplate surface 70, of one of the headplates, for example, the upper headplate 26. The cut-out portion is used to permit a flow of hydrodynamic fluid, from the rear to the rear surface of the headplate. These cut-out portions 56 are the primary source of hydrodynamic fluid in the area between the headplate and the rotating disc. 48.
Turning to FIG. 6, there is shown a cross-section of the headplate 70 which provides the fluid cushion from the supplemental pressure system and includes a circular depression 80.
This maximum pressure obtains in FIG. 7 more clearly shows this recess and a restriction assembly 82 mounted therein. The restriction assembly 82 includes a first outer cylindrical tube 84 to which is attached the flexible tubing leading to the upper manifold 62. The cylindrical member 84 is mounted in a plug member 86 which is mated to the recess 88 in the reverse side of the headplate 26. Concentric and coaxial with the cylindrical tubing 84 is a second smaller cylindrical fluid tubing 90 which protrudes and discharges the fluid into the area of the recess 80. It is this extremely fine guage cylinder, which communicates fluid between the fluid supply tank 58 and the volume in which the rotatable disc 48 operates.
The hydrostatic cushion hearing may be adapted to maintain a specified spacing between the disc and the headplate. For example, if it is desired to support the disc 0.0002 inch from the headplate, the recess 80 may be in the form of a cylindrical chamber of approximately 0.25 inch diameter, and a depth of approximately 0.025 inch, while the cylindrical restriction 90 may have a diameter of approximately 0.003 inch.
FIG. 8 shows, in better detail, the upper headplate 26 as viewed from above with the fluid tank 58 removed. The plurality of flexible cylindrical tubes, 84 converge upon the upper manifold 62 which in turn connects to the tank 58 (not shown). Also illustrated is an electrical connector 02 through which power and signal connections can be made to the entire assembly.
In FIG. 9, there is seen the reverse side of the lower headplate, 28, and the plurality of flexible, cylindrical tubes 8-4 leading to the lower manifold 64 which is connected by a similar flexible, cylindrical tube through the top plate to the upper manifold 62.
FIG. 10 illustrates, in slightly better detail, the fluid pressure tank 58 and shows a heating element 94 disposed within the interior of the tank. The heating element 94 includes a circular rod which forms a circle concentric with the tank and about which is Wound a filament 96 of relatively high resistivity, which, when electrically energized, generates sufficient heat to raise the fluid pressure within the tank 58. Also mounted upon the tank and integral with it is the pressure switch 60 which can be set to provide a first switch configuration at a first pressure and a second switch configuration at a second, different pressure.
In conjunction, therefore, the switch 60 operates to energize the heating element 94 whenever the pressure falls below the preset limit, and which de-energizes the heating element 94 when the pressure rises above a second, preset limit, at the same time energizing the circuits which provide rotational energy to the rotor 42.
In a preferred embodiment, the pressure switch is designed with a restriction (such as the small diameter tube 61 shown in FIG. 2) in the opening to the pressure tank which permits a pressure lag inside the switch when the pressure is building up in the tank. The switch is set to trip into the heater OFF-motor ON configuration at a static pressure which is lower than that occurring in the tank during pressure build-up. That is, the pressure within the tank will have reached a higher pressure than that necessary to trip the switch.
This has three functions:
(1) It permits the pressure build-up in the tank before start-up to be greater than that produced during running, and without the problems associated with a strictly toggle action switch in the presence of shock and vibration;
(2) It prevents unnecessary on-off cycling of the'unit during start up in the event of leakage before the unit reaches full speed or the pressure drop due to heat losses before the pumping action has had time to stabilize;
(3) It permits time to be traded off for pressure while maximizing protection during rapid on-oif cycling of power if done intentionally.
Each time the unit is turned on, the temperature of the air inside the tank and that of the tank itself increases.
If not allowed to cool, the next cycle must start from this elevated temperature to produce the same pressure, requiring a longer time interval. When the temperature of the external surroundings is closer to that of the tank, the pressure drop due to cooling of the fluid by the tank is reduced. Once pressure in the tank is built up, the normal trip pressure on the switch will be reached without the greater build up in the tank. Since the entire system is at an elevated temeprature, the pressure in the tank will be adequate to support the disk in the absence of the head loss pressure drops.
In recapitulation, and to review the operation of the apparatus, if initially at rest, it may be assumed that the fluid pressure within the tank equals the fluid pressure in the area of the magnetic disc and the rotor is at re'.t. The disc is substantially unsupported and the relatively flexible web 50 may permit the disc to rest against one of the headplates, depending upon the orientation of the entire assembly with respect to gravity.
It now electrical energy is applied to the system, the pressure switch 60 connects the source of potential energy to the heater coil 96 of the heating element 94 which proceeds to add heat to the fluid in the tank 58. As the fluid pressure within the tank 58 increases, fluid pressure is applied through the upper and lower manifolds 62 and 64, and through the orifices 72. When a sulficient pressure differential exists between the tank and the area between the headplates, a fluid bearing is formed suflicient to support the disc between the headplates.
The heat holding capacity of the heating element 94 is adequate to maintain pressure suflicient to support the disc, after the pressure switch 60 has actuated and the electrical energy to the heating element 94 has been interrupted, and until the energization of the rotor and stator assembly brings the disc up to speed adequate for the hydrodynamic bearings 74 to generate fluid pressure to maintain the disc in a supported condition between the headplates.
As the speed of the disc increases, the pressure generated by the hydrodynamic bearings 74 increases and soon exceeds the pressure of the tank 58. At this point in time, the combination of the tank cooling off and the pressure at the disc building up, allows a pressure differential to exist between the tank 58 and the front surface of the headplate. This differential causes fluid to flow into the orifices 72 toward the tank 58, effectively pumping fluid into the tank to equal the pressure developed by the disc rotating between the headplates.
During normal operation, therefore, the pressure in the tank, 58, equals that between the headplates, and the disc is supported, equidistant between the headplates. Any tendency to approach either plate is compensated for by restoring hydrodynamic pressures.
For stopping, the electrical power to the system is interrupted and the motor is de-energized. The disc then slows in its rotation, and the fluid pressure, generated by the hydrodynamic bearings, diminishes until it is unable to support the disc. However, the fluid pressure in the tank does not drop so rapidly and is able to provide a fluid cushion which supports the disc until after the disc ceases to rotate. As the pressure within the tank drops, the pressure switch may assume its other stable configuration.
If the power is reapplied before the pressure switch trips, suflicient fluid pressure to support the disc exists and the motor system may be re-energized. If, however, the pressure switch is in its other stable configuration, there is insuflicient pressure to support the disc and reapplication of power then energizes the hearing element instead, which builds up the pressure.
Thus there has been provided a rotatable disc memory utilizing air bearings to stabilize the magnetizable disc at a predetermined spacing from magnetic transducers mounted in headplates. A supplementary supply of fluid pressure is provided so that the disc is supported away from the head plates at all times during rotation, and surface wear is avoided during starting and stopping of the disc.
Other variations will appear to those skilled in the art, and the present invention should be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
What we claim as new is:
1. In a magnetic memory disc device having a head plate, rotatable disc, means adapted to rotate the disc and means for establishing hydrodynamic fluid bearings when the disc rotates at speeds in excess of a predetermined speed, supporting means for maintaining a spacing between the disc and the head plate at less than the predetermined speed, the supporting means comprising:
a plurality of orifices in the head plate, each orifice adapted to provide, in response to applied fluid under pressure, a hydrostatic fluid cushion for supporting the adjacent portion of the disc;
fluid supply means commonly connecting said orifices;
reservoir means connected to said fluid supply means for applying fluid under pressure to said orifices, said reservoir means being operable to receive fluid under pressure from hydrodynamic fluid bearings created by disc rotation until pressure equilibrium is established between fluid in said reservoir means and hydrodynamic fluid pressure existing between the disc and the head plate, said plurality of orifices being adapted to provide, during disc deceleration, full support for the disc for a time suflicient to enable the disc to substantially cease rotation, from fluid stored in said reservoir.
2. In a magnetic memory disc device including a rotatable disc, first means adapted to rotate the disc, a relatively fixed head plate and second means for creating a lubricating, fully supporting hydrodynamic fluid bearing between the disc and the head plate at disc rotational speeds greater than a predetermined rotational speed, third means for generating a supporting, hydrostatic fluid bearing between the disc and the head plate at all speeds less than the predetermined speed, said third means comprising:
a plurality of fluid supply orifices in the head plate adjacent the disc, each of said orifices being operable in response to an applied fluid under pressure to support the portion of the disc adjacent said orifice, conduit means commonly connecting all of the said orifices; and
fluid supply means, including reservoir means, connected to said conduit means for supplying fluid under pressure thereto, said reservoir means being adapted to store a supply of compressible fluid for application to said orifices, and fluid heating means connected to said reservoir means for applying heat energy to said reservoir means to increase the pressure of fluids stored therein, said reservoir means being adapted to store a quantity of fluid which when pressurized by application of heat energy by said heating means and applied through said orifices, is sufficient to provide support to the disc for a period of time adequate to enable the disc to accelerate from rest to said predetermined rotational speed.
3. In a magnetic memory disc device of claim 2 above, further including pressure responsive switch means, connected to the first means and said heating means, connected to the first means and said heating means and adapted to be coupled to a source of energy, for alternatively connecting the source of energy with the first means and said heating means, said switch means being operable in response to relatively low fluid pressure in said reservoir means for applying energy to said heating means and being operable in response to relatively high fluid pressure in said reservoir means for applying energy to the first means.
4. In a magnetic memory disc device of claim 2 above, wherein reservoir means are operable to receive fluid under pressure from the second means to establish pressure equilibrium between said reservoir means and the second means, said reservoir means and, said plurality of orifices being adapted during disc deceleration, to provide full hydrostatic support for the disc for a time suflicient to enable the disc to substantially cease rotation, from fluid stored in said reservoir under hydrodynamic fluid pressure.
5. In a magnetic memory disc device including a rotatable disc, first means adapted to rotate the disc, a relatively fixed head plate and second means for creating a lubricating, fully supporting hydrodynamic bearing between the disc and the head plate while the disc is rotating at speeds greater than a predetermined rotational speed, third means for generating a supporting, hydrostatic fluid bearing between the disc and the head plate at all speeds less than the predetermined speed, the third means comprising:
a plurality of hydrostatic cushion bearings for supporting the disc away from the head plate, each including fluid reservoir means for storing fluid under pressure;
a first restriction adapted to be connected to a source of fluid maintained at a first relatively high fluid pressure;
means connecting said first restriction into a cylindrical orifice in the head plate, the diameters of said restriction and said orifice being related for equally dividing the pressure differential between the first relatively high fluid pressure source and the environment of the hydrodynamic bearing, one half of the total pressure drop between the source and the environment is being developed between said restriction and said orifice, and the second half of the total pressure drop being developed between said orifice and the adjacent memory disc environment;
means commonly coupling a plurality of said first restrictions to said fluid reservoir means; and
fluid heating means connected to said fluid reservoir means for pressurizing fluid stored therein to pro vide fluid to said hydrostatic cushion bearings for supporting the disc during acceleration of the disc from rest to the predetermined speed;
said reservoir means and said hydrostatic cushion bearings being operable, during rotation of the disc for storing fluid under hydrodynamic pressure in said reservoir means, whereby, during disc deceleration, suflicient fluid pressure is maintained in said reservoir means for supporting the disc by said hydrostatic cushion bearings during deceleration of the disc from the predetermined speed to rest.
6. In a magnetic disc memory device including a rotatable disc and a relatively fixed head plate, a hydrostatic cushion bearing adapted to maintain a spcing between the disc and the head plate of approximately .0002 inch in an environment having a first relatively low fluid pressure, the bearing comprising:
first means including reservoir means for supplying fluid under pressure;
a cylindrical chamber in the head plate having a diameter of approximately .25 inch, and a depth of approximately .025 inch;
a cylindrical restriction, coaxial with said cylindrical chamber of a diameter of approximately .003 inch;
means connecting said first means and said restriction for applying fluid under pressure thereto;
and means for pressurizing fluid in said first means at a second relatively high fluid pressure whereby fluid under pressure applied through said restriction to said chamber creates a pressure of approximately one half the difierence between said relatively high and the relatively low pressure and whereby said chamber provides spacing support to the disc.
7. In a magnetic memory disc device having a head plate, rotatable disc, means adapted to rotate the disc and means for establishing hydrodynamic fluid bearings when the disc rotates at speeds in excess of a predetermined speed, supporting means for maintaining a spacing between the disc and the head plate at less than the predetermined speed, the supporting means comprising:
a plurality of cylindrical chambers in the head plate, each approximately .250 inch in diameter and .025 inch in depth, each chamber being adapted to provide in response to applied fluid under pressure, a hydrostatic fluid cushion for supporting the adjacent portion of the disc, all of said chambers being adapted to provide total support for the disc;
a corresponding plurality of cylindrical restrictions, each coaxial with one of said chambers, each of said restrictions being approximately .003 inch in diameter;
fluid supply means commonly connecting said restrictions; and
reservoir means connected to said fluid supply means for applying fluid under pressure to said restrictions, said reservoir means being adapted to store a quantity of fluid under pressure, said plurality of chambers being adapted to support the disc at a spacing from the head plate of approximately .0002 inch for a time sufiicient to enable the disc to substantially cease rotation, during deceleration from fluid stored in said reservoir, and, during acceleration, for a time suflicient to enable the disc to achieve the predetermined speed.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,937,294 5/ 1960 Macks 308-9 3,047,869 7/1962 Marcum et a1. 3,063,039 11/1962 Taft 308-8 3,193,334 7/1965 Porath 308-9 3,223,463 12/1965 Porath 3089 OTHER REFERENCES Design of Hydrostatic Bearings, published in Machine Design August 15, 1963, pages 122 thru 125 relied upon.
EDGAR W. GEOGHEGAN, Primary Examiner. FRANK SUSKO, Examiner.
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|US3047869 *||May 25, 1959||Jul 31, 1962||North American Aviation Inc||Rotatable magnetic disc movable toward and from disc carrying transducer|
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|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
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|US8132966 *||Jun 3, 2009||Mar 13, 2012||Electro Scientific Industries, Inc.||Rotary flexure and air bearing support for rotary indexing system|
|US20100310200 *||Dec 9, 2010||Electro Scientific Industries, Inc.||Rotary flexure and air bearing support for rotary indexing system|
|CN102438790A *||May 11, 2010||May 2, 2012||电子科学工业有限公司||Rotary flexure and air bearing support for rotary indexing system|
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|Cooperative Classification||F16C32/0659, F16C32/0622, F16C32/0662|
|European Classification||F16C32/06A4R, F16C32/06P, F16C32/06L4D4|


To make sure you’re in a position to fully enjoy your backyard, preserve it easy. A large garden may sound nice, but the work concerned can make it a significant source of stress. The bigger your backyard is, the more time you may must spend weeding, watering your plants, and performing routine garden maintenance. A small garden is easy to look after, supplying you with more time to understand your vegetation.
If this is your first time planting a garden, you can purchase seeds and plant them in seed trays to allow them to grow some earlier than planting them outdoors. By doing this, your plant might be stronger and much more likely to outlive once you plant it in the soil exterior. Vegetation need room to develop. Packing too many vegetation in proximity to at least one one other will make them compete for assets and you will subsequently either have one plant die, or have both plants develop in a lot worse conditions. It’s advisable to analysis the complete dimension of a plant and look at how deep and the way far aside the crops ought to be grown.
Properly, you’ve got determined to enter into gardening. Pretty, exciting, huh? Properly, aside from the fact that there may be so much info that you don’t have any clue where to even begin! Do not be afraid, gardening suggestions are right here! Listed under are some suggestions that can provide help to get began and arranged so to grow to be a profitable gardener. When growing your personal natural vegetation, it is best to move your seedlings away from any air vents or radiators immediately upon germination. It is because your seedlings do not need to be actually heat like germinating seeds do. They must be cooler to ensure that them to grow in one of the best ways.
Compost may also be used to stability the pH stage of your soil.
Abandon mass plantings to make your flower garden extra private. Mass plantings in each flowerbed generally tend to make a panorama seem like it belongs to a lodge or a company office constructing. Border vegetation and pockets of comparable vegetation will give the identical impact of a mass planting with out being impersonal. To make your own miniature greenhouse, merely cowl a pot with an outdated plastic bag. This may mimic the humid surroundings that enables plants inside a greenhouse to thrive. In case you’d additionally like to guard your plant from the climate, build a dome out of a sturdy plastic and place it atop the plant.
Preserve yourself protected, it is the first thing to know about gardening. Put on protective eye-put on when dealing with lawnmowers and different garden equipment. Put on gloves when you’re working within the grime. This will hold you protected in case of an incident and protect your body from totally different parts in the environment. Make gardening environment friendly. Don’t waste your time searching for lacking instruments. Put together them all forward of time and have them handy earlier than you need to backyard, and then put them again in their place when done. If needed, purchase a instrument belt or heavy duty pants with plenty of pockets.
You must get a warmth lamp to warm your vegetation during the winter months if you’re growing an indoor garden. Crops want a relentless temperature around 65 levels. It can be costly to maintain a home or condominium at that constant temperature. A warmth lamp is an affordable and inexpensive technique to give the plants the heat they should grow. Do not kill the spiders in your backyard. Spiders prey on different bugs and can hold unwanted bugs below management. They’re a pure supply of control for frequent garden pests. Whenever you see a spider, you should depart him alone to do its job. This will reduce your want for pesticides in your garden.
Good backyard planning takes under consideration not solely the preliminary plantings, however the subsequent adjustments that must be made because the rising season wears on.


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This listing is for one filter heat shield.
Please note that the heat shield now looks slightly difference to one in pic. New pic will be uploaded soon.
This stylish chrome polymer heat shield will reduce the hot under bonnet air from entering your air filter and allowing maximum performance from your intake system. Easy Mounting.
Dimension of the shield: 31.5cm x 13.5cm
Air filter is not included in this listing.

domain: design


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January 21, 2016 | By Sikh Siyasat Bureau
Hyderabad: Hyderabad Central University today revoked its previous suspension of four Dalit students on Thursday after some faculty members of the institution quit their administrative positions as protests over the death of a student heightened.
The university’s executive council took a decision as protests over death of a research scholar resulted in a stand off between the institution and students.
“The Council, after taking into account the extraordinary situation prevailing in the university and after discussing the issue in detail, resolved to terminate the punishment imposed on the students concerned with immediate effect,” HCU said in a statement here.
Protesters however refused to call off their agitation and burnt copies of the EC decision.
The decision came a few hours after thirteen faculty members of an association of Scheduled Caste faculty members of the university quit their administrative positions.
The group also accused Irani of twisting facts when she stated the senior most Dalit professor headed the executive council sub-committee that suspended the students.
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domain: news


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Easy and Convenient Way To Store Supplements!
Do you take daily supplements?
I workout daily and follow an extremely healthy diet as a happy vegetarian.
I also take supplements daily at the recommendation of my Naturopath.
At my yearly appointment, she reviews my blood panel, typical food intake, and my supplements.
She analyzes the supplements and makes sure I’m not taking too much or too little.
Taking a handful of supplements can be time consuming especially if you have to open each bottle daily!
It takes about 10 minutes to fill a 28 day vitamin holder every two weeks.
Check out the video below!
You won’t have to open bottles one by one.
If you have supplements that you want to carry in your car, you can use a smaller organizer.
They are relatively inexpensive and you can purchase them at most drug stores and online as well.
Here’s a sample of what I take daily and what’s in my pill organizer:
Vitamin D3 – Vitamin D3 can lessen the symptoms of chronic conditions such as diabetes and arthritis. Helps with weight control, memory and mood.
Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc – Calcium promotes healthy bones and teeth, works with calcium to help maintain strong, healthy bones and supports the immune system. Magnesium plays a role in muscle and nerve function, blood pressure regulation and energy metabolism. Zinc boosts the body’s immune system and helps wound healing.
Chelated Magnesium – May help nervous tension, mild anxiety, stress, muscle tension, weakness, spasms, cramps, and restless legs,
Chromium Picolinate – Chromium helps reduce the amount of sugar circulating in your blood. Supports healthy blood sugar levels.
Jarro Dophilus – Jarro Dophilus protects the probiotic bacteria from stomach acid. Promotes healthy intestinal microflora, which in turn helps to support intestinal health and immune function.
Omega 3 – Omega-3’s have anti-inflammatory benefits.
B Complex – Shown to improve overall energy and help stress-related fatigue.
Chelated Iron – Supports iron deficiencies.
Evening Primrose Oil – Evening primrose oil has anti-inflammatory properties.
Biogenesis – Biofem HRT 60 caps – Designed for hormonal support.
Flax Seed Oil – Flax Seed Oil may reduce inflammation.
Remember if you are interested in taking supplements, discuss with your physician.
Here’s where I got my 28 day pill organizer:
How do YOU organize your supplements? Leave a comment.
TOPIC: Easy and Convenient Way To Store Supplements!
If you are concerned about your own self-care, and would like to talk, click the button below!
Today, I want to talk about how to keep your home organized! What condition is your home in at this very moment? Disheveled perhaps? If you open a closet door, will an avalanche of clutter come tumbling down...
Going on vacation can be fun, yet challenging especially if we suffer from allergies and are sensitive to toxins. Of course, our destinations are cleaned before arrival, but many times they are cleaned with...
Do you wake up day after day with a runny nose, itchy eyes, a strange headache, or shortness of breath? You could very well be experiencing allergies! There are so many different types of allergies such as:...

domain: medical


According to NeoMam Studios, only 37 percent of Facebook users surveyed said they’ve changed their privacy settings — something Facebook recommends checking often.
Many Facebook advertisers started sequencing their content well before Black Friday or Cyber Monday, and it appears to have paid off. Facebook Marketing Partner Marin Software noticed that there was a curious spike in conversions from Facebook ads (as well…Читать далее →
Facebook increasingly has new ways to target potential customers and current fans through advertising, but what is the best way to use this technology?
Roughly six months after launching Slingshot, Facebook Creative Labs announced Thursday that they’ve re-focused the app to allow for more frictionless sharing.
The Hollywood Reporter, a sister publication of Inside Facebook, has teamed up with Facebook to launch the TV Obsession Index, a weekly ranking of the most buzzed-about TV shows on Facebook.
Yes, it’s true that advertising on Facebook — especially during the holiday season — is getting very costly. But Facebook Marketing Partner Kenshoo found that with that increased cost comes an increase in return on investment.
Many pre-holiday reports suggested that this could be the biggest season yet for Facebook advertising. According to Facebook Marketing Partner Nanigans, ecommerce companies are allocating more money to Facebook mobile ads — and it’s paying off.
Instagram is growing worldwide, but the two biggest geotagging locations take place in Facebook’s home state of California. Three of the top 10 geotagged locations are in New York City, but several international destinations made the list of Instagram’s top…Читать далее →
One of the first steps in leading a customer down the sales funnel is also one that Facebook specializes in — awareness. Facebook Marketing Partner SocialCode recently published a guide showing how to publish broader campaigns that gauge interest.
Facebook’s call to action buttons have been working incredibly well for direct-response advertisers looking to bring users into their store’s page or have them download an item.


President Barack Obama on Friday expressed concern about the outbreak of violence centered in Jerusalem and called on Israeli and Palestinian Authority (PA) leaders to tamp down inflammatory rhetoric.
"We are very concerned about the outbreak of violence," Obama said at a news conference with visiting South Korean President Park Geun-Hye, according to the AFP news agency.
"We condemn in the strongest possible terms violence directed against innocent people, and believe that Israel has a right to maintain basic law and order and protect its citizens from knife attacks, and violence on the streets," he added.
"We also believe that it's important for both Prime Minister (Binyamin) Netanyahu and Israeli elected officials, and [PA chairman Mahmoud] Abbas and other people in positions of power, to try to tamp down rhetoric that may feed violence or anger or misunderstanding," said Obama. (Read More)


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MacIntyre’s book, After Virtue, is arguably the most important work of contemporary philosophy for Christians today, and this book has greatly shaped theological discourse since its release in 1981.
After Virtue: 3rd Edition
Read Stanley Hauerwas’s brief introduction to MacIntyre:
The Virtues of Alasdair MacIntyre
(First Things, October 2007)
Watch this video overview of the book.
(I have some qualms about the way it presents his argument, but it will suffice as a brief introduction.)
(via The New Atlantis)

domain: library


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Justin Jeffre (being drowned, above), former member of the late boyband 98 Degrees, is planning to run for mayor of Cincinnati. “I am serious about this and I intend to win,” he announced. The confident 32-year-old independent will run on an arts and entertainment platform. “We need to sell this city back to the people of this city,” he said, using the word “city” twice and already talking like a pol. He’s also keen to have VH1 follow him around while he campaigns. For a reality show. Like ex-bandmate Nick Lachey has. VH1 is still mulling it over. (Billboard)
You are here: / / More Power (Ballads) to the People!

domain: artistic


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duration: 4 days
group size: 8
Join Women Hiking Chicagoland on this unforgettable adventure, where you'll have the opportunity to explore Yellowstone National Park for four days of breathtaking scenery and adventurous exploration. With an abundance of wildlife, stunning lakes, and seemingly surreal mountain peaks, this park is destined to be among your most accomplished adventures.
- Grand Tetons National Park
- Yellowstone National Park
- Geysers and bubbling hot springs
- Incredible wildlife viewing opportunities
Please note that a minimum of 8 participants is required for this trip to proceed. In the event that we do not meet the minimum number of participants after your booking, your payment will be promptly refunded.
Share with your friends:
Tracey Degnan is the founder of the Woman Hiking Chicagoland Facebook group, established in March 2021. This group primarily centers around local hikes in forest preserves within the Chicagoland area and extends to various outdoor activities, including kayaking, camping, snowtubing, and snowshoeing. Her enthusiasm for the great outdoors fuels her desire to explore a broader range of activities and adventures worldwide, connecting with like-minded individuals who share her passion. Among her notable hiking achievements are a 23-mile trek around Lake Geneva in Wisconsin and a hike along a section of the Appalachian Trail in Maryland.
Do not forget to arrange for the requisite passport, visa and travel insurance, if you are booking an international trip.
We try our best to ensure accurate and up-to-date guide information, but in some cases this may change due to emergencies or other unforeseen guide scheduling challenges. In any case, another highly-rated, certified guide with similar experience would lead your trip and you will be kept informed of any such case.
This trip is confirmed once 8 people have booked. If the trip is not confirmed the trip will be refunded 100%.
Once the trip is confirmed, the following cancellation policy applies:
- Any cancellation done 57 days prior to the departure day gets a full refund minus a 25% non-refundable deposit.
- If you cancel with less than 56 days before departure day, you will not receive any refund.
Any questions? Contact us
Invite your friends and family on your adventure:

domain: travel


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A healthy plate is an easy way to control portion sizes. Fill half your plate with nonstarchy vegetables, one quarter with lean protein, and one with whole grains for a healthy eating plan.
By: My Doctor - Kaiser Permanente
Title: How to Create a Healthy Plate
Sourced From: www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gmh_xMMJ2Pw

domain: food


text: Taizhou Huali Plastic Co., Ltd is located in Zhangdian Industrial Zone, Jiangyan District, Taizhou City，Jiangsu Prov., P.R.China. It’s far away YangTai airport is about 50 kilometers. The traffic is very convenient. The gorgeous company is a production of high-grade plastic PVC the tiles of private enterprises, was founded in April 15, 2002. There are more than 2600 employees currently. The company has been awarded with the certificate of U-mark, DIBt, CE, Floorscore,ISO9001 and ISO14000. The company can produce wear layer, and print films by themselves. The product range includes Glue down LVT and Click LVT with Valinge click system of 2G, 2G-FD & 5G & WPC and Rigid LVT flooring. The products are exported to all over the world. 90% of our products are exported to North America and Europe.

domain: economics


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After watching the video, “”What’s a Contract and Why Do I Need Them?” , discuss the definition and essential elements of a contract (Romero, 2016).
5. After watching the video, “Choice of Law: What State/Country Laws Will Apply?” , discuss the importance of Choice of Law clause in a contract (Polansky, 2016).
6. After watching the video, “Business Structures”, discuss the following;
7. Arbitrator Stephen Goldberg’s Dec. 8, 2016 decision dealt with the union agreement called the “collective bargaining agreement”. The arbitration concerned the issue of whether the Postal Service violated the agreement when it failed to assign Sales Retention Team center to work to the Clerk Craft and post the position for bid.
After reading the article at the following link that discussed the landmark arbitration decision: http://www.apwu.org/news/web-news-article/landmark-arbitration-decision-upholding-craft-assignments-and-job-posting, what are remedies Goldberg ordered the Postal Service to do?
8. Charlottesville continues to be in the news and have an affect on the business community. Discuss the recent move by companies to cease services to white supremacists from a legal and ethical perspective. How will the companies’ decision affect other companies who have yet to cease services, if at all? Can their action be considered a violation of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution? How will the actions of the companies, those who cease services and those who do not, affect the business legal community and the protection of their PR or brand perception?
Here is one link that discussed the issue of brand perception:

domain: law


North East Herts MP, Sir Oliver Heald has welcomed new legislation introduced by the Prime Minister today to reduce the UK’s greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. The UK was the first country to implement legally binding emission reduction targets in the Climate Change Act 2008, and this legislation makes the UK the first leading economy to implement net zero as well.
Sir Oliver is a member of the Conservative Environment Network (CEN) MP Caucus, which has consistently pushed for a net zero commitment from the Government. Commenting on the news, Sir Oliver said:
“Only yesterday I wrote to a 9 year old constituent, who is concerned about climate change saying that I hoped the Government would soon commit to legislation on net zero emissions. I am delighted by today’s announcement, which will safeguard our natural environment, improve public health, air quality and biodiversity, and promote clean-tech jobs.
By enshrining this target into law, the Prime Minister has shown that UK can and will meet the challenges of climate change and be one of the first countries in the world to commit to play our part to limit global warming to 1.5°C. We need to make sure that we have the right policies in place to meet the target and end our contribution to climate change by 2050.”
"Implementing a net zero emissions target means that electricity, transport and heating will need to use alternative energy sources to fossil fuels to decarbonise. However, in some industries like aviation and shipping, some emissions will remain. Therefore increased tree planting and carbon capture technologies will be utilised to remove these emissions from the atmosphere - thus leading to ‘net zero".
Sam Richards, Director of CEN said: “Sir Oliver Heald MP has been instrumental in our work to encourage the Government to adopt a net zero emissions target. Today’s announcement has cemented the importance of this work. If we fail to limit global warming to 1.5 °C, we risk seeing increasing flood damage here in the UK, the destruction of wildlife and their habitats, as well as severe economic consequences. But with today’s announcement, the UK is fighting back against the effects of climate change and is instead working towards delivering the low-carbon jobs and skills of the future through Great British innovation.”
NOTE TO EDITORS
UK targets will now be brought in line with the Paris Agreement by adopting the advice published by the independent Committee on Climate Change (CCC) in May. The CCC, which was set up by the government to consider its expert advice, recommends a transition to a zero-carbon economy if we are to avoid 1.5°C warming and avoid the worst effects of climate change. Read the report: https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/net-zero-the-uks-contribution-to-stopping-global-warming/


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Public display of affection
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Married couple's first kiss
Public displays of affection are acts of physical intimacy in the view of others. What is an acceptable display of affection varies with respect to culture and context. Displays of affection in a public place, such as the street, are more likely to be objected to, than similar practices in a private place with only people from a similar cultural background present. Some organizations have rules limiting or prohibiting public displays of affection.
Europe and North America
In most of the Western world, such as Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa and the United States, it is very common to see people holding hands, hugging and sometimes kissing in public. It is not socially acceptable to be overly explicit, such as engaging in sexual activities. Kissing is more commonly seen in adult night-life, such as nightclubs.
In India, public display of affection is a growing phenomenon, although stray incidents of police harassment of couples were reported in the past. However, relaxation of previous generations' social norms has made public displays of affection more common among India's younger demographic.
The display of physical attraction, once seen as uncommon, has become increasingly noticeable in East Asian countries. Confucianism is deeply rooted in the culture of many East Asian countries, predominantly in China, Korea, and Taiwan and for many members of the older generation, displaying one's emotions publicly is going against such values. Over the years however, the boundaries have been pushed and older generations are taking notice of how younger generations deviate, even slightly, from traditions. Holding hands, hugging, and even kissing in public has become a common sight, but it is still highly regarded as “unsightly.” Some places such as the Nanjing...
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domain: sociology


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It's been raining a lot in our neck of the woods, and we couldn't be more excited about it. In addition to the aroma of clean air and the re-invigorated vegetation, the new rainfall is mixing with winter's runoff and waterfalls are entering their peak season.
And even though you can find waterfalls almost anywhere, there are a few Wild Spaces that really stand out. Yosemite National Park is perhaps North America's King, but Mt. Rainier National Park may very well be the Queen. Her offering of both thunderous cascades and melodious falls is staggering. Where other Wild Spaces may have cascades numbering in the hundreds, Mt. Rainier offers thousands, and they are never more plentiful then from May through July.
It's been said that if there is one destination every American should visit in their lifetime, it's the Grand Canyon. Honestly, when there are so many amazing Wild Spaces to visit, it's impossible to narrow our priorities to a single location. But, any list of must see Wild Spaces simply has to include the natural masterpiece that is the Grand Canyon.
It's beyond description, and any lover of Wild Spaces will be struck to the core by it's presence. And here's a friendly tip: Schedule in some time to watch the sunset. You'll be glad you did. And if you're lucky, you may even be fortunate enough to experience a Condor Sunset. One of the rarest animals in the world, and there may be no better place to view them, then at the Grand Canyon.


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A lack of good fathers is an evident problem in America, even among Christians. Doug Wilson aims to help rectify that in his latest book, Father Hunger: Why God Calls Men to Love and Lead Their Families (Thomas Nelson, 2012). It is a comprehensive and challenging book written mainly for future and current fathers. It is mostly helpful, though difficult for several reasons.
There are some excellent chapters in this book, and Wilson can turn a phrase like few of his contemporaries. He frequently challenges readers in his characteristic forthright style. If one is familiar with Wilson’s previous arguments and writing style, this book should be helpful. He has built up a capital, so to speak, that allows a reader familiar with his works to give him the benefit of the doubt. These readers can connect the dots from some under-developed arguments in this book to more fleshed-out arguments elsewhere. I have but one degree of separation with Wilson through several people, so I am trying to keep this review balanced on the off chance he comes across it (Hi Pastor Wilson!). He can also run circles around me intellectually, so I’m not about to go into a full-fledged, point-by-point criticism.
Readers new to Wilson might have some trouble with Father Hunger, as the chapters seemed disparate and thrown together. That is, Wilson tackles seemingly everytopic that contributes to the father hunger in America, giving a wide but not necessarily deep treatment to these topics. These chapters mostly stand alone, with no strong thesis interweaving them. “Father hunger” is mentioned in passing in several places, and there is some sociological evidence given in the first couple chapters, but the book is more a collection of essays on different aspects of fatherhood and the undermining of it by society. Chapter topics include education, politics, work, discipline, church leadership, economics, gender roles, and more.
His argument is difficult to follow at times thanks to rabbit trails, some obscure illustrations, and generalized conclusions. For example, the chapters on economic and political liberty as they relate to fatherhood were generally overgeneralized and under-developed, lacking sufficient details to back up the arguments contained therein.
All that said, there are many nuggets of wisdom throughout the book to reward the diligent reader. Some of the chapters are profound and very helpful. Even within the more difficult chapters there are excellent paragraphs. I linked to some of my favorite quotations here, here, and here. By far the most helpful chapters and themes were those on gratitude, grace, and responsibility. These are probably the most prominent themes of the book. Wilson stresses that the father’s role is not just behavior modification or providing in absentia, but it is an integrated, overarching, gratitude-saturated, sacrificial love for one’s family in faith and life. No one can charge Wilson with being legalistic or heavy handed if the frequent passages on grace and gratitude are read seriously. These excellent points help to balance out the drawbacks of the book.
Predictably, Wilson leans heavily on Chesterton, but – surprisingly – he more frequently quotes Richard Phillips’ The Masculine Mandate (an excellent read and highly recommended). He echoes Phillips’ thesis that being a real father follows the creation mandate to provide and protect. I also found that Wilson quotes more from outside sources than usual, which helped break the book up a little more.
Father Hunger is fairly light on practical, concrete examples and heavier on abstract principles in many areas of life. It does spur deeper thinking and provoke further personal application. The front cover boasts “exclusive new research,” which is misleading, as this research is largely relegated to the appendices and referenced only in passing. Father Hungeris not as strong as Wilson’s other (excellent) family books or Phillips’ Masculine Mandate but is helpful for readers familiar with Wilson’s style.
Note: I received a gratis copy of this book from Thomas Nelson for review purposes.


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Health Benefits of Fish: 5 Reasons Every "Body" Loves Fish From Ellie Krieger! by 30Seconds Health
You already know fish is healthy – but it may surprise you to learn just how profoundly it can impact your whole body. Ellie Krieger, registered dietitian and host of "Ellie's Real Good Food," shares five head-to-toe reasons you want to put seafood on your plate more often.
- Your Brain: Eating fish regularly may help keep you mentally sharp and improve your mood. A 2014 study published in the American Journal of Preventative Medicine concluded that eating baked or broiled fish weekly was associated with an increase in the part of the brain responsible for memory and cognition. Other studies have found that eating fish as part of a Mediterranean Diet may reduce the risk of developing depression, and not eating enough may increase your risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.
- Your Heart: It’s pretty straightforward: people who eat fish regularly have a significantly lower chance of dying of a heart attack than people who don’t. One of the big reasons for that is the heart-protective omega-3 fats seafood contains, but that is only part of the equation. There are multiple ways eating fish helps keep your ticker healthy. Protein-packed fish has mostly cholesterol-lowering unsaturated fats and it is rich in several essential nutrients that are important for heart health, such as selenium, potassium and vitamin B12. Also, by eating more fish, you are not only reaping its nutritional benefits, you are likely displacing less healthy, saturated-fat laden proteins like fatty meats.
- Your Bones: Fish is a top dietary source of vitamin D, a key nutrient for bone health that most of us fall short of and few foods contain. (Vitamin D benefits bones by helping the body absorb calcium.) Getting enough protein is also important for strong bones, and since fish is protein-packed too, it does double-duty for bone health.
- Your Waistline: Fish packs a lot of satisfying protein without a lot of calories, so it an ideal choice for those watching their waistlines. (And let’s face it, who isn’t?) Baked, broiled or grilled seafood entrees tend to be lower in calories than most others on a restaurant menu, making it easy to choose a figure-friendly meal when dining out.
- Your Taste Buds: Seafood is downright delicious, and since there are so many varieties and it is so versatile, it can be prepared to please just about anyone’s taste buds. Even if you think you’re not a seafood fan, there is a perfect fish for your palate. Mild tasting, firm and flakey-white tilapia is ideal to introduce to kids, and it even appeals to those who don’t typically like fish. Its clean flavor also allows the flavor of accompanying sauces to shine through.
Look specifically for high-quality, all-natural tilapia like Regal Springs Tilapia, which is responsibly raised in freshwater lakes and is free from antibiotics and growth hormones. It also helps to look for credible seafood certifications like Best Aquaculture Practices or Ocean Wise to ensure you’re sourcing sustainable fish from reputable suppliers. Believe it or not, the way the fish are raised can actually impact the taste. For example, Regal Springs Tilapia swim against lake currents, just like in the wild, so they have a naturally clean, sweet flavor and heartier texture.
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Replica Of Vietnam Memorial Wall Coming To Western Massachusetts
A traveling educational exhibit about the Vietnam War that includes a replica of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial wall in Washington, D.C. is making stops in the region this summer.
Vietnam Veterans like Richard Tyrell of Springfield came home to angry anti-war demonstrations and denunciations of their military service.
"You have to remember there was something going on in the country," Tyrell said. " There were people who felt we should not be fighting ( the war). There were people who blamed the men and women fighting it."
It’s taken almost 50 years, but people’s perspectives have changed about the nearly 3 million men and women who served in the military during the Vietnam War.
" It was a very disruptive time in the country, but things like " The Wall That Heals" help us grow through that," said Tyrell.
“The Wall That Heals” is a half-scale replica of the Washington memorial inscribed with the names of the more than 58,300 people who died or remain missing from the war that ended in 1975. It will be on display from August 18-21 at the Eastern States Exposition in West Springfield.
Gumersindo Gomez, Massachusetts State Council President of the Vietnam Veterans of America said the traveling exhibit helps preserve the legacy of the Vietnam War Memorial and educate people about the service and sacrifice of the veterans.
" There are 390 of us dying daily in the nation. So, it is now that we need to honor our Vietnam Veterans," said Gomez.
The exhibit, which includes an education center from the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, will be open to the public 24 hours-a-day from 8 a.m. on Aug. 18th until a closing ceremony at 3 p.m. on Aug. 21.
There are several ceremonies and events scheduled during the four-day exhibit including a commemoration by members of the local Vietnamese community, a salute to women who served in Vietnam, and a candlelight vigil that will include the reading of the names of the dead and missing from Massachusetts.
A schedule of events is at the website: www.thewallthathealswestspringfield.com
Chris Lizotte, director of Veterans Services for West Springfield, said a volunteer committee spent months planning to host the touring exhibit and is anticipating a large turnout.
" We heal by maximizing the attendance for viewing at the Wall That Heals," he said.
Lizzotte said West Springfield would not have been picked as a location to display the memorial replica if not for the space and parking available at the Big E’s fairgrounds. ESE president and CEO Gene Cassidy said it is an honor to host the exhibit during the Big E’s centennial year.
" I can't think of a more important exhibit that the Eastern States has ever been engaged in helping to produce than this one," said Cassidy.
The city of Albany will host the traveling Vietnam Memorial wall in Washington Park from Sept. 15-19.
Since the debut of the memorial replica on Veterans Day 1996, it has been displayed at nearly 400 places in the United States and toured Ireland and Canada.


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Here we bring you the fresh news and happenings from the world of Hollywood.
Ariana Grande and Pete Davidson split
Singer Ariana Grande and Saturday Night Live star Pete Davidson have called off their engagement.
The couple ended their engagement over the weekend, reports suggest so on Sunday.
“It was way too much too soon. It’s not shocking to anyone,” a source told leading publications.
Sources close to the couple said the decision to split was
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text: Keith Shiri is an international film curator and programme advisor to the BFI London Film Festival and has served in that position also for the Venice Film Festival and the Pan African Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO). He was a member of the Berlinale World Cinema Fund from 2004-2007 and a trainer for Esodoc/EU (European Social Documentary), a programme for documentary filmmakers. Shiri is also a director of Books of Africa and a visiting research fellow for the Centre for Research and Education in Arts and Media (CREAM) University of Westminster, London. He served as an expert advisor for the EU-ACP programme, for the ACP cinema and audio-visual sectors and the Ouaga Film Lab in Burkina Faso. Shiri has served in several festivals as a jury including the Berlin International Film Festival, the Dubai International Film Festival, Pan African Film Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO) and many others. He is on the advisory committee for the Otherfield Documentary Film Festival and a jury advisor for the annual Africa Movie Academy Awards.


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Moi moi is a recipe made from soaked peeled and blended beans slurry and it is native of Nigeria traditional cuisine. It’s an household name amongst other Nigerian cuisine and it’s usually prepared with fleshy protein or eggs.
As a rule I really do not steam boil my moi moi because living in the diaspora there’s no way to get hold of the traditional riverbank leaves that is used to package the beans slurry before steaming/boiling in hot water till the slurry is cooked and it solidifies.
And cooking in boiling water with plastic packaging or pylons is a no no for me. Not because it’s not doable but because it’s an health risk which poses a danger of cancer on the long run.
Except you use plastic bags made exclusively for cooking or microwave safe plastic bags chances are these cancer causing compounds will always find it’s way into foods package with it.
According to the latest research the safest most appropriate plastic used for food packaging are high density polyethylene and polypropylene bags or containers.
Most less expensive bulk plastic wrap sold for use in food catering and processing are usually not safe because they are made extensively from PVC Polyvinyl chloride. Polyvinyl chloride contains what we call plasticizers that leaches into foods at high temperature.
A reliable way to know if that plastic bags you are buying is not made from PVC is to see if it is microwavable or microwave safe plastic bags. Bags and wraps made from polyethylene are generally microwave safe.
Most rigid plastic containers are made from polycarbonate while these at the moment are certified safe for food processing there exists the problem of the compound plasticizers leaching into foods at high temperature.
For me I opt for silicon bakeware use in my moi moi preparations to avoid these health risk. Silicon rubber is inert it does not react ,emit fumes or leaches into food at high temperature up to 428 degrees Fahrenheit according to FDA. Experts consider it non reactive and a better choice in bakeware.
Silicon tolerates both hot and cold temperature it can go directly from the oven to the freezer and it is microwave safe . It is made up of silicon rubber by mixture of silicon a naturally occurring compound bonding with oxygen . The major advantage of silicon bakeware is that is non stick it doesn’t burn it doesn’t require you to grease before baking the form comes out great and there is no problem of messy clean up afterwards. It is also dishwasher and compactible and it doesn’t fade or scratch in contrast to traditional metal or aluminium bakeware there exists no problem of rust. In any case you are using silicon bakeware make sure it is high quality and it does not contain any fillers or additives.
So my oven baked moi moi goes as follows.
Recipe Preparation Time: 1 hour
Cooking Time:45 minutes
Cooking Temperature:150 degrees Celsius.
- Dry beans (soaked,peeled) 500 g
- Paprika 2 big sizes (deseeded )
- Scotch bonnet pepper 1 pcs
- Onions 2 big sizes (sliced )
- Salt 1 tbs
- Aadun seasoning powder 1 tbs
- Garlic 2 cloves (minced )
- Ginger 1 inch (grated )
- Palm oil 250 ml
- Eggs 4 (hard boiled )
- Mackerel fish 1pcs (boiled and shredded )
Recipe Preparation and Cooking Instructions
- Soak the peeled beans in water for 30 minutes
before blending in the food processor with the paprika, onions, scotch bonnet pepper,garlic and ginger blend till fine and smooth. Set aside the boiled shredded fish and eggs.
- Transfer into a bowl and add the oil and shredded fish stir till everything is well mixed
- Bring out the silicon bakeware and portion the beans slurry into them half full then slice the hard boiled eggs and place in each and then cover with more slurry
- Preheat the oven to 180 degrees for 10 minutes and transfer the moi moi into the oven reduce the temperature to 160 degrees Celsius and bake for 35 minutes checking after every 15 minutes until well baked.
- Served with a girl or eat with bread it can also be taken with any rice Recipe. It is also an ideal breakfast idea for people who are on gluten free diet.
Nutrition Value / serving
- Calories 136.5 kcal
- Total Fat 3.2 g
- Saturated 2.3 g
- Carbohydrate 18.3 g
- Cholesterol 45.4mg
- Sodium 357.4 mg
- Sugars 2.7 g
- Dietary Fibre 4.5 g
- Protein 14.3 g


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Host: Sam Shad
State Senator Ben Kieckhefer, District 16
Matthew Digesti, Vice President of Government Affairs and Strategic Initiatives, Blockchains
Kalie Work, Washoe County Recorder
Mary Lau, President and CEO, Retail Association of Nevada
Mike Draper, Partner, Argentum Partners
Mendy Elliott, Partner, Capitol Partners, LLC
- State Senator Ben Kieckhefer, District 16 discussing his efforts and others to make Nevada a targeted, welcoming, economic development area for Blockchain technology firms.


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Have tea party and disco dance and sexy experiment!
Be sure not to miss all the wild adventures happening at this school!
The story of a failed DJ who works at a coffee shop and smokes up.
The second installment of the Zalad Fingerz series. This one even better then the first!
Damn reading all these bad reviews make me want to work on another

domain: literature


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Chicago POC Cosplayers
September 20, 2018
Check out our RPG review guide here to learn how we rank games!
This review was done in partnership with Drivethru RPG, where you can get your copy of 100 Oddities for a Treasure Horde!
Check out our weekly RPG review column here!
Review of Coldblooded - A Guide to Lizardfolk by Skirmisher Press
Review of D&D 5th Edition Player's Handbook
Review of Pathfinder Core Rulebook
Also: Enter to win a copy of the MacGuyver Escape Room board game from Pressman Games!
Zombies run wild in new edition of RPG supplement
October 21, 2019
I Want to be a Wizard! is where Harry Potter and D&D meet
October 20, 2019
ACE Comic Con Midwest 2019
October 14, 2019
DVD Review: "Danger God"
October 8, 2019
The Picard Panel at NYCC Hints at an Amazing Series
Q&A: Film Director Yedidya Gorsetman on 'Emphathy Inc'
September 14, 2019
Film Review: 'Seeds' a somber oddity
September 11, 2019
End of the World: Zombie Apocalypse Review
September 9, 2019
Q&A: Filmmaker Justin Price on 'The Mummy Rebirth'
September 8, 2019
Film Review: 'Empathy Inc' a great toned down sci-fi effort.
September 6, 2019
Q&A: New Donald Westlake anthology
November 8, 2019
Q&A: Hardcase Crime's latest 'Quarry' novel
November 2, 2019
Kobold's Warlock Series Makes for Some Great D&D Adventures
November 1, 2019
DC Bombshells Halloween Edition (2019)
October 29, 2019
An Interview with Nord Games
October 26, 2019

domain: game


Featuring the three final David Bowie studio recordings during the sessions for his 28th and final album, ★, the No Plan EP is now being made available on CD and special vinyl formats including a limited edition made-to-order numbered die-cut package with White Vinyl and an exclusive artwork lithograph that will be available to pre-order for a limited time only.
Previously released as the No Plan digital EP (and before that, available exclusively on the Lazarus Cast Album), those songs – “No Plan,” “Killing A Little Time” and “When I Met You”— along with ★ single and Cast Album title track “Lazarus”–are now available for pre-order on special physical formats. All vinyl configurations of the No Plan EP feature a special laser etching on side B. The No Plan EP artwork has been designed by longtime Bowie collaborator Jonathan Barnbrook. Earlier this month, the No Plan digital EP reached #1 on the iTunes charts of 11 countries including the UK, Netherlands, Denmark, Ireland, Norway, Finland and Sweden, and broke the Top 20 in more than 30 territories.
One minute past midnight on January 8th, the day that would have been David Bowie’s 70th birthday, a subtly stunning video for the song “No Plan” surfaced quietly. The “No Plan” video has amassed over 2,000,000 views since it’s January 8th premiere. The “No Plan” clip was directed by Tom Hingston, whose previous collaborations with Bowie include the award-winning visual interpretation of the original version of “Sue (Or In A Season Of Crime)” from the Nothing Has Changed compilation. The “No Plan” video features a sparse, compelling narrative that reinforces the hypnotic pull of the ballad hailed by Rolling Stone—who ranked it #4 in their 50 Best Songs of 2016–as “a magnificent coda… one last transmission from the Bowie universe.”
In the 12 months since the release of ★, the album has only grown in stature, establishing itself as a critical and commercial high point of David Bowie’s peerless catalogue. Having hit #1 in more than 20 countries (including Bowie’s first #1 in the U.S.), ★ closed out 2016 with five Grammy nominations—Best Rock Performance, Best Rock Song, Best Alternative Music Album, Best Recording Package, and Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical— as well as two Brit Awards nominations – British Male Solo Artist and British Album of the Year (★) – and top honors in critics’ best of 2016 lists including #1 positions in the AV Club, Flavorwire, The Los Angeles Times, MOJO, Newsweek, Now, Paste, Q, The Wire, Uncut and more, #2 spots including the BBC, Entertainment Weekly, The New York Times, NPR and Rolling Stone, ultimately placing in the year-end lists of more major publications than any album released in 2016.


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For many years, biochemical tests have been widely used for the diagnosis, classification, and monitoring of bone and connective tissue disease. However, shortcomings in terms of the specificity and sensitivity of such tests have prompted continual questioning about their clinical usefulness. This book, based on a meeting organized jointly by the University of Uppsala and Pharmacia Diagnostics AB, reviews our current understanding of basic bone and connective tissue biochemistry and the clinical role of biochemical markers specific to related diseases, with special reference to rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis.
Cell biologists, pathologists, clinical biochemists, rheumatologists, and physiologists researching bone and connective tissue disease.
[Contents without contributors checked 7/24/90 LMC.] CONTENTS: Connective Tissue Components and Turnover: The Collagens. Basement Membranes. Versatility of Cell Adhesion Mechanisms. Proteoglycans and Matrix Proteins of Connective Tissue with Special Reference to Cartilage. Hyaluronan: Sources, Turnover, and Metabolism. Catabolism in Liver Sinusoids. Interactions between the Immune System and Connective Tissue in Arthritis: Aspects on Connective Tissue Proliferation and Breakdown. Bone Components and Turnover: Biochemistry of the Bone Matrix. Non-Collagenous Proteins of Bone. Differentiation and Function of Cells of Osteoblastic Lineage. Osteoblast Phenotypic Expression and Bone Markers. Gene Expression and Functional Studies of the Vitamin K-Dependent Protein of Bone, Osteocalcin. Mechanism of Calcification in Bone: Role of Collagen Fibrils and Collagen-Phosphoprotein Complexes in Vitro and in Vivo. The Possible Roles of Cytokines in Bone and Cartilage Metabolism. Clinical Applications of Connective Tissue Markers: Markers of Collagen Assembly and Turnover. Collagen Markers in Clinical Work. Molecular Markers for Joint Disease. Keratan Sulfate as a Marker for Cartilage Proteoglycan Catabolism. Hyaluronan as a Clinical Marker. Immunity to Cartilage Components and the Development of Chronic Inflammatory Arthritis. Round Table Discussion: Present
- No. of pages:
- © Academic Press 1989
- 28th January 1989
- Academic Press
- eBook ISBN:
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The Best River Cruise Deals prices shown are from our database and are updated regularly from the cruise lines. Unfortunately, transmission errors, recent cruise line updates and availability make it impossible to guarantee prices until a booking is made. For exact pricing and availability, contact Best River Cruise Deals at 1-888-539-1881. All rates are subject to change and availability. our client service department is available every hour of every business day. Whether you are a past passenger of Best River Cruise Deals or a first-timer, we realize that questions may arise from time to time. Even with all these goodies, we realize that cruisers, whether experienced or first-timers, sometimes need help in choosing their cruise vacation or specifics about their travel arrangements.
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Made from natural wood pulp and its possibility to create complex colours. They are hand cut and bent into shape. Every piece is different in marbling and unique in its own way. The Acte bracelets gives a softer approach to accessorising.
- Unisex design
- Width: 7mm, Thickness: 4mm
Size (Wrist Circumference)
- S - Fits most ladies & up to 17cm
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The Best Vegan Pizza
You've Stolen A Pizza My Heart
Vegan Mondays, I didn't think such a thing existed in Liverpool where every surrounding area within 5 miles is a dairy farm providing the best cheese in the country. But yes you bloody read that right, Liverpool's business district is hip and groovy with the times of the present. Santa Maluco do extraordinarily and almost unforgivably good pizzas. Literally I'll just start off by saying this place has given me pizza mind, and I love you to pizzas - promise this post will contain no more pizza puns! So in anticipation of World Vegan month, the expert crafters of Santa Maluco have launched their new weekly vegan Rodizio menu. Boy oh boy you will be queueing up outside for a slice of the hottest pizza place in town.
So with the focus on sustainable farming, and the arise of mindful culinary it's been mega important more now than ever to pick wisely what you put on your plate. So as date night me and Paddy trotted down to see what the fuss was about on Castle Street. Paddy was late, so I opted to grab myself a gin & tonic and watch the world go by in awe over the town hall at night time. It's one of my favourite spots to kick back outside in the summer, and becoming near enough winter too.
After bumping into industry pals, giving smooches we had the waitress explain how the Rodizio works. Spin the dial to one of the three selections; more pizza please, dessert pizza and no more slices. More pizza please does exactly what it says on the tin - they simply keep bringing you slices of fresh, straight from the oven vegan pizza. At what is a incredibly good deal. £10.95 before 4pm, or £15.95 afterwards for unlimited slices. The question we all pose is "wheres the (vegan) pizza?" to which we've now discovered, it's where everyone is right now, in Santa Maluco.
Unlimited Pizza? Alrighty Then!
So what does your fixed price pay for? Mondays menu includes:
Return Of The Mac; mince, mozzarella, big mac sauce, white onions, pickles and lettuce. Lo Pan mozzarella, curry sauce, salt and pepper tofu, spring onions, chillis, sriracha and char sui.
What The Duck; mozzarella, mock duck, spring onion, cucumber, char sui and sesame seed. Finally my favourite of the evening - The Falaffin; mozzarella, tomato base, falafel, tomato, cucumber, tahini, walnuts
There's no dipping involved, just a mixture of people using a knife and fork or their hands. To be honest, it doesn't matter because good pizza is good pizza, surely it's complimentary to dive straight in. Save your chitchat and prepare for dough bliss.
This quirky addition to Castle Street means for a more experimental business lunch, whilst taking in the sights and sounds of a wonderful Brazilian bistro. With the latest artwork from Graffiti Spirit, the renowned team backing the popular Scouse venues of Salt Dog Slims, El Bandito and Santa Chupitos. It's the only place in the area that will provide you with a dessert pizza also. Think whipped cream, Nutella, bananas, strawberries and drizzled in a dazzling sauce ready to send you into the stratosphere of sweetness. Accompany this winning combination with a Five Dollar Shake and you'll be truly stuffed - if you haven't already had 7 slices of pizza like the rest of us.
"Here at Santa Maluco we want our pizzas to bring that Brazilian flare mixed with some old authentic Italian tradition. All our pizzas are cooked in our wood fired handmade oven. We do not use any fuel apart from wood in our oven, bringing the most authentic pizza experience possible to your plate. All our pizzas are 18 inch and are made completely from scratch by our experienced and talented pizziolas."


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the world's smartest travel social network
Travel with ADV Vietnam Motorbike Tours and Dirtbike Travel and behold the superb mountainous ranges in Ha Giang which has been famous for Dong Van Stone Plateau, Lung Cu Flagpole, Ma Pi Leng, and so on. Whichever the time is, Ha Giang still sparkles a gorgeous and spectacular beauty. In particular, there is a special season of a flower named “Tam Giac Mach” or buckwheat, this land suddenly becomes more beautiful and attractive to all travellers. The blooms bears pinkish color, spreading across the vast valley and decorates the prestine mountainsides. In the middle of wildness, the flowery bed brightens and brings vitality to the tedious land.
Tam Giac Mach is typical flowers in the northern mountainous provinces which seems fragile but hides inside a wild strength.It often blooms in late autumn, at the end of October and early November each year. By the time, everyone flocks to Ha Giang to behold in awe the immense flower fields. Motorcycle Tour Vietnam often holds appalling ride in the season, after the romantic, melancholy autumn in Hanoi has gone and tourists head north to catch the early, thrilling cold slightly swift through plateau. Tam Giac Mach valley is unmissable destination.
Also in early winter time, Ha Giang is adorned by yellow barbarea vulgaris. This season is chilled in Ha Giang, maybe you even see the mist. Sometimes snow also appears in this place. Experience the frigid cold of winter in the northern mountainous region, whilst sip a hot cup of coffee, or home-made wine from maize, it is perfect. But travel should be careful to avoid unexpected incidents due to slippery roads or harsh weather, you had better bring scarves, mittens, coats. And also remember to wear suitable shoes for climbing the terrain covered with sharp rocks.
As Vietnam Motorcycle Tours reviews, spring time here is not less enchanted. When the cold weather retreats, warm sunshine wakes new buds up and makes the villages, forests turn colorful with peach and plum flowers.
Come to Ha Giang in the spring to see the robust vitality of all things in this stone plateau. There are two ways to arrive here. You either can travel by car or by motorbike. For young peoples, preferred choice certainly will be motorbike because this means is suitable to those fancying freedom, discovery and adventure. The distance ranges 300 to 320 km. Therefore, this foretells a relatively long ride. Yet, is it your purpose to overcome the distance or yourself? Sure what is waiting for you at the end well worth the shedding sweat. There are variant cuisines embedded taste of mountain and this forest naming egg rolls, mixed horse meat, bamboo-tube rice, 5-colored steam sticky rice, ranunculaceae porridge, special buffalow bacon, etc. Try on the food, you will be amazed of their delicacy.
In general, Ha Giang has become famous for its smoggy scene, prominent moutanous view, brilliant flower lawns as well haunting the tourism lovers’ curiosity. Let Motorcycle Tour Vietnam be your guide and together rejoice majestic setting oflandscape, mountain, plateau, valley and forest. Then refresh mind with clean airsmelt of flowery sweet.Your troubles will soothe away instantly.

domain: geography