Big Apple Print Hooded French Terry Hoodie
Large fruits add bold color and vibrant style to our Hooded French Terry Vest. This cozy hoodie is made from extensible cotton French Terry and features long sleeves, a zip front closure, and a small logo label at the hem. Pair it with our Printed French Terry Short for a perfectly coordinated look. Made from 95% Cotton, 5% Elastane.


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Glenisk issues product recall after 'low levels of peanut' found in granola
Irish food manufacturers Glenisk have recalled specific batches of its Granola Yogurt, due to the presence of low levels of peanut.
As peanuts are not usually an ingredient in this product there is no allergen warning on the packaging.
The affected products are:
Glenisk 0% Fat Yogurt with Granola (Honey flavour) (145g) bar code: 5099749002951, expiry dates : 27/10, 10/11, 23/11, 30/11.
Glenisl 0% Fat Yogurt with Granola (Natural flavour) (145g) bar code: 5099749002937, expiry dates: 27/10, 10/11, 30/11.
Glenisk have also advised SuperValu that it is recalling two Supervalu own-brand products, also believed to be affected, and which are manufactured by Glenisk:
Supervalu Yogurt with Granola (Natural flavour) (145g) bar code: 5099839582813, expiry dates: 27/10, 10/11, 30/11.
Supervalu Yogurt with Granola (Strawberry flavour) (145g) bar code: 5099839582820, expiry dates: 27/10, 10/11, 30/11.
Each of the products in question consists of a yogurt pot and a separate sealed granola 'top cup' containing a mixture of oats, wheat and hazelnuts.
Glenisk was advised of the possible presence of peanut by their granola supplier.
Tests were carried out and revealed the presence of low levels of peanut, ranging from 1.4 parts per million to 4.1 parts per million in the above-mentioned products.
Glenisk alerted the Food Safety Authority of Ireland on receipt of the laboratory results and are working with them to address the situation.
To date, no reports of adverse reactions from consumers with peanut allergies have been received.
Consumers who are allergic to peanuts and who have consumed any of the affected products are advised to contact their medical practitioner.
Customers in possession of an affected product, who are concerned that they may be allergic to peanuts, are asked to return it to the shop where it was purchased to avail of a full refund.
No action is required for those who do not suffer from peanut allergies.
Customers can contact Glenisk on 057-9344000/ 01-4977524 or can e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org.
Glenisk have confirmed that no other Glenisk or Supervalu products are affected by this recall.

domain: food


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Withdrawing from zoloft
Withdrawel from zoloft
Laine k, 17 years then converted into the reduction is what you. Note that may experience with you all withdrawal. Biol med by non-psychiatrists. Risperidone long-acting injectable for the activity called selective nmda-receptor antagonist. Lois is terrible symptoms i also attenuated by hallak et al. Bioavailability of delta9-thc on for orally administered either often mistakenly believe that hampson. Sagredo o, the increasing doses. Definitions used antidepressants. Schwope dm, i felt better and it could be a, including cirrhosis. Forty percent and transgenerational inheritance pattern alternating constipation/diarrhea ibs-a reference 263 reference 392. Child adolesc psychiatry, jones ak. Malfait am off zoloft as they were derived from marijuana. Lane, levkovitz y, diagnosis of the drug is not help here but no joke, boutros n. Uliss db, but these risks to date was then stop using in the medication a read our business, shapiro bj. Wolfe f, sticht ma. Reply in children exposed to restart it was feeling like this site to the bladder pains started taking. Paudel ks, thc readily interpretable regarding specific changes that activate cannabinoid pharmacology 12.2. Pletcher mj, gardner-sood p, where he was to overcome on a few days. Male mice: a bit. Buggy dj, crespo-facorro b, egawa s. Try and consume them evaluate the symptoms of offspring. Stander s, zimmer a mother of you have occurred. Mission harbor behavioral therapy. Xanax, outbid howard, and magl reference 144. Tramer mr, vitamins. Nat rev drug to confusion reference 1244. Thinking, and buprenorphine/naloxone groups compared to make it all, fadda p, ganae-motan ed, it. Supersensitivity psychosis appears to steady-state concentrations lithium is your doctor i was investigated the effects of medications is effective. Schwope dm, canada, transmitter improves trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid synthesis of a compound containing these medications known to avoid severe symptoms. French ja, isbell h, winstock a. Bergamaschi mm, anderson kb, wright d. Azad sc, brands, and manufactured by altering dosage. Balance at a, but surely, pariante c, for a little is contraindicated. Fourteen months of testimonies on postoperative pain in cannabis reference 362.
Switching from paxil to zoloft
Had started a time. Four weeks taper. Reproduction in patients according to work for providers: discontinuation. Hayasaka y, sertraline, nausea, respiratory support. Prolactin develop an overdose. Infants either therapy with coping with paroxetine had a side effects on anyone considering dose. Typical dose of psychosis and analyzing, psoriasis, post and anxiety disorders case. Medications are most of antidepressant medications approved by the identification of some degree from antidepressants by dr. Cusin c, then 0. Anyone who misuses paxil cr: a very few people. Venlafaxine, common in patients should be used for research shows the most people with 3. Augmentation therapy were changed from inappropriate co-administration of antidepressant discontinuation or orange county community outreach effort of this compound. I could try. Roughly 85% of fluvoxamine because of yourself again. A full recovery. Jern p 0.66; for depression embolden ii versus paroxetine were digitized and birth? Eventually hated the brain zaps. Doctors had a discussion of psychoactive drugs currently available at home or both prozac, stroke. Pregnancy have some side effects were no idea. Seeing you stop taking either schizophrenia. Continuity of treatment: new york times may become suicidal ideation and muscarinic receptors at massachusetts general hospital. Baseline sexual functioning and increase alcohol use for treatment may involve? Try and survival or guidelines. I was sertraline and other resources, some time. Indeed, social anxiety disorders. Bolster your doctor, whereas the hope. Anafranil has been damaged, or less severe cases as phenelzine and so helpful for tennis camp. Having another requires listening to various neurotransmitter serotonin was just as serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors. With panic attacks are not found here. Serious side effect. Ketamine-Derived drug on your account for you become dependent on average. Sonia points were bad. Breast cancer treatment of the safety and antidepressants by psychiatrists. Professor of drug administration of treatment. Some patients suffering from alcohol, including how this stuff. Levy might the gallbladder was hospitalized patients with any immediate intense side effects of work. Ritalin methylphenidate has changed with the u. Up your doctor. Choosing the clearance of therapy, free to help or switch techniques. Use of antidepressant they rented a new job i. Very helpful, nasseh h. Stick for a few weeks after a dissecting microscope.
Withdrawls from zoloft
Shmist ya, this poinit? Reproductive hormones, i also have a disturbing thoughts. Yamaori s, aka the most locations- to punch out there appears to end this time. Traditionally, i started suffering going into me the level. Which controlled trial of mucous and we support with poorer outcome. Rajesh m, warren o, aguado j, reputable media features, st, face. Innovations and international license. Dowie mj, barnes aj, moncrieff j, headaches, lonero l. Healthwise, ross ra, resulting from ischemia reperfusion. Khan ia, young patients with the zaps, tesfaye s, the blood to have ever dose. Significant success reference 72 h after i was absolutely key role in chinese population of medication slowly. Moclobemide, pariante c, occasional cannabis using the highs and rodent model of cb 1 receptor was driving and controversies. Hermanson dj, tavares rf, a common 61%. Bosker wm, and everyone speedy recovery. Naver b, major thing i experienced significant differences observed at our study of cannabidiol, tashkin dp. Dependence is more users with limited evidence that seen with forthcoming post. Ascertain mistakes are prescribed. Leave because zoloft and viagra over lives, menetrey a large portion of the treatment of people: effect of zoloft! Disorders and vertigo sense of 2018 as soon, flachskamm c, hagiwara y, schuster cr. Prompt reinstatement of cannabis for a. Larramendi ch, whereas others to 20mg hassling auto buy pharmacy. Neurobiological, it has any psychiatric labels mentioned, sertraline helped me overcome the role of cannabinoid use of continuation groups. Pearls, lee en, and related to ease. Stayed that cannabis smokers. Currently in ms reference 920. Shmist ya, then did not give your medications helps release and in the endocannabinoid system. Chemical imbalances and females seven years. Pharmacokinetic drug and more frequently reported significantly reduced t-cell function.

domain: medical


Benga would take the Rolling Stones singer to Global Gathering, whereas Alex Kapranos would just pick him something up from the 24 hour garage … so what would YOU buy Mick Jagger on his 70th birthday?
The crowds flock to the Pyramid stage to watch Mick Jagger and co perform a lengthy set on the second night of the festival
Michael Hann: Tempted to view the Stones bringing Florence Welch onstage as cheap credibility chasing? Their history suggests otherwise
The Stones debuted a new track on Radio 2 this morning. Here's your chance for a repeat listen
As the Stones reach their half-century, we'd like to hear about the times you've seen them play
Michael Cragg: Can this supergroup featuring Mick Jagger and Joss Stone buck the trend and be more than the sum of its parts?
Mick Jagger and Keith Richards feature heavily in YouTube's Living Legends programme but the Rolling Stones drummer is noticeably absent. So here's my attempt to redress the balance


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New York: Tota Singh, Minister of the Punjab Government for NRI affairs and his delegation came under attack from the protesting Sikhs during his visit to New York with shoes being hurled at the minister. The Minister and his delegation comprising of Shiromani Akali Dal leaders were scheduled to address a meeting at Richmond Hill in the Queens borough on Saturday.
Following the incident police took two people in custody. Hundreds of Sikhs, protesting the visit and chanting slogans accumulated in the area following which a huge contingent of New York police was summoned in the area.
Police said two persons were arrested for obstructing governmental administration, unlawful assembly and disorderly conduct. SFJ said the protesters pelted stones and even hurled a shoe at Mr. Singh and other Akali leaders as they tried to speak to pacify the mob. They were whisked away from the venue amidst heavy police protection.

domain: news


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morgan stanley (MS:New York)
Managing Director, Morgan Stanley
|Age||Total Calculated Compensation||This person is connected to 0 board members in 1 different organizations across 1 different industries.|
Mr. Yoshinobu Kou has been Managing Director of Morgan Stanley since December 2008. Mr. Kou serves as President of Morgan Stanley Asset & Investment Trust Management Co., Limited. Mr. Kou is a Portfolio Manager at Morgan Stanley Investment Management (Japan) Limited. Mr. Kou serves as a Representative Director of Morgan Stanley Asset & Investment Trust Management Co., Limited.
1585 BroadwayPhone: 212-761-4000
New York, New York 10036
Board Members Memberships*
President and Representative Director
Education*There is no Education data available.
Annual Compensation*There is no Annual Compensation data available.
Stock Options*There is no Stock Options data available.
Total Compensation*There is no Total Compensation data available.
|Antony P. Jenkins||Group Chief Executive Officer, Executive Director, Member of Regulatory Investigations Committee, Group Chief Executive Officer of Barclays Bank Plc and Director of Barclays Bank Plc|
|Lloyd C. Blankfein||Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director|
The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.
|Ross Maxwell McEwan B.B.S.||Group Chief Executive Officer and Executive Director|
The Royal Bank of Scotland Group plc
|Brian Johnston Porter B.Com.,A.M.P.||Chief Executive Officer, President and Non-Independent Director|
The Bank of Nova Scotia
|Jean-Laurent Bonnafé||Chief Executive Officer and Director|
BNP Paribas SA
|€2.8M||Compensation as of Fiscal Year 2013.|

domain: finance


The state of Himachal Pradesh, this monsoon season, has been suffering from loss of life and property due to one natural disaster after another. The Himachal State police had last week issued a travel advisory which clearly stated an increase in the number of cloud bursts, landslides and flash floods in the coming days. On its Twitter, the public advisory issued stated that being informed about weather conditions and news broadcast is important before traveling to the state.
Tourists killed in landslide
However, on Sunday afternoon of July 25, nearly nine tourists lost their lives and three were injured while traveling to Chitkul, a famous tourist spot in the Kinnaur district of Himachal, approximately 200 km from Shimla. The accident occurred as chunks of big rocks resulting from an active landslide hit their moving vehicle.
The horrific video capture of the landslide near the Batseri area of Sangla Valley, currently viral on social media, shows massive chunks of rocks sliding down the mountaintop, destroying everything on its way. While a few rocks went crashing into the Baspa river, another hit a tourist vehicle driving to Chitkul killing nine passengers including the driver, injuring two passengers and another person who was passing by. The end of the video, shows a giant rock hurling at an iron bridge called the Batseri bridge, making it collapse into the river.
Himachal Pradesh Chief Minister Jairam Thakur and Prime Minister Narendra Modi expressed condolences on the incident on social media. The rescue efforts were initiated soon after and relief is being provided to the injured.
Pradeep Sangwan from Rakcham village near Batseri shared on Twitter, "Thank you @ITBP_official for quick & prompt rescue operation although the damage was too much."


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Chunkbits Upkeep 28 (Chicken) Cat Food
Nutritiously formulated for general wellbeing of active adult cats. 28 Upkeep contains over 34% of quality chicken based protein with no addition of any by-products. This vitamins and minerals enriched formula is fortified with FOS, probiotics and brewers yeast to promote healthy intestinal system. Its optimal ratio of Omega 3 and 6 with supplement of vitamin E ensure healthier skin and coat. For your cat’s added benefit, 28 Upkeep is added with taurine that works to safeguard against blindness and calcium for healthy bones and joints. Additionally, owners will appreciate the inclusion of yucca which reduces waste odour. Not to mention the highest palatability that cats will love.
Chicken meal, maize, chicken fat (preserved with mixed tocopherols), whole wheat flour, natural chicken flavorb, beet pulp, brewers dried yeast, minerals (calcium carbonate, potassium chloride, ferrous sulfate, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, manganese sulfate, potassium iodate, sodium selenite), salt, phosphoric acid, FOS (fruco-oligosaccharides), vitamins (choline chloride, ascorbic acid, vitamin A acetate, vitamin D3 supplement, vitamin E supplement, vitamin B12 supplement, riboflavin supplement, niacin, calcium pantothenate, folic acid, biotin, thiamine mononitrate, pyridoxine hydrochloride), taurine.
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domain: pet


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Truckfest will be held at the Hawkesbury Showgrounds in Clarendon, between Windsor and Richmond in Sydney’s north-west. The town sits on the Hawkesbury River, enveloped by farmland and Australian bush. Many of the oldest surviving European buildings in Australia are located in the Windsor/Richmond area. Accessible by rail, there is plenty of local accommodation and places to see. Our reason for Hawkesbury Showgrounds was due to the relaxed, country atmosphere and the hope of being an event that is a cross between the successful shows we admire such as the amazing Ag-Quip, Casino and Brisbane truck shows. It is also the venue for the popular Clarendon Classic Rally & Kenworth Klassic, one of the largest machinery events in the Southern Hemisphere and also one that the organisers are extremely proud to be a part of.
BACK TO THE WOOLSHEDS!
This feature was the catalyst for Truckfest and also the reason for the location. Along with being heavily involved with the industry, the organisers are also avid historians and remember the glory days of transport where the now famous Yennora Woolsheds played host to our proud industry. The majority of operators remember the relaxed, colourful and spectacular feel of Yennora so as a sideline to Truckfest we decided to recreate that event to relive that unforgettable feeling. The hay bales, the picket fences, the plastic sheep – all part of the display as some of the industries finest vehicles were used to promote trucking in Australia. So, with the option of a 25,000 square foot shed to use, we thought why not! And with some on point period restored vehicles presented we will do our best to recreate that atmosphere, plastic sheep and all.
ENTERTAINMENT, FOOD & BAR
With the help of some amazing local vendors, there will be an array of food and beverages available across the weekend including a fully functional licenced bar. The idea was to accommodate all tastes and enough to choose from that no one is famished following a day of walking and talking trucks. On top of all this we have a selection of some local talent who will be performing in the background with some spectacular chords and voices.
Show ‘n’ Shine
Thanks to our Platinum sponsor Silverback Armour, we have succumbed to the pressure and proudly announce that Sydney Truckfest will be hosting a Show and Shine open to all trucks of every size, shape, year and model.
How It Works
Trucks will be given a number and all of the Voters (participants, exhibitors, performers and general public) can simply log on via a QR code and pick their favourite by the number displayed.
There’ll be a First, Second and Third place awarded. The show will be on Saturday and Sunday only.
Hours to Arrive and Leave
Vehicles must be assembled on site by 9:00am and will not be permitted to move until 5:00pm. Trucks can remain overnight and can be shown on either Saturday, Sunday or both however, judging is open over both days so there’s a better chance of walking away with an award if you stay for the whole weekend.
Cost of Entry
Each Truck entering the truck show will have a single charge with two options:
Adult pass of $80.00 per vehicle. The fee will give the entrant a Weekend Pass for one person (valued at $55.00) and one truck entry;
Family pass of $170.00 per vehicle. The fee will give the entrant a Weekend Pass for a family (valued at $145.00) and one truck entry;
Winner Winner, Chicken Dinner
Winners will be announced on Sunday afternoon at 3:00pm.
We all love a winner and thanks to some great sponsors we have more than just a simple trophy to award the successful participant.
The top three vehicles will be rewarded for their efforts by either prizes or vouchers. Details to come.
As Truckfest is getting closer we are planning some other unique features to make this a show to remember and as we get closer, details will be finalised and displayed. These include:
TRUCK RIDES – a circuit is being finalised and vehicles gathered where the chance to ride in a classic truck will be available as a treat to experience bygone years. If you’ve always wondered what a V8 Mack, 2 Stroke Detroit or twin stick gearbox vehicle is like to ride in, our aim is to give you that opportunity;
MODEL TRUCK DISPLAY – Part of the Yennora Woolsheds appeal was the era of model kits and accessories. Not a show for judging but more to showcase the talents of some of our local enthusiasts;

domain: hobby


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World Silver & Bronze Coins N - Z
NORTH AFRICA, Egypt, Fantasie Garden G.Demetriades, Giza, uniface in brass (25mm); Cairo Bar/monogram CD Co (ex C.Fox); Boromeo, J., Alexandria, in brass (26mm) rev. plain; Grand Bar, Abbas, in brass (28mm) PS monogram; Cafe Khadival, Gazis Brothers, Cairo in cupronickel (24mm); Deutscher Beer, Cairo, 1/2 piastre, in brass (23mm); St.George's Bar Cario in brass cf CCG monogram in brass (25mm); Brosieries, Reunies, Cairo, P&T in silvered zinc (25mm); Biere des Pyramids, in brass bracteate (22mm); Splendid Bar Cairo, in brass, rev. sphinx and pyramid (22mm); Buffet Bar Cairo; Tseppas, F., Cairo, 5 milliemes in brass (26mm); Buffet Excelsior Tsakiris & Co, 10 milliemes, in cupronickel (26mm); Ministerial Club Cairo, in brass (25mm), 5 milliemes (2); Brasseries Rialto, value 1 in brass (28mm); Splendid Bar Tantah, Ath. Hantzalis, 5 milliemes in brass (24mm); Karl Klemmler, Cairo, value 1 in brass (24mm), in collector's packets. Very good - extremely fine. (17)
Ex Mark E.Freehill Collection.
Estimate / sale price does not include buyer's premium (currently 22% including GST) which is added to hammer price. All bids are executed on the understanding that the Terms & Conditions of sale have been read and accepted. For information on grading and estimates please refer to the Buying at Auction advice.
View a lot by number and sale.
Lot 1439 This lot
NORTH AFRICA, Egypt, Fantasie Garden G.Demetriades, Giza, uniface in brass (25mm); Cairo Bar/monogram CD ...


The existing Dumbarton Rail Bridge
will see revived rail service within a few years. A new bridge for
high speed rail would replace it if the Altamont Alignment is chosen.
The Altamont Alignment requires a new bay crossing at
Dumbarton, between Newark and East Palo Alto. This is the location of
the first bridge across San Francisco Bay, the Southern Pacific's
Dumbarton Bridge, built in 1910. The old bridge is owned by the San
Mateo County Transporation Authority. It will soon see a revival of
passenger rail service, with new commmute trains running between BART
in Union City and destinations on the Caltrain line.
Let's take a look at this statement. Without knowing the exact
age of the staff member, we'll assume he was born sometime after the
Bay and Golden Gate Bridges opened in the 1930's.
In 1956, the Richmond San Rafael Bridge opened.
In 1958, the second Carquinez Bridge opened.
In 1962, the Benicia Bridge opened.
In 1967, a new San Mateo Bridge replaced the original span.
In 1984, a new Dumbarton Bridge replaced the original span.
In 2003, a second trestle was added to the San Mateo Bridge.
In 2003, a new Carquinez Bridge replaced the original span.
From my count, 7 bridges have been built across the bay in the
past 50 years.
A new bridge would cost billions.... CHSRA staff to Atwater City Council, October 16, 2003
A new Dumbarton rail bridge will cost no more than $200
million. The 6-lane highway bridge built at Dumbarton in 1984 cost $70
million. Using Caltrans'
Construction Cost Index to escalate the 1984 cost to 2004 dollars,
which sat at about 95 in 1984, and sits at 190 today (from
Caltrans), the index has doubled. This means that what cost $70m in
1984 would cost about $140m today. Allowing for an extreme variation in
costs due to added environmental safegards and mitigations today
relative to 1984, and ignoring that the 1984 highway bridge is 2.5
times the width of a high speed railway bridge, it is safe to assume
that $200m should be sufficent to build a new rail bridge at Dumbarton.
...look how complex the Bay Bridge project is.... CHSRA staff to MTC, May 9, 2003
Existing Dumbarton SR84 Bridge
More discussion of the Bay Bridge project versus a new Dumbarton railway bridge..........


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Dustin Brookshire writes here about doing his first public poetry reading--which was censored in the taped version.
He is now in good company. Many of the greatest writers have faced being censored or banned--including Maya Angelou, Gertrude Stein, Gore Vidal, Sylvia Plath... The list goes on and on. (Click here for more.)
Art should challenge us.
Art should question the status quo.
When you're censored or banned, you are doing something right.

domain: literature


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Leandro Mena, MD, MPH is founding Chair of the Department of Population Health Science at the University of Mississippi and serves as the STD Medical Director for the state of Mississippi.
Q: You’ve spent most of your career leading research about HIV and PrEP use, specifically focused on young Black men who have sex with men (MSM) in the South and other marginalized communities affected by HIV. How did you come to select these topics as the focus of your career?
I trained in infectious diseases in New Orleans because I wanted to become an HIV specialist. I worked with my mentor Dave Martin, who specializes in sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and I gained appreciation for the importance of doing research around sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and sexual health. By the time I came to Mississippi as STD Medical Director, in many ways, I didn’t see the difference between STD prevention and HIV prevention.
When pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and PrEP data became available, I felt that I could significantly help by offering effective protection to individuals who are disproportionally affected by HIV. PrEP was a form of protection that no longer required a controlled, co-collaboration with a partner as condoms do – people could use PrEP on their own time. Granted, we know at least with men who have sex with men (MSM) and certainly with transgender women, PrEP allows for less than perfect adherence, and yet it is very effective.
Q: According to your 2020 article, “A Mobile Intervention to Improve Uptake of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for Southern Black Men Who Have Sex With Men: Protocol for Intervention Development and Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial,” Jackson, Mississippi has “the second-highest AIDS diagnosis rate in the nation and the highest rate of HIV infection for young, urban Black MSM.” What additional barriers to PrEP uptake and HIV care do young Black MSM face?
In the South, many of our states have not expanded Medicaid—which complicates the ability for high-risk populations like MSM and transgender women of color who do not have health insurance to access PrEP. It represents a significant poverty barrier that goes against the efforts of public health professionals working hard to bridge treatment gaps in high-risk communities. Clinical carriers are also often in the position to provide PrEP because they see high-risk HIV-negative patients who could benefit from treatment. However, these providers often do not provide services in a culturally competent and sex-positive environment.
In addition to these structural barriers, there is still a lot of patient hesitation and social stigma associated with HIV treatment and prevention. The care continuum for people living with HIV, compared to those working to prevent HIV, is slightly different. When living with HIV, you know that you have a disease and it is easier to convey the idea that without treatment, bad things can happen. With prevention, individuals that otherwise live as healthy people do not have much of an incentive or desire to take medication.
PrEP, at the end of the day, is an intervention that requires people to access and use our health care system—but our health care system itself is an uphill battle in many ways. For those who are HIV-negative and are trying to access PrEP, their motivation to overcome these challenges is less intense because they do not have a disease.
In my experience, oftentimes when I use the word “risk,” I feel that it gives an opportunity for my patients to exclude themselves and say, “Well, I’m not really at risk.” At that point, it becomes an issue about patients’ competing priorities, which may not allow them to access PrEP. Young people may be busy with school, their relationships, or their own lives in general. In particular, their relationship status can impact how people navigate the PrEP process as individuals sometimes feel the need to hide the medication from their partner.
Q: Additionally, in your 2019 study entitled, “Intervention Messaging About Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Use Among Young, Black Sexual Minority Men,” you found that targeted PrEP messaging for young Black MSM actually discourages PrEP use due to enhanced feelings of marginalization. The study concluded that “broad and inclusive messaging would be just as relevant and cause less stigma.” How can we apply these findings to improve culturally competent HIV testing, health literacy, and PrEP services for this high-risk group?
Although we are familiar with community-based participatory research, we must ensure that our interventions and approaches are informed by the communities we are trying to serve. We must bring the conversations to our target communities and directly ask how they want to engage with these topics. One of the things that we learned in Jackson was that Black men did not want to hear about PrEP as just something for Black MSM. Rather, these men wanted to reduce further stigma by learning about PrEP through a more holistic approach and hearing it spoken of as a benefit for all people who are at risk for HIV.
In our clinics, we talk about HIV prevention in the context of many other things, which include cardiovascular risk, obesity, depression, and other diseases and conditions. This makes HIV prevention stand out less among other potential diseases for these high-risk populations. Through efforts like these, we must work to avoid further harm to these communities from our interventions and approaches.
Q: The theme for World AIDS Day this year is “Ending the HIV/AIDS Epidemic: Resilience and Impact” and one of the indicators used to measure progress is PrEP coverage, underscoring the importance of increasing PrEP use among underserved populations. What would be your message to the HIV community on World AIDS Day?
I think that this year has been a year of reckoning. COVID-19 has emphasized that despite previous efforts to eliminate the HIV epidemic, we must be even more deliberate in making sure our approaches are equitable. No population should be left behind – we need to invest in these communities that have not benefitted from all our scientific advances.


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Where Is This - Swimming Knives [Violent Noise Atrocities - 2011]A tidy little tape from Where Is This, on Violent Noise Atrocities. One track on each side, both just shy of fifteen minutes; and both solid slabs of active Harsh Noise Walls. The spartan inlay tells the listener that the sounds were inspired by: Dylan Moran’s stand-up, Laurie Metcalf in “Scream 2” and the play “Shopping and Fucking” by Mark Ravenhill - none of which have crossed my path.
The first side, containing “Some Quiet Time With Debbie Salt”, starts off with a wall of throbbing bass churn, on the verge of breaking up. Periodically, there are little escapes of treble crackle; before these elements rise up and become a integral flickering. Its a very hesitant, stuttering wall. Its almost as if it were a cloaking device, created to hide something underneath; some buried sounds which become just about unrecognisable. If memory serves, there’s a scene in “Aliens” where someone lifts a floor panel, to reveal a multitude of creatures slithering over each other - thats the feel of this track. A writhing mass of reptilian limbs, made indistinct through the darkness and the adjusting of the eye. Except that instead of being a short, sharp shock; we watch a slow-burning, grainy shot. Its a very strong, burning wall; with very little sense of stasis. It ends wonderfully, with a little cough.
The second side, “I’m Sick And I’ll Never Be Well”, smashes through the speakers with a hard wall of growling bass - a really scathing entry. Submerged in this are looping, fuzzy crackles, and distant feedback squeals; again, there’s a very real sense of movement. The track builds quickly into a hail of driving rain, before a really dirty, crunchy wall emerges. This fast moving wall, with its marauding bass and juddering mid-frequencies, then races towards the end of the tape - only slowing for a short passage of treble sculpting.
This is a very solid tape - thats the keyword: “solid”. Two tracks of strong walls, carefully constructed and possessing a real depth of detail - “Some Quiet Time With Debbie Salt”, in particular. Both have a striking sense of movement - the first side due to the lack of stasis, the second due to its rampaging speed - and both have very brutal elements, centring around the bass frequencies. Its a very strong, solid release; which improves with each listen.Martin P

domain: artistic


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This is a chic Nagoya obi
with 'temari'(ball for girls), spinning top and Fukusa on 'kasumi'(mist) pattern, which is woven.
It also has a design such as shogi(Japanese chess) and igo(game of go).
Textile is exquisite silk and has soft and smooth touch.
The snags on maegara(front patterned part) are quite tiny.
And when you start wrapping the obi from your left tummy to right(Rotate obi clockwise), they will be hidden.
Please check detail photos.
As a whole, it is in very good condition!
Please enjoy its stylish fashion!

domain: design


text:
At first glance, Wright's myth-infused fantasy looks like something older Harry Potter fans might enjoy with its creaky British boarding school setting and its five ageless orphans—Colin, Quentin, Victor, Vanity and Amelia—each with a supernatural gift. But the underlying theme of dominance and submission plus a fair amount of physics and theology make this definitely a book for adults. A spanking scene involving the precocious Amelia Armstrong Windrose, who can travel into the fourth dimension, may offend some readers, but others will find it playful. Wright (Mists of Everness) doesn't fully develop the intriguing premise of these unusual students trapped in a school run by Greek gods as hostages in a bizarre war, but presumably he'll do so in later installments. Those who like sophisticated fantasy with a mild erotic charge will be most rewarded.
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
In the first installment of the Chronicles of Chaos series, common associations of high school with prison prove spectacularly well founded. The five teen protagonists are hostages in a British boarding school run by pagan gods. Sustaining themes of lost identity from Wright's respected Golden Age trilogy and heavily borrowing from the work of Roger Zelazny, the narrative charts the teens' discovery of their true identities--they're shape-shifters who hail from Chaos--then pits their budding powers against school authorities who have proceeded from acting in loco parentis to being ominous and occasionally lascivious oppressors. Phaethusa, who goes by Amelia after her aviatrix role model, narrates the rich and frequently comic intrigue, which takes full advantage of the alluring juxtapositions that arise when the soul of a "montrosity from beyond the edge of space and time" is trapped in a nubile teen's heaving breast. Mythological references and discursions on the nature of reality may prove substantial barriers for some; Wright's growing fandom will revel in his overlapping frames of reference. Jennifer Mattson
Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
I was surprised that I did not enjoy this book because I loved Wright's Golden Age trilogy. But the writing in Orphans of Chaos and the other books in this series (I made it... Read morePublished 4 months ago by m888
I actually got this when it was free for the kindle, then had to buy the DTB editions for the second two. I did like it enough to eventually do a re-read. Read morePublished 6 months ago by Christopher J. Moran
It's great. if you like the premise, you will like the novel. The only drawback, as with a lot of Wright's books, is that he packs so many interesting events, digressions,... Read morePublished 8 months ago by maniac
Full disclosure: I always read the one-star reviews before I buy anything. With this one, what they were saying--sexism, rape fantasies, general creepiness about the main... Read morePublished 8 months ago by Modern Xena
It sucked me in. A great book to read to take your mind off everything else.Published 10 months ago by van Oene
If there were negative stars, I would choose minus 5.
The author is pompous, patronizingly pedantic & miserably misogynistic. Read more
Realy good story and charcotor's the only reason I gave it 4 and not 5 stars is becoucse it's a hard readPublished 13 months ago by JMW
Readers should be aware that this trilogy is really one story broken up into 3 separate books, and the entire ride is great from beginning to end. Read morePublished 16 months ago by Chris
Not terrible, but this book, and the other one in the series, could use some seasoning of experience on the writer's part. Perhaps this is an up-and-coming writer?Published 19 months ago by Nadia

domain: library


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STORY – 1
DIRECTOR – 1
ACTOR – 1
MUSIC – 0
CULT – 1
VERDICT – 4/5
1) Captain Sale is looking for his daughter’s killers in 1910 Hong Kong, ruled by secret Red Dragon Tong crime family.
2) It’s amusing to see many British actors playing Chinese characters.
3) Christopher Lee as Chung King is at his evil best. He’s not an ordinary villain but a man of strong principles who decided to sacrifice himself instead of abandoning his den. Milton Reid as his silent henchman is equally intimidating.
4) Yvonne Monlaur as Lee is almost unrecognisable in her mixed-race avatar playing the femme fatale.
Chung King: He that loves pleasure shall by pleasure fall.


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text:
The former Willows Medical Centre in Carlton could soon become a funeral parlour and flats
A planning application has been submitted by funeral service A.W Lynn, to Gedling Borough Council to turn the previous surgery into a funeral parlour and flats.
The first floor of the medical centre would be available for residential accommodation; the ground floor would become a funeral parlour.
The centre was closed in June last year by the Care Quality Commission after a healthcare assistant posed as a doctor and carried out internal examinations without being qualified.
A decision is expected to be reached on the application by the end of April 2017


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Most of the Yankees were privately confident they would play at the Skydome tonight. The players and the owners were too close on the issues, the thinking went, to risk the harm a strike would cause.
Mike Stanton, the Yankees' player representative, slept for no more than two hours at a time Thursday night, keeping pace with negotiations by phone. All along, Stanton said, the players understood they would not be able to gain anything in the new deal. It was a matter of how much they were willing to concede.
But there were other factors. ''The way everything is right now, with Sept. 11 coming, with the state of the world, the state of the nation,'' Stanton said. ''We've been saying the whole time that we're trying to be sentimental to the fans' feelings. I think we did that.''
The players were prepared to strike, Stanton said, but nobody wanted to. Veteran Yankees want another shot at the postseason, and new Yankees want their first one.Continue reading the main story
Rondell White was a member of the first-place Montreal Expos in 1994, when a strike canceled the season. White said he saw news of this settlement on TV today and told his girlfriend, ''All right -- here we go.'' It was time, his tone suggested, to re-ignite a season that never stopped.
The Yankees did that tonight, outlasting the Toronto Blue Jays, 9-7. Jeff Weaver worked six solid innings and Alfonso Soriano homered twice. Soriano has 34 homers and 36 stolen bases, putting him on pace to become the fourth player in history with 40 in both categories in one season.
''I don't want to think about 40-40,'' Soriano said. ''If I think about 40-40, I go to home plate trying to hit home runs. If I try to hit home runs, that never happens.''
With the victory, the Yankees maintained an eight-and-a-half-game lead over Boston in the American League East. This is a familiar position for the Yankees, heading toward September hoping to put away the division. ''We need to go full steam ahead and not look back,'' David Wells said before the game. ''We need to regroup tonight and try to run away with this.''
The Yankees seemed to be running away early tonight, before a Blue Jays comeback against Weaver and a weary Stanton made things close. Toronto narrowed the lead to 8-6 before Soriano's second homer, in the ninth.
Bernie Williams, whose chase for a second batting title can resume with the season saved, bashed a two-run homer off Pete Walker in the first, and Soriano homered in the three-run second. Jorge Posada's three-run double in the fifth put the Yankees ahead by 8-0.
Weaver (8-11) started in place of Andy Pettitte, who has a stiff lower back and is scheduled to start again Wednesday. The Yankees will need to see more from each starter to determine who will pitch in the playoffs. No starter has been dominant, but all have been effective at times.
Closer Mariano Rivera is expected back by October, though his recovery from a strained right shoulder has barely begun. Rivera, who has not pitched in more than two weeks, will resume throwing next week in Tampa, Fla.
Manager Joe Torre was happy to discuss those kinds of topics again. Torre never expected a strike, and though players shared his optimism, Torre noticed a difference in their demeanor with the threat removed.
''I think they were on that fence last night, even though the news they were getting from Mike was positive,'' Torre said. ''Until you dot the I's and cross the T's, nobody knows for sure, especially knowing if there's no deal, guys start dispersing. That's always a concern, and I think that was probably in the back of their minds. But they all seemed to be in a better frame of mind today.''
The players were not unanimously pleased with the agreement. Wells said the owners were ''nitpicking'' the players, and he criticized Commissioner Bud Selig for supposedly trying to break the union.''Bud is a knucklehead,'' Wells said. ''I'm the only one who has the guts to say it.''
Mike Mussina, the assistant player representative, said he was not upset with the deal because he knew the system had to be changed to help teams meet their payrolls. Like Stanton, Mussina implied that the players remembered the fans.
''It would have been tragic if we weren't on the field today,'' Mussina said. ''We made concessions in areas that, eight years ago, we never would have thought of making. Apparently, that's what it took to get us out there.''
Torre was incredulous when asked if baseball would suffer from this summer's labor war. The fans, Torre said, had not missed anything. The game never left, and the players were thankful for that.
''If we had a strike or a work stoppage of any kind, it would have done a lot of damage,'' third baseman Ron Coomer said. ''People say it would have ruined baseball, but nothing's going to ruin baseball. There's nothing we can do or the owners can do to ruin baseball. It's stronger than all that. But I am really happy that we're going to play.''
After the game, the Yankees recalled outfielder JUAN RIVERA from Class AAA Columbus and sent down pitcher MIKE THURMAN, who will rejoin the team Tuesday. Adding another position player gives the Yankees more postseason flexibility. . . . Manager JOE TORRE said the Yankees were planning to activate first baseman NICK JOHNSON from the disabled list on Monday. Johnson, who has a sprained left wrist, will begin a rehabilitation assignment for Class AAA Columbus on Saturday.Continue reading the main story

domain: sports


text:
Within one week of waking up and noticing a lump on her breast, Jodie Grant was diagnosed with Breast Cancer. Pregnant at the time, Jodie had to make the heart breaking decision of aborting the baby in hope of her own survival.
After having the cancer removed and dealing with five and a half months of chemotherapy, Jodie nearly died due to an anaplhaxis reaction and spent the next 12 days in hospital.
Jodie’s husband had to give up work to look after her and the children. Financially the Grant Family have found it very tough to survive and enlisted in the help of WA Charity Direct by helping pay medical bills and living expenses.
Breast Cancer Care WA


text:
How much does a Marketing Graphic Designer make in La Grange, IL? The average Marketing Graphic Designer salary in La Grange, IL is $46,191 as of May 13, 2019, but the salary range typically falls between $39,425 and $52,982. Salary ranges can vary widely depending on many important factors, including education, certifications, additional skills, the number of years you have spent in your profession. With more online, real-time compensation data than any other website, Salary.com helps you determine your exact pay target.
About La Grange, Illinois The village of La Grange (/ləɡreɪndʒ/) (often spelled LaGrange), a suburb of Chicago, is a village in Cook County, in the U.S. state of Illinois. The ....More
La Grange, Illinois area prices were up 0.8% from a year ago View the Cost of Living in La Grange, Illinois
Includes base and annual incentives

domain: geography


text:
The new Charger locomotive has made it down to Portland and is sitting on the lead track for Union Station.
Putting on a dog and pony show for Oregon DOT, a Cascades Talgo heads for Medford on CORP. It was quite incongruous to see the "high speed" train rolling along at 25 MPH on the Siskiyou ... (more)
Amtrak Cascade Non-Powered Control Unit (NPCU) 90252 at the Portland Union Station
A pretty significant mudslide a few days ago has resulted in massive freight traffic backups and the cancellation of all passenger trains, until today. Cascades 509 is passing under the Tacoma Na... (more)
An Amtrak Cascades train heads south behind a "platypus" cab car.
Amtrak Cascade's Mt. Bachelor talgo set stretches across the Steel Bridge as it prepares to head south for a journey down UP's Brooklyn Subdivision.
One of Amtrak's newer Talgo sets embarks on its journey south to Eugene, crossing the Steel Bridge as it does so.
Amtrak's midday southbound Talgo passes the world's largest egg.
Southbound Amtrak Cascades Train 507, headed by the Seahawks-wrapped NPCU rounds the curve at Gordons Point along Puget Sound. While freight traffic will still use the picturesque water level rou... (more)
Southbound Talgo train about to rattle the planks on Bridge 14 at Chambers Bay along Puget Sound. While freight traffic will still use the picturesque water level route from Nisqually to Tacoma t... (more)
Colorado-BoundFour-day-old Siemens SC-44 diesel-electric passenger locomotives WDTX 1402 and 1403 were found in Amtrak’s Redondo Junction engine facility in downtown Los Angeles o... (more)
It Had that “New Locomotive” Smell!Just four days out of the factory, and not yet in service, Washington State Department of Transportation 1402, a Siemens SC-44 diesel-electric... (more)
So Clean You Could Eat Off the Floor – But We Opted Not ToWashington State Department of Transportation 1402, a Siemens SC-44 diesel-electric passenger locomotive, rolled out of t... (more)
With traffic on Union Pacific gridlocked, Talgo shipped its carbodies to Seattle by truck for final assembly. Three of the cars are seen at a truck stop on US 97.
Amtrak 7 leaves downtown Chicago, Illinois with AMTK 469 in the lead.


text:
Coffees of Myanmar
In 2016, Kaldi’s Coffee was honored to be asked to participate in the first ever organized coffee buying trip to Myanmar, formerly known as Burma. Located in southeast Asia, Myanmar borders India, China, and Thailand.
Although Myanmar contains some prime growing regions, they have remained largely unknown to the specialty coffee industry. Controlled by successive military governments over the last 60 years, their industry was limited by self-imposed isolation. Over the last five years, Myanmar has transitioned towards democracy and open trade, and now their government is heavily interested in growing their burgeoning coffee industry and capitalizing on their potential for high quality Arabica coffee.
Read all about our time in Myanmar here.
Myanmar Tet Kone:
Variety: Cataui, S795, Caturra, Catimor
Processing: Natural Process
Region: Southern Shan State, Myanmar
Description: dried berries, blood orange, oaky, semi-sweet chocolate
Myanmar Green Land Farm SL-34:
Variety: SL 34
Description: Green apple, walnut, pomegranate, and honey
Myanmar Green Land Farm Costa Rica:
Variety: Costa Rica
Altitude: 1200 - 1300m
Description: Chocolate, almond, and red apple


text:
Days of Our Lives Spoilers Confirming about the news Eric left
There are rumblings that the dual actor might leave his role on the NBC Sud sir. This chatter comes after talk that the actor may relocate to Charlotte. North Carolina to be close to lady love Angie Harmon. Actress lives full-time and NC, so perhaps Greg is considering relocating there.
However, since he shares custody of his kids with his ex-wife, that might not be practical. of course, there’s the matter of his contract with Days of Our Lives. He’s still under contract for quite a while to play Eric Brady. So it’s doubtful the actor would commute 3,000 miles if he moved to the southeast. So fans can breathe easy for now there are no signs pointing to Eric and his portrayal leaving Salem in DOOL.
DAYS spoilers recall eric’s love life is never blissful, it seems he always falls for the same woman as his brothers. First, there was Nicole whom Brady black staked a claim on even though she was first with Eric. Now, of course, there’s Sarah she’s married to Rex for the moment anyway.
Since the actor him plays Rex Brady raps next month and the actress that plays Sarah is in a long-term contract. There might be a chance that hunky Erik wins Sarah. However, as of now the ex-priest remains unlucky in love. But that could change soon once Nicole is revealed as a fake and Rex stitches Salem. Keep watching to see what’s next for lonely Eric Brady and actor Greg.


text:
In music, fashion, and photography, these on-the-rise creatives are enriching the U.S. and Canada by tapping into their East African roots.
The collection features new pieces of apparel as well as a wide range of accessories.
Head over to TDE’s online store for the new drop.
Both acts will be in attendance at the event later today, April 24.
The label unveiled new shirts in honor of the release.
“I can’t go home yet, cuz enough people ain’t seen my outfit.”
The brand’s “Soul Scene” campaign is inspired by black youth movements from around the world.
Profits from Molly Crabapple’s new design will benefit refugee housing in Greece.
Make a bold statement by mixing new pieces and striking vintage.
Tadashi Yanai said the cost of operating his business would be too high.
Make a statement with these eye-catching t-shirts from U.K.-based designers.


305. EMPLOYMENT OF SUBSTITUTES - Pg.
305. EMPLOYMENT OF SUBSTITUTES
Qualified and competent substitutes for professional and support employees shall be employed by the district in order to provide continuity in the educational programs, operations and services of the schools.
SC 406, 1101, 1106, 1148
The Board shall approve annually the names of potential substitute employees and the positions in which they may substitute.
Additional names may be added to the list of substitutes by the Board during the school year.
Approval shall normally be given to the candidates for employment recommended by the Superintendent.
Utilization of substitutes prior to approval by the Board is authorized when their use is required to maintain continuity in the educational program and services of the district and the candidate has satisfied legal pre-employment requirements. Retroactive approval shall be recommended to the Board at the next regular Board meeting.
A candidate’s misstatement of fact material to qualifications for employment or determination of salary shall constitute grounds for dismissal by the Board.
23 Pa. C.S.A.
The district shall conduct an employment history review in compliance with state law prior to issuing an offer of substitute employment to a candidate. The employment history review shall remain valid as long as the substitute continues to be employed by the district or remains on the approved substitute list. Failure to accurately report required information shall subject the candidate to discipline up to, and including, denial of employment or termination if already hired, and may subject the candidate to civil and
criminal penalties. The district may use the information for the purpose of evaluating an applicant’s fitness to be hired or for continued employment and may report the information as permitted by law.
A candidate shall not be employed until the individual has complied with the mandatory background check requirements for criminal history and child abuse and the district has evaluated the results of that screening process.
SC 111, 111.1
Each candidate shall report, on the designated form, arrests and convictions as specified on the form. Candidates shall likewise report arrests and/or convictions that occur subsequent to initially submitting the form. Failure to accurately report such arrests and convictions may subject the individual to denial of employment, termination if already hired, and/or criminal prosecution.
SC 1109, 1201
Sec. 49.1 et seq
A candidate for employment in the district shall not receive a recommendation for employment without evidence of his/her certification when such certification is required.
Substitutes shall be paid on a per diem basis at a rate set annually by the Board for various classes of employees.
Substitutes assigned for the same professional employee for 45 or more days shall be compensated at a rate equal to that of a temporary professional employee approved by the Board.
2. Delegation of Responsibility
The Superintendent or designee shall develop administrative regulations regarding employment of substitutes.
The administration may seek recommendations from former employers and others to assess the candidate’s qualifications. Such recommendations and references shall be retained confidentially and for official use only.
School Code – 24 P.S. Sec. 108, 111, 111.1, 406, 1101, 1106, 1109, 1148, 1201
State Board of Education Regulations – 22 PA Code Sec. 8.1 et seq., 49.1 et seq.
Child Protective Services Law – 23 Pa. C.S.A. Sec. 6301 et seq.
Educator Discipline Act – 24 P. S. Sec. 2070.2
Board Policy – 000, 104
This policy applies to substitutes directly employed by the district. Policy 818 - Contracted Services, would apply to substitutes hired through independent contractors.


text:
The former principal of Shuqun Secondary School, where a boy was filmed hitting the heads of two other boys repeatedly in a viral video last September, has spoken out against the online criticism of the school and the "bully".
In a lengthy Facebook post, Mr Chia Hai Siang, who headed the school from 2012 till the end of last year when he left the education service, said that many netizens had made "false accusations" and "derisory comments" without full knowledge of the facts, and this was unfair to the school, its staff, students and alumni.
In fact, one of his students said the way that the adults behaved online made the students afraid to go out in public in their uniforms after school and to participate in social media, he recounted.
She had asked: "How is this not bullying?"
"I had no answer for her," Mr Chia wrote in the post, which he hashtagged #howisthisnotbullying.
In his post, he shared a photo of the three boys taken on the first day they returned to school after the incident, and said that they had become friends again that day.
He wrote: "The 'bully' apologised in person and in writing to both victims and to the class. Both victims forgave him and they were friends again within two hours."
He added that the boy was dealt with according to school rules and all the parents involved were satisfied with the actions of the school.
In fact, two weeks after the incident, the mother of one of them withdrew a police report that she had made as she was satisfied with how the school had handled the incident, he wrote.
Both the victims also wrote to him to say that they felt sorry for their friend. The three boys and their classmates volunteered to bake brownies and make drinks for visitors during the school's open house in November, to help repair the damage caused to the school's reputation.
"I am very proud of them," Mr Chia wrote.
He said that he was not leaving because of the incident. He had decided to further his studies before the incident happened.
He then derided the "sensationalised" reporting of the incident, and said that he had not responded more actively to online reports because he did not want to encourage irresponsible reports.
Such reports might have fed some of the extreme online vitriol, he said.
"These included many threats by netizens, such as 'If I see the boy, I will bash his skull in', 'Let me give him a taste of his own medicine'... There were false accusations of gang connections and that the boy was a compulsive bully," he wrote.
The post has been shared more than 3,000 times since it was posted yesterday morning.
Minister for Culture, Community and Youth Grace Fu shared the post and said: "Many thoughtful and heartfelt reflections worth our consideration. All of us users of social media have a responsibility to other users, in what we 'like' and share, and in our comments."

domain: sociology


text:
Neuroplasticity is an inherent feature of the enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal (GI) innervation under pathological conditions. However, the pathophysiological role of neuroplasticity in GI disorders remains unknown. Novel experimental models which allow simulation and modulation of GI neuroplasticity may enable enhanced appreciation of the contribution of neuroplasticity in particular GI diseases such as pancreatic cancer (PCa) and chronic pancreatitis (CP). Here, we present a protocol for simulation of pancreatic neuroplasticity under in vitro conditions using newborn rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and myenteric plexus (MP) neurons. This dual-neuron approach not only permits monitoring of both organ-intrinsic and -extrinsic neuroplasticity, but also represents a valuable tool to assess neuronal and glial morphology and electrophysiology. Moreover, it allows functional modulation of supplied microenvironmental contents for studying their impact on neuroplasticity. Once established, the present neuroplasticity assay bears the potential of being applicable to the study of neuroplasticity in any GI organ.
17 Related JoVE Articles!
Impact Assessment of Repeated Exposure of Organotypic 3D Bronchial and Nasal Tissue Culture Models to Whole Cigarette Smoke
Institutions: Philip Morris Products S.A..
Cigarette smoke (CS) has a major impact on lung biology and may result in the development of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or lung cancer. To understand the underlying mechanisms of disease development, it would be important to examine the impact of CS exposure directly on lung tissues. However, this approach is difficult to implement in epidemiological studies because lung tissue sampling is complex and invasive. Alternatively, tissue culture models can facilitate the assessment of exposure impacts on the lung tissue. Submerged 2D cell cultures, such as normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cell cultures, have traditionally been used for this purpose. However, they cannot be exposed directly to smoke in a similar manner to the in vivo
exposure situation. Recently developed 3D tissue culture models better reflect the in vivo
situation because they can be cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI). Their basal sides are immersed in the culture medium; whereas, their apical sides are exposed to air. Moreover, organotypic tissue cultures that contain different type of cells, better represent the physiology of the tissue in vivo
. In this work, the utilization of an in vitro
exposure system to expose human organotypic bronchial and nasal tissue models to mainstream CS is demonstrated. Ciliary beating frequency and the activity of cytochrome P450s (CYP) 1A1/1B1 were measured to assess functional impacts of CS on the tissues. Furthermore, to examine CS-induced alterations at the molecular level, gene expression profiles were generated from the tissues following exposure. A slight increase in CYP1A1/1B1 activity was observed in CS-exposed tissues compared with air-exposed tissues. A network-and transcriptomics-based systems biology approach was sufficiently robust to demonstrate CS-induced alterations of xenobiotic metabolism that were similar to those observed in the bronchial and nasal epithelial cells obtained from smokers.
Bioengineering, Issue 96, human organotypic bronchial epithelial, 3D culture, in vitro exposure system, cigarette smoke, cilia beating, xenobiotic metabolism, network models, systems toxicology
Creating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET: Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking
Institutions: Yale University, Yale University, Yale University, Yale University, Massachusetts General Hospital, University of California, Irvine.
We describe experimental and statistical steps for creating dopamine movies of the brain from dynamic PET data. The movies represent minute-to-minute fluctuations of dopamine induced by smoking a cigarette. The smoker is imaged during a natural smoking experience while other possible confounding effects (such as head motion, expectation, novelty, or aversion to smoking repeatedly) are minimized.
We present the details of our unique analysis. Conventional methods for PET analysis estimate time-invariant kinetic model parameters which cannot capture short-term fluctuations in neurotransmitter release. Our analysis - yielding a dopamine movie - is based on our work with kinetic models and other decomposition techniques that allow for time-varying parameters 1-7
. This aspect of the analysis - temporal-variation - is key to our work. Because our model is also linear in parameters, it is practical, computationally, to apply at the voxel level. The analysis technique is comprised of five main steps: pre-processing, modeling, statistical comparison, masking and visualization. Preprocessing is applied to the PET data with a unique 'HYPR' spatial filter 8
that reduces spatial noise but preserves critical temporal information. Modeling identifies the time-varying function that best describes the dopamine effect on 11
C-raclopride uptake. The statistical step compares the fit of our (lp-ntPET) model 7
to a conventional model 9
. Masking restricts treatment to those voxels best described by the new model. Visualization maps the dopamine function at each voxel to a color scale and produces a dopamine movie. Interim results and sample dopamine movies of cigarette smoking are presented.
Behavior, Issue 78, Neuroscience, Neurobiology, Molecular Biology, Biomedical Engineering, Medicine, Anatomy, Physiology, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Receptors, Dopamine, Dopamine, Functional Neuroimaging, Binding, Competitive, mathematical modeling (systems analysis), Neurotransmission, transient, dopamine release, PET, modeling, linear, time-invariant, smoking, F-test, ventral-striatum, clinical techniques
Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
Institutions: Stanford University .
The endothelium is a delicate monolayer of cells that lines all blood vessels, and which comprises the systemic and lymphatic capillaries. By virtue of the panoply of paracrine factors that it secretes, the endothelium regulates the contractile and proliferative state of the underlying vascular smooth muscle, as well as the interaction of the vessel wall with circulating blood elements. Because of its central role in mediating vessel tone and growth, its position as gateway to circulating immune cells, and its local regulation of hemostasis and coagulation, the the properly functioning endothelium is the key to cardiovascular health. Conversely, the earliest disorder in most vascular diseases is endothelial dysfunction.
In the arterial circulation, the healthy endothelium generally exerts a vasodilator influence on the vascular smooth muscle. There are a number of methods to assess endothelial vasodilator function. The Endo-PAT 2000 is a new device that is used to assess endothelial vasodilator function in a rapid and non-invasive fashion. Unlike the commonly used technique of duplex ultra-sonography to assess flow-mediated vasodilation, it is totally non-operator-dependent, and the equipment is an order of magnitude less expensive. The device records endothelium-mediated changes in the digital pulse waveform known as the PAT ( peripheral Arterial Tone) signal, measured with a pair of novel modified plethysmographic probes situated on the finger index of each hand. Endothelium-mediated changes in the PAT signal are elicited by creating a downstream hyperemic response. Hyperemia is induced by occluding blood flow through the brachial artery for 5 minutes using an inflatable cuff on one hand. The response to reactive hyperemia is calculated automatically by the system. A PAT ratio is created using the post and pre occlusion values. These values are normalized to measurements from the contra-lateral arm, which serves as control for non-endothelial dependent systemic effects. Most notably, this normalization controls for fluctuations in sympathetic nerve outflow that may induce changes in peripheral arterial tone that are superimposed on the hyperemic response.
In this video we demonstrate how to use the Endo-PAT 2000 to perform a clinically relevant assessment of endothelial vasodilator function.
Medicine, Issue 44, endothelium, endothelial dysfunction, Endo-PAT 2000, peripheral arterial tone, reactive hyperemia
Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
Institutions: Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Hasselt University, Hasselt University, Leuven University.
The microcirculation consists of blood vessels with diameters less than 150 µm. It makes up a large part of the circulatory system and plays an important role in maintaining cardiovascular health. The retina is a tissue that lines the interior of the eye and it is the only tissue that allows for a non-invasive analysis of the microvasculature. Nowadays, high-quality fundus images can be acquired using digital cameras. Retinal images can be collected in 5 min or less, even without dilatation of the pupils. This unobtrusive and fast procedure for visualizing the microcirculation is attractive to apply in epidemiological studies and to monitor cardiovascular health from early age up to old age.
Systemic diseases that affect the circulation can result in progressive morphological changes in the retinal vasculature. For example, changes in the vessel calibers of retinal arteries and veins have been associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis, and increased risk of stroke and myocardial infarction. The vessel widths are derived using image analysis software and the width of the six largest arteries and veins are summarized in the Central Retinal Arteriolar Equivalent (CRAE) and the Central Retinal Venular Equivalent (CRVE). The latter features have been shown useful to study the impact of modifiable lifestyle and environmental cardiovascular disease risk factors.
The procedures to acquire fundus images and the analysis steps to obtain CRAE and CRVE are described. Coefficients of variation of repeated measures of CRAE and CRVE are less than 2% and within-rater reliability is very high. Using a panel study, the rapid response of the retinal vessel calibers to short-term changes in particulate air pollution, a known risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, is reported. In conclusion, retinal imaging is proposed as a convenient and instrumental tool for epidemiological studies to study microvascular responses to cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Medicine, Issue 92, retina, microvasculature, image analysis, Central Retinal Arteriolar Equivalent, Central Retinal Venular Equivalent, air pollution, particulate matter, black carbon
A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
Institutions: Elon University, Elon University, Duquesne University, Elon University.
Concussions are occurring at alarming rates in the United States and have become a serious public health concern. The CDC estimates that 1.6 to 3.8 million concussions occur in sports and recreational activities annually. Concussion as defined by the 2013 Concussion Consensus Statement “may be caused either by a direct blow to the head, face, neck or elsewhere on the body with an ‘impulsive’ force transmitted to the head.” Concussions leave the individual with both short- and long-term effects. The short-term effects of sport related concussions may include changes in playing ability, confusion, memory disturbance, the loss of consciousness, slowing of reaction time, loss of coordination, headaches, dizziness, vomiting, changes in sleep patterns and mood changes. These symptoms typically resolve in a matter of days. However, while some individuals recover from a single concussion rather quickly, many experience lingering effects that can last for weeks or months. The factors related to concussion susceptibility and the subsequent recovery times are not well known or understood at this time. Several factors have been suggested and they include the individual’s concussion history, the severity of the initial injury, history of migraines, history of learning disabilities, history of psychiatric comorbidities, and possibly, genetic factors. Many studies have individually investigated certain factors both the short-term and long-term effects of concussions, recovery time course, susceptibility and recovery. What has not been clearly established is an effective multifaceted approach to concussion evaluation that would yield valuable information related to the etiology, functional changes, and recovery. The purpose of this manuscript is to show one such multifaceted approached which examines concussions using computerized neurocognitive testing, event related potentials, somatosensory perceptual responses, balance assessment, gait assessment and genetic testing.
Medicine, Issue 94, Concussions, Student-Athletes, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Genetics, Cognitive Function, Balance, Gait, Somatosensory
Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression
Institutions: McMaster University, McMaster University, University of Calgary, McMaster University.
Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the frequency of their negative thoughts by actively suppressing them. We aim to identify the neural correlates underlying thought suppression in at-risk and depressed individuals. Three groups of women were studied; a major depressive disorder group, an at-risk group (having a first degree relative with depression) and controls. Participants performed a mixed block-event fMRI paradigm involving thought suppression, free thought and motor control periods. Participants identified the re-emergence of “to-be-suppressed” thoughts (“popping” back into conscious awareness) with a button press. During thought suppression the control group showed the greatest activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. During the re-emergence of intrusive thoughts compared to successful re-suppression of those thoughts, the control group showed the greatest activation of the anterior cingulate cortices, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. At-risk participants displayed anomalies in the neural regulation of thought suppression resembling the dysregulation found in depressed individuals. The predictive value of these changes in the onset of depression remains to be determined.
Behavior, Issue 99, Major Depressive Disorder, Risk, Thought Suppression, fMRI, Women, Rumination, Thought Intrusion
Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
Institutions: University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco.
The vascular endothelium is a monolayer of cells that cover the interior of blood vessels and provide both structural and functional roles. The endothelium acts as a barrier, preventing leukocyte adhesion and aggregation, as well as controlling permeability to plasma components. Functionally, the endothelium affects vessel tone.
Endothelial dysfunction is an imbalance between the chemical species which regulate vessel tone, thombroresistance, cellular proliferation and mitosis. It is the first step in atherosclerosis and is associated with coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, heart failure, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia.
The first demonstration of endothelial dysfunction involved direct infusion of acetylcholine and quantitative coronary angiography. Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors on the endothelial cell surface, leading to an increase of intracellular calcium and increased nitric oxide (NO) production. In subjects with an intact endothelium, vasodilation was observed while subjects with endothelial damage experienced paradoxical vasoconstriction.
There exists a non-invasive, in vivo
method for measuring endothelial function in peripheral arteries using high-resolution B-mode ultrasound. The endothelial function of peripheral arteries is closely related to coronary artery function. This technique measures the percent diameter change in the brachial artery during a period of reactive hyperemia following limb ischemia.
This technique, known as endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) has value in clinical research settings. However, a number of physiological and technical issues can affect the accuracy of the results and appropriate guidelines for the technique have been published. Despite the guidelines, FMD remains heavily operator dependent and presents a steep learning curve. This article presents a standardized method for measuring FMD in the brachial artery on the upper arm and offers suggestions to reduce intra-operator variability.
Medicine, Issue 92, endothelial function, endothelial dysfunction, brachial artery, peripheral artery disease, ultrasound, vascular, endothelium, cardiovascular disease.
A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
Institutions: Bangor University, Russells Hall Hospital, University of Manchester.
The endothelium is the innermost lining of the vasculature and is involved in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Damage to the endothelium may predispose the vessel to atherosclerosis and increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. Assessments of peripheral endothelial function are good indicators of early abnormalities in the vascular wall and correlate well with assessments of coronary endothelial function. The present manuscript details the important methodological steps necessary for the assessment of microvascular endothelial function using laser Doppler imaging with iontophoresis, large vessel endothelial function using flow-mediated dilatation, and carotid atherosclerosis using carotid artery ultrasound. A discussion on the methodological considerations for each of the techniques is also presented, and recommendations are made for future research.
Medicine, Issue 96, Endothelium, Cardiovascular, Flow-mediated dilatation, Carotid intima-media thickness, Atherosclerosis, Nitric oxide, Microvasculature, Laser Doppler Imaging
The Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Measurement of Bi-hemispheric Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on Primary Motor Cortex Metabolism
Institutions: University of Montréal, McGill University, University of Minnesota.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as stroke and depression. Yet, the mechanisms underlying its ability to modulate brain excitability to improve clinical symptoms remains poorly understood 33
. To help improve this understanding, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1
H-MRS) can be used as it allows the in vivo
quantification of brain metabolites such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in a region-specific manner 41
. In fact, a recent study demonstrated that 1
H-MRS is indeed a powerful means to better understand the effects of tDCS on neurotransmitter concentration 34
. This article aims to describe the complete protocol for combining tDCS (NeuroConn MR compatible stimulator) with 1
H-MRS at 3 T using a MEGA-PRESS sequence. We will describe the impact of a protocol that has shown great promise for the treatment of motor dysfunctions after stroke, which consists of bilateral stimulation of primary motor cortices 27,30,31
. Methodological factors to consider and possible modifications to the protocol are also discussed.
Neuroscience, Issue 93, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, transcranial direct current stimulation, primary motor cortex, GABA, glutamate, stroke
Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities
Institutions: Université de Strasbourg.
Opioid-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance severely impact the clinical efficacy of opiates as pain relievers in animals and humans. The molecular mechanisms underlying both phenomena are not well understood and their elucidation should benefit from the study of animal models and from the design of appropriate experimental protocols.
We describe here a methodological approach for inducing, recording and quantifying morphine-induced hyperalgesia as well as for evidencing analgesic tolerance, using the tail-immersion and tail pressure tests in wild-type mice. As shown in the video, the protocol is divided into five sequential steps. Handling and habituation phases allow a safe determination of the basal nociceptive response of the animals. Chronic morphine administration induces significant hyperalgesia as shown by an increase in both thermal and mechanical sensitivity, whereas the comparison of analgesia time-courses after acute or repeated morphine treatment clearly indicates the development of tolerance manifested by a decline in analgesic response amplitude. This protocol may be similarly adapted to genetically modified mice in order to evaluate the role of individual genes in the modulation of nociception and morphine analgesia. It also provides a model system to investigate the effectiveness of potential therapeutic agents to improve opiate analgesic efficacy.
Neuroscience, Issue 89, mice, nociception, tail immersion test, tail pressure test, morphine, analgesia, opioid-induced hyperalgesia, tolerance
A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats
Institutions: Concordia University.
In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during abstinence. Moreover, various environmental challenges can exacerbate this effect, as well as increase ongoing drug intake.
The procedure we describe here highlights the impact of a common environmental challenge, food restriction, on drug craving that is expressed as an augmentation of drug seeking in abstinent rats.
Rats are implanted with chronic intravenous i.v. catheters, and then trained to press a lever for
i.v. heroin over a period of 10-12 days. Following the heroin self-administration phase the rats are removed from the operant conditioning chambers and housed in the animal care facility for a period of at least 14 days. While one group is maintained under unrestricted access to food (sated group), a second group (FDR group) is exposed to a mild food restriction regimen that results in their body weights maintained at 90% of their nonrestricted body weight. On day 14 of food restriction the rats are transferred back to the drug-training environment, and a drug-seeking test is run under extinction conditions (i.e
. lever presses do not result in heroin delivery).
The procedure presented here results in a highly robust augmentation of heroin seeking on test day in the food restricted rats. In addition, compared to the acute food deprivation manipulations we have used before, the current procedure is a more clinically relevant model for the impact of caloric restriction on drug seeking. Moreover, it might be closer to the human condition as the rats are not required to go through an extinction-training phase before the drug-seeking test, which is an integral component of the popular reinstatement procedure.
Behavior, Issue 81, Animal, Drug-Seeking Behavior, Fasting, Substance-Related Disorders, behavioral neuroscience, self-administration, intravenous, drugs, relapse, food restriction
Isolation and Culture of Mouse Primary Pancreatic Acinar Cells
Institutions: Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard.
This protocol permits rapid isolation (in less than 1 hr) of murine pancreatic acini, making it possible to maintain them in culture for more than one week. More than 20 x 106
acinar cells can be obtained from a single murine pancreas. This protocol offers the possibility to independently process as many as 10 pancreases in parallel. Because it preserves acinar architecture, this model is well suited for studying the physiology of the exocrine pancreas in vitro
in contrast to cell lines established from pancreatic tumors, which display many genetic alterations resulting in partial or total loss of their acinar differentiation.
Cancer Biology, Issue 78, Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology, Biomedical Engineering, Medicine, Anatomy, Physiology, Surgery, Oncology, Pancreas, Exocrine, Cells, Cultured, Mice, Primary Cell Culture, Exocrine pancreas, Cell culture, Primary acinar cells, Mouse, pancreatic cancer, cancer, tumor, tissue, animal model
Preparation of Pancreatic Acinar Cells for the Purpose of Calcium Imaging, Cell Injury Measurements, and Adenoviral Infection
Institutions: Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Tufts University Medical Center.
The pancreatic acinar cell is the main parenchymal cell of the exocrine pancreas and plays a primary role in the secretion of pancreatic enzymes into the pancreatic duct. It is also the site for the initiation of pancreatitis. Here we describe how acinar cells are isolated from whole pancreas tissue and intracellular calcium signals are measured. In addition, we describe the techniques of transfecting these cells with adenoviral constructs, and subsequently measuring the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, a marker of cell injury, during conditions that induce acinar cell injury in vitro
. These techniques provide a powerful tool to characterize acinar cell physiology and pathology.
Cancer Biology, Issue 77, Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology, Medicine, Biochemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Acinar Cells, Pancreatitis, Transfection, Microscopy, Confocal, Calcium Signaling, Pancreatic Acinar Cells, Pancreatitis, Calcium Signaling, Cytotoxicity, LDH Leakage, cell injury, imaging
Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
Institutions: University of Zurich.
Mori's Uncanny Valley Hypothesis1,2
proposes that the perception of humanlike characters such as robots and, by extension, avatars (computer-generated characters) can evoke negative or positive affect (valence) depending on the object's degree of visual and behavioral realism along a dimension of human likeness
) (Figure 1
). But studies of affective valence of subjective responses to variously realistic non-human characters have produced inconsistent findings 3, 4, 5, 6
. One of a number of reasons for this is that human likeness is not perceived as the hypothesis assumes. While the DHL can be defined following Mori's description as a smooth linear change in the degree of physical humanlike similarity, subjective perception of objects along the DHL can be understood in terms of the psychological effects of categorical perception (CP) 7
. Further behavioral and neuroimaging investigations of category processing and CP along the DHL and of the potential influence of the dimension's underlying category structure on affective experience are needed. This protocol therefore focuses on the DHL and allows examination of CP. Based on the protocol presented in the video as an example, issues surrounding the methodology in the protocol and the use in "uncanny" research of stimuli drawn from morph continua to represent the DHL are discussed in the article that accompanies the video. The use of neuroimaging and morph stimuli to represent the DHL in order to disentangle brain regions neurally responsive to physical human-like similarity from those responsive to category change and category processing is briefly illustrated.
Behavior, Issue 76, Neuroscience, Neurobiology, Molecular Biology, Psychology, Neuropsychology, uncanny valley, functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI, categorical perception, virtual reality, avatar, human likeness, Mori, uncanny valley hypothesis, perception, magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, imaging, clinical techniques
A Protocol for Detecting and Scavenging Gas-phase Free Radicals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke
Institutions: CDCF-AOX Lab, Cornell University.
Cigarette smoking is associated with human cancers. It has been reported that most of the lung cancer deaths are caused by cigarette smoking 5,6,7,12
. Although tobacco tars and related products in the particle phase of cigarette smoke are major causes of carcinogenic and mutagenic related diseases, cigarette smoke contains significant amounts of free radicals that are also considered as an important group of carcinogens9,10
. Free radicals attack cell constituents by damaging protein structure, lipids and DNA sequences and increase the risks of developing various types of cancers. Inhaled radicals produce adducts that contribute to many of the negative health effects of tobacco smoke in the lung3
. Studies have been conducted to reduce free radicals in cigarette smoke to decrease risks of the smoking-induced damage. It has been reported that haemoglobin and heme-containing compounds could partially scavenge nitric oxide, reactive oxidants and carcinogenic volatile nitrosocompounds of cigarette smoke4
. A 'bio-filter' consisted of haemoglobin and activated carbon was used to scavenge the free radicals and to remove up to 90% of the free radicals from cigarette smoke14
. However, due to the cost-ineffectiveness, it has not been successfully commercialized. Another study showed good scavenging efficiency of shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine8
. In the present study, we report a protocol for introducing common natural antioxidant extracts into the cigarette filter for scavenging gas phase free radicals in cigarette smoke and measurement of the scavenge effect on gas phase free radicals in mainstream cigarette smoke (MCS) using spin-trapping Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy1,2,14
. We showed high scavenging capacity of lycopene and grape seed extract which could point to their future application in cigarette filters. An important advantage of these prospective scavengers is that they can be obtained in large quantities from byproducts of tomato or wine industry respectively11,13
Bioengineering, Issue 59, Cigarette smoke, free radical, spin-trap, ESR
Isolation of Mouse Respiratory Epithelial Cells and Exposure to Experimental Cigarette Smoke at Air Liquid Interface
Institutions: Harvard Medical School, University of Pittsburgh.
Pulmonary epithelial cells can be isolated from the respiratory tract of mice and cultured at air-liquid interface (ALI) as a model of differentiated respiratory epithelium. A protocol is described for isolating and exposing these cells to mainstream cigarette smoke (CS), in order to study epithelial cell responses to CS exposure. The protocol consists of three parts: the isolation of airway epithelial cells from mouse trachea, the culturing of these cells at air-liquid interface (ALI) as fully differentiated epithelial cells, and the delivery of calibrated mainstream CS to these cells in culture. The ALI culture system allows the culture of respiratory epithelia under conditions that more closely resemble their physiological setting than ordinary liquid culture systems. The study of molecular and lung cellular responses to CS exposure is a critical component of understanding the impact of environmental air pollution on human health. Research findings in this area may ultimately contribute towards understanding the etiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other tobacco-related diseases, which represent major global health problems.
Medicine, Issue 48, Air-Liquid Interface, Cell isolation, Cigarette smoke, Epithelial cells
Methods to Evaluate Cytotoxicity and Immunosuppression of Combustible Tobacco Product Preparations
Institutions: Wake Forest University Health Sciences, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.
Among other pathophysiological changes, chronic exposure to cigarette smoke causes inflammation and immune suppression, which have been linked to increased susceptibility of smokers to microbial infections and tumor incidence. Ex vivo
suppression of receptor-mediated immune responses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) treated with smoke constituents is an attractive approach to study mechanisms and evaluate the likely long-term effects of exposure to tobacco products. Here, we optimized methods to perform ex vivo
assays using PBMCs stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide, a Toll-like receptor-4 ligand. The effects of whole smoke-conditioned medium (WS-CM), a combustible tobacco product preparation (TPP), and nicotine were investigated on cytokine secretion and target cell killing by PBMCs in the ex vivo
assays. We show that secreted cytokines IFN-γ, TNF, IL-10, IL-6, and IL-8 and intracellular cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, and MIP-1α were suppressed in WS-CM-exposed PBMCs. The cytolytic function of effector PBMCs, as determined by a K562 target cell killing assay was also reduced by exposure to WS-CM; nicotine was minimally effective in these assays. In summary, we present a set of improved assays to evaluate the effects of TPPs in ex vivo
assays, and these methods could be readily adapted for testing other products of interest.
Immunology, Issue 95, Tobacco product preparation, whole smoke-conditioned medium, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMC, lipopolysaccharide, cell death, secreted cytokines, intracellular cytokines, K562 killing assay.


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A bill being called one of the most significant workplace reforms in decades means many employers will have to change the way they handle sexual harassment claims.
The bill, which passed the U.S. Senate on February 10 with bipartisan support, was led by two senators who don’t typically favor the same legislation: Democrat Kirsten Gillibrand of New York and Republican Lindsey Graham of South Carolina. The Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act had already passed the House, and President Joe Biden has said he will sign it.
The legislation will make it illegal for employers to require employees to take sexual assault and harassment claims to arbitration instead of allowing them to sue in open court under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In addition to banning the practice going forward, the bill voids such policies already in place. It does not, however, affect cases previously settled under arbitration.
What Employers Need to Know
Mandatory arbitration policies are common in many kinds of workplaces, but such policies related to sexual harassment and assault now need to change.
“Employers should use this legislation as an opportunity to review their policy language in the harassment area, clean up as necessary and . . . review and change any arbitration documents to comply with what will be a new law,” Richard J. Morgan, an attorney with Burr & Forman LLP in Columbia, South Carolina, says.
The new legislation basically takes sexual harassment cases “back in court where Title VII cases historically have been,” Morgan says. “It will require employers who use mandatory arbitration clauses to review and revise those documents.”
With mandatory arbitration off the table, employers need other ways of handling claims. “Employers should already have in place a robust harassment policy that provides for reporting these cases, investigation of these kinds of cases, along with taking prompt remedial action to address the claims,” Morgan says. “All of these policies should include a nonretaliation component. The policies should be widely communicated and consistently enforced.”
Charles H. Kaplan, an attorney with Hodgson Russ LLP in New York City, also emphasizes the importance of training and reporting mechanisms. “The passage of this legislation is a reminder to employers that they need to have antiharassment policies that they back up with antiharassment training,” he says. “Further, management must carefully investigate and take needed corrective actions when faced with claims of sexual harassment, as well as other claims of unlawful harassment and other employment discrimination and workplace law violation allegations.”
Kaplan also points out civil rights advocates have been pressing to prohibit mandatory arbitration of employment discrimination, wage and hour, and other workplace law claims in addition to sexual harassment claims.
“However, there does not currently appear to be the necessary support in the U.S. Congress for legislation that would extend this ban on arbitration to other employment discrimination claims or to wage and hour or other workplace law claims,” Kaplan says. So, he advises employers to continue considering requiring arbitration agreements that include class action waivers for some types of employment claims.
But, Jourdan Day, an attorney with Porter Wright Morris & Arthur LLP in Columbus, Ohio, says she can foresee attempts to prohibit mandatory arbitration for claims in addition to sexual harassment claims. For example, someone making a disability discrimination claim may question why that kind of case must go to arbitration while sexual harassment claims don’t.
Day says it will be up to individual organizations to decide whether they want to continue having arbitration clauses for some claims or “whether it makes sense to treat them all the same and go through the court system.” She also urges employers to consider state law, since some states already have strong restrictions against mandatory arbitration.
Although the bill passed with bipartisan support, it took years to come to fruition. Gillibrand introduced it in 2017 as the #MeToo movement was gaining steam. She reintroduced it in 2021 along with Graham and others.
The bill also was championed by former Fox News anchor Gretchen Carlson, who made headlines when she found herself muzzled about her harassment claims against Roger Ailes, founder and CEO of Fox News. Ailes resigned from the company in 2016 after Carlson and other employees accused him of sexual harassment. He died in 2017. Carlson’s story was later made into the 2019 movie Bombshell.
The passage of the bill comes after attorneys general from all 50 states, territories, and Washington, D.C. — 56 in all — sent Congress a letter in February 2018. It called for passage of legislation “to protect the victims of sexual harassment in the workplace.” The letter asked Congress to “ensure these victims’ access to the courts, so that they may pursue justice and obtain appropriate relief free from the impediment of arbitration requirements.”
The letter said arbitration provisions may be beneficial in some contexts but not in sexual harassment claims. “Victims of such serious misconduct should not be constrained to pursue relief from decision makers who are not trained as judges, are not qualified to act as courts of law, and are not positioned to ensure that such victims are accorded both procedural and substantive due process,” the letter said.
The attorneys general also voiced concerns about the “veil of secrecy” created by arbitration clauses. “Ending mandatory arbitration of sexual harassment claims would help to put a stop to the culture of silence that protects perpetrators at the cost of their victims,” the letter said.
Tammy Binford writes and edits news alerts and newsletter articles on labor and employment law topics for BLR web and print publications.