PSEC measures coating thickness based on the conductivity difference between the coating and the base material. (A conductivity difference of 20% or more is required in order to measure using this technique.) Eddy current is designated by ASTM B659-90, which states “that the magnitude of eddy currents is a function of the relative electrical conductivities of the coating and substrate materials and the coating thickness.”
Specially designed eddy current probes can be chosen according to the application thickness range of the coating, and the size of the parts being measured. Measurements are made by holding the probe perpendicular to the part with the probe tip in contact to the surface.
There are actually two types of eddy current techniques that are used for measuring coating thickness. The most common type is “amplitude” eddy current, which is capable only of measuring non-conductive coatings over conductive (non-ferrous) substrates. The most common applications for amplitude eddy current are for measuring anodizing and organic finishes on aluminum substrates.
While the phase-sensitive eddy current technique also measures anodizing, the real advantage comes in the possibility of measuring many different applications, even with the same probe. Since PSEC measurements are based on having at least a 20% difference in conductivity between the coating and substrate, the variation of applications is almost unlimited.
We could not list all of the various applications that PSEC is capable of measuring, but some of the many possibilities include: Ni/Fe, Cu/Fe, Ag/SS, Cu/EPG, RFI & EMI coatings on plastic, Silicide/SS, Sn/Fe and Cu/Fe, Anodizing/Al, Al/Glass, Al/SS or Cr/Al. The most common use of PSEC is for measuring zinc, copper or cadmium thickness on steel fasteners.
Instrument Calibration and Thickness Standards
Typical applications for measuring plating thickness such as zinc/steel require calibration of the instrument using plated thickness standards. The specific thickness of the calibration standards depends on the frequency of the probe.
ASTM specifies using calibration standards identical to the parts being measured. In the case of PSEC, this means making calibration standards having the same characteristics in both the coating and substrate as the parts being plated.
Most eddy current instruments incorporate a base correction feature that adjusts for different properties of substrates. Differences in plating deposit conductivity can also be corrected by incorporating an algebraic factor. Though these system adjustments are helpful, using a “factor” to change the original calibration causes a loss of NIST traceability. Thus, to obtain maximum accuracy, thickness standards should be made from the same plating bath and substrate materials as the parts that will be measured. Otherwise, to confirm the accuracy a different measurement method should be used for comparison purposes. Most eddy current instruments also include the magnetic induction capability for this purpose.
Eddy Current Advantages
Eddy current instruments are rugged, with the electronics virtually sealed, and can be used directly at the end of a plating line or other hostile work environments.
Another benefit: eddy current is much less affected by subtle changes of the magnetic properties of steel or iron substrates. Most low-carbon steel substrates can be measured using a single calibration and only one set of standards would be needed for measuring thousands of different parts such as screws, washers, bolts or brackets.
Curved and irregularly shaped parts can be measured with little additional error and typically without the necessity of parts fixturing. This is due to the small measurement areas (field effect) of microprobes. Plating thickness can also be measured on rough, uneven surfaces without affecting he overall accuracy. Thickness distribution can also be scanned by sliding the probe along critical surfaces of the parts.
With PSEC, there is a high degree of measurement precision (repeatability) even on thin metallic coatings. Since most plating specifications are typically less than 0.5 mils, this is an important feature. For example, vacuum deposits for EMI/RFI applications, such as aluminum or copper on plastic substrates are commonly below 0.1 mils, but can be accurately measured even below 1 micron by eddy current using the appropriate probe and thickness standards.
Platings such as zinc can be measured even under a coat of paint with no loss of accuracy. The “lift off” of the probe from the surface will not affect accuracy of the zinc measurement.
Eddy Current Probes
A wide variety of specially designed probes are available from the manufacturers for use in measuring virtually any application or part. Probes with different tip diameters are sized to accommodate the size and shape of the parts being measured. Probes with smaller tips can measure on very small areas of parts less than 90 mils. Smaller probe tips are subject to increased wear and are more easily worn or damaged, so probes are also produced with larger diameter tips for measuring on larger parts such as plated brackets or castings.
Depth of measurement penetration is a function of the conductivity of the coating and substrate as well as the frequency of the probe being used. The specific frequency for the probe is chosen depending on the application plus the coating thickness specification. Lower frequency probes penetrate deeper into the parts than higher frequencies. The higher the probe frequency, the better the accuracy will be for measuring thinner coatings.
Right angle probes are also available that can be used to determine thickness inside bores as small as .250" diameter. Placing and holding the probe steady at the proper angle inside a bored hole is very difficult, increasing likelihood of measurement error due to improper probe positioning.
To obtain the maximum accuracy achievable, a probe stand should be used for measuring inside internal bores or on small part surfaces.
With PSEC the same probe can often be used for measuring different applications. For example, conductive coatings on steel and non-conductive coatings on conductive substrates can be measured using the same probe.
Phase-sensitive eddy current technology provides an excellent option to metal finishers for measurement of many application combinations. With phase-sensitive eddy current systems available for about $6,000, the eddy current method provides a relatively inexpensive alternative for accurately determining coating thickness.
Eddy current systems are easy to operate with menu-driven, prompting software, so even non-technical operators can make instantaneous, accurate and repeatable thickness measurements directly on the process line for improved throughput, quality control and fewer rejections. Many of the largest volume platers use eddy current systems at the end of the plating line for direct process control and incorporate X-Ray in the quality lab for final inspection. Using this combination of technologies ensures the most efficient method to achieve conformance to thickness specifications
Mike Justice, president of West Chester, Ohio–based UPA Technology, has 25 years experience in instrumentation and standards for the measurement of coatings. He earned his B.S. degree in Industrial Technology from Ohio State University. He can be reached at email@example.com


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SOFI Report-2022: Moving away from goal of ending hunger
By Dr. Santosh Kumar Mohapatra*
It is reprehensible that despite enormous wealth being created in the world, a large number of people are made to sleep with an empty stomach. Given scientific discovery, and invention, food grain stocks, a single person should not die due to hunger. But our exploitative, oppressive unjust, unequal system with concomitant neo-liberalism stands as a great impediment to hunger-free India and the world. Eliminating hunger remains elusive as portrayed in the “State of Food Security and Nutrition in The World (Sofi) Report 2022”.
STATE OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN THE WORLD (SOFI) REPORT
The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) report is an annual flagship report jointly prepared by UN agencies Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), UNICEF, World Food Programme (WFP), and the World Health Organisation (WHO).
It seeks to inform on progress towards ending hunger, achieving food security, and improving nutrition and to provide an in-depth analysis of key challenges for achieving this goal in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
The 2022 edition of the SOFI report (July 6, 2022) presents updates on the food security and nutrition situation around the world, including the latest estimates of the cost and affordability of a healthy diet. The report also looks at ways in which governments can repurpose their current support to agriculture to reduce the cost of healthy diets, mindful of the limited public resources available in many parts of the world.
But according to the report, the challenges to ending hunger, food insecurity, and all forms of malnutrition keep growing. The world is moving further away from its goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030.
82.8 CRORE PEOPLE ARE HUNGRY IN THE WORLD IN 2021
According to a report, globally, hunger levels remain alarmingly high. According to the SOFI report 2022, there is no longer any doubt that the prime Sustainable Development Goal of eliminating hunger by 2030 is bound to remain elusive. About 67 crore people, or around 8 per cent of the world population, would remain underfed in 2030 even if the global economy, marred by the Covid-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine conflict, recovers to the desired extent— are adding to the worrying situation.
The report said that the number of people affected by hunger globally rose to as many as 82.8 crore in 2021, an increase of about 4.6 crore since 2020 and 15 crore since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Around 230 crore people worldwide (29.3 per cent) were moderately or severely food insecure in 2021 — 35 crore more compared to before the COVID 19 pandemic. Nearly 9.24 crore people (11.7 per cent of the global population) faced food insecurity at severe levels, an increase of 20.7 crore in two years.
The report noted that after remaining relatively unchanged since 2015, the proportion of people affected by hunger jumped in 2020 and continued to rise in 2021, to 9.8 percent of the world population. This compares with 8 percent in 2019 and 9.3 percent in 2020. World hunger rose in 2021, with around 230 crore people facing moderate or severe difficulty obtaining enough to eat — and that was before the Ukraine war, which has sparked increase in the cost of grain, fertilizer, and energy, according to the report.
According to the new report estimates, almost 310 crore people could not afford a healthy diet in 2020, up from 11.2 crore in 2019, showing the effects of inflation on consumer food prices. It is pushing up the prices of grain, fertiliser, energy, and ready-to-use therapeutic food for children with severe malnutrition.
In addition, WFP and FAO warned that acute food insecurity could worsen in 20 countries or areas from June to September 2022.
Rapid phone surveys done by the World Bank in 83 countries show a significant number of people running out of food or reducing their consumption in the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Reduced calorie intake and compromised nutrition threaten gains in poverty reduction and health and could have lasting impacts on the cognitive development of young children.
Despite progress in some regions, global trends in child malnutrition continue to be of great concern, including stunting and wasting, deficiencies in essential micronutrients, and overweight and obesity. Trends in maternal anaemia and obesity among adults especially also continue to be alarming.
GROWING GENDER GAP IN FOOD INSECURITY
The gender gap in food insecurity continued to rise in 2021 — 31.9 percent of women in the world were moderately or severely food insecure, compared to 27.6 percent of men — a gap of more than 4 percentage points, compared with 3 percentage points in 2020. Almost 310 crore people could not afford a healthy diet in 2020, up 11.2 from 2019, reflecting the effects of inflation in consumer food prices stemming from the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the measures put in place to contain it.
97.33 CRORE OR NEARLY 70.5 PER CENT OF INDIANS IN 2020 COULD NOT AFFORD A HEALTHY DIET
According to a report, while the world is moving backwards in its bid to banish hunger, India is among the few lower- and middle-income countries that are bucking this trend.
While, globally, the count of undernourished people swelled by nearly 4.6 crores over the past 15 years, it has shrunk in India by nearly 2.35 crore, though the scale of malnutrition still remains worrisome and obesity among adults on a rise. In India, the number of undernourished people declined to 22.43 crore in 2019-21 from 24.78 crore in 2004-06. In percentage terms, the prevalence of undernourishment in the total population in India stood at 21.6 per cent in 2004-06 and declined to 16.3 per cent in 2019-20, though highly deplorable.
But the most disconcerting news is that 70.5 per cent of people in India were unable to afford a healthy diet. The people who were unable to afford a healthy diet touched 97.33 crore in 2020 or nearly 70.5 per cent, up from 94.86 crore in 2019 (69.4 per cent). In 2017, about a billion ( i,e., 100 crore) people were unable to afford a healthy diet in India and this number has declined to 96.66 crore in 2018. This shows the ugly face of the New India.
At the same time, the incidence of obesity among both adults and children is burgeoning demonstrating unhealthy food consumption even among well-fed people. The rampant malnutrition, including imbalanced nutritional intake, is, therefore, a serious issue that still awaits resolution. This has been borne out also by the National Family Health survey-5 (2019-21).
The prevalence of obesity in India’s adult population increased to 3.9 percent in 2016 from 3.1 per cent in 2012. However, the number of obese adults in India, which has a population of over 138 crore grew to 3.43 crore in 2016 from 2.52 crore in 2012 and the number of women aged 15 to 49 years affected by anaemia also grew to 18.73 crore in 2019 from 17. 15 crore in 2012.
An estimated 4.5 crore children under the age of five were suffering from wasting, the deadliest form of malnutrition, which increases children’s risk of death by up to 12 times. Furthermore, 14.9 crore children under the age of five had stunted growth and development due to a chronic lack of essential nutrients in their diets, while 3.9 crore were overweight.
It said that the number of children under 5 years of age who are stunted declined to 3.61 crore in 2020 from 5.23 crore in 2012, the number of children under five years of age who are overweight declined to 0.22 crore in 2020 from three million in 2012. The report added that the number of children up to 5 months of age exclusively breastfed touched 1.4 crore in 2020 from 1.12 crore in 2012.
In term of percentage, the prevalence of stunting in children under 5 years of age declined to 30.9 per cent in 2020 from 41.7 per cent in 2012 and the prevalence of overweight children under five years of age was 1.9 per cent in 2020 from 2.4 per cent in 2012.
NOT ONLY(SOFI) REPORT BUT THE GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX REPORT REVEALS PANGS OF HUNGER
The GHI is a tool designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at global, regional, and national levels. Data for the indicators come from data collection efforts by various UN and other multilateral agencies including Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations Interagency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME), a joint database of UNICEF, WHO, and the World Bank, as well as from WHO’s continuously updated Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition, the most recent reports of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), and statistical tables from UNICEF.
The global estimate shows that without action, between 2020 and 2022, an additional 3.6 million children will become stunted, and an additional 13.6 million children will become wasted. This will result in an additional 2,83,000 deaths of children under-five in the world.
However, it is important to note that any developments in 2021 were not yet reflected in the latest prevalence of undernourishment data, which covers 2018-2020 in the recent Global Hunger Index (GHI) report. The full effects of the COVID-19 pandemic will only be reflected in the GHI data in the coming years.
The level of hunger in India has been called serious with an overall score of 27.5. India now ranks at 101 out of 116 countries assessed, down from 94 out of 107 in 2020. This is worse than neighbouring countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. India is better than only 15 countries including Afghanistan, Yemen and Somalia.
As per the findings of the GHI, since 2000, India has made substantial progress, but there are still areas of concern, particularly regarding child nutrition. Here are some key findings: – The proportion of undernourished in the population has come down from 18.4 per cent in 2000 to 15.3 per cent in 2021. However, there is a 0.3 per cent increase when compared to 2012. Similarly, the under-five child mortality rate is relatively low at 3.4 per cent compared to 9.2 per cent in 2000.
Though child stunting (low-height-for-age) has seen a significant decrease – from 54.2 per cent in 2000 to 34.7 per cent in 2020 – it is still considered very high, as per the GHI report. At 17.3 per cent, India has the highest child wasting (low-weight-for-height) rate of all countries covered in the GHI. The prevalence has increased from 15.1 per cent in 2012.
MAJOR DRIVERS OF FOOD INSECURITY
This report repeatedly highlights the intensification of these major drivers of food insecurity and malnutrition: conflict, climate extremes, and economic shocks, combined with growing inequalities, the heads of the five UN agencies wrote in this year’s Foreword. “The issue at stake is not whether adversities will continue to occur or not, but how we must take bolder action to build resilience against future shocks”.
The report also talks of food inflation, which has been on an unprecedented rise worldwide, triggered by two years of the COVID-19 pandemic-induced disruption and now the Russia-Ukraine war.
As such, farmers have constantly faced price disincentives in aggregate terms (negative NRPs). Input subsidies and expenditure on general services such as in R&D and infrastructure have been widely used as a means of compensating them for the price disincentives generated by trade and market measures, and for boosting production and self-sufficiency in the country.
The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the fragilities in our food systems and the inequalities in our societies, driving further increases in world hunger and severe food insecurity.
The report suggested repurposing food and agricultural support to target nutritious foods where per capita consumption does not yet match the recommended levels for healthy diets as one of the ways to support economic recovery. It also pointed out that governments could do more to reduce trade barriers for nutritious foods, such as fruits, vegetables and pulses.
This report shows that governments can invest in food systems equitably and sustainably, even with the same level of public resources. Governments’ support for food and agriculture accounts for almost USD 630 billion per year globally. However, a significant proportion of this support distorts market prices, is environmentally destructive, and hurts small-scale producers and indigenous people, while failing to deliver healthy diets to children and others who need them the most.
The evidence suggests that if governments repurpose the resources, they are using to support producers and consumers, to incentivize the sustainable production, supply and consumption of nutritious foods, they will contribute to making healthy diets less costly and more affordable for all.
In all contexts, reforms to repurpose support to food and agriculture must also be accompanied by policies that promote shifts in consumer behaviours, along with safety net policies to mitigate the unintended consequences of reforms for vulnerable populations. Finally, these reforms must be multisectoral, encompassing health, environmental, transport and energy policies.
The report noted that subsidies to consumers provided in Lower- Income Countries and Middle-Income Countries most often take the form of in-kind or cash transfers under the social protection programmes. India and Indonesia, for example, provide substantial subsidies to final consumers under the Targeted Public Distribution System for grains in India, and the food assistance programme (BPNT) based on electronic vouchers for rice, in Indonesia, it said.
However, the report did not explain why 97.33 crore of Indians are found unable to afford a healthy diet when the number of undernourished people declined. The reason is that what the Indian government spent on food security was taken away from people through a higher excise tax on petroleum products and GST on items consumed by poor and vulnerable sections of society. The imposition of GST on food items is going to exacerbate hunger more. If the foods wasted and overconsumed by the rich are given to the poor, then the rich will escape from obesity problem while the poor will not die of hunger and starvation.
The author is an Odisha-based eminent columnist/economist and social thinker. He can be reached through e-mail at [email protected]
DISCLAIMER: The views expressed in the article are solely those of the author and do not in any way represent the views of Sambad English.

domain: sociology


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Homemade Lemon Essential Oil Stainless Steel Cleaner. If you are looking to clean your stainless DIY All-In-One Stainless Steel Cleaner. This reliable and efficient homemade cleaner is simple to Homemade Distilled Vinegar Stainless Steel Cleaner. Using distilled white vinegar, a condiment Hydrogen Peroxide Stainless Steel Cleaner. This recipe uses all-natural ingredients that you can Baking Soda Stainless Steel Cleaner. This recipe uses baking soda and lemon juice, ingredients Vinegar and Oil Stainless Steel Cleaner. Mix the water and vinegar and pour it into a glass spray Smudge-Free Stainless-Steel Cleaner. This is a great non-toxic homemade stainless-steel cleaner
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Stainless steelStainless steel is a group of iron-based alloys that contain a minimum of approximately 11% chromium, a composition that prevents the iron from rusting and also provides heat-resistant properties. Different types of stainless steel include the elements carbon, nitrogen, aluminium, silicon, sulfur, titanium, nickel, copper, selenium, niobium, and molybdenum. Specific types of stainless steel are often designated by a three-digit number, e.g., 304 stainless.
7 Stainless Steel Mistakes to Avoid - The Spruce - Make
Don't Bleach Stainless Steel. While it may be second nature to bleach everything, stainless steel Don't Forget to Rinse. Gritty or dirty water can leave a residue on your finish. It can also stain or pit Don't Use Steel Wool or Steel Brushes. Steel wool and steel brushes leave little particles on the Don't Assume It's the Cleaner. If you do have some spotting or staining, and you've followed all of Don't Scrub Against the Grain. Some stainless steel has a brushed look made up of tiny lines in the Don't Oil a Cold Pan. Stainless steel, like other metals, expands when it is heated. Letting the pan Don't Salt Water Before Boiling. Salting the water in a stainless steel pot before heating the water Stainless steel Steel plate,Stainless steel Steel pipe In metallurgy,stainless steel, also known as inox steel or inox from French "inoxydable", is defined as a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5 or 11% chromiumcontent by mass. Stainless steel. Stainless steel does not stain, corrode, or rust as easily as ordinary steel, but it is not stain-proof. It is also called corrosion-resistant steel or CRES
The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) defines stainless steel as steel that contains 10% or more chromium alone or with other alloying elements. Chromium increases hardness, strength, and
How to Make a Stainless Steel Kitchen Work Table Cover Step 1 - Get the Stainless Steel. The first step in this project is to get the steel you will need for the cover. For the most part, 24 gauge steel should be sufficient for a table top in terms of thickness and easiness to work with. Go to a sheet metal shop in your area to find a usable sheet to work with.
How to Turn a Stainless Steel Skillet into a Nonstick Pan Mar 23, 2017 · You can season a stainless steel pan and make it more or less nonstick. Here's how:Heat a stainless steel skillet over medium or medium-high for
Mar 27, 2014 · In fact, to prevent failure of the finished stainless steel products, all aspects of the manufacturing process must be carefully monitored, from the raw material mix through fabrication and finishing. A variety of tools are available to metallurgical labs, cast shops, and rolling mills to make sure their stainless steel meets specifications.
Stainless Steel Characteristics:Grades, Properties Stainless steel is the name of a family of iron-based alloys known for their corrosion and heat resistance. One of the main characteristics of stainless steel is its minimum chromium content of 10.5%, which gives it its superior resistance to corrosion in comparison to other types of steels.
The Characteristics of Austenitic Stainless SteelApr 03, 2019 · Stainless steels with a low nickel and high nitrogen content are classified as 200 series. Because it is a gas, however, only limited amounts of nitrogen can be added before deleterious effects arise, including the formation of nitrides and gas porosity that weaken the alloy.
Manufacturing stainless steel starts with melting scrap metals and additives in an electric arc furnace (EAF). Using high-power electrodes, the EAF heats the metals over the course of many hours to create a molten, fluid mixture. As stainless steel is 100% recyclable, many stainless orders contain as much as 60% recycled steel.
Which Metals Make up Stainless Steel? - ReferenceAug 04, 2015 · Stainless steel is a special form of steel that is made of chromium added to steel. Regular steel is an alloy that is made of both iron and carbon. There are different types of stainless steel depending on how much chromium is added and if there are any other elements added in What Makes Stainless Steel Stainless? - Star RapidA specialty stainless steel with a low carbon content but more molybdenum. This makes it even more corrosion-resistant than type 304. And because it is low in carbon, it does not carburize or give off heavy fumes when welded. This is often used for marine applications

domain: chemistry


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UNITED NATIONS, Jul 11 (IPS) – The author is Director, Inhabitants Division of the United Nations, Division of Financial and Social Affairs.What does a younger woman from Juba, in South Sudan, an 8-year-old boy residing within the slums of Mumbai, in India, a younger mom from the south of Lima, in Peru, and an 83-year-old man having fun with retirement within the suburbs of Stockholm, in Sweden, have in widespread?
Many issues, maybe, however right here is likely one of the most essential: they’re all members of the human inhabitants, whose measurement will surpass 8 billion folks in mid-November 2022. They’re a part of a standard humanity that aspires to stay peacefully and in dignity, that needs entry to high quality schooling, satisfactory residing circumstances and first rate work, and that hopes to get pleasure from a protracted, wholesome and fulfilling life.
Although all of them are a part of the identical humanity, the challenges and alternatives that they face of their every day lives are drastically totally different.
In 2015, Member States of the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Improvement. On the core of this agenda are 17 Sustainable Improvement Targets (SDGs), which represent an formidable call-for-action to finish poverty and starvation, defend the planet and enhance the present lives and future prospects of all folks all over the place.
Lowering social and financial inequalities is on the coronary heart of the 2030 Agenda. But many inequalities persist and are deepening, each inside and throughout nations and areas. Immediately, the chance of residing a protracted, wholesome and fulfilling life, and the challenges and alternatives that folks encounter daily, differ vastly world wide.
In nations the place deaths outnumber births, the inhabitants is rising little or no, if in any respect. In some circumstances, it has already began to say no or will accomplish that quickly. In a few of these nations, immigration helps to counter the inhabitants loss as a result of an extra of deaths over births.
In different nations, emigration is exacerbating the lack of inhabitants linked to a low delivery charge. Because the proportion of the inhabitants above age 65 continues to develop, the shifting inhabitants locations further fiscal stress on social safety, public pension and health-care methods.
In low-income nations, the place financial development could battle to maintain up with inhabitants development, assuaging poverty and countering excessive ranges of inequality is a significant problem. Lack of entry to assets deprives people of alternatives and selections.
Insufficient entry to household planning providers perpetuates excessive ranges of childbearing, typically beginning early in life, and contributes to speedy inhabitants development. Such development generates ever-larger cohorts of kids and younger adults, whose experiences early in life will form their prospects for fulfillment.
A sustained drop within the fertility stage can stabilize the variety of youngsters and youth in a inhabitants, facilitating elevated investments per little one in well being care and schooling. With such adjustments, together with measures to make sure entry to first rate work, a big and youthful inhabitants presents a chance for accelerated social and financial growth—a phenomenon referred to as demographic dividend.
Immediately, lower than 16 per cent of the worldwide inhabitants lives in high-income nations, a proportion that’s anticipated to fall to 13 per cent by 2050. In contrast, low-income and lower-middle-income nations are residence to greater than half of the world’s inhabitants (9 and 43 per cent, respectively).
The proportion of the worldwide inhabitants residing in these two teams of nations is projected to develop to greater than 60 per cent by 2050. Certainly, the longer term development of world inhabitants will happen principally in low-income and lower-middle-income nations.
Determine 1. Distribution of the world’s inhabitants by earnings group, 2022, 2030 and 2050
Word: numbers could not add up as a result of rounding.
The upper charge of inhabitants development in low-income and lower-middle-income nations is fueled by declining mortality, with fertility remaining at comparatively excessive ranges. If the inhabitants of those nations continues to develop on the present charge, their mixed measurement will double in about 26 years.
Immediately, in low-income nations, a girl provides delivery to 4.5 youngsters on common over a lifetime. This determine is projected to drop just under 3 births per girl in 2050. By comparability, ladies in high-income nations at present bear, on common, 1.6 youngsters.
Between 1990 and 2022, enhancements in health-care providers in low-income nations tripled the survival prospects for youngsters underneath the age of 5. However, a child born at the moment in a low-income nation can anticipate to stay virtually 18 years lower than a child born in a high-income nation.
Regardless of a slight convergence that’s anticipated over the approaching many years, these huge variations are anticipated to stay largely intact.
Unequal outcomes for folks throughout the globe name for renewed motion and funding. International locations and the worldwide group have to redouble their efforts to advance the achievement of the Sustainable Improvement Targets and to make sure that nobody is left behind. Whether or not a woman in Juba or a boy in Mumbai will get pleasure from a protracted, wholesome and fulfilling life depends upon the world’s dedication to making sure that every one 8 billion inhabitants of the planet may have real alternatives to search out success.
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Natural Fiber Tote(33 items)
Welcome to the Natural Fiber Tote Collection at NOVICA.
Featured Reviews on Natural Fiber Tote
Beautifully made bag
I really am enjoying this bag! It is quite large, so I tend to put a lot of stuff in it and think I need to be more careful, so as to not pull too much on where the straps are attached. It does shed quite a bit on your clothes if on your lap, etc, but it is a lovely, natural bag.
Classy Summer Tote
This bag is absolutely beautiful! The artist has capitalized on some beautiful, natural fibers and other materials and applied great skill to create a unique and lovely summer tote. The muslin lining is stitched perfectly into place and the double pockets inside will be handy for my cell phone and keys -- making them quickly accessible. This bag is deep and wide and will hold a lot! I will probably use some pouches to hold lotion/sunscreen and other liquids that might leak and ruin this beautiful carryall. A very beautiful summer bag! Thank you, Edina!
My Favorite Bag
I was so amazed when I opened this bag - the quality, the size - the look!! I do handwork myself and appreciate the amount of time and talent and once again, Alida did not disappoint. Love this bag!! Thank you for sharing your talent - the holidays are coming and you are on the top of my list for gifts.
Robert Ayine Anaba Handwoven fans and Bolga baskets
"I became interested in basketry from my late father, who was a great basket weaver and taught me. I liked the way he wove them with joy."
"I... read more
Popular Natural Fiber Tote
Natural Jute Tote Bag with Lace Trim and Coconut Shell, "Malioboro Grove"
Artisan Nell from Java crafts an irresistibly charming tote bag from natural jute. The tote is fully lined in cotton and features two open pockets in the interior to keep small items close at hand. Crocheted off-white lace adorns the tote bag's top edge, while a coconut shell button conceals a magnetic snap that secures the bag. The artisan names the bag after a popular shopping district in Yogyakarta.
Handmade Natural Fiber Tote Bag from Bali, "Easy Trip"$79.99
Add a natural look to your ensemble with this woven tote bag from Balinese artisan team Dewa Brothers. Crafted from woven water hyacinth reeds, the bag features a woven pattern in a natural color with two handles and a simple yet elegant button closure.
Handwoven Casual Maguey Fiber Shoulder Bag, "San Cristobal Celebration"$79.99
Celebrating summer's arrival in San Cristobal, a cheerful fuchsia tassel adorns this delightful shoulder bag. Alida Cruz meticulously hand -weaves the casual tote from maguey fiber. The handbag closes with a pinewood button.
Maguey Fiber Shoulder Bag Handcrafted in Guatemala, "San Cristobal Summer"$77.99
Celebrating summer's arrival in San Cristobal, a cheerful green tassel adorns this delightful shoulder bag. Alida Cruz designs the purse, which is meticulously hand woven of maguey fiber. The handbag closes with a pinewood button.

domain: hobby


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The Woman Who Would Be King
The MADUSA Story
Through four decades of entertaining, in the wrestling ring and on the monster truck circuit, Debrah "Madusa" Miceli never could sit still. But her desire to learn, grow, and inspire legions of followers masked deep secrets ... Her upbringing was a lie from the start, and the dark truths of her childhood, revealed here for the first time, are the earliest examples of Debrah's determination to persevere.
Professional wrestling may have been an odd choice for a nursing student, but Madusa went all-in, toughening up in Japan before conquering WWE as Alundra Blayze. She held the WWE Women's belt ... until being fired. In the rival WCW, Madusa infamously tossed the WWE belt in the garbage on live TV.
Then, in 1999, Madusa changed lanes and revolutionized the monster truck world. At meet-and-greets, girls in pink "Queen of Carnage" t-shirts would wait alongside ogling fanboys. By 2004, she was the world champion in a sport dominated by men.
Only one thing has eluded her: motherhood.
This is the spellbinding story of how one woman survived child abuse, financial disaster, death-defying injuries, heartbreak, and chaos to emerge triumphant.
About this Author
Debrah Miceli is the WWE Hall of Famer Alundra Blayze and the two-time Monster Jam World champion Madusa. She continues to be active as a producer of the NWA wrestling, a motivational speaker and an author. Miceli continues to tour on many platforms. For more information go to MADUSA.com. She lives in Florida with her husband.
Greg Oliver is the author of 17 books and the producer of SlamWrestling.net. He is the 2020 recipient of the James C. Melby Historian Award for his contributions to pro wrestling history. He lives in Toronto, Ontario, with his wife and son.
If the product is in stock at the store nearest you, we suggest you call ahead to have it set aside for you, or you may place an order online and choose in-store pickup.

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The Coffee House Arts Call and Response Project gratefully accepts donations to help us expand and deepen our work. Our goals include extending our “Call and Response” activities to more young people, expanding our work with teaching artists, and continuing to develop our end-of-year “Celebration of the Arts.”
Your donation to is fully tax-deductible under the fiscal sponsorship of New York Foundation of the Arts. Please follow the “Donate” link below to my project page on NYFA’s secure website and use the “Donate” button there. Donations of any size are deeply appreciated. You will receive a donation receipt from NYFA for your tax purposes at the email address you provide, and our heartfelt gratitude.

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Sometimes you only want to assemble nut(s) and/or ring(s), without a screw/bolt (e.g. on threaded rods or threaded studs). Now this is only possible with IFX by a workaround (placing them with a bolt and then remove the bolt afterwards).
Just link to nearly the same idea.
Allow Intelligent Fastener Extension (IFX) to asse... - PTC Community
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Prolific Penthauze Records music sensation-songwriter from Nigeria, Cheque just premiered with an astounding single titled “Sunflawa”.
In order to deliver a sensational song, the outstanding hip-hop artist Cheque enlisted the musical abilities of Crayon, a top-tier Nigerian singer-songwriter, and Mavin Records act, who dropped a mesmerizing tune.
In the above-mentioned composition produced by Ozedikus, a top-charting Nigerian record producer, the amazing singers delivered heartfelt verses with sensational vocals.
Also, Cheques serves as the album’s opening track. It comes before the release of his next extended play, “Chequemate” in June.


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Vitamin C serum is just about the most important antioxidants to stave off wrinkles, and access the fountain of youth. This serum, when topically applied, is exceedingly beneficial for your skin’s youthful appearance and vitality. Read on to know more about how Vitamin C serum can boost your looks and reduce age to just a number.
Best Vitamin C Serums on the market right now
Table of Contents
Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate
Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate
Ascorbyl Glucoside,Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate and Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate
Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate
What is Vitamin C?
Vitamin C is one of the potent antioxidant protection to shield skin from damaging free radicals and rogue molecules that are a sign of the premature aging. Vitamin C is one of the popular ingredients in skincare because it helps to produce collagen naturally. This nutrient is one of the best serums for the face as it has a higher concentration of L-ascorbic acid. When you start with a vitamin C cream, it is the best way out since it can boast for a longer time to improve your facial skin tone and improve facial health as well.
To improve the skin tone start with a serum that has a 10% concentration. Later you can increase the serum that has a level in the 15-20% range.
Do You Need Vitamin C Serum?
If you are looking for clear skin that is youthful, vibrant, and radiant, the best solution for this is Vitamin C serum. Vitamin C itself is one of the strongest depigmentation and antioxidant agents found in dark, leafy greens and most citrus fruit.
Although extremely potent, Vitamin C has a limited impact on the skin when ingested orally. The mechanism transport and bioavailability are factors that influence the beneficial effect it exerts. To get the maximum out of this vitamin, it needs to be directly and topically applied. In fact, according to some estimates, the topical application is 20 times more impactful than taking vitamins orally.
The best option includes the application of Vitamin C serum on the skin. Lightweight quickly absorbed and extremely efficient; vitamin C serum benefits the skin in many ways.
Benefits of Using Vitamin C Serum on Your Skin
Vitamin C benefits your skin in the following ways:
Boosting Skin Quality
The skin becomes firmer and more radiant. Vitamin C is an essential element in forming collagen, which keeps the skin smooth and supple. Younger, healthier, and firmer skin is the result of Vitamin C serum that leads to a boost for collagen synthesis. This will help you to gain supple skin in next to no time at all.
Stopping Premature Ageing
This stops early aging by providing antioxidant protection. Free radical damage is prevented. These are adverse molecules that make the skin look older due to oxidative stress. Pollution, anxiety, and ultraviolet radiation damage are also reduced through the use of Vitamin C serum. Free radicals are neutralized, and this creates a barrier where they are prevented from being in contact and damaging the skin. It also works to restore the protein elastin responsible for adding to the beauty of your face.
Say Goodbye to Dark Spots
The Vitamin C serum leads to the fading of dark spots and brightens the skin. It lowers age spots and helps to prevent discoloration, as well as hyperpigmentation, meaning the skin becomes lightened naturally, and problems like dark under-eye circles and liver spots are eliminated. Ascorbic acid lowers the melanin synthesis, which darkens the skin. Vitamin C serum can also do away with sun damage induced redness.
This Vitamin C serum acts as a sunscreen lotion and prevents UV ray exposure. Vitamin C serum also protects against harmful UV rays. It should, however, not be tried as your sunscreen though it offers protection against harmful UV rays. Supplementing your official sunscreen, it can also be a useful counterweight to sunburn, erasing discoloration, fine lines, and repair of damage.
Defense Against Skin Cancer
Vitamin C serum also prevents skin cancer by providing a certain amount of protection against UV radiation. This supplements the impact of the sunscreen by working to create a defense of skin layers. In the absence of sunscreen, vitamin C does not absorb UV lights. The work is limited to reversing UV damage resulting from nonstable free radicals. Before you apply any other product on the skin, you need to apply serum to prevent the skin from not absorbing the vitamin properly.
Things to Consider Before Choosing Vitamin C
Vitamin C serum offers numerous benefits. But there are a few facts you need to take into consideration before choosing the different serums as brands and components of the vitamin C-enriched serum may vary.
Vitamin C serum is effective regardless of whether you have dry or oily skin. You need to be cautious if the skin is sensitive, though. If you have normal to oily skin, you need to check for a serum that comes with components like L-Ascorbic acid. Dry skin means you need to consider magnesium ascorbyl phosphate.
Vitamin C serum is not meant for everyone. Though it can work wonders on someone else, it may not have the same effect on you. The application of the serum can lead to redness and irritation. While the reactions are considered normal, it is not a positive development. Stinging pain and redness subside on their own. But if they d not, there’s a strong chance that the skin cannot tolerate topical applications.
When you have sensitive skin, the essential ingredients of the Vitamin C serum can lead to allergic reactions. This is more common for sensitive skin. As the vitamin stays on the surface for some days, it is critical to know how to handle and tolerate it. Allergies and adverse reactions remain on the skin until the vitamin applied have been tried.
When to Expect Results
Although highly effective, vitamin C serums are not an overnight remedy. Skin repair and renewal can take a long time, stretching to days and even months. Most persons see results in just 2 to 3 weeks. The most extended results that can be expected are around six months. A vast number of factors come into play before visible changes are seen in the skin.
So, you can expect the results based on formulation strength, application method, how the product is applied, the frequency of application, and skin condition. These factors need to be assessed when judging the capacity of your skin to find its way to good health. As each person’s skin differs, making comparisons does not work.
How to Choose the Best Vitamin C Serum for Your Face?
There are some critical criteria you need to take into account to get the most suitable vitamin C serum for the skin and the wallet. Here are the factors you need to consider while selecting vitamin C serum for your face.
As such, there is no form of vitamin C serum that works more efficiently and with stability than the other. While looking for Vitamin C-based serum, you should consider actives or derivatives that work:
This ingredient is considered by researchers to be the most effective. The downside is that it is definitely precarious and can serve as an irritant at highest concentrations. If the skin can bear it, however, this can prove highly beneficial. However, care needs to be taken to ensure the serum is not oxidized. Most firms prefer to opt for derivatives, on account of the extended shelf life-critical for a cosmetics firm.
Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate or Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate
These are water-soluble vitamin-C derivatives that are considered to be one of the best formulations for skincare product use. It offers less irritation and more stability as compared to vitamin C. Sodium Ascorbic, or magnesium phosphate has the capacity to help in collagen synthesization as vitamin C. Those with sensitive skin who do not want redness opt for this form. Sodium ascorbyl phosphate can experience degradation when it is not stored correctly or exposed to sunlight or air. Usage should be as per dates on the packaging, as this is critical to get a product that works well.
This refers to a fat-soluble version of Vitamin C. It is commonly added in skin products because it causes less irritation. However, it does not boost collagen synthesizing to the same extent as their vitamin C derivatives. Oil-based products with vitamin C serum means you have to choose this form. It is less efficient than other derivatives, however. It protects the skin against free radical damage.
This is another water-soluble derivative of the vitamin. This is a derivative used as a skin whitening agent with properties that include being a potent antioxidant. As it is less risky to the skin, this derivative is exceptionally useful in gaining the results you need. There are other derivatives like Ascorbyl Glucoside, but there are few studies and lack of research to support their effectiveness.
Oil-soluble vitamin C serums are not as useful as water-soluble ones. Most vitamin C based serums available are water-based. These serums are lighter and more comfortable to incorporate in the skincare routine. The serum needs to be applied after washing the face to provide optimal results.
These derivatives should be left aside as there has been a lack of research on studying their benefits. Other derivatives like tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate belong to a new derivative class that is hitting the markets lately. Most vitamin C-based derivatives such as sodium ascorbyl phosphate comprising the fragments of ascorbic acid and another acid component. These derivatives have man chemical fragments for ohoprotecting the core serum. Compared to other derivatives, these are more stable. They also boost collagen synthesis.
If you have healthy or oil-filled skin, remember L-ascorbic acid is the essential element that needs to be used. Those with dry or allergic skin with sensitivity should try sodium or magnesium ascorbyl phosphate to stop redness and irritability of the skin.
Vitamin C Percentage in a Product
The amount of vitamin C is a severe factor for formulations. A considerable amount of vitamin C is required to boost the generation of collagen and assist with hyper-pigmentation, yet it can cause redness and irritation. Vitamin C -linked form or L-ascorbic acid or derivatives influence the amount of percentage of this nutrient in the product.
When its ascorbic acid, the amount in question should be 5 to 15 percent in the product, for magnesium ascorbyl phosphate or even sodium ascorbyl phosphate, the percentage can be between one and 20 percent.
If you have sensitive skin, you should use vitamin C-enriched serum. Consider starting towards the lower end and working your way to higher concentrations. The surface should not undergo irritation and inflammation. The skin can become dry and peel out, which makes you look wrinkled.
100% pure Vitamin C type elements like L-ascorbic acids, should ideally be avoided for those with sensitive skins. Derivatives like those with 1.5–3 percent for the beginning month is enough for vitamin C serums for the soft and easily affected skin. The criteria here is not the percent, but the degree of vitamin C the skin needs and can withstand. There is no magic bullet as such– you need to choose an option that works for you.
While purchasing a serum, pH levels are the most critical thing to consider too. PH levels reveal how much acidity the product has. Lower pH levels mean the product is acidic. The correct pH level is a real test of just how effective your product is. Lower pH levels are advisable because one can reach deeper skin layers. A lower concentration means that the serum is very acidic. While this works well for normal to oily skin, it can be a problem for sensitive skin.
The vitamin C-enriched serum derivatives are just as active with a higher pH. Recommended levels of pH for magnesium ascorbyl is around 5 or 6. The range of the skin’s normal pH is around that area, focused on 4 to 7. Irritations and an allergic reaction can also take place when the vitamin C serum is akin to the natural skin PH.
Many would assume that L-Ascorbic acid that is strongly concentrated is more effective. But the trick here lies in not choosing the highest pH level because serum should have a maximum of 3.5 pH or lower to go through the skin. This is why it can be an acidic irritant if concentration levels are too high. Affordable brands ranging from 2.5 to 3.5 pH levels are the best choice.
The pH which is ideal for magnesium ascorbyl phosphate is around 5 to 6. Vitamin C derivatives come with sensitive skin labels. Serums with ascorbic acid have a pH of 2 to 3, which can be an irritant for those with skin sensitivities. Those with sodium ascorbyl phosphate ranges from 5 to 7 ideally not impacting sensitive skin.
Brands may have a problem with acidity levels or pH values if they are not well tested. Some people find vitamin C-enriched serums not impacting effectively. But, don’t start expecting a quick-acting serum and many of the products may have more than one thing associated with it. Ideally, you should look for potent antioxidants. Another essential feature is hyaluronic acid and other additives which can bring moisture and lower wrinkles such as rosehip, ferric acid, aloe vera, and green tea.
Look for products that deliver on multiple fronts. Serum containing 2o percent of the L-ascorbic acid is not the sole option. Choose 15 percent of vitamin C serums for attaining several other potent actives without getting the irritants. A higher percentage of this vitamin can be a significant irritant too.
The more vitamin C-enriched serum is present; the less other active ingredients will be added to this. The lower the level of vitamin C-enriched serum, the more ingredients will be added. The options will be based on whether other serums are used in the skincare routine or not. If one serum is used, it should be with a combination of serum actives like ferulic acid. If other serums are used, a serum can be picked with 20 percent nutrients like L-ascorbic acid bringing vitality to your skin.
Smell and Color
Vitamin C serum should lack color or be white. Why is this so? This is because a change in color can be an indication of possible oxidation. Thus, if there is brown or dark tint, vitamin C has been oxidized, and it no longer works.
Be careful of brands that sell colored serum. Colors are in place to disguise oxidation. The color is not the only basis on which oxidation is detected. Early oxidation stages do not alter the color of the serum only; they also cause a change in the smell. Usually, vitamin C serum does not have an odor. If there is a sour or rancid smell, the serum has outlived its usefulness.
Vitamin E is an extra fantastic ingredient you want your serum to include. Vitamin E is essential for making your skin feel healthy and brimming with vitality. Another significant element your Vitamin C serum should have is ferulic acid. Which acts as an affirmative defense for safeguarding elastin and collagen. It also has a stabilizing influence on the skin. Ferulic acid boosts the benefits of Vitamins E and C. It protects your skin from sun damage by blocking ultraviolet radiation as well.
Hyaluronic acid offers the skin many benefits. As again depletes the HA level, finding a serum that makes you look youthful should ideally contain this ingredient. Hyaluronic acid boosts longevity and makes the skin look fresh and radiant.
Your Skin Type
Another critical factor in assessing vitamin C serum is that there are different kinds of skin types from dry to natural to oily. Many have a blend of these skin types. So while derivatives may suit some skins, L-ascorbic form adapts others. You need to find one that works best for you. Sensitive skin needs a mild option as opposed to high levels of ascorbic acid. Using less at a time, you need to work your way to stronger opportunities to see how much your skin can handle. For normal or oily skin, the L-ascorbic acid form works fine. For skin that is dry or sensitive, you need derivatives.
While looking for derivatives or Vitamin C serums, you need to watch out for oxidation. Early stages of oxidation are virtually colorless, so the brownish tint may be hard to replicate. Certain manufacturers even add color to hide the truth. Avoid colored or shaded vitamin C serums for this reason.
Storage and Packaging
Products enriched with this vitamin and derivatives are sensitive to light and air, making their quality degrade or spoil at a more rapid rate if not stored well. While firms do their optimal to come up with packaging that keeps the product fresh, such as pumps, tubes, or bottles that are air restricted. Amber or blue-colored droppers/ bottles enable protection of the serum from sunlight.
Transparent bottles need to be avoided because they cost less for the manufacturer, but work poorly for you in terms of vitamin C serum shelf life. Reduce the airflow into the serum container by avoiding an opening in the serum bottle. Close the cap tightly and keep it away from light. Avoid revealing them to humidity and don’t store these kinds of products where there is moisture. Wrap them in foil or place the serum container in a fridge. Check if the date on the packaging is within the right range. Outdated serums will hardly be useful.
Vitamin C is quickly impacted by light and air. This makes packaging an important point when purchasing the serum. Bottles should be brown or blue, and containers should be airtight.
You need to consider factors like customer service and opting for a company that values its client. You need to check the brand’s reputation and see how the company is. While many serums are being sold online, it is up to you to check the quality.
Another factor you need to consider is the price. Brands that are affordable and yet worth the money are an essential consideration. Serums can cost anywhere from USD 100 to as little as $5! Choose a brand that offers comparable luxury and ingredients that are genuine. A good serum that provides value for your income is a must.
The potency of the product is based on the concentration of Vitamin C there is. Higher content means a more potent serum. A serum that requires high level should not be the choice for those with sensitive skin. If you are commencing with the use of vitamin C serum, choose one with a low concentration. Check out these factors, and you would be able to find a product that works best for you. If normal vitamin C serum does not work, opt for derivatives.
How to Store Vitamin C Serums
The serum should not be kept in humid places. Why is this so? Quite simply because the quality is impacted. Avoid storing the product where direct sunlight exposure results. For better storage, ensure that the serum bottle is tightly closed. This restricts air from coming into contact with it. For better room, you need to place the serum bottles inside the fridge. Aluminum covers also help to safeguard the serum.
How to Solve Vitamin C Instability
Vitamin C, in its natural form of ascorbic acid is unstable if wet. Once it comes into contact with air or oxidation agents, the product can be useless. Vitamin C becomes oxidized and makes the ineffective product leading to the oxidative stress causing damage in the form of free radicals; The ascorbic acid comes dehydroascorbic acid following oxidation. Then, the substance degrades further into byproducts that are not vitamin C.
Old products poorly prepared or ineffectively stored may be degraded by the time it is used. A highly concentrated formula containing 10 percent or more delivers adequate amounts of this acid to be impactful. Degraded products lack impact. Vitamin C instability can be solved by using ascorbic acid derivatives. This is known as L-ascorbic acid and is considered one of the most studied forms of vitamin C serum.
Manufacturers, formulators, and scientists have proposed solutions. This has created derivatives that are stable and less irritating to the skin. Derivatives may have developed chemically, but these are effective as natural Vitamin C serum. These additional ingredients act to prevent the serum from degrading.
Review Of Best Vitamin C Serums
CeraVe 10% Pure Vitamin C Facial Serum
CeraVe Vitamin C Facial Serum comes with all Natural Ingredient for Brighter Skin comes in 30ml bottle . This serum contain Glycerin to moisturized the dehydrated skin, Vitamin C to repair damaged skin and Hydroxymethyl to improve rough skin and make it smooth.
Vitamin C Features:
- 100% brand new high quality!
- Rich in VC serum, it can add nutrition to the skin and promote cell metabolism, anti aging.
- Contains natural moisturizing molecule – Hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronic acid moisturizes skin, revitalizes skin’s health and vitality, leaving your skin supple, tender and smooth.
- Snail secretion filtrates and sodium hyaluronate are added so as to rejuvenate, effectively prevent skin aging, and can eliminate spots, scars.
- Produces reaction between high concentration of VC extract and melanin, minimizes the melanin to light pigment, effectively dilute the stain, dull spots.
- Freckles removal, brightens skin tone, whitens skin, Thoroughly improves skin repairing ability to prevent the reappearance of stubborn freckles.
- Repair skin from sunburn and other problems, such as peeling, caused by a long-term improper treatment.
This CeraVe Vitamin C Serum is available at our store for as low as $29.95 per bottle . You can buy by clicking below link and visiting our store.
Serumtologie Vitamin C Serum 22%
Serumtologie Vitamin C Serum 22% has been formulated with the specific goal of providing the skin with the rich nourishment that it needs. This is especially needed as the skin ages and is damaged by environmental factors.
This anti-aging serum, which has been developed by Serumtologie, contains a high concentration of vitamin C. The vitamin C comes from Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate, which has proven benefits in anti-aging skincare products. This means that the formula is very potent, without being too expensive.
The serum also contains vitamin E, which is known to contain antioxidant properties and combat free radicals. These free radicals are the molecules that cause the skin to dry out and produce wrinkles.
The serum contains the best ingredients that are needed to reduce the appearance of aging in the skin:
- A high concentration of natural vitamin C
- Vitamin E
- Hyaluronic acid
- Ferulic acid
Daily use of the serum will help to visibly reduce fine lines and wrinkles that appear on the skin. It is essential to use this type of serum daily.
As a person ages, the skin doesn’t repair itself as quickly as it used to. The result of this is less moisture in the skin. There are additional factors that can also damage the skin like UV radiation and pollution. To counter this, the skin needs to be nourished frequently.
Each bottle of Serumtologie Vitamin C Serum-22 contains vitamin C 22%, vitamin E 1%, Ferulic acid 1%, and hyaluronic acid 5%. The combination of these ingredients has well-documented results in combating aging in skin. What are some of the other features of this serum?
- Contains natural, vegan, organic ingredients.
- Increases collagen, combats free radicals, and slows down pigmentation.
- Doesn’t contain harmful ingredients, like genetically modified organisms (GMOs), parabens, artificial colors, and fragrances.
- It is not tested on animals.
- Perfect pH balance of 6.5
A 100% money-back guarantee also backs the Serumtologie Serum-22 if a user isn’t satisfied.
The serum contains only ingredients that have proven results in skincare. These include a high dose of Vitamin C, Vitamin E, hyaluronic acid, Gotu Kola, Aloe, Witch hazel, and wild geranium.
- Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate
The vitamin C in the serum is derived from sodium ascorbyl phosphate. This is an essential factor in having vitamin C in a product. When vitamin C is used in products, it can become unstable and lose its effectiveness. Sodium ascorbyl phosphate keeps the same properties like vitamin C, but it is much more stable.
The vitamin C produced has powerful antioxidant properties which are needed to destroy free radicals which can damage the skin. It is also an essential ingredient in reducing age spots and other forms of hyperpigmentation.
- Ferulic Acid
This acts as a powerful antioxidant when used together with vitamin C and vitamin E. It can help to protect the skin from the harmful effects of UV radiation. It also slows down the aging process on the surface.
- Hyaluronic acid
This nutrient is essential to provide proper hydration to the skin. This ingredient makes the skin firmer and more youthful-looking. It has a unique property in that it is easily absorbed into the skin.
Directions for Use
To get the best results from the Serumtologie Vitamin C Serum-22, follow these directions for use:
- Gently wash the face, using your favorite gentle cleanser.
- On the palm of your hand, apply 4-5 drops. Gently spread this over your face and neck.
- For best results, apply morning and evening.
- Apply a moisturizer which has SPF protection.
Make your skin softer with the application within a few days; this professional anti-aging serum makes your facial skin happy. Doctor trusted product has noticeable pros and cons –
- It is excellent for the fine lines wrinkles
- Smoothens the complexion
- Affordable luxury serum
- A little pricey
- A thick composition
OZ Naturals Vitamin C Serum
OZ Naturals Vitamin C Serum has been formulated to provide visible results from as soon as you start using it. The serum contains essential ingredients to reduce the signs of aging and improve blood flow in the skin.
OZ Naturals have created this serum using high-quality vitamin C together with Hyaluronic acid. These are the 2 of the finest ingredients that are needed to nourish the skin. The serum will help protect the skin from free radicals and will give it a youthful glow.
The serum contains four main ingredients which have antioxidant and healing properties. These are vitamin C, Hyaluronic acid, vitamin E, and rose hips. These ingredients help protect the skin from UV rays and the effect of free radicals. At the same time, it boosts the production of the skin’s collagen. This helps to give the skin a fuller, softer, and more healthful look.
Each bottle of OZ Naturals Vitamin C Serum contains vitamin C 20%, Astaxanthin, hyaluronic acid, vitamin E, rose hips, green tea, and organic jojoba oil. This is everything that your skin needs to keep it looking smooth and healthy.
What are the other features of OZ Naturals Vitamin C Serum?
- Powerful antioxidant formula to protect the skin
- Aids in natural healing
- Stimulates natural collagen production
- No harmful ingredients like parabens
- Not tested on animals
- Contains 99.95% natural ingredients
The serum has the power to penetrate below the surface of the skin and provide deep moisturizing and protection. This result is skin hydration that can never be achieved by using moisturizers alone.
Only ingredients of the highest quality have been used in the formula. Four main components have been used to give you smooth looking skin.
- Vitamin C
Vitamin C is one of the most active ingredients in protecting the skin. It destroys free radicals, which are to blame for the appearance of any fine lines and wrinkles. It also protects from the harmful effects of the environment like pollution and other factors.
The serum contains 20% vitamin C, which is potent enough to protect the skin without irritation.
- Hyaluronic Acid
Hyaluronic acid the critical ingredient which helps the skin to retain its moisture. As we get older, the body produces less hyaluronic acid, and this results in the skin losing its smoothness and more wrinkles appearing.
As well as being an excellent moisturizer, hyaluronic acid has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Natural Astaxanthin
This is sometimes called vitamin X, and it is a potent antioxidant. It is much more potent than vitamin C and vitamin E in protecting the skin. Astaxanthin has a remarkable effect on the surface, and can even reverse the aging process. It is also used in the treatment of sunspots and age spots.
- Rose Hips
Rose hips also contain vitamins A, C, D, and E. In combination with the other ingredients, rose hips have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antiallergenic properties. This helps in protecting and healing the skin.
Directions for Use
To get the benefits from OZ Naturals Vitamin C Serum, follow these directions:
- Gently wash the face as usual and pat dry.
- Apply a few drops of serum on the hand and apply to the face and neck.
- Once dried, apply your favorite moisturizer (preferably with SPF properties).
It is one of the Bestseller on Amazon. It guarantees to leave your skin radiant. It is a cruelty-free organic item.
- Tighter skin
- Improved skin texture
- Make your skin moisturized
- On oily skin types, it leaves behind a gross film at times
- It takes a little time for action
VoilaVe Triple Action Vitamin C Serum
VoilaVe has created a unique Vitamin C serum formula which gives impressive results fast. The method has been specially developed to reduce the signs of aging without clogging up pores.
The secret to this serum is its use of 3 different types of Vitamin C. The three forms of Vitamin C are combined with hyaluronic acid to create a beneficial and fast working face serum. The serum is very effective in reducing the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines as well as treating many other skin problems.
The unique combination of the three forms of Vitamin C and hyaluronic acid work together to give deep penetration to the skin and three layers of protection.
This Vitamin C serum is very effective in treating several skin conditions, not just to reduce the visible signs of aging. These include repairing sun damage, reducing the appearance of age spots, and lighten acne scars.
The way that the serum has been formulated means that it won’t clog pores.
Each bottle of VoilaVe Triple Action Vitamin C serum contains Vitamin C in 3 forms as well as hyaluronic acid, making this one of the most potent Vitamin C serums on the market.
What are the other features of VoilaVe’s Triple Action Vitamin C Serum?
- Reduces wrinkles and fine lines on the face and neck
- Evens out skin tone
- Gives the skin a brighter appearance
- Helps in reducing the appearance of acne and other types of scars
- Repairs sun damage to the skin
- Brightens the skin, giving it a smoother feel and a youthful look.
- Doesn’t clog pores
- Balanced pH
- Doesn’t contain alcohol, or harmful ingredients like parabens.
They back up their claims with a 90-day money-back guarantee.
The factor which sets this serum apart from other serums is the three forms of vitamin C contained in the serum. The other central part is hyaluronic acid.
- Vitamin C
Vitamin C is one of the most potent antioxidants that is used in serums. It has been described as a “skincare superstar.” It is instrumental in protecting the skin from free radicals – the molecules which damage the surface. Vitamin C is very useful in protecting from the harmful effects of the environment – UV damage, pollution, and other factors.
Vitamin C also helps collagen form, so it will help the skin to feel firmer and ‘plumper.’
- Hyaluronic Acid
The body naturally produces hyaluronic acid, but as we age, the process slows down. The hyaluronic acid is in the collagen of the skin. The beauty of hyaluronic acid in the serum is that it penetrates the skin and moisturizes the skin from the inside.
It has sometimes been called the “fountain of youth.”
Directions for Use
To achieve great, healthy-looking skin with VoilaVe Triple Action Vitamin C Serum, you should do the following:
- Gently wash your face as usual then pat dry.
- If using toner, apply this now.
- Put a few drops of VoilaVe Triple Action Vitamin C Serum on your hands then apply to the face and neck
- After the serum dries, use your favorite moisturizer.
It is a great anti-aging product with pump technology. Apart from anti-aging benefits, it also reduces skin pigmentations and other signs of aging.
- Generates quick results
- Good with acne and small pores
- Reduction in age spots
- It takes time for action, and it can be frustrating at times, but good things occur slowly
TruSkin Naturals Vitamin C Serum
TruSkin Naturals Vitamin C Serum has been specially formulated to help keep skin looking young and healthy and reduce the appearance of aging.
TruSkin has developed this anti-aging serum using the best natural ingredients. The formula has been designed to provide all the necessary nutrients that the skin needs. The method includes 3 of the best-known elements that keep the skin nourished – Hyaluronic Acid + Vitamin C + Vitamin E.
The serum contains the finest organic ingredients which have the power to improve the skin’s appearance visibly. Wrinkles and fine lines are reduced. The presence of age spots and sunspots is diminished or disappears altogether. The production of collagen is stimulated, and this results in the skin being more elastic. It can even be used to reduce sunburn successfully.
It is imperative, especially as a person ages, that the skin receives the nourishment that it needs. TruSkin Naturals Vitamin C Serum gives the skin precisely that. The result is that the skin looks and feels healthy.
Each bottle of Vitamin C Serum contains 20% vitamin C, vitamin E, and hyaluronic acid. These are three essential anti-aging nutrients. This combination of ingredients has proven results in anti-aging treatments. Vitamin C
What are the other features of TruSkin Naturals Vitamin C Serum?
- It only contains high-quality natural and organic ingredients.
- The unique formula helps fade sun and age spots.
- Can help in clearing acne
- Contains no dangerous ingredients like parabens, mineral oil, GMOs, sodium lauryl sulfate, and artificial colors.
- Not tested on animals.
- pH balanced.
TruSkin also offers a money-back guarantee if results are not what the user expected.
Only the finest ingredients are used in the serum. These include Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Hyaluronic acid, organic witch hazel, organic jojoba oil, organic Gotu Kola, and organic geranium.
- Vitamin C
This is essential in providing the skin with antioxidant protection. It also protects the skin from free radicals, which speed up the aging process. Vitamin C is excellent for protecting the skin from sun damage, oxygen, and pollution. It also helps to boost collagen, so, the skin then becomes firmer.
Rather than take vitamin C as a supplement, many women are finding that they have excellent results by applying it directly to the skin.
- Vitamin E
Vitamin E also has powerful antioxidant properties, and these are intensified with used together with vitamin C. It combats the harmful effects of UV radiation, this means that you develop fewer wrinkles. Vitamin E also works on the skin to keep it moist.
- Hyaluronic acid
Hyaluronic acid has sometimes been called the “fountain of youth.” Over half of the body’s hyaluronic acid is found in the collagen of the skin. The addition of hyaluronic acid in TruSkin Naturals Vitamin C Serum works to increase the smoothness and softness of the skin while at the same time decreasing wrinkles. It does this by hydrating the skin and improving elasticity.
Directions for Use
To get skin which looks and feel healthy with the Vitamin C serum, you should do the following:
- Use a gentle cleanser to wash the face with a mild soap. Gently dry.
- If using toner, apply this now.
- Apply a few drops of TruSkin Vitamin C Serum.
- After the Serum dries, apply your moisturizer.
One of the perfect day and night cream made up of the highest-grade ingredients. It is formulated with 71 percent organic ingredients.
- Fades brown spots
- Firms the skin
- It fails to work on the deep suntans effectively
Frequently Asked Questions
Q. What is Vitamin C based serum?
A. This is a derivative of ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid is vitamin C in its pure form. It has high potency as against ingestion of vitamin C orally.
Q. Why should this serum be used?
A. Vitamin C serums can lower hyper-pigmentation increasing collagen synthesis and protecting the skin against massive damage. It boosts cellular repair and reduces skin aging signs.
Q. How can this serum be used?
A. To be applied efficiently, the serum must be placed after the face is washed with a gentle cleansing solution. Warm water should be used to cleanse the face before it works. The serum should be massaged in to ensure that it is well absorbed by the skin. Once the serum dries on the face, you can use quality sunblock and moisturizer.
Q. How can the serum be stored?
A. Vitamin C serums are extremely sensitive to air and light. The oxidization occurs quickly, and once that takes place, they are no longer valid for use. Prolonging shelf life will be possible if the serum will be stored in a dry and relaxed setting. While using the serum, make sure it is placed in an airtight container. Ideally, you should be putting it in the aluminum foil.
Q. Can vitamin C serum be prepared at home?
A. DIY vitamin C serum can easily be made at home. All you need is vitamin C, a tinted container, and a base. For a 10 percent serum, you need one-fourth teaspoon of L-Ascorbic acid and glycerin with two teaspoons of distilled water. The mixture needs to be made homogeneously. It should be tested before the serum is placed in a distinct container. The container should have a pH of 3.5 or less.
Q. What vitamin C works best for the skin?
A. A derivative of Vitamin C, namely, Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate, is the ideal choice for skin care. Don’t use fat-soluble serums. Opt for water-soluble serums instead as these are less irritating to the skin. These derivatives are also stable and resistant to air and light. Fat-soluble vitamin C, like Ascorbyl Palmitate, is one of the most suitable options. It does not boost collagen synthesis than other derivatives, however.
Q. What are the other ingredients the serum reacts to?
A. The vitamin C serum needs to be added to the beauty toolkit though care needs to be taken about what ingredients you are using it. Niacin with vitamin C serum can make the impact of both substances zero. Also, if your serum is wet, it will become unstable after undergoing oxidation and degradation. You should also avoid retinoid-based products along with vitamin C. Retinoid makes light sensitivity high so, you need to use it at night. In the morning, the serum can be used.
Q. Are these serums effective?
Vitamin C serum has become an essential part of the beauty regimen of many. The serum can eliminate liver spots and other damage caused by sun exposure. It also treats melasma and skin damage like a sunburn. The serum also lightens the skin and slows down aging because it fights oxidative stress in the form of serum. Ascorbic acid can also treat male patterned baldness and hair loss, according to some reports.
Q. Does Vitamin C serum lead to acne?
A. Vitamin C serums are associated with safety for the skin. But when vitamin C undergoes oxidation, it can cause stinging and acne too.
Q. Can Vitamin C serum cause skin irritation?
Vitamin C serums are linked with low levels of pH and can penetrate the skin. But the acidity also causes serums to lead to skin irritation. Acidic Vitamin C causes redness and itching and can even lead to chemical burns resulting in scars and bleeding.
Q. Which vitamin C serum works best for acne and oily skin?
A. Serums are helpful while eliminating acne. Not all serums are equal, however. For acne-prone skin, try serum which contains Vitamin C +E up to 15 percent, no oil and is water-based. It should also have ferulic acid to increase shelf life.
Q. What works best for combination skin?
A. Combination skin ensures that areas in the face alternate between dry and oily. Choose a serum with Vitamin E and hyaluronic acid also, which has ingredients that dry aging.
Q. Which Vitamin C serum works best for dry skin?
A. This type of skin is not useful when ascorbic acid is used. Invest in derivative serums instead such as Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate or Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate.
Q. What is suited for sensitive skin, when it comes to vitamin C serum?
If you have truly sensitive skin, choose topical vitamin C with 20% composition, Choose an organic brand that does not have chemicals and parabens. This goes deep into the skin, causing a healthy, radiant appearance.
Vitamin C serum has a lot of benefits for the skin. But you need to consider factors like whether the pure form or the derivative should be used. Take the sensitivity of the skin into account. The best part about Vitamin C serum is that you use completely natural products to rejuvenate your skin and take off the years and fine lines. Now, bid goodbye to wrinkles and aging with Vitamin C serum that makes you look as beautiful as you feel.

domain: health


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In Performance: POP; Updating Gospel Music, Or at Least Trying
By NEIL STRAUSS
Published: November 19, 1994
Jesus may have warned his followers to beware of wolves in sheep's clothing in the Book of Matthew, but what about sheep in wolves' clothing? That's what gospel music has become, dressing its message up in contemporary secular styles. One such disguise is the club-music-informed, urban-contemporary gospel of Grammy-winning acts like the siblings BeBe and CeCe Winans and the Sounds of Blackness choir, who performed on Tuesday night.
Despite their efforts to update what was once solely vocal music, the highlights of both groups' performances were devotional songs either unaccompanied or with just a keyboard tinkling. On the subdued "Don't Cry," CeCe Winans's soprano was given room to soar. The show's finale, "I'll Take You There," built up to a roof-raising sing-along with their brother Ronald Winans,
Sounds of Blackness and the pop-gospel group Take Six.
Instead of giving in to its generic backing instruments, Sounds of Blackness tried to overcome them, but was hampered by a tinny sound mix. Jimmy Wright's husky, soulful baritone prevailed on "Everything Is Gonna Be All Right," but the choir didn't show its strength until its mostly a cappella version of "Hold On." NEIL STRAUSS


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I’m here for all your pet needs!
Hi I’m Emilee! I am an aspiring veterinarian technician and currently work at a veterinary clinic. I am quite found of animals and I can pet sit cats as well! If your animal is on any medications I am comfortable giving them. I have also fostered animals that have needed special diets and requirements. I can walk or house sit any animal big or small and am adamant about following client’s special instructions ...

domain: pet


IDF soldiers patrol the Gush Etzion Junction in the West Bank, in January.
(photo credit: MARC ISRAEL SELLEM)
The IDF announced Wednesday that it had resolved a multi-day standoff with a 15-year-old right-wing activist who had been defying a ban against him being in the West Bank where his parents live.
Although earlier Wednesday, the right-wing NGO Honeinu said that he would remain in his parents house, having nowhere else to go, the IDF said that a living space had been found for him in the South during the six months that he is banned from the West Bank.
Previously the IDF had said that the minor is suspected of violence against Palestinians and public disturbances against the IDF.
The minor received on May 31 administrative restraining orders to stay out of Judea and Samaria for six months and break contact with various other activists from IDF Central Command.
A security source added that there are multiple indictments pending against the minor for actions which harm state security in the West Bank.
Earlier Monday, the right-wing NGO Honeinu put out a statement from the minor’s father saying, “my son has nowhere to go. He lives here, his family lives here…The consequences of expelling a minor from his house are unconscionable. Who will take responsibility? Who will take care of the boy?” Originally, the minor was supposed to live on a temporary basis with his grandparents in Petah Tikvah, including under limits from going out at night.
However, Honeinu said that the intense conditions of being under quasi-house arrest and regular visits by police made it so that the Petah Tikvah option could not continue.
Also on Wednesday, Honeinu successfully enlisted the Council for the Wellbeing of Children to appeal to the IDF to alter its treatment of the minor.
In a letter to the IDF, the Council wrote that it was well aware that the fact of being a minor did not grant impunity to violate the law. However, at the same time, the Council said "we do not pursue the purposes of preserving the law and public order using any and all means" and that the IDF should be exercising more thoughtful discretion about the impact its measures are having on the minor.
The IDF responded Wednesday to the letter that "security authorities act with the purpose of balancing the minor's needs with security needs which emanate from the threat which he poses to the security" of the state. It added he was represented by a lawyer at all stages.
Although the IDF has been issuing more restraining orders to right-wing activists to stay out of the West Bank in recent years, and especially following last July’s Duma Jewish terror attack, it is still rare for them to be issued against minors.
The IDF explained late Monday that the restraining orders were issued after it received “classified, concrete and well-grounded information that the minor was involved in recent months in violent actions against Palestinians residents near Yitzhar and participated in disturbances against security forces.”
It added that the minor has also egged-on other minors to break the law and take part in activities which endanger state security.
Further, the IDF said that the minor had had several chances to stay in his parents’ house provided he did not move around to other West Bank areas.
However, when he continued to violate these conditions, the IDF was left no choice but to restrain him from being in the West Ban area entirely.


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Use this fun little worksheet to take notes on the book you’re currently reading! File it away in a binder organized by author, series, favorite trope–however you want to keep your books sorted! Then when it’s time for the next book in the series, you can look back and refresh your memory on the prior books you’ve read!
To print and use, just click on this link: HEA Highlights
Then click on the printer icon on your computer screen OR right click and choose “print” from the options OR use Control-P.
You can also right click and “save as” to a destination on your computer for future use!

domain: library


In today’s blog we are going to take a look at Responsive Web Design (RWD), what it is and why it is essential for your business.
So what is ‘Responsive Web Design’?
Responsive Web Design is an approach aimed at crafting websites to provide an optimal viewing experience for the end user – basically no matter device they are using, RWD will ensure that your site, and your content, is accessible to the consumer. So what this means is that whether the consumer chooses to view your site on a PC, mobile or tablet the viewing experience will be uniform. This approach enables the consumer to digest your content with a minimum of resizing, panning and scrolling on their part which in turn results in a richer, more productive experience for all concerned.
So, why is it essential for your business?
The world at large has gone mobile, in a recent study by Super Monitoring and Mobile Cause there were some very interesting statistics concerning mobile adoption and how it has influenced our online habits.
They included statistics such as the following;
• 51% of internet searches occur on a smartphone
• 50% of mobile phone users use mobile as their primary Internet source
• 72% of tablet owners purchase online from their tablets each week
It’s clear the direction content consumption is taking, mobile usage for online viewing has overtaken PC’s for the first time and this trend is widely expected to continue and indeed keep growing in the week, months and years ahead. In today’s uber connected world it is essential that you not only have a web presence but also that that presence is viewable on any device, across the board.
Failure to do so could infringe on your businesses ability to attract and engage consumers, you don’t want consumers to find your site and then discover that it doesn’t format correctly to the device they are using. This will not only reflect badly on you but will also lead to the consumer moving on to a site, usually another competitor as they will be seeking particular service or product, who does.
It is difficult enough to get eyeballs on to your site in the first place, don’t allow your sites lack of responsiveness be the mitigating factor in the consumer moving on to another. Responsive Web Design is crucial to your business and its future prosperity, it has gone from a ‘should have’ to a ‘must have‘, largely due to the mass usage of mobile devices for utilizing the web.
The quote below by James P. Lewis sums up the situation well.
“If you always do what you’ve always done, you’ll always get what you always got.”
― James P. Lewis, Working Together: 12 Principles for Achieving Excellence in Managing Projects, Teams, and Organizations
Would you like your content to be responsive in order for it to fill its potential and reach the maximum amount of consumers?
Try out Hubs for free and give your content the platform it deserves to prosper and flourish in an increasingly busy online world.


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One 12 mm lavender glass bead and five smaller red beads are tightly integrated in the fabric.
green fiber bangle bracelet with beads 1448
cotton fiber bracelet red & orange with beads 468
three new )strata( designs
orbit beaded soft bangle bracelet grey design )strata( 631
orbit beaded soft bangle blue design )strata( 630
design and photographs copyright 2013 WhatKnotShop


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“I have long since come to believe that people never mean half of what they say, and that it is best to disregard their talk and judge only their actions.” ~ Dorothy Day
“Words without actions are the assassins of idealism.” ~ Herbert Hoover
“Men acquire a particular quality by constantly acting a particular way…you become just by performing just actions, temperate by performing temperate actions, brave by performing brave actions.” ~ Aristotle
“I have always thought the actions of men the best interpreters of their thoughts.” ~ John Locke
haha… ok… enough is enough… i think i’ve made my point.


I hear many phrases describing exhausts such as cat-back, freeflow, tri-flow, etc... What exactly do these terms mean. Also, how good is the stock M3 exhaust (compared to aftermarket - performance-wise) and what "type" is it. Has the M3 exhaust changed thru models years '95 - '99? Would a '97 M3 exhaust for $200 be a good upgrade for a 325i thats got hi-flo air, bilstein/H&R sport suspension, Jim C. chip, M3 wheels and body kit (this is what my 325i has so far).
Thanks in advance.


Fusion Science and Technology / Volume 53 / Number 3 / April 2008 / Pages 841-853
Technical Note / dx.doi.org/10.13182/FST08-A1739
Recent study of fusion reactions within an inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) device revealed several significant modes of fusion: converged core, beam-target, beam-background, and charge-exchange reactions. In an attempt to understand the fusion product proton measurements in the IEC device, the advanced fuel D-D and D-3He fusion proton energy spectra were analyzed. For D-3He fusion, the beam-target reactions were found to dominate. Hence, the present study focuses on understanding the beam-target reactions and the corresponding proton energy spectra from such sources. This information helps in accurately calculating the proton flux for optimizing medical isotope production and other near-term applications, besides calibration of the proton detectors.
A proton detector was used to measure the experimental data and the Monte Carlo stopping power and range in matter (SRIM) simulation code was used to explain the corresponding experimental observations. While the D-D proton spectrum from the IEC device showed combined Doppler and scatter broadening, the D-3He proton spectrum, besides showing the broadening, also shows some interesting characteristics such as a high-energy tail and a detector thickness-dependent energy spectrum. An extended high-energy tail occurs in the observed energy spectrum from the detector because some of the protons go through the wire before being detected, which reduces their total energy. Due to the higher proton stopping power in the detector at somewhat lower energies than the initial 14.7 MeV, these protons thus deposit a larger fraction of their energy and create the high-energy tail. These measurements show that the high-energy tail of the proton energy spectrum should be excluded from the total proton counts for an accurate proton rate measurement.


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James Joyce (1882–1941), an Irish poet and novelist, was one of the most celebrated writers of the twentieth century. His works include Ulysses, Finnegans Wake, and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Terence Brown (introduction and notes) is an emeritus fellow of Trinity College Dublin.
A definitive edition of perhaps the greatest short story collection in the English languageJames Joyce's Dubliners is a vivid and unflinching portrait of "dear dirty Dublin" at the turn of the twentieth century. These fifteen stories, including such unforgettable ones as "Araby," "Grace," and "The Dead," delve into the heart of the city of Joyce's birth, capturing the cadences of Dubliners' speech and portraying with an almost brute realism their outer and inner lives. Dubliners is Joyce at his most accessible and most profound, and this edition is the definitive text, authorized by the Joyce estate and collated from all known proofs, manuscripts, and impressions to reflect the author's original wishes.For more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.
DublinersIntroductionNotes on IntroductionNote on Text


A bus carrying displaced people from the Diffa region, fleeing fighting between army and Boko Haram on the border between Niger and Nigeria, are checked by police on the outskirts of Zinder, Niger, on February 13, 2014
Geneva (AFP) - The number of people displaced by conflicts in Africa's Sahel has more than doubled in just over a year to a staggering 3.5 million, the United Nations said Thursday.
At the beginning of 2014, the UN humanitarian agency had reported that around 1.6 million people were displaced across the nine Sahel countries: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Gambia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal.
The region is home to some of the world's poorest countries that have long been plagued by food insecurity, malnutrition and epidemics.
But UN Assistant Secretary General Robert Piper, who coordinates the UN's humanitarian work in the Sahel, warned that on top of those chronic crises the region was facing a "very troubling dynamic" in which displacement linked to conflicts was "really escalating dramatically."
Across the region, he told reporters in Geneva, "there is a very big increase in the number of people affected by conflict, who have been pushed from their homes and from their livelihoods as a result."
The violence by Boko Haram militants in northeastern Nigeria, and spilling over into neighbouring Cameroon, Chad and Niger, has spurred much of the displacement.
The Boko Haram insurgency has claimed at least 15,000 lives and forced some 1.5 million people to flee their homes since 2009.
Also fuelling displacement is the continued unrest in northern Mali, which has been dogged by violence from jihadists groups that seized control from Tuareg rebels before being routed by a French-led international intervention in 2013.
Around 150,000 Malians had fled to neighbouring countries by the middle of last year, while an equal number were displaced inside the country.
Despite peaceful elections after the French operation, the country remains divided and the north has seen a recent upsurge in attacks that has forced some 31,000 people from their homes in the past two weeks alone, the World Food Programme said Tuesday.
- 'Severe protection crisis' -
Conflicts outside the Sahel are also contributing to the displacement in the region, with violence in places like Darfur and the Central African Republic sending refugees fleeing into Sahel countries, Piper said.
The widespread displacement is taking a heavy toll on host communities which are themselves often poor and "extraordinarily vulnerable", he added.
In the southern Niger Diffa region, for instance, where more than half of inhabitants are already food insecure, a flood of Nigerian refugees has doubled the population, putting "tremendous pressure" on food, water and other resources, Piper said.
The violence forcing so many people to flee is also hampering aid organisations' ability to reach and protect the most vulnerable, he said.
On top of this "very, very severe protection crisis," UN operations in Sahel are facing a significant funding shortfall, having so far received only 22 percent of the $2.0 billion they have appealed for in the region this year.
"This has very practical consequences in terms of what we can and can't do in terms of the numbers of people that we can and can't reach," Piper said, urging donor countries to step up.


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NYACOL® offers a range of products for oil and gas upstream applications including H2S scavenging in oil and gas well drilling, oil well cementing additives, and functionalized silica for applications in enhanced oil recovery and shale well development.
NYACOL® DP5370 is a water based zinc oxide dispersion. The high surface area of the product provides fast kinetics and high capacity as an H2S scavenger. The product can be used in water-based drilling fluids for in-well H2S control and also as a scrubbing liquid for removing H2S from gas streams. For cold weather areas, we offer ethylene glycol dispersions for temps down to -40 F. The reaction product is non-settling, making handling in the field relatively easy.
NYACOL® ZincMin is an H2S scavenger for hydrocarbon based drilling fluids. The high surface area and non-settling nature of the product make it easy to use in the field.
NYACOL® colloidal silica is a good choice for oil well cementing. The selection of silica will depend on the type of cement formulation being developed.
NexSil surface functionalized silica is available in several types and surface functions for EOR applications and also for use in various special drilling applications such as fluid loss control and shale stabilization.