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Activation of Glycine and Extrasynaptic GABAA Receptors by Taurine on the Substantia Gelatinosa Neurons of the Trigeminal Subnucleus Caudalis
The substantia gelatinosa (SG) of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) has been known for the processing and transmission of orofacial nociceptive information. Taurine, one of the most plentiful free amino-acids in humans, has proved to be involved in pain modulation. In this study, using whole-cell patch clamp technique, we investigated the direct membrane effects of taurine and the action mechanism behind taurine-mediated responses on the SG neurons of the Vc. Taurine showed non-desensitizing and repeatable membrane depolarizations and inward currents which remained in the presence of amino-acid receptors blocking cocktail (AARBC) with tetrodotoxin, indicating that taurine acts directly on the postsynaptic SG neurons. Further, application of taurine at different doses (10 μM to 3 mM) showed a concentration dependent depolarizations and inward currents with the EC50 of 84.3 μM and 723 μM, respectively. Taurine-mediated responses were partially blocked by picrotoxin (50 μM) and almost completely blocked by strychnine (2 μM), suggesting that taurine-mediated responses are via glycine receptor (GlyR) activation. In addition, taurine (1 mM) activated extrasynaptic GABAA receptor (GABAAR)-mediated currents. Taken together, our results indicate that taurine can be a target molecule for orofacial pain modulation through the activation of GlyRs and/or extrasynaptic GABAARs on the SG neurons.
Taurine (2-amino-ethane sulfonic acid) is one of the most plentiful free amino-acids in humans [1, 2]. In the human body, taurine is distributed with high concentration in various tissues that are excitable and/or prone to generate free radicals in retina, white blood cells, platelets, central nervous system (CNS), heart, skeletal muscles, spleen, and liver . In physiological condition, taurine is accumulated in brain cells at concentration of 5–70 mM [4, 5] and is released in high amounts under various pathological conditions such as anoxaemia or ischemia and seizure [6–8]. Since its first discovery in 1827, a number of studies have been done to find out the various physiological functions and the significance of taurine. It has been reported that taurine has various functions including bile acid production [9–12], antiarrhythmic effects [13–15], and oxidant scavenging effects . In central nervous system, taurine has also been reported to modulate calcium homeostasis [17, 18], neuronal excitabilities [19, 20], and excitotoxic cell death [21, 22].
The pain transmission from the orofacial region to the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) is responsible by the first-order neurons via small-diameter primary afferents including myelinated Aδ- and unmyelinated C-fibers [23, 24], which innervate in lamina I and in much of lamina II of the Vc [25, 26]. The lamina II called substantia gelatinosa (SG), therefore, is thought to be a key site in the processing of orofacial nociceptive information [27, 28]. The majority of neurons in the SG are local interneurons . A substantial number of these interneurons contain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine which are often colocalized in the same cell [30, 31]. As one of the main inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, GABA and glycine have pivotal roles in the modulation of nociception [32–35].
A number of studies have shown that taurine is involved in pain modulation. For example, systemic and intrathecal administration of taurine induced the antinociceptive effects to inhibit the intensity of caudally-directed biting, scratching, and paw licking behaviors by chemical agent and by the hot-plate test at acute pain tests in mouse [36, 37]. It has been reported that dietary supplementation with taurine suppresses hyperalgesia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and autotomy behavior in genetically selected Sabra strain rats . In addition, Lee et al. showed that taurine is released from neurons in the upper dorsal horn layers which are known to conduct nociceptive input . These previous reports have strongly suggested that taurine can modulate nociceptive information. Similarly, Bereiter et al. reported that there was an elevation of taurine after mustard oil (a chemical irritant) injection through the skin into the temporomandibular joint region in rats . However, the action mechanism of taurine on the SG neurons which are involved in orofacial pain modulation has not been fully understood. In this study, therefore, we used the whole-cell patch clamp technique to investigate the action mechanism of taurine on the SG neurons of the Vc.
2. Materials and Methods
All experiments on living animals were ratified by Chonbuk University Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee. Immature male and female ICR mice used in the present study were housed under 12-h light : 12-h dark cycles (lights on at 07:00 h) with access to food and water ad libitum.
2.2. Brain Slice Preparation
Brain slice preparation was similar to the work done by Park et al. . Briefly, the juvenile ICR mice (5-20 postnatal days) were decapitated and their brains were excised quickly, immersed in ice-cold bicarbonate-buffered artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) with the following chemical composition (in mM): 126 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 2.4 CaCl2, 1.2 MgCl2, 11 D-glucose, 1.4 NaH2PO4, and 25 NaHCO3 (pH 7.3~7.4, bubbled with 95% O2 and 5% CO2). The trigeminal subnucleus caudalis segment was dissected, supported with a 4% agar block, and glued with cyanoacrylate to the chilled stage of a vibratome (Microm, Walldorf, Germany). Coronal slices (150 μm in thickness, obtained 1-2 mm from the obex, the most rostral part of Vc) were prepared in ice-cold ACSF using the vibratome. The slices were kept in oxygenated ACSF at room temperature for at least 1 h before electrophysiological recording.
2.3. Electrophysiological Procedures and Data Analysis
The slices were transferred into a recording chamber, completely submerged, and continuously superfused with carboxygenated ACSF at a rate of 4-5 mL/min. The slices were viewed with an upright microscope (BX51W1, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) with Nomarski differential interference contrast optics. The SG (lamina II) was clearly identified as a translucent band, just medial to the spinal trigeminal tract and traveled along the lateral edge of the slice. The patch pipettes were pulled from thin-wall borosilicate glass-capillary tubing (PG52154-4, WPI, Sarasota, USA) on a Flaming/Brown, puller (P-97, Sutter Instruments Co., Novato, CA). The pipette solution was passed through a disposable 0.22 μm filter and contained the following composition (in mM): 140 KCl, 1 CaCl2, 1 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, 4 MgATP, and 10 EGTA (pH 7.3 with KOH). In this study, we used high chloride pipette solution to amplify the chloride mediated conductance. The resistance between the recording electrode filled with pipette solution and the reference electrode was 4–6 MΩ. After a gigaohm seal was formed with SG neuron, the cell membrane patch was ruptured by negative pressure, and then the whole-cell patch clamp recording was performed using an Axopatch 200B (Axon Instruments, Union City, CA). The changes in membrane potentials and membrane currents were sampled online using a Digidata 1322A interface (Axon Instruments) connected to a desktop PC. The signals were filtered (2 kHz, Bessel Filter of Axopatch 200B) before digitizing at a rate of 1 kHz. The holding current was not adjusted during the experiment and was set at 0 pA in current clamp mode. The root mean square (RMS) noises were measured in 50 ms epochs of traces lacking postsynaptic currents (PSCs), in periods of control ACSF and in the presence of strychnine and strychnine + taurine 100 μM ( epochs in each case). The mean holding current changes within the control and treated period were calculated as the mean of peak-to-peak amplitude of individual points within each period. The acquisition and subsequent analysis of the acquired data were performed using Clampex9 software (Axon Instruments, USA). The traces were plotted using Origin7 software (MicroCal Software, Northampton, USA). All recordings were made at room temperature.
The drugs used in the present study were taurine, strychnine, gabazine, picrotoxin, bicuculline (purchased from Sigma, USA), and tetrodotoxin (TTX) (from Tocris, UK). Stocks of all drugs were made according to their solubility in DMSO and in distilled water. Stocks were diluted (usually 1,000 times) to the desired final concentrations in ACSF immediately before use and were applied by bath application (4 mL/min).
All values were expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. A paired t-test and one way ANOVA test were used to examine the difference. Statistical significance was defined as .
Whole cell current and voltage clamp recordings were obtained from 98 SG neurons from juvenile mice postnatal day ranging from day 5 to day 20. A series of experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of taurine on SG neurons. The mean resting membrane potential of SG neurons tested in current clamp mode was − mV ().
3.1. Taurine Induces Nondesensitizing Membrane Potential and Holding Current Changes on SG Neuron
In current and voltage clamp mode, taurine (100 μM) was applied repeatedly at 5-minute time intervals to determine if the SG neurons were desensitized by successive application. In 7 SG neurons tested in current clamp mode, taurine (100 μM) induced repeated membrane depolarizations (Figure 1(a)). When taurine was successively applied, the mean membrane potential change ( mV) by the second application was similar to that of the first application ( mV, , , Figure 1(b)). Similarly, in voltage clamp mode at holding potential of −60 mV, taurine (100 μM) induced repeated inward currents (Figure 1(c)). When taurine was successively applied, the mean inward current (− pA) by the second application was similar to that of the first application (− pA, , , Figure 1(d)). These results indicate that SG neurons are not desensitized by the successively applied taurine that induces inhibitory depolarizing potentials or inward currents, respectively, at current clamp or voltage clamp mode. The mean relative membrane depolarization and the mean relative inward current of the second application were () and (), respectively.
3.2. Postsynaptic Action of Taurine on SG Neurons
To investigate whether taurine affects SG neuronal activities via action potential mediated presynaptic release, the effects of taurine were examined in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a voltage sensitive Na+ channel blocker in current and voltage clamp mode. Taurine (100 μM) induced membrane depolarization and when TTX (0.5 μM) was applied, spontaneous action potentials were rapidly abolished. However, TTX did not affect the taurine-induced membrane depolarization. The mean membrane potential change ( mV, ) in the presence of TTX 0.5 μM was similar to that of taurine alone ( mV, , ). Further, in voltage clamp experiment, the taurine-mediated inward current was not blocked by TTX. The mean inward current change ( pA, ) in the presence of TTX was similar to that of taurine alone ( mV, , ) (figure not shown). These results indicate that taurine-induced responses were not mediated via any action potential dependent presynaptic action on the SG neurons.
Further, we used amino-acid receptors blocking cocktail (AARBC) (6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2, 3-dione (CNQX) 10 μM and (2R)-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP5) 20 μM, gabazine 3 μM along with tetrodotoxin (TTX) 0.5 μM) to find out if taurine affects SG neuronal activities directly on the postsynaptic site. As shown in Figures 2(a) and 2(c), there were no significant differences between the responses induced by taurine alone and in the presence of AARBC. The amplitude of mean membrane depolarization induced by taurine alone ( mV, ) was nearly similar to that of in the presence of AARBC ( mV, , , Figure 2(b)). Similarly, taurine-evoked mean inward currents in taurine alone and in the presence of AARBC were also almost equal ( pA and pA, resp., , , Figure 2(d)). These results put forth that taurine-mediated inward currents and depolarizations were purely postsynaptic events.
Taurine-induced membrane depolarizations and inward currents were examined at different concentrations ranging from 10 to 3,000 μM. Figures 3(a) and 3(c) show the representative traces indicating the clear concentration dependency by taurine applications. Taurine-induced membrane depolarizations and inward currents were bigger at higher concentrations. Figure 3(b) illustrates the mean membrane depolarization changes by taurine at different concentrations (10 μM: mV, 30 μM: mV, 100 μM: mV, 300 μM: mV, 1,000 μM: mV, ) with an EC50 of 84.3 μM. Similarly, there was an increase of mean inward currents following the rise of concentration in voltage clamp mode as well (10 μM: pA, 30 μM: pA, 100 μM: pA, 300 μM: pA, 1,000 μM: pA, 3,000 μM: pA, ) with an EC50 of 723 μM. The values of EC50 were estimated by curve fitting using Origin software. This discrepancy of EC50 values between voltage and current clamp may be explained due to the activation of certain voltage-sensitive ion channels in current clamp mode. These concentration dependent responses also support that taurine acts on the postsynaptic site of SG neurons directly.
3.3. Taurine Activates Glycine Receptors on SG Neurons
It has been reported that taurine can activate GlyRs in ventromedial hypothalamic neurons , supraoptic magnocellular neurons , cultured neurons of auditory cortex , and anteroventral cochlear nucleus neurons . To check whether taurine-induced membrane depolarizations and inward currents on the SG neurons of the Vc were mediated by GlyR activation, strychnine, a selective GlyR antagonist was used. As shown in Figures 4(a) and 4(c), taurine-induced membrane depolarization and current were almost blocked by strychnine (2 μM). The mean membrane depolarizations induced by the application of taurine in the absence and presence of strychnine were mV and mV, respectively (, Figure 4(b), ). In addition, the mean inward current induced by taurine ( pA) was eliminated by the simultaneous application with strychnine ( pA) (, Figure 4(d), ).
3.4. Taurine-Induced Actions Were Mediated via GlyRs and Extrasynaptic GABAA Receptors
It has been reported that taurine can activate GABAA receptors (GABAARs) in various regions such as main olfactory bulb [46, 47], in the hippocampal CA1 area , and in anteroventral cochlear nucleus neurons . As gabazine is well known to block synaptic GABAARs at lower concentration  as well as extrasynaptic GABAARs at higher concentration , taurine was applied in the presence of gabazine (3 μM).
The currents activated by taurine at 100 μM and 1,000 μM were not affected by 3 μM gabazine (Figures 5(a) and 5(c)). Figures 5(b) and 5(d) compare the changes in inward currents between taurine alone (with two different concentrations 100 μM and 1,000 μM ( pA and pA, resp.)) and taurine in the presence of gabazine 3 μM ( pA and pA, resp.). Therefore, at these concentrations, are not affected by taurine. On the other hand, to identify whether taurine can act on extrasynaptic on SG neurons, the concentration of gabazine was increased to 50 μM (Figures 5(e) and 5(f)). The taurine-induced current was inhibited by gabazine at high concentration (Figure 5(e)). Specifically, the mean inward current induced by taurine 1,000 μM ( pA) was reduced to pA in the presence of gabazine 50 μM (Figure 5(f), ). Further additional experiments in the presence of gabazine and bicuculline were conducted to figure out the activation of extrasynaptic current by 1,000 μM taurine, and as expected, bicuculline blocked the taurine-induced inward current in the presence of gabazine (Figures 5(g) and 5(h), ).
There are a plethora of studies suggesting that the receptor antagonist picrotoxin also blocks extrasynaptic homomeric glycine receptors at lower concentration of 50–100 μM and is used extensively to characterize the glycine receptors on neuronal populations. So, here in this study we tested taurine in the presence of picrotoxin to characterize the type GlyRs activated by taurine on SG neurons of Vc. Taurine-induced inward currents on SG neurons were blocked by picrotoxin 50 μM (Figures 6(a) and 6(c)). The mean inward currents evoked by taurine 100 μM and 1,000 μM were significantly decreased in the presence of picrotoxin (50 μM). The mean inward currents evoked by taurine 100 μM and 1,000 μM in absence and presence of picrotoxin were pA; pA and pA; and pA, respectively (Figures 6(b) and 6(d)). These results suggest that the SG neurons of Vc functionally express both heteromeric and homomeric GlyRs. Interestingly, it is very clear from Figures 6(b) and 6(d) that the inhibition of 1,000 μM taurine-mediated response by picrotoxin (50 μM) was less than that of 100 μM taurine. This result can be explained considering that there might be a possibility that at higher concentration of taurine may affect extrasynaptic . In addition, at high concentration of picrotoxin (300 μM), 1,000 μM taurine-induced currents were further decreased (Figures 6(e) and 6(f)), suggesting the activation of extrasynaptic by higher concentration of taurine.
Following this further, we also used another selective antagonist, bicuculline, which follows the same pattern as picrotoxin does, that is, blockade of homomeric GlyRs . We confirmed the inhibitory effect of bicuculline on taurine and glycine-mediated responses. Figures 7(a) and 7(c) show the inhibition of bicuculline on the taurine and glycine-induced currents. The mean inward currents by taurine 100 μM in the absence and presence of bicuculline 10 μM were pA and pA (Figure 7(b)), respectively. Whereas the mean inward currents elicited by glycine (100 μM) in the absence and presence of bicuculline (10 μM) were pA and pA (Figure 7(d), ), respectively.
Further, in a quest to figure out the actual extrasynaptic glycine and GABAA receptors mediated tonic currents by 1,000 μM taurine on SG neurons, it was applied in the presence of strychnine. Strychnine dramatically blocked the synaptic currents and induced outward shift of the holding current (Figure 8(a)). Presumably, this blockade of synaptic currents were via heteromeric GlyRs, and outward shift of holding current was induced via extrasynaptic GlyRs. Moreover in the presence of strychnine, taurine (1,000 μM) induced the inward current with increase in RMS noise. RMS noise in intact condition, in the presence of strychnine and in the presence of strychnine and taurine were pA, pA and pA, respectively (, Figure 8(b), ).
The results of this study can be summarized as follows. SG neurons were not desensitized by the application of taurine. The taurine-induced membrane depolarizations on SG neurons were mediated by postsynaptic actions. There was concentration-response relationship between taurine and SG neurons. Taurine acted as an agonist on both extrasynaptic homomeric and synaptic hetromeric GlyRs on the SG neurons. Taurine at higher concentration could affect extrasynaptic .
Taurine has been demonstrated for its ability in modulation of synaptic transmission by activating GlyRs and/orRs. However, the physiological actions of taurine which can be upon either GlyRs or GABAARs have been also proved to depend on the specific brain region studied [46, 47]. For example, taurine activates both GABAARs and GlyRs in neurons of the supraoptic nucleus, Xenopus oocytes, and the hippocampal CA1 area [43, 48, 52] and activates only GABAARs receptors in mitral and tufted cells from the rat main olfactory bulb . In addition, this activation of taurine in some brain regions is concentration-dependent. For instance, in young rat hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, and adult rat supraopic nucleus, taurine cannot only activate GlyRs at a low concentration (≤1 mM) but can activate GABAARs as well at a high concentration (≥3 mM) [43, 48, 53]. On the other hand, the findings by Song et al. in 2012 have shown that in anteroventral cochlear nucleus neurons, at low (0.1 mM) and high (1 mM) concentrations, taurine can activate both GABAARs and GlyRs .
In the mammalian CNS, GlyRs are formed by a combination of five distinct transmembrane protein subunits, one β subunit and four α subunit () [54, 55]. This composition influences in two different ways of forming functional receptors: the homomeric configuration comprising five α subunits and the heteromeric configuration composed of 2α : 3β subunits [55–57]. The physiological and pharmacological properties of GlyRs are dependent on the subunit combination. Picrotoxin, a antagonist, is proved as a standard tool to discriminate between homomeric and heteromeric GlyRs . At low concentration of 50–100 μM, picrotoxin selectively blocks homomeric GlyRs but not heteromeric receptors. In this study, to pharmacologically characterize the type of GlyRs present on SG neurons, taurine and glycine 100 μM were applied in the presence of picrotoxin. The result indicate that glycine- and taurine-induced inward currents were partially blocked by picrotoxin (50 μM), suggesting the presence of α homomeric GlyRs. However, this blockade was not complete and the unblocked remainder implies the activation of another GlyRs, likely αβ heteromeric GlyRs. The result in this study puts forth that taurine activates not only the synaptic hetromeric GlyRs but also the homomeric extrasynaptic GlyRs giving the tonic glycinergic inhibition on SG neurons, as established on spinal cord and hippocampal neurons [59, 60].
Another major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS is GABA which mediates its most rapid effects via the ionotropic . which are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels consisting of diverse subunits are typically composed of two α and two β subunits together with γ2 subunit . The difference of subunit composition influences not only the properties and function of receptors but also their distribution within the cellular membrane [62, 63]. GABAA receptors, containing the γ2 subunit, are preferentially located in the synapse and generate “phasic” inhibitory postsynaptic currents . On the other hand, in some receptors, the δ subunit can take the place of the γ2 subunit. The existence of the δ subunit leads to receptor expression in the extrasynaptic membrane and the activation of these receptor results in the generation of “tonically” active currents [65–68]. In the present study, inward current with increased RMS noise by taurine 1,000 μM in the presence of strychnine and unaffected current in the presence of gabazine 3 μM which blocks the synaptic suggests the activation of extrasynaptic by taurine 1,000 μM. The activation of extrasynaptic GABAARs by taurine may have important physiological and pathophysiological effects to protect neurons from toxicity under pathological conditions .
Glycine and GABA are known to be inhibitory neurotransmitters. Within the SG of the spinal dorsal horn, these neurotransmitters take part in the modulation of sensory input by exerting powerful inhibitory effects on spontaneous and afferent evoked activity in second-order neurons . In previous studies, - and GlyR-mediated conductance have been found to have inhibitory effects on orofacial nociceptive input . Likewise taurine has also been shown to have inhibitory effect on other brain areas . In this study, activation of glycine and GABA receptors by taurine on SG neurons has given a clear evidence that taurine behaves as an inhibitory neurotransmitter on the SG neurons of Vc. Because of this property, taurine symbolizes essential targets in descending pathways to orofacial pain.
The significant increase of taurine level in the brain under pathological conditions in response to electrical, chemical, and pain stimulation signals that taurine may play a role in neuroprotection [72–74]. With the physiological ability to activate the inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor in SG neurons, our results indicate that the influence of taurine on SG neurons may be an important modulation which has a part in the processing of orofacial nociceptive information. Further researches need to be done to ascertain the antinociceptive role of taurine to orofacial pain.
This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012R1A1A2003535).
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M. A. M. Silva, G. M. A. Cunha, G. S. B. Viana, and V. S. N. Rao, “Taurine modulates chemical nociception in mice,” Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 1319–1324, 1993.View at: Google Scholar

domain: biology


I believe that President Obama was correct in authorizing the use of force against the Somali pirates. Authorizing force means, of course, that people died and that Obama could be labeled a murderer where the press so inclined.
I dislike that we shot a bunch of ignorant kids who were sent on the high seas to capture ships by warlords in the Somali ports.
It would be wonderful to live in a world where people didn't kill each other. Yet I do not think it likely that the world will arrive at the place where we can make the prohibition on killing an absolute.
It is strange. Having rejected modern progressivism, I am often accused of being an absolutist. Accusing one's opponents of absolutism is usually just a tactic.
The reason I willing to accept things I do not like (such as taking ships back from pirates, aggressive interrogation of terrorists, and even the death penalty) is because I reject absolutism.
My opinion is that our society will never be able to eliminate bad things. The best we can hope for is to create structures that curtail the bad while promoting the good.
One of the best ways to curtail things is to create an exception handling system in the chain of command so that if people feel an exception is needed, they can appeal to a higher authority.
The framers of the Constitution gave the president the ability to approve exceptions. This is especially true in matters of foreign affairs.
The media is currently engaged in a witch hunt where they are trying to frame the use of agressive interrogation techniques after 9/11 as a policy making process gone horribly wrong.
I see an exception handling system that worked well.
Right after 9/11, the intelligence community was faced with the possibility that the attack might trigger other terrorist attacks such as the anthrax mailings. Existing intelligence efforts had clearly failed (a very serious attack just happened).
I am quite certain that the Founders of the United States would have been pleased with the actions taken by the intelligence community and President Bush. In response to an exceptional event: The president approved exceptions to standard policy. Having approved the policy, the administration continued to support the people who carried out the policy.
I suspect they would be less pleased with the partisan media in its untiring effort to associate the label "torture" to its opponent. The founders themselves avoided the charged word. They founders used the words "cruel and unusual punishment."
In the long run, I think it wise to have a set of most aggreessive interrogation techniques that are only used in the most extraordinary circumstances. Such a system allows the intelligence community to pursue the ideal of humane interrogations, with the knowledge that they would receive full administrative support on the very rare occasions when one is suddenly facing a truly monumental crisis.
Life has a strange way of configuring itself so that one must make exceptions to ideals. Even worthy ideals like that of creating a murder-free and torture-free society manage to get challenged. Murdering pirates to save the hostage or using agressive interrogation techniques to break up a terrorist plot may or may not be in order.
The ability to define exceptions allows a society to pursue its ideals. While efforts to make ideals absolutes seem to lead to situations that undermine the society.
A few posts back I started talking about secularism. The ideal of secularism evolved in Christian societies through the realization that the government is ever going to be the perfect representation of the ideals of the people. As governments learn to respond to exceptions, they will always end up doing things counter to the ideals of the people.
It appears to me that killing the Somali pirates was against the ideals of Obama and I would take offense at anyone who tried to label Obama as a murderer for the action. Life is such that governments are often faced with decisions counter to our society's ideals.


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Ascent of Mastodon Peak on 2017-11-12
|Other People:||Solo Ascent|
|Date:||Sunday, November 12, 2017|
|Ascent Type:||Successful Summit Attained|
| Motorized Transport to Trailhead:||Car|
| Elevation:||3440 ft / 1048 m|
Ascent Trip ReportHiked the Mastodon loop counter-clockwise from Cottonwood Spring. I enjoyed the unexpected view of the Salton Sea from the summit.
Ocotillo in bloom below Mastodon Peak (2017-11-12). Photo by Scott Sharaga.
Click here for larger-size photo.
|Summary Total Data|
| Total Elevation Gain:||440 ft / 134 m|
| Route:||Mastodon Loop|
| Trailhead:||Cottonwood Spring 3000 ft / 914 m|
| Route Conditions:||Maintained Trail, Unmaintained Trail, Scramble|
| Weather:||Pleasant, Calm, Partly Cloudy|
This page has been served 114 times since 2005-01-15.

domain: geography


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I am so glad for you to join me and follow along by subscribing to receive my updates by email. It’s completely free. Updates are new posts, occasional newsletters and shop news. If you are ready to get inspired, just fill out the form below!
Since I offer such an eclectic mix I am offering you the option to check the boxes for the topics you are most interested in…or check “I want everything!” to get every mailing I send.
My content reflects my life and what I am in the middle of currently. I want you to only receive what you are interested in not overwhelmed by too many emails in your inbox.
I usually send 2 to 3 new posts per week…and I never share my list or send unwanted spam.
After you sign up…
you will receive a confirmation email. Click the link provided in the email. Once you confirm then you will receive a link to download my free e-book, my 5 Favorite DIY Projects.
and a link to painting worksheets you can print and use
If you don’t get the confirmation email right away check your SPAM folder. If you still don’t see your confirmation email please email me directly at email@example.com and I will get you going!

domain: hobby


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Here at Tailster we're always on the look out for great new products and we've found a great bit of pet tech swag you'll love.
We're lucky enough to be able to GIVEAWAY not 1, but 4(!) of these new Motorola Scout Traks GPS location and activity monitors - a great little Christmas present to yourself!
Ever been worried about your dog escaping the garden or getting lost on a walk, getting enough exercise or just curious about where it goes. The Traks GPS device combines a high sensitive GPS receiver with an accelerometer and SIM card. This enables pet owners to do the following:
Monitor Your Pet's Activity
The device also has an accelerometer, giving you an accurate feedback on your dogs(1) activity levels. This can be used to set exercise goals, regulate diet and ensure your pup stays healthy and happy. Help keep them healthy with activity monitoring to ensure they get the amount of exercise they need. Accelerometer data gives owners feedback on activity with in-app breed advice.
With the SCOUT TRAKS you can ensure they are a comfortable temperature with the push notifications. Push notifications are sent if the thermometer alerts the owner that the temperature is too hot or too cold. Dogproof. Built to withstand doglife. Chewproof, pawproof, IP67 waterproof.
Never Lose Your Pet with GPS Tracking
Never lose them again with GPS tracking, know if they wander off with Geo Fencing technology. A push notification alert will be sent if the invisible Geo Fence escape alert boundary is breached.
This device literally does everything!
Lastly, it holds a 500m/ah battery giving one to three days record and transmit depending on usage and is suitable for dogs over 8kg.
And if you need any help finding the perfect carer for your pet, make a request below. It’s free and it only takes 30 seconds - let’s see who we can find for you.

domain: pet


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Mavin Records singer, Johnny Drille shares his first official single for the year titled “Something Better”. The highly impressive single was produced by Nigerian Electronic producer, Sigag Lauren.
He shared this to cushion the anxiety people have been feeling around the world with the COVID-19 pandemic. He said, “It’s here!!! I’m sorry I kept you waiting 6 months but I’m glad to put this out now that we all need some uplifting and something to distract us from all the madness. This song is special to me and you’ll love it.#SomethingBetter out now on all platforms. Produced by @sigaglauren.“

domain: celebrity


Researchers from the University Carnegie Mellon has developed a wearable device that turns the surface of the hands in a touch-screen display. The device received the name LumiWatch.
LumiWatch — smart watch with dimensions of 50×41×17 mm. the Filling device includes: a laser projector with a brightness of 15 lumens, a depth sensor, a Quad-core Qualcomm processor, Wi-Fi modules and Bluetooth, 758 MB of RAM, 4 GB ROM, battery 740 mAh. As the OS acts Android 5.1.
Before each use, clock must be calibrated by swiping your finger from right to left. The area of the projected area is 40 square centimeters. The cost of the prototype is estimated at $ 600 (~37 thousand).


Permits Issued for 42-Unit Development at 1429-31 Federal Street in Point Breeze, South Philadelphia
Permits have been issued for a the construction of a 42-unit mixed-use residential and commercial development at 1429-31 Federal Street in Point Breeze, South Philadelphia. Upon completion, the building will rise four stories tall and will feature retail space at the ground floor. A green roof at the top of the building and will be accessible via pilot houses. The project will also include 14 bike spaces. The permit lists Top Gun Enterprises as the contractor for the development, and Vincent Mancini as the design professional. In total, the building will hold 34,668 square feet of space, and will cost an estimated $3.8 million to build.


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The stress shall be over the probate decide to confirm which the appropriation requested in all fairness essential to satisfy all administrative charges from the court docket. If, prior to the filing of the motion less than Chapter 2731. of your Revised Code or in the course of the pendency of the action, the decide exercises the judge's contempt energy to be able to get hold of the sum of money in dispute, the choose shall not order the imprisonment of any member in the board of county commissioners notwithstanding sections 2705.02 to 2705.06 of the Revised Code.
Does the whole notion of "estate planning" seem slightly off-putting to you? A lot of people Consider It can be something that only wealthy individuals need to do.
(2) The probate decide annually shall submit a written request for an appropriation to your board of county commissioners that shall set forth approximated administrative fees with the court docket, such as the salaries of appointees as determined by the choose and any other fees, service fees, and expenditures, including, but not limited to, People enumerated in area 5123.96 of your Revised Code, the decide considers moderately necessary for the operation of your court docket.
Estate planning is one area you need to do for All your family members. Get it finished, and you will experience far better understanding that you have taken care of them.
recipient's will fails, judgment on quantum meruit claim for personal care products and services reversed, ingredient of detect of expectation to generally be compensated for products and services provided not satisfied In such cases)
Popular law relationships aren't at this time recognized in your condition. For this reason, that you are regarded as one for the objective of this could.
(two) Any fee for almost any provider rendered by the probate court that is definitely connected with the administration in the decedent's estate;
The probate choose may well preserve order inside the judge's court and it has authority throughout the state to compel general performance of any duty incumbent on any fiduciary appointed by or accounting for the choose.
Some people need a living belief straight away, Other individuals won't ever have to have one particular, and most of us slide somewhere in the center. Factors to consider are how previous you will be, how rich you will be, and whether you are married.
Certain property falls exterior the estate for administration uses, the most common illustration most likely currently being properties jointly owned that pass by survivorship on the main Dying of a pair into the only real title of your survivor. Other examples include things like discretionary Demise benefits from pension funds, accounts with specified money institutions issue to a nomination and the proceeds of existence insurance insurance policies which have been published into have confidence in.
Mentally sick person subject matter to court docket get, submitting of affidavit and proceedings forand......................................................................$
The decide shall here not be personally answerable for the default, malfeasance, or nonfeasance of any appointee .
Receipts Together with advertising fees, application and buy to recordand...................................................................... $
No decide shall are unsuccessful to conduct the duties imposed On this section. For the instance of anyone, the prosecuting attorney shall institute and prosecute an motion in opposition to the defaulting judge.

domain: finance


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Synthetic Genomics Inc. (SGI) was founded in 2005 by J. Craig Venter and Nobel Laureate Hamilton O. Smith. The company has three core focus areas including self-amplifying RNA for vaccines and therapeutics, automated DNA and RNA production, and novel cell factories for discovery and biomanufacturing. Its subsidiary, SGI-DNA, commercializes hardware and reagents for DNA synthesis, including the world's first desktop DNA synthesizer.
Synthetic Genomics develops technology to reprogram cells for medicines and bio-based products.
Their R&D programs focus on self-amplifying RNA for vaccines and therapeutics and cell factories for discovery and biomanufacturing.
Synthetic Genomics has commercialized two novel organisms that have the potential to become new standard host organisms in biological research. Cmax is a microbial host capable of making proteins, including monoclonal antibodies, for therapeutic applications. It is purported to be faster, cheaper, and more scaleable than the industry standard host Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells.
Vmax is a microbial host capable of making a variety of molecules. It is a proprietary strain of Vibrio natriegens, which grows nearly twice as fast as Escherichia coli, a standard host organism used in biological research and some commercial applications.
Synthetic Genomics has publicly-announced five partnerships, including three focused on healthcare, one focused on animal health, and one focused on industrial biotechnology: ExxonMobil, United Therapeutics, Ceva, Janssen and Novartis.
Hamilton O. Smith
J. Craig Venter
J. K. Kriebel
Documentaries, videos and podcasts


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The Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center reports that the number of Palestinian rockets fired per year  were:. Micky Edelstein, told journalists that in one Khan Younis street he encountered, 19 of the 28 homes were booby-trapped, ready to explode over IDF soldiers who enter them. These workshops have also been targeted by the IDF throughout the operation. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Qassam rocket. Later they were sent to Hamas bases in Khan Younis and Rafah. The injured were all members of the Wolf family, who lived in two housing units connected by a hallway. Search for:. Retrieved 4 August
The Qassam rocket is a simple, steel artillery rocket developed and deployed by the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the military arm of Hamas. These rockets. This is a list of Palestinian rocket and mortar attacks on Israel in All of the attacks The rocket was probably a domestically produced J80 rocket, and flew some of rockets were fired at Israel from Hamas and other terrorist organizations.
7 injured, including 2 infants, in Gaza rocket attack on central Israel The Times of Israel
Rocket fired from Gaza lands north of Tel Aviv, CNN, 25 March Hamas, Fatah, and Islamic Jihad rockets were fired at Israeli ports, M75 (mid- range); 22 – J80 (mid-range); 11 – R (long-range)5. Rocket Locations and Storage Areas. Hamas' rocket warfare against Israel relied on tunnels and . in the Holy Land Revealed in Early Photographs (Urim Publications).
Views Read View source View history.
The Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas stated "There is no justification for rockets from Gaza or anywhere else," He later added "Rockets attacks are in vain because they do not bring peace any closer.
Retrieved 27 August The fact that rocket launchers can easily be hidden underground or masked by vegetation in the backyard of a home has made the detection and destruction of medium- and long-range launchers prior to entering Gaza particularly difficult.
One Hamas operative arrested during the operation disclosed information on a previously unknown tunnel.
From tunnels to Rs, a primer on Hamas and its deadly capabilities The Times of Israel
Digging requires engineering and geological expertise, with tunnels usually dug through sandy soil, their roof supported by a more durable level of clay.
capable of reaching Haifa, and the J, with a kilometer range.
Video: Al qassam rocket j80 land Palestinian video reportedly shows rockets being fired towards Israeli positions
Just take over Israeli lands given away timidly over the years by DIPLOMACY. The IDF said later Monday that the rocket was produced by Hamas and.
Hamas’ Order of Battle Weapons, Training, and Targets
refugees and their descendants to lands that are now part of Israel. —J This rocket, also produced locally, is named after Hamas military wing commander Ahmed Jabari, who was killed in an Israeli airstrike.
July Qassam 1: cm; Qassam 2: cm; Qassam 3: cm; Qassam 4: cm . Malaysia denied the claim. The Qassam rocket is the best-known type of rocket deployed by Palestinian militantsmainly against Israeli civilians, but also some military targets during the Second Intifada of the Israeli—Palestinian conflict.
The fact that rocket launchers can easily be hidden underground or masked by vegetation in the backyard of a home has made the detection and destruction of medium- and long-range launchers prior to entering Gaza particularly difficult.
An Arab reporter visited a youth camp and interviewed the camp supervisor, Abu Hamza, as he distributed Kalashnikov rifles to the teens.
Al qassam rocket j80 land
|People gather around a damaged car next to the home of the Wolf family in the central Israeli village of Mishmeret after it was hit by a rocket launched from Gaza, on March 25, Hamas was forced to rely more significantly on local manufacturing, the Shin Bet notes, importing raw materials from East Asia and inviting foreign experts to assist with development.
There are fears that violence will ramp up this week, with Hamas hoping to draw hundreds of thousands of rioters to the fence over the weekend to mark a year of so-called March of Return protests, which began March 30, Retrieved 11 July Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A young girls shoes inside a car near a home hit by a rocket in Mishmeret, central Israel, Monday, March 25, Medium-Long-range up to 80 km.

domain: news


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Jordan Bell’s road to the NBA has been a rollercoaster with huge ups like a mythical five-by-five during the Summer League and downs like sitting four consecutive games as the likes of Kevon Looney, David West, and JaVale McGee see divided minutes on the floor. In near poetic justice, Bell got the nod for his first NBA start against the team that sold him for $3.5 million during the NBA Draft, the Chicago Bulls. A 6-foot-9 athletic forward with a high ceiling, Bell did the talking with his play, stuffing the stat sheet with seven points, six rebounds, four assists, two steals, and six blocks through a 26-minute outing in a near 50-point destruction of the Bulls. But perhaps it was his “money” celebration that caught the eyes of those familiar with his story. The Oregon product rubbed his thumbs with his fingers, symbolic of the money the Warriors had spent to acquire his services during draft night.
Draymond Green says ‘more guys should be like’ Jordan Bell
Clutch Points | Nov 27


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Police are continuing to appeal to trace the whereabouts of a missing woman who was last seen in Dewsbury.
Kelly Watson Walker, 28, has been missing for over three weeks and was last seen on Monday, March 23, at 3pm on Railway Street in Dewsbury.
Pc Sally Brook, of the Kirklees Safeguarding Unit, said: “We have not had any confirmed sightings of Kelly since March 23 and we do have some concerns for her welfare as she has some underlying issues with her health.”
Kelly is described as white, 5ft 2ins tall, of slim build with long brown hair.
When last seen she was wearing an oversized grey hooded top, black leggings with a hole in the right leg and black and purple Reebok trainers with a white sole. She was also carrying a black leather bag possibly with a bear motif on the front.
Anyone with information can be given to the Kirklees Safeguarding Unit on 101 quoting log reference 13150119611.


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Hey there guys, the name is Karagera, your neighborhood bat.
Uh, I'm a bit of an artist myself, however, I'm not keen to putting up my works on public forums just yet (not that I'm bad or anything, I just need refining). I know a hefty bit about anatomy and good character design, so if you ever need anything examined, you know who to call.
Other than that, I'm here to get art and other stuff like that.
What is this ungodly place of horror and unparalleled terror?
There's no spiteful reign of a butthurt dictator administrator?
Not even a hint of terrible anime and awful fanart of the worst caliber?
T-There's actually people here?
Well, I'm starting to like this place already, whoever drugged me and threw me down here was quite the bright person, and I should probably remember who they are so I can report them to the proper local authorities. That was some weird party last night, bunch of guys dressed up in suits that look like animals busted in and everything went all whack. All I remember was getting my drink back and getting really tired all of a sudden.
Then I woke up on the ground. Here. Alone.
Ah well, I might throw up some of my grotesque workings up onto here, I'm not much of an artist, but I sure can write pretty well.
(Also, if you can get the hints at the other art-related places, kudos to you)
Joined 14 February 2013

domain: artistic


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Sarah puppy sat for us for several days while we were out of town. I could not imagine a better experience. Sarah is so great with Shabu - they went on all sorts of adventures and she sent us several updates/photos a day, which made being gone much easier. Shabu was very healthy and happy when we returned. Can’t recommend Sarah more highly!
Sarah is a dog whisperer! Our newly adopted two year-old rescue coonhound is adjusting to her new home and Sarah gives her lots of love and keeps her calm. I don't know what we would do without her!
Your dog's (other) best friend!
Ok, I know you are (obviously) your dog's best friend, but I hope I can be a close second! I'm a lifelong dog lover, ready and excited to walk and play with your dog! Although I don't have a dog of my own (yet!) I've been lucky enough to have lots of friends and family pups in my life who I've walked, played with, and watched for extended visits. I'm friendly, punctual, reliable, communicative, and ...


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Morenci Turquoise + Sonoran Gold Turquoise + Sterling Silver Ring • Size 6.75
Morenci Turquoise, mined in Arizona, and Sonoran Gold Turquoise, mined in Mexico, simply set in sterling silver with silver granule accents. This ring has a satin finish and split ring shank.
Size: US 6.75
Length: 1 1/4”
Band Width: 3/16”
Each piece is handcrafted by Lindsay Cope in Tulsa, OK.

domain: design


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I can’t help but laugh when I tell people that I found my wedding dress at the gym. I was running on the treadmill and was flipping through the magazine that was already on there. When I came across this image I had to stop running. As discretely as I could (in the middle of the gym, all sweaty) I ripped this page out. I had to: this is the dress.
I have been engaged since Christmas, and while we have yet to make a single big decision (the date, location, etc.), I have picked one thing: my dress. Or rather, I have (perhaps over-ambitiously) decided to make my dress. It will be like this, only shorter. Anne here is modeling an Oscar DeLaRenta.
This is going to be an elegant, but non-traditional wedding. I love to wear bold colours, and I don’t see why my wedding dress should be any different. Before the handy days of Pinterest (you can see my boards here), I had also hoarded another ripped-out magazine page, that of the Vogue spread from the wedding of Dita Von Tease and Marilyn Manson (March 2006). While I certainly won’t be taking up the entire hall with a dress as massive as her Vivianne Westwood creation, the image of Dita in that glorious purple colour always stayed with me.
I’m thinking by the time all is said and done (and decided upon), it will probably be about 2 years before the actual wedding, so that gives me plenty of time to:
1. Source materials
2. Find a pattern (vintage probably) with the appropriate proportions
3. Create several muslins on which to practice whatever that pleated-bodice technique is called (anyone have an idea?)
4. Finally, construct the actual dress!


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I started this website from a thought in a stream of insomniactic nights. I had walked away wounded from what I thought loved me and felt no purpose was put upon my head for a couple of weeks. I was wrong;I knew I was wounded; I knew I’d survive but I wanted to give myself time to wallow in the self pitty i condemned my home on my fur covered couch I chose to rest my head instead of a feather top king size padded for a Queen. I was no Queen. I felt I was the furthest thing away from that treatment so I conditioned myself for a life I didn’t know I was conditioning myself for.
When this website began I had the start of an Epiphany that I was in a place I didn’t belong, surrounded by people who didn’t fully understand me and in love with someone who wasn’t even there anymore. My ghost had become my best friend and I didn’t want anyone to know. Like Belle seeking an adrenaline rush to see the shadow of Edward in her nearsight I searched for a way to empower myself through heartbreak. I wanted to learn more grow more see more yada yada. I devised a plan to go allllll the way to New Zealand on a workaway program where I’ll work wherever will host me for room and bored. Sold some things saved some things in the end the funds went to moving me 4 hours west of the humble home I resided at the beginning of this story.
My love and understanding for a man that stopped me dead in my tracks pushed me further and held me closer than any man I’d ever met. I would’ve married this man.i never felt that way in my life. Still don’t think I ever will. My standards are the way he walks,talks,loves,hates,hurts and holds. You might be thinking I’m in love with my ex. But I am not. For he is not my ex. He was my wake up call. I knew there was something wonderful to take from all we created. Through my other posts I boast about my beliefs and fears of a white picket fence. I knew I wanted more than was givin to me but finding a way out felt like a dim light that was softening to nothing each day. I stayed strong to be the heart of so many and couldn’t burden others with the chaos inside my mind. I knew no one would understand and if they did they would never stay by my side long enough for my fear of consistency to subside before they moved onto their next parade. I have many supporters, friends and loved ones. I don’t lack being loved or giving love. I lack romantic love and the dream of being whole. Fitting perfectly into someone else and them into me. I crave it so bad yet I treat it like a disease I secretly have. My fear is I won’t stop running until I am stopped by the right hand. When I am told this is my safe haven and he has my pillow ready to rest my head.
I know this is far from over.
I lack not knowing my place and wanting to find a home so bad I’m scared of settling so I never fully choose anything. I lack the discipline in saying no to toxic people in my life and being the “fixer” in a situation where I should probable walk away. I know what God has instilled in me and find more strength in Me because of Him everyday. I’ve never felt so scared and relieved at the same time. I’ve never felt like I’ve wanted to stay and runaway all at the same time. Until the phone call that turned my life once again into a gypsys adventure of finding where she belongs.
I know no one.
I am no one.
Two very scary concepts yet I’m so overjoyed to be alone it’s a confession only this website will know. To say I’ve found my way I think would be a lie. To say I’ve found a stepping stone would be correct. Moments like these remind me all I have is time. All I have is time to improve myself. I can’t shake the feeling that I’ve left something behind. My heart.my hope. A dream perhaps.
I said goodbye to selective friends and let the rest find out through the grapevine but there is one I said goodbye to that I am so sad to leave yet so humbled he was my last kiss,hug and love in Qtown. He knows who he is,my heart beats so fast with the truth just thinking about him. He helped me grow,shoved me in the right direction and let me go. I love him,I trust him and I owe him so much that he doesn’t even know. He walked away from me today and as I lived the moment I swore it all went down in slow motion. He walked ten feet then looked back…smiling in a way I admit I melt…I was still watching him. He crossed the street and looked back… I was still watching. He opened the door …I was still watching. Never wanted to look away.never wanted to leave. He waved goodbye and blew me one last kiss…
I lost it.
I don’t know if he will ever know what he means to me.
I hope he finds himself like I hope I find myself. I hope I see him again.


The Swedish singer-songwriter performed a perfectly-paced set in the sacral setting of London's Cadogan Hall.
Though for some the idea of pairing a guitar with a loop pedal might bring back painful memories of a pained smile at a friend in the midst of their Ed Sheeran ‘You Need Me, I Don’t Need You’ phase at the local open mic night, rest assured, it can be tastefully done. Case in point: José González. Though the Swedish singer/songwriter has never been one for fancy or cheap tricks – on the contrary, since his 2003 debut Veneer his vast appeal has been based on a vulnerability and rawness – peppered throughout an otherwise characteristically striped-back solo performance at London’s Cadogan Hall, subtle use of vocal loops, layered guitar arrangements and even gentle beats brought his set to life.
This new textural layer to González’ sound is a result of Local Valley, his fourth full-length released back in September, which features a gentle pulse, distant and lightly warbling synths and field recordings of birdsong throughout – the latter is an especially nice touch during the closing moments of his cover of ‘Blackbird’ that closes his London set. Interestingly, the singer leaves his new material until the second half, and there’s a faint wisp of surprise when he gets into ‘Crosses’ and ‘Heartbeats’, two breakthrough singles from his debut, early on and not as an encore as might be expected. ‘Cycling Trivialities’ from 2007’s In Our Nature feels particularly chilling, as his intricately fingered nylon strings resonate amongst the setting of Cadogan Hall; behind him is a feint backdrop of upside down pine trees that seem to reflect the real Christmas tree erected at the top of the hall’s dome.
But, to González’ credit, the second chapter of the evening counterparts the first with a new sense of pace, and at times – especially the looped ‘Swing’ with its light Latin shuffle or the foor-on-the-floor beat of ‘Head On’ – the night is almost lively. ‘Tjomme’, the first of an encore, feels positively hallucinatory, with its looped and low whispers sung in his mother tongue, and the visuals behind him come to life as lo-fi cameras on stage project the outline of his figure behind him.
Having hardly spoken a word throughout save for a few thank yous, it’s a little surprise when he introduces his final song of the evening with a quote by the American writer and anthropologist Helen Fisher: “People live for love. They kill for love. They die for love.” The song that follows is of course his old hit ‘Killing For Love’.
Catch Jose González perform in the UK here.


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Tuxedo – Number One (Audio)
That’s right. The duo known as Tuxedo releases another jam for you to dance to, or to clean your crib to. Either way, it’s sure to get you moving.
Their new album has a release date of March 3rd and can be pre-ordered on iTunes now! Check out the new single Number One from Tuxedo and leave a comment below.

domain: entertainment


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Pilot study of intracranial venous physiology in craniosynostosis
Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics , Volume 21 - Issue 6 p. 626- 631
OBJECTIVE In addition to craniocerebral disproportion, other factors, such as Chiari malformation type I, obstructive sleep apnea, and venous outflow obstruction, are considered to have a role in the occurrence of intracranial hypertension in craniosynostosis. This pilot study examined cerebral venous flow velocity to better characterize the complex intracranial venous physiology of craniosynostosis. METHODS The authors performed a prospective cohort study of craniosynostosis patients (n = 34) referred to a single national (tertiary) craniofacial unit. Controls (n = 28) consisted of children who were referred to the unit's outpatient clinic and did not have craniosynostosis. Transfontanelle ultrasound scans with venous Doppler flow velocity assessment were performed at the first outpatient clinic visit and after each surgery, if applicable. Mean venous blood flow velocities of the internal cerebral vein (ICVv) and the superior sagittal sinus (SSSv) were recorded and blood flow waveform was scored. RESULTS Preoperatively, SSSv was decreased in craniosynostosis patients compared with controls (7.57 vs 11.31 cm/ sec, p = 0.009). ICVv did not differ significantly between patients and controls. Postoperatively, SSSv increased significantly (7.99 vs 10.66 cm/sec, p = 0.023). Blood flow waveform analyses did not differ significantly between patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS Premature closure of cranial sutures was associated with decreased SSSv but not ICVv; indicating an effect on the superficial rather than deep venous drainage. Further Doppler ultrasound studies are needed to test the hypothesis that at an early stage of craniosynostosis pathology SSSv, but not pulsatility, is abnormal, and that abnormality in both SSSv and the superficial venous waveform reflect a more advanced stage of evolution in suture closure.

domain: health


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Pak Yan Lau - Bakunawa
Bakunawa is a continuation of Pak Yan Lau’s solo project Book of Toy, where she recorded her fascination for the natural overtones of toy pianos and pendules. Now she takes it to another level by writing for a five-piece ensemble. Bakunawa explores a combination of unconventional instrumentation (pendules, toy pianos, metal tubes, harp) and a delicate use of electronics. In contrast to Book of Toy, which existed of miniatures, the desire has grown to work with longer duration, where the composition can evolve in it’s own time. Inspired by Asian ritual music, minimal music (such as Philip Glass and Eliane Radigue) and ambient music, Pak Yan Lau aims to create her own soundworld (a kind of personal ritual), where one is allowed to get lost and submerged.
Sidenote: Bakunawa is a serpent like dragon from the Philippines, who eat moons. To keep her from eating the moons, the people will play loudly on pots and pans to scare her away, or on their native instruments to lull her to sleep.
Pak Yan Lau (composition, gong bars, toy pianos, metal objects, electronics)
Giovanni Di Domenico (gong bars, toy pianos, metal objects)
João Lobo (gong bars, toy pianos, metal objects)
Mathieu Calleja (gong bars, toy pianos, metal objects)
Vera Cavallin (harp, gong bars, toy pianos, metal objects)
Christophe Albertijn (sound, electronics)
Pak Yan Lau (Belgium/Hongkong) is active in the Brussels underground. Her music spans different horizons with improvisation and sound as main focus. Taking the extraordinary out of the ordinary and creating little sound mosaics in a minimal, poetic way, while exploring the vast spectrum of sonar possibilities is the best way to describe her path. She is active in different projects from grooving (Going) till abstract structuring (Lauroshilau, Duo pour 454 Chordes) made music for dance theater, shadow theater, photographs and documentary.
Toured Europe and Japan, and shared stages with musicians such as Paolo Angeli, Lynn Cassiers, João Lobo, Nico Roig, Eric Thielemans, Chris Corsano, Yuko Oshima, Andrea Parkins, Mathieu Calleja, Lazara Rosell Albear, Mathieu Ha, Tatsuhisa Yamamoto, Norberto Lobo, Susana Santos Silva, Daysuke Takaoka, Lionel Malric, Gregoire Tirtiaux, Audrey Lauro, Mori-Shige, Giovanni Di Domenico, Manja Ristic, Peter Jacquemyn, Akira Sakata, Mette Rasmussen, Tetuzi Akiyama, Toshimaru Nakamura, Rie Nakajima and many more


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ThalesRaytheonSystems Sentinel radars for US Army
ThalesRaytheonSystems today announced that the US Army will procure 56 Improved Sentinel Battlefield Air Defense AN/MPQ-64 Radars. ThalesRaytheonSystems has already delivered more than 220 radars to customers worldwide. The company is working with several allied nations to leverage the current production to meet their sensing requirements.
The AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel radar is a three-dimensional, phased-array radar system that operates in the X-band frequency range. The primary mission is to automatically detect, track, identify and report airborne threats, including aircraft, cruise missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles. The Sentinel radar capabilities are suited for a wide range of missions including air defense and missile systems coordination, and homeland defense, as well as infrastructure, asset and special event protection.
"The Sentinel battlefield radar not only meets the needs of today's soldier, but will grow and evolve as requirements, threats and the mission changes," said Kim Kerry, chief executive officer, ThalesRaytheonSystems, US Operations. "With a low-risk modernization roadmap, the Sentinel radar is one of the most cost-effective and reliable radar systems available to our armed forces."
ThalesRaytheonSystems' radar capabilities span short-, medium-, and long-range systems. The ground-based radars are capable of detecting both conventional and unconventional threats for homeland and tactical air defense, counter-battery and weapons system coordination.
More from Digital Battlespace
Saab is producing additional Sea Giraffe multimode radars for the US Coast Guard
F/A-18C/D/E/F fighters and EA-18G aircraft will gain retrofitted avionics under new contract from US Navy.
USAF-funded research will investigate high value-added signal processing algorithms, frameworks, and systems for electronic intelligence and related signal processing.
How anti-jam technology is helping provide resilience for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (Sponsored)
Accurate position information is crucial for many military and commercial applications. Global Navigation Satellite Systems is the most common source for position in land, airborne and marine applications within manned and unmanned vehicles, guided munitions, and many other platforms around the world.
GSG-7 simulator is designed to deliver a higher standard of GNSS signal testing in a cost-effective, easy-to-use, turnkey form factor.


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Sick baby escapes injury in race hate attack on Antrim home as brick lands on cot
An ill baby escaped injury in a race hate attack in Antrim because it was sleeping with its parents rather than in its cot.
The window of the child's bedroom, in the Tarragon Park area of the town, was broken and a brick landed on the baby's cot. Because the child was sick it was with its parents at the time and was not in the cot.
Police are treating the incident, which happened at 2:20am on Wednesday, April 12, as a hate crime.
SDLP Antrim Councillor Roisin Lynch condemned the attack.
“This is an appalling attack on a home in a typically quiet area of Antrim," she said.
“The reckless thugs who smashed the windows in the home not only sought to terrorise this family but they could have seriously injured a young child who luckily wasn't in the cot that a brick landed in.
“Antrim is a welcoming town. Those responsible for this attack stand alone and against people in our town."
Sergeant John Hamilton added: “We are appealing to anyone that may have any information or to anyone that may have witnessed any suspicious activity in the area at the time to contact Antrim police on the non-emergency number 101, quoting reference 80 of the 12/04/17. Or, alternatively if someone would prefer to provide information without giving their details they can contact the independent charity Crimestoppers and speak to them anonymously on 0800 555 111.”
Belfast Telegraph Digital


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Sussex's heart grows with community's need
Residents donated nearly $3,000 to help buy Christmas meals
The Sussex community has stepped up to help its neighbors by donating nearly $3,000 to the Sussex Lions Club to help purchase Christmas meals for those in need this holiday season.
The Lions manned stations at the Sussex Pick 'n Save and Piggly Wiggly on Saturday to ask for both monetary donations to buy meals as well as food donations for the pantry. The Sussex Sun is contributing $500 to this effort through its annual Yule Feed Families food drive. Each year, the Sun pledges to match 70 cents on the dollar and 40 cents per food item donated, up to $500.
Sussex Lions member John Haunfelder, who is the lead for the Lions on this effort, said the generosity of the Sussex community never ceases to amaze him.
"It seems like the harder things get, people are more generous. It really brought on a warm feeling, and we had a good time Saturday," Haunfelder said.
Sussex Food Pantry Coordinator Christina Hartwig said Tuesday that more than 260 families had signed up to receive Christmas meals. One-hundred of the meals will be provided thanks to an anonymous donor, Haunfelder added.
Hartwig, who has been with the pantry for three years, said the pantry is seeing two to three new clients each of the three days the pantry is open during the week; she noted that 221 meals were distributed last year.
"It's really nice to know we can count on the Lions. It's just nice to know they're there," Hartwig said of the meal program.
She also said that despite the poor economy, the greater Sussex community is aware of the need and has stepped up to help accommodate it. She wanted to thank to donors.
"You would think that donations would be down due to the economy being the way it is, but I think in spite of that, people that are able to give are giving more just for that reason … and we thank you even more," she said.
In all, Haunfelder said $1,943.39 in cash was donated at the two stores Saturday. Another $375 in checks was donated; adding the $500 from the Sussex Sun, the total collected comes to $2,818.39.
Haunfelder estimated that the total could exceed what would be needed to purchase the Christmas meals; the extra amount would be put in an account at the Piggly Wiggly for the food pantry to purchase items it needs. He added that two to three shopping carts of food, diapers and miscellaneous items were collected Saturday.
"It's always been that way," Haunfelder said of the community's generosity.
The Lions will soon purchase the meals and later distribute them to the families at St. James.
- Substitute teacher allegedly caught drinking Fireball whiskey at work (7)
- Reel World: 'Tomorrowland' sermonizes, fails to inspire
- St. James Catholic Church to host annual thrift and bake sale
- North Shore Bank hosting food collection event in Sussex
- Retrospect, May 27, 2015: Tempero grows up before leaving for WWII
- Pages from the Past: May 27, 2015
- Bald Facts: May 27, 2015
- Waukesha County urged to extend voting machine deadline for municipalities
- Springtime = farmers markets around lake country area
- Lisbon sued over Highway Q planning decision (1)

domain: sociology


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We love dice. Using them is vital in hundreds of board games and RPGs and the satisfaction they bring when rolled is unmatched. When implemented well, dice based mechanics can sure feel amazing when playing. Gamers, who have more experience often start thinking about upgrading their dice to something more unique than your regular plastic set from a local game store. Here’s where Kickstarter comes to help as the platform has tons of great dice related campaigns running at all times of the year.
Today we’ve decided to show you 3 great looking sets of dice that all can still be backed on Kickstarter.
The Witcher Hybrid Dice
The Witcher Hybrid Dice are one of our top choices right now. Apart from the amazing IP, beloved by millions of fans, the technique used to craft them is extremely rare. The guys at Q Workshop merge two different materials to create them. This includes mixing wood with metal or composite with plastic. The attention to detail is incredible here. Dice have stylish numbers, emblems of the Witcher’s Wolf School, Witcher Signs and other details that will please the fans.
Also: the most recent unlock has added new insert style decorated with Cat School insygnia.
The dice are offered in a variety of sets. If you want to play RPGs you can get 2 different sets that work with most popular RPG systems. If you need regular D6s, there’s also an option with these. Fans of The Witcher video games can also get their hands on something really unique. A whole set of dice crafted to recreate the Dice Poker minigame known from the first two installments. It comes with its own wooden box and enough dice to play proper matches.
All in all the Witcher Hybrid Dice seem fantastic: from their design to pledge variants made to suit all sorts of backers: from various types of players to dice collectors. We also love the hybrid technology used here and hope that Q Workshop will continue to use it in their future projects.
Dice by Wyrmwood and Dispel
The newest dice sets by Wyrmwood were created thanks to a collaboration with Dispel, merging the experience and style of both dice crafting companies.
The dice come in tons of material options. You can get dice sets made of plastic, gemstone, wood or even glass. There are also tons of colour options to pick from. Backers can for example get light blue dice with little golden stains called Last Voyage, green and pink set called 80s Kid, or even a set named Scarlet Blade that’s blood red and slightly transparent.
Campaign add-ons include Dice Vaults made of various types of wood and designed to hold your dice. They can be rectangular or hexagonal depending on your choice.
Finally we want to show you this set of dice made out of metal. The amount of choice is smaller here but the designs make up for it. Each single die is covered with a maze themed decoration. The designers have used a technique that allows the dice to be empty inside and consist only of their great looking labyrinth-like shapes.
Rolling Maze dice come in a number of varieties: silver, golden, blue, black and many more are still being unlocked. Additionally, backers can also get their hands on triangular boxes made to hold the dice.
Now on Kickstarter:


Abhay Anand|Mar 3, 2021
- Ramesh Pokhriyal launches NEAT upgraded online learning platform, NEAT 2.0
Ramesh Pokhriyal launches NEAT upgraded online learning platform, NEAT 2.0
The first version of NEAT was launched in 2019 to promote online skilling and the PPP project is overseen by AICTE.
NEW DELHI: Education minister Ramesh Pokhriyal ‘Nishank’ today launched National Education Alliance for Technology (NEAT) 2.0, a public-private partnership initiative between the government and education technology companies to improve learning using artificial intelligence. Pokhriyal said that this will improve employability of youth in the country.
While launching NEAT 2.0 Pokhriyal said that till now our students have been running for jobs after completing their education. He said: “I am happy that students are now looking for innovation, creating start-ups and doing something new.”
“We want to involve students with technology by introducing vocational education at the school level to make students skilled from school level,” he said. “We will be the first country in the world to teach artificial intelligence at the school level,” Pokhriyal said.
The education minister said that this platform will serve as a milestone to increase employability among youth of the country. This scheme will serve as a platform for students who do not have access to the right kind of platform to gain skills as per their talent.
NEAT: 2.5 registered
The first version of the scheme, NEAT 1.0, saw over 2.5 lakh students registering on the platform for upskilling themselves as per the industry requirements. Through NEAT various certificate level courses in areas like AI, coding, machine learning, etc are being offered by private companies and for NEAT 2.0, 79 companies have been selected. Buddha Chandrasekhar, CCO, NEAT said that through the NEAT platform, many edtech companies are accessible on a common platform to have a wider reach across the country.
As per the government, NEAT is aimed at bringing the best technological solutions in education pedagogy on a single platform for the convenience of learners. It was launched in 2019
The scheme aims to use artificial intelligence to make learning more personalized and customized for the learner. The All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) has been made the implementing agency for the NEAT programme.
The alliance will also look into the implementation of internship policy, internship portal and related matters portal of Jal Shakti Abhiyan, one student one tree, Abhiyanta Digital India, Travel portal for experts, officers and officials.
Write to us at email@example.com.


Since the beginning of March, Chargemap Business has become the first platform to be compatible with the Tesla Supercharger network. Company fleet managers working with Chargemap Business can monitor their staff’s Tesla charging sessions via a single interface. Let’s take a look at the advantages this offers businesses and what you need to do to benefit from this service.
How does this connection benefit your company fleet?
You offer your drivers a top quality service
The Tesla Supercharger network is renowned for its excellent quality of service. With Chargemap Business, you have the key to offering your staff the very best rapid charging experience during their business trips.
They can use their Chargemap Business charging card to access the entire Tesla Supercharger network in France. That represents around 60 Tesla stations open to all vehicles (nearly 1,000 Superchargers) plus Superchargers reserved exclusively for Tesla vehicles, if your company has any.
And this is just the beginning! Soon, this connection will be extended to more Superchargers in Europe!
All your fleet’s charges grouped together
Chargemap Business is there to make management tasks easier. Consult all your fleet’s charging sessions on the Tesla Supercharger network or any other compatible network via just one interface.
All the advantages of a single invoice
Up until now, EV fleet drivers had to keep an account of their expenditure to profit from the Tesla Supercharger experience during their business trips. Tesla charging operations are invoiced by Chargemap Business like any other compatible network, i.e. once a month together with all your fleet’s charging operations.
This means you not only save time, but you can also efficiently oversee your company’s charging budget.
How can you charge right now using the Chargemap Business Pass?
Before anything else, you need to follow the procedure linking your fleet’s Chargemap Business charging cards to the Tesla app.
Procedure to be followed by your staff members
- Once they have installed the Tesla mobile app, your drivers create an account using the email address of their choice.
⚠ The settings of the account must indicate “France” as the country. Indeed, pending connection to the rest of Europe, only users with an account in France can benefit from this feature for the time being.
- In their account, they need to tap “Charging” then “Manage payment” to add the charging pass as a means of payment. All they need to do next is enter their name and the number located on the back of their Chargemap Business Pass charging card.
Request validation by the fleet manager
An email containing a confirmation link is sent directly to the fleet manager to check the requests made. This link can also be accessed via the Chargemap Business management interface and is valid for 72 hours.
Beyond this time limit, you will have to ask your staff members to repeat the operation linking up their charging card to the Tesla app.
Charging your fleet of non-Tesla vehicles on the Tesla Supercharger network
How to find a Tesla Supercharger that’s compatible with the Chargemap Pass
First of all, go to the Chargemap mobile app to find a compatible Supercharger in next to no time. Simply activate the “Chargemap Pass compatible” and “Only selected networks” filters, adding the Tesla Supercharger network.
If your EV fleet drivers prepare their business trips using the Chargemap route planner, they can also prioritise their charging stops on the Tesla Supercharger network.
How to launch a charging session from the Tesla app with the Chargemap Business Pass
Unlike other compatible networks, launching a charging session is conducted directly from the Tesla app. Here are the steps to follow:
- Plug your EV into the Tesla Supercharger.
- Open the Tesla app and go to the “Explorer” then “Charge my non-Tesla”.
- Select the Supercharger station where you have plugged in your EV and go to “Charge here”.
- Select the charger number – usually located at the bottom of the Supercharger stall.
- Go to “Get Started” and wait for a few moments.
- To stop charging, simply press on the “Stop charge” button before unplugging your vehicle.
What about Tesla vehicle fleets?
You Tesla EV drivers can use their Chargemap Business Pass to access the entire Tesla network in France.
The charging procedure is simplified for Tesla company cars and fleets. In fact, your staff will continue to enjoy the Tesla Plug & Charge charging experience. They simply need to plug in their EVs and their Chargemap Business charging card will be selected by default to pay for the charging session.
If you want to find out more about managing charging operations for your business fleet on the Tesla Supercharger network, our sales team will be happy to guide you through your project.


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INGREDIENTS: Seitan* (77%) (wheat protein*, water), sunflower oil*, vegetables* (onions*, parsley*, parsnips*, carrots*), sea salt, soya sauce (water, soya beans*, wheat*, sea salt), starch*, spices*, rice syrup*, porcini powder*, herbs*, ginger*. (* certified organic)
ALLERGY ADVICE: This product contains wheat, soya and gluten.
CHILLED PRODUCT! Please store in the fridge, once the packaging is open consume as soon as possible.
Cooking: Fry in a pan or put them on the grill. Traditionally they are served with sauerkraut, but taste also good with potato salad or vegetables.
Distributor Informationpurvegan GmbH, Bahnhofstr. 29, 67305 Ramsen, DE
With lots of bite and full flavour. Franconian-style seasoned with fine herbs.
Trade with organic products certified by inspection body ABCERT, DE-ÖKO-006Related links to "Alberts SEITAN SAUSAGES "Franconian style", ORGANIC, 200g"
|Nutrition information per 100g|
|of which saturated||1,1g|
|of which sugar||0,3g|
- Certified organic
- Cool shipping recommended
- Free from peanut
- Free from yeast
- Free from lupin
- Free from palm-oil
- Free from peel fruits
- Free from celery
- Free from mustard
- Free from sesame
- Free from sugar
Extrem lecker, hatte sie als Hot Dogs umfunktioniert. Gut gewürzt und einfach lecker.
Suuuuuuuperlecker. Wie die echten Bratwürste.

domain: food


K G520 21"TRT.24 130kHz TCO99+Eye-One
Sony's DeluxePro™ Series 21" FD Trinitron® CRT is ideal for the demanding corporate professional. The virtually flat FD Trinitron® CRT combined with aperture grille technology delivers superior image clarity and brighter colors making it perfect for everything from spreadsheets and finely detailed graphic presentations to browsing the Internet and gaming. Dual video inputs for multiple computer connections and DisplayMouse™ OSD for easy set-up and adjustment provide the perfect combination of performance and style.
Sony K G520 21"TRT.24 130kHz TCO99+Eye-One, 53.3 cm (21"), Display / CRT conventional - desktop, 30.2 cm, 40.2 cm, 50.3 cm, 48 - 170 Hz
Sony K G520 21"TRT.24 130kHz TCO99+Eye-One. Display diagonal: 53.3 cm (21"), Type: Display / CRT conventional - desktop, Viewable size, vertical: 30.2 cm. Display resolution: 2048 x 1536 pixels. Certification: TCO99, UL1950, cUL, DHHS, DNHW, NOM (Mexico), TUV GS, FCC Class B, IC Class B, TUV Ergonomie,.... Dimensions (WxDxH): 498 x 485.1 x 500.4 mm, Weight: 30.4 kg. Surface treatment: High Contrast AR Coating


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Wander Over Yonder is adding even more stars to itscosmic cast!
The hit Disney XD adventure series has recruited Mad Men megastar Jon Hamm, singer-songwriter "Weird Al" Yankovic and Girl Meets World's Sabrina Carpenter to lend their voices as season two's biggest guest stars.
But that's not all! Academy Award-nominee June Squibb, Saturday Night Lives's Noel Wells, Austin & Ally's Calum Worthy and funnymen Rob Riggle, Ken Marino, and Andy Daly will also be joining the intergalactic animated series.
Wander Over Yonder, which stars 30 Rock's Jack McBrayer as eternally optimistic do-gooder Wander, will kick off their second season on Monday, August 3 with a special half-hour premiere.
The sophomore debut will also mark the first of a four-part, good-versus-evil-themed story arc as Wander faces off with the galaxy's newest super villain, Lord Dominator.
Season two of Wander Over Yonder premieres Monday, August 3 at 9 p.m. ET/PT on Disney XD.
Which guest star are you excited to see on season two of Wander Over Yonder? Share your thoughts with @LeanneAguilera on Twitter!