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DJI has announced improvements to its geofencing technology. The move will refine airspace limitations for drone flights near airports to provide better protection to airplanes in sensitive areas.
The GEO update will be backed by geospatial data from PrecisionHawk, replacing Airmap, the Santa Monica-based company DJI had been working with since 2015.
GEO 2.0 will be phased in from November. The revised zones will first take effect around airports in the United States. Upgrades in other regions will follow.
“DJI is proud to once again lead the industry in developing proactive solutions for safety and security concerns,” said Brendan Schulman, DJI Vice President of Policy & Legal Affairs. “This is an enormous step forward for safely integrating drones into the airspace based on a more finely-tuned evaluation of risks associated with aircraft approaching and departing different types of airports.”
A smarter GEO system
Instead of simple circles, the new GEO system will create detailed three-dimensional “bow tie” safety zones surrounding runway flight paths, as well as more complex polygon shapes around other sensitive facilities. This flexibility is required to better reflect the actual safety risks posed by operating drones in those areas.
It will also open up flights to the side of runways, where risk is substantially lower. DJI has shifted its geofencing feature to accommodate broader understandings of airspace and airport risk. You can see how the Chinese manufacturer applied expertise from general aviation pilots through the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) and with airports through the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE), on the chart below.
GEO 2.0 applies detailed, risk-based airspace boundaries to the airspace around airports that can be considered to involve relative high, medium, and low risk:
DJI’s new geofencing also incorporates the elements of the recently-enacted U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Reauthorization Act. For example, the final approach corridor for active runways at major airports are set to be “runway exclusion zones” for unauthorized drones.
DJI customers should update their DJI GO 4 flight control app and aircraft firmware to ensure these improvements are implemented.
“AOPA applauds DJI’s leadership in geofencing technology, and we appreciate their collaboration with our teams, to create safe and effective systems that allow all to safely enjoy the freedom to fly,” said AOPA President and CEO Mark Baker. “These latest improvements promote safe UAS integration in our aviation community by tailoring the geofence areas around each airport in a manner that has clear advantages for manned and unmanned operators.”
“AAAE appreciates DJI’s efforts to implement these important geofencing improvements,” said Justin Barkowski, AAAE Staff Vice President, Regulatory Affairs. “This is a common-sense approach to enhancing safety in the airport operating environment while providing users with additional areas to safely operate their drones.”
Evolving the GEO system
DJI’s GEO system has received criticism in the past. First, for having the temerity to police flights of its drones in sensitive locations (something most in the industry actively supports). And second, because commercial pilots have – anecdotally, at least – not been provided with permission to fly in a timely enough manner.
GEO prevents DJI drones from taking off in certain locations without special authorization. Although drone pilots with verified DJI accounts can unlock certain no-fly zones providing they have legitimate reasons and the necessary approvals. DJI have said that the approval process has been streamlined to ensure that professional drone pilots with authorization receive unlocking codes within 30 minutes.
The GEO system previously geofenced a 5-mile circle around airports, with enhanced restrictions in a smaller circle encompassing the airport area. The new rectangle system should open more areas on the sides of runways to beneficial drone uses and more low-altitude areas more than 3 kilometers (1.9 miles) from the end of a runway, while increasing protection in the locations where manned aircraft actually fly.
Tensions between AirMap and DJI reach tipping point
Arguably the major talking point from the new GEO update is that DJI has chosen a new data provider, PrecisionHawk. That means that AirMap will no longer be providing geospatial data for DJI’s maps.
“DJI is pleased to partner with companies that support our vision of safe skies that are open to innovation,” Schulman said. “DJI pioneered geofencing for drones, as well as automatic altitude limitations, collision avoidance sensors and a mandatory knowledge quiz about safe flight rules. PrecisionHawk shares DJI’s commitment to ensuring that safety technology enhances the ability of recreational and professional drone pilots to fly.”
But there’s a little more to this than PrecisionHawk’s data capabilities.
AirMap and company co-founder Greg McNeal have long advocated handing over the right to regulate airspace to state and local governments, first through the Drone Federalism Act, which would allow cities, towns and counties to carve up airspace, charge pilots for flying, and generally make it more difficult for recreational and commercial pilots to take to the skies within the law.
For AirMap the opportunity is clear: the more complexity in the airspace, the more money the company stands to make through simplifying that complexity.
Unsurprisingly, the position that skies above the U.S. should become trickier to navigate for drone professionals and enthusiasts is not one that DJI would share.


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K. L. Morris earned her M.F.A. from Lesley University. Her work has appeared in Body Parts Magazine: A Journal of Horror and Erotica. She spends most of her time writing, walking her dog, and ignoring her husband in order to write. When no one’s around, she writes inside of a tent with a large glass of wine. When people are around, she writes inside of a tent with a large glass of wine and the door zipped shut. She’s neither as broody nor as introspective as she presents herself. Connect with her on Twitter @KareMoreIs. She blogs (infrequently) at www.thewritinggeek.com.
The Flexible Persona was founded in 2013. We are an independent home for emerging and established writers and poets.

domain: artistic


Their piercing bite is hard to ignore, but hopefully the mosquito infestation will come to an end very soon as city and county crews are busy this week trying to kill off the mosquito population.
The big outbreak is likely do to Hurricane Alex after rainfall left behind stagnant water across much of Cameron County.
The City of Brownsville is out spraying this week in the evenings for the flying insects as well as placing mosquitos dunks and mineral oil in standing bodies of water.
While the city's main method of mosquito control is spraying, Cameron County takes a different approach. So far they have already placed over 3,000 briquettes out in high mosquito population areas. Cameron County Assistant Director of Environmental Health, Gustavo Olivares, says these briquettes are placed in water to kill off the adult flying mosquito, thus reducing the reproduction.
Mosquito control in both the city and county is expected to wrap up by the end of the week, weather permitting. Officials say residents will likely notice less mosquitos with in about one week.


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Better Golf at any Age
The Huffington Post has created a new site called HuffPost/50. Dedicated to the 'boomer' lifestyle, news, etc. you can open an account and make comments on the site, read all the latest news. It was started by Rita Wilson, Mrs. Tom Hanks, and Arianna Huffington. Good move!

domain: news


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Yes, that is a thing. When I was in my residency program in NYC I saw a lot of dental work from other countries. Some clinically acceptable but most standard not met! (Terms used in dental school when they were torturing us by making us redo our work.)
I felt terrible for these individuals. They just spent time and money in their home countries getting dental work completed that has now been deemed a failure. Some patients even show up with active infections under their new dental work. It is heartbreaking to be the informer in these situations.
In the last week I have had two patients say they are going to other countries to have their remaining dental work completed. I give all of the possible consequences but it is your health and your choice.
Luckily, this is not a normal conversation in Cincinnati. I mean, where else are you going to go for your dental work? Kentucky? Indiana? I think not! Have you seen their teeth? 😉
In all seriousness, this is a real issue in medicine for our southern states. A colleague at a meeting told me she is aware of a non dentist working out of a van in Miami – there are patients keeping him in business! Questions I have for patients are the following:
- Who will manage follow up care?
- Who will manage the failures?
- Who is going to take care of the comprehensive care? Just because a band-aide is placed in one area does not mean that everything is fixed.
- Do you trust this practitioner? Do you have a relationship with them?
I am all for competition in the marketplace but I don’t think I am willing to risk my health for a deal quite yet. Are you?
– Dr. Ruchika Khetarpal

domain: medical


IT Vendor Manager, T-Mobile Team Fusion
WHY YOU ARE INVOLVED WITH IGNITE?
Continuous STEM learning and forging strong partnerships with other Women in Technology is key to success in this meeting this goal—IGNITE inspires me to keep pushing myself to the next level and be an example of the success that continuous learning leads to in the IT field.
WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE OUR WIDER COMMUNITY TO KNOW ABOUT IGNITE?
I am an IGNITE Champion because I want to awaken and support a passion for STEM learning in other women and girls and be part of an amazing group of Women in Tech who power the future of just not T-Mobile, but of the world.
MORE ABOUT RUTH NESBITT
My name is Ruth Nesbitt, I am an IT Vendor Manager for T-Mobile’s Team Fusion, which supports Billing Development, Wholesale, SAP, MetroPCS & Supply Chain. My chief areas of expertise are IT Process Implementation, Access Management and Security Compliance. My passion is deep diving into learning new and innovative technologies that help me and my team be able to provide cutting edge capabilities to the business.


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Display specialists Daktronics has revealed improvements to its Show Control solution, a product line featuring both display control with Show Control Studio and video production and streaming applications with Show Control Live.
The new offering is a combination of new and existing products that can be packaged for use at any venue for any size of event.
“We designed the Show Control products with a consistent platform that can easily be customized to meet current and future needs of any venue with any display system, all from one affordable solution,” said Rich Hintz, Daktronics vice president. “Live events are meant to bring people together to experience something fun and exciting. Show Control is here to help producers provide fully immersive experiences for their audiences with a powerful and easy-to-use system.”
The solution allows producers to combine production efficiency with a lower cost of ownership and operation. It can easily integrate with any audiovisual systems to drive all displays in and around the venue, including full display synchronization with the push of a button. Real-time rendering and broadcast production tools allow teams to create advanced graphics, dynamic transitions and data effects for both streaming and in-venue productions.
While Show Control is powerful enough to support the largest sporting events in the world and is in use by more than 3,000 customers around the globe, it is also easy to use as more than 1,000 high schools across the United States employ the solution to support their events.
“With Show Control, users can be trained easily on the interface and functionality,” added Hintz. “They can increase the complexity of their show as they continue to learn within the platform. Listening to our extensive customer base, we’re always looking to advance our products and are continually working to provide new features to help our customers with their workflows.”
This Daktronics solution includes easy-to-use scripting and scheduling features, as well as advanced run-time reporting capabilities to support revenue-generating objectives of Show Control users. The solution also includes a live back-up system to give users peace of mind during operations.
“Our ongoing development of Show Control demonstrates our commitment to supporting our customers,” said Hintz. “We’re constantly receiving customer feedback and taking action to support those existing and future customers in a way that sets them up for success.”

domain: design


Rhythmettes have solid core of returning talent
Beth Motschenbacher’s Wadena-Deer Creek Rhythmettes are not wanting for veteran talent as they head into their 2013-2014 dance line season.
Returning letterwinners include seniors Ella Harrison and Brittany Andrews, juniors Kristyn Ament, Autumn Jahnke and Shaye Blessing, sophomore Jessica Langer and freshmen Nicole Iken and Sydney Emerson.
Dancers who have joined the club and stayed aboard for the last couple years include freshmen Nicole Miller, Ashley Lehmkuhl, Liz Peterson and Gabi Ross along with junior Brianna Rosenthal.
Motschenbacher has been coaching the dance line team for seven years and she has seen a lot of change.
“The dance team has come a long way with people respecting it more and understanding it more,” Motschenbacher said. “People are just beginning to understand the hard work it takes to be a competitive dancer.”
Motschenbacher has added a junior varsity program during her tenure.
“That has made our program grow and be stronger,” Motschenbacher said. “We have some strong JV dancers that I hope to put on varsity.”
Jazz competition is new to the Rhythmettes this year and Motschebacher will be calling on her kick line to supply the talent for it.
The rest of the WDC team includes sophomores Skyler Houts and Kassi Peterson, freshmen Barbara Zick and Maggie Schmitz, eighth-graders Abby Gladback, Emma Taggart and Kayla Peterson and seventh-graders Allison Gedde, Eva Baron and Kelsey Miller.
The Rhythmettes are scheduled to enter season competition Dec. 7.


West Virginia legislators approve abortion ban with few exceptions
Rape and incest victims would be able to obtain abortions at up to eight weeks of pregnancy, but only if they report to law enforcement first.
West Virginia’s legislature has passed a sweeping abortion ban with few exceptions, approving a bill that several members of the Republican supermajority said they hope will make it impossible for the state’s only abortion clinic to continue to offer the procedure.
“It is going to shut down that abortion clinic, of that I feel certain,” senator Robert Karnes said on the Senate floor, amid shouts from protesters outside the chamber doors.
“I believe it’s going to save a lot of babies.”
Under the legislation, rape and incest victims would be able to obtain abortions at up to eight weeks of pregnancy, but only if they report to law enforcement first.
Such victims who are minors would have until 14 weeks to terminate a pregnancy and must report to either law enforcement or a physician.
Rape and incest victims would have to report the assault within 48 hours of getting an abortion, and a patient must present a copy of a police report or notarised letter to a physician before the procedure can be performed.
Abortions also would be allowed in cases of medical emergencies.
The bill now heads to the desk of Republican governor Jim Justice, who has signed several anti-abortion bills into law since taking office in 2017.
Legislators resumed debate on the bill on Tuesday after failing to come to an agreement in late July, mssing the chance for the state to become the first to approve new legislation restricting access to abortions since the US Supreme Court’s ruling in June removing its protected status as a constitutional right.
The Senate and the House of Delegates speedily approved the bill after several hours of debate.
Legislators inserted several provisions they said were specifically targeted at the Women’s Health Centre of West Virginia, which was the state’s first abortion clinic when it opened in 1976 after the US Supreme Court’s landmark case Roe vs Wade.
It has existed as the state’s sole abortion clinic for years, making it the ever-increasing target of anti-abortion legislators and protesters.
The bill says surgical abortions can only be performed at a state-licensed hospital by a physician with hospital privileges.
Anybody else who performs an abortion, including nurse practitioners and other medical professionals, could face three to 10 years in prison. A physician who performs an illegal abortion could lose their medical licence.
Pregnant people who obtain illegal abortions will not face any form of prosecution under the bill.
Kaylen Barker, spokesperson for the Women’s Health Centre of West Virginia, said the clinic will not shut down, even if the staff are no longer able to provide abortions. Like many clinics, the facility did not offer the procedure daily.
Most days are dedicated to services like gender-affirming hormone therapy, HIV prevention and treatment and routine gynaecological care — cervical exams, cancer screenings — mostly for low-income patients on Medicaid with nowhere else to go.
Democrat Owens Brown, West Virginia’s only black senator, spoke against the bill before it passed the Senate. He said when he looks around at his fellow legislators, he sees a body that is overwhelmingly comprised of white, middle-aged to elderly men who are middle-class or above.
He compared groups of men passing legislation that overwhelmingly impacts women to laws that were passed by white legislators when slavery was legal in the US. He said “all laws are not good laws made by men”.
“That’s somewhat irrational in many ways to be able to apply a law that will never apply to you,” he said. “It’s easy for you to sit there and do that because you will never have to face the consequences of your actions.”


Fisher Paykel 852011 Features
It takes a lot of brainpower to make things really simple. That, in a sentence, is the essence of SmartDriveï¿½. Traditional washing machines are made up of many moving parts. Their complexity also means there`s a lot that can go wrong with them. The unique brushless DC motor acts as both a wash pump and a drain pump for less moving parts and greater reliability.
Fabric Care for Washers
World-first SmartDrive technology controls the tumble and spin action, resulting in a quieter, quicker wash cycle that takes care of your clothes.
SmartTouch Laundry Controls
The SmartTouch control panel is your interface with the SmartDrive technology. It allows you to see at a glance exactly which of the 12 pre-programmed cycles you have selected from. As you turn it the icons illuminate to show you exactly what you have s
Removes water from the dryer into a tank or drain. This reduces moisture and allergens released into your laundry, compared with a front venting dryer. A healthier choice for allergy sufferers.
Some items are too precious to tumble dry so a drying rack is provided to offer a gentle drying option.
Eco-Active boosts soil removal while saving energy. Its unique pumping technology re-circulates water and detergent through the clothes in a cascade like pattern. This rapidly removes stains and dirt and is proven to be more effective at killing bacteria
Add a Garment
Missed an item from your wash? Add a Garment function allows you to pause your wash cycle, open the door and add or remove items, then carry on washing.
Fabric Care for Driers
Auto-sensing function cleverly senses the moisture level in the drum and stops the cycle automatically. This prevents your clothes from under or over drying and helps them last longer.
Gentle Tumble with Stainless Steel Drum
The stainless steel drum has been uniquely designed to gently tumble dry your clothing and help prevent lint from occurring.
Clever geometric designs on the side of your dryer and insulation inside the drum help to minimize the vibrations when in operation, keeping your dryer nice and quiet.
Saves Energy. Saves You a Few Bucks. And Saves the Environment. Making it a shoe-in for the Energy Star Qualified badge.


The Yale baseball team has been a program on the rise in recent years. After first improving upon a last-place finish in the Ivy League in 2012 to go 0.500 in conference in 2013, the Bulldogs came just one win away from earning a spot in the Championship Series this past spring, also taking a game from national powerhouse — and No. 3 team in the country — Louisiana State along the way.
If fall ball is any indication of a team’s potential five months in advance of the season, Yale showed even more improvement this past weekend, emerging victorious against Quinnipiac and the University of New Haven in the annual City Series for the first time since 2011.
Led by small ball in the third inning and a stellar pitching performance by Chasen Ford ’17, Yale defeated the Bobcats 6–0 on Sunday in the final game of the four-team tournament, which is played every October at the Yale Field among teams in the New Haven area.
In the semifinal round the previous Friday, the Bulldogs came from behind to beat New Haven 4–3. Southern Connecticut was the fourth participant.
“It was definitely a good feeling, setting the tone for the rest of the fall with a City Series win,” right fielder and captain David Toups ’15 said.
Toups added that although the wins were a good sign, they are a small part of the work that the team needs to put in between now and the beginning of its season.
Ford, who went 3–4 last year as one of the Elis’ four starters, was lights out against the Bobcats in his six innings of work, striking out three and scattering just two hits. A pair of freshmen, Eric Brodkowitz ’18 and Drew Scott ’18, finished off the shutout with five combined strikeouts in their first collegiate innings.
“[Ford] had command, he had confidence and he was getting after guys with his fastball, which is what he needs to do,” Toups said.
While the Eli pitchers allowed Quinnipiac’s hitters to beat themselves with many ground outs and fly outs, Yale’s offense used a similar strategy, taking advantage of several Quinnipiac blunders in the field.
Yale’s big inning came in the third, when six bunts and three Bobcat errors resulted in five runs for the Bulldogs. Yale’s sixth run — which came later in the game — also resulted from small ball, when catcher Robert Baldwin ’15 drove in a run with a sacrifice fly.
“I put a bunt down to put pressure on the defense [in the third], and they threw it away,” Toups said. “After that, we just wanted to keep putting pressure on their defense, and make them make a play.”
Toups, who singled and scored a run in the game on Sunday, was named City Series Most Valuable Player at the conclusion of the series. But the honor had more to do with his performance in the semifinal game, when he capped off an Eli rally with a two-RBI single that gave Yale its final lead.
Yale ace Chris Lanham ’16 got the start in the opening game against New Haven and pitched five strong innings for the win, allowing two earned runs while striking out seven.
“It’s nice to get back in the game setting, especially after some time off,” Lanham said. “All my pitches seemed to be working pretty well, especially since it’s just the fall.”
The Bulldogs’ first victory, however, did not come as smoothly as it would in the championship game.
Yale took the initial lead in the first inning, when Baldwin doubled and outfielder Brent Lawson ’16 brought him home with a single. But New Haven came roaring back in the top of the third to take a 2–1 lead with two consecutive RBI singles.
The Elis then responded with a rally of their own. After Yale loaded the bases, center fielder Green Campbell ’15 tied the game with a walk, and then Toups brought in another two runs with his single.
That two-run lead would prove difficult to keep. The Chargers tacked on another run later in the game to reduce the deficit to one, and relief pitcher Chris Moates ’16 loaded the bases in the ninth inning after pitching a scoreless sixth, seventh and eighth.
Outfielder and pitcher Eric Hsieh ’15 then stepped on the hill in a jam and came through for the Bulldogs, getting his first batter to ground into a double play to end the game.
“We loaded the bases towards the end of the game, and that got a little suspenseful,” Lanham said. “We all just kept our heads cool and took care of business, and it happened to work out in our favor.”
Now finished with their only in-game practice of the fall, the Bulldogs are running through individual workouts in preparation for their spring season.
Yale’s first game is slated for March 7, the beginning of a multi-game trip in the North Carolina area.


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Hill's™ Science Diet™ Adult Light with Liver canned dog food has 14% less fat, 19% fewer calories than Hill's® Science Diet® Adult Gourmet Turkey Entrée canned dog food to control hunger between meals and help achieve ideal body weight.
High-quality protein and natural fibre helps your grown dog stay satisfied between meals
▸ Made with purposeful, easily digestible ingredients your adult dog will love
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▸ Supports healthy skin and coat with omega-6s and vitamin E
▸ Made with natural ingredients
▸ Made in the USA with global ingredients you can trust

domain: pet


For our first #openhouse of 2018 we welcomed our fellow urban agricultural mavericks into the lab to hear how urban ag is impacting cities and communities around the globe. With urbanisation on the rise and our growing concerns for the current food systems in place we are seeing technology set to play a larger role. With this increasing move from countryside to city our relationships to our food sources are becoming jeopardised and as a result people are turning their hand to growing for themselves, finding unique and smart ways to grow within the city. We heard from our green fingered friends in New York and Shanghai, discussing how our cities are growing for the future and how small change is taking place across the globe.
We heard from Agritecture – an urban agriculture consultancy based in New York and we also spoke to AgTech X, a makers space based in Brooklyn creating opportunities and space for designers and makers to build an urban agriculture community.
Henry Gordon-Smith, Founder of Agritecture, showed us different examples of urban agriculture throughout the city, ranging from low tech community based projects to high tech commercial ventures.
We looked at case studies of these different typologies, focusing on 5 New York based projects:
Battery Park – a community soil based garden
Brooklyn Grange – a commercial rooftop soil-based project
Harlem Grown – a community hybrid
Sky Vegetables – a commercial rooftop hydroponic growing system
Edenworks – a commercial vertical aquaponic growing system.
Each of these examples have varying levels of success and Henry discussed the urban agriculture impact categories that they measure projects against – looking at success more holistically and how it impacts not only on an economic level. The categories we looked at are:
Aesthetics – does it attract people? Is it an enjoyable experience?
Social – does the farm engage the community? does it improve food justice and equality?
Economic – How much yield does the farm producer? does it create jobs and revenue?
Ecological – does it encourage biodiversity? does it help to manage rain and storm water
Health – Is it providing fresh food for those that need it? Is it providing stress relief and a sanctuary from urban living?
It was a comforting insight to hear that not everyone measures success on ‘growth’ and that sometimes the project with the most impact are not the most economically minded.
The discussion of low tech versus high tech urban farming was another interesting point. With many people joining the urban agriculture movement keen to use high tech smart methods, such as hydroponics, aquaponics and aeroponics, soil based farming can often be overlooked, despite it’s many benefits. Whilst high tech farming and controlled growing environments can result in food security and utilise precious space these methods take time to perfect and the energy consumption can be huge. They also may not provide the local community with sometimes much needed jobs and the biodiversity we all need to bring back to our cities.
See Henry’s presentation here.
We also heard from Ricky Stephens, co-founder of AgTech X, a co-working space focused on the intersection of urban agriculture, technology and sustainability. Based in Brooklyn, AgTech X is creating a working community space that also runs classes and workshop for the public to engage with. As we are finding with Green Lab it is becoming increasingly important for these spaces to exist, not only as a space for play, test and experiment with new ideas, but also to create a dialogue between the local community and those working and growing within the city. Green Lab and AgTech X are facing similar hurdles in sustaining this concept, looking for a permanent space where the ideas can grow and for that all important funding to sustain the project.
We also heard from Andy Garcia – a product design engineer and founder of Domosfarms – based in Shanghai.
Whilst New York has been a big player in the urban agriculture scene from the beginning we hadn’t heard much in the way of China’s involvement and Andy gave us an interesting insight into the urban ag community developing in shanghai and also the general agricultural issues that China is currently facing.
When Andy first moved to shanghai 8 months ago he found that he not only couldn’t drink the tap water but he couldn’t cook with it due to the heavy metals found in the water. These heavy metals are a result of china’s mining and processing industries. These metals cant be filtered by the body, resulting in an increased chance of cancer and disease when consumed. Not only are these heavy metals found within the water systems but also within the food grown and produced.
With this concern Andy was keen to start producing his own food and he started to build his first hydroponics system. With the success of his first system he garnered interest from others keen to produce their own food and is now in the process of creating two open source projects for those wishing to build their own hydroponic systems and produce their own food.
China came quite late to the urban agriculture movement, with neighboring countries of Japan and Korea way ahead of them. this was partly due to their large agriculture industry producing plenty of food but in recent years, with increased urbanisation and fears of both food security and food safety the need to explore urban agriculture has increased.
The safety of the food produced has come into question, with the entire food system now possibly contaminated from China’s industries people are now demanding safer food.
China is addressing this problem by investing in land all over the world, having brought areas in Africa, America and Australia. They are also looking to architectural developments to solve their problems with a current project being built on the outskirts of Shanghai. Sunqiao Urban Agricultural District is being developed to include vertical farming systems such as hydroponics and aquaculture, whilst also providing research and public outreach to the community.
Our next #openhouse will be on Thursday 22nd February, make sure you sign up here.


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We present another of our boxes to protect your scenes and dioramas. They include the friezes for the wall, two short sections and one long section, and the floor. In addition, as seen in the photograph, a transparent acrylic sheet with an engraving on its front is also included. And another acrylic sheet is included in its upper part, for better interior lighting.
External measurements: Width 20cm (7.87 in) – Height: 23.2 cm (9.13 in) – Depth: 12.7 cm (5 in)
Interior measurements: Width 19.2cm (7.56 in) – Height: 19.2 cm (7.56 in) – Depth: 12 cm (4.72 in)
These boxes are sold as a kit too, and therefore are sold unassembled and unpainted.
THE BOX IS SOLD WITHOUT ANY ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS, ONLY THE WALL FRIECES. THE SCENE THAT APPEARS IN THE PHOTOGRAPHS IS ONLY TO SHOW IN WHICH THE DISPLAY BOX CAN BE USED. THESE ELEMENTS ARE NOT SOLD IN THIS KIT.


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2007-9-18 · ADVANTAGES OF THE BABCOCK amp; WILCOX BOILER. The advantages of the Babcock amp; Wilcox boiler may perhaps be most clearly set forth by a consideration, 1st, of water-tube boilers as a class as compared with shell and fire-tube boilers; and 2nd, of the Babcock amp; Wilcox boiler specifically as compared with other designs of water-tube boilers.
Steam Boiler articles Water tube Boilers and fire Tube Boilers, babcock and wilcox boilers Biomass high pressure Subcritical and Supercritical boilers.CFBC boilers and PC pulverized coal fired boilers operation and maintenance articles.Important boiler engineering topics related to Boiler Chemistry, Commissioning of boilers, Boiler Safety.
As the water tube boiler is a high pressure operating boiler, we can generate more steam. In this article, we had an overview of what is a water tube boiler, its types, construction, working, advantages, and disadvantages. Here is a question for the readers, what is the difference between a fire tube and water tube boiler?
2014-12-10 · Around 1830, the availability of high-quality steel production and expanding technology of fire-tube boilers there. A number of fire-tube shell in a pot, which constitute the main heating surface of boiler, fire (gas) flow in the tube. The water in the pot line shell fitted
To study the constructional features of Lancashire Boiler AIM: To study the constructional features of Lancashire Boiler APPARATUS: LANCASHIRE BOILER Lancashrie boiler is a horizontal internally fired, natural circulation fire tube boiler. This boiler rises steam upto a pressure of Continued
Backed by a rich industry experience, we are able to design and manufacture optimum quality Fire Tube Boiler. These Fire Tube Boiler are extensively used many areas like power-generating, heating and ventilation industry. Boiler tubes are important part of tubing components of utility and industrial boilers.
The fire burns on a cast iron grate inside the first 1.8 m (6 ft) of this tube. Gasses from the fire pass down the tube, are diverted at the end into brick flues down the side of the boiler, then back down a central flue under the boiler before escaping to the chimney.
Fire tube boiler It is a boiler in which the hot flue gases are present inside the tubes and the water surrounds these tubes. As fire is present insides the tubes, hence it is called as fire tube
Jour. Frank. Inst., 14 1sherwood--Boilers. WATER-TUBE AND FIRE-TUBE BOILERS. An Account of the Experiments made by Chief Engineers Loring and Baker, 1L S. Navy, on a Horizontal .Fire-Tube and a Vertical Water-Tube Boiler, at the Washington Navy Yard, to ascertain their relative Economic Vaporizations with different kinds of Coal.
2020-3-15 · As the water and steam both are in same vessel a fire tube boiler cannot produce steam at very high pressure. Generally it can produce maximum 17.5 kg/cm 2 and with a capacity of 9 Metric Ton of steam per hour. Types of Fire Tube Boiler. There are different types of fire tube boiler likewise, external furnace and internal furnace fire tube boiler.
2015-8-18 · A steam generator is a device that uses a heat source to boil liquid water and convert it into its vapor phase, Fire-tube boilers Later designs of the two drum version had a single flue gas path. In general, the Stirling boiler was capable of handling rapidly varying loads
Start studying Boiler Operators 3 amp; 4 Pre-test. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The fusible plug is located 1" to 2" above the _____ in the direct path of the gases of combustion. The Scotch marine boiler is a _____ fire-tube return tubular unit in which the combustion chamber is
2014-4-28 · These are fitted for three main reasons . Increasing slagging would eventually lead to blockage and hence reduced gas path with increased gas velocities over the smaller number of tubes, this led to overheating and failure. Shut off valves have to be fitted to the attemperator as in the event of tube leakage the boiler will empty in to
A boiler is a vessel that contains a series of metal tubes. The tubing conducts the heat from combustion to water. There are two basic types of boilers used, the fire tube boiler and the water tube boiler. In a fire tube boiler, the combusted gases (fire) are within the tubes, which are surrounded by water. In water tube
2019-11-20 · The heat exchanger or boiler, is a water tube design which absorbs more heat per square inch than fire tube boilers, withstands much more pressure and also holds much less water so it responds quicker. Because of the very limited water storage water tube boilers are much safer than fire tube
2002-6-4 · Boiler circulation calculations Steam generator studies can be complex. Use these guidelines to perform them effectively V Ganapathy, ABCO Industries, Abilene, Texas N atural circulation water tube and fire tube boilers (Figs. 1 and 2) are widely used in the chemical process industry. These are preferred to forced circulation boilers
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2017-9-10 · 3.How about the quality of the function and location of steam drum and mud drum for bend tube water ? Our industrial steam boiler manufactured strictly according to national and international standard. our products have approved ASME, IBR, ISO9001-2008, etc. the function and location of steam drum and mud drum for bend tube water Customer visiting
2019-8-30 · Drum Boiler Fluid Path Diagram (Simplified) drum boilers and once-through boilers. A Boiler has three main components. The economizer preheats the water supplied to the boiler. The superheater allows steam to pass through up to a designated temperature. The furnace that encloses the combustion field is the part of a boiler system exposed to
A steam boiler is a closed vessel, generally made of steel, in which water is heated by some source of heat produced by combustion of fuel and ultimately to generate steam.
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International Music and Dance Festival which is all set to be organized at KIIT Bhuabneswar, aims to unite all the new talents in dancing and music as they portray their talents alongwith nourish themselves with the vast and varied culture across the world.
Competitions like solo song, solo dance, group dance, street battle, unconventional orchestra, instrumental solo/duet, war of bands, painting, frame-to-fame(online) will also be conducted.
This 3-day plethoric event includes various workshops on music and dance for all those who want to shake a leg but lack the technique of it.
The showstoppers would be Celestial Teapot, The Manta Sidhu Ensemble, Calcutta Chamber Orchestra, etc. Overall, its something which should not be missed, else repent then!
Passes available from INR100 each for KIITians and INR200 each for non-KIITians.
|Participation – KIITians||100|
|Participation – Non – KIITians||200|
|Audience – KIITians||100|
|Audience – Non – KIITians||200|


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New guy on the block Adam Lambert has revealed in an interview that it isn’t only the men he plays with
Outspoken comedienne Sarah Silverman has made her viewpoints on equality very clear as she stated she wouldn’t marry her new boyfriend until the LGBT community are granted the same rights.
Valentines Day was bitter sweet for many girls around the globe as twilight sensation Robert Pattinson hinted that he may be gay.
John Mayer has recently found himself in a bit of trouble with the minority groups after his controversial interview with Playboy magazine and now gay rights groups are asking for an apology regarding his derogatory language.
Pint sized pop princess Kylie Minogue has expressed her love for Scissor Sisters singer Jake Shears but is faced with a dilemma as she already has two men in her life.
The Aussie star joked that she has an arrangement with her gay friend Shears, stylist William Baker and her boyfriend Andres Velencoso.
The mirror reported that the gay icon revealed: "I adore Jake. He can't be my gay husband, as Willy has that title.
So Jake is one of my gay flings. But the straight husband along has to get along with the gay husband. We all have to be one big happy family and thankfully I've got that with Andres."
© Copyright 2009 Pinkwire, Talent Media.
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|Also Known As:||Wilbur Jennings||Died:|
|Born:||Cause of Death:|
|Birth Place:||Profession:||Music ... lyricist|
Award-winning lyricist Will Jennings has collaborated with a distinguished array of composers. Among his many songs with Richard Kerr are the Barry Manilow hits "Looks Like We Made It" (1976) and "Somewhere in the Night" (1978), and his frequent pairing with Steve Winwood led to a 1986 Grammy nomination for their song "Higher Love." Jennings also wrote the words for Eric Clapton's "Tears in Heaven" and shared a Grammy for Song of the Year (1993) with the guitar legend. He earned his first Oscar nomination for Best Original Song for "People Alone" from "The Competition" (1980) and took home the statue for "Up Where We Belong" from "An Officer and a Gentleman" (1982). Jennings first worked with James Horner on "The Land Before Time" (1988) and the duo provided the underrated songs for the animated sequel "An American Tail: Fievel Goes West" (1991). Their fourth collaboration, James Cameron's "Titanic" (1997), yielded the hit love theme "My Heart Will Go On," recorded by Celine Dion.
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Our lovely new handmade applique cat bags are really special. We only have a few hand made for us by one of our new fair trade producers living near Chiang Mai in the North of Thailand.
The bag features three applique cats made from remnants from local garment making, that would otherwise be thrown away. As each bag is handmade so each is different, the design is the same but the materials are slightly different. They can either be used as a hand bag or shoulder bag.
They measure 39 cm wide by 30 cm tall by 12 cm deep. They are lined with a handy inside pocket, have a zip fastening and reinforced handles for maximum durability.
Beautiful Handmade Three Cat Applique Shoulder Bag / Hand Bag - Fair Trade
- Brand: One World is Enough Ladies Wear
- Product Code: applique cat bag
- Availability: 3
Tags: cats, shoulder bag, nepal


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South African hip-hop artist Riky Rick visits the Afternoon Express loft.
When you think of rap music, there's an often negative connotation. One South African hip hop artist, Riky Rick is changing all of that with his debut solo album titled "Family Values", with the goal of promoting family values to every South African who listens to his music.
The entire album was recorded in just 14 hours. We talk to the rapper about how he handled such an incredible task and he takes the spotlight to perform his latest single "Sondela".


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According to the World Factbook of the CIA, Morocco has capitalized on its proximity to Europe and relatively low labor costs to work towards building a diverse, open, market-oriented economy. Key sectors of the economy include agriculture, tourism, aerospace, automotive, phosphates, textiles, apparel, and subcomponents. Morocco has increased investment in its port, transportation, and industrial infrastructure to position itself as a center and broker for business throughout Africa. Industrial development strategies and infrastructure improvements – most visibly illustrated by a new port and free trade zone near Tangier – are improving Morocco’s competitiveness.
In the 1980s, Morocco was a heavily indebted country before pursuing austerity measures and pro-market reforms, overseen by the IMF. Since taking the throne in 1999, King MOHAMMED VI has presided over a stable economy marked by steady growth, low inflation, and gradually falling unemployment, although poor harvests and economic difficulties in Europe contributed to an economic slowdown.
To boost exports, Morocco entered into a bilateral Free Trade Agreement with the US in 2006 and an Advanced Status agreement with the EU in 2008. In late 2014, Morocco eliminated subsidies for gasoline, diesel, and fuel oil, dramatically reducing outlays that weighed on the country’s budget and current account.
Subsidies on butane gas and certain food products remain in place. Morocco also seeks to expand its renewable energy capacity with a goal of making renewable more than 50% of installed electricity generation capacity by 2030.
The World Bank expects economic performance to improve in the medium term enabled by sound fiscal and monetary policies, more consistent sector strategies, and an improved investment environment, all of which are aimed at supporting gradual competitiveness gains, The World Bank expects growth to fall to 2.9 percent in 2019 due to low projected increase of agricultural output after two exceptional years, growth will stabilize around an average of 3.6 percent over the medium term.
Gross Domestic Product
Morocco’s economy grew slowly in 2018, despite unexpectedly positive growth in grain production, with the gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate dropping slightly from 3.5 per cent in the first quarter of 2017 to 3.2 per cent in the same quarter in 2018. The decline in economic activity is primarily due to the sharp decline in the growth of agricultural added value from 14.8 per cent in the first quarter of 2017 to 2.5 per cent in the first quarter of 2018.
This decline was only partly compensated by non-agricultural performance, which increased by 3.4 per cent (compared with 2 per cent in the first quarter of 2017), driven primarily by the double recovery in secondary and tertiary sector activities. This increase was particularly notable in the extractive industries, as a result of the rise in phosphate production and exports.
As rainfall returns to normal rates, the World Bank predicts that agricultural GDP will decline in 2019, leading to a decline in overall GDP growth to 2.9 per cent. This decline is due to the rainfall intensity that leads to destroying the seasonal corps. However, non-agricultural GDP is expected to continue its positive performance, bolstered by the growing dynamism of the transformative industries and service sectors. The automotive industry, in particular, has benefited from large foreign investments.
|Indicators||measuring unit||2016||2017||Change ±|
|GDP (at constant 2010)||Billion US$||114.660||119.347||4.687|
|GDP growth (annual)||%||1.1||4.1||3|
|GDP per capita (constant 2010)||US$||3,205||3,292||87|
|GDP (at current value)||Billion US$||103.345||109.709||6.364|
Source: World Bank.
Morocco’s economy was historically based on agriculture, which still accounts for 41 percent of employment, but industry employs 22 percent of workers (the rest are in services). The industrial sector contributed 31.6 percent to Morocco’s GDP in 2010. Industrial production grew by 4.4 percent in 2010, but there are rapid fluctuations, even on a quarterly basis. Between 2000 and 2012, the growth in Moroccan industrial production averaged 3.5 percent per quarter, with an all-time high of 9.4 percent in March 2000 and a low of -4.4 percent in December 2008 (see Trading Economics for data).
The key sectors are:
Mining, a major foreign-exchange earner (USD 4.2 billion in 2011). Morocco has 75 percent of the world’s phosphate reserves and is the top world exporter and third-largest producer. In 2011, phosphate production grew by 5.3 percent, but the world price of phosphates was increasing, so the value of phosphate exports increased by 39 percent and of phosphate-derived products by 29 percent. Other minerals include antimony, barite, copper, cobalt, lead, iron ore, manganese, silver, salt, and zinc.
Manufacturing, of which the biggest part is in textiles and clothing, exported mainly to the European Union, with France importing 27.6 percent of the ready-to-wear clothing, 46 percent of the hosiery, and 28.5 percent of the basic textiles produced by Morocco. Heavy industry serves primarily the local market, supplying fertilizers, building materials (asphalt and cement), cars and tractors, and oil refining.
Export-oriented industries are in light manufacturing: food and beverages (canned fish and fruit, wine), metals, and leather products. The manufacturing sector accounts for about 15 percent of GDP, although it is rising steadily. Renault Dacia builds 400,000 cars a year, with a value of USD 2 billion in 2011 (data from Economy Watch).
For the last ten years, agriculture has accounted for between 15 and 17 percent of Morocco’s GDP. The figure for 2011 was 15 percent. The annual amount varies partly according to climatic conditions that affect agricultural production. 78 percent of the country has an average annual precipitation of less than 250 millimetres, 15 percent has between 250 to 500 millimetres, and 7 percent has more than 500 millimetres; precipitation can change rapidly from year to year. Morocco received large amounts of rainfall during the 2008-2009 growing season, far above normal, but rainfall was poor in 2007 and imports rose by 14 percent in consequence (food imports rose by 48 percent).
Employment in agriculture made up 41 percent of total employment in 2008, but the amount of arable land available has fallen from 0.38 hectares per person in 2008 to 0.25 hectares in 2009.
In 2009, agricultural land covered 67 percent of the total land area, of which 4.6 percent is irrigated. Despite that apparently low figure, agriculture is by far the biggest user of water, accounting for 84 percent of water withdrawal.
Arable land (land under temporary crops, such as grain and vegetables) is 18 percent of land area. Land under permanent crops (e.g., vines and fruit, nut, and olive trees, but not timber forest) is 2.2 percent of total land area. The rest of the agricultural land is permanent pasture. Between 11 and 12 percent of the land surface is covered with forest.
The major cereal crops are barley (50 percent), wheat (40 percent), and maize (9 percent). Four percent of the arable land is sown to pulses.
Agricultural produce is shipped to two distinct markets, the home market and the export market, and the commodities are quite different. In 2010, the top agricultural product by value was olives (and olive oil); preserved olives were the third largest export by value. The second largest product by value was chicken meat, followed by wheat and beef, all of which were consumed virtually entirely in the local market. Then came tomatoes, the largest export crop by value.
Moroccan agriculture does not, however, produce enough food to feed the country: the top three largest imports of foodstuffs in 2010 were wheat, maize, and sugar. Tea, which is drunk in large quantities, was the sixth largest foodstuff import. Production of the top three crops (barley, wheat and sugar beet) is much more affected by drought than is meat production. Only egg production fell dramatically after the 2007 drought. These data are from the World Bank and the UN Food and Agricultural Organization.
Measured against the national poverty line, Morocco experienced a significant reduction in poverty, from 8.9 per cent in 2007 to about 4.8 per cent in 2013. Similarly, when measured using the international extreme poverty line of $1.90 per person per day (2011 purchasing power parity), poverty was almost eliminated in 2013 (about 1 per cent). When measured using the lower middle-income poverty line of $3.20 per person per day, poverty declined to 7.7 per cent.
Although economic growth over the first decade of the millennium favoured the poor, the rural-urban poverty gap remained high in 2013, and the average consumption of urban households was almost twice that of rural households. From 2007 to 2013, household consumption growth in the lower classes was positive and above average: 4 per cent compared to an average growth rate of 3 per cent. In addition, consumption growth in urban areas (about 3.5 per cent) was higher than in rural areas (2.8 per cent).
Overall inequality slightly declined, though not in all regions of the country. The Gini coefficient fell slightly between 2007 and 2013 from 40.7 to 39.5. This was generally due to two parallel trends: cross-regional development and increased inequality within some regions. In fact, inequality in some regions (such as Rabat-Salé-Kénitra in the north-west) increased from 39.9 to 44.2 and in southern regions from 35 to 40.2, whereas it declined in other areas (such as Casablanca, Marrakech and Souss-Massa in the west).
|Indicators||Number of Poor (thousand)||Rate (%)|
|National Poverty Line||1,623.6||4.8|
|International Poverty Line 8.2 in Moroccan dirham (2013) or US$1.90 (2011 PPP) per day per capita||345.5||1.0|
|Lower Middle Income Class Poverty Line 13.9 in Moroccan dirham (2013) or US$3.20 (2011 PPP) per day per capita||2,605.5||7.7|
|Upper Middle Income Class Poverty Line 23.8 in Moroccan dirham (2013) or US$5.50 (2011 PPP) per day per capita||10,587.5||31.3|
Poverty Indicators in 2013. Source: The World Bank.
International Market Position
Morocco was ranked 71st out of 137 countries covered by the Global Competitiveness Index 2017-2018, its highest position since the index started in 2007. The country has a good level of public health, a strong primary education system and a favourable macroeconomic environment supported by stable institutions.
Over the past decade, infrastructure has improved dramatically, jumping from 71st place in the 2010 index to 54th today. Transport developments were widespread but were particularly significant for ports (now ranked 32nd, a jump of 30 places over the same period) and roads (43rd, a 45-place jump). Rail infrastructure will be enhanced with the opening of the Tangier-Casablanca line in 2019.
Furthermore, the improved infrastructure and decreased average import tariff from 18.9 per cent to 10.5 per cent has contributed to Morocco’s integration into international trade, increasing the overall level of efficiency in its commodity market (58th, ten places higher than 2007). The country’s main challenges remain its innovation environment (94th), higher education and training (101st) and labour market efficiency (120th) – the only areas where there is a gap with developed economies.
|Indicator||Rank (out of 138) 2016–2017||Rank (out of 137) 2017–2018||Change in rank ±|
|Health and primary education||77||81||-4|
|Higher education and training||104||101||3|
|Goods market efficiency||64||58||6|
|Labor market efficiency||124||120||4|
|Financial market development||83||72||11|
|Global Competitiveness Index||70||71||-1|
Source: Global Competitiveness Index 2016/2017 and 2017/2018
Although the Moroccan economy has relied on exports for centuries, the agricultural and mineral trade developed greatly during the colonial period, with the development of new ports (notably Casablanca) and a new capital (Rabat) on the coast.
The role of the colonial rulers in creating the infrastructure to support this was provocatively asserted by King Hassan, who wrote in his autobiography ‘Those who assert that in the years between 1910 and 1935, “France turned Morocco into an underdeveloped country” know perfectly well that they are lying.’ While this is true, the Moroccan infrastructure has developed rapidly since independence, particularly in the most recent decades.
Today Morocco is the largest exporter of phosphate in the world, has a large export industry, and is a market for mass tourism. All this needs a well-developed infrastructure.
In 2009, there were 58,216 kilometres of roads, of which 70.3 percent were paved (equivalent figures for 1990: 59,522 kilometres and 49 percent, see World Bank). Road density is 13 kilometres of road per 100 square kilometres of land area. Important new roads are the coastal motorway and the 1,416-kilometre highway from Oujda to Agadir.
In 2010, there were 2,109 kilometres of track, including the Tangier-Casablanca high-speed line, carrying 4,398 million passengers (equivalent figures for 1980: 1756, 3,787, and 935) and 5,572 million tonnes of goods (equivalent figures for 1980: 1756, 3,787 and 935).
Morocco’s rapidly growing trade can be measured by calculating the flow of twenty-foot equivalent seaborne container units (TEUs), the size of a standard-size container. The container port-traffic in Morocco was 2,058,430 TEUs in 2010; in 2000 it was 328,808 TEUs. About half of the international traffic goes through the ports of Casablanca and Mohammedia. The third major port is Tangier, which is expanding rapidly. Casablanca is one of the largest artificial ports in the world and handles much of the phosphate exports.
The Office Nationale des Aeroports runs 17 public civilian airports, of which the biggest is Mohammed V International Airport at Casablanca-Nouaceur, which has three terminals and two runways and handled 7,245,508 passengers in 2010.
The national-flag carrier, Royal Air Maroc (RAM), was established in 1957 and now has a fleet of 46 planes flying to 86 destinations. It has three subsidiaries, Atlas (2004, 11 planes, 23 destinations), Jet4U (2006, five planes, 13 destinations), and Air Arabia Maroc with four planes.
Air freight totalled 11,272 million tonne-km in 2010. Air passengers carried were 8,971,295 in 2010.
Morocco’s economic expansion has brought a rapid increase in the demand for energy. Electricity consumption rose steeply between 2005 (14.2 billion kilowatt hours generated) and 2012 (21.5, figures Index Mundi). Electric power is produced almost entirely from fossil fuels; less than 20 percent of electricity production was generated from non-renewable sources (hydroelectric power from Morocco’s many dams made up 16 percent of the total) (US Energy Information Administration).
Morocco has only small oil and gas reserves. At the end of 2012 oil reserves were evaluated at 684 million barrels (bbl) and gas reserves at 511 billion cubic feet (bcf). The equivalent figures for Algeria were 12,200,000 bbl and 159,000 bcf. Production is low but increasing: from 300 bbl/day in 2005 to 3,938 bbl/ day in 2010 (Index Mundi). This puts Morocco at 99th among world oil-producers, between Israel and Switzerland. Its consumption, however, is much larger: 209,000 bbl/day in 2010 and increasing rapidly (it was 158,000 bbl/day in 2003).
Consequently, most energy is imported, accounting for 24 percent of Moroccan imports (IMF Report 2011). Morocco stands 44th among world oil-importers (Index Mundi). Natural-gas imports have increased from 50,000,000 cubic metres in 2001 to 560,000,000 cubic metres in 2009. The largest electricity power stations, at Muhammadia and Jorf Lasfar, are both coal-fired. Virtually all the coal is imported. In 2010, imports were 3.45 million short tons (US Energy Information Administration).
Exploration for gas and shale oil is continuing, particularly in southern Morocco and in the disputed Western Sahara territory, both on land and offshore.
The shortage of energy makes it expensive, which is mitigated by subsidies. In 2011, 85 percent of the total expenditure on subsidies was projected to be spent on energy products (including butane gas).
Concerns about energy security and the environmental effects of reliance on hydrocarbon imports have led to an ambitious programme to develop renewable energy sources, including solar energy, in which Morocco is playing a pioneering role. Al-Akhawayn University in Ifrane, high in the Middle Atlas, built the first solar-energy site in Africa to generate electricity using photovoltaics. In 2009, the government announced a USD 9 billion solar energy project that is planned to provide 38 percent of installed power generation by 2020. In November 2011, the World Bank promised USD 297 million in financial assistance to develop a solar power plant that will eventually have a capacity of 500 MW.
Wind energy has been developed at a large wind-farm near Tangier, whose potential production is estimated at about 6,000 MW. In 2013 King Mohammed VI launched a huge project to construct what may be the world’s largest multiple power plant called Noor. The plant is expected to supply electricity to 1.1 million Moroccans.
Trade and Banking
Morocco has a continuing trade deficit. In 2010 it dropped slightly to USD 15.1 billion from its 2009 figure of USD 16.3 billion, but it is predicted to rise steadily to USD 24.6 billion by 2016. This reflects a continuous growth in trade, with exports rising from USD 14 billion in 2009 to USD 17.6 billion in 2010 and a projected 28.3 in 2016. The picture is the same with imports (USD 30.3 billion in 2009, 32.6 billion in 2002, 52.8 billion in 2016, figures IMF Report 2011). In short, Morocco is well positioned for trade, even though it is out of balance.
The exchange rate is guided by the Bank al-Maghrib (BAM), which intervenes in the market to maintain a target range, around a fixed central rate pegged to a basket of currencies comprising the euro (80 percent) and the USD (20 percent). It fixes the daily rates for the foreign currencies on the basis of variations in the value of the basket. The dirham is fully convertible only for current-account transactions, although foreign-exchange accounts are permitted.
The Tangier Exportation Free Zone (TEFZ) is a protected free-trade area of 345 hectares where international companies can operate tax-free. It is built around the Tanger-Med container port (see Infrastructure). By July 2009 there were 352 companies in the TEFZ, with automotive and aeronautics companies occupying a leading position. The Renault-Nissan plant, which was inaugurated in February 2012, is intended to export 90 percent of the vehicles it builds (initially between 150,000 and 170,000 a year, rising to 340,000 after a second phase to be completed in 2013).
The central Bank is the Bank al-Maghrib (BAM), whose headquarters are in Rabat. It was founded in 1959 to replace the Banque d’Etat du Maroc (set up in 1906 under the Algeciras Agreement). Also in 1959, the colonial-era coinage, the Moroccan franc, was replaced by the dirham, and the BAM was put in charge of issuing currency. A subsidiary, the Dar al-Sikka (Mint), was created in March 1987 to handle the manufacture of banknotes and coins. The BAM holds foreign-currency reserves and is responsible for administering monetary policy and supervising the activities of retail banks and credit institutions.
In 2012, the BAM oversaw the activities of 27 licensed banks, six offshore banks, 19 consumer-credit companies, and various other financial institutions (e.g., leasing companies, real-estate-loan companies).
The Casablanca Stock Exchange was founded in 1929 as the Office de Compensation des Valeurs Mobilières. It became a modern stock exchange in 1967 and is now the third largest exchange in Africa. It has two main indexes: Masi (Moroccan All Shares Index), which tracks the performance of all listed companies, and Madex (the Most Active Shares Index). In June 2011, there were 79 listed companies, with a market capitalization of USD 53 billion. Daily trading in the first six months of 2011 ranged between USD 36 million and USD 5 million.
Work Force and Labour Migration
The labour force represents about half of the total population of Morocco (49.5 percent in 2010, 50.7 percent in 2008, and 51 percent in 2001) and about the same in terms of the working-age population (51.5 percent in 2010 and 53 percent in 2008 and 2001). In 2008, the last year for which complete figures are available, about 41.5 percent of the employed population consisted of wage earners, followed by self-employed (about 56 percent), and employers (2.5 percent). There is a significant percentage of unpaid workers (engaged mainly in family work; figures from the World Bank).
Unemployment is estimated at 10 percent of the total labour force, about the same for men and women, although statistics for the informal economy and rural areas are inaccurate. It is considerably higher (22.5 in 2009) among the younger generations (aged 15-24), where the figures are skewed in favour of women (19.4 percent unemployed as compared to 23 percent for men in 2009). The labour force is growing rapidly: in 2010, it was 11,386,087, a 13 percent rise from 10,016,473 in 2001.
Morocco has signed many of the International Labour Organization (ILO) core conventions: 29 (Forced Labour, 1930), 98 (Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining, 1949), 100 (Equal Remuneration for Work of Equal Value, 1951), 105 (Abolition of Forced Labour, 1957), 111 (Discrimination in Employment and Occupation, 1958), 138 (Minimum Age for Employment, 1973), 182 (Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999).
The first Moroccan unions were formed in the French settler community during the Protectorate, but they soon began to recruit Moroccans until stopped by the Protectorate authorities. Trade unions played an important part in the nationalist struggle and wielded considerable influence after independence. Since then, the movement has split, and there are now five main union confederations in Morocco, often aligned with a political party:
• The Democratic Confederation of Labour (Confédération Démocratique du Travail, CDT), is the strongest in the public sector. It was aligned with the USFP until 2002, when its secretary general created his own political party to contest the parliamentary elections.
• The General Union of Moroccan Workers (Union Générale des Travailleurs Marocains, UGTM) is affiliated with the Istiqlal party.
• The National Labour Union of Morocco (Union Nationale du Travail Marocain, UNTM) is based among workers in public education, health, construction, textiles, and agriculture. It is affiliated with the Islamist party, the PJD.
• The Democratic Federation of Labour (Fédération Démocratique du Travail, FDT), which broke away from the CDT in 2003, is linked to the USFP.
Under the Constitution, workers have the right to join trade unions and to strike (Article 29), although there are provisions for the right to join to be limited under the law, and civil servants are excluded by other legislation. Less than 6 percent of the labour force is unionized.
Employees are governed by the 2003 Labour Code. This incorporates into law various ILO-conventions on maternity and the minimum working age, prohibits employers from sacking workers for legitimate union organizing, and recognizes the right to collective bargaining.
There are severe restrictions, particularly on collective bargaining, which can be conducted only by a union with at least 35 percent of the elected employee delegates. Furthermore, it is not clear whether public servants (e.g., teachers and water and forestry workers) are included in collective-bargaining arrangements and whether domestic and agricultural workers are definitely excluded because they are not covered by the Labour Code.
The Labour Code emphasizes the need for ‘flexibility’ to make Morocco more attractive to outside investors, and unions object that this makes it easy for employers to hire temporary staff. Workers engaging in picketing and public demonstrations are liable to criminal prosecution (see International Trade Union Confederation).
Public-service unions have complained of deteriorating working conditions for civil servants, and medium-sized manufacturing concerns often provide poor health and safety conditions; trade unions have begun to organize in the call-centre sector, where they complain about poor working conditions.
Moroccans have long migrated for economic reasons. In the mid-19th century people from the countryside moved to developing cities on the coast, especially Rabat, Essaouira and Tangier. By the late 19th century, the population of Tangier consisted largely of people of Rifi origin. Rifis also provided an early wave of migrants outside Morocco, when they began a pattern of seasonal migration for work on the new French estates that were established in western Algeria in the mid-19th century.
These two patterns of migration, within Morocco and beyond its borders to European-controlled areas, have continued. The bidonvilles around the main coastal cities appeared in the 1920s, and labour migration to France began around the same time. Rabat grew from 80,000 to 115,00 people between 1931 and 1936, most of whom were housed in the bidonvilles. Rifi migration to Algeria involved about 10 percent of the entire male population of the Rif in 1931.
After World War II, migration increased rapidly. The independence of Algeria cut off that labour market, and France itself became the main destination until the late 1960s, when a combination of labour turmoil there and demand elsewhere in Europe brought new destinations: Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain.
This was encouraged by the government, which hoped to build up the expertise and training of the workforce at no expense. Unfortunately, most of the migrants were initially employed in manual labour, although they did help to underpin the Moroccan economy. By the early 1970s, foreign-exchange remittances covered 18 percent of the total import bill, and in the Rif, 31 percent of households relied on migrants as their main source of income.
This was the case in all three of the main migration belts: the Rif Mountains, the Sous Valley, and the southern oases. Numbers continued to rise: in 2005, the latest year for which full statistics are available, there were 1,396,280 Moroccan migrants in the European Union countries, with France and Spain (both about 461,000) at the top of the table, followed by Italy, the Netherlands, and Germany.
By 2011, the total number reported had risen to 1,444,000, although that figure excludes France, for which data are lacking (statistics from Eurostat).
The Strait of Gibraltar is only 14 kilometres wide, and the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla provide jumping-off points on the African side. As a result, the Strait is the focus of an extensive illegal migration trade in Moroccans and people originating in sub-Saharan Africa; the latter group has grown rapidly in the past decade and a half.
In 2004, the Moroccan government claimed to have prevented irregular emigration attempts by at least 26,000 people, of whom 17,000 were of sub-Saharan origin. That same year, the Spanish authorities intercepted 15,675 undocumented boat migrants, of whom about 55 percent were Moroccan and 43 percent from sub-Saharan Africa.
In 1999, the figures were 81 and 2 percent, respectively. The crossing is made in small fishing boats or speedboats, by hiding in trucks, or by using forged papers. Crossing the Strait of Gibraltar in small boats is dangerous, and many people die trying. One official calculation is that 1,035 migrants died between 1999 and 2003, though the real figure is probably higher.
Sub-Saharan Africans cross the Sahara overland, usually via Niger and Algeria. The first wave was fleeing war in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Ivory Coast, but since 2000, economic migrants have arrived from West Africa (e.g., Nigeria, Senegal, Mali, and Ghana).
Because it is difficult to enter Europe, many settle in Morocco rather than return home: Tangier, Casablanca, and Rabat provide jobs in the informal sector, although migrants face xenophobia from the Moroccan population and an aggressive government response. Although some are clearly refugees in terms of the 1951 Geneva Convention, Moroccan authorities do not generally provide permanent protection (see the Migration Policy Institute).
The first migrants fully intended to return to Morocco after they had earned enough, but increasingly large numbers settled permanently in Europe. Although some countries allowed them to acquire citizenship, Moroccan law stipulates that no one born in Morocco or of Moroccan parentage can lose Moroccan citizenship. Consequently, they have maintained close links and are classified by the government as Moroccans resident abroad. They make up a large proportion of arrivals at Moroccan airports (47 percent in 2011, see the Ministry of Economy and Finance).
This is an enormous economic resource for Morocco, as migrant remittances have continued to rise. In 2011, remittances totalled USD 7.01 billion, making Morocco the eleventh largest receiver of remittances in the developing world (World Bank data).
Tourism is a key element in the Moroccan economy. It has grown rapidly over a long period, from 2,602,000 tourism arrivals in 1995 to 9,299,000 in 2010, making it the 24th largest tourist market in the world and the second largest among the Arab countries, after Egypt (Saudi Arabia excluded, because of the specialized nature of the hajj).
In 2005, Morocco had the second largest market share (21.4 percent) of African tourism (after South Africa). It dwarfs all other countries in the Maghreb and brings in huge amounts of money: receipts per annum rose from USD 1.5 billion in 1995 to USD 9.1 billion in 2011. Tourism employs directly 918,000 people, which is projected to rise to 1.3 million by 2021.
Tourism is supported by a highly developed infrastructure. Tourist capacity increased from 143,000 beds in 2007 to 184,00 in 2011 (data from Ministry of Economy and Finance). The basis of this growth is a highly diverse market. The climate and cultural heritage provide a general framework into which niche attractions can be fitted.
Golf is one such niche market: it has enjoyed royal patronage since early in the reign of Hassan II and hosts several international championships. Another is skiing: the resort at Oukaïmeden in the Atlas Mountains, 80 kilometres from Marrakesh, is the highest ski resort in Africa, at an elevation of 2,600 to 3,200 metres, reached by both chairlift and donkey.
There is a network of health spas and ecotourism and adventure trips into the desert and Atlas Mountains. Most foreign tourists come from Europe, with the largest percentage from France (20 percent), followed by Spain, Britain, Germany, and Belgium. Most temporary visitors are Moroccans who live abroad and return to visit their families from time to time: they represented 49 percent of arrivals in 2009 (data from Tourism Department).
There is a substantial Arab market for tourism; about 6 percent came from other Arab countries, almost entirely from the Gulf. Tourism has faced some important difficulties recently: in 2011, the total number of arrivals increased less than 1 percent, although revenues held up; tourism receipts had been projected to grow in 2011 by 13 percent (IMF Report 2011). In the first half of 2012 the slippage continued, but the crisis began to abate by the autumn.
For the future, the government plans for investment of USD 20 billion in the tourism sector by 2020, under a project called Vision 2020. Most of this investment (80 percent) is supposed to come from the private sector. The aim is to attract 11.5 million tourists in 2014 and make Morocco a top-twenty world holiday destination.
Morocco is a rapidly developing country, but there are huge imbalances in the ways in which wealth is distributed. Nationally, the poor have benefited much less than the richer sectors of society from the economic growth of the last twenty years, and inequality has increased.
The correlations of poverty with other social factors are striking. There is a very unequal distribution on a regional basis: in general, the more urbanized provinces along the Atlantic coast are richer (see Regional development), and the provinces of the former Spanish Sahara in particular have benefited from low population and a huge injection of capital investment (see Income distribution and poverty).
There are clear imbalances by sector: agricultural workers are over-represented in poor groups, and the informal sector, while it is very dynamic, is distinctly poor, employing over half of the active urban population. Another factor is gender: women are, in general, less well educated than men, and when they head the household, as many do, the level of household poverty is much higher (see Family structure).
Below are the latest articles by acclaimed journalists and academics concerning the topic ‘Economy’ and ‘Morocco’. These articles are posted in this country file or elsewhere on our website:

domain: economics


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