NSK 23140-2CS5K/VT Bearings 23140 Bearing
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23138-2CS5K/VT143+H3138 spherical roller bearing
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SKF 23140-2CS5K/VT143 bearing - 23140 2CS5K VT143 bearing
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text:
Are you excited about Chapter 43 of “The Ichinose Family’s Deadly Sins”? We’ve got all the info you need right here! But first, let’s find out what this manga is all about.
What’s the Manga About?
“The Ichinose Family’s Deadly Sins” tells the story of Tsubasa Ichinose and his family. It all begins when they’re in a big accident, and Tsubasa gets seriously hurt. The strange thing is, he can’t remember anything after the accident. It’s like he has amnesia.
For Tsubasa’s family and friends, it’s really tough to accept that he doesn’t remember them or anything about his past. But for Tsubasa himself, it’s even stranger. He feels like he’s inside someone else’s body.
Things get pretty tough for him, and he tries hard to remember his past experiences. But since he can’t remember, he starts imagining things and becomes kind of delusional.
His family thinks it’s okay as long as they have Tsubasa with them, but is everything really okay? It seems like there’s something big missing. To find out more, you’ll have to read this fascinating manga.
Recap of Chapter 42
In the previous chapter, titled “Shiori’s Memories,” Tsubasa Ichinose remembered a bit about what he drank before the accident. It tasted strange. His sister suggests something interesting.
Tsubasa’s family members also mention that they might have been drugged on their way home, and everyone might be asleep because of it. Someone among them is pretending to have amnesia and is behind this strange dream.
Tsubasa has an idea of who it might be, but they need to wake up soon to remember what really happened. They have to trust Tsubasa and give it their all.
What to Expect in Chapter 43?
We all hope that Tsubasa and his family will come back to their senses and wake up in the next chapter. But there are no official spoilers for Chapter 43 yet. These are just our speculations and what fans are guessing. We all want the Ichinose family to escape this strange dream.
Chapter 43 Release Date
Get ready, because Chapter 43 of “The Ichinose Family’s Deadly Sins” will be released on October 1, 2023!

domain: literature


text:
As the Christmas season rolls around there are a few festive treats that we can all look forward to over the coming weeks. This weekend is the busiest time for getting your tree, unless you’re going to be pulling the ever so slightly tattered artificial one out from the back of the loft. Last year…
Zojirushi is one of the best manufacturers of bread makers on the market, being no surprise to the fact that most high-end machines are produced by this company. In this article we will compare two of the best bread machines that the company has released up to this point, more precisely the Zojirushi BB-PAC20 and the Zojirushi BB-CEC 20, thus getting to see what model is better and why.
Many people are wondering if alkaline water is better than tap water, but not all of them know the truth. Drinking water is vital for our life, but there are more benefits of drinking alkaline water when it comes to having a healthier life. Some of the most important one will be detailed in the article, so read it for more information.
Would you like to make a panettone using a bread maker, but do not know how to do that? If so, then you should do some online research in order to find some ideas that will help you achieve your goal.
Don’t you know how to grill veggies to perfection? If so, then you should do some online research in order to find the right solution, and make the most delicious vegetables ever.
A casserole cooked or finished off in an oven will take care of itself most of the times. These tasty casserole recipes are not just for the cool nights, they are suitable for a mid-summer lunch just as well. The amazing Chicken Cobbler and Beef Bourguignon will go straight from the oven to your dinner table.
Pasta is kid-friendly, satisfying and the perfect dish to make on a busy night. Moreover, it offers endless flavor possibilities because you can add your favorite ingredients to almost any recipe. These 3 quick and easy pasta recipes taste incredible and keep the ingredients and the cooking to a minimum.
Besides the fact that it’s fun, there are many others reasons to get kids cooking at an early age. Cooking with children is one of the most valuable family activity because they feel a part of something bigger. Find out more about the wonderful benefits of involving the little ones in food preparation.
Many people feel like they are losing the fight against food. Learning how to cook healthy in your own kitchen can help you change your lifestyle and eating habits. The rules of healthy eating are simple and involve using different cooking techniques and ingredients.
Many people choose to make drinks at home because they are more affordable and you can mix the ingredients the way you like it. These cheap drink ideas are ideal if you are on a tight budget and want to host a party or invite some friends over.
The Zombie drink is made of various rums, liqueurs and a lot of fruit juice. It was invented by Donn Beach in the 30s and it is named after the effect it has on the people who drink it. Although the original recipe was kept a secret by its creator, here you can find out how to make the best Zombie cocktail.
The Cosmopolitan drink is one of the most popular drinks in the world. The classic recipe is, of course, the most popular one but there are also a lot of delicious variations such as the Sparkling Charleston Cosmo and the Pomegranate Cosmopolitan. they are all easy to make and quite delicious.
If you want to melt your worries away, all you have to do is invite your friends over and prepare some fruity alcoholic drinks. The Passion Fruit Mojito and the Watermelon Margarita are two simple cocktail recipes that you can prepare with minimum effort. They are fruity variations of the classic cocktails.
As a bartender it is not enough to be full of energy and have a nice personality. The most important bartender skill is the ability to make a mean drink. It is essential to know as many cocktail recipes as possible in order to satisfy the customers. In this article we have prepared a few essential bartender drinks that should be served in any bar.
The Kamikaze drink is famous across the globe. It was first created in 1974 but since then, there have been numerous variations from the original recipe. In this article we will present the classic recipe as well as the Blue Kamikaze and the non alcoholic Kamikaze Mocktail recipe.
A few decades a ago, parents and grandparents were cooking with children, sharing family recipes and secret ingredients. Today, this is a lost art in most American households because busy parent don’t have enough time to teach their children basic cooking. Including kids in preparing meals requires extra time and patience, but it is worth the effort because of the numerous benefits
Everybody enjoys trying fun and new alcoholic drinks at a party or when they go out. These cocktails with funny drink names will definitely double the fun. This list of cocktails will surely amuse your guests if you are hosting a party and spark some entertaining conversations.
Tofu is basically pressed and coagulates soy milk that is cholesterol-free and contains heart-healthy protein. There are many varieties, including processed tofu and fresh tofu. East Asian and Southeast Asian cuisines often use this subtle flavored ingredient. Here are some useful tips for cooking tofu at home.
Here are some romantic dinner recipes that you can successfully use next time you want to organize a special evening for you and your loved one; they are made from quite common ingredients, but they manage to be fresh and unique and to make eating enjoyable.
There are numerous gourmet recipes out there, and with them you can learn that cooking can be both easy and delicious, and that you don’t need to be a professional chef in order to prepare something spectacular and unique; all you need is the passion and the willingness to create something good.
Pasta and chicken are two ingredients that go very well together. Today we have prepared two recipes for you. A main dish consisting of a classic Italian treat and a chicken pasta salad. the salad is great in the summer as it is tasty as well as consistent. Both dishes are extremely easy to prepare and they are two of the best chicken pasta recipes.
If you are a fan of Rachel Ray recipes, then we have some excellent suggestions for you. As people are starting to be more and more interested in their health, it is important to try to integrate healthy dishes into our diet. The Seafood Skewers on a Bed of Chili-Garlic Spinach and the Salad with Orange-Dijon Vinaigrette are two simple dished that will turn a boring meal into a culinary success.
Vegan cooking is not difficult, on the contrary; it can be easier to cook without meat, eggs or dairy, and at the same time your imagination is stimulated by the many vegetarian options that you have and that are also healthy.
Cooking asparagus doesn’t take much knowledge, you just have to know how to pick the right stems; they have to be uniform and hard, with closed tips, and the best way to eat them is boiled or steamed, with a bit of olive oil or some simple sauce.
Rum is the main ingredient in many popular cocktails that have been savored by drinkers for decades. This alcoholic beverage is made from sugarcane juice or sugarcane byproducts by the process of distillation. The clear liquid obtained is aged in oak barrels.

domain: hobby


text:
Complications of Treatment Pediatrics 2000, 106(6);
5. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/106/6/e80.full ;
6. Virginia Neubauer, Richard Neubauer and Paul Harch HBOT in the Management of Cerebral Palsy. http://www.hbot.com/blog/infinitee/hyperbaric-oxygen-therapy-management-cerebral-palsy ;
7. McMaster University CanChild Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) as a ‘treatment’ for Cerebral Palsy https://www.canchild.ca/en/resources/212-hyperbaric-oxygen-therapy-hbot-as-a-treatment-for-cerebral-palsy ;
8. Marek Kawecki, Grzegorz Knefel, Bożena
Romuald Olszański, Maciej Konarski and Piotr Siermontowski
The paper discusses the treatment results of ten patients with severe atopic dermatitis (AD) who did not respond to standard pharmacotherapy and underwent hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). Each patient was subject to 10 oxygen exposures at pO2 2.5 ATA (~ 250 kPa) with the duration time of 60 minutes. In the period of implementation of the hyperbaric procedures the general treatment plan was suspended for all patients while maintaining typical local treatment. Clinical evaluation was performed in the study group as well as determination of levels of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgG, IgM and IgE and C3 and C4 complement. All patients indicated clinical improvement and a decreased IgE immunoglobulin and complement C3 level upon the completion of the exposure cycle. Taking into account the authors’ own observations and data from literature, an overall improvement in the clinical status and a decrease in the level of immunoglobulin E and C3 complement following a cycle of exposures may be indicative of an immunomodulating HBOT effect on AD, whereas hyperbaric oxygenation may constitute a therapeutic option for some patients with AD, especially those exhibiting a poor response to standard treatment.
Agnieszka Koźmin-Burzyńska, Agnieszka Bratek, Grzegorz Knefel, Krzysztof Krysta, Marek Kawecki and Irena Krupka-Matuszczyk
The aim of the study was to assess the level of anxiety and depressiveness in patients who had qualified for hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) for the treatment of ulcerative lesions in the lower limbs, occurring as a result of diabetic foot syndrome (DFS),. A total of 50 patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic foot syndrome were enrolled to the study. All patients have received 30 sessions of HBOT. During the therapy blood glucose was measured and photographic documentation was carried out. All patients underwent the following procedures: medical history and socioeconomic interview, psychiatric examination, self-report and objective psychometric tests to measure anxiety and depressiveness. Based on the obtained results, we reported that patients with a greater degree of tissue damage had higher levels of depressive symptoms in the self-report tests as well as in the objective evaluation of the investigator. In terms of location of ulcerative lesions - the level of depressiveness was greater when the affected area included toes, and the level of anxiety was increased when it concerned the heel. Regarding other parameters, statistically significant correlations were not observed.
Sławomir Kujawski, Agnieszka Kujawska, Mariusz Kozakiewicz, Romuald Olszański, Piotr Siermontowski and Paweł Zalewski
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is found among the interests of researchers who seek new methods of treatment of diseases of the nervous system. An increase of the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood within the appropriate range leads to numerous changes in the cells of the brain tissue. In this paper we analyse the results of selected articles describing HBOT used on pathologies of the nervous system such as stroke, autism, multiple sclerosis and cerebral palsy as well as in the course of research on animal models. The results are promising, although some studies struggled with numerous methodological problems and differences in the applied protocols, which resulted in conflicting results in individual interventions. In consequence, the need for further studies in randomised control trials and determination of the protocol by an international group of researchers dedicated to the use of HBOT was emphasised.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is a safe treatment, provided fulfilling certain rules of patient qualifications to treatment, as well as supervision over the course of therapy by qualified medical staff. Side effects reported in the literature are rare, and are usually mild and transient. Professional medical staff allows minimising the adverse events occurrence. The scale of complications is unknown, especially in Polish hyperbaric center. Careful analysis could be used to develop prevention procedures for patients of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Hyperbaric Oxygen Centre and Wound Treatment in Bydgoszcz during 28 months performed hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in case of 423 patients. During this period, adverse events occurred occasionally. 17 cases have been reported. Authors described study case 77 year-old patient who was admitted due to non-healing wound-left lower abdomen (state after radiotherapy). During the fourth session, on decompression phase patient have had a generalized seizure (tonic-clonic). The decompression was stopped, the oxygen supply was disconnected but only after the drug administration seizures terminated. The most likely causative agent of the adverse reactions of the patient treated with HBOT was the oxygen toxic effect on the brain tissue. However, analyzing the circumstances of the seizure termination: phase of decompression at the pressure 2ATA and lack of oxygen disconnection response, it cannot be excluded other causes of this complication.
pomocą hiperbarycznej terapii tlenowej na rok 2013. J Res Health Sci 2013; 3 (9):125-134 Polish[The guidelines of the European Society of Hyperbaric Medicine, the Society of Underwater and Hyperbaric Medicine and the National Health Fund Polish Republic on a hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in 2013];
4. Gill AL, Bell CNA. Hyperbaric oxygen: its uses, mechanisms of action and outcomes. QJM. 2004;97: 385-395;
5. Hincu M, Petcu LC, Mehedinti R, Mehedinti T. Correlated histological and morphometric study of kidney and adrenal gland from Guinea pig exposed to


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Drag a row or column with the Zoobies to get a group of 3 or more of the same connected Zoobies (horizontally or vertically). Remove as many Zoobies as indicated to advance to the next level.
Classic Bubble Shooter game. Shoot up the Zoobies and create a group of 3 or more the same connected Zoobies to remove them. Click on the Shooter to change the Zoobies. Remove as many as indicated to advance to the next level.
Click on a group of 2 or more of the same connected Zoobies to remove them. Remove all Zoobies to advance to the next level.
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Do you think you can pop all of the bubbles before time runs out? Don’t worry, these fairies will help you.
HexaMerge is a captivating and addictive puzzle game where you combine numbered hexagon tiles to create higher values and reach for the highest score. Immerse yourself in the colorful world of HexaMerge and challenge your strategic thinking with every move!
Among them Bubble Shooter
Aim, match and smash all the bubbles in this relaxing color-matching adventure. To pop the bubbles, you must match three or more of the same color bubbles together, then fire the bubble that you are given into the pile of bubbles stacked in the play area. Try to pop all of the bubbles with least amount of shots. 24 levels to play. Enjoy!
Spooky Bubble Shooter
Spooky bubble shooter is fun bubble shooter game with halloween theme! Clear the play area and save the Cherry Monster by shooting matching colored balls. Tick tock! This fun game also features multiple boosters to use and a star ranking system.
Bubble Shooter Levels
Are you ready to play a simple and very exciting game? Bubble Shooter has some incredible levels for you. Simply direct this amazing cannon and release a colorful shell towards the pattern. Match the color of the shell with the color of the cluster and get points for connection. Try to complete it without mistakes!
Dogi Bubble Shooter
Shoot the bubbles and clear the blue sky in Dogi Bubble Shooter. If you have more than 3 bubbles of the same color: aim, shoot and increase your score! The higher you aim the more bubbles you can remove.
In this matching HTML 5 game your task is to clean the basket, from the apples, by match the colors. Aim, shoot and try to end every 50 levels who are in composition of this game. Shoot fast don't let the chains of apples fall on you and ended your level before you.
Sea Bubbles Html5
Sea Bubbles is a fun arcade match 3 game. Enjoy this bubble shooter game under the water with beautiful sea creatures. Aim and match the same colored bubbles and clear the stack as soon as possible. In the meanwhile collect the fish around. Do not let the bubbles pile up and match as many bubbles as you can and have fun playing this game only on y8.com
Bubble Shooter Puddings
In this game Bubble Shooter Pudding, Enjoy playing this bubble shooter game with tasty puddings and power ups. Aim and release the items into the puddings from above in order to make a group of three or more of the same. You can also use power-ups to overcome the challenges more quickly. Have fun playing Bubble Shooter Puddings game here at Y8.com!
Teddy Bubble Rescue
Big Teddy needs your help! Pop the bubbles to rescue the mini teddy bears. Place your bubble shooter aim carefully to clear the maximum amount of bubbles in each level. Features: - Interactive tutorial - 20 challenging levels - Fun theme - Solve bubble sets using a variety of tactics. Use clever theory of angles, target higher bubbles and other tactics to solve each level
Space Bubbles is a fun bubble burst game with 70 unique levels!
Jewels of the Princess
Collect as many jewels as you can before time runs out. Click on a group of three or more of the same jewels to collect the jewels.
Christmas Bubble Story
Christmas Bubble Story is classic casual puzzle game really fun to play in all time. To play this game is really simple just make combinations of 3 or more bubbles with same color to make them fall down/crush/burst and clear all the bubbles to win game.
Let's play Kiss Match - a cute game for girls, where you need to match the kiss for fun and relax.
Match kisses, save coins and gems, get the highest score! Use mouse to interact with the game, show how good you can find and match same kiss type. Have fun!

domain: game


text: These cupcakes were so moist and delicious. Totally awesome. My husband got all different varieties for my surprise Birthday Party. They were the best cupcakes I have ever had. The Bacon one’s were so delicious. I will never go anywhere else to get any cupcakes. You have to try them.

domain: food


text:
An application for adjustment of status can allow individuals to obtain a green card (legal permanent residency) without leaving the United States. However, these individuals must maintain lawful status in the United States and be able to meet certain requirements.
Individuals who do not meet the requirements can still pursue a green card through consular processing.
What is AOS?
The AOS process allows certain foreign nationals within the United States to apply for lawful permanent resident status (also known as a green card) without leaving the country. The AOS process can be used for immigration based on family, employment or diversity lottery.
AOS applicants are considered to have “advanced” their immigrant visa cases once their petitions for green cards have been approved by USCIS and they have a current priority date. Priority dates are based on the annual quota for visas available in specific categories and countries.
It may be years after an immigrant visa petition is filed for a person before their priority date becomes current, and thus they are eligible to file for AOS with USCIS. During this time, they must still maintain their nonimmigrant visa status and continue to work in their fields. If they travel abroad, they must obtain a travel permit called an Advance Parole document from USCIS. Otherwise, they risk abandoning their AOS applications and forfeiting their priority date.
Requirements for AOS
Aliens must have an approved immigrant petition on their behalf in order to apply for an AOS. In addition, individuals seeking to file an AOS as the spouse or child of a U.S citizen must have an advance parole document in order to re-enter the United States after international travel (unless they are H-1B, L-1 or K-3 visa holders who can continue to work while their AOS is in process).
Individuals who overstayed on their visa or entered without a valid visa or through the Visa Waiver Program cannot use this route to become permanent residents. They must instead undergo immigrant visa processing at a U.S. consulate abroad.
Oftentimes, it takes an experienced immigration attorney to make sure that an AOS is filed correctly. This is because, even if an alien appears objectively eligible for an AOS and does not have any grounds of inadmissibility, USCIS can still deny the AOS application. This is because of negative discretionary factors such as unauthorized employment or failure to continuously maintain status.
Requirements for a Green Card
Green cards allow non-citizens to become lawful permanent residents of the United States. They can be obtained through family, employment or other pre-established pathways like refugee and asylum status or being a victim of certain qualifying crimes like human trafficking, domestic abuse, or a natural disaster. Green card holders are eligible for social security benefits, federal financial aid at school and in-state tuition rates at some universities.
The INA (Immigration and Nationality Act) outlines eligibility requirements for various categories of green cards. Most people obtain their green cards through their family. Close relatives include spouses, children under the age of 21, parents, and siblings. Spouses of U.S. citizens and lawful permanent residents are eligible for immediate, family-based green cards, while others have to expect years-long wait times.
Each year, 140,000 employment-based green cards are available. These are divided into preference categories, including EB-2 and EB-3. Many EB-2 and EB-3 cases require an employer to demonstrate that no minimally qualified U.S. workers are available through a labor certification process that includes the Department of Labor’s iCert system.
Requirements for a Waiver of Inadmissibility
If you are ruled inadmissible to the United States, you may still be eligible for a waiver of your inadmissibility. Waivers are available for many different reasons, including unlawful presence, criminal records, misrepresentation and marriage fraud. A qualified immigration attorney can help you understand the reasons why you are deemed inadmissible and can prepare an application to overcome your inadmissibility.
Most immigration waivers are based on extreme hardship to a qualifying relative. This can include financial hardship, mental or physical harm, loss of cultural ties and social stigma, and difficulty with language or religion.
There are several types of waivers, including the I-601A provisional waiver for those who have been in the United States illegally, and the I-601 permanent waiver based on unlawful presence. The requirements for each type of waiver are different, and an experienced attorney can help you understand which is the most appropriate to pursue. An experienced attorney can also help you appeal a decision rejecting your waiver or defend you during deportation proceedings.

domain: law


text:
JoJo Fletcher Celebrates Jordan Rodgers' First Week at SEC Network -- See Her Sweet Message!
By Zach Seemayer
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domain: celebrity


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10:00 AM - February 13, 2023
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domain: geography


text:
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domain: library


text:
Dimensionless Analysis of Segmented Constrained Layer Damping Treatments with Modal Strain Energy Method
Constrained layer damping treatments promise to be an effective method to control vibration in flexible structures. Cutting both the constraining layer and the viscoelastic layer, which leads to segmentation, increases the damping efficiency. However, this approach is not always effective. A parametric study was carried out using modal strain energy method to explore interaction between segmentation and design parameters, including geometry parameters and material properties. A finite element model capable of handling treatments with extremely thin viscoelastic layer was developed based on interlaminar continuous shear stress theories. Using the developed method, influence of placing cuts and change in design parameters on the shear strain field inside the viscoelastic layer was analyzed, since most design parameters act on the damping efficiency through their influence on the shear strain field. Furthermore, optimal cut arrangements were obtained by adopting a genetic algorithm. Subject to a weight limitation, symmetric and asymmetric configurations were compared. It was shown that symmetric configurations always presented higher damping. Segmentation was found to be suitable for treatments with relatively thin viscoelastic layer. Provided that optimal viscoelastic layer thickness was selected, placing cuts would only be applicable to treatments with low shear strain level inside the viscoelastic layer.
Real structures are made up of components possessing finite levels of rigidity and mass. Vibration is inevitably provoked when force is transmitted through a structure, eventually leading to failure due to fatigue. Constrained layer damping (CLD) treatments are usually applied to structures to improve their dynamic behavior [1, 2]. This approach allows for enhanced damping capabilities over a wide frequency range. As a result, it is widely used in various engineering structures such as ships, trains, automobiles, and commercial airplanes [3–5]. A majority of the current work pertaining to CLD treatments for structures is focused on optimizing CLD configurations and related parameters to maximize structural damping rate. Moreover, initiating cuts into the treatment, adopting active CLD treatments, or partially covering base structures with CLD treatments could further increase damping capacity [6, 7].
A key issue in design and optimization of CLD treatments is related to modeling of the treated structure and quantitative assessment of system damping. Kinematics and theories specific to multilayered composite structures can be classified as equivalent single layer (ESL) theories and layerwise (LW) theories, based on the through-the-thickness description of displacement and stress fields . The number of unknown variables in ESL theories is independent of the number of layers. Classical laminated plate theory (CLPT) , first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) , and high-order shear deformation theory (HSDT)  are all easy-to-implement ESL theories.
A majority of composite structures contain soft cores and the physical/mechanical properties in the thickness direction are discontinuous. Thus, CLPT theories and FSDT theories are of limited value in the analysis of composite structures for poor descriptions of the high-shear deformation inside the soft cores. Alternatively, LW theories can guarantee a high degree of accuracy at the expense of computational complexity. The number of unknown variables in LW theories increases with the number of layers and zigzag effects are considered intrinsically [12, 13]. The zigzag effect of displacement and the interlaminar continuity of shear stress in the thickness direction are crucial for accurate description of the shear deformation [14–17]. High-order theories including the zigzag effect and the interlaminar continuity of shear stress accurately predict the shear stress as well [18, 19].
CLD treatments are characterized by sandwiching a viscoelastic core between two stiff face layers, that is, the base structure layer and the constraining layer. Kerwin et al. [20, 21] provided a simple analytical method based on zigzag theories for analyzing three-layered beams. This method is known as the RKU equation. However, the method is only applicable to simply supported beams. Mead and Markus  derived a sixth-order differential equation of motion in terms of transverse displacement for sandwich beams. Rao  solved these equations exactly for different boundary conditions. The RKU equation is a typical zigzag model, which describes piecewise continuous displacement fields. A majority of the subsequent models developed for analysis of three-layered CLD treated structures are based on Kerwin’s hypotheses, which does not take the interlaminar continuity of shear stress into consideration [24–30]. A spectral finite element is developed for linear viscoelastic laminates and it focuses on an exact description of the through-thickness deformation [31–34]. Based on this, Zigzag theories can be classified into two categories: interlaminar discontinuous shear stress (IDSS) zigzag theories and interlaminar continuous shear stress (ICSS) zigzag theories.
Hu et al.  compared several theories used for the modeling of sandwich structures to address the applicability and validity of these theories. It was shown that ICSS zigzag theories could be used for modeling all types of three-layered structures whereas IDSS zigzag theories were inadequate for modeling sandwich structures with thick or rigid viscoelastic layers. According to Huang et al. , an extremely thin viscoelastic layer would cause difficulty in the solution for models based on Kerwin’s hypotheses. Lesieutre and Lee  presented a finite element model for beams with segmented active constrained layers based on IDSS theories. In this study, the interlaminar continuity of shear stress was further included to model segmented three-layered beams.
A layered shell/solid/shell model using classical finite elements available in most commercial software is often used to model structures with CLD treatments. Plouin and Balmes  demonstrated the validity of the shell/solid/shell model by correlation with experimental results and Moreira and Rodrigues  further assessed the performance of the shell/solid/shell model. Johnson and Kienholz  proposed the modal strain energy (MSE) method to calculate loss factor for each mode of the structure using the shell/solid/shell model. The modal strain energy method has been proven to be an accurate and flexible tool for quantitatively determining damping of structures. Zhang and Chen  proposed an iterative method which took the frequency dependent properties of viscoelastic materials into consideration. Koruk and Sanliturk  assessed the performance of the MSE method and concluded that accuracy of the MSE method was strongly dependent on mode shapes of the base structures.
Initiating cuts into the damping treatment could significantly improve structural damping rate. However, such an approach has been found not to be effective for all cases. Efficiency of segmenting a constrained layer damping treatment relies on the fact that a high-shear region is created in the viscoelastic layer. Such phenomenon is called edge effect. Plunkett and Lee  invented the concept of segmenting the constraining layer and derived an expression for optimum distance of equidistant cuts arrangements assuming pure extension of the treated structure. Trompette and Fatemi  determined an optimal distribution of cuts for maximum damping of a flexural sandwich beam with selected parameters. Al-Ajmi and Bourisli  used a genetic algorithm to investigate the relationship of the viscoelastic layer thickness, the constraining layer thickness, and the number of cuts. It was found that the optimum number of cuts decreased with increasing thickness of the viscoelastic layer. Lepoittevin and Kress  analyzed the mechanism of cuts and developed an optimization algorithm to optimize distribution of cuts for simultaneously damping multiple modes . Hujare et al.  conducted an experimental analysis of the effect of segmented CLD treatments based on the work of Lepoittevin and Kress . Kadam and Hujare  carried out a literature review related to methods on segmented CLD treatments.
Segmentation enhances damping capacity of active constrained layer damping treatments. Kapadia and Kawiecki  demonstrated the effect of active constrained layer segmentation on the damping efficiency in flexible beams. Experimental results demonstrated improved damping in the beams due to active constraining layer segmentation. Improvement in damping at lower natural frequencies was found to be significantly higher in comparison to high natural frequencies. Trindade et al.  analyzed the performance of segmented hybrid active-passive damping of a cantilever beam as compared to passive one for some parametric variations such as viscoelastic layer thickness and treatment length. Liu and Wang  investigated the effect of multiple active and passive constraining section distributions and the effect of mode shapes for host structure on the treatment performance. Segmentation is not always effective in increasing structural damping efficiency. Kristensen et al.  found that creating a cut in the center of a simply supported beam results in a decrease of the loss factors.
Thickness and material properties of each layer have an obvious influence on the effectiveness of segmentation. A majority of the research reported in literature on segmented CLD treatments emphasizes finding the best cut distribution for treatments with specific parameters [42–45]. However, the applicability of segmentation in these cases has not been taken into account. The effectiveness of segmentation is an important issue for practical design considerations while applying segmentation to enhance damping capabilities of CLD treatments. Initiating a cut into the treatment would reshape the shear strain field inside the viscoelastic layer. The shear strain field and the volume of the viscoelastic material are directly responsible for energy dissipation in the viscoelastic layer and consequently for the damping efficiency. Thickness variation of the viscoelastic layer does alter the volume of viscoelastic material and the shear strain field. Sher and Moreira  studied the relationship between the viscoelastic layer thickness and the damping efficiency. It has been shown that the shape of the damping efficiency versus viscoelastic layer thickness curve is different according to the shear strain level inside the viscoelastic layer. Moreover, design parameters have an effect on the shape of the efficiency curve. For this reason, damping efficiency curves for CLD treatments with different parameter values are generated to predict the shear strain level. Based on these curves, relationship between the effectiveness of segmentation and the shear strain field is studied.
In the present study, a finite element model capable of handling treatments with extremely thin viscoelastic layer was developed on the basis of interlaminar continuous shear stress theories. Interaction between the effectiveness of cuts and design parameters is explored. Dimensionless parameters are utilized to allow generalization of the results and allow universal applicability of the results. Section 2 presents the finite element model for segmented CLD treatments based on the ICSS theory and briefly introduces the MSE method. Section 3 compares the finite element model with that based on the IDSS theory and validates the model by comparison with the shell/solid/shell model. Section 4 explores the relationship between the effectiveness of segmentation and the shear strain field inside the viscoelastic layer. The influence of an arbitrarily placed cut on the shear strain field is discussed. The effect of other design parameters on the shear strain field is analyzed. A genetic algorithm is then utilized to determine the best distribution of cuts. Additionally, symmetric and asymmetric configurations are compared (a symmetric configuration implies a constraining layer with the same thickness as the base beam). Section 5 discusses application of segmentation to CLD treatments.
2. Finite Element Development
2.1. CLD Configuration and Kinematic Assumptions
A cantilever beam with segmented CLD treatments is considered here. General configuration of the treated beam is depicted in Figure 1. The three-layered beam consists of three components, namely, the base beam, viscoelastic layer, and constraining layer, denoted with subscripts , , and , respectively. All points are denoted using independent coordinates and , with the origin of the coordinate system located at the center of the left end of the base beam. Length and thickness of the beam are denoted by and , respectively.
The model is based on the following assumptions.(1)All displacements are small compared to the structural dimensions. Linear theories of elasticity and viscoelasticity are applicable. All layers are perfectly bound and no slip occurs between layers.(2)The Bernoulli-Euler bending assumptions are valid for the base beam. Transverse normal stress in the base beam is neglected.(3)The viscoelastic layer carries transverse shear. Transverse normal stress and longitudinal normal stress are neglected. Shear modulus is frequency dependent and complex.(4)All points in the cross section undergo the same transverse deflection.(5)The constraining layer is elastic. The transverse shear stress is continuous at the interface of the viscoelastic layer and the constraining layer and vanishes at the top surface of the constraining layer.
2.2. Displacement Fields
The deformation of the treated beam is illustrated in Figure 2. Longitudinal and transverse displacements are denoted by and , respectively. The superscript denotes the partial derivative with respect to and denotes the transverse rotation. The shear angle in the viscoelastic layer is denoted by .
Lesieutre and Lee  developed a finite element model for beams having segmented active constrained layers based on the IDSS zigzag theory. The displacement field is given by the following equation:where denotes the longitudinal displacement at the reference axis and denotes the shear angle in the viscoelastic layer. The displacement of each layer is given in terms of the above four variables, namely, , , , and . The constraining layer can be segmented simply by not enforcing element-to-element continuity of . Models based on IDSS theories present erroneous results when the viscoelastic layer thickness approaches zero. Therefore, the displacement field is refined by including continuity conditions and free surface conditions of transverse shear stress. If segmentation is realized by discontinuity of , the continuity condition and the free surface condition of transverse shear stress cannot be satisfied simultaneously at cut’s location. Thus, the transverse shear stress continuity condition between the base beam and viscoelastic layer was not taken into account. It was assumed that transverse shear stress was just continuous at the interface between the viscoelastic layer and constraining layer. In addition, shear stress was assumed to vanish at the top surface of the constraining layer. Moreover, the displacement continuity condition needs to be considered. Hence, the second-order displacement field was employed in the constraining layer to meet the above three conditions. The refined displacement field is given bywhere , , and are three unknown parameters.
Longitudinal normal and transverse shear strains at any point in the treated beam can be found using the following definition:
Based on the above three conditions, three equations can be derived, which are stated as follows:
Young’s modulus and shear modulus are denoted with and , respectively. is the shear storage modulus.
Solving the above equations, the three unknown parameters are obtained as follows:
2.3. Shape Functions
Displacement at any point is denoted using nodal displacements with the help of shape functions. Displacement at a point in the treated beam is represented using four variables, namely, longitudinal displacement at the reference axis , transverse displacement , transverse rotation , and shear angle in the viscoelastic layer . Nodal degrees of a finite element to be developed are depicted in Figure 3. Length of the element is .
Transverse displacement was interpolated using a cubic polynomial in and is given by
Longitudinal displacement at the reference axis and shear angle in the viscoelastic layer were interpolated consistent with using a quadratic polynomial in , using an internal node. Thus, the element will not shear lock:
The local nodal displacement vector for the element is given by the following:
2.4. Stiffness and Mass Matrices
Associated stiffness and mass matrices were developed using the energy expression. The potential energy is associated with the stiffness matrix and the kinetic energy is associated with the mass matrix.
The potential energy stored in a deformed element of width and length is given bywhere is the potential energy due to extension and bending and is the potential energy due to shear strain. The element stiffness matrix is given by
The kinetic energy of a moving element of width and length is given bywhere is the kinetic energy associated with transverse motion and is the kinetic energy associated with longitudinal motion. Material density is denoted with . The element mass matrix is given by
Detailed expressions for the element stiffness and mass matrices are given in the appendix.
For the cantilever beam with segmented CLD treatments, through standard FEM assembling procedures and with appropriate boundary conditions, the differential equation for free vibrations can be expressed aswhere , , , and are the global mass matrix, the global stiffness matrix, the global acceleration vector, and the global displacement vector, respectively. The global stiffness matrix is derived using the shear storage modulus of the viscoelastic material.
2.5. MSE Method
Viscoelastic material representation is an important issue when dealing with CLD treatments. The complex modulus approach is adopted here to represent viscoelastic materials, whose properties are frequency and temperature dependent:where and are shear storage modulus and loss factor of viscoelastic materials. The viscoelastic material used in this study is 3M-ISD112. Its material properties are provided in the standard reduced temperature format in . In Figure 4 are shown the shear storage modulus and loss factor of the viscoelastic material at the ambient temperature (0°C). These parameters are extracted from the nomogram presented in .
The base beam and constraining layer are made of aluminum. Material parameters are listed in Table 1. Material damping of the base beam and constraining layer is neglected. Material density primarily affects the natural frequencies of the treated beam and has no direct effect on the damping efficiency of the CLD treatment.
The differential equation for free vibrations of the treated beam is given bywhere is the loss stiffness matrix associated with the viscoelastic layer. The stiffness matrix is complex and the eigenvalue problem can be written aswhere and are the th complex eigenvalue and eigenvector, respectively. The complex eigenvalue can be written aswhere and are the th real eigenvalue and loss factor, respectively. If is approximated by a undamped mode shape , the th loss factor can be approximated by
In order to take several modes into account simultaneously, a weighted function of loss factors is defined as follows:where is the weighted factor and is the number of interested modes. In general, the vibratory energy in the low frequency band is greater than that in high frequency band and the value of in  is set as 3. Thus, the value of is 1 and the value of is 3 here.
3. Finite Element Model Validation
Although the transverse shear stress continuity between the base beam and the viscoelastic layer was not taken into account, the finite element model presented in this study is capable of handling CLD treatments with a relatively thin viscoelastic layer. This is verified by comparing the model presented here with that presented by Lesieutre and Lee .
A cantilever beam with length (500 mm) and width (12 mm) was used in this study. In this section, viscoelastic material properties are considered to be constant for the sake of simplicity. Values used for storage shear modulus and loss factor are MPa and , respectively. The base beam thickness and the constraining layer thickness are mm and mm, respectively.
Comparison of the two finite element models is illustrated in Figure 5. Lesieutre’s model was based on the IDSS theory, whereas the model in this study incorporates the shear stress continuity condition. Loss factor values were calculated from the two models. It can be seen from the figure that the loss factors match well except for treatments with relatively thin viscoelastic layer. The IDSS theory based models result in incorrect values due to singularities in the stiffness matrix. This problem was observed once again in cases where the beam parameters were changed. This renders the IDSS theory based models inadequate for parametric analysis of CLD treatments.
To further validate the finite element formulation, frequency and loss factor results from the present model were compared to those from the shell/solid/shell (SSS) model. Results from the shell/solid/shell (SSS) model were obtained using complex eigensolution and were assumed to be accurate. Symmetric configurations were analyzed here since the mode shape approximation involved in the MSE method significantly affects the loss factor results for symmetric configurations . The following dimensional ratios are defined to allow universal comparison of results. It is assumed that the viscoelastic layer undergoes pure shear. As stated in , this assumption is valid only when the viscoelastic layer is relatively thin and the viscoelastic layer thickness is not in the same order as the base beam. Thus, viscoelastic layer thickness ratio is defined in terms of the base beam thickness: , base beam thickness ratio. , constraining layer thickness ratio. , viscoelastic layer thickness ratio. , number of cuts. , position of cuts (, where is the coordinate of the cut).
Table 2 shows natural frequencies, loss factors, and corresponding errors based on the two finite element models and illustrates the effect of varying the viscoelastic layer thickness and the storage modulus of viscoelastic material. The increase of viscoelastic layer thickness does not significantly affect the errors in natural frequencies but results in an increase in loss factor errors. The finite element model presented in this study is valid when is under 0.6. The storage modulus variation significantly affects loss factor results. Thus, the effect of frequency variation on storage modulus and loss factor of viscoelastic material should not be overlooked. An iterative method presented in  was adopted here to revise the MSE method. The iterative method approaches accurate storage modulus by updating the storage modulus and corresponding natural frequency over multiple iterations. The natural frequency approaches its accurate value after the first iteration step and hence calculations were stopped after the first iteration step. Flowchart illustrating the calculation procedure for the modal loss factors is shown in Figure 6.
Effect of varying base beam thickness and initiating a cut at position is illustrated in Table 3. For full-cover CLD beams, the base layer thickness variation has no significant effect on calculation errors for natural frequencies and loss factors. On the contrary, initiating a cut into the treatment has a significant effect on the calculation errors in loss factors. For symmetric CLD beams, the aforementioned finite element model is valid when is under 0.012.
4. Parametric Analysis and Optimization
4.1. Effect of Geometry Parameters and Material Properties
The shear strain in the viscoelastic layer, promoted by the constraint effect of the constraining layer, is directly responsible for the damping mechanism developed in CLD treatments. The thickness variation of base beam layer has a direct effect on the shear strain level, as discussed in preceding sections. Relationship between the base beam thickness and the effectiveness of an arbitrarily placed cut is first discussed. In this section, absolute layer thickness refers to calculations under the condition that the length of the beam is 500 mm.
As stated in , a cut should be placed at the maximum flexural displacement where the bending moment is maximal and the shear strain in the viscoelastic layer is not significant. Mode shapes for full-cover CLD beams are illustrated in Figure 7 and the position of maximum flexural displacement for the third mode is identified. Based on the results, the cut is placed at .
Figure 8 shows the damping efficiency versus viscoelastic layer thickness curves for symmetric CLD beams where the line without marks represents full-cover and the line with marks represents segmented beams. For the beam with ratio , placing a cut at position is always a feasible way to increase damping efficiency. The shell/solid/shell model was employed to analyze treatments with thicker viscoelastic layer. Results show that segmentation remains efficient when the viscoelastic layer has the same thickness as the base beam ( mm). (To make a comparison between CLD beams with different , the absolute viscoelastic layer thickness is used here.) However, for beams with ratios and , segmentation is inefficient for cases where the viscoelastic layer thickness exceeds 0.2 mm.
An efficiency curve illustrates a combination of the volume energy and the shear strain field inside the viscoelastic layer . The volume energy has a direct linear relation with the viscoelastic layer thickness. For low shear strains, the efficiency curve should be a monotonic increasing line, similar to the solid line in Figure 8. As the ratio varies from 0.001 to 0.012, a sharp increase in the loss factor for very thin viscoelastic layers was observed. This implies that the shear strain level increases with increase in base layer thickness. Whenever a cut is initiated in the damping treatment, the shear strain field is reshaped. Provided that the viscoelastic layer is not particularly thin ( mm), placing a cut at the position increased the damping efficiency for the beam with ratio , whereas a decrease in the damping efficiency was observed for ratio or . Figure 9 shows a comparison of the shear strain field for the full-cover CLD beam with ratio and the corresponding segmented one. It can be seen that placing a cut creates a high-shear region at that position, although the shear strain at other positions decreases slightly. Comparisons for CLD beams with ratio or are depicted in Figures 10 and 11, respectively. It is apparent that placing a cut reduces the global shear strain especially at the tip of the beam.
For three CLD beams with different base beam ratios in Figures 9–11, the viscoelastic layer thickness was 0.25 mm. A comparison among the three beams shows that a thicker base layer thickness leads to a more intense shear strain pattern. Segmentation is not always an effective method to increase the shear strain in the viscoelastic layer. To a large extent, the effectiveness of placing a cut is dependent on the original shear strain level. For CLD treatments with high levels of shear strain, placing a cut would reduce the original shear strain field and consequently reduce the damping efficiency. On the other hand, for CLD treatments with low levels of shear strain, placing a cut would create a high-shear region and thereby increase the damping efficiency.
Thickness variance of the viscoelastic layer also affects the shear strain field. As a matter of fact, for the same flexural pattern produced by two face layers, a thinner viscoelastic layer will present more transverse shear strain than a thicker one. Segmentation is effective when the viscoelastic layer is relatively thin. As for CLD beams with extremely thin viscoelastic layer ( mm), segmentation is always effective, although the shear strain level is high. This can be attributed to the fact that segmentation is easier to reduce the shear strain field in a thicker viscoelastic layer rather than a thinner one. However, structural damping rate is relatively low since volume of viscoelastic material is very small.
Viscoelastic layer thickness variation affects the applicability of segmentation in a different way and is considered individually. Regardless of the influence of the viscoelastic layer thickness variation, the effectiveness of segmentation is dependent on the shear strain level inside the viscoelastic layer. A coarse approximation for the shear strain in the viscoelastic layer of full-cover CLD beams can be made based on the shape of the efficiency curve. As depicted in Figure 8, peak values for very thin viscoelastic layers become increasingly obvious with increase in the shear strain. Effect of the constraining layer thickness variation on the shear strain field is shown in Figure 12. It can be seen that peak values are increasingly observed as the thickness of constraining layer is increased. This implies that thicker constraining layers produce more shear strain and this conclusion is in line with existing studies [7, 25]. Another observation is that placing a cut at remains effective for CLD beams with relatively thin viscoelastic layers.
Regardless of the influence of the viscoelastic layer thickness variation, the shape of the damping efficiency curve represents the shear strain level. Hence, it can be used to explore the effect of other design parameters. Effect of material properties on the shear strain field is shown in Figure 13. A full-cover CLD beam with ratio was adopted and values of and were 1.5 MPa and 68 GPa, respectively. Results show that adopting stiffer face layer material or softer viscoelastic material results in increasing occurrence of the peak, which implies that the shear strain level is higher.
In summary, increasing stiffness of the two face layers or adopting relatively soft viscoelastic material would result in higher levels of shear strain in the viscoelastic layer, which renders segmentation useless. An example is presented to further illustrate this point. Optimal cut arrangements were obtained for a CLD beam with selected parameters in . Parameters and properties of the CLD beam were mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, GPa, kg/m3, MPa, and kg/m3. Figure 14 shows the damping efficiency curve, which was based on the finite element model in the present work. The curve is approximate to a monotonically increasing line. This suggests that the shear strain level is low. Therefore, placing cuts at appropriate position could improve structural damping ratio, as long as the viscoelastic layer thickness is within reasonable limits ().
4.2. Cuts Arrangement Optimization
In the previous subsection, the cut was placed arbitrarily. Furthermore, in order to explore whether a cut placed at an optimum position could further increase the damping efficiency, a genetic algorithm was adopted to optimize cut arrangement. Thickness variation in the viscoelastic layer affects the applicability of segmentation in a different way. Thus, the optimum value of the viscoelastic layer thickness was selected here. For a full-cover beam with , as shown in Figure 8, optimal thickness of viscoelastic layer is the value corresponding to the peak of the loss factor. For , optimal thickness is the maximum value by taking weight limitation into consideration. From Figure 8, it can be seen that placing a cut would slightly shift the peak of the loss factor. As a result, viscoelastic layer thickness was also regarded as an optimization variable.
Asymmetric constrained configurations are used extensively as well as symmetric configurations. Subject to a weight limitation, asymmetric and symmetric configurations were compared. Weight of the viscoelastic layer was neglected. Provided that total thickness of the base layer and that of constraining layer were equal for different CLD configurations, weight of these configurations was considered to be the same. As stated previously, the MSE method uses approximate undamped mode shapes to calculate loss factors. This has a major effect on symmetric CLD configurations. Therefore, the present model was assumed to be valid for asymmetric configurations provided that it was valid for the corresponding symmetric case.
Genetic algorithm used here is different from conventional optimization procedures and does not require derivatives. Moreover, it can be applied to any kind of objective functions with any constraints. In addition, the ergodicity of evolution operations renders the genetic algorithm effective at performing global search. The algorithm was implemented using the Matlab optimization Toolbox. The optimization solution was stopped after 100 iterations with a population size of 40 and mutation probability equal to 0.8. For the case that the sum of and is 0.024, the optimization problem is written as follows:where is the weighted function of loss factors.
Figure 15 shows the optimized loss factor results for different CLD configurations. Notice that if the constraining layer thickness exceeds the base layer thickness, the two face layers exchange their roles and the thinner one was cut all the time. Thus, the optimized loss factor versus base beam ratio curve in Figure 15 is symmetric. Three curves are illustrated for different cut arrangements. It was observed for all cases that symmetric configurations provided the largest damping, subject to a weight limitation. In addition, it was seen that, for a specific CLD configuration, placing no cut, one cut, or two cuts in the damping treatment resulted in similar damping. As shown in Table 4, optimal locations of cuts are at the tip of the beam for all cases. This indicates that the continuity of the constraining layer is of paramount importance for maintaining a high-shear strain level in the viscoelastic layer. In other words, segmentation is inadequate for improving damping performance for the case where sum of and is 0.024. Corresponding modal frequency results are shown in Figure 16. It can be seen that the stiffness of symmetric configurations does not decrease significantly in comparison to asymmetric configurations.
Subsequently, the damping optimization methodology was applied to the case where the sum of and was 0.002. For a beam with ratio , an increase in the damping is mainly dependent on introducing additional viscoelastic material. Thus, the volume of the viscoelastic material was restricted and the absolute thickness of the viscoelastic layer was regarded as a design variable instead of the thickness ratio . Then, the optimization problem can be written as follows:where is the weighted function of loss factors.
Optimized loss factor results are shown in Figure 17. Maximum values of loss factors correspond to the symmetric configurations. Moreover, an obvious improvement can be observed when results for full-cover CLD beam and segmented CLD beam are compared. Final values of design variables are listed in Table 5. As expected, optimal thickness of viscoelastic layer is the maximum value. It is proposed that the cuts be placed in the middle of the CLD beam. This implies that a high-shear region is created at this position. First modal frequencies for the above CLD configurations are presented in Figure 18 and it is apparent that placing cuts increases compliance of the beam.
Table 6 lists optimized loss factor results for symmetric sandwich beams with different base beam thickness ratios. It can be seen that, for the cases where is greater than 0.002, optimal locations of cuts are at the tip of the beam. Placing cuts enhances the damping capacity for CLD beams with base beam thickness ratio under 0.002, namely, flexible beams. In summary, for the case that the original shear strain level is high, segmentation is not an effective method to increase structural damping rate even if the cut arrangement was optimized.
In the present study, a dimensionless analysis was conducted on segmented CLD treatments. The effectiveness of segmentation to enhance the damping capacity of CLD treatments was discussed. A finite element model capable of handling treatments with relatively thin viscoelastic layer was developed based on interlaminar continuous shear stress theories and the model was validated by comparison with the classical shell/solid/shell model. Structural damping ratios were estimated using the modal strain energy method.
The applicability of segmentation was analyzed in terms of shear strain. This is due to the fact that the shear strain field inside the viscoelastic layer is responsible for the damping efficiency of the treatment. It was found that the viscoelastic layer thickness variation affected the effectiveness of segmentation in a different way. Segmentation was found to be effective only when the viscoelastic layer was relatively thin. When the viscoelastic layer thickness was under 0.2 mm ( mm), placing cuts was found to be always effective in increasing the damping efficiency. Provided that the optimal thickness of viscoelastic layer was selected, the applicability of segmentation was dependent on the shear strain level inside the viscoelastic layer. If the shear strain level was high, placing cuts would reduce the original shear strain field. If the shear strain level was low, placing cuts would create a high-shear region in the viscoelastic layer, thereby increasing the damping efficiency. Moreover, adopting relatively soft viscoelastic material or increasing stiffness of the two face layers could build up a higher shear strain level in the viscoelastic layer. The above conclusions were valid even if the cut arrangement was optimized. In addition, symmetric configurations were found to be superior to asymmetric ones subject to a weight limitation.
When dealing with CLD beams, designers typically choose relatively thin but not extremely thin viscoelastic layers (under 0.2 mm). Hence, the first key to improve the damping efficiency is to raise the shear strain level inside the viscoelastic layer. Adopting relatively soft viscoelastic material and increasing stiffness of face layers are both available strategies. However, this would lead to segmentation being useless. For flexible CLD beams or asymmetric CLD beams with relatively thin viscoelastic layer, the shear strain level inside the viscoelastic layer is low. Placing cuts at appropriate positions would improve the damping efficiency but would also increase compliance of the beam.
Mass and stiffness matrices for the CLD beam:
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant no. 11302222.
A. D. Nashif, D. I. Jones, and J. P. Henderson, Vibration Damping, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA, 1985.
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Antique and Vintage Historic Motorcycle Parts for Harley-Davidson
Harley-Davidson is a popular American motorcycle manufacturer that builds bikes with deluxe parts and stellar performance. Their motorcycles date back to 1906. You can purchase vintage motorcycle parts and accessories to keep your bike running in top shape, or to add parts to an extensive collection if you are a Harley-Davidson enthusiast.What is considered a vintage, antique, or classic Harley-Davidson?
In standard definitions, a classic motorcycle is one over 20 years old. However, lots of Harley-Davidson enthusiasts categorize a classic motorcycle as one that has Harley's classic style, parts, or accessories. A vintage motorcycle is one built before 1975. An antique motorcycle is a motorcycle that is over 35 years old.What are the motorcycle part options?
There are Harley-Davidson motorcycle parts for any type of replacement your bike needs. Parts fall into a variety of categories, including the body and frame parts, brakes and suspension parts, drivetrain and transmission parts, ignition and electrical parts, and engines and engine parts. There are also replacement motorcycle parts for the exhaust and exhaust systems, footrests and pedals, handlebars and grips, and mirrors. Keep your bike's seating up to date by replacing worn seats, and replace worn or burned-out lighting assemblies to keep your Harley safe on the road.What types of Harley-Davidson engines are there?
Engines differ depending on the type of Harley-Davidson you ride. They affect the performance of your bike as well as the amount of noise you want to make. Many serious riders differentiate Harleys by the type of engine they use. Vintage engines include knucklehead engines, panhead engines, and flathead engines. Engines have changed over time, although some vintage engines can still be utilized in Harleys today.What types of accessories can you get for your Harley?
There are a variety of Harley-Davidson accessories to help keep your bike running and looking its best. You can get cleaning and protection equipment, onboard tool and repair kits, battery chargers and optimizers, safety and security equipment, or weather protection equipment. You can also get attachments for your Harley, including ramps and towing equipment, lifts and stands, and luggage to help increase its function. Consider adding decals, emblems, or flags to accessorize your Harley and make it your own.What are the handlebar types?
Handles on a motorcycle are as unique as their riders. There are a variety of styles available. Ape hangers can range anywhere from 12 to 24 inches high. They can also be found in a Mini Ape version, which is under 8.5 inches tall. The Mini Ape is similar to the Buckhorn, although Buckhorn handles angle in. There are also Drag Bars, which are a flat, horizontal bar, and T-Bars, which are similar, but with a built-in rise. You can opt for Beach Bars, with a swooped design, or Z-Bars, which use sharp edges to make it appear you have the letter 'Z' on each side.


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TTU- On the Vietnamese Teachers’ Day, we would like to express our gratitude to the Founding Members, Board of Directors along with faculties and staff of TTU for their dedication in taking the initiative to create the outstanding educational values for Vietnamese students.
With 10 years developing educational philosophy, standards and practices based on the Liberal Arts Educationl, Tan Tao University (TTU) has been awarded many outstanding achievements to be worthy of the quality of an American, private, nonprofit university in Vietnam.
Since its establishment, the Founding Members and Academic Council of TTU have consisted of leading prestigious professors and doctors around the world. Moreover, 64% of the faculty are foreign or Vietnamese professors graduating overseas has created a multinational learning environment. They always accompany TTU students – to give them opportunities for international knowledge and update the latest trends of the industry that they’re pursuing.
TTU’s advantages are also demonstrated through relationships and cooperation with leading universities, institutes, enterprises and organizations in advanced countries all over the world. TTU students have been facilitated to study, practice and participate in many scientific conferences in Korea, the United States, Singapore from the second year.
Typically, in May 2019, Tan Tao University brought 12 medical students to Chicago for an internship. Next in July, August and September, TTU coordinated with the University of Texas Medical School in Houston to bring students to practice. Top 5 economics students coming to the US to participate in research and presentation at international conferences. In addition, economics students also attended the summit “Connecting the ASEAN Business Community in 2018”.
There are many outstanding factors such as Tran Thanh Binh, a student of Business School, having an internship at the Office of Senator Joe Pittman, USA. Or TTU alumni, Nguyen Bich Ngoc Huong received a $ 4000 scholarship for a Master’s Program at Adelphi University- New York. Young Southeast Asian Leader – Le Thi Xuan Mai – Tan Tao alumnus was honored to receive a YSEALI scholarship from the US State of Department. Le Tam Vy, a student from Biotechnology School, was awarded the Eureka Science Research Student Award with an internship at McGovern Medical School, Texas, USA.
Tan Tao University, with its outstanding educational values, has attracted a large number of talented students. The success and pride of TTU has been assured through the quality of graduates as well as the efforts of the manpower of Tan Tao University.
Especially, there was a huge dedication to the national education from Dr. Madame Dang Thi Hoang Yen. She was the first person to lay the foundation for Liberal Arts Education in Vietnam. At the same time, with the enthusiastic invitation of Dr. Dang Thi Hoang Yen, a team of leading professors and doctors of the US joined her in building Tan Tao University to be as great as today.
On the Vietnamese Teacher’s Day, we would like to send our gratitude to the Founding Members, Board of Directors and the faculty and staff of the school who have dedicated energy to the cause of education for more than a decade. With a lofty vision and mission, we hope Tan Tao University will become a famous university in the world to provide a high-quality education to serve the people of Vietnam, Southeast Asia and the world.
Department of PR

domain: news


InteriHotel 2019: the effortless ECO hotels
From November 20-22, we are presenting our designs for the hotel sector at InteriHotel Barcelona, with a strong defense of sustainability.
WaterForest sustainable solutions and the effortless ECO hotel concept are the two axes we set in Noken to offer the hotel of the future.
Effortless ECO are the solutions from Noken, which we offer for effortless sustainable hotels. In this concept, we showcase a set of technological solutions and bathroom equipment at InteriHotel which, not only play an important role in the hotel, but also contribute to guest comfort; environmentally friendly in each gesture and with a premium experience to savour.
With the rapid growth of international tourism, sustainable tourism has become a responsibility for large companies. In Noken, from PORCELANOSA Grupo, we have spent years banking on productive models and more respectful solutions for design. We bank on the development of materials which contribute to achieving more sustainable, viable and profitable hotel businesses which make effortless water, energy and economic savings easier for chains, designers and people. Taking care of the environment without compromising the quality of the rooms or guest comfort.
Manuel Rubert, Noken Porcelanosa Bathrooms CEO
Touch & Feel bathes the new shower experience. Highly technological but simply designed so that a simple touch is all that is needed to activate and feel Wellness experiences, with several functions simultaneously which maintain the water flow excellently. Rain and cascade, or rain and jets. People opt for their wellness mode. Available in two versions: mixer and thermostatic; as well as Project Line and Smartbox, which are easy installation systems.
Pure Line bathtub with Air + equipment and chromotherapy
The inclusion of Wellness and Spa areas in hotels acquires more and more strength in a commitment to increase wellness and the experience for guests.
The Air + equipment includes hydromassage with air and chromotherapy through colour baths, influencing moods very positively in a bathtub with a minimalist style.
With refined and geometric lines with a marked personality, Square is a practical but detailed tap. A set of proportions, measurements and radii which result in an essentially unique and comprehensive tap in two finishes: chrome and black.
Its flow limiter reduces water consumption by up to 5 litres per minute.
Safety valve for extra-flat shower heads
Slow Safety Valve
The buildup of limescale is one of the main problems for the maintenance of bathroom equipment. In the case of the shower heads, excess limescale in water outlets can cause water leaks, which can make them unusable.
Therefore, we have patented a new safety system for the new range of extra-flat shower heads. A non-visible safety valve that guarantees its life and which prevents water losses.
NK-Clean Rimless: la tecnología que limpia eficazmente
The Rimless NK-Clean cleaning system for toilets has the rim removed in its design, which allows for water to move around inside the bowl, covering everything 360º which sees every single part reached, guaranteeing the very best in hygiene.
NK CLEAN VIDEO from Noken Porcelanosa Bathrooms on Vimeo.
The WaterForest range: hotels which save up to 89% of water in the bathroom
The bathroom, next to the bed, is one of the spaces in which travellers spend more time.
With WaterForest, a 200-room hotel can reduce water use from 148 litres to 44.4 litres per person per day, which is a 73% saving of energy consumption compared to traditional products; economically translated it could mean an annual saving of 16.759 euros. In addition, using a source of energy that is considered clean means that some 67.5 tons of CO2 * could be stopped from being emitted into the atmosphere.
In the hotels of the future, technology is simplified and becomes a way of improving energy efficiency and contributing to sustainability. Systems of simple use and high comfort, which help the hotel and people to be responsible without any effort at all.
WaterForest is Noken’s commitment to sustainability. It includes a range of products which helps to save up to 89% of water, as well as energy and a reduction in CO2 emissions.
- ECO dual flush system for toilets, which allow a flush of water to be applied to each need which, can save up to 61% of water.
- Shower heads and hand showers provided with AIR ECO technology, in which water is mixed with air and its consumption is reduced by 10% without affecting comfort.
- Taps and shower heads, which, without affecting people’s comfort, limit water consumption to a maximum of litres per minute regardless of what the pressure is, therefore reducing water use by up to 89%.
- Cold-opening systems in taps, which prevent unnecessary energy costs.
- Thermostatic shower taps, which save more water and energy than single shower levers, and the LED technology for mirrors and light features are also a way of saving, since they consume up to 80% less energy and give off the same amount of light with long-lasting properties.
Solutions which, also help to get LEED and BREEAM certificates for sustainable buildings for hotels.
Download our catalogue with hotel solutions by clicking on this link. From November 20-22, 2019 at C15 Stand with PORCELANOSA Grupo.
*Source:IDAE (Institute for diversification and energy saving, agency under Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism): http://www.f2e.es/es/gas-natural-butano-electricidad-propano-y-gasoleo-que-energia-emite-mas-co2


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There is definitely a move towards custom jewellery. I’ve noticed it over the years. My split of stock versus bespoke work has shifted each year in favour of customised designs.
So why is there a shift?
The search for individuality
The high availability of mass produced means buyers can quickly have exactly the same piece of jewellery as their friend or neighbour. Despite the variety, it’s getting harder for people to own something truly different. We see this with the likes of Pandora – very well made and cleverly conceived bracelets. You have a huge variety to choose from but will often end up with conversations like “Oh, you have the penguin. I have the penguin too”. Of course, adding any non-Pandora charms invalidates your warranty – a nice touch to lock you into the system.
Wanting a voice
Customisation is a big part of our lives, from the clothes we wear to the phones we carry, and people seem to be moving to expressing their individuality through jewellery even more.
Being able to choose the topic and order of the charms is one thing, being able to design and get a charm made immediately makes it more personal. Jewellery created just for you that represents a unique experience, memory or person in our lives is a powerful way of celebrating something.
You get to specify the elements that make up the overall piece – giving flexibility and more meaning to the final outcome. It’s a bit like giving birth to an idea – one that will serve as a constant companion if you wear piece regularly.
I am getting more commissions to:
- Celebrate overcoming a difficulty
- Remembering a family member
- Memorialise a special pet or animal
- Mark a significant time in life
- Honour a friendship
- Act as a reminder to persevere
Proof of human input
Small makers on Etsy and the like are becoming far more popular as this need for self-expression grows. These jewellery pieces are handmade, individual and have more soul than the mass produced factory items. They will often have warmer, non-perfect finishes, often with tool-marks visible as proof of the fact that they were crafted by hand. In my opinion, this adds life and soul to a piece of jewellery in whatever form it takes. It is this “non-clinical look and feel” that shows how much thought has gone into the piece. More so than just setting up a tooling machine to stamp them out.

domain: artistic


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What Are The Reasons Of High Creatinine Level2018-08-27 14:45
When you have a routine blood test and get the high creatinine level result ,you are always told that there may be something wrong with your kidney ,but you are confused why your creatinine level rises so high,as a kidney doctor i should tell you what is the reason for the high creatinine.
Many people found that they had a high creatinine level during the examination. Why did this happen? Many people paid more attention to it. let’s look at the reason for the high creatinine level.
Generally speaking, the normal standard of serum creatinine is: 44 – 133u mol / L, when the serum creatinine exceeds 133u mol / L, it means that the kidney is damaged and has renal insufficiency and renal failure. ( above 133 μ m ol / L is the stage of inflammation injury, 186 μ m ol / L is the stage of renal function injury, 451 μ m ol / L is the stage of renal failure ).
The causes of high creatinine is as follows:
1, the original kidney insufficiency, such as combined infection, including cold, pneumonia, intestinal infection, urinary tract infection, etc., can cause creatinine rise in the short term.
2. loss of water in the body, such as fever, excessive sweat, reduced drinking water, blood concentration during polyuria, reduced renal blood flow, can cause increased serum creatinine.
Through the above contents, we have probably learned about the high creatinine. for this kind of situation, patients must find out the reason in a regular hospital so as to carry out targeted treatment.
About the high creatinine message there are more contents and causes ,if you want to know more detailed information please contact us through the following contacting message:
- Tag: Kidney insufficiency High Creatinine Routine blood test Normal standard Loss of water in the body
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domain: medical