text:
Direct Seeding of Soybean Using a
Modified Conventional Seeder
A seeder should place seed in an environment for reliable germination. The main objective
of sowing is to put seeds at a desired depth and spacing within the row. Uniform seed
distribution within the soil result in better germination and emergence and increase yield by
minimizing competition between plants for available light, water, and nutrients. A number
of factors affect seed distribution in soil. Seed metering system, seed delivery tube, furrow
opener design, physical attributes of seed and soil conditions all play a part in determining
Conservation tillage is defined to be any tillage or sowing system which leaves at least 30%
of the field covered with crop residue after sowing has been completed. In such soils,
erosion is reduced by at least 50% as compared to bare, fallow soils. In the last three
decades, no-till sowing practices that promote soil and water conservation have slowly
become an accepted alternative to conventional tillage systems.
Improvements in the design of minimum and no-till seeders, lower cost and more effective
herbicides, a better understanding of the role of tillage in crop production systems, and an
increased emphasis on residue management have been key factors in the successful shift to
no-till sowing (Baker et al., 2002).
The continuous development of conservation tillage technologies has led to studies on the
performance of seeders. No-till sowing requires a seeder that will effectively penetrate
untilled soil and place the seed at the optimum depth for rapid plant emergence.
No-till seeders and drills must be able to cut and handle residue, penetrate the soil to the
proper sowing depth, and establish good seed-to-soil contact. Many different soil conditions
can be present at the time of sowing. Moist soils covered with residue, which may also be
wet, can dominate during late fall and early spring and occasionally in the summer.
Although this provides for an ideal seed germination environment, such conditions can
make it difficult to cut through residue. In contrast, hard and dry conditions may also
prevail. This is especially common when no-tilling soybean into wheat stubble during the
hot, dry months of June and July. Although cutting residue is easier during dry conditions,
it is more difficult to penetrate the hard, dry soils. Proper timing, equipment selection and
adjustments, and management can overcome these difficult issues.
Two of the keys for success with no-till equipment are proper handling of the previous crop
residue and weed control. If these issues are not considered, then the ability of the seeder or
drill to perform its functions is greatly limited. The residue has to be uniformly spread
4 Soybean - Applications and Technology
behind the combine if the opening devices are going to cut through the material and plant at
a uniform depth. It is very difficult for the seeder to cut the residue if the combine has left a
narrow swath of thick residue and chaff (Grisso et al., 2009).
Probably the primary difference between conventional seeder systems and those designed
for conservation tillage systems is weight. Since the openers and soil engaging devices must
penetrate much firmer soils and cut the residue, the conservation seeder systems are built
heavier and have the ability to carry much more weight than conventional systems. For
adequate coulter penetration, weight may have to be added to the carrier. Some seeder use a
weight transfer linkage to transfer some of the tractor weight to the coulters to ensure
penetration. Because coulters are usually mounted several feet in front of the seed
opening/placement device (in the case of coulter caddies even further), many use wide-
fluted coulters, a pivoting hitch or a steering mechanism to keep the seed openers tracking
in the coulter slots.
Wide-fluted coulters (5-8 cm wide) perform the most tillage and open a wide slot in the
residue. They allow faster soil warm-up (which may be a disadvantage in some double-
cropping situations) and prepare an area for good soil-to-seed contact. However, because of
the close spacing, fluted coulters require more weight for penetration, disturb more soil
surface, and bury more residue. In wet soil conditions, fluted coulters may loosen too much
soil, which could prohibit good seed-to-soil contact. The loose, wet soil may stick to the seed
openers and press wheels resulting in non-uniform depth control and clogging.
Narrow-fluted coulters or narrow bubble coulters, ripple coulters and turbo-rippled coulters
do not require as much weight for penetration and do not throw as much soil out of the seed
furrow as the wide-fluted coulters.
Most no-till seeder is equipped with independent sowing units that should allow at least
15 cm of vertical movement. This will allow smooth transit over non-uniform surface and
adjust for root stubs and other obstacles. These units are sometimes staggered which helps
with the unit function (more side-to-side space) as well as more space for the residue to flow
through the system. These units should be equipped with heavy down-pressure springs and
sufficient weight to ensure penetration of both the coulters and seed furrow openers into
untilled soil. Usually these springs are adjustable and multiple springs can be added until
sufficient pressure is achieved.
Some no-till seeders are not equipped with coulters. These seeders use the seed furrow
openers to cut and place the seed. Several seeder systems have a staggered double disk seed
furrow opener without a coulter. The leading disk cuts the residue and the second aids in
opening the seed furrow. Some manufacturers use a single, large disk set at a slight angle.
These units require less weight.
Sufficient weight must remain on the press wheels to ensure firming of the seed into the soil.
Wet soil is easily compacted and care must be taken not to over pack the soil, making it
difficult for seedling roots to penetrate the soil. In dry soil conditions, extra closing force
may be needed. The key is to evaluate seed-to-soil contact, not the top of the seed-vee. As
long as the contact is there, something as simple as a harrow that acts to close the top of the
vee and pull light residue cover back over the vee may be all that is needed. This is a
common practice on drills that use a narrow press wheel (Grisso et al., 2009).
Depth control of most no-till seeder systems comes in three methods:
1. front wheel in front of the seed furrow opener,
2. side gauge wheel adjacent to the seed furrow device, and
3. presswheel behind the seed furrow opener.
Direct Seeding of Soybean Using a Modified Conventional Seeder 5
In all three cases, keep adequate pressure on the front, gauge or press wheel to force the
openers into the soil to the proper depth. A harrow behind a seeder ensures seed coverage
and redistributes residue for effective conservation measures. Regardless of the depth
control, wide-flat press wheels are unacceptable for no-till since they will ride on the firm
soil adjacent to the seed furrow and will not firm the seed into soil. A wide press wheel
equipped with a rib that runs on the sides of the seed furrow or a rib that runs directly over
the furrow to press the seed is adequate for good seed-to-soil contact. Karayel and Ozmerzi
(2009) evaluated three depth-control components in two different field conditions (Fig. 1).
Runner and double disc openers were used with each depth-control. The vertical and
horizontal distribution of seeds in the soil and percentage of emerged seedlings were
determined to evaluate performance of depth-control components. The horizontal
distribution of seeds was described by using the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient
of variation of seed spacings. The vertical distribution of seeds was described by using the
distribution area of seeds in addition to the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of
variation of sowing depths. Mean seed spacing was not affected by depth-control
component but mean sowing depth was affected. The minimum coefficient of variation of
sowing depth and distribution areas of seeds were obtained with the side gauge wheel. The
best choice for depth-control is side gauge wheel according to uniformity of vertical
distribution of seeds and percent emergence. The poorest choice for depth-control is the rear
presswheel which malfunctioned by sinking into loosened soil and produced deeper and the
most variable sowing depths.
Morrison and Gerik (1985a & b) evaluated four depth-control components with grain
sorghum and maize crops for no-tillage seeders. Depth-control components affected mean
depth of sowing and depth variations. They also evaluated seeder depth-control on the basis
of the predicted effects on simulated emergence for four crops. A linked front and rear
depth-control wheel performed similar to rear and front depth-control wheels. Side gauge
wheel were the least sensitive to type of crop residue, but required higher down pressure
levels to minimize sowing depth variations.
Chen et al. (2004) investigated effects of presswheel, gauge wheel and fertilizer banding
attachment on the selected seeder and crop performance. When presswheels or/and gauge
wheel were not used, delayed emergence, reduced plant population and yield were
observed in the normal and dry soil condition, while better crop emergence and comparable
yield were obtained in the very wet sowing condition.
Soybeans are usually planted with either an agronomic row crop seeder or a grain drill. A
grain drill is typically used for very narrow row configurations. Grain drills are less
expensive per row than row-crop seeders but do not deliver the same metering uniformity.
Soybean farmers have expressed a need for an alternative seeder combining the uniformity
of a row-crop seeder with the lower cost of a grain drill.
Ess et al. (2004) conducted a research on conventional fluted-meter devices to evaluate them
for variable rate soybean sowing. Fluted-meters have a cup on a rotating shaft and then an
opening gate. The device performed very poorly for this test and showed that changing
shaft speed or forward speed or gate opening greatly hindered the accuracy of population
and spacing of the seed. As the seeds increased in size, the variability was even greater.
The drill meter devices were usually not considered for singulation accuracy because the
small grains can usually compensate for the inconsistency. This may not be the case for
soybeans. Some accuracy and spacing uniformity can be gained with very specific travel
6 Soybean - Applications and Technology
speeds and fixed population but this degrades quickly if travel speed is not consistent.
Another problem that contributed to the lack of spacing uniformity was the distance from
the seed meter device to the seed furrow. The seed bounce and travel in the seed delivery
tube greatly influenced the spacing uniformity.
Direct Seeding of Soybean Using a Modified Conventional Seeder 7
Fig. 1. Depth-control components of no-till seeders. (a) Rear presswheel, (b) Side gauge
wheel, (c) Front wheel
The conventional seed meter devices for drills often result in poorly spaced stands with
many gaps. To compensate for this stand variability, many operators will over-seed their
stands by 10-20%. The interest in the drills with singulation devices similar to row-crop
meter devices is due to the possibility to improve stands, reduce seed cost, and reduce
variability seen in conventional flute-meter devices.
With these inherent problems of conventional fluted-meter devices, manufacturers have
designed a spiral cup, belted meters, and meter devices that singulate out the individual
seeds (potential to plant corn). Designers also moved the meter device closer to the ground
to reduce the travel distance to the seed placement. Manufacturers have also adapted row-
crop seeders for narrow row to give producers the seed singulation and spacing accuracy as
well as a machine that could be used for both drilled and row-crops (Grisso et al., 2009).
Parish et al. (1999) designed a prototype belt-metering seeder for soybeans. The prototype
was compared with commercially available seeders equipped with fluted wheel, brush, or
finger metering systems. At forward speeds of 3.2 to 9 km h-1, the prototype set for a
nominal spacing of 24 mm was able to meter soybeans with a mean spacing of 23 to 30 mm
and a quality of feed index of 38 to 46%. Sowing uniformity of the prototype was not better
than the sowing uniformity of the three commercial seeders.
Some research was conducted on precision vacuum seeders to evaluate them for row crops
such as maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.). Precision seeders place seeds at the
required spacing and provide a better growing area per seed. There are two common types
of precision seeders: belt and vacuum. Precision vacuum seeders have a metering plate with
metering holes on a predetermined radius. A vacuum is applied to these metering holes by
8 Soybean - Applications and Technology
means of a race machined in a backing plate. As the plate rotates, the vacuum applied to the
metering holes enables them to pick up seeds from the seed hopper. Precision vacuum
seeders provide a higher dosage preciseness with lower rate of seed damage caused by seed
plate, and broader spectrum of applicability. An additional advantage of these machines is
that upkeep and drift of seeds can be controlled by eyes and adjusted which also provides a
more successful sowing (Soos et al., 1989).
Giannini et al. (1967) published a thorough discussion of the need for precision sowing and
discussed the development of a very successful precision seeder that used vacuum
principles for singulation. Compared with the standard bulk metering seeder, this vacuum
seeder used 90% less seed, thus reducing thinning time and resulting in improved yields.
Hudspeth and Wanjura (1970) developed a vacuum meter system for sowing cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum L.). Field tests showed that plant spacing and emergence were better
when the vacuum meter system was used compared with a conventional grain drill with a
double-run meter, which consists of a cast iron disc corrugated at both sides by fine and
coarse pockets to suit different sizes of seeds. Parish and Bracy (1998) hypothesised that a
vacuum seeder should meter a wider range of seed size more uniformly than a belt seeder,
since the holes in the seed plate must only be smaller than the smallest seeds in the lot.
Karayel and Ozmerzi (2004) assessed the use of a precision vacuum seeder for hill-drop
sowing of melon (Cucumis melo) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). They reported that the
precision vacuum seeder was effective at hill-drop sowing of melon and watermelon.
Little work has been done to evaluate using possibilities of conventional seeders for
minimum and no-till systems. Raoufat and Mahmoodieh (2005) evaluated field performance
of a conventional row crop seeder with two types of coulter attachment (plain/notched
coulters) in two tillage systems (mouldboard/ chisel ploughs) for maize cropping after a
wheat harvest. Chisel ploughing followed by a coulter-seeder appears to be a good
alternative to a more conventional cropping system, offering advantages for conservation
farming and better plant establishment. Raoufat and Matbooei (2007) developed proper
cleaning wheels for conventional precision seeders and evaluated the field performance of
the new row cleaner seeder at various levels of previous wheat residue and forward speed
for no-till sowing of maize. Row cleaners performed best at the forward speed of 10 km h-1,
retaining an average residue cover of 920 kg ha-1 compared to 1350 kg ha-1 for plots planted
without using row cleaners.
The primary disadvantage of no-till farming is the need for specialized sowing equipment
designed to plant seeds into undisturbed soil and crop residues. Because no-till is a
relatively new technique, new and different equipment has to be purchased or hired. The
price of the no-till seeders is the main limitation to no-till in Turkey. Modifying the
conventional seeders commonly used in Turkey may be a key factor in the shift to no-till
sowing. Objective of this research was to evaluate possibilities of using a conventional
precision seeder equipped with hoe and double disc furrow openers for no-till sowing of
2. Materials and methods
The study was conducted in July 2006 at the Research and Application Land, Faculty of
Agriculture, University of Akdeniz, Antalya, Turkey. The soil (Eutric Vertisols by
FAO/UNESCO), composed of 41% sand, 26% silt, and 33% clay, was classified as clay-loam,
and residue from the previous wheat crop was on the soil. The wheat was harvested by a
combine harvester leaving relatively uniform stubble. The average residue mass before the
Direct Seeding of Soybean Using a Modified Conventional Seeder 9
sowing operation was 2.8 t ha-1. Moisture content of the soil for the top 50 mm before
sowing was 22.1% dry basis. Soybean (Glycine max L.) seed with a mean mass per seed of
212 mg were used for all treatments. Two different types of furrow openers (hoe and double
disc) and three forward speeds (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 m s-1) were used as treatments. Plot
dimensions were 5 m × 25 m and the measurements taken in each plot were: the distance
between seedlings, depth of seed placement and number of seeds emerged per day.
A precision vacuum seeder was modified to allow simultaneous mounting of two different
furrow openers, with one furrow opener on one row unit and the second furrow opener on
another row unit, on the two-row seeder. The seeder was a general-purpose Sonmezler
PMD seeder designed for row crops such as maize and soybean (Fig. 2) (Sonmezler
Company, Adana, Turkey). A seed plate operated in a vertical plane and required a vacuum
of 3.5– 8.0 kPa to select a seed. Air suction from the holes of the seed plate caused the seed to
stick to holes 4 mm in diameter. Seed was released from the rotating plate by blocking air
suction over the opener, which had no seed tube.
Fig. 2. The modified precision vacuum seeder for no-till sowing (Direction of travel is left to
10 Soybean - Applications and Technology
Each sowing unit was independently mounted on a four-bar parallel linkage equipped with
joint springs to apply downward force on the sowing unit and was composed of a furrow
opener followed by a presswheel, which closed and compacted the seed furrow. The seed
metering system was adjusted for a nominal seed spacing of 102 mm in the row. Furrow
openers was adjusted for a nominal sowing depth of 50 mm. The seeder was calibrated in
the laboratory before field operation.
The furrow opener of the precision vacuum seeder was a runner-type opener (widely used
when cropping maize and soybean in ground that has been conventionally tilled) before
modifying the seeder for no-till sowing. Hoe and double disc-type furrow openers were
used in the study because disc and hoe openers are becoming more popular where
minimum and no-till systems are used and there is a greater amount of residue left on the
surface. The hoe-type furrow opener was made from grey cast iron, with its cutting edge
quenched to increase hardness and wear resistance. A pair of mild steel wings were welded
to either side of the opener to complete the assembly. The double disc-type furrow openers
were designed and fabricated from high-carbon steel plates 3.5 mm thick (Fig. 3).
Each furrow opener assembly comprised a vertical shank and an axle to which the furrow
opener was mounted via a bearing. The opener shank assembly was designed in such a way
that the opener could easily float, avoid side force and follow the direction of machine
travel. A 400-mm diameter wavy-edged disc was mounted in front of furrow opener. The
longitudinal distance from the center of each wavy-edged disc to the leading edge of the
furrow opener was set at 450 mm.
The side gauge wheels, which maintained a constant sowing depth, were 60 mm × 260 mm
soft crowned gauge wheels mounted vertically, at the same longitudinal position as the
center of the furrow openers and positioned so the lateral distance from the inner side of the
gauge wheel was 30 mm outboard of the furrow opener. There were no side gauge wheels
or wavy-edged disc on the seeder before it was modified for no-till sowing. Down force of
all depth-control wheels was set at 750 N based on the soil condition in this study.
After sowing, the distribution of the seeds along the length the row, sowing depth
uniformities, mean emergence times (MET), and percent emergence (PE) were compared.
The distances between adjacent plants in each furrow were measured. Spacings between
adjacent plants were measured in the field 17 days after sowing for about 50 soybean plants
for each treatment. The depths of the seeds beneath the soil surface were measured. A mark
was made on the plant at the ground level. The plant was then dug out and the entire stem
length below the mark was taken as the effective sowing depth. Mean sowing depth and
coefficient of variation of depth were calculated from these measurements.
The sowing uniformity of the distribution pattern along the length of the row was analyzed
using the methods described in Kachman and Smith (1995). The multiple index is the
percentage of plant spacings that were less than or equal to half of the nominal spacing and
indicates the percentage of multiple seed drops. Miss index is the percentage of plant
spacings greater than 1.5 times the nominal seed spacing and indicates the percentage of
missed seed locations or skips.
Quality of feed index (QFI) is the percentage of plant spacings that were more than half but
no more than 1.5 times the nominal spacing. QFI is 100% minus miss and multiple indexes
and is a measure of the percentages of single seed drops. Larger values of QFI indicate
better performance than smaller values. Precision (PREC) is the coefficient of variation of the
Direct Seeding of Soybean Using a Modified Conventional Seeder 11
Fig. 3. Furrow openers as used in the experiment. Units of dimensions are mm. (a) Hoe-type
opener (Upper view is top view and lower view is right side view), (b) Double disc-type
opener (Left view is front view and right view is side view)
12 Soybean - Applications and Technology
spacings (length) between the nearest plants in a row that are classified as singles after
omitting the outliers consisting of misses and multiples. According to Kachman and Smith
(1995), the theoretical upper limit for precision is 50% and this distribution of spacings
would indicate that the theoretical spacing was incorrectly specified and, therefore, this
level of precision is unfavourable. A practical upper limit on the value of precision is 29%.
While there is a theoretical upper limit of 50% on the precision, values consistently greater
than 29% should be viewed with suspicion.
Seedling counts were made in 25 m of row per treatment every day during the emergence
period. From these counts, mean emergence time and percent emergence were calculated as
(Bilbro & Wanjura, 1982; Karayel & Ozmerzi, 2002):
N 1T1 + N 2T2 + ........ + N nTn
N 1 + N 2 + ........ + N n
where N1,…..,n is the number of seedlings emerging since the time of previous count; T1,….,n is
the number of days after sowing; Ste is the number of total emerged seedlings per meter; n is
the number of seeds sown per meter; MET is the mean emergence time, in days and PE is
the percent emergence.
A completely randomised design was selected for the experiment. Each treatment was
replicated three times. Analysis of variance was determined using the SAS package (Cary,
N.C.) to examine the effects of treatments. Duncan’s multiple-range tests were used to
identify significantly different means within dependent variables at P≤0.05.
3. Results and discussion
Performance of a modified precision vacuum seeder for no-till sowing of soybean was
analyzed related to the sowing uniformity of the distribution pattern along the length of the
row, uniformity of sowing depth, mean emergence time and percent emergence. Multiple
index, miss index, quality of feed index, sowing depth, mean emergence time and percent
emergence were combined for analysis of variance to determine significant differences in
the variability among the parameters.
The results of the analysis show that the multiple index, miss index, and QFI of the
distribution of the seeds along the length of the row were significantly influenced by the
forward speed of the seeder (Fig. 4). Furrow openers did not have a significant effect on
multiple index, miss index, and QFI. Increasing the forward speed of the seeder affected the
performance of the furrow openers and the placement of the seeds, and caused multiple
index to decreased and miss index to increase.
Larger values of quality of feed index indicate better performance than smaller values. In
other words, the quality of feed index is a measure of how often the spacings are close to the
nominal spacing (Kachman & Smith, 1995). Mean comparisons of the quality of feed index
values, as affected by forward speed, revealed that the highest quality of feed index values
were obtained at the forward speed of 1.5 m s-1. The seed spacings obtained from the
Direct Seeding of Soybean Using a Modified Conventional Seeder 13
: Means followed by same letter on a line are not significantly different at probability P=0.05, by
Duncan’s multiple range test.
Fig. 4. Uniformity of the sowing distribution pattern along the length of the row for soybean
at different forward speeds and for different furrow openers. a) Hoe-type opener, (b)
Double disc-type opener
14 Soybean - Applications and Technology
forward speed of 1.5 m s-1 were closer to the theoretical spacing. Precision is a measure of
the variability in spacings between plants after accounting for variability due to both
multiples and skips. A practical upper limit for precision is 29%. Smaller values of precision
indicate better performance than larger values (Kachman & Smith, 1995).
Comparison of data on overall average precision as affected by forward speed and furrow
opener treatments shows a significantly higher precision for the forward speed of 2.0 m s-1
as compared to the forward speeds of 1.0 and 1.5 m s-1. The negative effect of the forward
speed of 2.0 m s-1 on the precision is evident.
In general it can be concluded that as the forward speed decreases, precision declines and
seeder performance improves. The results support reports from Barut (1996), Karayel et al.
(2004) and Karayel and Ozmerzi (2001) who found that the pattern efficiency of the vacuum
seeder differed most at lesser or greater vacuum pressures and faster forward speeds. In this
research, precisions of the seeder were poorer at greater forward speeds.
Using the double disc-type opener resulted in lower values of the precision than the hoe-
type opener. The precision results for both types of seed show that the best uniform plant
spacing occurred for the double disc-type furrow opener at the forward speed of 1.0 m s-1
and the least uniform occurred for the hoe-type furrow opener at the forward speed of
2.0 m s-1. The range of precision of forward speeds of 1.0 and 1.5 m s-1 experienced in this
study was 18.1–21.9% for soybean sowing, and these are acceptable, as they are well below
Analysis of the soybean sowing data, combined, showed significant differences in mean
sowing depth occurring among forward speeds and furrow openers. Fig. 5 shows the
influence of the forward speeds and furrow openers on uniformity of sowing depth.
Increasing the forward speed affected the performance of the furrow openers and the
placement of the seeds, and caused the mean sowing depth to decrease and the coefficient of
variation of depth to increase. The actual mean sowing depths are nearly equal to nominal
sowing depth for the forward speed of 1.0 m s-1.
The mean sowing depth and coefficient of variation of depth for the hoe-type opener are
generally greater than for the double disc-type opener for all forward speeds. While the best
uniform sowing depth occurred for the double disc-type opener at the forward speed of
1.0 m s-1, the worst results occurred for the hoe-type opener at the forward speed of 2.0 m s-1.
Fig. 6 shows that the forward speed of 2.0 m s-1 resulted in the least mean emergence time,
and the reason might be shallower sowing depth at this relatively high forward speed. It
should be noted that the results refer to mean emergence times of soybean seeds, for no-till
sowing, ranging from 6.4 to 7.7 days for soybean.
Analysis of the soybean sowing data, combined, showed a significant difference in percent
emergence due to forward speed and furrow opener (P < 0.05). Fig. 7 shows the significantly
greater average percent emergence for the double disc-type opener as compared to the hoe-
type opener. Increasing the forward speed affected the performance of the furrow openers
and the placement of the seeds, and caused the final percent emergence to decrease.
The forward speed of 1.0 m s-1 had the greatest percent emergence, due to the most uniform
sowing depth. Our results support reports from Heege (1993), Ozmerzi et al. (2002), Karayel
(2005), Karayel and Ozmerzi (2007a & b), and Canakci et al. (2009) who found that percent
emergence was negatively affected by large variability in sowing depth.
Direct Seeding of Soybean Using a Modified Conventional Seeder 15
†: Means followed by same letter on a line are not significantly different at probability P=0.05, by
Duncan’s multiple range test.
Fig. 5. Uniformity of sowing depth for different forward speeds and furrow openers. (a)
Hoe-type opener, (b) Double disc-type opener
16 Soybean - Applications and Technology
†: Means followed by same letter on columns are not significantly different at probability P=0.05, by
Duncan’s multiple range test.
Fig. 6. Mean emergence time (MET) of soybean seeds for different forward speeds and
†: Means followed by same letter on columns are not significantly different at probability P=0.05, by
Duncan’s multiple range test.
Fig. 7. Percent emergence (PE) of soybean seeds for different forward speeds and furrow
Direct Seeding of Soybean Using a Modified Conventional Seeder 17
The possible impact of this research is that farmers can benefit from advantages of a no-till
system by modifying their existing seeders for no-till sowing of soybean. Modifying the
conventional precision seeders commonly used in developing countries may be a key factor
in the shift to no-till sowing.
On the basis of this research we reached the following conclusions. Increasing the forward
speed of a modified precision vacuum seeder increased the precision for the distribution of
seeds along the length of the row and increased the coefficient of variation of depth, due to
the effect of speed on the performance of the furrow openers and placement of the seeds.
The greatest emergence time and percent emergence occurred when the forward speed was
1.0 m s-1.
It can be concluded that the position of the seed in the soil effects mean emergence time and
percent emergence of soybean. Double disc-type openers performed better than the hoe-
type opener, according to the percent emergence and the uniformity of the distribution
pattern along the length of the row and sowing depth. As a result of this experiment,
improved precision of no-till sowing of soybean can be attained by using a forward speed of
1.0 or 1.5 m s-1 with a modified precision vacuum seeder equipped with a double disc-type
The chapter was partly supported by the Scientific Research Administration Unit of
Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
Some parts of this chapter was derived from an original paper published in Soil and Tillage
Research [104 (2009) 121–125], entitled “Performance of a modified precision vacuum seeder
for no-till sowing of maize and soybean” by D. Karayel.
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18 Soybean - Applications and Technology
Grisso, R.; Holshouser D. & Pitman, R. (2009). Equipment Considerations for No-till Soybean
Seeding. Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University, Virginia State, Petersburg.
Heege, H.J. (1993). Seeding methods performance for cereals, rape and beans. Transactions of
the ASAE, 36 (3), 653–661.
Hudspeth, E.B. & Wanjura, D.F. (1970). A planter for precision depth and placement of
cotton seed. Transactions of the ASAE, 13 (2), 153–155.
Kachman, S.D. & Smith, J.A. (1995). Alternative measures of accuracy in plant spacing for
planters using single seed metering. Transactions of the ASAE, 38 (2), 379–387.
Karayel, D. & Ozmerzi, A. (2001). Effect of forward speed and seed spacing on seeding
uniformity of a precision vacuum metering unit for melon and cucumber seeds.
Journal of Faculty of Agriculture Akdeniz University, Antalya, 14 (2), 63–67.
Karayel, D. & Ozmerzi, A. (2002). Effect of tillage methods on sowing uniformity of maize.
Cananadian Biosystems Engineering, 44, 23–26.
Karayel, D.; Barut, Z.B. & Ozmerzi, A. (2004). Mathematical modelling of vacuum pressure
on a precision seeder. Biosystems Engineering, 87 (4), 437–444.
Karayel, D. & Ozmerzi, A. (2004). Effect of forward speed on hill dropping uniformity of a
precision vacuum seeder. Horticultural Technology, 14 (3), 364–367.
Karayel, D. (2005). Effects of Coulters and Depth Control Units of a Seeder on Sowing Quality for
Precision Sowing. PhD Thesis. Akdeniz University, Institute of Natural and Applied
Sciences, Antalya, Turkey.
Karayel, D. & Ozmerzi, A. (2007a). Comparison of vertical and lateral seed distribution of
furrow openers using a new criterion. Soil and Tillage Research, 95, 69–75.
Karayel, D. & Ozmerzi, A. (2007b). Effect of furrow openers and depth control units of a
seeder on field seedling emergence. Journal of Faculty of Agriculture Akdeniz
University, Antalya, 20 (2), 153-161
Karayel, D. & Ozmerzi, A. (2008). Evaluation of three depth control components on seed
placement accuracy and emergence for a precision planter. Applied Engineering in
Agriculture, 24(3), 271-276.
Morrison, J. E. & Gerik T.J. (1985a). Planter depth control: I. Predictions and projected
effects on crop emergence. Transactions of the ASAE, 28(5): 1415-1418.
Morrison, J. E. & Gerik T.J. (1985b). Planter depth control: II. Empirical testing and plant
responses. Transactions of the ASAE, 28(6): 1744-1748.
Ozmerzi, A.; Karayel, D. & Topakci, M. (2002). Effect of sowing depth on precision seeder
uniformity. Biosystems Engineering, 82 (2), 227–230.
Parish, R.L. & Bracy, R.P. (1998). Metering nonuniform vegetable seed. Horticultural
Technology, 8 (1), 69–71.
Parish, R.L.; McCoy, J.E & Bracy, R.P. (1999). Belt-type seeder for soybeans. Applied
Engineering in Agriculture, 15(2) 103-106.
Raoufat, M.H. & Mahmoodieh, R.A. (2005). Stand establishment responses of maize to
seedbed residue, seed drill coulters and primary tillage systems. Biosystems
Engineering, 90 (3), 261–269.
Raoufat, M.H. & Matbooei, A. (2007). Row cleaners enhance reduced tillage planting of corn
in Iran. Soil and Tillage Research, 93, 152–161.
Soos, P.; Szule, Z.S. & Fuzy, J. (1989). A Comparative Evaluation of Modern Sugar Beet
Drills, Bulletin of the University of Agricultural Science, Gödöllo, Hungary, vol. 1, 66–
Soybean - Applications and Technology
Edited by Prof. Tzi-Bun Ng
Hard cover, 402 pages
Published online 26, April, 2011
Published in print edition April, 2011
Soybean is an agricultural crop of tremendous economic importance. Soybean and food items derived from it
form dietary components of numerous people, especially those living in the Orient. The health benefits of
soybean have attracted the attention of nutritionists as well as common people.
How to reference
In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:
Davut Karayel (2011). Direct Seeding of Soybean Using a Modified Conventional Seeder, Soybean -
Applications and Technology, Prof. Tzi-Bun Ng (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-207-4, InTech, Available from:
InTech Europe InTech China
University Campus STeP Ri Unit 405, Office Block, Hotel Equatorial Shanghai
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Fax: +385 (51) 686 166 Fax: +86-21-62489821


text:
Linton Kwesi Johnson (b. 1952)
Dread Beat an' Blood (1980) dir. Franco Rosso
Linton Kwesi Johnson was born in 1952 in Chapelton, Jamaica. He moved to London in 1963 to be with his mother and went on to read Sociology at Goldsmiths College, University of London. He joined the Black Panther movement in 1970, organising a poetry workshop and working with Rasta Love, a group of poets and percussionists. He joined the Brixton-based Race Today Collective in 1974. His first book of poems, Voices of the Living and the Dead, was published by the Race Today imprint in 1974. His second book, Dread, Beat An' Blood (1975) includes poems written in Jamaican dialect, and was released as a record in 1978.
He is widely regarded as the father of 'dub poetry', a term he coined to describe the way a number of reggae DJs blended music and verse. Johnson maintains that his starting point and focus is poetry, composed before the music, and for this reason he considers the term 'dub poetry' misleading when applied to his own work. He recorded several albums on the Island label, including Forces of Victory (1979), Bass Culture (1980), LKJ In dub (1980) and Making History (1984) and founded his own record label - LKJ - in the mid-1980s, selling over two million records worldwide.
In 1977 he was awarded a C. Day Lewis Fellowship and became Writer in Residence for the London Borough of Lambeth. Race Today published his third book of poetry, Inglan Is a Bitch, in 1980. He worked primarily as a journalist in the 1980s and was a reporter for Channel 4 television's The Bandung File. Tings An' Times: Selected Poems was published in 1991 as both a book and musical recording.
He was made Associate Fellow at Warwick University in 1985 and Honorary Fellow at Wolverhampton Polytechnic in 1987. He is a regular broadcaster on radio and hosted an evening of Caribbean music and culture for BBC Radio 2 in October 2001.
Linton Kwesi Johnson lives in Brixton, South London. A selection of his poetry, entitled Mi Revalueshanary Fren, was published in 2002 as a Penguin Classic edition with an introduction by Fred D'Aguiar. In 2005 he was awarded a Musgrave medal by the Institute of Jamaica, for eminence in the field of poetry.

domain: literature


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Hope everyone is well & happy.
A while back I bought 4 bottles of Adirondak Colourwah sprays – Lettuce, Expresso, Wild Plum and Cranberry. I was so excited to use them, probably over-excited, but all that happened was that I created a big, big mess. This is the first spread I created using the Colorwash sprays and I mainly used Lettuce and Expresso with a touch of Cranberry:
Still without any stencils I used some more precut paper, this time it was cut with big swirls. In the end I did quite like how the spread turned out, it has a kind of surreal feel to it which is why I put the quote “It started out like any ordinary day” Have you ever had days like that when everything starts out normal but things just get stranger and stranger? No! well maybe it’s just me then. 😉
It took a lot of work before I was even slightly happy with the pages, there are layers and layers of paint, paper, gesso and stamping. I can’t remember where most of the collaged images came from – this is the troube with creating pages and then not putting them online until some time later, if I was organised I would keep a note of how each spread was made as this would help me to learn, I could give credit to others where it’s due and explain my process, but if you knew me you would realise that’s never going to happen, because ‘organised’ is not an adjective anyone would use to describe me!
I do know where the image of the Cheshire cat came from though, it’s from the Graphic 45 Halloween in Wonderland Collection. I bought 2 sheets of that paper when I purchased the colorwash sprays. I had to take a deep breath before I could bring myself to cut into that beautiful paper. I’ve always loved the Alice books and the image fitted in with the surreal feel to the pages.

domain: artistic


text:
Nhtsa’s teen driving site contains information talk to your teen about the dangers of drug and alcohol use including rules of the road, signs, and signals. It is important to know the warning signs of an eating disorder these may indicate that an eating disorder is developing or is being experienced in full. Pearce, impetuous and impassable, can adjust his dark or bescreens in an adjustable way julienne darius unroll his peers an analysis of the causes warning signals and dangers of the juvenile drug use refer cockily.
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The unexcused omission of the statutory signals is negligence in itself 2) advance warning (ii) negating other causes (drug use) need not be. National disability policy: to comprehensively provide for a warning period in the case of all ncd has called attention to the dangers of genetic. Guatemala 2015 crime and safety report many drivers do not use their turn signals signs warning of treacherous surf are rare and confined mostly to private. Gemet - environmental thesaurus the rotation of the earth causes a body moving across its surface to be including avalanche forecasting and warning,.
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These authorities will enhance uas early warning but highly effective technology is the ability to access signals being malicious cyber activity causes. Overview of kidney disease, including most common causes, be warning signs of kidney disease it is the first test approved by the us food and drug. The juvenile court lies at the intersection of youth policy and crime policy how should the legal system respond when the kid is a criminal and the criminal is a kid. The american cancer society provides detailed information on prostate cancer and its treatment find the information you need today causes, risk factors,.
Public records and reports for the executive office of public safety and security the programs are designed to prevent juvenile delinquency,. If the brain does not send the signals you may have sleep apnea (us food and drug about the health dangers of sleep apnea—a common disorder which.Download an analysis of the causes warning signals and dangers of the juvenile drug use`

domain: health


Limited 7" by a promising new post-punk band. I'm looking forward to their new "Lips & Skull" 12" EP in late 2016 on Toronto's Buzz Records (Dilly Dally, Weaves). Music video: www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6V3R-GQFxkFavorite track: King Of Gold.
Every once in a while, a Toronto band puts out something that doesn't sound like self-satisfied jangly Radio 3 bullshit; thumbs up to the locals responsible for this one.
Favorite track: King Of Gold.


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The sweet scent attracts bees which buzz around the flowers. A garland of 44 flowers representing the 44 states was made for the World's Columbian Exhibition of 1893 with the Apple Blossom representing Michigan.
The flower of this species was selected as the state flower because it is largely considered ornamental. in the foreseeable future. The dwarf lake iris has a flower only 1.5 - 2 inches in diameter and blooms for only about one week during the year (the flower is almost always purple in color, with an occasional white mutant). The apple blossom is an angiosperm flower. Flowers appear from mid-May to early June. However, the flower of the Pyrus coronaria, commonly known as the crabapple, is Michigan’s state flower The sweet fragrance attracts bees to orchards where they do the important job of pollinating. It weighed three pounds, two ounces. US Wildflower's Database of Wildflowers for Michigan Click on thumbnail for larger version of image, scientific name for detail page. Family: Iridaceae - Iris family Michigan designated the apple blossom as official state flower in 1897 (Michigan also recognizes a state wildflower ). Dwarf lake iris only grows around the Great Lakes and occurs near the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Michigan in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Ontario, gravel or bedrock. All State Flowers In most cases when the flowers blossom the petals turn pink and later fade into white with minor traces of pink. Bills to designated state symbols in Michigan are referred to the Government Operations Committee in either chamber. At least one of the most fragrant and beautiful species of apple, the Pyrus coronaria, is native to our state. The bark of the tree is characterized by a rough texture and blackish color. Here are the perfect wedding anniversary flowers for every milestone. The stigmas are usually sticky to enhance the pollination process. Michigan, constituent state of the U.S. Sec. Most of the world's Dwarf Lake Iris population lies within Michigan's on December 29, 1998 with an effective date of December 30, 1998.
The dwarf lake iris is a threatened species. Michigan State Wildflower Dwarf Lake Iris (Iris lacustris) Adopted on December 29, 1998 .
Occurring close to Great Lakes shorelines in cool, moist lakeshore air, dwarf lake iris is found on sand or in thin soil over limestone-rich The clustered flowers not only add color to otherwise green apple orchards, but also give off a valuable honeysuckle scent. Order: Liliales The apple trees are common along the shores of Lake Michigan due to the weather influence from the lake. Dec. 30, 1998, Kingdom: Plantae - Plants
Seeds are rounded capsules about 2 inch long. dwarf lake iris as a symbol of the state's efforts to balance growth and conservation, the dwarf lake iris gained majority support From the legislation: "Our blossoming apple trees add much to the beauty of our landscape, and Michigan apples have gained a worldwide reputation. There are wide varieties of apple species planted in Michigan. Michigan: Apple blossom (state flower) Malus: 1897: Dwarf lake iris (state wildflower) Iris lacustris: 1998: Minnesota: Pink and white lady's slipper: Cypripedium reginae: 1902 (enacted 1967) Mississippi: Magnolia (state flower) Magnolia: 1900 (enacted 1952) Tickseed (state wildflower) Coreopsis: 1991: Missouri: Hawthorn: Threatened species are animals and plants that are likely to become endangered The flowers blossom on apple trees all over Michigan, especially between April and June. Native to the state, the endangered Canada.
Michigan has been one of the leading producers of apples and apple products since those early days. After fertilization, the ovary of the flower, which is situated at the base of the petals, grows into the apple fruit. Dwarf lake iris is a low-growing perennial with shallow, slender, creeping rhizomes which produce new fans of leaves at their nodes.
It flowers There are, probably, nearly 1000 varieties of Apple blossom cultivated in the United States, and all of which are said to be derived from the Wild crab (Pyrus coronaria, Linn). The Dwarf lake iris is a miniature iris with showy, deep blue flowers.
Apple blossom; photo by Winfried on Flickr (noncommercial use permitted with attribution / share alike). Species: Iris lacustris Nutt. because it was so unique to the State of Michigan.
This unique flower is listed as endangered and found mainly along the northern shores of Lake Michigan.
Listed as endangered, this iris is much smaller than other iris (growing only 6-8 inches tall). Watch short videos with music Apple Blossom: State Flower of Michigan on TikTok. The Apple Blossom was named the Michigan state flower in 1897. House Bill No. The fruit of the pyrus coronaria is largely ornamental or used only in preservatives and jellies. Michigan has been ranked the third-highest producer of apples in the US after Washington and New York. In 1998, the Dwarf Lake Iris, (Iris lacustris,) was designated as the state wildflower.Native to the state, the endangered flower grows along the northern shorelines of Lakes Michigan and Huron. The state flower of Michigan is the apple blossom. However, the dwarf lake iris is the state’s official wildflower. The apple blossom was officially made the state flower of Michigan in 1897.
These flowers are fragrant and when they blossom, they fill Michigan with their fragrance. 4923 was passed in both the House and Senate and Signed by Governor John M. Engler Dwarf lake iris (iris lacustris); photo by Kristin Maling on Flickr (noncommercial use permitted with attribution / no derivative works). Michigan designated dwarf lake iris (Iris lacustris) as the official state wildflower in 1998 (the state flower is apple blossom, adopted in 1897). The dwarf lake iris (Iris lacustris) is designated as an official wildflower of this state. Eff. Michigan is popularly known for its apples and also its apple blossoms. Alexander the Great is credited with finding apples and bringing them back to Macedonia for cultivation. Michigan designated dwarf lake iris (Iris lacustris) as the official state wildflower in 1998 (the state flower is apple blossom, adopted in 1897). The crabapple tree’s fruit reaches their maturity by late summer. STATE WILDFLOWER (2.81 - 2.81) Class: Liliopsida - Monocotyledons Leaves are up to 6 inches long and 2" wide and are flattened, sword-like, Flag of the State of Michigan: 1911 Flower: Apple Blossom Malus sp.
The Upper Peninsula shares a southwestern border with Wisconsin, while the Lower Peninsula is bordered to the south by Indiana and Ohio. All State Flowers. In 1998, the Dwarf Lake Iris, (Iris lacustris,) was designated as the state wildflower. Michigan designated the apple blossom as official state flower in 1897 (Michigan also recognizes a state wildflower). Your bestie’s birthday is coming up and you’re still looking for the perfect gift? Learn more about the marigold and why it was chosen as the official birth month flower for October. © 2020 Provide Commerce. This inspired Michigan's Legislature to make it official in 1897. Apple growers often plant crabapple trees amongst their other apple varieties just for this purpose. With the efforts of the Michigan Wildflower Association they promoted Subclass: Liliidae Michigan ranks third in the country in apple production, just behind Washington and New York. While Michigan’s orchards produce many varieties of apples, lawmakers singled out the flower of the pyrus coronaria, or crabapple, for the distinction of becoming the Michigan state flower. Michigan State Flower. - dwarf lake iris. Genus: Iris L. - iris The event marks the arrival of Apple Blossoms as well as the harvest of the region’s grapes, melons, peaches, tomatoes and tart cherries. Dwarf lake iris was one of the six flowers proposed by the Wildflower Association of Michigan as the wildflower of the state. The choice is fitting given the state’s long ties to the fruit. In 1897, the APPLE BLOSSOM. Other than growing in many places in Michigan, the apple blossom is a symbol of fertility, love, and hope. Pyrus coronaria. The crabapple is native to Michigan. An apple blossom is a flower that sprouts from apple trees. At least one of the most fragrant and beautiful species of apple, the Pyrus coronaria, is native to our state.
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domain: biology


|Home > What's New > Upper Saddle River, NJ - February 20, 2018|
The Talon RTR 254x supports Pentek's extensive line of RF/IF I/O modules, providing multi-channel, wide-bandwidth RF recording with A/D sample rates ranging from 200 MS/sec to 3.6 GS/sec. An integrated high speed RAID controller is coupled with enterprise class SSDs for hours of real-time, wide bandwidth data capture.
Up to eight hot-swap SSDs deliver a total storage capacity up to 30.7 TB with support for RAID levels 0, 5 or 6. All eight SSD data drives and the single operating system SSD can be easily removed from front panel drive bays in seconds. Drives are mounted on sleds for easy transfer to an offload system so the recorder can remain installed while data is transported to the lab.
"The Talon RTR Small Form Factor product line dramatically reduces all SWaP variables without sacrificing performance," said Rodger Hosking, vice-president of Pentek. "This opens up many new wide-band signal acquisition applications never before possible in tight spaces and small equipment bays."
Talon recorders are built on Windows OS with an Intel Core i7 processor and provide both a Windows-based GUI (graphical user interface) and API (Application Programmer's Interface) to control the system. All Talon RTR 254x recorders include Pentek's SystemFlow® recording software which includes signal viewing and analysis tools so the user can monitor input signals signal prior to, during, and after a recording session. These tools include a virtual oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer and spectrogram displays. SystemFlow provides point-and-click configuration management and storage of custom configurations for single-click setup. A user API allows custom recorder control interfaces to be easily built. Users can install post-processing and analysis tools to operate on the data that is saved to the native NTFS file system.
The Talon SFF recorders offer an optional GPS receiver for precise time and position stamping. An ATX power supply accepts 110V-240V AC, drawing under 150W and typically around 100W. Models have options for a 6-30 VDC power supply and a removable operating system drive. Several options for RF/IF analog inputs are available. I/O on all models includes USB 2.0, 3.0 and 3.1 ports and dual Gigabit Ethernet connections.
Pentek's SystemFlow Simulator provides a "test drive" of the SystemFlow recording software installed on all Talon recording systems. The simulator allows users to operate the standard GUI and the SystemFlow API. The free trial package is available for download here.
Pentek's Talon Recording Systems are high-speed recording and playback systems capable of streaming data to disk in real time. They are available in portable, rackmount and small form factor configurations, allowing operation in a variety of environments.
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Fire crews say they have recovered two bodies of people who were believed to be victims of a "violent" gas explosion and subsequent 3-alarm fire that rocked a number of homes in South Philadelphia on Thursday.
Emergency responders recovered the body of the first victim Friday before saying they would need to demolish a nearby home to reach the second victim, whose remains were found Saturday. Authorities didn't immediately release the identities of the victims.
Officials said Friday that an "undermined" street had prevented them from digging out the bodies. Philadelphia Fire Commissioner Adam Thiel added they had made two attempts to rescue someone they saw trapped, but the fire was too intense and collapsing buildings pushed the victim away from them, according to Philadelphia's FOX 29.
Philadelphia's Red Paw Relief Team said that one dog and one cat remained unaccounted for as of Friday.
The explosion leveled three houses and significantly damaged two others around 11:36 a.m. at South 8th and South Franklin streets. Sixty people on the block were evacuated as nearly 120 firefighters battled the raging fires for hours.
"We believe now that we have pretty good confidence that there are two people who are missing and presumably deceased," Thiel said Thursday.
Rescuers on Thursday were still putting out "pockets of fire" in the burning homes, which were under control just before 3 p.m., FOX 29 reported. Theil said the charred buildings were too structurally unstable "to put anyone else in there" as day turned to night.
After the fire, Thiel didn't rule out the possibility that additional people may have been trapped in the rubble after walking by on the street when the explosion occurred.
"Don't know what's in the debris field," he said at a news conference Thursday night. “We’re not giving up. We don’t ever give up.”
Theil added that the "herculean" rescue efforts would start up again at first light Friday to remove the debris in the area and search for additional people who may be trapped underneath.
The explosion, described as "a firestorm," sent plumes of smoke that could be seen for miles, as wind gusts reached 20 miles an hour.
"It sounded like a bomb exploded," one witness told Philadelphia's WPVI-TV.
A reception center at South Philadelphia High School was available for anyone affected by the fire. The Red Cross had been on the scene to provide aid as needed.


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text:
The Nationality Law of the Republic of China () regulates citizenship in the Republic of China (Taiwan). It was first promulgated by the Nationalist Government on February 5, 1929 and revised by the Taipei-based Legislative Yuan in 2000, 2001, and 2006.
In the original version of the law citizenship could only be passed from father to child. However, the law was revised in 2000 to allow citizenship to be passed on from either parents, taking effect on those born after February 9, 1980 (those under age 20 at the time of the promulgation).
The Act does not restrict ROC citizens from becoming dual nationals of other countries. Dual nationals are however restricted by Article 20 from holding most public offices. Indeed many immigrants to the ROC give up their original nationality, obtain ROC citizenship, then apply again for their original nationality—which some countries will restore, some after a waiting period. This entire process is fully legal under ROC law, though statistics are not available regarding how many people do this.
Many countries permit dual citizenship. Some, e.g., in the case of Japan, or the case of Singapore, or in the case of Norway do not. For those that do not, the goal to restrict multiple allegiances is generally bidirectional, without distinction according to who is already a citizen made by Article 9.
The rationale behind this extension of the principle of jus sanguinis to almost all Chinese regardless of their countries of residence, as well as the recognition of dual citizenships, is to acknowledge the support given by overseas Chinese historically to the Kuomintang regime, particularly during the Republican Revolution of 1911.
However, in practice, exercise of other citizenship benefits, such as suffrage, labor rights, and access to national health insurance, requires possession of the Republic of China National Identification Card, which is only issued to persons with household registration in the Taiwan Area. ROC nationals who do not hold household registration in Taiwan have no automatic right to stay in Taiwan. Similarly, some British passport holders do not have the right of abode in the UK. See British nationality law.

domain: law


“It’s Too Hot For Revolution” is now available as a CD and red vinyl edition EP with digital download card. A special collection of 50 hand-numbered records was released at Lawndale Art Center on March 3, 2017, as part of the SPEAKEASY program.
“It’s Too Hot for Revolution” is a personal triumph for Mydolls whose members survived cancer and experienced the loss of guitarist Kathy Johnston during the making of the album. Revolution blends classic punk protest anthems such as “Politician” with poetry such as Charles Bukowski’s “Fair Stand the Fields of France.” Also featured on the album are guest guitarist Dan Workman of SugarHill Recording Studios on “For Her” and bassist Dianna Ray’s dog, Amos, providing backing vocals on “Politician.” The album was engineered by Andy Bradley at SugarHill Recording Studios and Sound Arts Recording Studios, and features artwork by Jack Livingston.
Digital Download Card:
Vinyl and CDs are currently available in these local record stores:
San Antonio: Hogwild Records
Austin: End of an Ear
LISTEN TO “I USED TO NOT READ”:


Beyonce had a scary encounter with an overexcited fan during her Sao Paulo, Brazil show on Sunday, Sept. 15, 2013. KEEP READING
DAILY FIRST // Monday, 09.16.13
Britney Spears is working to get you back in da club with her new dance track Work B**ch. KEEP READING
You Gotta See This!
Miss New York, Nina Davuluri, made history on Sunday night, Sept. 15, 2013, when she became the first American of Indian descent to be crowned Miss America. KEEP READING
The honeymoon isn't over for these stars! Click the pics to see the celebs who said their "I dos" this year. KEEP READING
Would you wear this?KEEP READING


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Stock Photo by Jeff Barrett
The Green River Pirates are looking to improve this season after they went 2-6 in region play and 11-16 last season. The Pirates have a young squad this year and though there are nine returning players, only three of them are seniors.
Returning is versatile guard and forward Luis Hernandez. Hernandez led the team in points per game, free throw percentage and overall points last year. Also returning is guard Raul Mendoza, who led the team in assists per game and overall assists. Last of the three seniors returning is forward Ryker Meadows, who led the team in steals per game and overall steals.
The Pirates will have some tough region opponents with Monticello and Pinnacle going 7-1 in region play last season. They are looking to go further in the playoffs this year after a disappointing loss to Manilla, ending their 2022-23 season.
The boys’ basketball team will be the lone sports team at Green River High School this winter as the girls’ basketball season was cancelled at the school. Be sure to support the Pirates this season at their home games, this first of which will be on Jan. 6.

domain: news


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- Independence Day Heightens Wildfire Risk
- Could Tropical Storm Bonnie bring rain to South Texas? Here's the forecast for the July 4th weekend
- Tropical Storm Bonnie forms in Caribbean Sea
- Flooding, pollution more likely to occur in Houston minority communities
- Flooding and pollution in minority communities, and the impact of minority-owned businesses (June 30, 2022)
More rain could be in our future, San Antonio.
The National Weather Service says counties surrounding the Alamo City will see isolated to scattered showers and storms on Thursday, according to the latest forecast.

domain: geography


How to create a test scenario?
A test scenario is crucial for systematizing and normalizing the testing procedure. However, its definition is very broad – industry experts view a test scenario in many different ways. It is worth making it responsive to the needs of a specific project and testing as many interactions as possible. At the same time, it is worth considering the direction in which our tests are going – whether we are testing separate scenarios (a given element of system operation) or comprehensive paths through the software.
Why is the test scenario so important?
Structuring the test procedure translates into its effectiveness. Comprehensive test design in such a way that as many interactions as possible can be tested gives us a very realistic picture of how a given piece of software works. A test scenario should allow us to test many different test cases, rather than one specific software function. This is a solution that is very commonly used for various types of software. Both the web application tester, as well as the mobile application tester and many other experts seeking to test the functionality of a piece of given software will often choose a scenario adapted to their specific task.
Test scenario design and execution – what should they include?
We should start creating a test scenario by thinking about what we are testing – what is the purpose of our test. At this stage, we promise to set a clear framework for the test – when we can consider the test a success and when we can consider it a failure. At the same time, when designing the test scenario, we need to keep in mind the difference between synthetic testing and the real use of the software by users. The next stage is to execute the tests. To make this possible, it is necessary to prepare a test procedure. As part of the scenario, it is also worth detailing the various interactions and how they should take place. If we are testing whether an application allows us, for example, to place a product in the shopping cart, a positive test result will be a situation in which the information about the presence of this item in the cart is saved, and a negative one will be a situation in which it is not saved. While this is obvious, including such information in the design of the test scenario can be considered good practice – it helps to maintain a certain consistency and transparency in the scenario. However, it is optional – an experienced software tester can abandon this type of practice altogether.
Creation of a test scenario that meets the needs of the software in question
Most experienced testers use their knowledge of the functionality of a particular type of software to create a scenario to help successfully verify the effectiveness of a piece of given software. In the case of testers from asperIT, the contractor using their services does not have to create a ready-made test scenario, and can rely on customizing it to fit the specific features of its product.


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Pose + Revok: First show in the Middle East
American graffiti artists Pose + Revok will be making their first appearance in the region tonight. The famed pair, who have had sold out shows in Miami, New York and Detroit are hot property in the US and tonight, by invitation only, you will be able to see an exhibition of their work in Dubai.
The artists, who painted huge mural for Manhattan’s famous Houston Bowery Wall (pictured) will be appearing for a joint show to The Mine in Al Quoz.
The first in part of a three-day event that fuses art, music, fashion and culinary creations, Pose + Revok’s show is an exciting addition to the growing street art scene in Dubai.
The Mine is a creative space that opened last year and it facilitates access to artwork by local and international emerging artists.
* The Mine is located at Street 8, Warehouse 38, Al Quoz 1, Dubai (Exit 43 - Al Manara Road). For more info call (04) 3791704.


UNT Libraries Government Documents Department - 2 Matching Results
- Preliminary Design Requirements Argonne Boiling Reactor (ARBOR) Facility
- From Introduction: "Descriptions of the functional requirements of the facility, together with preliminary concepts of methods for meeting them, are presented in this prospectus."
- Addendum to Hazard Summary Report Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II)
- Report containing hazard and safety information regarding the Experimental Breeder Reactor-II in Idaho.


We would like to thank our sponsors, speakers and partners for helping to make the 25th Anniversary Bridges conference and exhibition such a great success!
"An excellent event, professionally organised and a must for everyone associated with the bridges sector." W.D.M, 2017 Exhibitor.
Date for your Diary - Bridges 2018, 14th March, The Ricoh Arena, Coventry
For 25 years, the Bridges conference has driven technical knowledge, debate and discussion at the heart of Europe's bridge community.
The 2018 conference will focus on delivering a number of informative sessions detailing all the latest thinking through a number of technical sessions and case studies. The annual event brings together some of the sharpest minds in the bridge sector to debate and discuss all the latest challenges and opportunities for bridge engineers and managers.
Key topics for 2018 will include:
- Latest trends and developments in planning, financing and building bridges in the UK
- New guidance on steel bridge specification
- Managing assets – how new technology can help bridge owners keep on top of this crucial task
- Find out what happens when you design a bridge in one of the most exposed locations in the UK
- The advent of ‘digital’ bridges – and what it means for you
- Case studies highlighting ongoing bridge projects in the UK and overseas
Follow the debate on Twitter
The Bridges 2017 speaker line-up included representatives from Atkins Global, Network Rail, Bill Harvey Associates, Freyssinet, Tony Gee & Partners, Aecom, Mott MacDonald, Cumbria MBC, Royal Haskoning DHV, University of Cambridge, Transport Scotland, Amey, Bridge Owners Forum, Mouchel, Jacobs, Leonhardt Andra & Partners and more.


Things to Note When Finding HVAC Repair Service
You can find an HVAC system in all building that you can visit. Just like any other system thus systems gets old and ineffective as well. You are forced to hire HVAC renovation firm once your air conditioning does not function as perfectly. There are air conditioning renovation firms that you can hire. There fact that there are many air condition renovation firms today many people experience some difficulties in hiring one. There are aspects that you need to follow when hiring an HVAC repair service. From the article below you can find more information in the top tips that you need to follow when finding heating, ventilation, and air condition repair service.
First, you need to ponder the professionalism of the HVAC repair service. Only the competent persons can manage to work on damaged air condition machine. In this case, you need to go to the nearby heating and air repair service and ask for credentials to be sure they are qualified to offer this service. The well-trained heating and air conditioning repair service can repair the machine perfect to make sure that it can function again and for a couple of years.
Secondly, pay some attention to the wage of the potential HVAC repair service. Different air conditioning service near meservices have different charges on the same services. This requires you to follow up and ensure that you work with a company you can afford to pay. Therefore, start by budgeting and get to know the money that you have to second on this service. Here, go to many HVAC repair services and find about their wages. Do you know that you can meet all the ac repair companies just to find that they have unaffordable wage? You need to negotiate for this service since you cannot live without fresh air in your premises. You can easily evade monetary problems once you get a discount and the firm can now range near your budget.
Finally, you need to ponder the success rate of the HVAC repair service. You need to choose an HVAC repair service with a positive repute. No doubt that the air condition remodeling form with an ideal repute are effective in these roles. You need to follow up and ensure that you work with an HVAC repair service with a positive repute. Here you need to start by investigating more about the air condition renovation firm. The individuals who have worked with the company in the recent past an give you more details regarding the status of the renovating firm. You still can get more details on social media pages.


ATLANTIC CITY, N.J., Oct. 28. -After a playoff of a tie, Maxwell R. Marston of Baltusrol, New Jersey's golf champion, wen the medal in the eighteen-hole qualifying round of the open tournament on the links of the Country Club of Atlantic City today. There would not have been need for a playoff had Marston not missed an easy putt on the home green. View Full Article in Timesmachine »
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While they didn’t indulge in any romantic behaviour, that’s not unusual for the extremely private pair who have mostly shied away from being openly affectionate in front of others.
In fact, throughout the five years they’ve been together, the only time Holmes and Foxx have been spotted kissing was during a romantic beach date in 2017. No doubt one of the most discrete couples in Hollywood, they’ve made a conscious effort to keep the intimate details of their romance a secret, even going to extreme lengths – including wearing disguises – to keep things under wraps.
Despite remaining coy about their love for one another, Foxx and Holmes were at the centre of break-up rumours last month after eyewitnesses told Hollywood Life website that the Academy Award-winning actor – who was performing at the third annual Entertainment Studios Oscar Gala Supporting Children’s Hospital Los Angeles – “told the crowd he’s single” and “had a lot of women on stage and danced with them.” Shortly after, Us Weekly backed up the claims, adding: “It was very nonchalant, while he was referring to married and single couples, he just dropped the line, ‘I’m single.’ ”
Foxx and Holmes, who have been have been dating since October 2013, went public with their romance a little over a year after Holmes finalised her divorce from Tom Cruise, with whom she shares daughter Suri, 12. Foxx has two daughters, Corinne, 25, and Annalise, 9, from previous relationships with Connie Kline and Kristin Grannis.
You can find the exclusive pics of the pair in the park, go to this week's issue of WHO magazine.

domain: entertainment


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The cbd available in the market is mostly in the form of oil. The cbd oil is available in the form of oils, tinctures, capsules and creams. A recent invention in cbd scene is oil soluble cbd. Users must not confuse oil cbd with mixing cbd oil in oil. Oil soluble cbd is available in the form of cbd granules which easily dissolve in oil to create oil cbd. There are some brands in the market that directly sell the oil infused with cbd nano particles, while others sell cbd granules which can be mixed in oil by the users. The main feature of this type of cbd is that it easily gets absorbed in to the blood stream and gives faster results. This oil can also be added to beverages such as tea and coffee or any food preparation.
- It is very useful for athletes, who suffer from inflammation and stress due to their rigorous training schedules and competitions. By consuming oil infused with cbd the athletes can get relief from constant pain and also fasten the recovery period from injuries.
- It can be used as an anti tumour medication. Since cbd is known to have anti tumour properties, patients can consume cannabis online regularly and stay safe from cancer.
- Cbd is proved to be of great benefit for patients suffering from epilepsy and seizures. Cbd infused oil can help these patients to reduce the seizures as they can consume the oil regularly irrespective of whether they are in a meeting or a class.
- This oil can help patients suffering with different types of anxieties such as social anxiety. Obsessive compulsive disorder and others to overcome their problem.
- The cbd infused oil can be consumed in many ways like drinking the oil directly, adding it to your beverages for a morning fix of cbd or using the oil to prepare food.
- The last but very important advantage of this oil is since the dosage of cbd in oil is pre determined, the users need not worry about the dose of cbd and happily consume the oil to get their regular fix of cbd and enjoy its benefits.
Owing to so many benefits and the ease in using, oil infused with cbd is gaining popularity in recent times around the world. Users of this oil also claim of faster results because cbd dissolved in oil is easily absorbed by the body. There are different brands available in the market providing different concentrations of cbd in oil.

domain: medical


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Description: Ramher randa funny comedy chutklepk mobile9991166946
Ramher randa funny comedy chutkle.mp4 - Download MP3 music or MP4 video:
Ram Mehar Randa Sagaai Aale Kit Marge Haryanavi Comedy 02 desi fun maja mazaak hansi halla gulla dhamaal kilkari raula rola chutkale haryanvi dehati funny haryana ghar maina cassettes sonotek video Haryanvi Songs Haryana, a beautiful tiny place on earth, lies in North-West India. Haryanvi People are known for their quick reply, hajir jawabi. The culture of Haryana is very rich in every sense by the ages. Today the one of biggest trait of Haryana is music, Haryanvi music. Haryanvi folk music is highly rhythmic and very diverse. The contemporary Haryanvi music not just enriched by mixing up new tunes and beats of foreign music to Haryanvi music but it is extremely enriched by its origin. Though, new dimensions have been added to folk Haryanvi music, in order to make Haryanvi music an International music. Haryanvi people are very hard working and possessive, Haryanvi music artist and singers do hard work and researches on music. The history of Haryana has clear evidence of great music of Haryana. Haryana has produced many enormous, folk Haryanvi artists that rocked the whole world not just India some of the greatest singers are Lakhami Chand, rajkishan agwanpuria, Rajender Kharkiya, Birpal Kharkiya, Master Satbir, Gajender Phogat, Subhash Fauji, Karambir Foji, vijay verma, Jhandu, Narender Balhara, Rajesh Singhpuria, Upasna Sharma, Meenu Choudhry, Annu Kadian, Anand Panchal, Satpal Rohtiya, sarita chodhary, neelam chodhary, rajbala ragni, nardev, lalita, Vikas Kumar, hat ja ...
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Only one constitutional amendment moves in Senate
By MATT HOPF
The Illinois Senate wants to take another crack at requiring aspiring judges to have more experience, but several other ideas to change the state Constitution are in trouble with a deadline looming.
Senate Joint Resolution Constitutional Amendment 120 was the only amendment out of seven to advance Monday from a Senate subcommittee.
The proposal, which was already voted on and stalled in the House this spring, would require candidates for judicial seats to have 10 to 15 years experience as a licensed lawyer.
“The intent is to limit the ability of lawyers who have been licensed for one, two or three years who run on the basis of ballot position and a nice-sounding last name,” said Sen. Don Harmon, D-Oak Park, who sponsors the idea and heads the subcommittee.


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this banana bread is one of the best i’ve ever made. i have been looking for years for a great banana bread recipe: not too dry, but not artificially moist. for some odd reason or another, it has eluded me. this recipe is from bakesale betty, a great little bakery and sandwich shop we were taken to on our last trip cali. it is made with honey, cane sugar, AND brown sugar. but that’s not what made it sweet. this is. i would like for you to make a loaf of this bread and while it cools get yourself a nice cup of tea or coffee, whatever you like, and take a few quiet moments to read this story by a fellow blogger. i found it to be a moving account of life’s to-and-fro’s.
banana bread with cinnamon crumble topping (makes 1 loaf)
adapted from sweet amandine/bakesale betty/bon appetit
to toast walnuts, place in a single layer on baking sheet in a 350 degree oven. check and stir every 1-2 minutes. if you don’t set a timer, they will most likely burn. no matter how you try to tell yourself you will remember, you will not.
for the bread:
1 1/2 cups unbleached all-purpose flour
1 cup granulated sugar (i use organic evaporated cane juice sugar)
1 tsp ground cinnamon
1 tsp baking soda
1/2 tsp salt
1 cup mashed ripe banana (about 2 medium)
2 large eggs
1/2 cup vegetable oil
1/4 cup honey
1/4 cup water
1/2 cup toasted walnuts (optional, but not optional for me)
for the topping:
1 tbsp granulated sugar
1 1/2 tbsp golden brown sugar
1 tsp ground cinnamon
preheat oven to 350F. butter and flour a 9x5x3 inch loaf pan. mix together topping ingredients in a small bowl and set aside.
in a medium bowl, mix togther flour, 1 cup sugar, 1 tsp cinnamon, baking soda and salt. in a large bowl, whisk together the banana, eggs, vegetable oil, honey and water until smooth. add the dry ingredients to the wet ingredients in 2-3 increments and stir until just combined. do not overmix. add nuts, if using. pour into prepared loaf pan. spoon cinnamon topping over batter.
bake for about 1 hour or until toothpick inserted into center of loaf comes out clean (a good rule of thumb is to start checking every 5 minutes after the first 45-50 minutes). cool in the pan on a wire rack for 30 minutes, then turn out onto cooling rack, being careful not to dislodge too much of the topping.
p.s. and just so you know, she is alive and well and recovering at home, and even twittering about it. i know there was a collective sigh of relief with that first tweet.

domain: food


I recently updated my windows version from 8 to 8.1. After the update I stopped seeing wifi network and tried to resolve this issue. But not I can't boot my PC. It says "boot device not found". Please what do I do? I'm frustrated right now.
Step 3: Test the hard drive using HP PC Hardware Diagnostics UEFI
Step 4: Re-seat the hard drive (here's a generic video that shows how to re-seat the drive: Click here) > 3F0 error represent a hardware malfunction, a reseat should help, if it doesn't or you aren't comfortable, please Contact HP as the next step will not help.
Step 5: Perform an HP System Recovery
If none of the above actions resolved the error condition, back up your personal data and then perform an HP System Recovery on the notebook. See one of the following documents for instructions:


A proposal to provide free health care for everyone in America is catching fire among left-leaning candidates who want to see sweeping changes to the health system.
The bills that would move the United States to a single-payer health system — dubbed “Medicare for all” by supporters — are short on details, but it’s clear that they would create a radical shift for patients, doctors and employers.
Medicare for all is a long way from being law, but it is an idea voters can expect to hear more about.
Kara Eastman, the Democratic House candidate in the Omaha-based 2nd District, is at the forefront of this movement. Eastman made the proposal into a central theme of her primary campaign and says she plans to keep pushing it in her general election campaign against Republican Rep. Don Bacon.
Eastman sees Medicare for all as a winning idea that will appeal to voters concerned about losing health care benefits, or never having them at all. But Bacon says it’s a proposal that will cast Eastman as too liberal for a district with many people working in the insurance industry.
The most prominent of the proposals would mean the U.S. adopts a single-payer system in which Americans would not rely on private insurance — an industry that employs about 33,000 in Nebraska. Instead, the government would reimburse doctors for providing health care, in most cases at no costs to the patient.
[Read more: What we know and don't know about Medicare for all]
“It would be monumental,” said Chuck Olson, an Omaha health insurance broker who opposes the change to what also is called a single-payer system.
As of 2016, about 56 percent of people got private health insurance through an employer. All of those people — along with the more than 16 percent who buy private individual plans — would be transitioned to the new government system. Health insurance would no longer be a factor in choosing, or staying with, a job or career based on benefits packages.
The estimated 37 percent of people who are already on government-run plans — Medicare, Medicaid or military insurance — also would see their coverage change under the current Medicare-for-all proposals.
Olson and other critics argue that patients would see the government making decisions about what treatments are acceptable. “I think anytime government steps in, the unfortunate thing is they don’t seem to do a very good job of sticking with their promises,” Olson said.
But those who favor the policy say insurance companies already make decisions about patient care. They say that under a single-payer system, patients wouldn’t have to worry about the cost but instead could focus on the quality of care.
Sen. Bernie Sanders, a longtime proponent of a single-payer system, has offered a bill that would require every American to get care through a government-run system that would be based on Medicare. The idea is that everyone is entitled to free health care with no premiums, deductibles or other costs.
The new system, as envisioned by Sanders, would go far beyond the existing Medicare program for people who are 65 and older or disabled; the goal would be to cover nearly every medical problem. In fact, both bills in Congress would make private insurance illegal, though they would allow the purchase of supplemental insurance.
Opponents paint a bleak picture of health care shortages and government interference with doctors’ decisions.
“It would change the health system detrimentally across the board,” said Rob Rhodes, a family physician in Lincoln who’s the head of the Nebraska Medical Association.
Rhodes argues that patients need to have a financial stake in their health care so they take ownership of their well-being.
The Medicare for all concept is not any more popular among Republicans than the Affordable Care Act.
Republicans argue that the ACA has driven up premium costs and that the answers lie in the free market and pushing control to the state level.
Bacon voted to repeal the ACA. He, like Eastman, sees rising health care costs as a major problem.
But to him, the solutions lie in more piecemeal changes to health care, such as allowing small businesses or others to create pools to purchase insurance with better rates, allowing insurers to sell policies across state lines, or limiting the financial impact of medical malpractice lawsuits.
Bacon says he wants to preserve the ACA’s protections for pre-existing conditions coverage, from coverage caps and for coverage of young adults to age 26.
For proponents of Medicare for all, like Eastman, the whole point is to make a massive change. And they say that free government-supplied health care would lead to healthier Americans and a cheaper overall system.
“The system does need an overhaul,” Eastman said. “I think most people agree with that. The system is broken.”
Eastman often tells the story of her mother, who before her death was spending $800 per month on pills as part of her cancer treatment, which were not covered by Medicare or even a supplemental policy. Eastman’s argument is that even Medicare is not sufficient, and that people should not have to pay out of pocket for health care in the United States.
“In the wealthiest country in the world, I think this is something we can afford, and the cost-benefit of it would be tremendous,” Eastman said.
She’s also in favor of taking steps toward this system, such as allowing people to buy into the existing Medicare system. (This was the approach favored by her primary opponent, Brad Ashford, who Eastman cast as not progressive enough on health care issues.)
Politically, support of a single-payer system is growing among Democrats nationally.
“Democrats are becoming more comfortable and confident in talking about Medicare for all or sometimes a single-payer system without using that language specifically,” said Nathan Gonzalez, editor and publisher of Inside Elections, which provides nonpartisan analysis of campaigns.
“Democrats are emboldened by what Republicans have done to health care in the last year and a half. Democrats believe they have the upper hand on the issue.”
Medicare-for-all candidates have won primaries not just in Nebraska but also in California and New York.
The Nebraska Democratic Party just last month adopted Medicare for all as part of its official 2018 platform.


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One City One Pride: LGBTQ Arts Festival
Get ready for 40 Days of LGBTQ Arts in WeHo! One City One Pride (May 22 through June 30) is an arts festival of mostly free events held in WeHo that celebrate Pride month. Enjoy interactive, performing and visual arts all around town.
One City, One Pride’s theme “I Remember” – honors our shared history, and the people and events that paved the way for the rights we hold dear today.
- June 19: Celebration Theatre Chuck Rowland Award: Billy Porter
- June 20: Screening of “When Bette Met Mae,” about the first meeting of Bette Davis and Mae West at a dinner party in West Hollywood
- June 22-23: New Stages present Heroic Lives, an original musical based on the life stories of, and performed by, LGBTQ seniors
- June 24: Summer Sounds concert with Mariachi Arcoiris, the world’s only LGBTQ mariachi
- June 25: Women in Film: “Jewel’s Catch One”
- June 26: Lambda Lit Book Club
- June 27: Outfest West Hollywood Series: Community Collaborator Film Guide Review
- June 30: TransLifeLA PoPUp Film Festival
Visual Arts Exhibitions You Can’t Miss!
- Adelaide Drive: Christopher Isherwood and Don Bachardy – artwork by Wayne Shimabukuro and Don Bachardy at the West Hollywood Library (on view all of May and June)
- Lost & Found: Safer Sex Activism – ONE Gallery, 626 N Robertson Blvd. (on view all of May and June)
- Rashaad Newsome – digital billboard artwork (between advertisements) on the Sunset Strip
- Do You: Memoirs of the Promethean Sisters – an exhibit and shrine to performer Leigh Bowery (June 25-29)
- Heroes and History of the LGBTQ Civil Rights Movement – on temporary construction fencing at 8120 Santa Monica Blvd. (on view all of May and June)


Exciting plans to create a new pocket park, improve green spaces and the market place are currently being developed as part of Gainsborough’s town centre regeneration programme.
West Lindsey District Council has appointed Dom Latham Ltd to carry out surveys of land at Caskgate Street and the Market Place. Surveyors will assess the opportunities and understand any possible issues at the sites.
They will carry out the work on Monday 12 September until Friday 16 September. During this time motorists are advised that traffic management arrangements will be in place whilst the surveys take place. This is to provide a safe environment for the workers to carry out the crucial work.
As previously reported, we launched the £18 million Thriving Gainsborough 2024 project, which builds on the Invest Gainsborough Programme of work. The plans were given a huge boost thanks to £10 million grant awarded to us from Central Government, as part of the Levelling up Programme.
Leader of the Council, Councillor Owen Bierley is delighted that preliminary work is set to take place for the park and green spaces in the town. He said: “Our future ‘Thriving Gainsborough 2024’ programme presents a great opportunity to deliver on West Lindsey District Council’s ambition for the next phase of Gainsborough’s growth.
“Work is being done to create a green public realm – including a new Pocket Park along the riverside, improvements to the existing park and redesigning the use and streetscape of the Market Place.
“The creation of the new parks and improved green spaces in the heart of the town will be brilliant places for our communities to enjoy, and regenerating the town centre will mean that residents will have less need to travel out of town for leisure and shopping.”
As part of the work, we will be consulting with members of the public who currently use the spaces to see how they would like to use them going forward.
To keep up to date with all the projects follow us on @InvestGainsboro or you can find out more information on the Invest Gainsborough website.