text:
There is widespread community transmission globally.
Some travel restrictions are being lifted in Germany. For the latest travel status, please check the official page for Germany.
No, there is no direct train from Sheffield to Bremen. However, there are services departing from Sheffield and arriving at Bremen Hbf via London St Pancras Eurostar, Brussel-Zuid / Bruxelles-Midi and Koeln Hbf. The journey, including transfers, takes approximately 11h 41m.More details
The distance between Sheffield and Bremen is 684 km.
Sheffield to Bremen train services, operated by East Midlands Railways, depart from Sheffield station.More details
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Bremen is 1h ahead of Sheffield. It is currently 4:59 AM in Sheffield and 5:59 AM in Bremen.
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The Texas death metal band Abolishment of Flesh began life in 2006 under the name Abolishment, but after releasing a demo and a 2008 album the name was changed, and on April 20th Unholy Anarchy will release the first full-length under the band’s current name. Entitled The Inhuman Condition, it’s an 11-track assault that comes highly recommended for fans of Cattle Decapitation and Suffocation.
Today we’re bringing you an exclusive stream of the album’s opening track, “Inhuman Anatomy“. It will require only about three minutes of your time, but it will nonetheless leave you battered and breathless. Continue reading »


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Intimate dating encompass physical and emotional telecommunications. For some people, closeness is not difficult. For other people, it does bring about opinion and you may habits that produce intimacy uncomfortable. There are intimacy conditions that can cause activities into the romantic relationships. There are also of a lot closeness problems that are not rooted in phobias or about issues.
Certain closeness problems skin whenever two will get intimately productive. Particular difficulties surface when several will get psychologically sexual. Some couples start to feel intimacy things because they mature, and is because of health problems or emotional and you will mental affairs.
Regardless of the severity of the situation, there is assist. Both, studying prominent intimacy factors may help individuals and couples works thanks to the trouble. Eg, you suggests illnesses that are causing chaos on the intercourse existence. Or, you might be into the a period out of despair otherwise nervousness you to negatively influences your relationship. Seeking an experienced therapist or lovers therapist may help put closeness troubles towards position which help you and your spouse select the solutions and make changes to raised the connection.
Concern about Intimacy
Concern about intimacy would be a social fear. Closeness activities may stem from an anxiety that makes it difficult to setting romantic, sexual relationships. People with a concern with intimacy fighting personal dating, even in their particular friends. This disorder is comparable to mature connection idea. There are many reasons for this problem, as well as a good neglectful or abusive youngsters and you may stress.
Those who have trouble with an anxiety about intimacy battle trusting he could be worth like and steer clear of others away from anxiety off getting rejected. Most other symptoms include attitude out of vulnerability, aches with https://besthookupwebsites.net/catholic-singles-review/ attitude, extreme privacy, becoming extremely sensitive to grievance and you can difficulties interacting thinking. Such periods can vary away from limited in order to severe and you can impede an enthusiastic person’s power to form long-lasting intimate relationships.
Writing on a concern about intimacy needs more than a feel of your own disease. This matter helps it be difficult to function a romance that have a therapist, that can be very important to overcoming this matter. Step one is to get a therapist or psychologist. Chat Treatment therapy is one kind of therapy which are brought. In case your problem is even more requiring, medicines can help help peaceful the newest anxiety and come up with it better to do speak procedures.
Popular Closeness Facts And how to Deal with Him or her
Societal panic attacks may affect intimacy. A similar advice, routines and you may ideas which might be linked to social panic attacks is also seep into dependent matchmaking and you can trigger closeness issues. Avoidant practices was one to manifestation of social nervousness that cause closeness issues. Intimate communication is something that needs believe. The brand new invite to trust can produce a sense of susceptability one was similar to new thoughts and feelings that is included with social stress diseases.
The best way to keep public anxiety out-of affecting intimacy should be to look for let with the stress disease. Those who have societal stress are more likely to suffer of anxiety about closeness too. It is vital to work through negative thoughts and emotions as it body. Cures is amongst the fundamental habits one to stem from nervous opinion regarding the getting rejected or anxiety about susceptability.
The best way to deal with this type of anxious view and you will thoughts is always to try to recognize her or him for what he is; he or she is centered on worry perhaps not truth. A beneficial therapist will help by speaking thanks to negative thoughts and feelings while they facial skin.
Linking having an experienced specialist might be an important step up beating societal anxiety disorder or other intimacy things. Private and you can couples counseling is actually both forms of medication that assist. Researchers at the Mayo Clinic found that a lot of people having social panic attacks discover improve owing to psychotherapy and you may talk medication. If or not you will find a region therapist or an online specialist, then it the best method for you otherwise him or her.

domain: psychology


The Apple VR headset has been in development for years. It is currently believed to be launched in 2022, with plenty of rumors about specs and target audience.
Bloomberg’s Mark Gurman shares his hopes for “the mighty features of Apple’s mixed reality headset” in this week’s Power On newsletter (the full version is available to members only). In this he predicts a standalone headset that does not need to be connected to an iPad, Macbook or iPhone, but also that it is mainly aimed at gamers.
“Gaming should be a strong focus of the headset,” Gurman said, “especially since it will have multiple processors, a fan, extremely high-resolution displays and its own App Store. It suits Apple to have the device as a dream come true. game developers.”
According to many, Apple’s new product will be a headset for mixed reality, enabling augmented reality (AR) experiences, but the headset would also be suitable for impressive VR.
According to an earlier report by reliable analyst Ming-Chi Kuo, the headset would feature a pair of 4K OLED screens from Sony and be powered by a version of the M1 chipset that we also see in the most recent iPad Pro.
That’s a higher class chipset than you’ll find in the iPhones. The Apple VR headset may be more powerful than the iPhone 14, which may be announced around the same time.
That chipset is an important detail. Apple has already made a few forays into the gaming world, such as with the updated Apple TV 4K and the Apple Arcade subscription that launched in 2019. With a wide range of quality games for iOS, it makes sense that Apple makes sure that whatever hardware they bring to the market can handle those games.
Analysis: who will be the leader among VR headsets
Of course there is already a frontrunner among VR headsets: Oculus.
While the Oculus brand is part of Facebook’s ‘Meta’ rebrand, it’s still a consumer favorite of VR. The Oculus Quest 2 is by far the most favored VR headset on the market today, thanks to a competitive price of $349 and a rapidly growing library of games and apps on the Oculus platform.
Apple, as always, wants to make its own version of this concept so that it feels completely like an Apple. But we still wonder who the new Apple headset is intended for.
Previous leaks have put the list price of the Apple VR headset at $3,000, while Gurman simply says the device will be “pricey” compared to current competitors. Recently, rumors emerged that the price would be $1000. After the failure of the expensive Magic Leap One AR headset, it would be strange if a
major player like Apple is trying to target the higher segment of the market.
Apple, of course, has an excellent reputation and billions of users around the world. But because Oculus is pretty much synonymous with VR, it’s going to be tough for Apple to do a proper battle… especially not with the pricing rumors we’ve heard so far.
If Apple launched its product and then offered more attractively priced models, it could be possible for Apple to forge a foothold in the world of VR. As long as Apple VR remains a premium product, few will be willing to play VR games on an Apple headset, and very few developers will be willing to invest the time and energy to serve such a small audience.
The real “game developers dream” is not just good hardware, but above all an audience that can appreciate the games.


CoachTuner is a FREE chromatic instrument tuner that allows you to quickly tune your guitar, bass and ukulele using the built-in mic of your iPhone/iPad/iPod. CoachTuner can tune acoustic or electric guitar, bass, ukulele. It's easy to use for beginners and it's Free.
*** How to use CoachTuner ? ***
The open strings of a guitar from the thickest to thinest are as follows:
E – the thickest or lowest sounding string is known as the 6th string
A – is the 5th
D – is the 4th
G – is the 3rd
B – is the 2nd
E – the thinest or highest is the 1st
- First, play your low E string (6th string), the arrow must be in the middle and the text "E" and "OK" must be displayed
- Play your low A string (5th string), the arrow must be in the middle and the text "A" and "OK" must be displayed
- Play your low D string (4th string), the arrow must be in the middle and the text "D" and "OK" must be displayed
- Play your low G string (3th string), the arrow must be in the middle and the text "G" and "OK" must be displayed
- Play your low B string (2th string), the arrow must be in the middle and the text "B" and "OK" must be displayed
- Play your high E string (1th string), the arrow must be in the middle and the text "E" and "OK" must be displayed
The mechanics of tuning a guitar are simple. To adjust the pitch of a string, turn the string’s corresponding tuning key on the head of the guitar.
- Guitar, bass and Ukulele Tuner easy for Beginners and accurate for Pros
- You can unlock tunings (Open, Drop, Modal, etc..)
- Chord Library : fully visual chord library with more than 1500 chords
- Instrumental Jam Tracks to play along, Blues, Rock, Reggae, Jazz, Hard Rock, ....
Follow the instructions on the App to up or down the tension of strings.
Coach Tuner :
*** Developed by Manomaya SA ***
Developer of the first visual method to learn guitar hits with colors CoachGuitar : https//coachguitar.com
- Demo of Coach Guitar Lessons here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3UA3E4YGXA
CoachGuitar App reached Top #1 music app in 11 countries
COACHTUNER PREMIUM ACCESS SUBSCRIPTION
You can subscribe for premium access with the Premium subscription. Once a premium member you get 80 open tunings, the best chords library and best guitar, bass and ukulele tuning service.
- The subscriptions are $7.99 weekly, or $49.99 yearly
- Payment will be charged to iTunes Account at confirmation of purchase
- Subscription automatically renews unless auto-renew is turned off at least 24-hours before the end of the current period
- Account will be charged for renewal within 24-hours prior to the end of the current period at the cost of the chosen package
- Subscriptions may be managed by the user and auto-renewal may be turned off by going to the user's iTunes Store Settings after purchase
- No cancellation of the current subscription is allowed during active subscription period
- Any unused portion of a free trial period, if offered, will be forfeited when the user purchases a subscription to that publication, where applicable
- CoachTuner Premium Pass is an option and the app can be used for free without it
Terms : https://coachguitar.com/tuner/terms/


text: Yellow fever is an acute viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes. Up to 50% of severely affected persons without treatment will die from yellow fever. There are an estimated 200 000 cases of yellow fever, causing 30 000 deaths, worldwide each year. Yellow Fever vaccination is compulsory for all travelers to many countries in Africa & South America. You can get Yellow Fever Vaccination done at our clinic conveniently & quickly. We issue WHO Yellow card immediately that is valid Internationally for 10 years.

domain: biology


A letter of invitation to the 2019 Posi Music Festival
Greetings Unity and New Thought Ministries,
emPower Music & Arts offers an extensive list of church music services and resources to help you strengthen your music ministry. Included in this is the Posi Music Festival, an annual international conference for people interested in New Thought music.
Sue Riley, Richard Mekdeci, Melinda Wood Allen and Russ Hammock bring over 100 combined years of experience and history in Unity, New Thought, and church music ministry into our work at emPower. We are truly dedicated to the growth of our music and our movement.
Besides making available the newest music and music resources on our website throughout the year, we present the Posi Music Festival to offer the ultimate experience for your music director and music team. All of the educational workshops and resources you’ve enjoyed from the 10+ years of Sound Connections (formerly presented by UWM) are combined with the fun and excitement of emPower’s yearly music festival featuring nightly concerts, meet and greets, communal meals and the Annual Posi Music Awards. And we are privileged to have UWM as a proud sponsor of this event.
(Richard) Having recently returned to the arena of field music ministry (Unity Renaissance in Chesapeake, VA – Rev Paula Mekdeci, Sr Minister ), I have experienced first‐hand the importance of staying connected with other music ministers, having access to the latest Posi and New Thought music resources, and keeping my skills honed in areas of copyright, choir, producing special events, self‐care, booking guest artists, song leading, technology and numerous other skills.
The yearly Posi Music Festival is a must do for your entire music team:
- If you are serious about having a thriving dynamic music ministry.
- If you believe compatible, high quality music is an important part of your center’s ministry.
- If you have a music director who is not familiar with our movement’s music, and the artists who make it, or is new to the New Thought movement in general.
- If you wish for your music team to get a first‐hand experience of the power of Positive Music from the artists and songwriters who are creating it.
- If you wish for your music team to get to meet and possibly book those artists at your church.
- If you wish for your music team to return to your ministry energized, enthusiastic and equipped with all the latest music.
Group rates are available for 3 or more people from the same church.
Information for this year's Festival is now available.
Peace and blessings for this year.
Richard Mekdeci, Sue Riley and Russ Hammock, emPower Music & Arts
Posi(Tive) Music Festival, March 28-April 1, 2019, at the Westshore Grand in Tampa, Florida
(Sound Connections Music Conference is concurrent with PosiFest for 2019)
For more information or to register, visit the emPower Music Arts website.
Posi(Tive) Music Festival in Tampa, Fla., will offer lots of great workshops for your Music Ministry!
Sponsored in part by Unity Worldwide Ministries, emPower Music Arts presents this year's Sound Connections experience as part of their Posi(Tive) Music Festival.


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A Hygienic Dog is a Happy Dog
Owning a new dog as an add-on to your family members certainly is an enjoyable process, specifically if they joined the household while they are still young. An additional brilliant point about being inclined to a pet dog is that you also have the ability to obtain dogs in the dog shelter agencies and be able to give it a new home and new treasured pet.
Without a doubt, it is without contest that all pet dogs must live in a dwelling consisting of great people. Pets which have this sort of background can also be known as “giver of love” considering that they carry favourable energy at home and they also show love, helps in alleviating stress and turn into an essential member of the family.
Even so, some dog owners get too weighed down by having a new pet in their homes, sometimes disregarding their pet’s hygiene. Toilet training is an activity that is only typical when the dogs are still young but this document will not tackle this topic considering the fact that this form of training must be taught to a new dog in the house right away. Rather, this document will consist of guidelines and details on how to manage appropriate hygiene and make the dog to have regular healthy routines and to also makes it possible for you to develop into a responsible dog owner. Right grooming and hygiene is also extremely significant primarily when you have little ones at home simply because pets will constantly interact with them and diseases might be passed on to them.
A pet dog has several sets of specifications for its hygiene. The hair of your dog is something that should always be properly groomed depending on the season. During the summer months, you should keep it short to help them to cool off. Dogs that possess long hairs in the summer season can be very uncomfortable with it. Needless to say, the hair will shed in specific times to let for hairs to develop but this will cause massive hairs to in your property.
Just like human nails, dog’s nails must also be trimmed. Simply like the nails of human beings, dog’s nails should also be cut properly. Similar to man, dog’s nails are needed to be trimmed regularly. Dogs whose nails are often trimmed will get a lot of benefits. Also, grimes and dirt getting stuck in long nails can also be avoided.
Due to the fact that dogs are highly vulnerable to obtaining ticks and fleas, take a look at its body carefully in a regular manner and if you find even just a few, try apply tick and flea control for dogs.
It may also be great sleeping next to your pet but your dog should constantly have a specified resting part of your house for hygiene purposes.
Be a deserving owner of your dog and provide it with the most appropriate attention through maintenance of its hygiene.

domain: pet


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1. Click on the "Send" area and enter the amount for which you plan to purchase cryptocurrency.
2. The "Get up to" area will show the approximate number of coins to be received.
3. Make sure that the country where you are located is indicated in the "Country" list.
4. Click the "Search" button and wait for the offers to load.
5. In the list that appears, select the offer that suits you.
6. Click the "BUY" button.
7. Complete the purchase on the partner's website.

domain: geography


text:
We are searching data for your request:
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How can a virus be determined to cause a disease? From other posts I have read here, humans carry hundreds of different strains of viruses. How is a study structured and carried out to determine that one virus is the cause of a disease, and not any of the other viruses present? Any examples of studies are greatly appreciated as well.
A modified form of Koch's postulates is used to guide experiments that establish that a particular virus causes disease.
As a specific example of such a study, the SARS-CoV virus was determined to cause the SARS disease by fulfilling these criteria:
- SARS virus is found in people suffering from SARS, and not found in those who are healthy.
- The virus can be isolated from infected people and grown in cell cultures (here, Vero cells).
- Viruses grown in culture can be reisolated and compared with (and found identical to) the suspected pathogenic virus.
- This isolated virus can re-infect people (or infect model organisms; in this case, a species of macaques).
- Virus in reinfected organisms can be isolated, grown in culture, and found identical to the original pathogen.
- The immune system is observed to respond in similar ways to the infection (pneumonia and lung tissue lesions).
Anatomy and Structure of Viruses
Scientists have long sought to uncover the structure and function of viruses. Viruses are unique in that they have been classified as both living and nonliving at various points in the history of biology. Viruses are not cells but non-living, infectious particles. They are capable of causing a number of diseases, including cancer, in various different types of organisms.
Viral pathogens not only infect humans and animals, but also plants, bacteria, protists, and archaeans. These extremely tiny particles are about 1,000 times smaller than bacteria and can be found in almost any environment. Viruses can not exist independently of other organisms as they must take over a living cell in order to reproduce.
Steps of Virus Infections
A virus must use cell processes to replicate. The viral replication cycle can produce dramatic biochemical and structural changes in the host cell, which may cause cell damage. These changes, called cytopathic (causing cell damage) effects, can change cell functions or even destroy the cell. Some infected cells, such as those infected by the common cold virus known as rhinovirus, die through lysis (bursting) or apoptosis (programmed cell death or “cell suicide”), releasing all progeny virions at once. The symptoms of viral diseases result from the immune response to the virus, which attempts to control and eliminate the virus from the body, and from cell damage caused by the virus. Many animal viruses, such as HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), leave the infected cells of the immune system by a process known as budding, where virions leave the cell individually. During the budding process, the cell does not undergo lysis and is not immediately killed. However, the damage to the cells that the virus infects may make it impossible for the cells to function normally, even though the cells remain alive for a period of time. Most productive viral infections follow similar steps in the virus replication cycle: attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release (Figure 1).
A virus attaches to a specific receptor site on the host cell membrane through attachment proteins in the capsid or via glycoproteins embedded in the viral envelope. The specificity of this interaction determines the host—and the cells within the host—that can be infected by a particular virus. This can be illustrated by thinking of several keys and several locks, where each key will fit only one specific lock.
Link to Learning
This video explains how influenza attacks the body.
The nucleic acid of bacteriophages enters the host cell naked, leaving the capsid outside the cell. Plant and animal viruses can enter through endocytosis, in which the cell membrane surrounds and engulfs the entire virus. Some enveloped viruses enter the cell when the viral envelope fuses directly with the cell membrane. Once inside the cell, the viral capsid is degraded, and the viral nucleic acid is released, which then becomes available for replication and transcription.
Replication and Assembly
The replication mechanism depends on the viral genome. DNA viruses usually use host cell proteins and enzymes to make additional DNA that is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA), which is then used to direct protein synthesis. RNA viruses usually use the RNA core as a template for synthesis of viral genomic RNA and mRNA. The viral mRNA directs the host cell to synthesize viral enzymes and capsid proteins, and assemble new virions. Of course, there are exceptions to this pattern. If a host cell does not provide the enzymes necessary for viral replication, viral genes supply the information to direct synthesis of the missing proteins. Retroviruses, such as HIV, have an RNA genome that must be reverse transcribed into DNA, which then is incorporated into the host cell genome. They are within group VI of the Baltimore classification scheme. To convert RNA into DNA, retroviruses must contain genes that encode the virus-specific enzyme reverse transcriptase that transcribes an RNA template to DNA. Reverse transcription never occurs in uninfected host cells—the needed enzyme reverse transcriptase is only derived from the expression of viral genes within the infected host cells. The fact that HIV produces some of its own enzymes not found in the host has allowed researchers to develop drugs that inhibit these enzymes. These drugs, including the reverse transcriptase inhibitor AZT, inhibit HIV replication by reducing the activity of the enzyme without affecting the host’s metabolism. This approach has led to the development of a variety of drugs used to treat HIV and has been effective at reducing the number of infectious virions (copies of viral RNA) in the blood to non-detectable levels in many HIV-infected individuals.
The last stage of viral replication is the release of the new virions produced in the host organism, where they are able to infect adjacent cells and repeat the replication cycle. As you’ve learned, some viruses are released when the host cell dies, and other viruses can leave infected cells by budding through the membrane without directly killing the cell.
Figure 1. In influenza virus infection, glycoproteins attach to a host epithelial cell. As a result, the virus is engulfed. RNA and proteins are made and assembled into new virions.
Influenza virus is packaged in a viral envelope that fuses with the plasma membrane. This way, the virus can exit the host cell without killing it. What advantage does the virus gain by keeping the host cell alive?
The host cell can continue to make new virus particles.
Link to Learning
Click through a tutorial on viruses, identifying structures, modes of transmission, replication, and more.
Molecular Koch&rsquos Postulates
In 1988, Stanley Falkow (1934&ndash) proposed a revised form of Koch&rsquos postulates known as molecular Koch&rsquos postulates. These are listed in the left column of Table (PageIndex<1>). The premise for molecular Koch&rsquos postulates is not in the ability to isolate a particular pathogen but rather to identify a gene that may cause the organism to be pathogenic.
Falkow&rsquos modifications to Koch&rsquos original postulates explain not only infections caused by intracellular pathogens but also the existence of pathogenic strains of organisms that are usually nonpathogenic. For example, the predominant form of the bacterium Escherichia coli is a member of the normal microbiota of the human intestine and is generally considered harmless. However, there are pathogenic strains of E. coli such as enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (O157:H7) (EHEC). We now know ETEC and EHEC exist because of the acquisition of new genes by the once-harmless E. coli, which, in the form of these pathogenic strains, is now capable of producing toxins and causing illness. The pathogenic forms resulted from minor genetic changes. The right-side column of Table (PageIndex<1>) illustrates how molecular Koch&rsquos postulates can be applied to identify EHEC as a pathogenic bacterium.
|Molecular Koch&rsquos Postulates||Application to EHEC|
|(1) The phenotype (sign or symptom of disease) should be associated only with pathogenic strains of a species.||EHEC causes intestinal inflammation and diarrhea, whereas nonpathogenic strains of E. coli do not.|
|(2) Inactivation of the suspected gene(s) associated with pathogenicity should result in a measurable loss of pathogenicity.||One of the genes in EHEC encodes for Shiga toxin, a bacterial toxin (poison) that inhibits protein synthesis. Inactivating this gene reduces the bacteria&rsquos ability to cause disease.|
|(3) Reversion of the inactive gene should restore the disease phenotype.||By adding the gene that encodes the toxin back into the genome (e.g., with a phage or plasmid), EHEC&rsquos ability to cause disease is restored.|
As with Koch&rsquos original postulates, the molecular Koch&rsquos postulates have limitations. For example, genetic manipulation of some pathogens is not possible using current methods of molecular genetics. In a similar vein, some diseases do not have suitable animal models, which limits the utility of both the original and molecular postulates.
Explain the differences between Koch&rsquos original postulates and the molecular Koch&rsquos postulates.
Figure 1: The influenza reproductive cycle. In influenza virus infection, glycoproteins on the capsid attach to a host epithelial cell. Following this, the virus is engulfed. RNA and proteins are then made and assembled into new virions.
Influenza virus is packaged in a viral envelope that fuses with the plasma membrane. This way, the virus can exit the host cell without killing it. What advantage does the virus gain by keeping the host cell alive?
The host cell can continue to make new virus particles.
Diseases of livestock can be exceedingly interesting models to study virus emergence, given that harmonised international surveillance systems and regulatory frameworks provide opportunities to access field samples with associated metadata across national borders. Here, the BTV-8 European outbreaks provided us with the opportunity to investigate the mechanisms surrounding arbovirus emergence based on a uniquely rich dataset. Our results indicate that the re-emergence of BTV-8 in France in 2015 was caused by a virus that exhibits a lack of evolutionary changes since the first outbreak. This is inconsistent with the prevalent view of undetected low-level circulation of the virus in wild or domestic ruminants between 2010 and 2015, and instead points to another mechanism of emergence.
We showed a large discontinuity in the number of mutations accumulated by BTV-8 between 2010 and 2015, even though the evolutionary rates of the virus during the first and second outbreak were indistinguishable and of the same order as rates reported in previous BTV studies [39,40]. If the virus had been replicating consistently in an undetected population from 2010 to 2015, we would expect the genetic distance of the isolates from the second European outbreak to continue the trend of increased divergence after the first outbreak. However, the sequences from the second outbreak exhibit genetic divergences that fall considerably below what would be expected if the trend line from the first outbreak was extended, illustrating a paucity of mutations (Fig 4B). Indeed, the divergence of the reconstructed ancestor of the second bluetongue outbreak is consistent with the virus stopping replication in March 2008. The lack of divergence is also illustrated by the fact that the reconstructed ancestor of the BTV-8 outbreak has only 7 mutations separating it from its closest relative in the analysed dataset, a French sample collected in August 2007 (BTV-8FRA2007-3673), despite putatively having been replicating for at least half a decade after that sample’s collection. In comparison, BTV-8FRA2007-3673 showed 23 mutations compared to the genome of the earliest BTV-8 sample obtained from the Netherlands in August 2006, only a year earlier. The corresponding rate of evolution estimated for the emerging branch was almost an order of magnitude slower than the mean clock rate, highlighting it as exceptionally low (Fig 3). Moreover, we hypothesise that some or all of the estimated seven mutations on this branch might have accumulated during the first outbreak, given that the emerging branch connects to an internal node in the timescaled phylogeny with a date of early 2007, at the height of the first outbreak. The subsequent accumulation of seven mutations is consistent with the idea that this virus continued to circulate until early 2008 (the inferred date from the root-to-tip regression) and then ceased to change altogether until its re-emergence in 2015. While previous studies have found apparent evolutionary stasis to be the result of mislabelling , this can be ruled out in our case due to the discontinuity applying to all samples from the second outbreak, not just a single isolate. Another hypothetical scenario could be envisaged if BTV-8 was to remain “latent” in midges’ eggs for a number of years. However, there is no evidence of vertical transmission in BTV-infected Culicoides [42–45]. This, in conjunction with the need for infected midge eggs to survive for years, rather than a single overwintering season, makes this scenario highly unlikely.
Given the unexpectedly low number of mutations observed between the two outbreaks, our data indicate that the common ancestor of the second European outbreak either ceased or dramatically slowed its replication in early 2008. This is inconsistent with current knowledge and paradigms of the biology of BTV and RNA viruses in general. For example, a potential explanation could be that BTV persistently infected a host for several (5 to 8) years, with little or no replication, before being reactivated and starting the second outbreak. While this may be possible with DNA viruses, or RNA viruses with a DNA intermediate [46–51], a mechanism for this has never been described before for reoviruses such as BTV and in general for other RNA viruses.
Our findings have interesting parallels to puzzling examples from other RNA viruses, such as two Ebola virus outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2014 and 2018 [52,53]. Isolates from both outbreaks were minimally divergent from isolates collected about a decade earlier, resulting in a far lower evolutionary rate than other known lineages. It has been suggested that such slow evolution may be caused by the maintenance of the virus in an animal reservoir, where infection might be associated with lower replication rates compared to human hosts [52,53]. Rabies virus may provide an additional peculiar example based on a handful of reports in human patients of virus reactivation after latency of several years , but it has not been documented whether these cases involved a lack of evolutionary changes. In other cases, such as foot-and-mouth disease, viral RNA and infectious virus have been shown to persist in reservoir hosts for multiple years. However, re-isolation of virus (as opposed to detection of viral RNA) indicates that the virus replicates during persistent infection and accumulates nucleotide substitutions at a rate comparable to actively replicating viruses [55,56]. Hepatitis C virus, for example, is also known to persist in a number of patients for a number of years but, again, with continuing viraemia and thus virus replication .
Overall, we judge the possibility of persistence of BTV-8 in a mammalian or invertebrate host for longer than five years, in the absence of viral replication, followed by viral reactivation and subsequent onwards spread, to be unlikely given the current understanding of RNA virus biology. We hypothesise that accidental release of frozen material contaminated with BTV-8 could be the cause of the virus re-emergence in France in 2015. Anthropogenic causes of virus outbreaks have been described before. Accidental virus release is thought to have been responsible for the 1977 influenza A H1N1 outbreak, caused by a virus that closely matched a variant circulating in the 1950s [58,59] likewise, the 1995 Venezuelan equine encephalitis subtype IC epidemic was caused by a virus closely related to a strain circulating in 1962–1964 . For livestock pathogens, a localised outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the United Kingdom in 2007 was linked to virus escaped from research facilities .
Our data cannot reveal the actual source from which BTV-8 was re-introduced in France in 2015. We speculate that laboratory escape of virus preparations, such as the case of FMDV in the UK in 2007, is unlikely, as BTV needs an insect vector for efficient transmission and we are unaware of any in vivo insect experiments in France with BTV during that period. However, due to specific animal husbandry procedures, there are important potential sources of frozen virus that apply to viruses of livestock and not viruses of most other animals, specifically the widespread use of bull semen for artificial insemination and embryo transfer in cows [62,63]. BTV has been detected in the semen of viraemic bulls and rams, can initiate infection in the mother, and can be transmitted vertically to the embryo [64,65]. Additionally, contaminated embryos can cause transmission on implantation . As such, both semen and embryos may represent potential sources of BTV infection. Contaminated frozen colostrum may also be a potential source, considering that oral transmission has been shown to be possible with BTV-8 . However, it is not normal practice to keep colostrum frozen for a number of years. Interestingly, while international regulations specify that bull donors and semen that are exported internationally must be screened for various pathogens including BTV , this does not apply to premises trading only locally and carrying out private insemination procedures . Thus, semen from a BTV-8–infected bull could have been collected or an embryo generated from an infected but asymptomatic animal and used years later without detection.
We stress that the link between bull semen trade and embryo implantation in France and the BTV-8 re-emergence in 2015 is only speculative. However, we have shown that the re-emergence of BTV-8 in France in 2015 is unlikely to be due to cryptic continuing transmission, and we can exclude a reintroduction from another endemic country. Thus, our data are incompatible with the two current dominant theories for explaining the 2015 outbreak . The lack of accumulated mutations in the virus implies that there was either an ongoing persistent infection in the absence of viral replication for several years, or the virus originated from material that had been frozen during the first outbreak. We argue the second of these explanations to be more likely. Our findings highlight new areas requiring thorough surveillance programmes for the control of infectious disease of livestock. In addition, our approach illustrates how unrecognised pathways of disease emergence can be revealed using pathogen genomic epidemiology.
21.3: Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
Viruses cause a variety of diseases in animals, including humans, ranging from the common cold to potentially fatal illnesses like meningitis . These diseases can be treated by antiviral drugs or by vaccines, but some viruses, such as HIV, are capable of both avoiding the immune response and mutating to become resistant to antiviral drugs.
Which of the following is NOT used to treat active viral disease?
- are similar to viroids
- are only needed once
- kill viruses
- stimulate an immune response
Why is immunization after being bitten by a rabid animal so effective and why aren&rsquot people vaccinated for rabies like dogs and cats are?
Rabies vaccine works after a bite because it takes week for the virus to travel from the site of the bite to the central nervous system, where the most severe symptoms of the disease occur. Adults are not routinely vaccinated for rabies for two reasons: first, because the routine vaccination of domestic animals makes it unlikely that humans will contract rabies from an animal bite second, if one is bitten by a wild animal or a domestic animal that one cannot confirm has been immunized, there is still time to give the vaccine and avoid the often fatal consequences of the disease.
Study: Viruses Are Living Entities, Not Machines
Giant Acanthamoeba-infecting virus Pandoravirus salinus. Image credit: © IGS CNRS-AMU.
“Until now, viruses have been difficult to classify. In its latest report, the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses recognized seven orders of viruses, based on their shapes and sizes, genetic structure and means of reproducing,” said co-author Prof. Gustavo Caetano-Anollés of the University of Illinois.
“Under this classification, viral families belonging to the same order have likely diverged from a common ancestral virus. However, only 26 of 104 viral families have been assigned to an order, and the evolutionary relationships of most of them remain unclear.”
Part of the confusion stems from the abundance and diversity of viruses. Less than 4,900 viruses have been identified and sequenced so far, even though scientists estimate there are more than a million viral species.
Many viruses are very small and contain only a handful of genes. Others, like recently discovered Acanthamoeba-infecting viruses (Pithovirus, Mollivirus, Mimiviruses and Pandoraviruses), are huge, with genomes bigger than those of some bacteria.
The new study focused on the vast repertoire of protein structures, called ‘folds,’ that are encoded in the genomes of all cells and viruses. By comparing fold structures across different branches of the tree of life, scientists can reconstruct the evolutionary histories of the folds and of the organisms whose genomes code for them.
Prof. Caetano-Anollés and his colleague, Arshan Nasir, also from the University of Illinois, chose to analyze protein folds because the sequences that encode viral genomes are subject to rapid change.
“Their high mutation rates can obscure deep evolutionary signals. Protein folds are better markers of ancient events because their 3D structures can be maintained even as the sequences that code for them begin to change,” Prof. Caetano-Anollés said.
Today, many viruses – including those that cause disease – take over the protein-building machinery of host cells to make copies of themselves that can then spread to other cells. Viruses often insert their own genetic material into the DNA of their hosts. In fact, the remnants of ancient viral infiltrations are now permanent features of the genomes of most cellular organisms, including humans.
“This knack for moving genetic material around may be evidence of viruses’ primary role as spreaders of diversity,” Prof. Caetano-Anollés said.
The team analyzed all of the known folds in 5,080 organisms representing every branch of the tree of life, including 3,460 viruses.
Using advanced bioinformatics methods, they identified 442 protein folds that are shared between cells and viruses, and 66 that are unique to viruses.
“This tells you that you can build a tree of life, because you’ve found a multitude of features in viruses that have all the properties that cells have. Viruses also have unique components besides the components that are shared with cells,” Prof. Caetano-Anollés said.
The new study uses protein folds as evidence that viruses are living entities that belong on their own branch of the tree of life. Image credit: Julie McMahon.
The analysis revealed genetic sequences in viruses that are unlike anything seen in cells. This contradicts one hypothesis that viruses captured all of their genetic material from cells.
“This and other findings also support the idea that viruses are creators of novelty,” Caetano-Anollés said.
The researchers used computational methods to build trees of life that included viruses.
“The data suggest that viruses originated from multiple ancient cells and co-existed with the ancestors of modern cells. These ancient cells likely contained segmented RNA genomes,” Prof. Caetano-Anollés said.
“The data also suggest that at some point in their evolutionary history, not long after modern cellular life emerged, most viruses gained the ability to encapsulate themselves in protein coats that protected their genetic payloads, enabling them to spend part of their lifecycle outside of host cells and spread.”
The protein folds that are unique to viruses include those that form these viral capsids. These capsids became more and more sophisticated with time, allowing viruses to become infectious to cells that had previously resisted them. This is the hallmark of parasitism,” Nasir said.
“Some scientists have argued that viruses are nonliving entities, bits of DNA and RNA shed by cellular life. They point to the fact that viruses are not able to replicate outside of host cells, and rely on cells’ protein-building machinery to function. But much evidence supports the idea that viruses are not that different from other living entities,” Prof. Caetano-Anollés said.
Many organisms require other organisms to live, including bacteria that live inside cells, and fungi that engage in obligate parasitic relationships – they rely on their hosts to complete their lifecycle. And this is what viruses do.
“The lack of translational machinery in viruses was once cited as a justification for classifying them as nonliving. This is no more. Viruses now merit a place in the tree of life. Obviously, there is much more to viruses than we once thought,” Prof. Caetano-Anollés concluded.
Arshan Nasir & Gustavo Caetano-Anollés. 2015. A phylogenomic data-driven exploration of viral origins and evolution. Science Advances, vol. 1, no. 8, e1500527 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1500527
Remember the last time you had a sore throat, fever, or cough? There is a good chance that you felt sick because your body was fighting a virus, a tiny invader that uses your cells to copy itself. Viruses can infect every known living thing. Animals, plants, and even bacteria catch viruses. Bacteria or viruses that make other living things sick are called pathogens.
Even though we try to stay away from pathogens, many other bacteria and viruses are helpful. Bacteria that live in the oceans and soil are important to cycle nutrients in the environment. Other bacteria turn milk into yogurt or cheese for us to eat.
There are even some helpful viruses and bacteria that live inside you, called mutualists. Some viruses and bacteria inside you actually help guard your body against more dangerous infections, and other viruses can help plants survive cold or droughts better. Bacteria in your gut help you digest your food and make vitamins you can’t make yourself.
If we were able to see viruses with our eyes, we would see that they are all around us. Luckily, your immune system can remove most viruses that make you sick. In some cases, doctors give us medicines that can slow down difficult viruses to help your immune system fight them.
The coronavirus isn’t alive. That’s why it’s so hard to kill.
The Washington Post is providing this important information about the coronavirus for free. For more free coverage of the coronavirus pandemic, sign up for our Coronavirus Updates newsletter where all stories are free to read.
Viruses have spent billions of years perfecting the art of surviving without living — a frighteningly effective strategy that makes them a potent threat in today’s world.
That’s especially true of the deadly new coronavirus that has brought global society to a screeching halt. It’s little more than a packet of genetic material surrounded by a spiky protein shell one-thousandth the width of an eyelash, and it leads such a zombielike existence that it’s barely considered a living organism.
But as soon as it gets into a human airway, the virus hijacks our cells to create millions more versions of itself.
There is a certain evil genius to how this coronavirus pathogen works: It finds easy purchase in humans without them knowing. Before its first host even develops symptoms, it is already spreading its replicas everywhere, moving onto its next victim. It is powerfully deadly in some but mild enough in others to escape containment. And for now, we have no way of stopping it.
As researchers race to develop drugs and vaccines for the disease that has already sickened 350,000 and killed more than 15,000 people, and counting, this is a scientific portrait of what they are up against.
‘Between chemistry and biology’
Respiratory viruses tend to infect and replicate in two places: In the nose and throat, where they are highly contagious, or lower in the lungs, where they spread less easily but are much more deadly.
This new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, adeptly cuts the difference. It dwells in the upper respiratory tract, where it is easily sneezed or coughed onto its next victim. But in some patients, it can lodge itself deep within the lungs, where the disease can kill. That combination gives it the contagiousness of some colds, along with some of the lethality of its close molecular cousin SARS, which caused a 2002-2003 outbreak in Asia.
Another insidious characteristic of this virus: By giving up that bit of lethality, its symptoms emerge less readily than those of SARS, which means people often pass it to others before they even know they have it.

domain: medical


text:
Guide written by:
Jean-Marie, Jardinier passionné & auteur, Auvergne
In recent years, an increasing number of 'natural' or 'organic' weed killers have hit the market. These weed control products have been designed to fill the demand for more environmentally friendly options with many weed killers deemed harmful for the environment. Read on to learn more about natural weed killers.
- Active ingredients
- Non-selective weed killers
Active ingredients in natural weed killers
Biocontrol products are something of a recent addition to the weed control market and more products are sure to emerge in the years to come. It is, however, too early to have an idea of their effect on the environment. While the active ingredients contained in these products are natural, this doesn't mean that they are not harmful. The use of most of these products is not allowed in organic agriculture.
- Pelargonic acid: a herbicide that occurs naturally in geraniums (Pelargonium).
- Acetic acid: the primary active ingredient in vinegar.
- Caprylic and capric acid: these saturated fatty acids are found in substances like vegetable oils and certain milks.
These products work upon contact by destroying the waxy layer that covers the plant stems and leaves and works to protect the plant from UV rays. The weeds will dry up and die within a few hours. There's no doubt that these products have an impressive effect as systemic weed killers usually take a few days to work.
In order to be effective, these products must be applied under certain conditions.
- They can only be used in dry, sunny weather.
- The temperature must be at least 15°C.
- The product should be applied all over the plant.
- These products are only recommended for treating young, growing plants that ideally haven't reached over 12 cm in height. Larger plants will require a second application one to two weeks after the first treatment. However, well-established perennials are likely to grow back as their root system will remain intact under the soil. To tackle these plants, several applications will be required.
Selective herbicides are used to get rid of weeds surrounding a particular type of crop. For example, if you are finding it tricky to weed around your carrots, you can find a special weed killer designed for carrots, and the same goes for potatoes, and so on.
The types of natural weed killers that are emerging these days are not selective; they work to destroy all plants they are sprayed on upon contact.
These weed killers will only destroy the upper parts of the plant that have come in direct contact with the product. The weed will be able to regrow if the root system is well-established.
Natural weed killers don't linger in the soil. They break down quickly which means you can replant fairly soon after application. However, they won't stop weeds from cropping up a few days after application.
Concentrated or ready-mixed weed killers
Some products are sold ready-mixed in a spray bottle. This is ideal for smaller areas or for directing the product towards a specific patch.
You can also opt for a highly concentrated formula, which will be more cost-effective. These products are designed to be diluted and sprayed.
If you have more than 30 m2 to tackle, go for a concentrated product and dilute it yourself before applying it using a spray bottle.
If you're dealing with an area measuring less than 30 m2, or if you just want to treat a small area of your garden, a ready-mixed weed killer can be really handy. You can find these products in fairly large bottles for medium-sized gardens. However, bear in mind that a spray bottle is better suited to smaller areas. It also allows you to be more precise in your application.
Some brands even offer a weed killer in gel form designed to be applied directly to the leaves to pinpoint specific weeds without causing any damage to surrounding plants.
Natural weed killer uses
Prices can range from a few pounds to about £40 depending on the format, formula and the brand name. You'll need to think about the cost in terms of m². However, bear in mind that you won't be applying the product to your entire garden but rather directly to the weeds. It is tricky to provide a ranking of the products currently available on the market (in terms of cost, for example) as, some products are much more effective than others on particular plant varieties.
Time required *
Seeding after 3 days
Seeding after 3 days
2 applications per year max. Effective at low temperatures. Shrubs, trees, bushes, roses
Comes in a ready-to-dilute tube
Patio, pathways, decks
Seeding after 3 days
Caprylic and capric acid
Trees, shrubs, roses. Suitable for organic agriculture
Pathways, borders, paving. Effective on moss and algae. Suitable for organic agriculture
Multi-purpose weed killer
Trees, rose bushes
* Estimations based on optimal weather conditions
Guide written by:
Jean-Marie, Jardinier passionné & auteur, Auvergne, 203 guides
Haut comme trois pommes, je travaillais déjà au jardin familial. C'est peut-être de là qu'est né mon intérêt pour les plantes et le jardinage. Il était donc logique pour moi de suivre des études à la fois en biologie végétale et en agronomie. Accédant à la demande de divers éditeurs, j'ai écrit en 25 ans de nombreux livres sur la thématique des plantes, des champignons (un sujet qui me tient à cœur), essentiellement des guides d'identification dans un premier temps, mais très vite aussi par la suite, sur le jardinage, renouant ainsi avec la première passion de mon enfance. J'ai aussi collaboré régulièrement à plusieurs magazines spécialisés dans le domaine du jardinage ou plus généralement de la nature. Comme il n'y a pas de jardinier sans jardin, c'est dans un petit coin de l'Auvergne que je cultive le mien depuis 30 ans et où je mets en pratique les méthodes de culture que je vous conseille.

domain: agronomy


text:
Slot machines are video games that pay out based on a random number generator. Traditionally, slot reels were physical metal hoops but today’s slots are more often just images on a computer screen.
Slots are an important part of any casino and are popular with many players, especially for those who love to win big. The key to success is knowing the rules of the game and how to play the slot machine safely, so that you don’t overspend or lose your bankroll.
Every win is random – The payouts on a slot machine are determined by a computer, which generates a random number that corresponds to the symbols that land on the slot’s pay lines. This number is different for each spin, and it’s impossible to predict the outcome of any given spin.
These computers are constantly generating random numbers, and the RNG can choose thousands of possible combinations in the exact moment a player presses the button to activate the slot’s reels. The outcomes of all spins are totally independent, and the computer never remembers a previous play or series of plays.
They’re fun to play – Slots are a great way to relax and have fun while playing for small amounts of money, so you don’t have to worry about spending more than you can afford. However, the odds of winning big are always there, and so it’s best to be careful when playing them.
The odds are also higher when you play with larger denominations, because the machine’s random number generator can choose from more symbols and higher-paying combinations than smaller ones. This can lead to a greater chance of a win, and more often than not you’ll want to play a larger denomination when you play slots.
You can find slots in most casinos, in sections arranged by denomination and style. They have giant lit-up signs that say things like “5C/” or “25C/” or “1C/.”
Choosing the right machine is important for your success and enjoyment. Look for a slot machine that offers a variety of pay lines, bonuses and special features. Some have a HELP or INFO button that walks you through all the different payouts, play lines and jackpots on the slot’s screen.
They have a high hit frequency – There are some types of slot machines that have an unusually high hit frequency, which means that they pay out more than others. This phenomenon is called weighted reels and is more common in land-based machines than virtual ones.
Their chemistry with the quarterback is crucial – The receivers that make it in the NFL must have good chemistry with their quarterbacks. They must know the offense well and be able to run the routes that the quarterback is looking for, while also being precise with their timing.
In the end, the slot receiver is a vital part of any team’s offense and he can make or break a team’s chances of succeeding on the field. When he’s on the same page with his quarterback, he’ll be a dangerous weapon in the air and on the ground.

domain: game


text:
|License:||Free to try|
|File size:||11 KB|
Publisher description for Forex Accumulator
The Forex automated software that is apparently able to help you. The Forex automated software that is apparently able to help you make a consistent income, Forex Accumulator, has finally been released. This robot helps traders get past many obstacles and inconveniences that arise with manual trading. This includes emotional problems such as fear and greed, psychological factors as well as the lack of trading expertise.

domain: economics


CUSTOM METAL MANUFACTURER FOR YOUR SEMI-CONDUCTOR FABRICATION
Created at : Jan 12, 2016
There is no question that technology is advancing fastermanufacturing semiconductors each year. Cell phones, tablets, smart devices, all have had rapid advances. Morre’s Law predicts that computing power doubles every eighteen months. That means that more and more semiconductors will be needed and semiconductor manufacturing will have to meet this increase in demand. Red River Precision is up for this challenge and dedicated to producing quality American-made products.
Whether it’s prototypes, short runs, or volume production our highly specialized personnel are ready and willing to serve the semiconductor market.
As full-service customer manufacturer or metal prototypes and products, we have a wide range of capabilities including bending, punching, machining, sawing, shearing, forming and welding, as well as waterjet cutting. We work with metal and nonmetal materials and when the water jet cutting services are applied secondary operations are reduced or unnecessary.
If you are in need of a custom metal manufacturer, don’t hesitate to take a look at our projects or contact us. We’re happy to answer any question and discuss which process if the right solution for you.


text:
We’re excited to introduce a brand new product on our online shop….pillows! These ultra-comfy, 100% cotton pillows are exactly like relaxing in your favorite T-shirt! We’ve always loved the super-soft feel of our signature Tees. So now, we’ve taken the same T-shirt material, printed graphic designs from our favorite artists, and transformed them into one of a kind pillows. The pillow cases are removable and as easy to toss in the washing machine as a T-shirt! Shop now!
Ted Vasin illustrates an intensely surreal world for his viewers to get lost into. Combining his tight representational drawing skills with colorful abstract forms, Ted succeeds in both keeping us in awe of his draftsmanship, and a little disturbed through subject matter.
It took us nearly 6 months to get the new B/D site and shop up and running, so getting it off the ground was a huge relief for me and the other cult members over here at the office. Making the shop was relatively easy, as we do a lot of web related projects through our design agency Something In The Universe but we haven’t packed and shipped our own products for our online shop since 2003! Until now we’ve worked with various fulfillment companies to run our online shop. While these fulfillment companies did a good job we always felt a big disconnect with our biggest asset, our readers and fans (that’s YOU!) Sure, it’s nice to have someone else handle the packing and shipping of orders but we had zero interaction with the people that truly care about what we do. Being able to write a hand written note to a shopper when they buy our favorite shirt, or send them a few stickers for free, or toss a random ‘zine in your order just to make their day is what it’s all about. These are all little things that might not matter to bigger companies but they make a difference to us.
I never got into this to make a quick buck, so it’s a great feeling to finally connect with all the other creative memebers of the Cult Of Decay throughout the world. Our first week of shipping had a few glitches but we’re already getting a great response from you. It’s amazing to get so much positive feedback in less than a week! I sent out a package on Tuesday and by Friday I get a Tweet thanking us for the order. Technology is amazing! We got some big plans for the upcoming months so make sure to sign up for our email list to get special discount codes, updates on sales, artists interviews and a whole assortment of other B/D news that we can’t release just yet.
Also, if you missed this in earlier blog posts we’re giving you 15% off Book 4until the end of this week. Just use Use discount code:BDECAYBOOKCULT.
So a big shout out to the entire Cult of Decay no matter where you are. We’re a small group brought together by our love for pushing the envelope, creating amazing things, and doing things our own way. Long live the Cult Of Decay!
Illustrator Mike Bertino’s overwhelming amount of creative imagination, humor, and striking palette find their place in his illustrations. Though his loud and bright illustrations appear to be a constant streamline of drug-haze crazy, make no mistake – it is all held together by the attention to intricate design, and executed by a skillful hand.

domain: artistic


text:
We are seeking a committed and experienced Band 6 Senior Staff Nurse to join our client's busy Cardiac Intensive Treatment Unit based at their NHS Trust site in Harefield, Greater London, a small, attractive exurban community on the green belt fringe of the city.
This is a full-time permanent post, but this unit is open to hearing from applicants seeking to negotiate a part-time opportunity; however, fixed hours cannot be guaranteed.
Medic International Nursing & Theatres is an awarded supplier of permanent staff to the NHS under the LPP Framework agreement.
Our extensive experience as a nurse-led consultancy places us in an excellent position to match your skills with the needs of our NHS Trusts.
We are also able to provide reasonably priced professional local staff accommodation for applicants who may be considering a relocation for any of our positions.
Our client is an NHS Trust which specialises in cardiac care, working alongside the Heart Science Centre to carry out innovative research. The hospital has a dedicated cardiac intensive care unit and a heart attack emergency centre. It is located close to the M25 and within easy reach of Heathrow Airport.
Registered Nurse or Operating Department Practitioner with full registration with the NMC or HCPC.
Minimum of three years' (at least one year UK-based) post-registration experience in a Level 3 ITU setting.
To have completed a recognised Teaching and Assessing/Mentorship qualification.
To have completed or be working towards a recognised post-registration Critical Care qualification.
Eligibility to undertake employment in the United Kingdom.
A full job description is available upon request.
Successful applicants will enjoy career development and the opportunity to work alongside a multidisciplinary team of other healthcare specialists and full NHS Employee Benefits apply.


Client: Kier Construction
Role: Specialist Sub-Contractor
- Concrete Repair
- Structural Reinforcement & Strengthening
- Anti-Carbonation Coatings
- Concrete frame podium beams
- Structural strengthening to 14LinM of beams
- Beams & columns protected with anti-carbonation coatings
Cemplas were engaged to design and complete reinforcement and strengthening works to the concrete frame podium which links the university building and a new building structure.
Before: Structurally Unsound Beams
Before: Beams & Columns Unprotected
Before: Concrete Delamination
Upon completing a non-intrusive cover meter survey and a carbonation test; it was discovered that the second beam – which would endure heavy use – required strengthening to support the loads. The results showed noteworthy corrosion to the existing footbridge while the columns demonstrated steel corrosion and delamination of the concrete. To reinforce the steel a corrosion-inhibiting protective mortar was utilized before the concrete could be repaired.
This was followed by the installation of Mapeband – a high-strength carbon fibre fabric – to the 14LinM of beams and columns to strengthen and reinforce them. A 2mm coat of Mapelastic Guard was applied to all surfaces to provide effective anti-carbonation and anti-corrosive protection to the structural elements.
After: Fully Protected Beams
During: Application of Mapeband
After: Fully Repaired & Protected Columns


text:
His hands are like oven mitts, large and red
from the strain of plumbing and pipefitting
and from the pressure on his heart, drawing and pushing.
In Viet Nam as a Marine Corps gunny
he cradled his M-16 in those hands tenderly
just as if cradling his two daughters.
He grew up a tough man in an unforgiving time,
boxed and wrestled in high school, enjoyed a fight
and his beer with his brothers down at Local 12.
So proud of his Irish heritage, he found heaven
in Southie when Annie from Dublin said yes
and gentled his calloused hands in her embrace.
One of his daughters was a tennis pro who taught her
father to play. I met him when he was fifty, after five
by-pass surgeries, looking out of place in tennis whites.
He wrestled his tennis racket like a pipewrench,
bludgeoning his way through matches, often as my partner,
me being designated peacekeeper for his erupting angers.
His hands are type A, veined and virile,
capable and strong but never too strong to keep
from being lent to aid a friend in need.
These hands are unclenched now and not so red.
The strain is gone and, folded across his chest,
those hands, no longer fists of rage, can finally be at rest.

domain: literature


text:
Swallowing difficulty, steps for safe, comfortable eating, kidney cancer.
And Im starving, lets see what we have in win 10 screenshot the kitchen, are where disorganization can work against you.
Osteoporosis, maintaining bone density, sleep apnea, a common cause of sleepiness and fatigue.
Sometimes, Ill make two grocery lists for a mini-run on Wednesday night to get fresh produce.About, student and alumni profiles, school history, and more.Then, I match up recipes Ive marked in the cookbooks with openings on the schedule.To use it, I start most Saturday mornings with a cup of coffee, a stack of cookbooks, and a pad of post-it notes.The process, order your meals online, select whether you'd like it home delivered or prefer to pickup in store, and enjoy quality food that tastes great and saves you time in the kitchen.(For example, dough for homemade pizza crusts needs to be made 24 hours in advance of use so if I want pizza tomorrow, I have to make the dough today.) Also, having at least two snacks listed on the worksheet ensures that Ive got healthy.When matching recipes with meals, Ill review the recipe and write down any ingredients on the grocery list section of the worksheet.This helps me plan out what I need from the store and my local farmers market.Be a better you, enjoy fresh, chef prepared, ready made meals delivered to your door.A look at risks and prevention, carotid artery disease, reducing stroke risk.Join our mailing list, be the first to hear about new menu items, promotions and Fast Fuel news!
Plus, if it's your first order we'll send you a 20 off discount code!
Pulmonary embolism, common, life-threatening condition, ankle arthritis, options for pain relief.
Shop NOW 30 OFF first order, use the code, firstfuel in checkout!
I flip through my cookbooks, flagging all of the recipes I want to use for the week.
To help with meal planning organization, I created a, meal, plan worksheet (links to the worksheet at the end of this article).It's our way of saying thanks!Top reasons that graduate students choose to learn and train at Mayo Clinic.Choosing Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences.Utilitarian meals are weekday lunches and dinners when my top priority is supplying my body nutrients for survival.THE benefits, our meals are designed by a dietitian and prepared by chefs, which means you can enjoy a healthier, more balanced diet while still enjoying great flavours and variety.My next task is to put an X on the worksheet through any of the meals that I know will be eaten out of the house for friends birthdays or whatever is lined up on our calendar.
In my mind, there are two types of meals: utilitarian and everything else.
The utilitarian meals, the ones that often begin with phrases such as Whats for dinner?

domain: food


Switching from DOS to Linux at the point of sale wasn't a case of technology shock for Burlington Coat Factory because the company had already been using Unix in many of its mission-critical systems.
The company has a long history of using Unix in its Burlington, N.J., headquarters data center for a variety of Oracle databases, mail servers, and other systems. Two IBM NUMA-Q 2000 enterprise servers (each with 12 to 16 500MHz processors) host Oracle 8i databases running on IBM's Dynix, a version of Unix for the NUMA series of computers. The servers function as the main information conduit between headquarters and the stores, communicating via a frame-relay-based wide area network.
The idea that Linux might be a serious alternative to Unix arose in 1998, when several summer interns chose to use older PCs running Linux rather than available Sun Unix machines. The interns insisted they could achieve the same goals at a lower cost, with greater efficiencies. And because many of the company's other critical systems ran on Unix, including in-store and headquarters-based servers, compatibility wasn't an issue.
"It fit right into our Unix-based networking system and the rest of our environment essentially seamlessly," says Percy Young, Burlington Coat Factory's director of store systems. "And it gave us a lower-cost hardware base and a fairly low-cost operating system environment."
The remaining issue was support, but that concern soon faded as company executives found that Linux support was far superior to Windows support. "We had a problem with a printer driver at one point and posted a request for information [on the Internet]. We got back a response from the person who wrote the driver with a fix within 48 hours," Young says.
The primary benefits Linux provides over Windows and DOS are security, dependability, and the lack of a licensing fee, says Greg Buzek, president of retail consulting firm IHL Consulting Group, in Franklin, Tenn. "It's a strong, solid operating system because you can pick and choose the components you want and you can limit the functionality in terms of what the operating system is doing," he says.
Today, Burlington Coat Factory is in the midst of porting all of its POS terminals--between eight and 16 at each of the company's nearly 300 stores--to the Linux environment. The rollout should be complete within a year, says CIO Mike Prince.
Has your company migrated mission-critical applications to Linux? Why or why not? Tell us in TalkBack below.


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It is something of a received dogma among intellectual property scholars that, despite their common goal of incentivizing creativity, the copyright and patent regimes achieve this goal through wildly divergent legal structures. Professor Joseph Fishman’s excellent piece, Originality’s Other Path, sets out to question this dogma.
As I often describe these twin systems to my Intellectual Property (IP) students, they are in many ways mirror images of each other: patent law demands much more from inventors up-front—a patentable invention must represent a significant creative leap from prior technology—while copyright grants protection more indiscriminately to any artistic work possessing a modicum of creativity. Once an inventor clears this higher patentability hurdle, however, she is in possession of a powerful sword against anyone who would seek to practice her invention. Copyright, on the other hand, makes up for its more indiscriminate grant of protection by creating many safety valves for would-be infringers: independent creators are not liable for copyright infringement, and (owing to the fair use doctrine) neither are those who, although borrowing from copyrighted works, manage to sufficiently transform those works. Thus, although the Supreme Court has spoken of a “historic kinship” between patent and copyright law, to the trained observer, this kinship has always seemed to begin and end with their shared goals. And, whether by design or by historical accident, these divergent structures are generally taken to be a good thing. After all, what could be more fittingly different than two legal regimes designed to incentivize two radically different domains—two cultures, even, as C.P. Snow famously put it1 —of human creativity?
In Originality’s Other Path, Professor Fishman unearths a line of copyright cases stretching back to the 1800s that reveal a now-forgotten common origins story of patentability and copyrightability thresholds. In the process, he pushes us to reconsider whether the boundaries between “art” and “technology” are as immutable as C.P. Snow would have us believe or, as scholars in science and technology studies have long argued, they are instead fragile and porous. In turn, recognizing hidden kinships between art and technology opens the door for a more fruitful—and more deliberate—cross-pollination between patent and copyright law.
Professor Fishman begins his article by taking us back to the 1800s IP jurisprudence of Justice Story, who saw no inherent difference between the patent and copyright systems, and who considered that neither patent nor copyright law required a creative leap for obtaining protection. To the contrary, in Justice Story’s opinions, the bar for both copyrightability and patentability was low, with patentability requiring only a new invention, and copyrightability some independent intellectual labor. This story is largely known. What is new in Professor Fishman’s narrative is his uncovering of another later story, this time one that focuses on Justice Nelson’s efforts to increase the threshold of protection in both patent and copyright law. While Justice Nelson was successful in the field of patents—and his 1851 decision, Hotchkiss v. Greenwood, is often cited as the cornerstone for our modern non-obviousness doctrine requiring an inventive leap for patentability—his earlier decision advocating for a similarly high threshold of protection for copyright law had largely been lost to history.
In exploring this second Justice Nelson’s opinion that preceded Hotchkiss, Jollie v. Jaques, Professor Fishman reveals “a moment in jurisprudential time at the century’s midpoint when a heightened creativity threshold looked just as likely for copyright as it did for patent law.” (P. 18.) Jollie’s language describing copyright’s “originality” requirement was expansive. It required a patent-like showing that a particular artistic work “surpassed whatever the author’s peers ‘with experience and skill might readily make.’” (P. 23.)
What is particularly interesting about these two stories is that for both Justice Story and Justice Nelson, despite standing at opposite ends of the protectability threshold, patentability and copyrightability standards rose and fell together. In this sense, our modern-day understanding of copyright and patent doctrines as reflecting some essential difference between the domains of art and technology is not rooted in historical practice.
In excavating the history of this forgotten, heightened originality standard, Professor Fishman finds surprising traces of Jollie’s standard in modern-day musical arrangement cases. Professor Fishman deftly traces the contribution of particular individuals embedded in specific legal and musical communities to the development of our current doctrine. He reminds us that common-law evolution is often contingent on the social norms, beliefs, and practices of communities of lawyers, artists, and scientists. In Fishman’s account, it was through the work of a lawyer and musician, Joseph James, who advocated for a higher standard of creativity for musical arrangements, that Jollie began to influence modern-day musical arrangement cases. In a later case, Woods v Bourne Co., it was again the background and experience of the presiding judge, Richard Owen, also a lawyer and musician, that likely influenced his reliance on Jollie, and his adoption of a heightened copyright standard for musical arrangements. This heightened standard could be seen as an effort to transpose a distinction made in the world of music between “cocktail-hour pianists” and “real composers” to the world of law, by denying copyright protection to the former, more “trivial” arrangements.
As intellectual property scholarship has become increasingly interested in understanding the social processes that underlie artistic and technological creativity, insights such as these, linking community membership to litigation strategies, are incredibly valuable to our understanding of doctrinal evolution. Indeed, in a seminal case in patent law, Diamond v. Chakrabarty, this type of historical “process tracing” similarly revealed the crucial role that community social norms played in litigation strategies. In Chakrabarty, it was General Motors lead attorney’s embeddedness in a community of engineers that allowed him to conceptualize patenting genetically engineered bacteria, long-thought unpatentable by the biological sciences community, as equivalent to patenting mechanical parts of a machine.2
Finally, Professor Fishman’s article joins a growing literature in IP law that advocates tailoring IP doctrines to the specific needs and dynamics of technological or artistic communities. Viewed through a tailoring prism, Jollie’s heightened threshold for copyrightability in the narrow field of musical arrangement cases could represent an efficient doctrinal evolution to fit the needs of this particular community and foster creativity. Of course, there is nothing to guarantee that the social norms that prevail in any particular community are welfare maximizing.
Professor Fishman, I think correctly, doesn’t push this normative point in his article too far. Rather, he leaves the possibility of tailoring and cross-pollination between patent and copyright regimes open for future study. He suggests that some policy problems arising in copyright law have elements in common with problems in technological innovation, such as the problem of thickets of rights that can harm, rather than foster, cumulative creativity. This rediscovered historical and policy kinship between patents and copyrights also implies that copyright law can sometimes learn from solutions implemented by its patent law cousin. It is also intriguing to consider what a deep engagement by the federal bench with a heightened originality standard in discrete areas of copyright law might teach patent law. Reviving the historic kinship between copyrights and patents, and identifying cross-cutting similarities between areas of copyright and patent law, may infuse both domains with a jolt of legal creativity.
- C.P. Snow, The Two Cultures and The Scientific Revolution (1959).
- Daniel J. Kevles, Ananda Chakrabarty Wins a Patent, Biotechnology, Law, and Society, 1972-1980, 25 Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, 111, 117 (1994).

domain: law


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These two elegant Chinese tables, with variously inlaid tabletops, are made from hardwood. They are beautifully crafted with an intricate pattern across a three-tiered design. The exquisite craftsmanship of each piece plays host to a distinct inlaid surface, with floral patterns framing the wooden and marble tabletops.
Each table features a round upper surface above a central column which is mounted with two further platforms each in a cross-formation, that open out on four sides and feature a beautifully carved geometric gallery. The motif of the square scrolls continues into the tripod upon which the tables rest, such that each piece exhibits a harmonious decorative composition from top to base.
Both tables stand on three legs, each one terminating in a ball and claw design. This motif carries symbolic meaning, as in Chinese mythology the dragon (portrayed with the claw) is guarding the ball (symbolising wisdom or purity) from evil forces who were trying to steal it.
The two intricately carved tables showcase the skill of twentieth century Chinese craftsmen and their design elements celebrate Chinese culture.