August 5, 2008 -- Formal verification is a term that's been kicking around the EDA industry for years, but only recently has seen some success in helping designers verify their complex SOC's, processors and ASICs. When it was first introduced, formal verification usually referred to a methodology that compared versions of a design as it went through simulation and optimization, to ensure that the evolving system still met the original specifications. While many designers still think of formal verification in those terms, the more recent and widely accepted technology is formal functional verification, which uses assertions to find corner case bugs that might be missed by traditional verification techniques.
This type of formal verification was slow to catch on, mainly because standards for assertion languages were going through the usual in-fighting and debate that surrounds the establishment of a standard. The standards have stabilized, with the two most common assertion languages being SystemVerilog assertions (SVA) and the Property Specification Language (SPL), which is favored by VHDL users. The stabilization of these standards has hastened the adoption of formal verification techniques and today, more and more engineers are using these formal techniques to complete their standard verification flows.
"Though formal verification today is still seen as a niche application, published success stories from large semiconductor companies such as Analog Devices, Intel, NVIDIA and Texas Instruments have hastened the adoption of formal techniques in smaller companies," says Dan Benua, Senior Manager, Corporate Applications Engineering at Synopsys, Inc. "Though it's not a complete replacement for simulation, it fills in some of the areas where traditional verification methods are weak."
According to Benua, there are two things that formal verification does well: It can find obscure bugs and is supplemented by formal proof where you can, in concept at least, exhaustively prove the correctness of some circuit or some properties of a circuit. In the bug-finding arena, these could be found by regular simulation, but to find that bug you might have to write some extremely specific or low probability stimulus to find the bug. The power of formal verification is that it searches the state space and finds the things that the simulation environment might have difficulty finding. On the proof side, a simulator cannot exhaustively prove that something is always correct. It can only show examples of specific scenarios where the circuit operates correctly, but it can't prove that there are no bugs. A formal tool can theoretically prove that there are no bugs.
"Formal verification is limited, however, in capacity and coverage," Benua continues. "The memory and compute resources in the verification hardware are limited and there's the time it takes for designers to learn how to write formal assertions. The designer needs to describe the environment around the design, such as defining a legal stimulus and the reset procedure for the simulator. These need to be described differently for formal than conventional simulation."
Designers also use formal techniques to verify the interfaces between the blocks. They try to verify that the interaction between the blocks is going to exactly follow the protocols for standards such as AMBA or USB. Because different teams might work on different blocks, verifying the interfaces is very important. A block might work fine in and of itself, but it could run into problems when it tries to communicate with another block across an interface if all design rules surrounding the standard haven't been followed precisely.
Standing out in the crowd
Some designers also point out that there's no one formal tool that's best for all designs. Any tool can win a benchmark on one particular problem but it might lose on others. This is where a designers' expertise comes in. They have to understand the intricacies of their design's behavior to understand which formal tool really gives the coverage and accuracy that they need. Because there's no one particular vendor's technology that wins all benchmarks, EDA companies are each touting the differentiator in its solution.
Synopsys, for instance, points to its Magellan hybrid RTL formal verification product that it says combines the strengths of advanced formal engines with the strengths of a built-in VCS simulation engine to verify properties on large and complex Verilog and VHDL designs.
Other large EDA vendors, such as Cadence Design Systems, Inc. and Mentor Graphics Corp. each point to features that the companies hope will win the day in a benchmark situation.
"There are technical metrics that can be compared in benchmarks," says Tom Anderson, Product Marketing Director at Cadence. "Engineers look at how large a block a formal verification tool can handle, and assess its accuracy and speed. At Cadence we have two differentiators. We put a lot of effort on improving the formal engines and algorithms that drive those engines. This isn't very visible to the customer, but if it gives better results, then that's a selling point, because the better the engines, the better the results in the overall verification effort. Cadence has spent a lot of time persuading design engineers to get involved in the verification effort. After all, they understand the design's intent and the intricacies of its behavior. As far as results go, I can safely say that formal verification results in an average of 25% reduction in the verification effort. Some designs post results that exceed that metric and some don't quite make that number, but an average is 25%. That's assuming that a company is making a broad effort to adopt formal technology and not just assign one or two engineers to occasionally use the tool."
Figures 1 and 2 below compare the amount of manual intervention required in a traditional approach vs. the Automated Verification Management approach with the Open Verification Methodology (OVM).
Figure 1. Directed testing. Source: Cadence Design Systems, Inc.
Figure 2. OVM in a metric-driven verification flow. Source: Cadence Design Systems, Inc.
Another EDA leader, Mentor Graphics, is also trying to make formal verification attractive to the design engineer. Mentor emphasizes the role that assertions play in the formal verification effort, which means that design engineers might not have to spend time developing testbenches right from the outset of product development. Testbenches are certainly an important element in more detailed, traditional verification flows, but, according to Mentor, assertions can be a vital part of assessing the values of coverage that they provide for the design.
"Assertions generally appeal to designers because they are general descriptions of design intent for different blocks in the circuit," says Rindert Schutten, Product Marketing Manager for Mentor Graphics 0-1 verification product. "Assertions are simple. If you have a FIFO in your design, for example, one part of the design fills up the FIFO and another portion empties it out. One thing you might want to define is, for example, is that if the FIFO is full, then you should not be able to write additional data into it. This isn't defined in the RTL code, which just executes the FIFO's behavior. Through an assertion, you can very succinctly capture that property and its rules for correct behavior, i.e., FIFO overflow. Or underflow, so that you cannot read from an empty FIFO. These are examples of simple assertions that you can use to ensure that the RTL cannot carry out illegal instructions."
According to Schutten, Mentor's differentiator is assertion density analysis, which helps ensure that you've covered all of the design's functionality. Schutten points out Mentor's coverage targeting, which analyzes existing assertions and automatically creates new tests to reach coverage goals. (Learn more about assertion density analysis and coverage targeting by reading the Mentor Graphics article What Ever Happened to Formal Verification?.)
Ensuring that any verification technology adequately covers a design is no trivial task. If designers get too caught up in comprehensive coverage of their designs, verification can take too much time and design schedules can slip. Inadequate coverage, however, can leave a design with fatal flaws that might only be discovered after placement and routing, but which could even lurk in the product until release. EDA companies are working to find the correct balance between exhaustive coverage and incomplete coverage.
"In dynamic verification, you have to drive the right stimuli into the system in order to find the erroneous behavior," says Michael Siegel, Director of Product Marketing at OneSpin Solutions GmbH. "This, of course, depends on the quality of the stimuli. If you write bad properties, you cannot find errors in the RTL. We feature 'Gap Free Verification,' which inspects how good the property set is that's used for verification. In other words, the verification is only as good as the property set that's used. For example, if I have a processor and I've defined 10 properties, those capture only 10 instructions; I won't find errors in the other instructions. Other approaches only partially cover this gap and they also depend on expertise of the designer in writing assertions. What kind of gaps can be detected with Gap Free Verification? Assume that we have DRAM controller that performs read and write operations. If some of the output of the controller has not been properly specified by the properties, then the gap detection would say you didn't write the expected values of that output signal for a certain input. It is a non-trivial task to write comprehensive properties in SVA or PSL because they are pretty complex languages."
OneSpin advocates working from timing diagrams that are typically found in the informal specification. This could describe the read instructions from the SDRAM controller, for example. To that end, OneSpin has devised a timing diagram assertion library which allows it to translate a timing diagram into a property and then to verify this property on the RTL code.
"This speeds the verification process considerably," says Siegel. "We have one customer with a processor that had been dynamically verified and then redesigned. For the redesign, only formal methods were used with the Gap Free technology. It only took 40% of the effort and higher quality was achieved. Another project was the verification of a complex arbiter and that had been verified using constrained random techniques and it took fifteen weeks. With formal verification, the customer found additional errors with less than half the effort of the constrained random testbench."
Figure 3. According to OneSpin, its 360 MV technology automatically detects gaps in the property set. The identification of incomplete properties drives improvement of individual properties, while the identification of missing properties drives completion of the verification plan and the property set.
Even with EDA venders touting the benefits of formal solutions, most companies rely on SystemVerilog testbenches as a basis for the verification flow. While this isn't exactly formal verification, it does use constructs in the SystemVerilog language that ensure coverage that dovetails nicely with a formal verification approach. Familiarity with SystemVerilog lets both design and verification engineers use a common language to write assertions and more complex testbenches. (Learn more about testbench creation with SystemVerilog by reading the SpringSoft article What Hardware Designers Need to Know about SystemVerilog Testbench Debug and Analysis.)
A different approach
Some formal verification tool vendors try to break from the pack with technology that speeds the verification process and provides the capacity to handle more gates. Calypto Design Systems, Inc., for example, claims that its SLEC System finds design errors that other tools miss by formally comparing the functionality of an electronic system level (ESL) model written in C/C++ or SystemC with its corresponding RTL design or system-level model for all possible input sequences. According to Calypto, this technology doesn't require one-to-one mapping of registers. The quality of verification SLEC System performs in minutes is equal to months of running traditional simulation.
"The SLEC System either confirms that no functional errors exist or generates short, concise waveforms that pinpoint design bugs," says Mitch Dale Director of Product Marketing at Calypto. "These waveforms are written in standard VCD and FSDB formats that can be analyzed in the user's native debugging environment. We can comprehensively verify an RTL design in a matter of hours because we're using sequential equivalency checking, which lets people verify at the system level and not have to go back and re-run all those regressions at the RTL. System models run from 1,000 to 10,000 times faster and they can do more in a short amount of time. With formal verification, you check all possible input conditions over all times so you can quickly find these corner case bugs."
Dale also says that formal algorithms have an exponential nature that grinds to a halt when designs exceed a certain size. "We can run over a million gates," he says. "We can verify comprehensively in a matter of hours. Typically we only have to run about 10 or fewer cycles so a designer can see the bug and fix it. Regular simulation runs about a million cycles."
Figure 4. Calypto's SLEC simplifies and reduces the time to debug designs. Design differences (bugs) are displayed as short, concise counter-examples. Counter examples pinpoint the point of divergence in short (typically less that 10 cycles) waveforms or simulation testbenches that designers debug in their preferred debugging environment.
Another formal verification tool provider, Real Intent, Inc. espouses timing closure verification (TCV) to complete the formal verification process. This unique approach, found in its Meridian and PureTime products, looks at clock to clock sequences found in most asynchronous designs.
"When a signal is going from one clock domain to another, we call it clock domain crossing signals or CDC signals," says Rich Faris, Vice President of Marketing at Real Intent. "Since these clocks are asynchronous to each other, it is possible that the signal might transition during the setup and hold window of the receiving clock, thereby resulting in metastability in the design. Metastability can cause various design errors. For example, signals losing correlation, hazards being captured, losing valid data, or metastability propagation. Let's say you have a complex math function that will take three ticks of the clock to complete. Synthesis will try to cram that into one clock tick and that just won't work. In this case, the path that doesn't contribute to the overall timing is called a false path. When it takes multiple clock cycles to settle it's called a multi-cycle path. These are both exceptions to the overall timing rule. Our tools look at this circuit and ensure enough setup and hold time. It's a cycle by cycle analysis. You can perform this analysis at the RTL or at the output of the synthesis to make sure there are no timing violations. Our tools would flag that error and let you correct it."
Figure 5. CDC design principles. Source: Real Intent.
In Figure 5 above, the data path should be a multi-cycle path. The data transmitted should not be sampled at the next edge of the receiving clock. The control signals need to be synchronized. Multi-bit control signals should be gray coded to ensure only one signal transition at a time. They should be free of hazards and glitches and be stable for more than 1 receiving clock cycle.
Automating the process
Some EDA companies are emphasizing ease-of-use and automation to entice design engineers to use formal techniques. Jasper Design Automation, for example, says that its Jasper Gold verification tool lets non-expert users solve complex problems.
"We take a targeted deployment approach where we work with the customer to identify which blocks should be verified with formal techniques," says Rajeev Ranjan, Chief Technical Officer at Jasper Design Automation. "We help them create a verification plan and incorporate formal methods into that plan. The training to enable the user to write a requirement for the block takes place during the creation of the verification plan. The debugging environment uses timing diagrams to pinpoint the place in the design which is failing and highlights the RTL code that needs to be fixed."
According to Ranjan, Jasper's design tunneling formal infrastructure verification system provides a high level of verification productivity. Properties can be specified as end-to-end block-level microarchitecture statements known as high-level requirements. These properties express input-to-output block-level design intent.
"Proving properties at these higher levels of abstraction is more powerful and efficient than writing and testing hundreds of lower-level, individual assertions scattered throughout the logic," Ranjan continues. "We consistently perform full proofs on properties where other formal tools fail to converge, with an average of 10x capacity improvement compared to other solutions." (To learn more about comparisons between formal methods and traditional testbench technologies read the Jasper Design Automation article Combining Metrics from Simulation and Formal.)
Jasper's "push-button" mode formal verification completely tests all possible logic values that can be applied to each assertion and identifies any possible conditions that violate the property. If any failures are found, its tool automatically generates a multi-cycle waveform displaying the complete path from reset to the failure. Designers and verification engineers can then quickly clean up RTL code in the earliest stages of the design flow where it is easiest to fix, without the need for costly testbench development.
Formal verification moving into traditional flows
As this article shows, the simple term formal verification comes in many guises. Each vendor of a formal verification tool highlights a different feature set in its solution that sets it apart from the competition. This leaves designers and verification engineers with a dizzying array of choices when they decide to embrace formal verification techniques.
Careful understanding of which features actually will serve them best is key to engineers choosing the tools that are right for them and their designs. Even so, one thing is clear. Formal verification is no longer an esoteric technology reserved for the large semiconductor companies. As designs become more complex and schedules tighten, everyone will be looking for ways to streamline the verification process. To that end, tool vendors are promising fast, reliable, easy-to-use tools to help engineers move into the realm of formal verification. Those that add this technology to their established design flows will probably get their products to market faster than those that rely solely on traditional, time-consuming verification techniques. Change is tough, but it might make the difference between a successful product launch or a design that goes through numerous iterations before it can be released.
By Mike Donlin, Senior Editor, SOCcentral.com


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**SIGH**. Seems between my work and my OCD, I'm going to have to keep taking time away from CL. I miss you all, all the beautiful people and things that pass through this site daily. I once in a while sneak back to peek, but once again find myself drawn in by all the fun...when this happens for me, days go by without crossing off a single thing on my "to-do" list. I SO appreciate all the love everyone is still showing for my things, and am loving those occasional visits. I'm not going away, just "hibernating". I suspect I'll be back in some capacity from time to time - on my "someday" to-do list is "learn to make templates"!
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Seven British charities are campaigning for the UK not to accept any Nigerian repayment which was part of the Paris Club debt relief agreement reached in October. Their pleas to Gordon Brown, most recently in a new brief, are no doubt well-intentioned. But their attack on the deal is politically naive and ultimately misguided.
CGD Policy Blogs
Yesterday the MCC Board approved threshold programs with Albania and Paraguay, both of which seek to tackle corruption. The Albania program raises many of the questions Sheila discussed in her blog on the Tanzania Threshold Program, on whether the programs approved to date stack up to the MCC's stated objective.
The recent attacks by Islamic fundamentalists on the Danish embassies in Lebanon and Syria can be called blind, tragic, even cartoonish. To that list of adjectives, add this one: ironic. According to the Commitment to Development Index, which rates rich countries on how much their government policies help or hurt poorer countries, no nation works harder than Denmark to help people in poorer parts of the world, including predominantly Muslim nations. Few less deserve this hatred.
A few days ago CGD hosted a panel, "Where is the Comparative Advantage: The Global Fund and World Bank HIV/AIDS Program Moving Forward", with Christoph Benn of the Global Fund, Jonathan Brown from the World Bank, and Alex Shakow, author of a
Like last year, President Bush requested $3 billion for the Millennium Challenge Account in his FY07 budget request. Many MCC champions will disappointed that the President didn't ask for the $5 billion he said he would by now when he first launched the MCA. And, like last year, the $3 billion request is very likely to be slashed by Congress.
On Friday, Merck received FDA approval for its new oral rotavirus vaccine, RotaTeq, and will begin domestic distribution within a week. At a cost of $187.50 for the three-dose series, RotaTeq is one of the most expensive vaccines to date; by 2009, the company forecasts that the vaccine could bring in as much as $500 million in annual revenue.
According to the New York Times:

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DOWNLOAD EP: The Weeknd – “My Dear Melancholy” | 2018 Free Zip
The last time we heard from The Weeknd last was when he released his Starboy album, which is now about a year and a half, even though he has been keeping his fans entertained by releasing strings of songs.
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Country Park Adventures is the story of a young woman (Emily) who launches a business organising ‘adult-orientated’ parties and goes touting for business suitably (un)dressed in a country park. The story includes several of her sales attempts in the country park and a full description of a party. Difficult Knots and A week in the life of a lap dancer are described elsewhere on the website.
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Apple’s “New Music Tuesdays” continue to rock on weekly. Apple has announced new releases to the iTunes Music Store, including Incubus, Five for Fighting, Kenny Chesney, The Von Bondies, Boyz II Men, The Church, Harry Connick, Jr., Moya Brennan, and more. Apple has also added music from Sigur Ros, Jefferson Airplane, Erykah Badu, Big Head Todd and The Monsters, John Coltrane Quartet, George Strait, Black Sheep, Molotov, and more.
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Ja Schindler : Fungi for the People
We are pleased to welcome Ja Schindler from Fungi for the People to our November general meeting. Fungi for the people is a Eugene-based organization dedicated to working with mushrooms in a sustainable fashion to heal the planet and it’s people.
Ja will be speaking about Mushroom Permaculture, MycoRemediation and Cultivated Medicine.
CMS general meetings are held the second Thursday of every month and are open to the public.
Time : 7 p.m.
Location : LCC Science Building #16, Room 115.
Geoffrey Johnson on Mycoremediation at the Oregon Country Fair.
The Cascade Mycological Society presents Geoffrey Johnson. He will be discussing his mycoremediation project on a site at the Oregon Country Fair. November 10th, 2011. Meet at 7:00 pm, room 115, Science Building (Building 16) at Lane Community College in Eugene.
Geoffrey has been involved with the Oregon Country Fair’s Mycological Restoration Project since 2010. As an environmental science major at the University of Oregon, he is committed to the process of expanding functional knowledge into sustainable human societies. Geoffrey is particularly interested in partnering with Fungi as biological allies in the design of systems for dealing responsibly with waste streams and effluent.
Meet at 7:00 pm, room 115, Science Building (Building 16) at Lane Community College in Eugene.
Between 1964 and 1992, Texaco spilled over 18.5 billion gallons of highly toxic waste into 600 open unlined pits. Little has been cleaned up. These pools contain a mixture of oil, heavy metals and radioactive substances that continues to overflow and seep into the water table, resurfacing in rivers and wells.
The Amazon Mycorenewal Project brings this exciting technique to the Amazon for
the first time ever. A coalition of Ecuadorian and international non-governmental organizations is partnering with local people to remediate their lands using mycelium as well as grow edible and medicinal mushrooms for consumption and income generation.


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The lawsuit relates to a 2018 scandal regarding British consulting company Cambridge Analytica. The company acquired private information from Facebook users to impact the results of the 2016 US presidential election.
The settlement will be the biggest ever paid by Meta in a class-action lawsuit.
Facebook parent company Meta Platforms has agreed to pay $725 million (€682 million) in settlement in a lawsuit seeking damages for allowing third parties, including British consulting firm Cambridge Analytica, access to user data.
The proposed settlement was disclosed in a court filing late on Thursday. It still awaits the San Francisco Court’s approval.
If or when approved, it could give closure to one of Facebook’s longest-standing privacy breach scandals.
Lawyers for the plaintiffs hailed the proposed settlement as the largest ever in a US data privacy class action, as well as the most Meta will have ever paid to resolve a class action lawsuit.
“This historic settlement will provide meaningful relief to the class in this complex and novel privacy case,” the Reuters news agency quoted the lead lawyers for the plaintiffs, Derek Loeser and Lesley Weaver, as saying in a joint statement.
Meta has yet to admit wrongdoing.
However, the company said in a statement that the settlement was “in the best interest of our community and shareholders.” It added that since then, Meta has “revamped our approach to privacy and implemented a comprehensive privacy program.”
The company had agreed to the settlement in August. Yet, at the time, no details were announced, including on the sum agreed.
In 2018, it came to light that Cambridge Analytica had paid a Facebook app developer for access to the personal data of some 87 millions of Facebook users.
The data was used to target voters during the 2016 US presidential election in favor of Republican candidate Donald Trump, who ended up winning the vote. The information was obtained without the users’ consent.
Cambridge Analytica is now defunct.
Meta CEO Zuckerberg was grilled in congress over the Cambridge Analytica scandal© Jim Watson/AFP/Getty Images
Following the revelations, Facebook founder and Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg submitted to an excruciating congressional hearing on the data sharing scandal.
The lawsuit maintains that the breach in privacy shows that Facebook is a “data broker and surveillance firm” and not just a social network.
The reached settlement covers some 250 to 280 million Facebook users.
The lawyers are claiming up to 25% of the settlement. The individual users’ shares will however depend on how many of them file valid claims for a share of the settlement.
rmt/jcg (AFP, Reuters)

domain: law


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How will the Covid-19 pandemic end? And when?
These have been the biggest questions since the pandemic began earlier this year. The answer likely depends on one routinely misinterpreted concept in public health: herd immunity.
“Herd immunity is the only way we’re going to move to a post-pandemic world,” says Bill Hanage, an epidemiology researcher at Harvard. “The problem is, how do you get to it?”
Typically, the term herd immunity is thought of in the context of vaccination campaigns against contagious viruses like measles. The concept helps public health officials think through the math of how many people in a population need to be vaccinated to prevent outbreaks.
With Covid-19, since we don’t yet have a vaccine, the discussion has centered on herd immunity through natural infection, which comes with a terrible cost. Confusing matters, too, is the persistent and erroneous wishful thinking by some who say herd immunity has already been reached, or will be reached sooner than scientists are saying.
For instance, at a recent Senate hearing, Sen. Rand Paul (R-KY) claimed that New York City has its outbreak under control thanks to herd immunity and the fact that around 22 percent of the city’s residents had been infected.
But Dr. Anthony Fauci of the National Institutes of Health, who was a panelist at the hearing, immediately spoke up to correct the senator: “If you believe 22 percent is herd immunity, I believe you’re alone in that.”
Hypothetically, yes, there are situations under which herd immunity to Covid-19 could be achieved. Manaus, Brazil, an Amazonian city of around 2 million people, experienced one of the most severe Covid-19 outbreaks in the world. At the peak in the spring and early summer, the city’s hospitals were completely full, the New York Times reported.
During this period, there were four times as many deaths as normal for that point in the year. But then, over the summer, the outbreak sharply died down. Researchers now estimate between 44 percent and 66 percent of the city’s population was infected with the virus, which means it’s possible herd immunity has been achieved there. (This research has yet to be peer-reviewed.)
But that’s much higher than 22 percent, and the cost of this herd immunity was immense: Between 1 in 500 and 1 in 800 residents died there, the researchers estimate.
Many more were hospitalized, and still more may suffer long-term consequences of the infection. Similarly, the oft-cited example of Sweden, which has pursued a laxer social distancing strategy than its European peers (partially with the goal of building up herd immunity in younger people, while protecting older residents and trying to keep hospitals from exceeding capacity), has paid a price, too: a much higher death rate than fellow Scandinavian countries.
We’re several months into this pandemic, and herd immunity is still widely misunderstood and being continually misused for partisan goals of discrediting science and scientists. The biggest misconception is that achieving herd immunity through natural infection is a reasonable pandemic response strategy. It’s not. Let’s explain.

domain: sociology


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PHUKET CITY: Piyawuth “Ab” Pattamapaneewong, 19, and Wirat “Dam” Thongsu, 20, both from Phuket City, have been charged with gunning down a 15-year-old boy about 12.30 am on December 24.
The victim was identified as Chumphon “Toto” Ruengdam, son of Prasert “Phu Yai Soi” Ruengdam, Headman of Rassada Village 3.
Police arrested the two suspects about 5 am the same day in a rented room on Samkong Rd, where they were sleeping soundly. Police found a shotgun along with four unused cartridges and a fifth spent cartridge behind the headboard of the bed.
The officer in charge of the case, who asked to remain anonymous, said that Chumphon was riding around Phuket City with six to eight friends, when he saw Ab and Dam at the Clock Tower traffic circle.
Ab and Dam were allegedly incensed by Chumphon staring at them, and followed him to Satree Phuket School intersection; where Ab pulled out a sawed-off shotgun from his waistband and hit Chumphon twice over the head with it.
Dam sped away, but as he did so Ab fired at Chumphon, riddling his body with nine pellets.
Chumphon managed to hold on to his friend for 200 meters or so after being shot, but then fell to the roadway and died.
The two suspects have been charged with murder and unlawful possession of a firearm.
Join the conversation and have your say on Thailand news published on The Thaiger.
Thaiger Talk is our new Thaiger Community where you can join the discussion on everything happening in Thailand right now.
Please note that articles are not posted to the forum instantly and can take up to 20 min before being visible. Click for more information and the Thaiger Talk Guidelines.


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Cheltenham-based PKL, which supplies outsourced catering infrastructure including temporary kitchens, catering equipment for hire and permanent modular kitchens, has recorded a steady financial year.
According to its latest publicly available report from Companies House, in the 12 months to 30 April 2019 the company generated £16.5m in turnover, 0.5% up on the 2017-18 financial year’s total of £16.4m.
Revenue from kitchen equipment rental was recognised in the report over the rental period and revenue from sales of other related goods and services was recognised at the point the sale is completed.
Operating profit also grew from £3.1m to £3.4m, a 10% rise.
COO Lee Vines and director Paul Lavery stated in the report: “PKL’s recently-launched U-Select division exhibited a good level of growth during the year, through the hire and sale of catering equipment to predominantly start-up and independent businesses.”
Looking ahead, they wrote: “While the development of core business sectors remains a key area of focus, the company seeks continued growth in its U-Select division, as well as establishing a share of the market for the disposal of food waste through the recently-launched Garbage Guzzler division.
“The directors have prepared forecasts for the coming 12 months that show the company will continue to trade well within its facilities throughout this period. Trading is expected to be profitable.”
Subsequent to this accounting period, PKL was bought out by refrigeration and catering equipment hire firm Lowe Rentals.


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This set of blocks and figures comes with structure pieces and adorable washable animals made with soft PVC.
Fabulous puzzle for little hands. Strong thick pieces presented in a strong box.
This beautiful puzzle for little ones features Cinderella and even comes in a Cinderella-shaped box!
The Cows on the Farm Puzzle from Djeco depicts an idyllic rural scene, and comes in a sturdy cow-shaped box.


text: The down scaling of feature sizes and higher process variations in future CMOS nano-technologies are anticipated to introduce higher manufacturing anomalies. On the other hand designs are getting more complicated due to more innovative applications where they need higher numbers of transistors. These phenomena significantly reduce the functional yield. Redundancy has been used for a long time in regular structures such as memory to tolerate defects; however, for typical irregular logic circuits this would be very challenging. In this paper we introduce a theory that justifies the necessity of using redundancy at sub-chip level of granularity to maximize yield/area (number of healthy dies) for future technologies with higher defect rates. In addition, redundancy at finer levels of granularity, aggravates the overheads of interconnect (steering logics, i.e., forks, joins and switches) such as yield, area, and testing overheads. These overheads limit the level of granularity for logic replication. Current yield estimators are generally pessimistic for interconnects because they do not take circuit and logic context into consideration, and/or they assume all defects are killer-defects, i.e., always result in unacceptable circuit behavior. In this paper we propose a CAD tool to compute the functional yield of the configurable and testable steering logics using (i) actual layout geometries, and (ii) factory data related to density and size of opens (missing metal), shorts (extra metal) and open vias. The experimental results show that our theory of redundancy considering the overheads of steering logics can improve the yield/area by 2.8 times for a real highly-defected circuit (OpenSparc T2 core).


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An 84-year-old woman has died after being hit by a car outside...
Ebola spreads to city of Goma after pastor travels to preach shows symptoms of deadly virus
The Democratic Republic of Congo has confirmed an Ebola case in Goma, marking the first time the virus has reached the city of more than two million people since the epidemic began nearly a year ago.
The health ministry said the man who had arrived earlier on Sunday in the regional capital had been quickly transported to an Ebola treatment centre.
Authorities said they had tracked down all the passengers on the bus the man took to Goma from Butembo, one of the towns hardest hit by the disease.
"Because of the speed with which the patient was identified and isolated, and the identification of all the other bus passengers coming from Butembo, the risk of it spreading in the rest of the city of Goma is small," the health ministry said in a statement.
The virus has killed more than 1,600 people in Congo and two others who returned home across the border to neighbouring Uganda.
Health experts have long feared that it could make its way to Goma, which is located on the Rwandan border.
The health ministries in Congo's neighbours have been preparing for months for the possibility of cases, and frontline health workers already have been vaccinated.
The confirmed case announced late on Sunday in eastern Congo involves a pastor who became ill last Tuesday.
He then left Butembo on a bus, and arrived at a health centre on Sunday showing symptoms of Ebola, the health ministry said.
Violent attacks against health workers and treatment facilities have greatly compromised efforts to combat the epidemic in Butembo.
Eastern Congo is home to a myriad of armed groups, and Mai Mai militia fighters are active near the hardest hit towns.
Health teams have been unable to access violent areas to vaccinate people at risk of infection and to bring infected patients into isolation.
Other times the violence against health teams has come from residents who do not want their loved ones taken to treatment centres or buried in accordance with guidelines aimed at reducing Ebola transmission.
Click here to listen to Bernard Kateta Balibun, CAFOD's Country Representative in the Democratic Republic of Congo speaking to Glyn Jones:
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domain: medical


In the News ;
75Average age of participants at senior centers.
Technology is giving a boost to voters with disabilities. ; This
month, as a test, some Oregon voters
will use iPads to mark their ballots in
a special election. The devices, using
software created by Everyone Counts,
will aid people with conditions such
as arthritis or impaired vision. They
cannot actually cast their votes online with the iPads, but they can fill out the ballots, which will then
be printed out and mailed in or dropped off at election stations.
; “This is a big step in the process,” says Dmitri Belser of the Center
for Accessible Technology, a consulting group in Berkeley, Calif.
; All U.S. election jurisdictions must have accessible equipment
for voters with disabilities, but each state has a different approval
process for new devices. ; Darren Burton, a technology expert at the
American Foundation for the Blind, is enthusiastic: “The iPad has
built-in access features that allow those of us who are blind or with
low vision to use them without the assistance of others.” —Frank McCoy
Disabled Voters Testing iPads
Veterans are signing up to serve again—but
this time the focus is on
better health care. ; The
Million Veteran Program,
sponsored by the Department of Veterans Affairs
Office of Research and
Development, has a $19.8 million budget to research how genes affect
the health and illnesses of those who have served in the armed forces.
; More than 25,000 vets have signed up so far—and the VA hopes to hit
the 1 million mark within seven years. ; “We will customize treatments
for conditions that affect veterans,” says Joel Kupersmith, M.D., the VA’s
chief research officer, and study “whether there are underlying genetic
factors that contribute to disorders.” ; Volunteers must provide blood
samples and complete health questionnaires at one of the nation’s 40
VA health centers. The samples are tested for DNA and other genetic
characteristics. Procedures are in place to protect participants’ privacy.
; For more information, call 1-866-441-6075 toll-free. —Todd Beamon
; WWII veterans and other vets are
sought for a VA health care study.


Weighted blanket DELUXE
The evenly distributed weight stimulates the release of serotonin (the happiness hormone), increases melatonin (the sleep hormone) and reduces cortisol (the stress hormone).
- 100% Oeko-Tex certified velvet fabric.
elegant appearance, easy to clean, comfortable texture.
- High quality glass granules (for the non-sleepers).
We use glass granules to distribute the weight evenly, so you stay well wrapped up all night.
The elegant design ensures that the blanket is usually used as a comforter over a regular bedspread or as a cozy blanket for relaxing on the couch.
The SensoLife weighted blanket helps to:
- Reduce stress
- Relieve anxiety
- Reduce insomnia
- Increase melatonin and serotonin
- Calm depression, burn-out, autism, PTSD and ADHD, stimulability and high sensitivity.
Breathable, soft fabrics combined with our unique construction and high quality glass granules make SensoLife the best weighted blanket on the market.
Washing instructions: The blanket can be washed with water (30 degrees/hand wash), lay flat to dry.


Last month, Anand Saha, owner of Mozart’s Cafe and Vienna Ice Cafe announced that they would be closing the Mozart’s location at The North Market to refocus on their Clintonville locations. Today we find out that part of that new focus includes the addition of beer, wine and liquor to their menu. “Upon our decision […]
On April 1st, Dayton-based Buckeye Vodka began distributing their Ohio-made spirit throughout the state, adding another microdistillery to the growing list in the region. Buckeye Vodka aims to provide a high-quality product at an affordable price point when compared to its national competitors. We recently spoke to Jim Finke, CEO of Crystal Spirits, the producers […]
A group of dedicated booze enthusiasts recently launched DrinkUpColumbus.com, a new online resource that covers everything related to potent potables. New content is being posted up regularly, and includes bar reviews, home brewing tips, event write-ups and more.


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Updated August 2020
What is Tort Reform?
While tort reform may be a term you’re familiar with from recent news stories, most people are unaware of how it applies to them. Tort reform is a political effort by big business and insurance companies to persuade legislators to enact legislation which limits the exposure (i.e., money that has to be paid out to injured persons) of corporations, or in the case of insurance companies, their insureds. Tort reform results in laws which restrict the consumers’ rights and is designed to change the way our civil justice system works and has the following goals:
- To make it more difficult for injured people to file a lawsuit;
- To make it more difficult for injured people to obtain a jury trial;
- To place limits on the amount of money injured people receive in a lawsuit.
Supporters of tort reform argue that limiting the consumers’ access to the courts will reduce insurance premiums for those in the healthcare industry, for example, doctors in high-risk specialties. However, statistically, this has never been borne out. Rather, insurance companies charge premiums on the basis of economic conditions.
Pennsylvania Tort Reform
Tort reform changes drastically affect the payout for seriously injured medical malpractice victims can obtain.
The Administrative Office of Pennsylvania Courts (AOPC) previously reported in 2015 that medical malpractice filings in Pennsylvania have reached a 14 year low. In large part, this comes from two changes in the law during this period of time.
The first change required attorneys representing medical malpractice victims to obtain from a medical expert a “certificate of merit.” This requires that with the filing of a lawsuit the plaintiff must have a written opinion from a medical doctor prepared to testify that the medical procedures in a case fall below acceptable medical standards.
A second change in the law requires medical malpractice lawsuits to be brought only in the county where the cause of action, that is, the alleged medical negligence, took place. Before that change in the law, plaintiffs could choose to file their lawsuit in a county which they perceived to have more favorable juries, so long as the defendant doctor or hospital did business in the favorable county.
In addition, the data released by the AOPC also show more than 81 percent of the medical malpractice verdicts in 2014 were for the defense.
These changes in Pennsylvania law have been quite beneficial for Pennsylvania doctors and hospitals, but not so beneficial for Pennsylvania consumers who are the victims of medical malpractice, and the data bear this out.
Advocates and Opposition to Medical Malpractice Reform
Advocates for tort reform argue that while the previous tort reform efforts in Pennsylvania lowered malpractice claims and the cost of medical professional liability insurance, there are more reductions to be made.
Those opposed to further tort reform argue that victims of serious injuries by doctor negligence and their families shouldn’t face major hurdles in order to obtain recovery.
Increased Patient Safety as an Alternative to Medical Malpractice Tort Reform
Nevertheless, instead of focusing on medical malpractice tort reform, healthcare providers should work to increase patient safety. As ultimately, when patient safety improves, the number of medical malpractice claims are also reduced, in turn causing doctor’s insurance premiums to go down.
Example of Medical Malpractice Tort Reform
For example, over the past couple of decades, anesthesiologists have focused on improving patient safety. According to studies compiled by the Institute of Medicine, patient deaths due to anesthesia have declined to one death per 200,000 to 300,000 cases from one for every 5,000 cases. As a result, malpractice insurance for anesthesiologists has actually decreased over the past 20 years once inflation has been taken into account.
This example can be looked at as a model for the rest of the medical profession by simultaneously increasing patient safety and reducing malpractice insurance costs. Therefore, instead of placing an arbitrary number on damages that will further injure patients, the burden should be placed on doctors and other medical providers to improve patient safety.
The Truth About Medical Malpractices
The fact is, preventable medical errors occur at extremely high rates in the U.S. Hundreds of thousands of injuries are suffered due to these errors every year, and, of these injuries, about 99,000 result in death. Despite these numbers, “tort reformers” have stigmatized victims of medical malpractice who seek to hold medical practitioners responsible if there was medical negligence. Here are some of the most common myths regarding medical malpractice.
Myth: Medical malpractice lawsuits are just “windfalls” for medical malpractice victims
Fact: Not quite. From 2003 to 2008, the money awarded in medical malpractice settlements and verdicts dropped by about fifty percent, according to a study by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners. If a medical error has occurred, the injured patient deserves to recover some money, if only to cover the cost of correcting the error. But this is not the only reason to pursue a med mal lawsuit. When a medical error occurs, medical providers are not necessarily forthcoming about their errors. Sometimes the only way to figure out what exactly happened – as well to help ensure it does not happen again – is to engage in a medical malpractice lawsuit.
Myth: Verdicts awarded by juries in medical malpractice lawsuits are way too high.
Fact: Another huge misconception. An in-depth study of med mal lawsuits in 2005 showed that, on average, a medical error which resulted in a patient’s death earned surviving family members about $195,000. According to the Pennsylvania Association for Justice, only about half of 1% of medical malpractice payouts amount to one million dollars or more.
According to Public Citizen’s Congress Watch on Medical Malpractice in Pennsylvania, the number of medical malpractice cases filed in Philadelphia dropped 58 percent in 2003, as a result of procedural rules changes regarding venues mandated by the State Supreme Court. More recent studies have confirmed this.
One further fact that those arguing medical malpractice tort reform fail to consider is that lawyers for plaintiffs in medical malpractice suits pay upfront costs and charge a contingency fee, thus only getting paid if successful at the end of the case. Bringing a medical malpractice suit can cost well in excess of $250,000. It is therefore unlikely that a plaintiff’s attorney would be willing to spend that kind of money as well as being required to work 500 hours or more on a case that has little chance of winning, or where the damages and potential verdict would be relatively low.
If you have questions regarding a medical malpractice case, contact us today!
Stuart A. Carpey, who has been practicing as an attorney since 1987, focuses his practice on complex civil litigation which includes representing injured individuals in a vast array of personal injury cases.


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Order Chicken Wings in Hutto, TX
There’s a lot more to Domino’s than memorable pizzas. When you’re in the mood for tasty, tender, sauce-smothered chicken, satisfy your hunger with Domino's chicken wing delivery in Hutto, TX. From hot but creamy Classic Buffalo Boneless Wings to sweet and savory BBQ Wings, you can order chicken and dipping sauce combinations for all occasions and cravings. There’s food for every mood at Domino’s Hutto!
The best part is, you get all of the options and all the best ingredients in one place — tender white meat chicken bites, perfectly crisp breading, and a great selection of sauces that range from tangy to sweet to spicy.
More Than Just Chicken Wing Delivery in Hutto, TX
What makes Domino’s Hutto chicken wing specialty menu so special? You can take control of your dinner or lunch experience by choosing between all sorts of menu options like Hot Buffalo Boneless Bites or Sweet Mango Habanero Wings. And there’s always more! It’s your call if you want to pick up your chicken dinner, or if you’d rather have your chicken wings delivered to your home, work, or even a local Domino’s Hotspot®!
Plain, Saucy, or Both! Hutto, TX Chicken Wing Delivery
Domino’s chicken is tasty any way you order it, whether that’s oven-baked BBQ Wings, or breaded boneless bites drizzled in your must-have dipping sauce. Does the word "drizzle" make your tongue tingle for chicken? Check out the rest of our Hutto chicken wing menu.
If you’re in the mood for spicy food, get a kick out of the Spicy Jalapeno Pineapple Boneless Bites: breaded chicken breast bites garnished with sweet and spicy mango habanero sauce and crowned with diced pineapple and jalapenos. Plus, did we mention all our specialty chicken bites are covered in a melted combo of real mozzarella and shredded cheddar? For a different type of spiciness, get Buffalo Chicken Bites delivered to your home. They’re crispy, spicy, and covered in cheese and ranch.
For a little less spice, try the crisp and creamy boneless Bacon & Tomato Bites. They’re breaded to crunchy perfection, topped with a garlic parmesan sauce, and sprinkled with diced tomato and crunchy bacon bits. Want something mildly sweet and totally satisfying? Surprise your taste buds with delightfully-breaded chicken breast bites, dipped in smoky barbecue sauce and covered with melted cheese and crunchy bacon. YUM!
If you’re more of a bone-in wing type, then you’ve found a new top wing restaurant in Hutto. We have plenty of crispy oven-baked wings for you to pick from. Every wing is marinated and baked to crisp perfection. Next, we dress them in the tasty sauce of your choice or leave them un-sauced for you to make your own.
Want a clean “plate” to sauce and season your chicken wings your way? Quiet the hunger grumbles with plain boneless bites or plain chicken wings delivered to you in Hutto, TX. Plain chicken wings are great by themselves Go crazy with blue cheese dressing, spicy buffalo sauce, or all of the above! We don’t judge double-dippers!
Want something less plain? Scratch your itch for flavor by ordering a saucier option — we’ll baste your wings in sauce before and after cooking them. Just choose how you want them flavored. For a sweeter taste, order BBQ Wings. For the finest of both flavors, choose Sweet Mango Habanero Wings. And for an all-you-can-eat party, get a bit of every-wing to satisfy your senses.
Ordering Hutto, TX Chicken Wing Delivery
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. But, how much are Domino’s Specialty Chicken Wings in Hutto? Discover Domino’s affordable wing prices, and use coupons to save more dough. In the meantime, decide if you want your wings to-go or you want a couple orders of boneless wings delivered to your home. Then choose whether you want Spicy Jalapeno Pineapple Boneless Wings, Plain Boneless Wings, the OG BBQ Wings, or a little bit of everything on the menu. Smother ‘em in dipping sauce, and you’ll be licking your fingers sooner than you can scream, “The wings are here!”

domain: food


NY Mills State of City shines light on growth
Published 02/01/2012, EOT Focus
New York Mills Mayor Larry Hodgson expressed his excitement with the upcoming election year during his State of the City address at city hall last week.Word count: 356
The full article is available to newspaper subscribers. If you are a subscriber please log in to continue reading.


text:
About this Artist
LA LOM "The Los Angeles League Of Musicians". Their Music is a blend of Cumbia, Afro Cuban Jazz, and Americana, which embodies the sound of 1940's-70’s California. Founded in Los Angeles in 2017, LA LOM add's a modern flare to Cumbia, and Classic Latin music.
After releasing their Debut EP in August 2022, LA LOM has been reaching a youthful audience looking to listen and dance to the euphoric rhythms and sounds of Cumbia.


text:
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NOOPEPT 50 pills of 10 mg
NOOPEPT has nootropic and neuroprotective properties, improves learning ability and memory,...
Piracetam [NOOTROPIL, Lucetam]
Piracetam [NOOTROPIL, Lucetam] nootropic drug that acts on the central nervous system in various...
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Tanakan [Ginkgo Biloba leaf extract] angioprotective agent of plant origin, increases the body's...
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Cogitum (Acetylamino Acetic Acid) 25 mg/ml 30 ampoules
Cogitum (Acetylamino Acetic Acid) general tonic, the drug contributes to the normalization of the...

domain: chemistry


text:
This article by the newstamu.com team has been presented to give a brief information on TSC’s latest news on wealth declaration by the Kenyan teachers.
The TSC secretary Dr Nancy Macharia gave a briefing on the teachers who have not filled their wealth declaration forms.
It is a reprieve for thousands of teachers who were unable to file their 2017-2019 wealth declarations by December 31, 2019. This is after the Teachers Service Commission, TSC, extended the deadline by another one week. Via an internal memo to all County Directors (dated January 7, 2020), the Commission dispatched lists of teachers who had not uploaded their details by the earlier deadline.
The data shows that 9,855 teachers did not file their returns and hence have been given an opportunity to comply.
“Majority of employees complied within the stipulated time. However, 9,855 teachers and 120 Secretariat Staff are yet to submit their declarations , which is a contravention of the law,” reads the memo; in part.
Those affected will now have to utilize the chance and file their data between 8th – 14th January, 2020.
The memo requires the County Directors to give a feed back on those who should have not submitted their data by end of the new deadline.
All teachers in employment of TSC are required to declare their Income, Assets and Liabilities. These include teachers on:
Any kind of leave I.e
- Sick leave
Any teacher in the TSC employment who fails to submit a declaration or gives false or misleading information is liable to a fine of Kshs 1,000,000 or be imprisoned for a term not exceeding one year or both upon conviction.
By December 30, 2019, close to 96,000 teachers were yet to declare their wealth status, online as required by law.


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Mandeville, LA - Exclusive Video and Audio - Where is the "gentlemanness" in PRO football asks Steven Klugewitz? The babseball diamond seems to have stuck to it's honorable traditions, so why not football? I would add, what about DINNER!? Where's the gentleman-like behavior at the dinner table at home AND in public? There are many places where these "unspoken laws" should apply, but modern culture seems to tell us that practically any type of beha….Continue
Mandeville, LA – Exclusive Transcript – Brad is a professor at Hillsdale College. He is the author of the book about Charles Carroll of Carrolton, American Cicero, a great book about a forgotten founding father. He is also the editor of The Imaginative Conservative website, which we had Winston Elliott on yesterday and talked about. Brad is part of what I like to call the conservative revival. Check out today’s transcript for the rest…….Continue
Mandeville, LA – Exclusive Transcript – Let’s go over to the Dude Maker Hotline and say hello to my dear friend, the one and only Winston Elliott, III of TheImaginativeConservative.org website, the place to tickle your brain cells on a daily basis and read about what actual and real conservatives of days gone by might have said about today’s conservative, and then some of today’s conservatives and what they say about the future of conservatism. Check out today’s t….Continue
Mandeville, LA – Exclusive Transcript – I said this last week, that I would explain the Birzer Effect for new listeners. Here’s the Birzer effect in 30 seconds or less. Check out today’s transcript for the rest…….Continue
Mandeville, LA – Exclusive Transcript – I would like to draw the distinction between what basically today is entertainment that is labeled and branded as intellectual thought. It’s not intellectual thought. It is entertainment that may be amenable and may appeal to people who believe themselves to be conservative, but it is not an intellectual and well thought out and principled conservatism, not of the order of the Russell Kirks and this gentleman I was reading, of th….Continue
Mandeville, LA - Exclusive Transcript - Why do they continue to tell us that there really is no God and he has no part in any of our affairs public or private? Why do they continue to tell us that there is no such thing as good manners, because if you exhibit good manners you must be some sort of a chauvinistic, bigoted pig? Why, Mr. Church, why? The why is because there is no Him. He has been chased out of our lives. Check out today's transcri….Continue
Mandeville, LA – Exclusive Transcript – I’m simply questioning the size of the endeavor and how it is that the allegedly most peace-loving, peaceful, liberty-loving people on the face of the planet or in the planet’s history, why we need at-the-ready expeditionary forces of 3 to 5 million people. Who is it and how is it that we pissed the world off? No one will answer that question. I can tell you how. Check out today’s transcript fo….Continue
Mandeville, LA – Exclusive Transcript – We’re talking about civilizing young men and how we are anti-civilizational now by our own actions. What kind of society could possibly survive when it is careening towards becoming like the animal kingdom? We have order and we have families, and we have these things because time has shown us and has shown man that these things are necessary to survive, and they are necessary certainly to organize or….Continue
Mandeville, LA – Exclusive Transcript – You want to tell me that ancient history and Roman and Greek history is not worth studying, I defy you. He is describing conditions that existed around 50, 60 BC, somewhere around there. He is describing conditions which existed in ancient Rome as they lost their way and stopped being republicans and became Empiricists. The exact same thing has happened here today. Check out today’s transcript for the rest…….Continue
I’ve often heard and talked about how 1913 is the pivot year. The progressives, the triumphs they were able to enjoy in 1913 with the creation of The Fed & the income tax set the stage for all the corruption and tyranny we currently experience today.….Continue
Mandeville, LA - Exclusive Transcript - This goes out to you people out there that agitate this and promote this, and you do so on a daily basis, if not hour by hour. [mocking] “We gotta take the party back. We gotta kick these RINOs out.” As I have been trying to preach to what I hope is an expanding choir out there, that is another fool’s err. Carey explains it in writing in a manner in which I think is congruent with the way we’ve been talking about it. It’s ….Continue
Mandeville, LA - Mike Church's daily Pile of Prep, chock full of Founding Father, Christmas Spirit goodness and other [r]epublican stories used to perform the Mike Church Show on Sirius/XM Patriot channel 125 It is expensive to be an American: The staggering costs associated with just preserving the Federal Leviathan "as is" are enough to inspire talk of secession, Article V and nullification with or without a "fiscal cliff" "There's Gold in them 'thar' hills!" physical Gold ….Continue
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Edition: 3rd 2011
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Description: For courses in Paralegal (Introduction), Legal Concepts for Paralegals, and Introduction to Law.Written by an award-winning author team, The Paralegal Professional: Comprehensive Version, 3e provides a solid foundation in substantive and procedural legal knowledge and analytical skills. Using chapter opening vignettes, ethical perspectives, advice from the field, and chapter exercises, it develops real-world skills needed to be successful in a paralegal career. Substantive law chapters provide an overview of the most common individual legal areas of practice. New video case studies andParalegals in Practice boxes bring the world of the paralegal closer to the classroom.
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Erectile dysfunction supplements and other natural remedies have long been used in Chinese, African and other cultures. But unlike prescription medications for erectile dysfunction, such as sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra, Staxyn), tadalafil (Cialis, Adcirca) and avanafil (Stendra), erectile dysfunction herbs and supplements haven't been well-studied or tested. Some can cause side effects or interact with other medications. And the amount of the active ingredient can vary greatly from product to product.


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This chapter explains the key environmental changes that have come about in Wadi Allaqi as a result of the construction of the Aswan High Dam. Clearly, the most significant impact is the presence of a large body of water in this otherwise hyperarid environment, but this has had further implications in terms of the formation of new soils through new patterns of sediment accumulation and loss. The flora and fauna of the area have also responded to this change.
Keywords: environmental change; Aswan High Dam; dam construction; Lake Nasser; environmental impact
Chapter. 10888 words. Illustrated.
Subjects: International Relations
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Young daughters leaving for job… mothers grieving … fathers finding work… families living in tents, oil spill not completely cleaned up… death comes after another… voices raging and rising up…
These are the images of the communities I’m working with after six months of Typhoon Haiyan devastation. Nothing much had changed in the life of the disaster stricken communities. Relief assistance from international humanitarian aid had come to an end yet people are still longing for more. Government is constructing more roads for tourism rather than giving food and livelihood for the victims.
“We need to rise up from the devastation or else we will die with our eyes open due to hunger”, said a leader of Hugpong-Kababainhan (Women United).
“We must be heard to be recognized with our strong voices claiming our rights to be protected from disaster”, as she explained to the group about the organization.
Hugpong Kababainhan is a women organization of Typhoon Haiyan and oil spill affected communities of Estancia, Iloilo. We organized the group in February this year to empower them in demanding justice from the gross negligence committed by the government. In the midst of homelessness, hunger, diseases and helplessness, we facilitated relief assistance, medical missions, shelter kits and empowerment training. We put up a community centre where we can laugh, giggle, cry, counsel and hug each other for support and advancement of women’s work.
Today, we have nearly thousand women members and their numbers continues to rise up. Giving their voices hope is their ultimate weapon to rise above desperation and hopelessness. Relief assistance is but temporary but empowering the women and their families for social change and government reforms is forever. It will be forever imprinted in their hearts that their voice are their source of survival in fighting for their rights and triumphantly ends as victors not victims.
My heart melts and bubbles up witnessing the callousness and corruption of government while mothers crying and begging for food for their children. I don’t know when this suffering end and I felt the urgency that this situation must be changed.
“We need to end our hardship,” I always said passionately to women.
“If we will not rise up, who will rise up for us and for our children?”
Moving up my lenses from the Typhoon Haiyan devastated communities, devastation is again brewing up among small urban entrepreneurs in the city of Iloilo due to government policy of privatizing public markets. Most of the small entrepreneurs and transient vendors are women. Where will women go when this public markets operations will be transferred to big monopoly businesses? The disenfranchisement of livelihood among women widens the gaps between the rich and the poor thereby transforming economic empowered women to beggars.
“You’re an angel!” a woman transient vendor told me a week ago when I came to their meeting and explained what privatization or Public Private Partnership is all about. I was so moved with such simple but very inspiring and overpowering words.
Left and right, rear and front comes the government attack against the very heart of our survival. I always asked why and I always got agitated even deep within me, I knew the reasons why our government is killing us in so many ways. I can’t close my eyes and cover my ears to this endless suffering despite the death threats I’m facing.
I’ve lost another colleague of mine last March 15 as political killing of activists and journalists is once again on the rise. While writing this today, I got an alert message that another peasant leader activist was killed by paramilitary group in the community where they are operating. It worries me so much about our group safety and we need to be safe.
Government called me activists, leftist and even communist but standing on my ground for the poor and disadvantage women, for my daughter and my son, for my family , my community and my country is a gift I can give to humanity.
In times of political danger with the digital technology I never felt alone. Mobile phones and internet access are my ammunitions. Unlike decades ago, when communication is dependent on landline telephone and post mail, feeling of disconnection was nerve- racking. With the advancement of digital communication as to the mobile phones and internet connection I’m always felt a relative sense of security and connectivity. I can call or text my colleagues, my friends, the media and lawyers and I know what’s going on anytime I need to. Digital accessibility defies distance and fear.
I’m always grateful to my digital community for all my victories in my most challenging times. My life thread is linked to this web and every thread is my breath. Not too long ago, in 2006, I remember I got my first internet connection. It was an overwhelming yet amazing experience. Sometimes I feel so sorry for myself when I think about my life events in years without the internet. Maybe, I have finished my master’s degree online, maybe I’ve learned how to breastfeed my baby, etc.
The ever flowing digital advancement and internet information, made my world bigger. I saw life beyond my horizons. I can feel the breath of every woman longing and searching for freedom at the other side of the globe. I can sense the vibrant life giving community support for women’s empowerment. What is impossible became possible when I got connected to the world. I became an award-winning Voices of Our Future correspondent, visited several places in the US, meeting globally known women activists, telling our stories of pain and struggle and making a historical landmark in our digital activism.
It was my World Pulse community that connected me to the world virtually and physically; who taught me to believe in my writing capacity and uplifted my spirit that I can be a writer and an activist at the same time. World Pulse sparked the tiniest nerve of my being and continued to be one. It was because of World Pulse that I was able to attain a higher level of confidence of doing my activism work every day both offline and online.
Our collective voices both spoken and unspoken are giving me wings to fly and deliver message of hope to the world and to each and every one of us through the web. It is our women voices weaving and tangling with each other bringing triumphs possible and visible even in the most invisible thread connection.
Computer and internet connections in the Philippines are commonly used among the urban youth and the middle class. Majority still of the population especially the rural folks who comprises 70% of our population have no access to internet. Though, they have mobile phones to connect to their families.
A month from now, I’m going to train grassroots women and youth in Typhoon Haiyan affected community about digital activism using mobile phones and connect it to the internet bringing the voices of women, men and children who don’t have access to it. Wave by wave, we will conquer the digital web world sounding and amplifying the voices of women bringing hope and celebrating triumphs in ending discrimination and exploitation in this web called life.WWW: Women Weave the Web


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Coming Together in Celebration
This seasonal release is a limited-edition single malt that tells the story of Scotland?s world-famous Hogmanay festivities celebrated annually on 31st December, and captures the universal joy of celebrating the New Year. A Night on Earth In Scotland is a collaboration with acclaimed Japanese-French illustrator Erica Dorn, whose artwork has featured in director Wes Anderson?s films. Presented in a unique, multi-layered gift box, it showcases Dorn?s vibrant, playful illustrations inspired by the historic fire rituals dominant in New Year celebrations around the world, and every layer, rich in colour and meaning, unfolds a special unboxing experience like no other.
A Night on Earth in Scotland is created from a selection of The Macallan?s exceptional American and European oak sherry seasoned casks, along with American ex-bourbon barrels to deliver its rich, sweet shortbread-like character. This delicious whisky pays homage to the rich Scottish delicacy traditionally gifted and eaten at Hogmanay, punctuated by festive notes of dried orange and spice.
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International Cannabis Weekly: 196
YOUR TEAM CAN STREAM PROHIBITION PARTNERS LIVE FOR FREE – 18-20 MAY 2021
Prohibition Partners LIVE returns for a third edition in less than two weeks’ time. The three-day virtual event will bring together more than 600 delegates, as well as 60 industry-leading speakers from across the globe, to explore and debate the cannabis industry’s most pressing topics: from legislation and social equity, to more mainstream opportunities in areas like wellness and blockchain.
This is an incredible opportunity to learn from some of the most influential stakeholders and biggest brands in the industry, to educate your team, and develop your business – all for free. Don’t pass on this unmissable event. Watch each of the first 2-days of panel discussions with a FREE Streaming Pass.
EUROPEAN UNION ADDS CBG AS AN APPROVED INGREDIENT FOR COSMETICS AND SKINCARE
ILLINOIS’ NEW RECORD IN CANNABIS SALES REACHES US$1 BILLION – EXCEEDING LIQUOR SALES FOR 2021
- Switzerland seeks to further align cannabis legislation with scientific research to better protect consumers.
- Hemp growing returns to Scotland with launch of country’s first farmers’ collective.
- Industry first as medical cannabis company wins UK’s prestigious Queen’s Award for Enterprise 2021.
- Poland nearing an agreement to bring THC rules in line with the EU’s.
- HempFlax announces record 43% revenue increase, showing soaring demand for hemp products.
- Progress for Italy’s hemp industry as new proposal receives unanimous approval.
- Global cannabis demonstration will go ahead but must strictly adhere to COVID restrictions.
- The Botanicals is the first company to be awarded a licence to grow high-THC cannabis in Switzerland.
- Pennsylvanian bill will allow for the sale of cannabis in liquor stores.
- Missouri’s growing population creates new constitutional minimum for medical cannabis licences.
- Green Thumb significantly expands production and retail capabilities with US$217 million acquisition.
- New law allows Louisiana patients access to smokable medicinal cannabis, with adult-use cannabis bill to follow.
- Ascend Wellness Holdings goes public to become one of the world’s largest cannabis companies.
- ACC to expand production facilities after securing major Colorado acquisition.
- West Virginia finally allows eligible citizens to register for medical cannabis, years after law is passed.
- Tennessee congress passes bill limiting medicinal cannabis access to those with strict qualifying conditions.
- Alabama next in line to legalise medicinal cannabis after the House passes an amended cannabis bill.
- Progress for cannabis legalisation in Kansas as lawmakers prepare to vote on bill.
Prohibition Partners’ research indicates that between 9% and 30% of Europeans have tried CBD products in the past 12 months (as of early 2020), equating to tens of millions of consumers each year.
The data indicates high usage rates of CBD in European countries at the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, with evidence showing that consumption of CBD products increased throughout the pandemic across the globe. Find out more in The European Cannabis Report: 6th Edition.
- Approval of Tilray and Aphria merger creates world’s largest cannabis company.
- Pro-cannabis legislation advances in the US presenting major opportunities for Canadian companies.
- Canadian company plans to build affordable homes using hemp-based construction materials.
- 3Fifteen Primo Cannabis partnership will introduce Heritage medical cannabis products to the US.
- High Tide’s latest acquisition will see annual revenue surpass C$40 million.
- Regulatory hurdles hamper growing interest in seed-to-sale on-farm cannabis model.
- Sundial Growers to significantly expand retail store network with latest acquisitions.
- Study shows cannabis use in Quebec is increasing during lockdown.
LATAM & CARIBBEAN
- Breakthrough in Latin America as first Chilean cannabis medicine is prescribed for Peruvian patients.
- Regulation blocking small Paraguayan farmers from cultivating hemp unlikely to change soon.
- Demand for cannabis soars as 70% of Brazilians support medical cannabis.
- Brazilian cannabis business accelerator announces Uruguayan expansion.
- Senior Brazilian politician defends national cannabis production bill, citing wide benefits.
- Córdoba heeds cannabis laws allowing self-cultivation of cannabis for medicinal uses.
- Canadian-Colombian medical cannabis producer PharmaCielo focuses on Brazilian market.
- Canna Care to purchase shares worth THB50 billion in cannabis company Golden Triangle Group.
- Asia Horizon CEO suggests ways on how China can better regulate CBD cosmetics market.
- Most of New Zealand’s cannabis users support transitioning to a legal cannabis scheme.
- New Zealand government confirms no amnesty for thousands of illegal medicinal cannabis suppliers.
- Australian TGA warns against potential health risks of medicinal cannabis obtained illegally.
- Epsilon completes installation of its cannabis manufacturing facilities, beginning medicinal cannabis production.
AFRICA & MIDDLE EAST
- Morocco announces European market as primary target for medical cannabis supply.
- Israeli cannabis company’s entry into Brazilian market presents major growth opportunity.
- South African government addresses legalisation demand by announcing major cannabis industry investment.
- Panaxia Israel sells local cannabis retail operation, demonstrating confidence in export potential.
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