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Pfizer and Biontech’s CoV vaccines, as well as Moderna, are likely to be highly effective against the two virus variants B.1.617 and B.1.618 that are prevalent in India, according to a U.S. study. “We found that the vaccine antibodies were a little bit weaker against the variants, but not so much that we think it would have a big impact on the protective capacity of the vaccines,” Nathaniel Landau, one of the study’s authors, told the AFP news agency yesterday.
The study by NYU Grossman School of Medicine and the NYU Langone Center has not yet been independently peer-reviewed by several experts in the field. Without such a peer-review process to ensure scientific quality, the study’s accuracy is still unclear and its validity is therefore limited.
For their study, the researchers took blood samples from vaccinated people and exposed them to artificially produced pseudovirus particles under laboratory conditions. According to Landau, the scientists found that the number of antibodies was lower in the Indian variants. “But there were enough that worked, so we believe the vaccines will be highly protective.”
First discovered in India, coronavirus variant B.1.617 has already spread to dozens of countries and every continent, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The newer variant, B.1.618, has also already spread widely in India. WHO has classified B.1.617 as “of concern” because the variant may be more contagious and also less sensitive to antibodies.
- source: orf.at/picture:pixabay.com
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Utilities like heat, electricity and water are paid by the county.Interesting. Are other tenants of Oneida County also given taxpayer-paid utilities?
The car rental desk and flight school paid rent at their old locations and will continue doing so in their new locations on the second floor of the terminal building.But ...
Under the management contract, Freeman did not have to pay rent for its old space because it was in what was considered a transitional location, awaiting a permanent one, explained Candido.So, the County clearly gave preferential treatment to Freeman in that other tenants paid rent for their old space but Freeman did not.
Interesting thing, that management agreement, regarding the "transitional location," in Section 4 (A) . . .
". . . it is anticipated that said relocation of the FBO Offices will occur in the spring of 2009 . . . "2009???
So what the OC Board of Leg. is doing now was something they were told was anticipated to be done in 2009? It is now 2015, SIX YEARS LATER! That means that Freeman has been using County Facilities, rent free, for six years longer than the OC Legislature was led to believe when it originally approved the agreement with Freeman back in 2008!
It is unknown why it took so long to get to this point, or who was ultimately responsible to get us to this point. There are probably plenty of excuses which may or may not be good ones. What is not excusable is that an unforeseen delay was something that could have been provided for in the original contract, but was not, and that as a result, the taxpayers have have not received rent for the use of county facilities for six years.
According to the Sentinel, the county executive's chief of staff Mr. Candido . . .
said the lease amount was based on a study of new construction rentals and market rates in the surrounding area.
Given the sloppiness of the manner in which the Management Agreement has been carried out thus far, the Board of Legislators may want to see the evidence supporting Mr. Candido's assertion before approving of this lease.


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Relevant’s backpack campaign helps Hornets Nest, Hopewell
by Staff Writer
HUNTERSVILLE – Determined to make a difference in local students’ lives, members of Relevant Church more than surpassed their pastor’s goal for the church’s second annual backpack drive.
The church holds services at Hopewell High School, 11530 Beatties Ford Road, and has formed a partnership with Principal Victoria Hicks and Hornets Nest Elementary School, at 6700 Beatties Ford Road.
During its first Back-to-School Campaign last year, members raised enough money to buy 50 backpacks filled with supplies for students at Hornets Nest.
“This year, I truly felt that we needed to raise the bar and allow God to do something amazing,” Relevant’s pastor, the Rev. Kalum Cavazos, wrote in an email. “So in July I stood in front of our church and challenged them to give and watch God do the rest.”
The members launched a donation campaign and held a bake sale in Birkdale. Members set their goal at $1,000, enough to buy 100 backpacks for Hornets Nest students. On Aug. 14, at the end of the campaign, the church had $2,000, enough to buy the 100 backpacks and $1,000 in supplies for teachers at Hornets Nest and Hopewell.
“We feel too many students in the school system are lacking what they need,” Cavazos wrote. “We are so excited to see how God took our audacious dream and made it a huge reality.”

domain: news


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Jim Root has a Torpedo Live!!
Stay Metal Ray made this amazing interview with Jim Root from Slipknot.
You can discover the whole rig of Jim Root, backstage, and see the Two notes Torpedo Live above his impressive collection of Orange amps used on tour.
Watch the whole video here:

domain: entertainment


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SANGAMON COUNTY, Ill. (WCIA) — There were 271 new COVID-19 cases reported by the Sangamon County Department of Public Health on Thursday.
Additionally, the health department said 15 of their previously reported positives will no longer be included with their total number of cases. Those cases were transferred out of the county. There is now a total of 8,285 COVID-19 cases in Sangamon County, including 76 deaths.
Of those total cases, 4,343 people have recovered. There are currently 91 people hospitalized with the virus and 3,775 are in isolation.


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Old Crow Medicine Show finds the "Remedy"
Tuesday, April 29, 2014
– Old Crow Medicine Show announced Tuesday its upcoming new album "Remedy," due out July 1 via ATO Records.
Ten years after the success of folk anthem "Wagon Wheel," which started as a track on a Bob Dylan work tape later finished by fiddler/band leader Ketch Secor, "Remedy" features a new Dylan/Old Crow penned collaboration on the new track "Sweet Amarillo."
"Remedy" also features the return of producer Ted Hutt (Flogging Molly, Dropkick Murphys, Gaslight Anthem), who produced 2012's "Carry Me Back."
"This is country music for people who think country music needs a whoopin' said Secor, who adds, "Country music that knows how deep its roots run--- from the dirtiest blues to the folkiest folk, the songwriters, the crooners and the Outlaws, to the Opry stage; it's all here".
Kicking off with "Brushy Mountain Conjugal Trailer," a new take on the classic prison tale, the band then launches into the hyper speed "8 Dogs 8 Banjos." Ballads include "Dearly Departed Friend" and Critter Fuqua's "Firewater."
In support of their upcoming release, the band has announced their biggest headlining tour ever with stops including Red Rocks, The Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre (Atlanta), The Philadelphia Folk Festival and London's The Roundhouse. Opening acts for the tour include Shovels & Rope, Hurray For The Riff Raff, and Parker Millsap who will open all of the band's UK dates.
Tour dates are:
May 22 Mobile, AL - Saenger Theatre
May 23 St. Petersburg, FL - Jannus Live
May 24 Evans, GA - Banjo-B-Que Music Festival
May 25 St. Augustine, FL - St. Augustine Amphitheatre
May 29 Ft. Wayne, IN - Foellinger Theatre
May 30 Rochester Hills, MI - Meadow Brook Music Festival (supporting The Avett Brothers)
May 31 Saginaw, MI - FirstMerit Bank Event Park
June 1 Kalamazoo, MI - Kalamazoo State Theatre
June 28 Owensboro, KY - ROMP Music Festival
July 1 Nashville, TN on the Grand Ole Opry - Grand Ole Opry House
July 4-5 St. Paul, MN on A Prairie Home Companion - Macalester College
July 10 Tulsa, OK - The Brady Theatre
July 11 Dallas, TX - House of Blues
July 12 Austin, TX - Nutty Brown Amphitheatre (with Ray Wylie Hubbard and The Wheeler Bros.)
July 14 Amarillo, TX - Civic Center Auditorium
July 16 Morrison, CO - Red Rocks Amphitheatre (with Carolina Chocolate Drops)
July 17 Kansas City, MO - Uptown Theater (with Caroline Chocolate Drops)
July 18 St. Louis, MO - Peabody Opera House (with Hurray for the Riff Raff)
July 19 Cincinnati, OH - Buckle Up Festival
July 26 Charleston, WV - Appalachian Power Park
July 29 Shelburne, VT - The Green at Shelburne Museum
July 31 Toronto, ON CANADA - Echo Beach (with Matt Andersen/Del Barber)
Aug. 1 Montreal, QC, CANADA - Osheaga Festival
Aug. 3 Cooperstown, NY - Ommegang Brewery
Aug. 14 Harrisonburg, VA - Rockingham County Fair
Aug. 15 Schwenksville, PA - Philadelphia Folk Festival
Aug. 16 Cockeysville, MD - Hot August Music Festival
Aug. 17 Richmond, VA - Maymont Park
Aug. 20 Raleigh, NC - The Red Hat Amphitheatre (with Shovels & Rope)
Aug. 21 Charlotte, NC - Uptown Amphitheatre (with Shovels & Rope)
Aug. 22 Alpharetta, GA - Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre (with Shovels & Rope)
Aug. 23 Nashville, TN - The Woods at Fontanel (with Shovels & Rope)
Sept. 18 Los Angeles, CA - The Wiltern Theater
Sept. 20 San Francisco, CA - The Masonic
Sept. 24 Portland, OR - The Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall
Sept. 26 Seattle, WA - The Paramount Theatre
Oct. 19 Manchester, England - The Ritz
Oct. 20 Dublin, Ireland - Vicar Street
Oct. 21 Belfast, Northern Ireland - Mandela Hall
Oct. 22 Glasgow, Scotland - O2 ABC
Oct. 24 London, Englad - The Roundhouse
Oct. 26 Amsterdam, Netherlands - Paradiso
More news for Old Crow Medicine Show
CD reviews for Old Crow Medicine Show
Dave Cobb produced "Volunteer" for Old Crow Medicine Show, and while word on the street was that this promised to be a more rocking, less roots music effort, such talk shouldn't dissuade fans of the group's established sound from checking it out. Sure, there may be a little more electric guitar than on past efforts, but this is still very much OCMS music.
While rock and roll is not the best term for these songs, perhaps rambunctious best describes some of them. »»»
50 Years of Blonde on Blonde
Whenever an artist attempts to cover a classic work in whole, it can't help but seem like a somewhat audacious effort from the outset. After all, tackling an album that's stood the test of time, one that's already an integral part of the musical lexicon in its original form, is a formidable task. At best, the original artist's imprint is difficult to supersede, but at worst it can become a regrettable error that yields disastrous results.
Consequently, credit Old Crow »»»
Old Crow Medicine Show returned with "Carry Me Back" in 2012 after a brief hiatus and lineup changes. The album was a predictable collection from the group, hearkening back to their earlier releases and stepping away from the dark undertones of the highlight "Tennessee Pusher" album. It was a welcome recording for long time fans of the group, but blended in with much of their discography.
"Remedy" is easily recognizable as an OCMS recording, but this time around, »»»
Editorial: Walking the talk
When names like Hank Williams, Johnny Cash, Waylon and the Hag are invoked, you're talking hard core country. These are the touchstones of country , the guys who made country music what it was and still is (or maybe can be). When these folks would sing about being down-and-out and the rough-and-tumble, they knew of what they were singing about. Fast forward a few years to the country singers of today. »»»
Concert Review: Stapleton shows his traditional roots
Chris Stapleton's All-American Road show feels like a singular mission to rid the genre of the bro country scourge that has plagued it for years. He came out with a blazing one-two punch of "Second One To Know" and "Without Your Love" and packed a stadium sized onslaught into a 9,000-seat arena. He never once veered from his... »»»
Concert Review: Jinks wins over fans, especially new ones
Cody Jinks asked the crowd a bit into his show how many had never seen him before. It seemed like Jinks has made a lot of musical inroads into the public's consciousness because roughly three quarters of the audience raised their hands to show that this was their first time.
That probably made Jinks feel pretty darn good about how life has been... »»»
Follow Country Standard Time
Elsewhere in the news
Currently at the CST blogs
Eleven years ago, Kelly stepped away from music. She had just finished touring on 2007's exquisite "Translated From Love" and felt the angst of being a travelling musician with family at home. At that point, Willis and her husband, musician/producer Bruce Robison,... »»»
For a brief moment last summer, the news of Tony Kinman's death was, if not greatly exaggerated, then at least fortuitously premature. The roots rock icon, known for his work in The Dils, Rank and File, Blackbird and Cowboy Nation with his younger brother Chip, had been diagnosed with cancer in March 2018,... »»»
Until recently, Chris Shiflett took a somewhat obsessive/compulsive approach to his music career. For the past two decades, Shiflett has been the primary guitar foil for Dave Grohl in Foo Fighters; early in his tenure, Shiflett was so self-deprecatingly... »»»
John Paul White, to paraphrase a Steve Earle song, may just be one of the last of the hardcore troubadours. By 'troubadour,' we mean one of those guys that lives to write great songs - more specifically, great country songs - and then get these songs into the ears of folks that... »»»
With "Threads," Sheryl Crow gets the all-star-guest treatment on what she says is her swang song, with each song featuring a favorite fellow artist. She seems a little too young for this kind of tribute. Nevertheless, »»»
Let it Roll
Midland is more magicians than musicians. When the trio came out with their omnipresent 2017 single "Drinkin' Problem," they pulled off their first trick: a brand-new band to radio who sounded like old friends. Their sound and their look (matador »»»
While I'm Livin'
It's been 17 years since we've had a new album from Tanya Tucker, so it's a real pleasure to hear her clear throaty vocals deliver these songs with her characteristic raw emotion. Tucker knows how to get into a song and make it her own »»»
Eilen Jewell's "Gypsy" opens with the ominous, mysterious "Beat the Drum," which is a swampy - and yes, gypsy - song of warning about some impending doom or other. It plays out like a softer type of vintage... »»»
Rodney Crowell is a rare breed of a country songwriter. Yes, he knows how to write traditional country songs; it's just he's also a deep thinker, which requires extra effort on the part of the listener to appreciate them fully. »»»
New Moon Over My Shoulder
Larry Sparks was still a teenager when Ralph Stanley chose him to replace his brother Carter Stanley as guitarist and lead singer in the Clinch Mountain Boys in the wake of Carter's passing in December 1966. »»»

domain: artistic


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Admit it: You’ve thought of what it would be like to have a celeb BFF. Granted, some stars might not be the best people to befriend, but there are still some fabulous IT girls that not only prove to be Hollywood’s A-list material, but also a potential best friend forever!
Selena Gomez has the world at her fingertips and still manages to keep her feet on solid ground. As a triple threat in movies, music and TV, Gomez is not only winning over Hollywood, but she is America’s new sweetheart. However, America must share her with pop star boyfriend, Justin Bieber and close friends, Taylor Swift and Demi Lovato. With these kinds of connections, being BFF’s with Gomez would guarantee you an invite to all of the coolest celebrity gatherings. While you might be a constant target for the paparazzi, this star will always make sure you’re protected while keeping it low key.
As Emma Stone is trailblazing through Blockbusters and making an impact in the movie industry, you can bet that there’s always a laugh not far behind. Stone has blown away America with her acting abilities in The Help, Crazy Stupid Love and Easy A. She is one actress that has embraced her quirky ways and used them to an advantage. Stone is bringing back comedy roles for women, a role which is now quite rare. Being BFF’s with Stone will not only show you that its okay to be yourself, but it’s also okay to be stupid and laugh about it. And while she’s teaching valuable life lessons, she might be able to hook a friend up with Ryan Gosling along the way.
Country star Taylor Swift has everything you need in a friend. She has not only made her way to the top in the country charts, but also dominates pop music. With her versatile music style, she would always know the right people to introduce you too. Her song lyrics have always proven to be a comfort for teenage girls to rely on, so just imagine if you had the real Swift to lend advice to you. Being Swifts best friend will guarantee a solid support system.
Katy Perry is one best friend that would always accept you for who you are. Growing up in a strict family, Perry experienced a sheltered lifestyle. Now, Perry takes her music and style to a whole new place and is finally able to break out of her shell. With her funky style and child-like attitude, Perry would be one friend that you can always be yourself around. She will help you break out and feel free.

domain: celebrity


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In Part 1 of this series, we took at look at the engine control module (ECM), the "brains" of a modern vehicle's engine management and emission control systems. Next, we're going to dig a bit deeper and investigate the various sensors that feed information about the vehicle's operating conditions to the ECM.
As the throttle opening and engine speeds varies, so to does the amount of airflow drawn by the engine. This can be measured directly via a mass airflow (MAF) sensor, (as shown above circled in green). This particular style of sensor uses a pair of heated wires, one of which is placed in the airflow, and one is shrouded. The sensor's electronics attempts to heat both wires to the same temperature; the one placed in the airstream will require more power to maintain that temperature, and the difference in current required can be related to the mass of the incoming airstream. MAF data is now typically transmitted via a 5V digital pulse that varies in frequency as the airflow changes. Doing so provides a signal that's less susceptible to interference than the previous method of encoding the sensor output as an analog signal.
The MAF sensor provides a very accurate measurement, especially at lower operating speeds, which means that it's well-suited to larger engines (federal emissions standards do not discriminate according to displacement). The trade-off comes in the form of increased cost and potentially decreased reliability, although significant strides have been made in improving the sensor's robustness.
Airflow can also be indirectly measured by determining the manifold absolute pressure (MAP). Modern MAP sensors (circled above in red) comprise a MEMS (microelectromechanical system) element to determine the deflection of a spring-loaded diaphragm, and some additional signal processing to convert this movement to a signal (usually analog) proportional to manifold pressure. The relationship between MAP, engine speed, intake air temperature, and airflow can be determined by experimentation or modeling (usually a combination of both); this technique of measuring airflow is referred to as "speed-density" (SD). Older ECMs store this data in the form of lookup tables, where as modern ECMs take advantage of increased computing power and utilize algorithm-based calculations.
Speed-density systems are less expensive, as no MAF sensor is required. The trade-off is a potential decrease in airflow measurement accuracy at low speeds, although the significance of this can be debated, as SD has been used on hundreds of millions of clean-running engines. SD can also provide better measurement accuracy at large rates of airflow, as MAF sensors usually give up some resolution on the high end in order to provide better accuracy at low rates of airflow.
MAF systems utilize a MAP sensor to provide diagnostics and a backup means of airflow measurement, as well as to provide an indication of engine load to determine shift points and ignition timing.
An intake air temperature (IAT) sensor (circled above in green) is used to measure the temperature of the incoming airflow. Cooler air is denser and less prone to detonation, and therefore requires additional fuel and can allow more ignition advance. With extremely high intake air temperatures, additional fuel may be added to provide a cooling effect and decrease the chances of premature ignition.
IAT sensors are usually with a simple thermistor (a device that provides a varying resistance with temperature). The devices aren't extremely accurate, but this is not a measurement that requires extreme precision.
The device circled in yellow above is the throttle position sensor, or TPS. As its name implies, it provides an output that varies with the angle of the throttle blades. While it can provide an indication of airflow via a calculation process referred to as "alpha-n," this is not typically used on production vehicles, due to its low accuracy at low engine speeds (competition engines and some motorcycles use alpha-n at low engine speeds if an accurate MAP signal cannot be maintained due to wild camshaft timing). The information from the TPS can be used to validate the airflow measurements obtained via MAF or SD techniques, and the TPS is also used to determine when the throttle blades are at or near the idle position. In vehicles with automatic transmissions, the throttle position can also be used to determine shift points. A malfunction of the TPS normally manifests itself in the form of inconsistent idle speed and poorly-timed shifts.
The object circled in red is the IAC motor, which we'll cover in part three of this series.
The coolant temperature sensor (CTS) determines the temperature of the engine in order to provide for cold-start enrichment of the air/fuel mixture. Many engines will also retard the ignition timing at low temperatures in order to allow the engine to warm up more rapidly. At extremely high coolant temperatures, additional fuel may be added in an attempt to cool the combustion charge, and some engines will go so far as to shut down cylinders to alleviate the condition. Like the IAT sensor, the CTS sensor utilizes a thermistor.
This particular engine uses GM's short-lived Optispark distributor, which was mounted at the front of the engine and driven directly off the front of the camshaft. Two optical sensing systems are employed to determine the exact position of the camshaft, with the low-resolution system providing eight pulses of varying width during each rotation to indicate which cylinder is on the compression stroke, and a high-resolution channel providing a total of 720 pulses per revolution for determining the exact position of the cam. By improving the sensing accuracy, the spark advance can be run closer to the limit of detonation, resulting in increased performance and decreased emissions. The system was probably the most sophisticated distributor offered on a mass-production vehicle, but was soon rendered obsolete by the far superior individual coils systems that are now used nearly everywhere.
At the front of the engine, mounted in the timing cover, is a crankshaft position (CKP) sensor. Hall-effect devices with back-biasing magnets are used to detect a toothed metal wheel that is mounted to the crankshaft. In this particular case, the CKP sensor is simply used to detect misfires at idles (as these have been identified as a significant cause of increased emissions), and as such has only four teeth (one for each pair of pistons). Contemporary ignition systems use the CKP sensor to accurately reference spark events, and typically use a far greater number of teeth to increase measurement precision.
Sensing the crank position for the purposes of establishing ignition timing provides far greater accuracy than the detection of cam position, as the lash in a worn cam drive system can add several degrees of uncertainty to a measurement.
A pair of oxygen sensors are used ahead of the catalytic converters (AKA "cats" or "cat-cons") to measure the quality of the exhaust. A voltage below 0.55V indicates a lean condition (not enough fuel), while a voltage above 0.55V indicates richness (potentially too much fuel). The ECM can use this information to adjust the air/fuel ratio (this is referred to as "closed-loop" operation), with the output of the sensor "dithering" about the expected average voltage when all is working properly. During the rich portion of the varying cycle, the cat can reduce oxides of nitrogen, and the lean portion of the cycle is used to oxidize carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.
This particular type of sensor can only measure whether the exhaust stream is rich or lean; it does not provide an accurate indication of how rich or lean the engine is operating. During large throttle openings, the engine must run rich to provide optimum power and prevent detonation, so additional fuel is added and the engine operates in an "open-loop" manner and ignores the oxygen sensors. To enable closed-loop operation under all conditions, several modern engines employ a wideband O2 sensor. Such sensors providesan output that is roughly linear over a wide range of air-fuel ratio, but at a greatly increased cost and complexity.
This type of sensor requires operating temperatures above 600 degrees Fahrenheit to provide the proper output, so a heater is used to accelerate the warm-up of the sensor. Thus, such sensors are properly called heated exhaust gas oxygen (HEGO) sensors, or HO2S.
Behind each cat is an additional HO2S that serves to monitor the "health" of each device. Ideally, the post-cat exhaust stream should be neither rich nor lean. If the post-cat sensor provides some other response, it is likely that the catalyst is worn or damaged and needs to replacement, and the ECM's diagnostic functions will respond accordingly.
In the final installment of this series, we're going to take a look at some of the other devices that contribute to a vehicle's engine management and emission controls functionality.

domain: design


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The term "medicinal marijuana" is currently undergoing a serious evolution. The discovery of the human body's endocannabinoid system has unlocked a wide new array of potential medical applications for the marijuana plant. Several promising young companies are currently hard at work isolating chemical compounds found in cannabis, extracting them, and processing them into medical treatments for serious diseases.
As a part of our special feature series The Future of Cannabis, we're highlighting companies for our readers to take a closer look at. There's a clear risk to investing in these companies at such an early stage in their development, but one that comes with the potential for big rewards if these companies take off.
So here's a look at five companies that could be argued to be among the "best of breed" within the biotechnology sector of the cannabis industry. To read more about this sector, checkout our feature article for week two of The Future of Cannabis, and visit The Future of Cannabis home page for links to all of the videos, articles, and interviews we're featuring.
GW Pharmaceuticals Plc (GWPH)
Market Cap: $1.94 billion
GW Pharmaceuticals is an established leader in the cannabis biotech sectorwith a treatment already on the market and more promising new drugs in its pipeline, making it a more stable investment compared to the small-cap biotech market.
The company traces its origins to 1988, when Dr. Geoffrey Guy and Dr. Brian Whittle obtained what was, at the time, the only cultivation license issued in the United Kingdom. They have certainly seized the opportunity, since. The company currently markets Sativex® for treatment of spasticity due to multiple sclerosis. Sativex® has been launched in 15 countries, including the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, and Germany, and is receiving approval from another 12.
However, the current excitement surrounding GW Pharma is largely focused on their development of Epidiolex, which has Orphan Drug status for treatment of Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis using CBD. GW Pharmaceuticals’ stock has been generating extraordinary returns for some time, rising 1000% over the past five years, including a 35% increase over the last year.
Insys Therapeutics, Inc. (INSY)
Market Cap: $2.31 billion
Insys Therapeutics is not exclusively committed to developing cannabinoid-based medications. It’s currently marketing Subsys, an opioid analgesic called fentanyl delivered via Insys’ sublingual spray drug delivery technology. Subsys is used to relieve peak pain for cancer patients, with the spray generating fast-acting results via transmucosal absorption..
However, Insys’ other three drugs, one currently on the market and two in the product pipeline, all utilize cannabinoids in their treatments. The Dronabinol SG Capsule is a generic version of AbbVie’s (ABBV) Marinol®. Dronabinol is a synthetic analogue of THC that is used to help stimulate appetite in HIV/AIDS patients as well as cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Insys’ product pipeline includes a cannabidiol oral solution under develoment for the treatment of Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome under the Orphan Drug program as well as a Dronabinol Oral Solution that could have advantages over the Dronabinol SG Capsule.
Like GW Pharma, Insys has both promising drugs in its pipeline and money makers that are already on the market. Last year, the company more than doubled its revenue, following the previous year’s year-over-year revenue growth of nearly 550%, and looks on pace to significantly grow revenue again this year.
Zynerba Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (ZYNE)
Market Cap: $127.8 million
Zynerba, the successor company to AllTranz, Inc., is the most recent addition to the public cannabis biotech sector, and one of the few companies in the industry that went public through an initial public offering. AllTranz was bought and new management with significant expertise was brought on in order to run the company. Zynerba began trading on the NASDAQ exchange in August 2015 after closing its IPO.
Zynerba is dedicated to developing synthetic cannabinoid therapeutics for transdermal delivery for patients with significant unmet needs.The company is currently evaluating two patent-protected product candidates, ZYN002 and ZYN001. ZYN002 is the first and only synthetic CBD formulated as a patent-protected permeation-enhanced gel for transdermal delivery for the treatment of refractory epilepsy, Fragile X syndrome, and osteoarthritis. ZYN001 is a pro-drug of THC that enables transdermal delivery via a patch. Zynerba is studying ZYN001 in patients with fibromyalgia and peripheral neuropathic pain.
Nemus Bioscience, Inc. (NMUS)
Market Cap: $15.62 million
Nemus Bioscience is focused on discovering, developing, and commercializing novel and proprietary drug candidates utilizing cannabinoids.
Nemus is currently the only partner of the University of Mississippi for the development and commercialization of drugs derived from cannabis extracts or cannabinoids. The University of Mississippi is the only U.S. entity authorized by the federal government to cultivate cannabis on behalf of the federal government, as well as holding aDEA registration to conduct cannabis research and previous DEA registrations to cultivaite cannabis and manufacture extracts for the development of drug candidates. Nemus renewed its partnership with the University of Mississippi in July 2015.
Nemus is currently researching and developing five product candidates. TwoNB1111 for treating glaucoma and NB2221 for treating spasticity in multiple sclerosis, are in the preclinical stage. Three others,NB51R1 targeting anxiety, NB23R1 targeting epilepsy, and NB31R1 targeting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), are in the research stage.
Nemus has not yet generated significant revenues from its operations. However, through its partnership with the University of Mississippi and its management’s expertise in drug development, Nemus appears poised to take full advantage of the growing cannabis biotech opportunity.
InMed Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (IN:CNX) (IMLFF)
Market Cap: $5.78 million
InMed Pharmaceuticals utilizes a “network-based platform” for the identification of novel plant-based (including cannabis-based) therapeutics. This process utilizes comprehensive algorithms to integrate data from numerous bioinformatics databases, a database on the structure of currently approved pharmaceutical products, and an extensive database of over 200,000 phytochemicals (including phytocannabinoids) in order to more effectively and efficiently select active compounds for the treatment of targeted diseases.
InMed’s network approach allows it to save valuable resources (time and money, specifically) that are involved in the tenuous research and development process for drug identification. By leveraging data and analytics, InMed can sift through larger amounts of prospective drug candidates in order to more likely identify a viable therapeutic.
Currently, InMed has two products in its pipeline: INM-750 for the treatment of epidermolysis bullosa, and INM-085 for the treatment of glaucoma. INM-750 is a topical formulation based on polymer nanotechnology currently in the preclinical stage that is designed to suppress pathological skin growth, differentiation, and inflammation in epidermolysis bullosa. INM-085 contains a proprietary mixture of cannabinoids and non-cannabis-based active ingredients, also in a topical formulation, that has been designed to be applied directly to the eye. This formulation was developed through 12 months of discovery and preclinical studies in order to develop a safer formulation for lowering interocular pressure.
You can read more from our special program The Future of Cannabis here. To find out why Equities.com and Viridian Capital Advisors launched this program, be sure to read What is The Future of Cannabis?? This program was made possible by the support of our sponsors.Click here for a full list of our sponsors.
DISCLOSURE: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors, and do not represent the views of equities.com. Readers should not consider statements made by the author as formal recommendations and should consult their financial advisor before making any investment decisions. To read our full disclosure, please go to: http://www.equities.com/disclaimer

domain: chemistry


Summer is upon us, and for many people, that means dealing with perspiration stains. Whether you’re an athlete who sweats excessively or just someone who gets hot easily, sweat stains can be a major hassle to deal with. But fear not, as we’ve compiled a list of the most effective methods for removing perspiration stains from clothing.
1. Pre-treat the stain
The first step in removing perspiration stains is to pre-treat the affected area before washing the garment. There are several pre-treatment options available, including:
- Vinegar: Create a mixture of equal parts white vinegar and water and apply it to the stain. Let it sit for 30 minutes before washing.
- Baking soda: Mix baking soda with water to create a paste and apply it to the stain. Let it sit for 30 minutes before washing.
- Lemon juice: Soak the stain in lemon juice for 10-15 minutes before washing.
2. Use a stain remover
For stubborn perspiration stains, a stain remover may be necessary. Look for a product that specifically targets sweat stains, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions for use.
3. Choose the right laundry detergent
When it comes to washing perspiration-stained clothing, not all laundry detergents are created equal. Look for a detergent that contains enzymes, which help to break down protein-based stains like perspiration. Additionally, avoid using bleach on sweat stains, as it can actually make them worse.
4. Wash in cold water
Hot water can set perspiration stains in place, making them even harder to remove. Instead, wash your stained clothing in cold water to prevent the stain from becoming more difficult to remove.
5. Hang dry
Avoid putting perspiration-stained clothing in the dryer, as the heat can set the stain in place. Instead, hang dry the garment until the stain is completely removed. If you’re in a hurry and need to use a dryer, make sure the stain is completely removed before putting the garment in the dryer.
6. Repeat the process if necessary
If the perspiration stain isn’t completely removed after the first wash, don’t give up! Repeat the pre-treatment and washing process until the stain is completely gone.
7. Prevent future stains
Prevention is key when it comes to perspiration stains. To prevent future stains, try wearing clothing made from moisture-wicking fabrics, which are designed to pull sweat away from the body. Additionally, avoid using antiperspirants and deodorants that contain aluminum, as these can lead to yellowing of clothing.
8. Consider professional cleaning
If all else fails, consider taking your perspiration-stained clothing to a professional cleaner. They may have access to specialized cleaning products and equipment that can remove even the most stubborn stains.
With these tips and tricks, you’ll be able to effectively remove pesky perspiration stains from your clothing, allowing you to feel fresh and clean all summer long.


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- Race 3 Monday (4 Days) Box Office Collection: Salman Khan’s Film Unaffected, Stands Tall As A Rock!
- Remo Out! Even After Getting Poor Reviews For Race 3, Salman Khan Starts Preparing For Race 4
- Salman Khan's Race 3 Gave Anil Kapoor, Jacqueline Fernandez & Daisy Shah Their Own Box Office Record
- EXCLUSIVE: Thanks To Ranbir Kapoor! Katrina Kaif Is Getting Closer To Salman Khan & Family
- Race 3 First Weekend (3 Days) Box Office Collection: Salman Khan’s Film Is UNAFFECTED By Bad Reviews
- Ranbir Kapoor HITS BACK At Salman Khan For His Comment 'Sanjay Dutt Should Play Himself In Sanju'
- Race 3 Saturday (2 Days) Box Office Collection: This Salman Khan Film Scores Big!
- The Fate Of New Shows Are Out! Salman Khan’s Dus Ka Dum Gets Lesser Ratings Than Bigg Boss!
- Drop Everything Else & Check Out These Race 3 Dialogues That You Can Use In Your Daily Life!
- Race 3 First Day (Friday) Box Office Collection: Eid Saves Salman Khan Starrer From Being A Disaster
- Salman Khan Is A ZERO! Read To Know Why
- Salman Khan-Arjun Kapoor’s Ugly Spat Causes A Major Financial Loss For Boney Kapoor!
Elli Avram became an overnight sensation after participating in Salman Khan's reality show Bigg Boss. The actress, who became Salman's good friend after the show, is in the news these days because of her hot bikini pictures.
The Swedish-Greek hottie has a perfect bikini body and we are so jealous of her after seeing these pictures. Check out the bikini pictures of Elli Avram below that are going viral on the internet.
Pictures of Elli Avram in a hot red and white bikini have been doing the rounds online. The pictures show the actress basking in the sun.
Elli Avram is one of the original exotic bombshell imports of Bollywood and we have to say that this hottie is blessed with a perfect figure.
Elli Avram had said in an interview that there has been a huge change in Bollywood in terms of acceptability of foreign talent.
She had told a leading news agency, "Today, the industry is accepting a lot more people who aren't of Indian origin.''
Elli Avram On Bollywood
''Compare it to the scenario about 10 years ago and you'll see a great difference. Personally, I'm really happy to see this transformation," she had said.
Bollywood Is Popular
In the same interview, Elli Avram had mentioned that Bollywood is a big industry which is popular in a lot of foreign countries.
Elli Connects With The Indian Culture
"There are so many people, just like me, who connect with the Indian culture and sentiment, and would love to be part of this field and nation," she had said.
Change In Elli's Life
Talking about the change in her life after coming to India, she had said, ''The change in my life that I have gone through has been tremendous. This holds true for anyone who gains popularity after leading a life away from the limelight.''
Paying Attention To Things
She had further added, ''There are a lot of little things that you need to start paying attention to; appearance and conduct being the most noticeable of them all.''
Elli On Becoming Conscious About Her Health
''Personally, I have become more conscious not only about my looks, but also my health. While I always was driven towards a healthy lifestyle, now I have become stricter about my diets, workouts, etc," the beautiful actress had revealed.
Elli Avram was last seen with comedy king Kapil Sharma in his debut film Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon. The film did a good business at the Indian box office and Elli Avram too, got praised for her acting in the movie.
The stunning actress made her Bollywood debut with Mickey Virus but the film did not perform as expected at the box office.
Talking about Bollywood, Elli had told a leading news agency, ''Bollywood is famous the world over. Not only is it recognised, but it also has a great following. In Sweden itself, Bollywood has big fan base. There have been so many Greek adaptations of old Bollywood songs.''
She had further added, ''In Stockholm, there is an Indian festival that is celebrated every year where Indian stories and culture is depicted beautifully.''
"Bollywood has a very unique, positive and interesting image abroad," she had added.
More than her profession, Elli Avram remains in the news because of her closeness with Salman Khan. Insiders say that she is one of Salman's closest friends and the superstar cares for her a lot!
Lucky girl we say!


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Glendale Heights, IL-based OSG USA, a manufacturer of taps, drills, end mills, dies, and indexable cutting tools, has acquired AMAMCO Tool of Duncan, SC, which specializes in producing carbide tools for major aerospace, automotive and medical customers.
Founded in 1972, AMAMCO will continue to operate in Duncan as an independent company led by newly appointed President (and former VP at AMAMCO), Jon Salem.
“With their success supplying customer-specified, carbide tooling to major aerospace companies, our acquisition of AMAMCO helps OSG meet our global initiative to grow our business in the aerospace industry,” said Michael Grantham, President of OSG USA and new CEO of AMAMCO.
In January, OSG USA acquired the assets and proprietary manufacturing technology of IMU Dies. OSG now is the exclusive source for IMU branded dies globally.
“IMU has produced and sold dies for almost 40 years, so we are excited to now be able to sell them as an OSG brand and manufacture them at our fastener products plant in Parma, Ohio,” said Grantham.
Established in 1968, OSG USA, formerly known as OSG Tap & Die, is a subsidiary of OSG Corporation, based in Toyokawa-city, Japan.

domain: economics


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Listen to the Overture
The play includes two hours of glorious music, performed by a 60-strong orchestra and a choir. Combined with the impressive acting, the 200-year-old score gives the Oberammergau Passion Play its powerful and emotional impact.
Rochus Dedler, born in Oberammergau in 1779, composed the music for the Passion Play. After his musical education in Munich and Rottenbuch he returned to Oberammergau where he lived and worked as a teacher, a church musician and composer until his death in 1822. He was a noted, gifted musician highly regarded for his sacred compositions.
No evidence exists as to how much Dedler's Passion Play score was drawn from earlier performances of the Play but it is likely that he was influenced by the music of Mozart and Joseph and Michael Haydn. Some of his melodies have been likened to Weber's or Schubert's Romantic expressiveness.
Whilst there have been several adaptations of his music in the intervening years the music performed during the Passion Play is still based on Dedler's original score.
Musical Director - Markus Zwink
Markus Zwink, musical director of the 2000 and 2010 Passion Plays has adapted and re-arranged Dedler's music and has also composed new music to accompany some new tableaux vivants from the Old Testament for the 2010 performance.
A descendant of an Oberammergau family going back to the 18th century, Markus Zwink was born in the village in 1956 and studied music at the Mozarteum, Salzburg and the Munich Music Academy. Since 1984 he has been Head of Music in Oberammergau.


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I have been retired for a year and a half, and love having time to pursue new and old hobbies. I'm into genealogy research, reading to my heart's content, playing with my three cats and two dogs, traveling some and just enjoying being at home.
My favorite things to cook
I love to fix salads, vegetable dishes, desserts, and various breads. I have been a vegetarian for almost 20 years, so I'm not a meat cook.
My favorite family cooking traditions
I love those big holiday meals. My favorite though is just good Southern cooking with a heavy emphasis on vegetables. There's nothing better to me than a big meal of fresh garden veggies, a big salad, homemade bread, and a big glass of iced tea.
My cooking triumphs
Well, really haven't had what I would call triumphs. I'm a so-so cook in a rut. I want to start experimenting with new recipes and methods of cooking. I also want to learn about spices and different ways of using them. I'ready to branch out.
My cooking tragedies
Lasagna! Pasta never got done. Years ago I coOked a turkey without taking the giblets out first. I made some fudge so hard a hammer was needed to break it up!

domain: food


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Hello and Welcome!!!
Watch video tutorial here!!!
Today we will be using another brand new add-on set to the Ai Matchbook Series! This one is the Ai MB Nursery/Baby Set (5495) and it is just so adorable. This set includes all of the images you will need for your little nursery scene including a crib, rocker, baby toys, a chest and many cute sentiments! This set also includes the coordinating dies!
Let’s start by stamping and coloring all of our little images using the Zig Clean Color Real Brush Pens in the following colors: Blender, Shadow Pink, Aquamarine Blue, Orange, Beige, Lt Gray, Mid Gray.
Next, we can create the base of our matchbook using the Ai MB Template Set (5317) and we can use the Ai MB Envelope Set (5318) to create the coordinating envelope. For paper will use a pretty double-sided pattern paper with dots and stripes in a pretty yellow/white color combination.
Now we can die cut two windows for our nursery using the dies from that same Ai MB Template Set (5317). We can also die cut all of our images. Once these are cut, we can fold on all of the score lines. I will give you a few tips and tricks for easy assembling our matchbook scene!
Let’s also add a few cute little buttons to the front of the matchbook and the envelope using the Ai Journal Template Die Set (5543)!
Here are some of the other videos I have done using this wonderful Matchbook Collection! Just click below if you would like to check any of these out:
Ai Matchbook Get Well https://youtu.be/JzM9JPMWiAQ
Ai Matchbook Chapel https://youtu.be/61xcVXP1tP8
Ai Matchbook Kitchen https://youtu.be/z-T3La5imX4
Ai Matchbook Coffee Shop https://youtu.be/RTIT1gIS66w
Ai Matchbook Santa Christmas https://youtu.be/H5FCBPAIFsI
Ai Matchbook Nativity https://youtu.be/uV-P0zVeBDM
Ai Matchbook Halloween https://youtu.be/UFc58FcGEQM
Thank you so much for joining me today! If you enjoyed todays video please select the Like and Subscribe buttons and don’t forget to hit that notification bell so that you don’t miss a single video!
All of the supplies used in today’s video are listed below. Click the products below to make a purchase. Where available I use compensated affiliate links which are at no additional costs to you.
Art Impressions Matchbook Nursery/Baby (5495)
— https://shrsl.com/3oyof (Art Impressions)
— https://shrsl.com/3owy5 (Scrapbook.com)
Art Impressions Journal Template Die Set (5543)
— https://shrsl.com/3oooc (Art Impressions)
— https://shrsl.com/3oopl (Scrapbook.com)
Art Impressions MB Template Die Set (5317)
— https://shrsl.com/3oooh (Art Impressions)
— https://shrsl.com/3oopz (Scrapbook.com)
Art Impressions MB Envelope Die Set (5318)
— https://shrsl.com/3oooj (Art Impressions)
— https://shrsl.com/3ooq2 (Scrapbook.com)
Art Impressions Rectangle A2 Double Stitched Dies (5063)
— https://shrsl.com/3oooo (Art Impressions)
— https://shrsl.com/3ooqd (Scrapbook.com)
Post-It Labeling and Cover-up Tape (1″x700″)
— https://shrsl.com/3ooov (Art Impressions)
Wink of Stella Glitter Pen – Clear
— https://shrsl.com/3oop5 (Art Impressions)
— https://shrsl.com/3oopg (Scrapbook.com)
Lawn Fawn Bone Folder
Lawn Fawn Paper Collection Pack 12″x12″ – All the Dots
— https://shrsl.com/3ooqi (Scrapbook.com)
Zig Clean Color Real Brush Pens – Blender
— https://shrsl.com/3ooqq (Scrapbook.com)
Zig Clean Color Real Brush Pens – Color Set A (30pcs)
— https://shrsl.com/3oor2 (Scrapbook.com)
Tim Holtz Distress Marker – Mustard Seed
Tim Holtz Distress Marker – Cracked Pistachio
Tim Holtz Distress Oxide Ink Pad – Scattered Straw
— https://shrsl.com/3oos4 (Scrapbook.com)
Ranger Detail Blending Tools
— https://shrsl.com/3oosa (Scrapbook.com)
Baker’s Twine – Yellow/White
Sakura Gelly Roll Gel Pen – White
— https://shrsl.com/3oose (Scrapbook.com)
Dress My Craft – Mini Score Board
— https://shrsl.com/3oosk (Scrapbook.com)
American Crafts Color Pour Mini Confetti Set (4) or Dress My Craft – Shaker Elements – Pastel Hearts Slices
— https://shrsl.com/3oosp (Scrapbook.com)
Spellbinders Tool ‘n One
— https://shrsl.com/3oosr (Scrapbook.com)
Spellbinders Platinum 6 Die Cutting Machine
— https://shrsl.com/3oosx (Scrapbook.com)
Sizzix Sidekick Die Cutting Machine
— https://shrsl.com/3oot1 (Scrapbook.com)
Nuvo Deluxe Adhesive
— https://shrsl.com/3oot5 (Scrapbook.com)
Staedtler Mars Eraser
Scotch Foam Mounting Tape
Scotch Tape 1/2″ or Crafter’s Companion – Essentials Collection – Double Sided Tape – 3 Pack
— https://shrsl.com/3oot8 (Scrapbook.com)
Marvy Jewel Picker
— https://shrsl.com/3ootc (Scrapbook.com)
Strathmore Bristol Smooth 100lb Cardstock
Versafine Onyx Black Ink Pad
— https://shrsl.com/3ootg (Scrapbook.com)


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Evolution's give back project is a partnership between ourselves and our clients that provides prosthetic limbs to amputees in Bolivia.
In contrast to Australia, Bolivia has an average wage of $162 USD per month, and is the poorest country in South America. Over 60% of its 12 million inhabitants live below the poverty line. Without outside support these people would be unable to access the medical needs they require. There are no leaks, loopholes or bureaucratic fences to jump so we can be sure that we are truly making a difference.


BCCI says cricketers can go ahead and contribute a percentage of their earnings to FICA, writes Amol Karhadkar.india Updated: Nov 13, 2006 23:13 IST
If this is handled properly, it could be a step forward for the Indian cricket players' movement and perhaps even in the edgy player-administrator relationships in India in future. But it has to be handled carefully.
For the moment, the Indian Board has given players the go-ahead to hand over a percentage of the money they earn from the International Cricket Council (ICC) events to the world cricket players' body (FICA).
Indian captain Rahul Dravid wrote to the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) last week, stating that the players wanted to give five per cent of their prize money to the Federation of International Cricketers' Associations.
It is an interesting development since the BCCI and the Sri Lankan board are the only two associations not affiliated to the FICA - the international body that coordinates all national players' associations.
India have a representative body, the Indian Cricket Players' Association (ICPA), formed in the aftermath of the contracts controversy (a stand-off between the players and the BCCI over endorsement rights) in 2002. But the organisation is yet to be recognised by the BCCI, whose brass have long held the view that there is no real need for a players' body.
In fact, there was talk of the association being recognised after India's tour of the West Indies this summer, but that did not happen. Is this easy acceptance of an increased involvement by Indian players in FICA, an openly vocal critic of some of the BCCI's policies (and the ICC's, especially on the burnout issue), a sign of a change in that rigid stance? Perhaps.
In this case, the ICC has an understanding with the FICA, formed in 1998 and recognised by the ICC in 2003, that players from all affiliated associations would contribute five per cent of their prize money from ICC tournaments to it.
And despite the BCCI's unwillingness (so far) to recognise its players association or have an active dialogue with the FICA, it is willing to go along with the ICC on this one. Possibly because in a sense, the Board can quite happily wash its hands off the matter too.
"We have told the ICC that we will distribute the entire prize money among the players," BCCI's Chief Administrative Officer Prof Ratnakar Shetty told the Hindustan Times on Saturday.
"After that, it is up to the players to do as they wish with that money. All we are concerned about is that we cannot transfer the money to FICA on players' behalf. We don't want to be an intermediary since we are not connected with FICA. The players will have to do it themselves."
Still, former India cricketer-turned commentator Arun Lal, the founder secretary of the Indian Cricket Players' Association, welcomed the players' gesture and seemed to think it was a step in the right direction. "It is a very noble gesture and will certainly help the players' movement in India go forward," he said.
How though, seemed unclear, a view Prof Shetty echoed. He said he wasn't sure whether it was a step forward at all.
"We have our players' association which tackles players' issues. So I am not sure whether this initiative will really take the players' movement forward."
First Published: Nov 12, 2006 00:46 IST


A 11-month-old girl died of the Ebola virus in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This was reported by Reuters on Sunday, April 12, citing the World Health Organization (WHO).
The child was undergoing treatment at a hospital in Beni, in the east of the country. According to the agency, the same medical facility where a 26-year-old man died of the same virus on April 10.
He was the first to be infected in the republic in 50 days. However, according to the agency, he had no contact with infected people. Also, doctors have ruled out a recurrence of the disease in the present deceased, as he hadn’t been previously infected with it.
The authorities planned to announce the end of the Ebola epidemic today, Sunday, but at the moment all forces of the state are aimed at fighting the new type of coronavirus. COVID-19 has been confirmed in 215 people, 20 have died. There is also an outbreak of measles in the DRC.


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Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.
Cell Line, Tumor
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
Chemical substances, produced by microorganisms, inhibiting or preventing the proliferation of neoplasms.
Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms.
Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.
Experimentally induced tumor that produces MELANIN in animals to provide a model for studying human MELANOMA.
Tumor Cells, Cultured
Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.
Form of adoptive transfer where cells with antitumor activity are transferred to the tumor-bearing host in order to mediate tumor regression. The lymphoid cells commonly used are lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). This is usually considered a form of passive immunotherapy. (From DeVita, et al., Cancer, 1993, pp.305-7, 314)
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.
All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung
A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Use of attenuated VIRUSES as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to selectively kill CANCER cells.
The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.
Experimentally induced neoplasms of CONNECTIVE TISSUE in animals to provide a model for studying human SARCOMA.
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)
Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.
Tumor-selective, replication competent VIRUSES that have antineoplastic effects. This is achieved by producing cytotoxicity-enhancing proteins and/or eliciting an antitumor immune response. They are genetically engineered so that they can replicate in CANCER cells but not in normal cells, and are used in ONCOLYTIC VIROTHERAPY.
Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).
Killer Cells, Natural
Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS; and B CELLS; NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type.
Inhibitory Concentration 50
Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of DAUNORUBICIN.
Semisynthetic conjugates of various toxic molecules, including RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES and bacterial or plant toxins, with specific immune substances such as IMMUNOGLOBULINS; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES; and ANTIGENS. The antitumor or antiviral immune substance carries the toxin to the tumor or infected cell where the toxin exerts its poisonous effect.
DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols
The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental
Pyrido-CARBAZOLES originally discovered in the bark of OCHROSIA ELLIPTICA. They inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis and have immunosuppressive properties.
Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.
The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A heterodimeric cytokine that plays a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Interleukin-12 is a 70 kDa protein that is composed of covalently linked 40 kDa and 35 kDa subunits. It is produced by DENDRITIC CELLS; MACROPHAGES and a variety of other immune cells and plays a role in the stimulation of INTERFERON-GAMMA production by T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS.
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating
A class of drugs that differs from other alkylating agents used clinically in that they are monofunctional and thus unable to cross-link cellular macromolecules. Among their common properties are a requirement for metabolic activation to intermediates with antitumor efficacy and the presence in their chemical structures of N-methyl groups, that after metabolism, can covalently modify cellular DNA. The precise mechanisms by which each of these drugs acts to kill tumor cells are not completely understood. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2026)
Drug Administration Schedule
Combined Modality Therapy
The ability of tumors to evade destruction by the IMMUNE SYSTEM. Theories concerning possible mechanisms by which this takes place involve both cellular immunity (IMMUNITY, CELLULAR) and humoral immunity (ANTIBODY FORMATION), and also costimulatory pathways related to CD28 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD28) and CD80 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD80).
Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
Topoisomerase I Inhibitors
Compounds that inhibit the activity of DNA TOPOISOMERASE I.
Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.
Cell Growth Processes
Processes required for CELL ENLARGEMENT and CELL PROLIFERATION.
A tricyclic pentaglycosidic antibiotic from Streptomyces strains that inhibits RNA and protein synthesis by adhering to DNA. It is used as a fluorescent dye and as an antineoplastic agent, especially in bone and testicular tumors. Plicamycin is also used to reduce hypercalcemia, especially that due to malignancies.
The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.
Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Active immunization where vaccine is administered for therapeutic or preventive purposes. This can include administration of immunopotentiating agents such as BCG vaccine and Corynebacterium parvum as well as biological response modifiers such as interferons, interleukins, and colony-stimulating factors in order to directly stimulate the immune system.
Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IMMUNOGLOBULIN G whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent.
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.
Forms to which substances are incorporated to improve the delivery and the effectiveness of drugs. Drug carriers are used in drug-delivery systems such as the controlled-release technology to prolong in vivo drug actions, decrease drug metabolism, and reduce drug toxicity. Carriers are also used in designs to increase the effectiveness of drug delivery to the target sites of pharmacological actions. Liposomes, albumin microspheres, soluble synthetic polymers, DNA complexes, protein-drug conjugates, and carrier erythrocytes among others have been employed as biodegradable drug carriers.
Disease Models, Animal
Human colonic ADENOCARCINOMA cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells such as the GOBLET CELLS.
Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.
A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
Mice, Inbred Strains
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.
A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.
Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.
An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.
Drug Delivery Systems
gp100 Melanoma Antigen
Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
Antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to make them nearly identical with human antibodies. If the constant region and part of the variable region are replaced, they are called humanized. If only the constant region is modified they are called chimeric. INN names for humanized antibodies end in -zumab.
Lethal Dose 50
Gene Transfer Techniques
The introduction of functional (usually cloned) GENES into cells. A variety of techniques and naturally occurring processes are used for the gene transfer such as cell hybridization, LIPOSOMES or microcell-mediated gene transfer, ELECTROPORATION, chromosome-mediated gene transfer, TRANSFECTION, and GENETIC TRANSDUCTION. Gene transfer may result in genetically transformed cells and individual organisms.
Maximum Tolerated Dose
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.
Nitrogen Mustard Compounds
A group of alkylating agents derived from mustard gas, with the sulfur replaced by nitrogen. They were formerly used as toxicants and vesicants, but now function as antineoplastic agents. These compounds are also powerful mutagens, teratogens, immunosuppressants, and carcinogens.
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.
A group of diterpenoid CYCLODECANES named for the taxanes that were discovered in the TAXUS tree. The action on MICROTUBULES has made some of them useful as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS.
A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CD28 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD80 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a costimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.
Complex cytotoxic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces flocculus or S. rufochronmogenus. It is used in advanced carcinoma and causes leukopenia.
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).
Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
The milieu surrounding neoplasms consisting of cells, vessels, soluble factors, and molecules, that can influence and be influenced by, the neoplasm's growth.
A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in a variety of ADENOCARCINOMAS. It has extensive homology to and heterodimerizes with the EGF RECEPTOR, the ERBB-3 RECEPTOR, and the ERBB-4 RECEPTOR. Activation of the erbB-2 receptor occurs through heterodimer formation with a ligand-bound erbB receptor family member.
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Tumor Stem Cell Assay
A cytologic technique for measuring the functional capacity of tumor stem cells by assaying their activity. It is used primarily for the in vitro testing of antineoplastic agents.
Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor
A cell surface receptor involved in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. It is specific for EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR and EGF-related peptides including TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; AMPHIREGULIN; and HEPARIN-BINDING EGF-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR. The binding of ligand to the receptor causes activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and rapid internalization of the receptor-ligand complex into the cell.
An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.
Cyclic esters of hydroxy carboxylic acids, containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure. Large cyclic lactones of over a dozen atoms are MACROLIDES.
A genus of gram-negative bacteria characteristically appearing in chains of several segmenting organisms. It occurs in man and arthropod vectors and is found only in the Andes region of South America. This genus is the etiologic agent of human bartonellosis. The genus Rochalimaea, once considered a separate genus, has recently been combined with the genus Bartonella as a result of high levels of relatedness in 16S rRNA sequence data and DNA hybridization data.
Antibodies, often monoclonal, in which the two antigen-binding sites are specific for separate ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS. They are artificial antibodies produced by chemical crosslinking, fusion of HYBRIDOMA cells, or by molecular genetic techniques. They function as the main mediators of targeted cellular cytotoxicity and have been shown to be efficient in the targeting of drugs, toxins, radiolabeled haptens, and effector cells to diseased tissue, primarily tumors.
Combinations of diagnostic or therapeutic substances linked with specific immune substances such as IMMUNOGLOBULINS; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES; or ANTIGENS. Often the diagnostic or therapeutic substance is a radionuclide. These conjugates are useful tools for specific targeting of DRUGS and RADIOISOTOPES in the CHEMOTHERAPY and RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY of certain cancers.
Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

domain: medical


Welcome to Treeshop: Indigenous trees for your garden
Treeshop is a boutique indigenous tree nursery located near Pretoria. We cultivate and have for sale about 180 species of indigenous trees, including some scarcer ones. We also provide a range of specially cultivated container trees, ideally suited for small gardens. Our focus is on cultivation, but we can supply services such as landscape design, tree delivery and planting, using our trusted network of service providers.
Pay us an e-visit....
The video shows indigenous trees for sale at the Treeshop nursery
Our CHATBOT is now supported by an AI back end. Try it out...
Gardener's corner is a facility that allows you to zero in on trees likely to meet your specific needs. It also provides links to useful gardening knowledge. Just click on the link.
Your may need:
Looking for tips and ideas?
We always strive to deliver quality indigenous trees for sale. Our focus is on the top-end of the tree market, including contract cultivation for prestigeous atrium landscaping projects.
Piet and Sandra are the owners of Treeshop.
Piet has a PhD in Engineering with many years business experience. His scientific backgound is very valuable in the day-to day care of the nursery. He automated many of the business' processes, thereby ensuring the quality of Treeshop's trees.
Sandra looks after our clients. She is responsible for the marketing and sales of our trees and services. Her commitment is to provide prompt, accurate and friendly service.
What Treeshop's clients say
Treeshop was was recently reviewed by a Gina Switala, a professional landscape architect. She is registered with the South African Council for the Landscape Architectural Profession, a member of the Institute for Landscape Architecture and the author of an e-book "A Homeowner's guide to Designing your Own Indigenous Garden"
In her Treeshop blogpost, Gina writes:
"The nursery is continuously expanding and through Piet and Sandra’s passion and dedication it is also innovating as they aim to become the best supplier of indigenous trees in Southern Africa. It boasts a wide range of indigenous trees of varying sizes and they are specifically attempting to grow trees that are not easily available in cultivation because they are either difficult to grow or find.
See some recent pictures of our nursery and read her full review here:
Contact us. Form below, Whatsapp call, message or email. Ordinary cellphone calls/sms unreliable!
Indigenous trees for sale at the Treeshop nursery, located on the Beynestpoort road, near Roodeplaat dam, Pretoria. (Gauteng, South Africa) e-mail:email@example.com


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Hire Afternoon Tea Catering in Birchington
Browse Afternoon Tea Caterers
Recent review: “We were looking for an in-house chef to serve up a special meal for our dads 60th... we landed on our feet with Home Cuisine Catering; the evening couldn’t have been more perfect. The food was spectacular and the portion sizes were huge! Karl made sure dietary needs were considered and cooked every
Recent review: Wow, I had the most amazing pie and mash last night. Highly recommended I will definitely be a returning customer and such friendly service.
Recent review: We booked Debbie to cater an afternoon cream tea for my (egg allergic) wife's birthday! Couldn't have asked for a better service, food was amazing, egg free cakes were superb and debbie's catering was beautiful set up and extremely attentive! highly recommended
About: A vintage mobile catering caravan, specialising in afternoon teas. Adding that touch of vintage glamour to your chosen event, our unique and retro caravan provides the ultimate backdrop for any function and adds a quirky twist to a quintessential afternoon tea. We can cater for: -Weddings -Chri
About: I am a freelance cook specialising in vegetarian & vegan home style food. My background is in teaching cooking classes and cooking for festivals, fairs and social events. I offer a hands on or hands off approach. For example I can leave you with prepared dishes and instructions or alternatively can
About: Welcome to Me Old Vintage China where we take pride in providing your event with beautiful vintage china and glassware which have been lovingly gleaned from antique fayres, auctions and boot fairs and are all vintage – nothing is new! We are passionate about the beauty and nostalgia of crockery and
Recent review: Liza is just too wonderful! She catered for my moms birthday this weekend, and it was absolutely perfect! The food was seriously delicious and really plentiful (we really enjoyed the left overs the next day too!) Liza is a fabulous chef and I can highly recommend her. She was also very professional,
About: Caterers & Party stylist specialising in afternoon teas, children's parties and all things cakes. At The Party Kitchen there’s nothing we love more than a celebration, and there’s nothing more rewarding than seeing our work come together to make an event successful for our clients. We’re not jus
Recent review: They provided the catering for my daughter’s christening. Really professional and flexible to work with. Food was lovely and we had lots of positive comments from our guests. Thank you! �
About: Special Event Hire offers you a bespoke and professional service at competitive prices. Specializing in Event Management we have everything covered from catering to flowers to a marquee.
Recent review: ‘Wow...what an amazing hen party we have had!! You hosted the best vintage afternoon tea we have all had and the hen was sooo happy! I thoroughly recommend this to anyone wanting a different yet superbly shabby chic day :) Thank you Claire and your team!!’
About: Experienced classically trained chef to bring that perfect restaurant experience to your home. With or without front of house staff. We do all the shopping , cook and serve your meal AND do the washing up too. If your event or party is outside we can bring our vintage street food truck to cook and
Recent review: Favour was excellent. Arrived well in time. Calm and efficient throughout dinner service and washed up well. I would certainly recommend her and use her again myself.
Recent review: Fantastic customer service and food! We booked at short notice and Stephen was fantastic from the first email. The food was amazing and well worth the money, everyone loved the salads that accomapined the hog roast. There was loads of food. The whole service was extremly proffensional, even though
Recent review: Brilliant! Wonderful authentic food, beautifully presented and tasted amazing. My kitchen smelt amazing which added to the occasion. I would certainly recommend and will definitely use IndiMax again. Thank you for making my husbands birthday banquet so special.
Recent review: After a shaky start finally food was delivered and they ended up cooking for us . Done a great job everyone enjoyed what they cooked and there was plenty. Would recommend this company very satisfied. Rebecca was great thank you
About: If you are looking for a relaxed, beautiful, stylish set up to your event, whatever the occasion, Very Vintage Tea Party is the choice for you. We offer you a bespoke service that is tailored just to you. We know the importance of taking care of all the tiny details to ensure your event runs smooth
Recent review: Great Company All staff well Presented All Staff Polite and well Trained Food well presented and Tasty HIGHLY RECCOMENDED
About: We're a family run business based in the heart of Hastings, East Sussex. We offer beautiful handmade Afternoon Tea packages complete with vintage china and accessories. The packages include, finger sandwiches, mini cheese scones, sweet scones with jam & cream, yummy cakes and desserts and a selectio


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Listeners' verdicts on BBC Sounds
Listeners give their verdicts on the BBC Sounds app, historian and MP Kwasi Kwarteng discusses Living with the Empire, and Roger Bolton goes behind the scenes at WWI drama Tommies.
Roger Bolton with audience comment on BBC radio.
The new BBC Sounds app launched last week. Designed to eventually replace iPlayer Radio, its primary aim is to get young people listening to BBC content. So what do listeners make of it? Roger hears their views and talks to media consultant and podcast expert Matt Deegan.
Living with the Empire, a recent BBC Radio 4 series, examined the legacy of the British Empire, looking for its traces in the UKs monuments, people and contested memories. It was presented by historian and MP Kwasi Kwarteng, who responds to listener reaction and reflects on the making and timing of the three part series.
A century after the end of World War One, the Radio 4 drama series Tommies is coming to a close. It's been on air for the length of the war centenary, with each episode tracing one real day at war, exactly 100 years later. Feedback goes behind the scenes as the team records the episode for Armistice Day.
Producer: Will Yates
A Whistledown production for BBC Radio 4


The world of construction technology is filled with acronyms: IoT, MRO, ERP, ELD, RFID, BLE, and the list goes on. But three specific acronyms make a world of difference when figuring out the type of data that can be extracted from vehicles and equipment—OBD, JBUS, and CAN bus. Let’s walk through what makes them different and the benefits of using CAN.
What’s the difference between OBD, JBUS, and CAN bus?
CAN bus, OBD, and JBUS all involve ways to allow sensors and systems used in automobiles and equipment to communicate data, but they have distinct differences and applications. Here's a breakdown of each:
CAN (Controller Area Network) or CAN bus
CAN bus is a widely used communication protocol that allows different electronic control units (ECUs) within a vehicle or piece of equipment to communicate with each other. It is a network protocol that helps data exchange between various systems—such as the engine, transmission, brakes, sensors, and more. CAN bus enables real-time, reliable, and robust communication, making it suitable for applications requiring extensive data coverage and integration between different machine components. The CAN specification allows for various protocol speeds to be implemented (with newer vehicles typically implementing the faster versions of the protocol).
OBD (On-Board Diagnostics)
OBD—specifically OBD-II—is a federally mandated and standardized diagnostic system used in most vehicles sold in the US since the mid-1990s. It provides a standardized way for diagnostic equipment to access and retrieve information from the vehicle's ECUs. OBD-II primarily focuses on diagnostic functions and provides access to a subset of data related to emissions, engine performance, and vehicle sensors. It is commonly used for emissions testing, vehicle diagnostics, retrieving fault codes, and connecting third-party devices such as GPS locators and dash cameras.
JBUS—also known as J1939—is a specific application layer protocol, and interface definition standard, that runs on top of the CAN bus physical layer. It is primarily used in heavy-duty commercial vehicles, such as trucks, buses, and construction equipment. J1939 defines a standard set of messages and parameter definitions for communication between ECUs in these vehicles. It allows for standardized data exchange related to vehicle control, diagnostics, and monitoring. J1939 is designed to meet the specific requirements of the heavy-duty vehicle industry.
In other words, CAN bus is the underlying network protocol used for communication between various machine systems. To simplify:
- OBD-II specifies the interface and protocols used for diagnostics and emissions-related purposes and is mainly used in passenger vehicles and light trucks.
- J1939 is an application layer protocol, and interface definition, specific to heavy-duty commercial vehicles.
- CAN is the underlying network used to allow various systems within vehicles and equipment to communicate with each other.
What are the benefits of using CAN?
When it comes to equipment and fleet management, CAN bus offers several benefits.
CAN bus provides access to a wide range of data. It enables the collection of real-time information from various vehicle systems, such as the engine, transmission, brakes, sensors, and more. This extensive data coverage allows for a more detailed analysis of performance, fuel consumption, driver behavior, and other relevant metrics. CAN bus trackers can retrieve data beyond standard OBD-II parameters, including specific vehicle manufacturer data and advanced diagnostics.
CAN bus offers a higher level of granularity in terms of data resolution. It provides access to individual sensor readings and system parameters if these are provided by the vehicle OEM (original equipment manufacturers) over the CAN bus, allowing for a more precise understanding of the asset’s behavior. This level of detail is particularly valuable for fleet managers who require accurate and specific data to optimize operations and identify potential issues.
Customization and Flexibility
CAN bus supports various data types, including numeric, text, and status information. It also allows for prioritization of messages, enabling critical data to be transmitted with higher precedence. CAN bus allows for the collection of a wide range of data points related to performance, maintenance, fuel, idle, and other mission-critical needs. This robust set of data allows your asset management team to be more proactive and have greater information for decision-making purposes, speeding up your time to repair and ultimately maximizing the uptime on your equipment.
CAN bus is designed to support many interconnected devices thanks to its networked topology. CAN bus supports multi-node communication, allowing for easy expansion of the network by adding new nodes or devices. It follows a distributed architecture, where each node can send and receive messages independently.
Simplicity and Ease of Use
The CAN bus protocol is relatively simple compared to other network protocols. Its message-based communication model, with standardized message frames, facilitates easy integration and interoperability between different devices and systems.
CAN bus is a robust and reliable communication protocol widely used in the automotive industry. It operates on a dedicated bus, separate from other vehicle systems, ensuring data integrity and minimizing interference. CAN bus is designed to operate in harsh and noisy environments. It uses a differential signaling scheme, which ensures reliable data transmission even in the presence of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and other disturbances. This reliability is crucial for fleet tracking, as accurate and consistent data is essential for making informed decisions and optimizing fleet operations.
So, CAN bus can be used for vehicles and equipment? The short answer is yes. While it is most associated with automotive systems, CAN bus is a versatile communication protocol suitable for several types of equipment and fleet needs.
CAN bus is widely adopted in automotive applications, industrial automation, and other domains. This widespread usage results in a broad range of compatible devices, tools, and software available in the market, making it easier to design and implement CAN-based systems.
These benefits have made CAN bus a popular choice for applications that require reliable, real-time communication, such as automotive electronics, industrial control systems, and more.
Which should you choose?
Any of the protocols described in this article can add value to your equipment and fleet management programs. The key is to find the solution that best fits your goals. Be sure to work with your equipment managers, maintenance personnel, and your solution provider to review your assets’ make/model/year. This will ensure the best protocol and connection point are selected.
In addition to CAN bus, there are also various methods of collecting run-time, location, and utilization data that may fit your organizational needs without the consumption and use of a total CAN bus solution. When in doubt, your IoT provider should be able to help you analyze your needs and assets and construct the best solution—and the best outcomes.
About Sunil Puranik
Sunil is a Technical Product Manager at Tenna dedicated to driving positive change in the construction industry. As one of the first engineers at Tenna, he witnessed the challenges faced by construction professionals, fueling his passion to develop innovative solutions. Leveraging his technical expertise, Sunil tailors Tenna's offerings to address industry needs, empowering construction companies to streamline operations and enhance productivity. Through active engagement with the construction community and a focus on staying at the forefront of innovation, Sunil is committed to making a lasting impact and helping construction professionals succeed in a dynamic landscape.