Table of contents:
- Installing a boiler and connecting it to the water supply with your own hands
- What is a boiler and how it works
- Preparatory work before installing the boiler
- Features of mounting a boiler on a thin wall
- Installation of a water heater
- Boiler insulation
Video: Installing A Boiler (water Heater) With Your Own Hands: Connection Diagram To The Water Supply System, Rules, Etc
Installing a boiler and connecting it to the water supply with your own hands
Many of us, having bought a boiler, ask questions: can it be installed with our own hands, and how difficult is this process? If you have a little skills in plumbing and electrical, self-installation of the boiler should not cause you serious difficulties. In addition, self-installation of the heating device will help you save money that could have been spent on paying for the services of specialists. However, the work will require strict adherence to safety rules and, of course, the availability of the necessary tools.
1 What is a boiler and how it works
1.1 The device of the storage water heater
1.1.1 The role of the magnesium anode in the water heater and the scheme of its operation
- 1.2 Do I need permission to install a boiler in the apartment
- 1.3 Is it possible to install a water heater under the sink
2 Preparatory work before installing the boiler
2.1 Equipment and tools required for self-assembly or replacement of a water heater
3 Features of mounting the boiler on a thin wall
3.1 Video: how to hang a water heater on an aerated concrete wall
4 Installation of a water heater
- 4.1 Mounting the boiler on the wall
4.2 Connection to water pipes
4.2.1 Video: diagram of connecting the boiler to the water supply
4.3 Connecting the boiler to the electrical network
- 4.3.1 Video: how to connect the boiler to electricity
- 4.3.2 Connecting the boiler via a time relay
- 4.4 Video: installation and connection of a water heater (boiler)
- 5 Boiler insulation
What is a boiler and how it works
A boiler is a heating device that makes life much easier for people when they are faced with a preventive shutdown of hot water supply in city apartments, and provides comfort in the country, where the water heater works on an ongoing basis.
The water heater can have a storage or flow-through device. The advantages of flow-through boilers are considered to be small size and low weight, which allows them to be mounted even on not very strong bases, for example, plasterboard. On the other hand, to ensure the required water heating rate, flow-through boilers are equipped with very powerful heating elements, which are not able to withstand weak electrical wiring.
For rapid heating of water, instantaneous boilers are equipped with very powerful heating elements.
Storage devices are in greatest demand because they have a larger volume, are cheaper and consume less electricity. In addition, during their installation, such high requirements are not imposed on the wiring as when installing flow-type water heaters.
Storage devices are in high demand because they are more cost effective and do not require heavy wiring.
Storage water heater device
The device of a storage water heater is similar to the design of a household thermos. The inner tank is separated from the outer walls of the case by a rigid polyurethane heat-insulating layer to minimize heat loss. The water entering the tank is heated by a heating element (thermoelectric heating element). To set the required water temperature, an integrated thermostat is used.
The role of the magnesium anode in the water heater and the scheme of its operation
The internal tank of the water heater is the most vulnerable element of the design, since it is constantly exposed to temperature changes and the negative effects of substances contained in the water. A magnesium anode helps protect this part from corrosion.
It is manufactured in the form of a thin round rod with a diameter of 14–25 mm and a length of 140–660 mm with a layer of magnesium alloy applied to the surface with a thickness of up to 15 mm. In the immediate vicinity of the heating element, the anode is fastened using a threaded rod located in the center of the rod. Sometimes the anode is placed on the top wall of the inner tank.
A magnesium anode helps protect the internal tank of the boiler from corrosion.
In addition to magnesium anodes, electric, titanium and zinc analogs are used in water heaters. But the magnesium anode is the most economical and therefore the most popular.
Most often, low-carbon steel is used for the manufacture of internal tanks for water heaters. Magnesium has a valence II and is a more active metal than iron, which has a valence III. When water is heated, oxygen is formed. Magnesium binds it, thereby preventing the formation of corrosion in the tank and on the steel shell of the heating element. This process is called tread protection, which is why magnesium anodes are sometimes called tread anodes.
The magnesium anode also does not allow the formation of scale on the heating element, which is a precipitate of heavy metal salts. Since magnesium is more chemically active than the iron from which the walls of the tank are made, these substances react with it. As a result, dense scale becomes loose, easily separates from the heating element and the tank walls and settles to the bottom in the form of flakes, from where it is removed during regular cleaning of the unit.
Thus, the anode protector in the boiler performs the following functions:
- provides passive protection of the metal tank from corrosion;
- prevents the formation of scale on the thermoelectric heating element;
- softens water.
Over time, the magnesium anode gradually breaks down and dissolves in water, without changing its chemical composition and, accordingly, without harming the health of users.
Over time, the magnesium anode gradually breaks down and dissolves in water
Nevertheless, the anode-protector must be changed from time to time, without waiting for its complete destruction. The frequency of replacement of this part depends on the quality (chemical composition) of the water and the intensity of use of the water heater.
- If the heating device is rarely used and the water in it is rather soft, then the anode can be changed every seven years.
- Under less favorable operating conditions of the device, replacement of the magnesium anode is required much more often - about once a year.
It is recommended to replace it simultaneously with cleaning the water heater
When choosing a replacement for a worn out protector anode, give preference to a product from a well-known manufacturer. A low-quality magnesium element gives the water a persistent rotten smell. To test the quality of the product, make a weak solution of food grade citric acid and place a magnesium rod in it. A tread made of cheap material, when it reacts with acid, will provoke an active release of hydrogen sulphide.
Of course, the boiler can be operated without a protector anode, but the absence of this part will significantly reduce the service life of the water heater. Typically, anodes are supplied with water heaters. But for replacement, this item can be purchased separately.
Do I need permission to install a boiler in the apartment
The need to obtain permits for installing a water heater in a city apartment depends on the type of device.
If you want to connect an electric boiler, which belongs to household appliances, then you will not need a special permit for this. You just need to make sure that the available free power of the electrical network is sufficient for it. For example, a 150-liter boiler is switched on and consumes 1.5–2.0 kW. It takes 3-5 hours to heat the water, and it will cool down by no more than 0.5 degrees per hour. If the capacity is not enough, then you need to contact the energy company with a request for additional resources. Naturally, you have to pay for this.
To connect an electric boiler, special permission is not required if the electrical network can withstand the load it creates
- If you are going to install a gas water heater in an apartment, then you need to obtain permission for it from the gas service center, presenting a document of ownership of the property. The center's specialists will come to you to draw up a project. This service is paid. In addition, do not forget that the installation of a gas water heater must also be carried out by gas service specialists.
Installation and connection of a gas water heater must be carried out by specialists of the gas service
But you will not be given permission to install a gas water heater if there is no ventilation duct in the immediate vicinity of its installation site through which exhaust gases will be removed. Most often, even in apartments with gas stoves, separate channels are not provided, and no one will allow you to bring the ventilation pipe to the outer wall of the house.
If you still managed to obtain permission to install a gas boiler, keep in mind that fuel consumption in your apartment will increase several times. Installation of gas equipment without permission is subject to a fine.
Therefore, before purchasing such a device, think about whether you need it, or whether you should limit yourself to an electric water heater, with which there is much less hassle in terms of installation and operation.
Is it possible to install a water heater under the sink
In a small apartment, the best place to place a boiler may be the space under the sink in the kitchen or in the combined bathroom. An electrical appliance hidden in this way will not spoil the interior design. However, not all types of boilers are suitable for installation under the sink.
The boiler hidden under the sink will not spoil the interior design
Due to the limited space under the sink, a storage or instantaneous water heater with a capacity of up to 25 liters can fit. The water in such a device is heated by a heating element or an open electric heater. The gas device, due to its high performance and, therefore, considerable dimensions, is suitable for mounting exclusively on a wall or on a free floor space.
Another feature: in a water heater intended for installation under the sink, the pipe inlet must be located at the top. You should definitely pay attention to this when buying a device. A boiler with a different location of the hose supply will also fit in size, but it will be inconvenient to install. In addition, such a device will not function correctly and quickly fail.
Preparatory work before installing the boiler
Self-installation of an electric water heater will cost you less than the services of specialists. On average, the work will take about two hours. But when preparing for installation and directly in the process of performing work, you should follow the safety rules.
First of all, you should decide on the model of the boiler: what system it should be - flow-through or storage, how many liters it is designed for, how it will be mounted - horizontally or vertically, on a wall or under a sink, etc.
Wall-mounted boilers are not only vertical, but also horizontal.
The next step is to create a wiring diagram for the device on paper with the designation of the hot and cold water inset. Then you need to do the following:
- free up space for the water heater and work;
- check the strength of the wall for the ability to withstand the weight with a double margin (for example, if the boiler has a volume of 50 liters, then fasteners are required for a weight equal to 100 kg plus the weight of the empty boiler);
- since a water heater is a very powerful energy consumer, it is necessary to determine in advance the type of wiring (aluminum or copper) and the cross-section of the cable laid in the walls, as well as assess the ability of the wiring to withstand the load of an electric boiler (for example, to connect a 2 kW boiler, a copper cable with a cross section from 2.5 mm 2);
check the condition of water pipes and risers (especially for old houses) - they must be in good condition and have points for connecting a water heater.
On the boiler installation diagram, it is necessary to indicate the sequence of connecting devices and the type of shut-off valves used
- Before you start installing the boiler, you need to read the instructions to understand the features of the model, then turn off the electricity and shut off the pipes supplying hot water. It should be remembered that if you live in a multi-storey building, this will temporarily deprive residents of other apartments of hot water, so you need to carefully prepare for work in order to finish it as soon as possible.
You can check the strength of the wall in the following way: mount the fasteners that come with the boiler and hang two bags of cement on it. If the mount can cope with such a load, then it will be able to withstand a water heater, which weighs half as much.
Particular attention should be paid to checking the strength of the wall when installing a large 150-liter boiler. The fastening of such a unit is made on expansion metal anchor bolts or special durable hooks. It is recommended to use anchors with a length of 100 mm and a diameter of 10 mm.
It should be borne in mind that the installation of the water heater will require the efforts of two people, since this process is quite time consuming. Typically, the boiler is installed in the bathroom or in the toilet directly above the toilet. As a rule, this place is not used in any way. At the same time, it must be approached freely.
In a small room, to save useful space, the boiler is usually placed horizontally. A small water heater is attached to the wall, and units with a volume of 200 liters or more are installed on the floor.
If the volume of the boiler exceeds 200 liters, it must be placed on the floor.
Equipment and tools required for self-installation or replacement of a water heater
Before proceeding with the installation of the boiler, prepare the following tools, materials and equipment:
- sanitary tape or sealing tape;
- Unilak paste;
- safety valve with a valve with a diameter of 10 mm (supplied with the boiler);
- two flexible water supply hoses with a length of at least 2 m (the length of the hoses must correspond to the distance from the boiler to the point of insertion into the water supply system);
- metal-plastic pipes;
- three stopcocks;
- three tees;
- two dowel nails with hooks at the ends;
- Phillips and slotted screwdrivers;
- hammer drill or electric drill;
- drills with a victorious tip (if it is supposed to fix the boiler to a brick or concrete wall);
- adjustable wrench;
To connect a powerful instantaneous water heater, if the wiring does not provide for the connection of electric stoves, you will need a three-core PVA 3x8 copper cable, a meter that can withstand a current of at least 40 A, a socket block with grounding, a 40 A machine and an insulating tape.
Features of mounting a boiler on a thin wall
Ideally, the water heater should be mounted on solid brick, concrete or block walls, since the appliance is quite heavy with water. But sometimes the device needs to be hung on a thin plasterboard, frame, wooden, aerated concrete or foam block base. In this case, you will need to strengthen the wall and use special fasteners.
It is impossible to mount a water heater directly on a wooden wall for fire safety reasons. To begin with, it must be well insulated from heating, for example, with a profile iron, which is used for the roof.
In other cases, special mounts are used:
- spiral nylon dowels;
- metal fasteners for mounting boilers with a capacity of 100 liters or more.
If you plan to hang the water heater on a wall made of foam concrete blocks, then you will need metal dowels or special chemical (adhesive) anchors for foam concrete. Chemical anchor is a universal fastener that can withstand high loads. It is environmentally friendly and resistant to low temperatures.
The expansion dowel is held in the wall by frictional forces in the expansion joint, and the chemical anchor - due to the adhesion of a special adhesive
Fastening to an adhesive anchor is done in the following way:
- A hole is drilled with the expansion of the channel by rotating the drill at an angle in different directions.
- Concrete dust is removed from the hole.
- The hole is filled with a quick-hardening mixture, into which a mounting sleeve or threaded stud is inserted.
The resulting cone-shaped plug provides a fairly high fastening strength.
For installation in hollow structures, an anchor sleeve is inserted into the hole, and a stud is already screwed into it
Video: how to hang a water heater on an aerated concrete wall
Installation of a water heater
Installation of a water heater for a flow-through and storage system is the same. Before starting work, it is important to familiarize yourself with the instructions that come with the device. If there is no such instruction, you can download it on the Internet.
Boiler wall mounting
Before installing the boiler on the wall with chalk or a marker, draw the bottom line of the device placement on it. Then measure the distance from the mounting plate attached to the heater body to the bottom line and mark this distance. When marking out, pay attention to the height from the holes on the anchors to the top of the heater. It must be less than the distance to the ceiling, otherwise the water heater will not pass in height.
When choosing a place for installing fasteners, it is necessary to check the position of the lower and upper edges of the boiler housing
- Drill two or four holes depending on the number of fasteners supplied with the boiler. To punch holes in a concrete or brick wall, you need to use an electric drill with a winder drill. A drill with a conventional tip is suitable for drilling holes in a wooden wall. Its diameter should be less than the diameter of the plastic dowel. Remember that there are no such holes on the fastening bar, and the anchors with hooks at the ends will cling to its edge.
Install the mounting hardware: hammer the dowels into the holes with a mallet or hammer, screw the metal anchor to a depth of about 12 cm (it should stop turning). Then hang up the boiler.
Anchors with metal hooks are inserted and screwed into the drilled holes, and then the boiler is hung on them
Connection to water pipes
- Connect the unit to the water supply using flexible hoses or polypropylene pipes. Keep in mind that connecting through plastic pipes will cost you more and take longer. If there are already connection points, then the work will not cause any particular difficulties.
In the absence of pre-prepared bends, you will have to make them yourself from metal-plastic or plastic pipes. This will take about half an hour. It will take more time to insert tees into a steel pipe - about two hours. This will require a die to fit the pipe. When connecting, pay attention to the color of the rings of the pipes located at the bottom of the boiler: cold water will be supplied through the pipe with the blue ring, hot water will be discharged through the pipe with the red ring.
In the absence of pre-prepared bends, you will have to make them yourself from metal-plastic or plastic pipes
A relief valve should be installed in the cold water supply to relieve excess pressure. It is performed automatically. This helps prevent damage to the water heater. If this part is not included with the water heater, then you will have to buy it separately. It is important to consider the direction of water flow when installing the valve. To facilitate maintenance, an additional tee can be inserted in front of the valve and a tap connected to it.
Excessive water pressure is released through the safety valve during operation
Screw a sealant onto the thread, which can be tow, sanitary linen or FUM tape, and connect the safety valve. Screw one end of the flexible hose to it. You can do without a seal here, since the hose nut has a sealed rubber gasket. Screw the end of the second flexible hose to the hot water pipe, also without using a seal.
A rubber gasket is installed in the fixing nut of the flexible line, so it can be screwed onto the pipe without an intermediate seal (flax, FUM tape, sealing cord, etc.)
Connect the end that will supply cold water to the water pipe through a valve or tap. This is necessary so that the water supply can be shut off, for example, in case of replacement of spare parts for the boiler. Connect the free end of the second hose to the pipe leading to the mixer.
The pipe through which cold water will enter the boiler is connected through a ball valve
If you only need a flow-through unit for the time the hot water supply is turned off, connect it through a shower hose. To do this, only cold water is connected to the boiler:
- turn off the water;
- cut the pipe with a grinder;
- cut the thread with a die;
- wind sanitary flax;
cut a tee into the cold water pipe;
The instantaneous water heater is connected through a tee in the cold water main
- put a shut-off valve;
- connect the assembled magistrate to the boiler inlet with a flexible hose.
- Connect the hot water outlet to the hot water tap using a reinforced plastic pipe or flexible hoses without using additional elements. To check the tightness of the connections, turn on the water, fill the container and leave for about an hour. If there are no leaks during this time, feel free to connect the unit to the power grid.
Video: diagram of connecting the boiler to the water supply
Connecting the boiler to the electrical network
Some boilers come with a cable with a plug connected to the unit. If these elements are not available, then they are purchased separately.
- Install a grounded power outlet near the equipment. If the tightness test showed no leaks, feel free to connect the boiler plug to an electrical outlet.
The power supply can be connected directly to the electrical distribution board using a separate automatic switch. In this case, the following scheme must be observed:
- the blue wire suitable for the terminal of the water heater N is zero or reverse;
- brown wire suitable for terminal L - phase;
yellow wire - ground.
The brown wire must be connected to the electrical phase, the blue wire to "zero", and the yellow-green wire to the ground
- A lit indicator light will inform you about the correct connection of the equipment. Then, using the regulator located at the bottom of the boiler, set the required temperature. After that, the installation and connection of the water heater can be considered complete.
The temperature of hot water in the boiler is set using a modulating regulator
Video: how to connect a boiler to electricity
Connecting a boiler via a time relay
In order to save electricity, the boiler can be connected via a time relay. This will allow you to turn off the water heating late at night or during the day when it is not needed. If a heat accumulator is connected to the water heater, it can, on the contrary, be turned on at night, when the tariff for electricity consumption is lower than in the daytime. During the day, it will automatically turn off.
Let's consider the option of connecting the boiler through the ABB AT1-R time relay. It can be either with a battery inside or without it. The battery inside the mechanism allows it to work autonomously for 200 hours.
The relay allows you to turn on the power of the electrical device only during certain periods of time
The line supplying the water heater will go from the panel located in the combustion room directly to the device. The time relay of this model is equipped with one contact for closing. Depending on the type of boiler, it has the ability to switch an active load up to 16 A.
The device has a scale indicating the values of time intervals. Four divisions represent 15 minute intervals. Thus, the time intervals can be set equal to 15, 30 and 45 minutes.
To disconnect the load on its own, you must move the red lever located next to the time scale to position 1.
After that, it is necessary to set the response time. Try to choose an even hour for this, for example, 18:00 or a multiple of 15 minutes: 18:15, 18:30, 18:45. To set the time, you need to turn the drum until the required readings on the scale coincide with the white lever next to the "1–0" mark.
Video: installation and connection of a water heater (boiler)
In order for the boiler to retain heat better, it must be wrapped with polypropylene foam, polyurethane foam or isolon. Insulating material is fixed with glue or wire. Thermal insulation of the entire surface of the boiler not only helps to retain heat, but also reduces the time for heating the water by increasing the efficiency of the heat carrier. High-quality insulation will not allow the water to cool quickly.
High-quality insulation will not allow water to cool quickly
The second way to insulate a boiler is to place a container of a smaller volume inside a large tank. The resulting space acts as a heater.
The space between the walls of the tanks serves as a heater
And yet, if you realize that you are unable to install the boiler yourself, or there is a need to replace pipes due to wear, contact a specialist. Their services will not cost you too much: dismantling an old water heater - about 500 rubles, installing and connecting a new device - about 7,000 rubles. At the same time, you will be sure that the equipment is connected correctly and you will not have an accident or explosion. There is one more important point: if you install the boiler yourself, as a rule, the manufacturer's warranty will be canceled.
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|Publication number||US6146911 A|
|Application number||US 09/263,216|
|Publication date||Nov 14, 2000|
|Filing date||Mar 5, 1999|
|Priority date||Mar 19, 1998|
|Publication number||09263216, 263216, US 6146911 A, US 6146911A, US-A-6146911, US6146911 A, US6146911A|
|Inventors||Norihiko Tsuchiya, Hiroshi Matsushita|
|Original Assignee||Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (12), Classifications (8), Legal Events (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present invention relates to a semiconductor wafer manufacturing method and a semiconductor wafer manufactured using this method.
Semiconductor wafers, particularly silicon wafers for forming semiconductor devices are manufactured using the CZ (Czochralski) method or the magnetic field applied CZ method (MCZ method). Crystals grown using these methods contain octahedral void defects (Grown-in defects) from 0.1 to 0.3 μm in void size at a volume density of about 106 cm-3. Such defects seldom disappear using normal annealing. Accordingly, when LSIs or ULSIs in which devices such as MOSFETs with high density integration are formed on a semiconductor wafer, void defects degrade the transistor gate oxide film. This is reported in the following reference.
Reference 1: Itsumi et al., Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 78, 1995, pp. 15
A void defect is called a COP (Crystal Originated Particle) or an LSTD (Light Scattering Tomography Defect) according to the wafer evaluation method. As shown in FIG. 1, COPs 3 are void defects which cross the surface of a semiconductor wafer 1. As described in the following reference, these COPs completely disappear when annealing is performed in a high-temperature hydrogen (H2) atmosphere. As a result, the characteristics of the gate oxide film are greatly improved.
Reference 2: Miyashita et al., Proceeding of for the 24th Ultraclean Technology Symposium, 1995, page 334
Even when annealing is performed, however, LSTDs 2 do not disappear and remain in a surface region about 2 μm deep from the surface on which semiconductor devices are to be formed. These LSTDs lower the insulation resistance or cause defective insulation in element isolation regions, degrading the reverse breakdown voltage characteristic in junctions.
Also, in the generations of ULSI devices having design rules of 0.25 μm or more, e.g., DRAMs (Dynamic Random Access Memories) of 256 Mbits or more, the size of a LSTD can be larger than the design rule for a device. When micropatterning thus advances, the breakdown voltage of the gate oxide film lowers, and various operational of errors occur in the devices which rely on the existence of the LSTDs. The (111) plane of the inner wall of an LSTD is covered with 2- to 3-μm of silicon oxide film. Because of this LSTD has interface state density similar to that of BMD (Bulk Micro Defect) or oxygen precipitates, and function as the center for the generation and recombining of carriers. This may cause a fatal defective leak in DRAMs.
The conventional void defect evaluation is performed as described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 2,520,316. Referring to FIG. 1, silicon on the surface of the semiconductor wafer 1 is dissolved slightly with an ammonia-based cleaning solution (NH4 OH/H2 O2 /H2 O) to expose the COPs 3 on the surface. A particle counter is used to irradiate the surface with incident light IL1 and detect the COPs 3 by receiving scattered light SL1. This method can detect the COPs 3 on the surface and other defects to a depth of 0.3 μm from the surface. However, the method cannot be used detect the LSTDs 2 at deeper levels 2 μm from the surface.
Although Japanese Patent Publication No. 7-29878 has disclosed a technique for inspecting COPs on the wafer surface, even when a wafer found to be good by this inspection method is used to form devices, internal LSTDs may cause operation errors. However, no conventional methods can reduce LSTDs about 2 μm from the surface of a semiconductor wafer where devices are formed, and thus operational errors still occur.
As described above, no conventional methods can reduce LSTDs in the surface region where devices are formed, although the methods can detect and eliminate COPs on the wafer surface.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a method of manufacturing a semiconductor wafer, capable of reducing LSTDs which cause operation errors in devices, and a semiconductor wafer manufactured by the method.
The present invention provides a method of manufacturing a semiconductor wafer, comprising the steps of measuring an average density in a semiconductor wafer sample and the average size or light scattering intensity of void defects contained at a predetermined depth from the surface region of the semiconductor wafer sample, extracting an ingot whose the semiconductor wafer sample satisfies the equation D×L3 ≦a predetermined value between the measured average density D and average size L, or satisfies the equation D×Is≦a predetermined value between an average value of the light scattering intensity in the wafer is and the average density D, and annealing semiconductor wafers cut from the extracted ingot.
In this method of manufacturing a semiconductor wafer of the present invention, an ingot whose a semiconductor wafer sample in which a fixed relationship holds true between the average density and scattering light intensity or the average density and average size of LSTDs contained in a surface region is extracted and semiconductor wafers are annealed. Accordingly, a wafer having few residual defects can be obtained.
In the step of measuring the average density and average size or light scattering intensity of void defects, the surface of the semiconductor wafer sample can be irradiated with a visible laser beam having energy equal to or higher than band gap energy of silicon to measure the average density and average size or light scattering intensity of void defects contained in a surface region up to about 2 μm deep from the surface of the semiconductor wafer sample. In the step of extracting an ingot, an ingot whose a semiconductor wafer sample satisfies D×L3 ≦0.53 between the average density D (cm-2) and the average size L (μm) or satisfies a semiconductor wafer in which D×Is≦0.53 K (K is a constant determined by a measurement apparatus) between the average value in the plane of the wafer for the light scattering intensity Is and the average density D can be extracted. In the step of annealing semiconductor wafers, semiconductor wafers can be held in a reducing gas or inert gas atmosphere at about 1,100° C. or more for about 6 hrs or less.
A semiconductor wafer of the present invention is manufactured by the above manufacturing method and has an average density of void defects in the surface region of about 30 defects/cm-2 or less.
FIG. 1 is a sectional view for explaining a conventional method for measuring COPs on the surface of a semiconductor wafer sample;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing the steps of a method for manufacturing a semiconductor wafer according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 3A to 3C are views showing an LSTD measuring apparatus used in the manufacturing method and showing detectable LSTDs;
FIG. 4 is a view showing the distributions, densities, and sizes of LSTDs in surface regions of semiconductor wafers before annealing;
FIG. 5 is a view showing the distributions, densities, and sizes of LSTDs remaining in surface regions of semiconductor wafers after annealing;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the LSTD density and the percent defective of junction breakdown voltage;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationships between the density and size of LSTDs and the relationships between the density and average scattering intensity of LSTD in a surface region of a semiconductor wafer before and after annealing; and
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional TEM micrograph showing the size of LSTD remaining in a surface region of a semiconductor wafer after annealing.
One embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As will be described later with reference to FIG. 2, a method of manufacturing a semiconductor wafer of this embodiment is characterized in that the average density D and the average size L of LSTDs contained in a surface region within a predetermined depth of each semiconductor wafer sample are measured, and a ingot whose a wafer sample having a predetermined relationship between the two parameters is extracted and wafers cut from the ingot are annealed. First, the process for achieving this method will be described in detail below.
Visible light scattering topography was performed on the entire surface of as-grown semiconductor wafer samples A and B in which crystal growth was performed by the CZ method, and semiconductor wafer samples C and D, in which epitaxial growth was performed, thereby measuring the average density and average size of LSTDs. The LSTD measurements using visible light scattering topography is described in the following reference.
Reference 3: Moriya et al., Abstract for '97 Spring Meeting of Japan Society of Applied Physics, Lecture No. 30a-L-7
The measurements were performed by using a measuring apparatus (MO-601, trade name LSTD Scanner, available from Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd.) as shown in FIG. 3A. In this apparatus, a semiconductor wafer 1 is conveyed by a wafer conveyor system 13 and placed on an X-Y stage 14. A laser irradiating means 10 obliquely irradiates the surface of the semiconductor wafer 1 with a visible laser beam 11. This visible laser beam 11 has a wavelength λ of 690 nm and an energy of 1.16 eV or more. Laser light having a band gap energy of 1.16 eV of silicon or more is absorbed into the surface of the semiconductor wafer 1. Therefore, the transmittance is low, and the depth of penetration is determined by the wavelength.
By irradiating the surface with this visible laser beam 11, a CCD camera 12 receives image information, and a processor 15 obtains an image 16. The effective detection depth is about 2 μm from the surface of the semiconductor wafer 1, and the minimum detectable size of LSTD is about 40 nm. Consequently, it is possible to detect not only COPs 3 on the surface of the as-grown semiconductor wafer 1 shown in FIG. 3B but also LSTDs 2 in the semiconductor wafer. Also, as shown in FIG. 3C, LSTDs 2 remaining in a 2-μm deep surface region in the annealed semiconductor wafer 1 can be detected.
FIG. 4 shows the measurement results, i.e., a mapping image expressing an LSTD distribution, LSTD average density, and LSTD scattering intensity (arbitrary unit to be abbreviated as a.u. hereinafter) in each of the semiconductor wafer samples A to D. The density can also be represented by volume density (cm-3). In this embodiment, however, the density is represented by surface density (cm-2) in a depth of 2 μm from the wafer surface. The scattering intensity corresponds to the size of LSTD.
In the wafer samples A and B, LSTDs distribute almost uniform over the entire surface. The LSTD density of the wafer sample B is slightly higher than that of the wafer A. The scattering intensity, i.e., the LSTD size is larger in the wafer sample A. In the wafer samples C and D, almost no LSTD exist, and the density is extremely low.
Of the wafer samples A to D, high-temperature annealing was performed for the wafer samples A and B having high LSTD densities in a hydrogen atmosphere at 1,200° C. for about 1 hr, thereby forming wafer samples A' and B', respectively. FIG. 5 shows the measurement results of an LSTD mapping image, LSTD density, and LSTD scattering intensity in each of the wafer samples A' and B'. Before annealing, the LSTD density of the wafer sample B was higher than that of the wafer sample A. After annealing, however, the LSTD density of the wafer sample A' was higher than that of the wafer sample B'. That is, the relationship between the two densities before annealing is reversed after that.
This fact means that no good wafers can be obtained even if LSTD density measurement is performed for wafers before annealing to select those having low densities and the selected wafers are annealed.
Additionally, the LSTD scattering intensity, i.e., the LSTD size in the wafer sample A was higher than that in the wafer sample B both before and after annealing. This indicates that the LSTD density after annealing is influenced not only by the LSTD density before annealing but also by the LSTD size. Therefore, it is necessary to choose and anneal wafers by taking account of this fact.
After the above measurements, LSTD measurements were performed following the same procedure as for the wafer samples A to D on a plurality of silicon wafers formed under different crystal growth conditions. Consequently, it was found that the LSTD density and size largely depended upon various seed crystal conditions, e.g., the pulling rate and cooling rate during growth, hysteresis such as thermal gradient, and wafer cutting position, and took different values in accordance with these parameters.
Next, the relationship between an LSTD and an operation error, particularly a junction leak was checked. The influence of an LSTD on a junction leak has been unknown. Therefore, to check the degree of reduction of the LSTD density in a surface region of a wafer with which the influence on a device can be prevented, diodes were formed to obtain current-voltage curves, thereby measuring the percent defectives.
More specifically, semiconductor wafers having ten different LSTD residual densities from 2 to 90 cm-2 in a surface region after annealing were prepared. Boron was ion-implanted at a dose of 1×1013 cm-2 and an acceleration voltage of 100 keV into each wafer to form a well. A field oxide film 650 nm thick was formed to perform element isolation. After that, arsenic was ion-implanted at a dose of 2×1015 cm-2 and an acceleration voltage of 30 keV, and annealing was performed at 800° C., thereby forming an n*-p junction.
FIG. 6 shows the result of measurement of the reverse junction breakdown voltage in the junction of each semiconductor wafer. In FIG. 6, the abscissa indicates the LSTD density, and the ordinate indicates the percent defective of wafers in which a leakage current of 1×10-9 A or more flowed when a voltage of 4.5 V was applied in a reverse direction to the junction. This graph shows that the LSTD density of a semiconductor wafer in which almost no defective junction occurred was 30 cm-2 or less. When the LSTD density exceeded 30 cm-2, the percent defective of junction breakdown voltage abruptly rose. It is considered that this phenomenon occurred because when LSTDs are trapped in a depletion layer they function as the center of generation of carriers and increase the leakage current.
A plurality of different kinds of wafers formed under different growth conditions were annealed, and the LSTD average density and average size before and after annealing were measured. FIG. 7 is a graph plotting the measurement results. In this graph, the abscissa indicates an average scattering intensity Is (a.u.) of LSTDs directly obtained during the measurement and the corresponding LSTD average size (μm). The ordinate indicates the average density before annealing. In the graph, "•" indicates a density of 30 cm-2 or less after annealing, and "x" indicates a density higher than 30 cm-2 after annealing.
FIG. 7 shows that a relationship approximated to the following equation holds true between a wafer having an average LSTD density of 30 cm-2 or less after annealing and a wafer having an average LSTD density exceeding 30 cm-2 after annealing.
where D is the average density (cm-2) of LSTDs and Is is the scattered light intensity (a.u.) of the LSTDs.
It is experimentally found that a relationship approximated to the following equation holds true between the scattered light intensity and the average LSTD size when the absorption of light and the spread of the frequency distribution of size are taken into consideration.
where K is a proportional constant determined by a measurement apparatus.
FIG. 8 shows an image when the size of a LSTD was measured by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and indicates that the size was 0.13 μm. Because the depth of this LSTD was 2.0 μm deep by TEM observation, the light scattering intensity of this LSTD obtained by the light scattering topography described earlier was corrected to the scattering intensity of surface (0 μm deep), was Is=100 (a.u.) This value and equations (1) and (2) yield
D·L.sup.3 =0.53 (3)
where the units are cm-2 for D and μm for L for the sake of descriptive convenience. The term D·L3 is an amount proportional to the total volume of LSTDs contained in a unit volume in crystal. This demonstrates that the LSTD residual density can be decreased by selecting wafers having small values of this term and annealing them at a high temperature.
On the basis of the aforementioned measurements and considerations, the method of manufacturing a semiconductor wafer according to this embodiment comprises steps shown in FIG. 2.
In step S101, LSTDs contained in a surface region (about 2 μm deep) of a semiconductor wafer sample are measured by using visible light scattering topography to calculate the average density D (cm-2) and the scattering light intensity Is (a.u.), or the average density D (cm-2) and the average size L (μm).
In step S102, an ingot whose a wafer sample satisfies D·Is≦predetermined value or D·Is≦0.53 K between the average density D and the scattering light intensity Is or an ingot whose a wafer sample satisfies D·L3 ≦predetermined value or D·L3 ≦0.53 between the average density D and the average size L is extracted.
In step S103, wafers cut from the extracted ingot are annealed in a reducing gas or inert gas atmosphere at a fixed temperature of about 1,100° C. or more for about 6 hrs or less.
As described above, under the manufacturing method of this embodiment, an ingot whose a wafer sample where the product of the third power of the average size of LSTDs and the average density of the LSTDs in the surface region is a predetermined value (e.g., 0.53) or less, is selected and wafers cut from the ingot are annealed at a high temperature. In semiconductor wafers manufactured by this embodiment as above, the residual LSTD density decreases to a predetermined value (e.g., 30 defects/cm2) or less. As a consequence, when devices are formed by using semiconductor wafers manufactured by the method of this embodiment, it is possible to improve the junction leak characteristic and thereby increase the yield and reliability.
According to the above embodiment, not all wafers are measured. However, if a wafer sample cut from an ingot is measured and satisfies the above equation, all wafers cut from the ingot can be considered as satisfying the equation. Therefore, there is no need to spend a great deal of time measuring the wafers.
The above embodiment is merely an example and does not restrict the present invention. For example, in the above embodiment LSTDs in a depth of about 2 μm from the surface of a semiconductor wafer sample are measured. However, this depth can be changed in accordance with the depth of a device formation layer. Also, LSTDs at different depths can be measured by changing the wavelength, incident angle, and the power of the laser irradiation beam and by changing the camera sensitivity. Furthermore, in the above embodiment the product of the third power of the average size of LSTDs and the average density of the LSTDs is 0.53 or less. However, this value is merely an example and can be changed in accordance with various conditions such as characteristics required of a device to be formed.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US5502331 *||May 19, 1995||Mar 26, 1996||Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba||Semiconductor substrate containing bulk micro-defect|
|US5995217 *||Sep 3, 1998||Nov 30, 1999||Komatsu Electronic Metals Co., Ltd.||Apparatus and a method for measuring a density of defects existing in a semiconductor wafer and an apparatus and a method for measuring an inherent scattering intensity of defects existing in a semiconductor wafer|
|JPH06310517A *||Title not available|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US6492682 *||Aug 21, 2000||Dec 10, 2002||Shin-Etsu Handotal Co., Ltd.||Method of producing a bonded wafer and the bonded wafer|
|US6680260||Sep 17, 2002||Jan 20, 2004||Shin-Etsu Handotai Co., Ltd.||Method of producing a bonded wafer and the bonded wafer|
|US6753955 *||Dec 22, 2000||Jun 22, 2004||Shin-Etsu Handotai Co., Ltd.||Inspection device for crystal defect of silicon wafer and method for detecting crystal defect of the same|
|US6788093||Aug 7, 2002||Sep 7, 2004||International Business Machines Corporation||Methodology and apparatus using real-time optical signal for wafer-level device dielectrical reliability studies|
|US7413964||Jul 5, 2006||Aug 19, 2008||S.O.I.Tec Silicon On Insulator Technologies||Method of revealing crystalline defects in a bulk substrate|
|US7955956||Nov 18, 2009||Jun 7, 2011||Texas Instruments Incorporated||Method for recycling/reclaiming a monitor wafer|
|US20020167661 *||Dec 22, 2000||Nov 14, 2002||Shinichiro Yagi||Inspection device for crystal defect of silicon wafer and method for detecting crystal defect of the same|
|US20060009011 *||Jul 6, 2004||Jan 12, 2006||Gary Barrett||Method for recycling/reclaiming a monitor wafer|
|US20070231932 *||Jul 5, 2006||Oct 4, 2007||Patrick Reynaud||Method of revealing crystalline defects in a bulk substrate|
|US20100144065 *||Nov 18, 2009||Jun 10, 2010||Texas Instruments Incorporated||Method for recycling/reclaiming a monitor wafer|
|EP1840560A2 *||Mar 30, 2007||Oct 3, 2007||S.O.I.Tec Silicon on Insulator Technologies||Method of revealing crystalline faults in a massive substrate|
|EP1840560A3 *||Mar 30, 2007||Jul 1, 2009||S.O.I.Tec Silicon on Insulator Technologies||Method of revealing crystalline faults in a massive substrate|
|U.S. Classification||438/14, 438/800, 257/E21.53|
|International Classification||H01L21/02, H01L21/324, H01L21/66|
|May 25, 1999||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOSHIBA, JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:TSUCHIYA, NORIHIKO;MATSUSHITA, HIROSHI;REEL/FRAME:009981/0035
Effective date: 19990408
|Apr 8, 2004||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
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Year of fee payment: 8
|Apr 18, 2012||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12
|Aug 24, 2017||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: TOSHIBA MEMORY CORPORATION, JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOSHIBA;REEL/FRAME:043709/0035
Effective date: 20170706


For Apple iPhone X Rear Facing Camera Replacement
● This rear facing camera replacement is OEM NEW grade.
● This item was used for replace your faulty, broken or cracked iPhone X's rear facing camera.
● Special tooling is required to repair Iphone X back camera
● The installation of any new part should be done by a qualified person.


text:
By now, you’re familiar with a
module, which is a circuit that interacts with its outside through input and output ports. Larger, more complex circuits are built by composing bigger modules out of smaller modules and other pieces (such as assign statements and always blocks) connected together. This forms a hierarchy, as modules can contain instances of other modules.
The figure below shows a very simple circuit with a sub-module. In this exercise, create one instance of module
mod_a, then connect the module’s three pins (
out) to your top-level module’s three ports (wires
out). The module
mod_ais provided for you — you must instantiate it.
Note: We use the logic datatype and not the wire datatype in these SystemVerilog solutions. The wire/tri types are only used in special situations in modern SystemVerilog. The legacy reg datatype should never be used in modern SystemVerilog.https://hdlbits.01xz.net/wiki/Module
The point of this exercise is to introduce module instantiation, which is extremely useful when working with larger designs. Being able to partition our design into a hierarchy of modules allows us to keep modules short(-ish), while also encapsulating similar design functionality. This is much better than having one massive module that performs a bunch of different functions.
It’s mentioned on the HDLBits page that you can instantiate a module by name or by position. As a general rule, always instantiate modules by name. Instantiating modules by position is great until the ports of the module that you’re instantiating change. Having the positional dependency that is introduced by instantiating modules by position makes it much more annoying to maintain a design as it changes and grows.
This exercise can be completed simply by instantiating the mod_a module by name. The _i is short for instance when referencing this mod_a module.
module top_module (
input logic a, b,
output logic out );
mod_a mod_a_i (
endmodule : top_module

domain: design


text:
Home Grow doesn’t undercut the legal market. In fact, it does undercut the illegal market.
There is no right for the tomato companies to say “you can’t grow your own tomatoes, because we’re gonna sell you tomatoes.” It’s not right. Do the right thing, New York. Don’t let corporate interests take the plant away from us. If they cannot provide what the consumers want, we will grow our own.
You know what undercuts the legal market? Having prices too high because of bad regulations and over-taxation.

domain: economics


text:
U.S. utilities and startup firms are trying to convince lawmakers, regulators and customers that they can convert aging coal power plants to house small nuclear reactors, a so-far unproven way to deliver electricity.
The burgeoning idea would place fleets of small, modular nuclear reactors at or near former coal-fired power plants and is taking hold across the electricity industry. Utility companies see it as a way to repurpose coal plants they are set to retire and are joining with startups developing the reactors, looking to tap into billions of dollars in federal funding.
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Back-to-School Sale: Extra 25% off sitewide - JCPenney coupon code
Today's Expedia coupon code: Extra 8% off your hotel booking


text:
The Lublin Tourist and Cultural Information Centre**** is the best place to get maps, guidebooks and promotional brochures about Lublin and Lublin Region, and to buy interesting souvenirs or the Lublin Tourist Card which allows to explore the city in cheaper and more efficient way. The centre provides reliable information about tourist attractions, cultural events, municipal and regional public transport, accommodation, and good places to eat. There are luggage storage lockers, bike rental, and a computer with Internet access as well as free Wi-Fi at tourists’ disposal at the centre. The tourists can also use audioguides in five languages (Polish, English, German, Ukrainian, and Russian). The facility is adapted to the needs of people with physical disabilities moving on wheelchairs. Feel invited!
Are you in Lublin for a short while or maybe the hotel's check-in time and check-out time doesn't work for you? Use our luggage storage and do some sightseeing! The service is available every day within the Centre's working hours (April - September 9.00 - 19.00; October - March 9.00 - 17.00). The fee is 2 PLN per hour.
Do you like to sightsee on a bike? Or maybe you fancy a ride along the Bystrzyca river to the Zemborzycki reservoir? In the Lublin Tourist and Cultural Information Centre we have two trekking bikes for adults and two children bikes available at your disposal within the Centre's working hours (April - September 9.00 - 19.00; October - March 9.00 - 17.00). The fee is 14 PLN for the first 4 hours and 3,5 PLN for each next hour.
Go on a tour along the Old Town trail with the audioguide that will allow you to get to know the most important monuments of the Old Town and its nearest area. Sightseeing is possible in five linguistic versions: Polish, English, German, Ukrainian, and Russian. The devices are available every day within the Centre's working hours. The audioguides are also available in the form of a free mobile app: Audioprzewodnik Lublin Stare Miasto.
Facebook: Informacja turystyczna w Lublinie - facebook.com/infolublin/
Facebook: Lubelska Regionalna Organizacja Turystyczna: facebook.com/LROT.INFO
ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 6
tel. +48 81 532 44 12
*Lublin Tourist and Cultural Information Centre operates within the structures of Lublin Regional Tourist Organisation. The facility is distinguished with four stars - the highest number in the Tourist Information Certification system in Poland.

domain: travel


PI (Physik Instrumente) L.P., a leading developer and manufacturer of precision motion systems and solutions, recently released the A-141 miniature air bearing linear positioner, the newest member of the frictionless PIglide family of air bearing stages.
Air bearings provide advantages over mechanical bearings when vibration-free motion is required, highly constant velocity control is crucial, and when angular repeatability and geometric performance must be optimal.
Why Use Air Bearings?
Designed to float on a cushion of air without rollers or sliding components, air bearing positioners deliver extremely precise and vibration-free motion, with excellent velocity stability, and zero wear of mechanical components, which are ideal for high-end industrial inspection and manufacturing operations. Air bearing stages are ideally suited for many high precision applications, such as metrology, photonics alignment, semiconductor, flat panel display, precision scanning applications, and cleanroom applications.
Linear Motor and Encoder Deliver Ultra-Precision, High Speed, and Acceleration
The compact A-141 features preloaded air bearings and an integral optical linear encoder. With an overall height of only 38mm, it is one of the smallest air bearing stages on the market and is well-suited to fit in small spaces. There are no electrical cables to manage. Smooth motion with no cogging or attractive forces is provided by ironless linear motors; position information down to 20nm resolution comes from integrated linear encoders. The powerful linear motors reach velocities up to 0.5m/sec and acceleration to .75g.
Watch Videos on Air Bearing Positioners
Read More About Air Bearings
Specifications, Datasheet, More Information
Applications of PIglide Air Bearing Technology
Applications include metrology, photonics alignment, semiconductor, flat panel display, precision scanning applications, and cleanroom applications.
Features & Advantages
Travel range to 40 mm
Payload 3.5 kg
Linear Encoder, 20nm resolution
Max. Velocity 500 mm/sec
Acceleration to 0.75 g


With the intention of studying a potential payment plan program for owner-occupants to repay delinquent property taxes, Governor JB Pritzker signed into law a bill crafted by State Senator Robert Peters (D-13th) to create the Property Tax Payment Plan Task Force.
“Cook County’s annual sale of delinquent property taxes puts people at risk of losing their homes if they fall behind on their property taxes,” said Peters.
Peters’s new law creates the Property Tax Payment Plan Task Force to study a potential payment plan program for residents to repay delinquent property taxes and make recommendations for implementing one or more payment plan options in Cook County. The task force will issue a report by Wednesday, Nov. 15, which will take into account the payment plan’s impact on homeowners, taxpayers, local agencies responsible for collecting property taxes, and local taxing districts.
“Some people are losing their homes despite owing less than $1,000,” said Peters. “This new task force will illuminate the problems with the current property tax payment system and help local agencies develop ways to partner with homeowners to ensure payment of property taxes instead of taking advantage of people in tough financial situations.”
For more information, log onto www.senatorrobertpeters.com.


text:
UNC Gynecologic Oncology takes a multidisciplinary approach to the care of women with pre-invasive (benign and in-situ) and invasive (malignant) gynecologic cancers. Our team includes the physicians and nurses from the gynecologic oncology service as well as radiation oncology and surgical pathology. Social services, psychiatry, pastoral services and other ancillary personnel provide support not only to our patients but also to their family members.
The division is part of the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center that is one of only 40 National Cancer Institute designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers.
Fertility & Reproductive Endocrinology
UNC Fertility provides care for the evaluation and treatment of disorders relating to fertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, menopause, and reproductive endocrine abnormalities such as androgen excess and hormone deficiency syndromes. Services include the spectrum of fertility treatments (ultrasounds, inseminations, in vitro fertilization), reconstructive microsurgery (tubal reversals), laparoscopy and hysteroscopy, sperm and oocyte donation.
We are proud to offer couples a full array of infertility treatment options and extraordinary expertise.
Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery
UNC Urogynecology provides expertise in the evaluation and treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction, including urinary tract, vaginal and colorectal dysfunction, pelvic organ prolapse and complex benign (non-cancerous) conditions involving the pelvic organs and musculature, including fistulas and congenital anomalies.

domain: medical


text:
The Ministry of Gender Equality and Family said that메이저놀이터 during the 2023 Saemangeum World Scout Jamboree, Minister Kim Hyun-sook did not camp at the campsite despite being instructed to guard the site because he was threatened.
The Ministry of Gender Equality and Family released a press release on the afternoon of the 20th and said, “At the time, Minister Kim reviewed accommodation, but concerns were raised that the risk factor could increase during accommodation in a situation where she was protected by the police due to threats threatening her personal safety. I didn’t,” he explained.
She added, “It is a pity that we were not able to camp with the crew who were exposed to inconvenience as a result.”
An official from the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family explained, “ There was a personal threat post about Minister Kim on social media , and the Jeonbuk Police Agency protected him during the competition, and we know that the person who wrote the post is being investigated.”
Currently, police protection for Minister Kim has been lifted.
Previously, Prime Minister Han Deok-soo instructed Minister Kim on the 3rd to take necessary measures while observing the site until the end of the event, as various crippling events occurred at the Jamboree site, such as the occurrence of heat-related illnesses one after another.
However, Minister Kim stayed at the Byeonsanbando Ecological Exploration Center of the National Park Service, the latest accommodation facility, from the 1st, when the competition was held, to the 8th, when the crew withdrew early due to Typhoon No. 6 ‘Kanun’.
The Visitor Center, which opened last July, is about 18km away from the Jamboree site, and each room is equipped with toilets, shower facilities, and air-conditioning appliances.
Meanwhile, Kim Kwan-young, Governor of North Jeolla Province, who is the Chairman of the Executive Committee, camped at the Jamboree Site from the 3rd, and Minister of Public Administration and Security Lee Sang-min, co-chairman of the Organizing Committee, stayed at the site from the 4th to the 6th.

domain: law


text:
4. Tony Yayo
Marvin Bernard, better known by his stage name Tony Yayo is an American rapper and hype man. Yayo is best known as one third of the hip-hop group G-Unit, a group he formed with his childhood friends 50 Cent and Lloyd Banks
Tony Yayo‘s parents were born in Haiti.

domain: artistic


text:
GoPro captures ISIS fighters bickering during Iraq battle
In stark contrast to the slickly-produced videos frequently released by ISIS depicting the jihadis as a well-trained fighting force, the footage shows a group frantically arguing about how to use weapons.
In the clip, filmed by an ISIS fighter wearing a Go-Pro camera, he lambasts by a fellow jihadi for not aiming properly.
As an AK47 goes off inside their armoured vehicle, he is heard shouting:
"Abu Hajer! Stop firing.
Bungling jihadi Abu Hajer struggles to use his weapons
“Abu Hajer! I told you to aim higher! What's wrong with you? You are firing the bullet casings straight at us!"
The IS fighter wearing the camera is referred to as Abu Radhwan throughout the video.
He also screams: "What are you doing? That's an anti-personnel rocket! What's wrong with you?"
The group was locked in a battle with Kurdish forces in northern Iraq when their vehicle was hit in a strike which apparently killed the driver.
The jihadis flee the truck and retreat when suddenly Abu Radhwan is shot.
It is unclear what happened to the fighters by Peshmerga officer Lieutenant-Colonel Yasir Abdulla said the camera was discovered the following morning after the battle.
Abu Hajer nearly shoots fellow jihadis
ISIS is currently struggling to recruit fighters after airstrikes on a cash depot left them unable to pay jihadis.
Air Force general Peter Gersten claimed the number of blood-thirsty extremists joining ISIS in Iraq and Syria dropped to just 200 a month.
Last year, the figure of jihadis slipping into ISIS controlled areas was between 1,500 and 2,000 per month.
The inside of the ISIS fighters' truck
And Mr Gersten believes the recent airstrikes against the terror group's cash reserve facilities had left the war-crazed cult "fractured".
He said: "In every single way their morale is being broken, in every single way their capability to wage war is broken, and in every single way way we will take this fight and eradicate this cancer."

domain: news


text:
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As the Curtain Walls across Myrial continue to fail, the threat of war grows ever greater. But the Shadowleague, the council responsible for peace and order, is beginning to tear itself apart. If this occurs, any hope of avoiding the deepening crisis will be destroyed. And as the divisions spread, the ruthless and enigmatic Lord Blade rallies his supporters, waiting for his chance to take over. To prevent catastrophe, Loremaster Veldan must persuade Zavahl, the tortured former Hierarch, to open his mind and unlock the knowledge of Aethon the Dragon Seer. With the fate of the world hanging on a half-remembered tale from long ago, Veldan, the firedrake Kazairl and their companions must travel down a dark and dangerous road. One that will lead them beneath the beleaguered city of Tiarond, deep within the mountain's living core where the secrets of the past lie buried. Find out more about this title and others at www.orbitbooks.co.uk
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ISBN-10/ISBN-13: 1892150026 / 978-1892150028 / Reflections of an American Home; Volume III (Reflections of an American Home) / Design Basics Inc. 1892150077 / 978-1892150073 / Homes of Sophistication: Gold Seal Home Plans / Design Basics Inc. 1892150085 / 978-1892150080 / Homes of Elegance: Gold Seal Home Plans / Design Basics Inc. 1892150131 / 978-1892150134 / Home Plan Sampler: A Collection of Home Plans from Top Designers / 1892154102 / 978-1892154101 / The Milepost 2002: Trip Planner for Alaska, Yukon Territory, British Columbia, Alberta & Northwest Territories (Milepost, 54th ed) / 1892155001 / 978-1892155009 / Nclex-Rn: A Comprehensive Study Guide (NCLEX-RN: A Comprehensive Study Guide) / Joann Zerwekh, Jo Claborn 1892156024 / 978-1892156020 / Frontiersmen (True Tales of the Old West) / Charles L. Convis 1892156040 / 978-1892156044 / Lawmen (True Tales of the Old West) (True Tales of the Old West) / Charles L. Convis 1892156075 / 978-1892156075 / Frontier Vigilantes (True Tales of the Old West, 17) / Charles L. Convis 189215613X / 978-1892156136 / Explorers of the Old West (True Tales of the Old West) (True Tales of the Old West) / Charles L., Jr. Convis 0820464694 / 978-0820464695 / Coordination Strategies for Interorganizational Networks: A Strategic Framework Based on Network Structure (Informationsmanagement Und Strategische Unternehmensfuhrung, Bd. 6) / Franz Schober, Markus Raupp 0826416403 / 978-0826416407 / My Soul To Keep: Tools for Staying in a Changing Church / Carol Bonomo 1419187783 / 978-1419187780 / The White Maniac: A Doctor's Tale / Waif Wander 0803271824 / 978-0803271821 / The Chalmers Race: Ty Cobb, Napoleon Lajoie, and the Controversial 1910 Batting Title That Became a National Obsession / Rick Huhn 1612346480 / 978-1612346489 / Tales from the Deadball Era: Ty Cobb, Home Run Baker, Shoeless Joe Jackson, and the Wildest Times in Baseball History / Mark S. Halfon 1770411305 / 978-1770411302 / Heart of a Tiger: Growing Up with My Grandfather, Ty Cobb / Herschel Cobb B006BY2CPA / Ty Cobb / Charles C. Alexander 0195035984 / 978-0195035988 / Ty Cobb / Charles C. Alexander 0313328692 / 978-0313328695 / Ty Cobb: A Biography (Baseball's All-Time Greatest Hitters) / Dan Holmes B00BEVXJVQ / TY COBB: THE DARK LIFE OF A BASEBALL GENIUS / James Bankes B001FGQZXY / The Ty Cobb Educational Foundation - Through Fifty Years / Jerry Atkins 1587262576 / 978-1587262579 / Peach: Ty Cobb in His Time and Ours / Richard Bak B00BO4GSIY / TY COBB: BAD BOY OF BASEBALL (Step Into Reading. a Step 4 Book, Grades 2-4) / Sydelle Kramer 0740747304 / 978-0740747304 / For My A+ Teacher (Spotlights) / Mary Grace Rodarte; Lisa Parett 1841490563 / 978-1841490564 / Spirit of the Stone (Shadowleague) / Maggie Furey 1892123169 / 978-1892123169 / Bolivar: Liberator of a Continent / Bill Boyd 1892123371 / 978-1892123374 / Daughters of Absence: Transforming a Legacy of Loss (Capital Discoveries) (Capital Discoveries) / Mindy Weisel 1892123495 / 978-1892123497 / Letting Your Heart Sing: A Daily Journal for the Soul (Capital Discoveries) / Deborah Tyler Blais 1892123541 / 978-1892123541 / Children of Jonah: Personal Stories by Survivors of Suicide Attempts (Capital Cares) / James T. Clemons 1892123622 / 978-1892123626 / Dogs Who Grew Me: A Tribute to the Six Dogs Who Taught Me What Really Matters in Life (Capital Ideas) / Ann Pregosin
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domain: literature


text:
Movie Review by Debbie Winkler
Series: Walt Disney’s Timeless Tales #2
Release Date: 16 August 2005
Length: 60 minutes
Movie Rating: Not Rated
View Format: DVD
My Rating: 4/5 stars
“See where it all began in these classic Disney short cartoons. Meet Mr. Toad and go on his wild ride in the funny adventure “The Wind in the Willows,” based on the Kenneth Grahame children’s story. And enjoy the 1936 and 1939 Academy Award-winners for Best Animated Short: “Country Cousin,” in which a country mouse explores the big city with his urban cousin, and the delightful “Ugly Duckling,” the story of a waterfowl who just wants to belong.” — Netflix.com
This was an enjoyable collection of Disney classics, but not my favorite. I know that many reviewers complained about this series as all of these cartoons are found in other collections. I rented it so I did not feel like I missed out on anything. I will say that buying these DVDs could become really expensive, though, as there are only 4 cartoons on this DVD and it costs around $15 and is only about 1 hour long. This is a bit much for me – I don’t think that I would be willing to pay more than $10 at the most and I would have to really love the cartoons on the DVD! I think that I would have preferred to get these cartoons in a collection or a boxed set so that I had more to choose from. Also, I hate getting really short DVDs like this one as you have get up and change them all the time. I know, I know, that is so lazy that I am almost embarrassed to admit it, but there you go. Give me something with at least 2 hours worth of cartoons on it and let me pick which ones I want to watch instead of doing that ridiculous “fast play” option to show 15 minutes of previews and then, finally, the cartoons after that. Anyway, this DVD contains:
“The Ugly Duckling” – the classic story of a poor, confused baby swan who thinks he is a duck is absolutely adorable. This cartoon is so well animated that you can tell every emotion that the animals are feeling even though they cannot talk. I also love the message that comes across that no one is really ugly, they just need to grow into their true selves and find the right group of people to be around. This cartoon can also be found on the Disney Treasures: Silly Symphonies DVD and you can usually find it online if you look for it as it is only a few minutes long.
“Country Cousin” – I hadn’t seen this cartoon in a long time and forgot how cute it was! A poor country mouse goes to visit his rich relative in the big city and ends up creating all kinds of trouble. He doesn’t understand the dangers of his cousin’s wealthy home and ends up antagonizing the cat, ruining the lavish dinner and almost getting squashed by all of the foot traffic outside. He is only too eager to escape to his own home after surviving his visit! This cartoon is also found on the Disney Treasures: Silly Symphonies DVD and you can usually find it online as it is pretty short. Just a note for parents, though, that the country mouse gets drunk by drinking a glass of champagne at dinner and doing all kinds of silly things because of it.
“Ferdinand the Bull” – this cartoon is based on the children’s book by the same name and is pretty cute. It is about a pacifist bull named Ferdinand who just wants to sit under his favorite tree and smell the flowers. But one day, Ferdinand is stung by a bee and acts so crazy that his owners send him to the big city to be in a bull fight. Of course, Ferdinand won’t fight so he ends up back home under his tree, where he is happy. I think this cartoon is a little boring and it has never been one of my favorites. It is okay, but there is not enough humor in it for me and, being an adult, I know that they would just slaughter poor Ferdinand and sell the meat as they cannot make money on him any other way. This cartoon is also found on the Disney Treasures: Rarities DVD and can also be found online.
“The Wind in the Willows” – this cartoon is based on the children’s book by the same name. It is about the wild Mr. Toad who has spent almost all of his money on frivolous pursuits and now is almost bankrupt. He asks his good friend, Badger, to help balance the books, but, before he can help, Toad is arrested for stealing a motorcar! Toad’s friends Rat & Mole can’t believe it, but all of the evidence is against Toad. Still, they try and help their friend and discover a nefarious plot by the weasels to steal Toad Hall out from under their noses! Now they must find a way to get the deed to the house back and save their friend. This is a fun mini-feature. It is a bit longer than most Disney cartoons and is about 20 – 30 minutes long, which is a great length for children as it is long enough to be a “real show” but short enough that they don’t lose interest. Toad is hilarious and is such an over-the-top character. I really don’t know why his friends stick by him, but he is lucky to have such good friends. Rat is very conservative and very methodical, Mole is shy and timid, and Badger is a fiery Scottish senior who doesn’t hesitate to give all those around him the benefit of his wisdom and advice – whether they want it or not! This cartoon is also found on The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad DVD.
Again, this is not my favorite cartoon collection put out by Disney, but I still enjoyed watching these cartoons again. It had been a while since I had seen most of these and so it was a fun trip down memory lane. I think that children will enjoy watching these cartoons over and over again. It would be a fun rental for the family or a good purchase if you find that your family loves it.
There is some teasing, drinking and mild violence in these cartoons. Appropriate for viewers of all ages.

domain: entertainment


text:
Major "Justice League" #50 Revelations, Changes Lead Into "DC Universe: Rebirth"
CBR TV played host to the creative team behind “Archie Meets KISS,” writer Alex Segura and Archie Comics artist Dan Parent. The two explained the origins of the off-beat crossover, from Gene Simmons calling up Archie [...]
© 1995 - 2016 Comic Book Resources. All Rights Reserved.

domain: hobby


Very Nice Studio is a leading game development company that specializes in creating best poker apps and high-quality software. Our team of experienced developers and designers is dedicated to crafting engaging and immersive games that provide users with a thrilling experience.
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1- You need a general shooting permission for foreign companies from Ankara.
According to the regulations, during the film shooting it is obligatory to have at least one host/guide who is a citizen of the Turkish Republic. So here we are.
2- Outside shooting authorization for Istanbul
You need an authorization for street scenes from ministry of culture and tourism.
3- Authorization from local municipality
You have to pay a fee to municipalities for local authorizations. Otherwise, the municipal police has a right to stop the shooting.
4- Authorization from local police stations.
For every shooting you should take a shooting authorization from local police stations. This is not absolutely necessary but in crowded places like Istiklal Street, police has every right to stop the shooting. (By using some execuses like disturbing people.)
5- Special Permits
For special permits, such as underwater, urban traffic, filming with firearms etc. you must get permissions from relevant government units.
If you want to shoot in Turkey, we would gladly help you to get permissions for minor fees.


text:
Internationally acclaimed slam poet-turned-rapper, George Watsky, has embarked on the North American leg of his All You Can Do World Tour. After performing on the last season of Russell Simmons’ Def Poetry in 2007, the quirky rapper has released several albums ranging from jazz-inspired sounds to silly lightening-speed rhymes. Consequently, it wasn’t until 2011 when he appeared on The Ellen Degeneres Show that led to his web presence going viral. Known for voicing his social and political opinions and masking over its seriousness by sprinkling in some truly nerdy lyrics, he’s proved to reach a specific group of people normally overlooked in rap music.
Watsky’s latest album All You Can Do shot up to #1 on iTunes’ hip-hop/rap album charts in the US, UK, Canada and Norway – scoring Top 10 debuts on Billboard’s Top R&B/Hip-Hop and Top Rap Albums charts. The San Francisco native will be hitting up 39 cities having started in San Diego on October 17th and ending in his new hometown of Los Angeles on December 6th. He will be touring with Kyle and special guest Anderson Paak along with a six-piece band.
Check out Watsky’s website for the full list of tour dates!

domain: celebrity


text:
Finding cheap car insurance in Washington is easy these days thanks to the fact that most people have no idea what they’re looking for and are looking for the bare minimum insurance they can get away with on their policy. Here are some tips to finding cheap car insurance in Washington.
The first place you want to check when trying to find cheap car insurance in Washington is the websites of the different companies that provide coverage in the state. These websites will offer a lot of information on the different companies, their policies, and the company itself. The more you know about the company, the better off you’ll be in getting a good rate for your car insurance policy.
Another great way to find cheap coverage in Washington is by going online and doing a search in Google. This will bring up many different insurance companies as well as their prices for coverage. This is the easiest way to get cheap car insurance in Washington, but it’s not the most reliable. If you’re looking for information that is more reliable, go down to your local insurance office in person to see if you can find any discounts.
Another great way to get cheap car insurance in Washington is to do a reverse phone number lookup. This way you can find the lowest rates without having to call the company and ask for a specific rate.
If you already have coverage through your employer or another insurance company in the state of Washington, ask them about any discounts they may be able to offer you. These companies may be able to offer you a discount for being an employee of their company. You may also be able to get discounts if you buy more than one policy from them.
When shopping around, make sure that you get quotes from as many insurance agents as possible. This way you can get a variety of different quotes, and you can compare the price that each agent has to the quotes from other agents. It may seem like a hassle to shop around for quotes, but it will be worth it in the end if you find the right cheap car insurance in Washington.
Don’t forget to shop around when looking for cheap car insurance in Washington. There is no reason why you have to pay more for the same policy as someone else who lives in the area. If you need coverage at a certain price, you should be willing to look for the best deal you can get.
These are just a few ways that you can find cheap car insurance in Washington. If you follow these tips, you’ll find the right policy for you at the right price.
A lot of people think that getting coverage through an employer will help you save money on cheap car insurance in Washington. The fact is that employers aren’t really required to give you any type of discounts if you work there. However, this does allow you to get more affordable coverage. because you don’t have to worry about finding it on your own.
Once you have a policy, you can also shop around. Because you already have it, you know exactly what your monthly payments are, and you won’t have to make any changes to it.
You can also find a cheaper deductible for your car insurance if you choose to do so. The higher the deductible, the less you’ll have to pay to replace your car in the event of a claim. The deductible determines how much you pay when you make a claim.
Shopping around for cheap car insurance in Washington is the key if you want to save money on your premium. It’s never been easier than it is right now!

domain: finance


Gliere Russian Sailors Dance Wind Quintet
Reinhold Glière - Russian Sailors Dance from The Red Poppy. For Woodwind Quintet: Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, Horn, Bassoon.
Arranged by David Bussick. Score (7 pages) and parts (2 pages each). Length: 3'30"
Digital Download - upon completion of your order you will be provided with a link to download and print the music.