Repair success for injuries to the flexor tendon in the hand is often limited by the in vivo behaviour of the suture used for repair. Common problems associated with the choice of suture material include increased risk of infection, foreign body reactions, and inappropriate mechanical responses, particularly decreases in mechanical properties over time. Improved suture materials are therefore needed. As high-performance materials with excellent tensile strength, spider silk fibres are an extremely promising candidate for use in surgical sutures. However, the mechanical behaviour of sutures comprised of individual silk fibres braided together has not been thoroughly investigated. In the present study, we characterise the maximum tensile strength, stress, strain, elastic modulus, and fatigue response of silk sutures produced using different braiding methods to investigate the influence of braiding on the tensile properties of the sutures. The mechanical properties of conventional surgical sutures are also characterised to assess whether silk offers any advantages over conventional suture materials. The results demonstrate that braiding single spider silk fibres together produces strong sutures with excellent fatigue behaviour; the braided silk sutures exhibited tensile strengths comparable to those of conventional sutures and no loss of strength over 1000 fatigue cycles. In addition, the braiding technique had a significant influence on the tensile properties of the braided silk sutures. These results suggest that braided spider silk could be suitable for use as sutures in flexor tendon repair, providing similar tensile behaviour and improved fatigue properties compared with conventional suture materials.
Citation: Hennecke K, Redeker J, Kuhbier JW, Strauss S, Allmeling C, Kasper C, et al. (2013) Bundles of Spider Silk, Braided into Sutures, Resist Basic Cyclic Tests: Potential Use for Flexor Tendon Repair. PLoS ONE 8(4): e61100. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061100
Editor: Ryan K. Roeder, University of Notre Dame, United States of America
Received: October 25, 2012; Accepted: March 5, 2013; Published: April 17, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Hennecke et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: Funding provided by REBIRTH cluster of excellence - „From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy”: financial support for purchasing the Instron testing system. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Hand injuries are one of the most frequent forms of trauma. More than one third of all professional accidents result in hand injuries , . The injuring of flexor tendons is particularly problematic and often results in such functional disorders as necrosis and adhesions caused by connective tissue and capillary revascularisation.
After the application of optimal surgical techniques and early-functional training with Kleinert splints , , the use of surgical sutures often causes problems. Sutures might tear, decrease in tensile strength, cause foreign body reactions, and encourage infections , .
Tendon tissue is characterised by high strength, elasticity, and plasticity; low strain (5–10%); and a failure stress of approximately 60–120 MPa , . Force-strain curves show a characteristic, curve progression that is first almost exponential and then becomes nearly linear , .
Although a wide range of surgical sutures exist for all types of use, they all share certain characteristics. All surgical sutures must have high tensile strength and high knot security. Not only knot-slippage but also infections depend on the surface of the material used. Sterilisation and biocompatibility are especially important for use in human bodies .
Beyond these common features, plurality in application requires plurality in the choice and nature of suture materials. The readaptation of flexor tendon injuries demands a suture with high tensile strength but also low risk of tearing of the tendon  and dehiscence of the tendon stumps under functional training. Perfusion should not be disturbed by tendon strangulation, and irritation and adhesion should be avoided , .
These problems result in continuing search for new suture materials.
Spider silk is an outstanding biomaterial. The dragline silk of the golden orb web spider Nephila clavipes shows high tensile strength and elasticity combined with low density , . Its biocompatibility has been recently described , , although it remains a matter of dispute . Hakimi et al. reported the inhibition of cell growth on spider egg sacs due to toxic components, whereas different studies have shown that cell proliferation and adhesion are supported when the silk is harvested directly from the spider , , .
Because spider silk has been of interest for some time, its mechanical and thermal properties have been investigated in detail, as has its protein structure. Spiders can produce up to seven different types of silk, each with a special use and different protein composition. Of these types, dragline silk is the strongest , , , making it the focus of a large volume of research. Depending on the reference, Nephila clavipes silk resists a stress of 700–1700 MPa . Its elasticity varies between 17–39% , , , and its elastic modulus reaches values up to 13 GPa , both depending on the relative humidity (see below).
The stress-strain curves of spider silk show a characteristic progression, similar to that of tendon, with a low-strain modulus and a high-strain modulus. Interestingly, spider silk also seems to have a “memory”-shape effect, allowing it to recover its initial form after deformation , similar to tendon, which should maintain or recover its form after exposure.
Spider silk also exhibits supercontraction. In reaction to its environmental conditions, spider silk contracts after water uptake to up to 50% of its initial length , . The water molecules interact with spider silk proteins in local regions within the silk, with hydrogen bonding playing an important role. This interaction leads to a permanent change in the molecular composition of the silk, which results in changes in the silk’s biomechanical behaviour, such as induced stress and rubber-like increased elasticity , , .
Although the failure stress and strain of spider silk is higher than that of tendon, both materials show similar characteristic curve progressions under stress. Both materials tend to keep or recover their form after stress, and both function under wet conditions: spider silk due to the effect of supercontraction and tendon due to its natural environment. These features make these materials an interesting and promising match.
Main aims of the following study.
As single spider silk fibres are a high-performance material with excellent tensile strength, we opted to examine their biomechanical characteristics with regard to future use as surgical sutures. A preliminary study of 30 single spider silk fibres has previously been made . In this context, we asked whether the mechanical properties of single fibres are preserved after being processed into sutures containing a larger quantity of fibres (up to 12 times of the original number of 30). Is the mechanical behaviour of braided dragline spider silk sutures influenced by the chosen type of braiding? All sutures were tested with regard to failure load, stress, strain, and elastic modulus. Five commercially available surgical sutures of different gauge numbers were tested under identical conditions to obtain data for the comparison of mechanical behaviour: Prolene® (polypropylene), PDS II® (polydioxanone), Ethilon® (polyamide 6), Maxon™ (polyglyconate), and Vicryl® (polyglactin).
Cyclic tests to imitate continuous use were conducted in the second part of this study. Spider silk and conventional suture material were tested for significant differences in resistance to cyclic use regarding failure load and an increase in strain.
Materials and Methods
Spiders were kept at a local animal care unit. The animals were fed regularly, approximately three times a week, with crickets and watered daily with tap water. To keep the room climate ideal, the atmospheric humidity was set to approximately 70%. Special daylight lamps were used during the winter months. Silk was harvested from female adult Nephila spiders ranging in age from 6 to 15 months.
Silk Rearing and Storage
Spider silk was collected by the method recently described in Kuhbier et al. , (figure S1). The silking speed was set to 4 cm/sec. To reduce the influence of material differences, only 20 single fibres were taken from each spider. These fibres were combined into bundles of 60 to 120 single fibres. Bundles for subsequent braiding and the resulting braided sutures were strainlessly wound on large polypropylene tubes and stored under the same environmental conditions as the spiders: namely, room temperature and a constant air humidity. The bundles of silk were stored for up to six months before being processed into sutures, and the sutures were stored for up to three months before testing.
Braiding of the Silk Fibres
Spider silk sutures were made with the use of a miniature rope machine with a maximum capacity to intertwine seven silk strands of fibres, as recently described by Kuhbier et al. , (figure S2). For all studies, the angle at which the strands were put together was chosen as between 25° and 35° from horizontal. Table 1 shows the definition of the nomenclature of sutures.
To compare different types of braiding, sutures were prepared from either three strands and varying numbers of single fibres (3×60–3×120 single fibres) or varying numbers of strands (3×60 to 6×60 single fibres). The resulting sutures were stored until biomechanical testing.
Scanning Electron Microscopy and Diameter of the Braided Suture
The tightness and thickness of the ropes as well as single fibre diameters were averaged over approximately 15 chosen samples using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Samples of 1 cm braided sutures or bundles of single threads were coated with gold using an argon sputterer (SEM Coating System, Polaron, East Grinstead, United Kingdom). The specimens were fixed in a vacuum and viewed via SEM (SEM500, Philips, Hamburg, Germany) at magnifications ranging from 20× to 400× at a voltage of 10 kV, visualised by scanning with 1000 horizontal lines per image with a 32 ms scanning time per image, resulting in a resolution of 1333×1000 pixels. Single fibres were measured using software developed by Gebert & Preiss. As the drill of the sutures tended to untwist immediately after the manufacturing process, leading to unwanted spaces between the strands, sutures were glued on both sides of the specimen devices. Nevertheless, these spaces could not be avoided completely, rendering it impossible to determine the diameter of the ropes using SEM; instead, a theoretic value based on over 100 single fibre diameters was used.
Spider silk is a biomaterial. As this biomaterial is influenced by the food, season, and age of the spider, the single fibre diameters of silk may vary. To minimise the effect of this variation, silk from at least nine different spiders was used for the braiding of each suture. To obtain more accurate values of the diameters of these sutures, over 100 single fibre diameters were measured using SEM. Accurate knowledge of the suture diameters is important for defining a cross-section area of the suture when calculating the stress in biomechanical tests. Based on the single fibre diameters, a theoretical diameter was calculated using the equation for the cross-section area A of a circle with radius r (figure S3).
The calculated radius was used to define an approximated cross-section area for braided sutures of spider silk. The diameters were calculated for dry sutures.
Size Measurement of Wet and Dry Braided Spider Silk Sutures
The effect of supercontraction for spider silk has been frequently described , . Wet silk contracts immediately after water uptake , . As this is clearly an important aspect for the use of spider silk in the human body, all braided sutures were measured under wet conditions. An initial suture length of 30 cm was defined under dry conditions. Specimens were moistened with 0.9% NaCl to mimic physiological conditions. After moistening, the resulting lengths were measured.
Because no supercontraction-like phenomenon has been described for commercially available sutures, these materials were tested dry.
All sutures were tested with an Instron® testing system, model 5565A. Samples were clamped with pneumatic cord and yarn grips. In this way, samples breaking at the grip of the clamp was minimised. Samples that still broke near the grip were excluded from analysis.
For each tested suture, the failure load, stress, strain, and elastic modulus were measured and calculated:
Failure strain , depending on initial length L0 and elongation ΔL, in mm/mm:(3)
Elastic modulus E in MPa, Hooke’s Law:(4)
The elastic modulus is the slope of the stress-strain curve in the elastic region.
Tests started after reaching a low preload of 0.05 N. The testing speed was 30 mm/min until break, with a load cell of 5 kN. Tests were executed at room temperature.
Prolene® 6-0 and spider silk 3×120 single fibres were chosen for cyclic testing. The spider silk was held wet in the cyclic testing, which was guaranteed by a medical infusion system and a special construction. Both materials were subjected to 1000 cycles between zero and half of their mean maximum load. This number of cycles was chosen based on the assumption of post-surgical training of 5× approximately 30 cycles of practice each week over a period of 6–7 weeks. Immediately after the last cycle, the suture was stretched until break. To compare the influence of cyclic testing on the biomechanical qualities of these two materials, the increase of elongation from the first to the last cycle was studied in addition to failure load.
The samples were checked for normal distributions using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the D’Agostino and Pearson omnibus Test. For each value, the mean, standard deviation (SD), standard error of the mean (SEM) and variance were calculated.
The results of the effects of different types of braiding were checked by analysis of variance with the Bonferroni-Test and an unpaired t-test. The results before and after cyclic testing were also checked by an unpaired t-test.
Differences were stated as significant or highly significant if the probability p for type I error, i.e., incorrect rejection of the null hypothesis, was equal to or less than the chosen levels of significance: 0.05(*), 0.01(**), or 0.001(***).
Braided Sutures of Spider Silk
Spider silk could be used to create sutures with different strand compositions. These silk sutures were prepared as polyfil threads consisting of up to 6 strands braided by a specifically designed braiding apparatus , (figure S2). The resulting threads show an extraordinarily regular pattern, as shown by the SEM images in figure 1 A–C. Figure 1 A shows a braided suture of 4×60 single spider silk fibres. Single fibres are clearly visible in regularly intertwined bundles. The strands are at an angle of approximately 30° from horizontal. Figure 1 B shows a braided suture of 3×120 single silk fibres. C shows a large section of harmonic braiding.
A shows a braided suture of 4×60 single spider silk fibres. Fibres are clearly visible in their corresponding strands. Strands are at an angle of approximately 30° from horizontal. B shows a braided suture of 3×120 single silk fibres. C depicts a large section of harmonic braiding. D presents a typical example of the SEM images used for diameter measurements.
To calculate the tensile strength of the fibres for comparison with that of commercially available suture material, the diameters of the braided sutures had to be determined. Because spider silk is a highly variable biomaterial, the diameters of the laid sutures were determined by measuring single fibre diameters from SEM images. In all, 105 single spider silk fibres were measured using SEM, with a mean diameter of 1.994 µm ±0.37 (SD) (figure 1 D). The diameters for the braided sutures are given in table 2.
The diameters of the braided spider silk sutures correspond to commercial suture materials. As a result, spider silk threads consisting of 180 single fibres corresponded to a mean diameter of 6-0 gauge suture material (0.07–0.099 mm), while the use of 240 fibres resulted corresponded to the upper range of 6-0 gauge. Additionally, 300 fibres and 360 fibres both achieved 5-0 gauge (0.1–0.149 mm), with 300 fibres residing in the lower range and 360 in the middle of the range. The 4-0 gauge includes sutures between 0.15–0.199 mm, whereas the 3-0 gauge includes sutures between 0.2–0.249 mm.
All diameters of the surgical sutures were mean diameters, chosen from the metric interval of each suture (table 2).
Supercontraction of Wet Spider Silk Sutures
Braided spider silk sutures were measured under wet conditions, moistened with NaCl 0.9% to mimic physiological conditions. The resulting supercontraction of braided sutures is shown in figure 2. Wet braided spider silk sustains a reduction to 57.1% ±6.4 (SD) of its initial length. All subsequent experiments were performed with moistened spider silk for standardised conditions.
Braided sutures were measured under wet conditions after being moistened with 0.9% NaCl. The resulting supercontraction (reduction of length) of the braided sutures is clearly visible. The results are highly significant, with p<0.0001.
The failure force in N and the failure stress in MPa were measured. The elastic modulus was determined as the tangent of the curves. The results for the tensile testing of Prolene® 6-0 are shown in figure 3 A.
A shows the results of the tensile tests of a median specimen of Prolene® 6-0 with its corresponding force-strain curve. The curve starts with an almost linear low strain part and flattens in the second half. B shows the results of a median specimen of 3×120 braided spider silk with its corresponding force-strain curve. The curve is initially almost exponential, becoming nearly linear progression in the second half. Note that after reaching the failure load, not all fibres break simultaneously.
The force-strain curves of braided spider silk display a typical progression, examples of which are shown for 3×120 fibres in figure 3 B. In the beginning, the wet sutures can be stretched easily, as the curves rise moderately. After reaching about half-maximal extension, increasing force is necessary to continue stretching the suture with linear curve progression. This point is also where the elastic modulus for braided sutures of spider silk is expressed by the ratio of stress to strain as the slope of the linear curve. Interestingly, after reaching the maximum load, not all fibres break at the same time, leading to the discontinuous rupture curves in figure 3 B.
Surgical sutures were measured under identical testing conditions, except for being in the dry state, to determine their basic mechanical properties. A detailed discussion of the biomechanical properties of commercially available sutures was not intended. The force-strain curve of Prolene® 6-0 is shown in figure 3 A. The curve starts with a constant grading, so the elastic modulus is, in this case, measured for the first half of the testing.
The Braiding Modus Influences the Mechanical Properties of the Spider Silk Sutures
The braided spider silk sutures were organised in two different ways to achieve standardised fibre counts. While one type of sutures had a fixed number of silk bundles and varying numbers of fibres per bundle (3×60, 3×80, 3×100, 3×120), the second type consisted of different numbers of bundles (3–6) with 60 fibres (table 2). As a control, 360 single fibres were used additionally. The results of the tensile testing of all spider silk sutures are summarised in tables 3 and 4 and visualised in figure 4 A. Interestingly, the braiding of different numbers of silk bundles of 60 single fibres (3×60–6×60) did not increase the maximum force and stress despite the increase in the number of fibres per thread. On the other hand, three bundles of silk with an increasing number of spider silk fibres (3×60–3×120) presented a constant increase of failure load. The production of 6×60 single spider silk fibres was stopped after the first results of testing due to poor mechanical performance. In contrast, the failure loads of the 3×120 braided single fibres and the 360 unbraided native spider silk fibres did not differ.
A compares two types of braiding of spider silk, the braiding of different numbers of silk bundles of 60 single fibres (3×60–6×60) and three bundles of silk with an increasing number of spider silk fibres (3×60–3×120). Asterisks indicate the significance level: p<0.01 (**) and p<0.001 (***). B compares the results for spider silk with those for surgical sutures to find a pair with almost identical failure load. It was found that 3×120 spider silk should be able to replace all tested sutures of gauge number 6-0.
Braided spider silk was compared with surgical sutures to find a pair with almost identical failure loads. Figure 4 B shows that 3×120 spider silk should be able to replace all tested sutures of gauge number 6-0. This finding prompted us to compare spider silk and Prolene® 6-0 in the following cyclic tests.
Cyclic Testing of 3×120 Spider Silk and Prolene® 6-0
Considering that suture materials used for repair of musculoskeletal tissues, e.g., tendons, must resist continued mechanical load, as long terms of immobilisation are avoided in modern therapeutic schemes , , our next step was to test whether our braided spider silk suture material is able to withstand repeated expansion. To this end, we performed a cyclic testing protocol of 1000 elongation steps up to the half-maximal load as determined before. Figure 5 A shows the results of the cyclic testing of Prolene® 6-0 with 1000 cycles between 0 N and 2.3 N, which was half of the mean maximum load. The polyethylene was stretched constantly from one cycle to the next and did not revert to zero strain, even if no force was applied.
A shows the cyclic testing results for Prolene® 6-0. The suture was subjected to over 1000 cycles between 0 N and 2.3 N, which was half of the mean failure load. After these 1000 cycles, Prolene® was stretched up to breaking point. The failure load after cyclic testing was compared with the previous single tensile testing (C). The results of biomechanical tests of 3×120 spider silk are shown in B. The first 100 to 300 cycles of testing did not remain under the limit of half of the failure load of 2.9 N. No difference in failure load before and after cyclic use was noticed.
In contrast, the spider silk strain returned to zero after relaxation (figure 5 B). During the testing, this relaxation decreased. The first 100 to 300 cycles of testing did not remain below the limit of half of the mean maximum load of 2.9 N, which could not be avoided.
After finishing 1000 cycles, both materials were stretched to the breaking point. The maximum load after cyclic testing was compared with previous single tensile testing in table 5 and 6 and visualised in figure 5 C. Additionally, we determined the increase in the strain for the half-maximal load because in case of spider silk, the strain and relaxation after biomechanical testing could not be determined exactly for the point when no force was applied due to the overlap of the measurements.
The failure load of Prolene® decreased significantly after cyclic testing. Spider silk, on the other hand, did not seem to be influenced by cyclic testing. Compared to single testing, the failure load after cyclic testing was essentially the same. Regarding the increase in strain, Prolene® showed an increase of 24% ±1.9 under cyclic testing, whereas spider silk presented an increase of only 7.2% ±0.48.
We developed a braiding method that led to strong spider silk sutures with a constant increase in failure load with fibre number per bundle. These results were confirmed by comparison with the failure load of unbraided bundles of native spider silk. An important point in the conceptual design of our experiments is that spider silk is a natural product that is influenced by its environmental conditions, e.g., prey composition. These material differences were addressed by employing optimised farming conditions and low number of single fibres taken from one spider to reduce differences in the thicknesses of single fibres and braided sutures , , , .
The failure load of the braided sutures was lower than expected based on single fibre maximum load data in the literature. For instance, Vehoff et al. published data from Nephila dragline fibres with maximum loads between 30.0 and 36.5 mN ; based on their findings, a sum of 360 single fibres should theoretically be able to withstand a force of between 10.8 and 12.9 N. In our study, the corresponding values were between 3.7 of 5.89 N, as shown in table 4. This finding illustrates that these values are unfavourable for comparing the material under the chosen settings. The results of material stress based on diameter per cross-section area are much better suited for such comparisons.
Cunniff et al. reported that the maximum stress of single dragline fibres was 0.7 GPa , which was much nearer to our results for braided spider silk suture, with a maximum stress of 0.58 GPa.
Nevertheless, other authors have published different results, with stresses up to 1.0 GPa , , . This discrepancy leads to the question of other influential parameters. Some variability doubtlessly originates in the spiders themselves, both in terms of species or even subspecies as well as whether the animals were farmed or caught in nature .
However, one of the most important parameters is the method of silk rearing. Forced silking, with or without anaesthesia, influences the production of silk , , . Increased stress and the resulting heat during production might reduce spinning speed and silk quality , . Thus, the spiders’ feelings of stress affect the single fibre diameters, which in turn affect the failure stress.
The results for micro sutures with 30 single fibres of spider silk in the same laboratory presented much higher stress values, with a value of 0.7±0.2 (SD) MPa for 2×15 strands and 0.8±0.3 (SD) MPa for 3×10 single strands . In that study, the diameters of braided sutures could be scaled precisely on SEM, as the number of single fibres was reduced to 30. This method did not reveal a wide range of diameters, unlike the present work. For this reason, force in Newtons was chosen to find a corresponding pair of sutures for the following cyclic tests rather than stress, which depends on diameter. As 3×120 spider silk was able to replace all sutures of gauge 6-0, it was compared with Prolene® 6-0. Increasing friction and torsion within strands and the suture is another interesting aspect and should be clarified in future work on this subject.
Recombinant spider silk seems to avoid all of the problems with native spider silk. Its success is no longer confined to cell culturing , . Wound dressing made from recombinant spider silk protein was recently described . However, recent research seems to have concentrated on protein engineering. Recombinant spider silk is still not able to reproduce all of the biomechanical characteristics of the silk identically, although the similarity is improving . Xia et al. described silk proteins produced by E. coli that could be used to produce silk fibres. The resulting fibres achieved similar results for stress and strain as native N. clavipes dragline silk. However, differences remained concerning the elastic modulus.
The elastic modulus is mainly influenced by material strain. As water uptake and supercontraction increase the strain, the values for the elastic modulus must decrease in inverse proportion. Very low values of the elastic modulus, i.e., between 3.2±0.4 GPa  and 1.5±0.5 GPa , for wet spider silk have already been described in the literature  and agree with the findings of this work (table 3 and 4). As spider silk sutures are intended for use in human bodies, the effect of supercontraction must be taken into consideration.
Biomechanical tests are important for the further use of spider silk sutures in tendon repair. Considering clinical demands, spider silk must be able to withstand cyclic testing. Vehoff et al. published data describing the relaxation of spider silk after initial elongation . Single dragline fibres did not show a loss of maximum load after several cycles. The importance of water uptake in this context and the so-called viscoelasticity of silk has already been described by Gosline et al. . In our study, two differences between spider silk and Prolene® must be noted in the cyclic test results. Polyethylene showed an increase of elongation of approximately 24% ±6.2, which was much higher than that for spider silk, which was 7.2% ±1.5. This finding shows that spider silk is less strongly affected by cyclic use than polyethylene. Emile et al. describe a shape ‘memory’ in spider dragline for torsion, which demonstrates impressively the ability of spider silk to retain its original shape. This effect might also explain the remarkably smaller increase of elongation of spider silk .
Even more interesting is the difference in the failure load before and after use. Prolene® presented a significant decrease in its failure load, whereas the failure load of spider silk did not seem to change at all. This consistency is ideal for tendon sutures, which must resist a constant strain.
Of course, a model over a testing period of less than 24 h cannot represent the physiology of the human body during the weeks and months of the healing process. However, these results suggest that spider silk is better suited for repairing tendons or any other body structure with biomechanical use.
Although the failure stress and strain of spider silk sutures remain higher than those of tendons, both materials show a characteristic and similar curve progression under stress. The initial low-strain modulus of single spider silk fibres is not present in spider silk sutures . As previously demonstrated, this effect is observed in dry fibres, not supercontracted fibres , . Thus, it is not surprising that supercontracted spider silk sutures begin with a high strain under low stress/force (figure 3). After an exponential-like progression, when the supercontracted fibres are most likely relaxed, the curve transitions into an almost linear progression, for which Hooke’s Law can be applied.
Prolene®, on the other hand, presents an oppositional curve progression, with low strain and elastic modulus at the beginning transitioning into high strain in the second part before reaching failure load. In contrast, the stress-strain curves of tendon show a similar progression to spider silk sutures , . In conclusion, both spider silk and tendon keep or recover their form after stress, and both work under wet conditions. Under cyclic use, spider silk sutures also show a tendency to regain their initial length. The higher strain of spider silk might reduce such effects as tear through and strangulation of the tendon by the suture. These aspects make both materials a promising match for further study in this field.
Additionally, considering its favourable biocompatibility , , cell proliferation on spider silk might also help to support the healing of tendon injuries. Likewise, foreign body reactions can be reduced or even avoided by its low immunogenicity.
To date, spider silk has not been used commercially for biomedical or other applications, limited by spiders’ natures. Being predators, spiders cannot be kept in close quarters with their conspecifics. Farming, feeding, and material production still remain basic problems. The production of handmade sutures also currently inhibits the production of large numbers of sutures. These problems demonstrate a demand for the development of new production processes.
Although the protein structure of spider silk is known in detail, recombinant silk still does not represent all characteristics of native silk , thus making the use of native spider silk preferential. Spider silking facilities, such as those on Madagascar, are an appealing alternative .
This work shows how spider silk can be braided into strong regular sutures. The chosen type of braiding has a tremendous influence on the biomechanics of the braided dragline silk suture. The extraordinary mechanical properties of single dragline silk fibres could not be preserved completely. Even under the optimal braiding method, such interactions as torsion and friction between the fibres were observed. Nevertheless, a continuous increase of the failure force was observed under the optimal method of braiding. Variations caused by material differences could be minimised.
Permanent use, imitated by cyclic testing, does not seem to influence spider silk, whereas the failure load of the commercial material Prolene® 6-0 decreased significantly after cyclic testing. This finding leads to the conclusion that spider silk has good potential as an alternative suture material. The use of spider silk offers the opportunity to avoid existing problems in tendon healing and other types of tissue reconstruction and suggests a readaptation with the use of an innovative suture material. Further studies should focus on the biocompatibility and biodegradation of the silk in vivo.
Diagram of silk harvesting. For silk harvesting, spiders were fixed on styropor cubes without the use of anaesthesia. The spiders were immobilised by a gauze cover fixed with small needles to a styropor cube. Silk was pulled out of the major ampullate gland, which is an adequate stimulus for production. Dragline fibres were reared on a device of 30 cm in diameter, and silking speed was set to 4 cm/sec.
Braiding of the silk fibres. Sutures of spider silk were constructed using a miniature rope machine with a maximum capacity to intertwine seven silk strands of fibres. Yarns were fixed on one side (A), while the free ends were taken together on the opposite side and also fixed (C). The device and bolt were fastened tightly with a setscrew. The rope was laid by the co-rotation of the free ends while the pooled ends turned in the opposite direction, directed by a guiding carriage (B). This procedure prevented strong eccentricity while providing the necessary stability. The velocity by which the ropes were laid and the use of the carriage determined the angle at which the strands were put together. For all studies, angles between 25° and 35° from horizontal were chosen. To compare different types of braiding, sutures were either prepared from either three strands and varying numbers of single fibres (3×60–3×120 single fibres) or varying numbers of strands on the other hand (3×60 to 6×60 single fibres). The resulting sutures were stored for following biomechanical tests.
Theoretical diameter and cross-section area of the braided suture. Accurate knowledge of the diameters is important for defining a cross-section area of the suture when calculating the stress in biomechanical tests. Based on single fibre diameters, a theoretical diameter was calculated using the following equation. The cross-section area A of a circle with radius r is defined as, (1); The cross-section area Ax as a sum of several single cross-section areas A1 is defined as, (2); After the insertion after formula 1, (3); Rearrangement yields (4); The calculated radius is used to define an approximated cross-section area for braided sutures of spider silk. Figure S3 illustrates the calculation above.
The authors thank Klaus Prystaz (Bad Schussenried), Friedbert Gellermann, Thorleif Hentrop, and Alexandra Heilkenbrinker (Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover) for their excellent technical advice and help with the design, construction, and usage of the braiding apparatus and the Instron® testing system.
Conceived and designed the experiments: KH JR JK SS CA CK KR PV. Performed the experiments: KH JR SS. Analyzed the data: KH JK KR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KH SS CA CK KR PV. Wrote the paper: KH JK KR.
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- 11. Gellynck K, Verdonk P, Forsyth R, Almqvist KF, Van Nimmen E, et al. (2008) Biocompatibility and biodegradability of spider egg sac silk. J Mater Sci Mater Med 19(8): 2963–2970.
- 12. Hakimi O, Gheysens T, Vollrath F, Grahn MF, Knight DP, et al. (2010) Modulation of cell growth on exposure to silkworm and spider silk fibers. J Biomed Mater Res A 92A: 1366–1372.
- 13. Allmeling C, Jokuszies A, Reimers K, Kall S, Choi CY, et al. (2008) Spider silk fibres in artificial nerve constructs promote peripheral nerve regeneration. Cell Prolif 41(3): 408–420.
- 14. Allmeling C, Jokuszies A, Reimers K, Kall S, Vogt PM (2006) Use of spider silk fibres as an innovative material in a biocompatible artificial nerve conduit. J Cell Mol Med 10(3): 770–777.
- 15. Kuhbier JW, Allmeling C, Reimers K, Hillmer A, Kasper C, et al. (2010) Interactions between spider silk and cells–nih/3t3 fibroblasts seeded on miniature weaving frames. PLOS One 5(8): e12032.
Foelix RF (1996) Biology of Spiders. Oxford University Press, USA. 3–48.
- 17. Vehoff T, Glisovic A, Schollmeyer H, Zippelius A, Salditt T (2007) Mechanical properties of spider dragline silk: humidity, hysteresis, and relaxation. Biophys J 93(12): 4425–4432.
- 18. Vollrath F, Madsen B, Shao Z (2001) The effect of spinning conditions on the mechanics of a spider’s dragline silk. Proc Biol Sci 268(1483): 2339–2346.
- 19. Emile O, le Floch A, Vollrath F (2006) Shape memory in spider draglines. Nature 440(30): 621.
- 20. Blackledge TA, Boutry C, Wong SC, Baji A, Dhinojwala A, et al. (2009) How super is supercontraction? Persistent versus cyclic responses to humidity in spider dragline silk. J Exp Biol 212(Pt 13): 1981–1989.
- 21. Guinea GV, Elices M, Pérez-Rigueiro J, Plaza GR (2005) Stretching of supercontracted fibers: a link between spinning and the variability of spider silk. J Exp Biol 208(Pt 1): 25–30.
- 22. Gosline JM, Denny M, DeMont ME (1984) Spider silk as rubber. Nature 309: 551–552.
- 23. Kuhbier JW, Reimers K, Kasper C, Allmeling C, Hillmer A, et al. (2011) First investigation of spider silk as a braided microsurgical suture. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 97(2): 381–387.
- 24. Agnarsson I, Boutry C, Wong SC, Baji A, Dhinojwala A, et al. (2009) Supercontraction forces in spider dragline silk depend on hydration rate. Zoology (Jena) 112(5): 325–331.
- 25. Bell FI, McEwen IJ, Viney C (2002) Fibre science: supercontraction stress in wet spider dragline. Nature 416(6876): 37–37.
- 26. Kitsis KC, Wade PJ, Krikler SJ, Parsons NK, Nicholls LK (1998) Controlled active motion following primary flexor tendon repair: a prospective study over 9 years. J Hand Surg Br 23(3): 344–349.
- 27. Dicko C, Knight D, Kenney JM, Vollrath F (2004) Secondary structures and conformational changes in flagelliform, cylindrical, major, and minor ampullate silk proteins. temperature and concentration effects. Biomacromolecules 5(6): 2105–15.
- 28. Du N, Liu XY, Narayanan J, Li L, Lim ML, et al. (2006) Design of superior spider silk: from nanostructure to mechanical properties. Biophys J 91(12): 4528–4535.
- 29. Pérez-Rigueiro J, Elices M, Plaza G, Real JI, Guinea GV (2005) The effect of spinning forces on spider silk properties. J Exp Biol 208(Pt 14): 2633–2639.
- 30. Xia XX, Qian ZG, Ki CS, Park YH, Kaplan DL, et al. (2010) Native-sized recombinant spider silk protein produced in metabolically engineered escherichia coli results in a strong fiber. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(32): 14059–14063.
- 31. Gosline JM, Guerette PA, Ortlepp CS, Savage KN (1999) The mechanical design of spider silks: from fibroin sequence to mechanical function. J Exp Biol 202(Pt 23): 3295–3303.
- 32. Ortlepp CS, Gosline JM (2004) Consequences of forced silking. Biomacromolecules 5(3): 727–731.
- 33. Römer L, Scheibel T (2008) The elaborate structure of spider silk: structure and function of a natural high performance fiber. Prion 2(4): 154–161.
- 34. Rising A, Widhe M, Johansson J, Hedhammar M (2011) Spider silk proteins: recent advances in recombinant production, structure-function relationships and biomedical applications. Cell Mol Life Sci 68(2): 169–184.
- 35. Wang Y, Kim HJ, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Kaplan DL (2006) Stem cell-based tissue engineering with silk biomaterials. Biomaterials 27(36): 6064–6082.
- 36. Baoyong L, Jian Z, Denglong C, Min L (2010) Evaluation of a new type of wound dressing made from recombinant spider silk protein using rat models. Burns 36(6): 891–896.
- 37. James R, Kesturu G, Balian G, Chhabra B (2008) Tendon: Biology, biomechanics, repair, growth factors, and evolving treatment options. J Hand Surg 33(1): 102–112.
- 38. Leal-Egaña A, Scheibel T (2010) Silk-based materials for biomedical applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 55(3): 155–167.
Kennedy R (2009) Gossamer silk, from spiders spun. The New York Times Sep 23, page C1.


text:
Our Naturally Textured, Oak surfaces are reclaimed flooring from the Champagne region of France.
Our Reclaimed Oak Flooring is available in a wide vanity of options that meet different building codes. The Engineered Contraction cut has a bottom layer made from strengthened oak plywood, hindering moisture damage.
Each color selection has a number of different color and texture options.
If you are interested in purchasing this item, please email firstname.lastname@example.org

domain: design


text:
Photos Reviews Map Nearby Attractions Nearby Hotels Nearby Cities
Residence Inn by Marriott Pittsburgh
574 West General Robinson Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15212
Rated Very High
Upscale, smoke-free, all-suite, extended-stay hotel
Near Heinz Field
10 floors, 180 studio to 2-bedroom suites - AAA 3 Diamonds
Heated indoor swimming pool - exercise room
Kitchen in every suite
Free hot breakfast buffet
Parking costs $25 per night
Pet friendly hotel - $100 per stay pet fee. - Jan 2016
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"Everything was great. I used the hotel shuttle service daily because my son was in the hospital; it was always available when needed.2018-01-03"
"The hotel was close to the football stadium. I definitely recommend it.2016-10-26"
"Convenient to bars, restaurants, and stadiums. The hotel was nice.2016-10-05"
"Perfect location for sports fans. Close to the ballpark, the Warhol Museum, and there was a nice steakhouse within a block. The hotel was worn and could've used some updating.2016-09-07"
"Awesome location. Our hotel stay was fine.2015-12-25"
"Excellent hotel. Highly recommend.2015-12-13"
"Good location. The hotel staff was helpful and friendly. Great experience.2015-11-17"
"The location was perfect. Clean room and nice hotel staff. We were pleased with our stay.2015-07-09"
- North Shore Drive - 0.1 mile SE
- PNC Park - 0.2 mile east
- Stage AE - 0.2 mile SW
- National Aviary - 0.3 mile north
- Heinz Field - 0.4 mile west
- Byham Theater - 0.5 mile SE
- Pittsburgh Symphony Heinz Hall - 0.5 mile SE
- Benedum Center for the Performing Arts - 0.6 mile SE
- Fifth Avenue - 0.7 mile SE
- Liberty Avenue - 0.7 mile SE
- David L. Lawrence Convention Center - 0.7 mile east
- Rivers Casino Pittsburgh - 0.7 mile west
- Allegheny General Hospital - 0.7 mile NE
- Point Park University - 0.7 mile SE
- Penn Avenue - 0.7 mile east
- Pittsburgh Westin Convention Center - 0.8 mile east
- William S Moorhead Federal Building - 0.8 mile east
- Pittsburgh Train Station - 0.9 mile east
- Pittsburgh Station Square - 1.0 mile south
- Art Institute of Pittsburgh - 1.0 mile east
- Mellon Arena - 1.1 miles SE
- Duquesne University - 1.2 miles SE
- Duquesne University School of Law - 1.2 miles SE
- PPG Paints Arena - 1.2 miles SE
- Trib Total Media Amphitheatre - 1.2 miles south
- Rooney Field - 1.3 miles SE
- AJ Palumbo Center - 1.3 miles SE
- Manchester Craftsmens Guild - 1.4 miles NW
- Carlow University - 2.4 miles east
- Greentree Road - 2.5 miles SW
- Banksville Road - 2.5 miles SW
- Pittsburgh VA Medical Center University Drive - 2.5 miles east
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine - 2.5 miles east
- Petersen Events Center - 2.5 miles east
- UPMC - 2.6 miles east
- Forbes Avenue - 2.6 miles east
- University of Pittsburgh - 2.6 miles east
- Magee-Women's Hospital of UPMC - 2.7 miles east
- Hofbrauhaus Pittsburgh - 2.7 miles SE
- Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall - 2.8 miles east
Green Tree, PA Hotels
3.1 miles SW
McKees Rocks, PA Hotels
3.2 miles west
Dormont, PA Hotels
3.8 miles south
Bellevue, PA Hotels
3.9 miles NW
Avalon, PA Hotels
4.8 miles NW
Baldwin, PA Hotels
5 miles SE
Carnegie, PA Hotels
5 miles SW
West View, PA Hotels
5 miles north
Brentwood, PA Hotels
6 miles south
Castle Shannon, PA Hotels
6 miles south

domain: travel


text:
Dates Juice Concentrate
With a history stretching back over 5,000 years, this venerable fruit grows in thick clusters on the giant date palm, native to the Middle East. The name is thought to come from the Greek daktulos, meaning "finger," after the shape of the fruit. Dates require a hot, dry climate and-besides Africa and the Middle East-flourish in California and Arizona. Most varieties range from 1 to 2 inches long and are oval in shape (though some are so chunky they're almost round). All dates have a single, long, narrow seed. The skin is thin and papery, the flesh cloyingly sweet. Dates are green when unripe and turn yellow, golden brown, black or mahogany red-depending on the variety-as they ripen. Dates are a good source of protein and iron. Juice is a liquid naturally contained in fruit or vegetable tissue. Juice is prepared by mechanically squeezing or macerating fresh fruits or vegetables without the application of heat or solvents. For example, orange juice is the liquid extract of the fruit of the orange tree. Juice may be prepared in the home from fresh fruits and vegetables using variety of hand or electric juicers. Many commercial juices are filtered to remove fiber or pulp, but high pulp fresh orange juice is a popular beverage. Juice may be marketed in concentrate form, sometimes frozen, requiring the user to add water to reconstitute the liquid back to its "original state". However, concentrates generally have a noticeably different taste than their comparable "fresh-squeezed" versions. Other juices are reconstituted before packaging for retail sale. Common methods for preservation and processing of fruit juices include canning, pasteurization, freezing, evaporation and spray drying. A concentrate is a form of substance which has had the majority of its base component (in the case of a liquid: the solvent) removed. Typically this will be the removal of water from a solution or suspension such as the removal of water from fruit juice. One benefit of producing a concentrate is that of a reduction in weight and volume for transportation as the concentrate can be re-constituted at the time of usage by the addition of the solvent.

domain: food


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Repair Internet Explorer:
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When IE is corrupt and stops working you will notice you get just a white page and nothing more when using it. Also other errors and problems. This repair tool will get IE working normally again. This doesn’t replace ANY IE settings. It only repairs IE files.


text:
By Andrew Clennell, Alexandra Smith and Brian Robins
THE Premier, Nathan Rees, and the Labor Party head office were forced to deny claims last night a deal had been made that would see him leave the Premier's job as early as next week.
''I have no such intentions [of resigning],'' Mr Rees told the Herald.
Senior Labor sources said they believed the Health Minister, John Della Bosca, and his supporters were using ''chaos theory'', spreading rumours that Mr Rees was set to resign or be pushed next week in an attempt to pressure him to go.
Channel Nine said the Planning Minister, Kristina Keneally, was the frontrunner to become premier next week. A caucus meeting is due on Tuesday.
The powerbrokers Eddie Obeid and Joe Tripodi are said to have tested support for Ms Keneally but there are fears her part-American accent would grate with the public and doubts she would win a majority in caucus.
Mr Tripodi last night laughed off suggestions Mr Rees might go next week, as did party officials.
Mr Della Bosca, who denied spreading the rumours, is said to be ''desperate'' to become premier and believes he could run the Government from the upper house and appear in the lower house for question time only. But it is understood he has little support in caucus.
A spokesman for Mr Rees said: ''The claim that the Premier is going to resign is an absolutely ridiculous notion. The Premier is, even while on holidays, focused on the important parliamentary work next week.''
Mr Rees is understood to be on holiday in the NSW Central West - his first since his marriage this year.
Ms Keneally is in the US on holiday until next week. One senior Labor source said: ''If there was a leadership move on don't you think the candidate might want to be in the country talking to people?''
The Herald revealed on Monday mysterious focus group research had been done on five potential premiers - Mr Della Bosca, Ms Keneally, Frank Sartor, Carmel Tebbutt and John Robertson. This fuelled suspicions powerbrokers were trying to figure out who to back.
Key Labor figures, including Mr Tripodi, the Finance Minister, last night laughed when told there was a deal and denied they were shifting from Mr Rees.
Mr Tripodi, Mr Obeid and Labor's NSW general secretary, Matt Thistlethwaite, said they had discussed the leadership yesterday but Mr Thistlethwaite said all were ''solidly backing Nathan''.
Mr Tripodi said: ''My discussions with the general secretary were to ascertain whether a parallel universe had been created and whether the media were disconnected with reality.''
But one senior Government source said he believed Mr Rees might resign in coming weeks if both head office and Mr Obeid and Mr Tripodi told him he no longer had their support.
The source said: ''If he believed someone in the caucus would do the job better than he and someone could bring greater co-operation in the caucus then he would [step down].''

domain: news


Cold hard fact: Your house uses more energy in the winter.
Here is why:
In cold weather, home heating systems work much harder to keep the temperature inside comfortable.
Even if settings remain the same on the thermostat, the system runs longer to heat the home to the desired temperature when it is colder outside.
The more a heating system runs, the more it increases electric usage.
Energy Use Matters
Energy usage: The electric meter on homes measure the energy consumed - this is "usage".
Electric rates: There is a charge for each kilowatt-hour (kWh) consumed - this is "rate". In addition, bills include a base rate charge.
Monthly bills are largely determined by the amount of energy used - measured in kWh. Energy use is affected by the time spent at home and the number of devices used daily.
Track, compare, and analyze electric usage with PenLight's MyMeter tool.


IUB debater Jami becomes Breaking Adjudicator at WSDC 2022
IUB debater Ahmad Tousif Jami has become the first Bangladeshi to qualify as a “Breaking Adjudicator” in the World Schools Debating Championship (WSDC) 2022. The event was held online in the Netherlands from August 7-18, 2022. WSDC is the largest school debate championship in English. A total of 68 national debate teams participate in this tournament every year. Jami adjudicated performances of several national debate teams including Canada, Poland and Romania. Previously Jami has performed as a member of the Bangladeshi national WSDC team. He led the team and earned the WSDC 2nd best English as a Foreign Language (EFL) speaker break title in the Mexico WSDC 2020.


text:
Free shipping on US orders over $99!
10-13 x 9-10mm bead, 2mm stringing hole
Here is a beautiful strand of brass bicone from Cameroon. These beads are becoming increasingly difficult to find. Each bead is handmade individually. The strand is a long 27", with beads measuring approximately 10-13 x 9-10mm.
|Bead Size||10-13 x 9-10mm|
|Number of Beads||50 (approximation)|
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domain: hobby


text:
2017 CFCArts Symphony Orchestra Member Pledge
Central Florida Community Arts is a nonprofit organization that exists to give every artist of every age a cultural platform to connect, serve, and perform. In our short 7 year history, we’ve grown into a community of over 1,000 artists! We’re so proud of how far our CFCArts Symphony Orchestra has come and hope to continue to grow and raise the bar of what we can achieve – and for that we need your support. Any gift of any size – a one time donation or reoccurring – will help the Orchestra program succeed and thrive!

domain: artistic


text:
Cooking With Power: Food & Gaming with McDonalds' Chef Mike
Gamers get hungry just like anyone else. Join Chef Mike Haracz from McDonald’s and his gaming media friends to talk tasty treats with a hint of geek! We’ll be discussing food in gaming history (yes, even wall chicken) plus gaming related dishes from Chef Mike himself. Now you’re cooking with POWER!
Chef Mike Haracz [Manager of Culinary Innovation, McDonald's], David Giltinan [Podcaster, Writer, ARGcast - Another Retro Gaming Podcast], Robert Workman [Podcaster, Writer, ARGcast - Another Retro Gaming Podcast], Jesse Collins [Senior Manager, Creative Strategy, Greenlit Content]


text:
This is one of Comedy Zone’s better one nighter rooms. The Loft typically does comedy on Thursday nights and has two shows. This is part of a run for the Comedy Zone that includes a few other cities like Fort Mill, South Carolina and Fort Walton Beach, Florida. Quite the stretch between venues but back to back shows.
The Comedy Zone is a franchise that primarily operates in the Southeast United States. The shows are entirely booked out of their Charlotte North Carolina Headquarters. Feature bookings can be directed to Len Kure (email@example.com) and headline bookings through Joel Pace (firstname.lastname@example.org).

domain: geography


text:
Recipharm’s proprietary molecule Erdosteine recognised as COPD treatment25 Nov 2018
Products containing Erdosteine from Recipharm are now marketed in over 40 countries across the world and is available in four different dosage forms.
Recipharm's proprietary molecule Erdosteine has been officially recognised by the GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung disease) Scientific Committee as one of the commonly used maintenance medications in COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease).
Erdosteine, which was discovered and developed in Italy by Recipharm’s facility in Paderno Dugnano, has been listed in the 2019 GOLD report. Since its introduction in 2001, the GOLD report has become a leading worldwide reference for all healthcare professionals and health authorities for the effective diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD.
Products containing Erdosteine from Recipharm are now marketed in over 40 countries across the world and is available in four different dosage forms including a capsule, sachet, dispersible tablet and suspension. Recipharm supplies Erdosteine as both API and as finished dose form to its customers.
Pierfrancesco Manzo, Sales & Business Development Director for Erdosteine commented: “This is an important recognition of the scientific value of our molecule and it has been achieved thanks to the outcomes of the recent clinical studies which proved Erdosteine to be effective in the treatment of COPD patients. We are confident that Erdosteine is going to play an increasing role in the treatment of this pathology.”
The recognition in the GOLD report follows extensive research as part of the RESTORE study published in 2017, which saw 467 patients in ten countries undergo 12 months of treatment with positive results that support its clinical effectiveness.
Erdosteine’s pharmacological profile is characterised by unique multifactorial activity: muco-modulatory, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant. The chemical synthesis of the API and the manufacture of capsules and dispersible tablets is performed in Recipharm’s Paderno Dugnano facility, located just outside of Milan.
Legacy ramps up preparations for new Russian track and trace sterilisation regulations
18 Jul 2019
Company to install new inspection cameras with higher resolution to ensure readability of more complex codes demanded by the Russian mandated crypto coding.Read more
Combination technique improves polysaccharide characterization
17 Jul 2019
The AF4-MALS-RI method makes possible the accurate determination of molecular weight distribution of polysaccharide macromolecules.Read more
Lubrizol integrates personal, home and health care divisions
16 Jul 2019
The new brand - Lubrizol Life Sciences - aims to maximize client speed-to-market, providing enhanced solutions.Read more
Bosch finds buyers for its packaging machinery business
16 Jul 2019
CVC Capital Partners to " take the business forward in the years ahead, and to make it even more competitive".Read more
New state-of-the-art cleanroom boosts production of anticancer drugs
15 Jul 2019
The GMP facility has been specifically designed to deliver the next generation of anticancer blockbuster ADC drugs for patients globally.Read more
Colorcon chooses the Netherlands for new starch manufacturing plant
12 Jul 2019
The plant will provide a secure second source of supply of Starch 1500, Pregelatinized Maize Starch.Read more
GSK opens new continuous manufacturing facilities in Singapore
11 Jul 2019
Opening of continuous manufacturing facilities and expansion of production building will boost capabilities to accelerate the supply of new breakthrough medicines to patients globally.Read more
Eisai collaborates with University of Dundee on cancer drug discovery
10 Jul 2019
It is hoped that research into PROTACs will lead to new drug discoveries for proteins present in cancer, which are difficult to treat with conventional small molecule inhibitors.Read more
Onyx Scientific makes strategic investment in commercial API licence
10 Jul 2019
Investment fills the growing gap in the market for manufacturers that have the niche capabilities to deliver small-scale commercial API projects.Read more
I Holland to share the science behind tool maintenance
9 Jul 2019
Proper maintenance - rather than replacement - of compression tooling will improve profitability.Read more
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domain: medical


text:
Daily Record: College-bound teens get lessons in self-defense
Daily Record covered ERA’s case against the Department of Education when framing the issue of campus sexual assault in a piece about why college-bound students were taking self-defense classes.
By January, DeVos and her department were the target of a lawsuit from nonprofits SurvJustice, Equal Rights Advocates and Victim Rights Law Center claiming that the new guidelines undermine trust in victims’ complaints and take away rights such as requesting a new class schedule to avoid an alleged attacker.
- 10 Toni Morrison Quotes That Will Never Stop Inspiring Us
- DeVos Lawsuit Update: Groups Detail “Chilling Effects” of Title IX Rollbacks
- Published Case Will Protect Student Survivors of Sexual Assault
- Ask an Advocate: Q&A with Kimberly Alvarenga
- Perspective: Enough with the Pay-Gap Victim Blaming
- Landmark Sex Discrimination Settlement for ERA Gold Miner Client
- Ask an Advocate: Q&A with Mary Ignatius
- Stronger CA Advocates Network Releases 2019 Agenda
- #BeHEARD Act: The sexual harassment superbill we’ve been waiting for
- Racing the Clock: How extending the deadline for sexual harassment claims changes the game

domain: sociology


text:
My highest concern is the welfare of the pup involved in an adoption. Each pup is fully vetted before placement, which includes spay / neuter, shots, worming and heartworm test, where applicable (puppies are assumed HW-). I also micro-chip all dogs that I place, with consent of the new adopter -- more information can be found at the Home Again site here.
Spay / neuters are done at my local vet, who is not my lowest-cost option, but is superior, in my eyes. This hospital uses vicryl suture material, isofluorane anesthesia, IV sedations and is very comfortable with pediatric alterations. I had both my Precious and my Thor altered at this vet. Please e-mail me if you are interested in contacting my vet with additional questions, etc.
Many of the dogs posted on my Petfinder listing are cross-posts for other rescues; they are available in the New England or Midwestern states. Please contact me regarding the dog of your dreams, and we'll get you in touch with the pups' rescuing parents!
All adoptions are accompanied by an adoption contract, where the adopter agrees on basic, reasonable ownership precepts. These include agreeing on a dog who will live indoors, who will not be used for working or fighting purposes, who will not be altered cosmetically in any way and who will be returned to me, the rescuer, should the dog ever need to be surrendered. All placements are accompanied by homechecks, either done by me or past adopters of my pups. I also keep in contact with past adopters, and enjoy updates on the pup's progress from time to time.
If you are still interested, please fill out the adoption application by clicking on the logo below -- thanks!

domain: pet


The appointments were made based on the duo's academic qualifications, as well as their experience in the education and corporate sectors, it says.
Alditya Aladdin adds that the Special Affairs Dept was often 'misinterpreted' as a BN propaganda unit.
Supreme council member Abu Bakar Yahya poses the question after Bersatu receives 60 new members.
COMMENT | Opening party elections and candidate selection to the broader public is a strong counter to political corruption and endemic infighting.
COMMENT | 'By hook or by crook' is viable so long as the systemic dysfunction isn't addressed.
But Ameir Hassan declines to state the nature of the ex-state party secretary's alleged offences.
COMMENT | Will Bersatu follow Umno in breeding snivelling rent seekers? Or will it blaze the path for the truly towering Malay?
The propaganda unit was shut down by the new gov't post-GE14.
UPDATED 3.18PM | State Bersatu chief denies internal problems led to Wan Saiful being dropped as Perlis Bersatu secretary.
UPDATED 6PM | He says his remarks reflected what is being felt by division chiefs around the country.
The party has broken its promises made since the May 9 general election, says the ex-Umno Youth leader.
Rina Harun appoints two supreme council members and lawyer to head entities under her ministry.
The DAP supremo responds to the remark by Bersatu veep that gov't resources should be used to help the coalition retain power.
It will be betrayal if Harapan leaders do not stand up against money politics, warns Charles Santiago.
QUESTION TIME | The other Harapan members must exert their combined muscle to rightfully regain more influence.
The Bersatu youth chief stands firm on his conviction that the party should not seek gov't help to stay in power.
Zainal Abidin Sihab issues warning against those 'seeking to oust' Youth chief Syed Saddiq.
No good can come out of misinterpreting Mohd Shahni Ismail's debate motion, it stresses.
The Bersatu Youth chief had criticised party leaders' demands for gov't contracts and positions.
BERSATU AGM | Party chair says the freedom delegates have to speak up is 'unlike the other party.'
BERSATU AGM | He says leaders blocking the rise of new talent could eventually wreck the party.


David Syvertsen takes a look at the team needs of the reigning Super Bowl Champion Pittsburgh Steelers, along with the rest of the AFC North.Pittsburgh Steelers
Big Ben’s Blind Side Protector
The Steelers want to have a very specific genre of blockers lining up with their hands in the dirt every play. Big, physical, and downright nasty. Their offense is built on a straight ahead running game that opens up the downfield passing attack. With that in mind, the Steelers have always compensated pass protection ability for maulers in the trenches. It is a formula that has reaped enormous rewards as the Steelers have won two of the past four Super Bowls. However if they intend on getting the most out of Ben Roethlisberger long term, they need to surround him with better pass protectors, most notably at left tackle. He has had such a wide assortment of injuries from head to toe, literally, and at the age of 27, his body may be physically closer to that of a 30 year old. While he has the thick frame to handle the physical brutality of NFL pass rushers, he isn’t Superman. Max Starks is a serviceable left tackle but within the next year or two, the Steelers need to find pass blocker that can stick with the speed rushers off the edge, even if it means a slight compensation in the run blocking sector of the position.
Depth at Inside Linebacker
The loss of Larry Foote to Detroit will not hurt the Steelers because the league is about to find out just how good Lawrence Timmons is. He has twice the athletic ability that Foote did and now that he has had two years to apply his top notch raw ability to the complex scheme that Mike Tomlin and Dick LeBeau have put in place, he is going to become one of the top players on the best defense in the NFL. However, next to him his 34 year old James Farrior who has not missed a game since 2005. Despite his Pro-Bowl caliber level of play and outstanding durability, the end is likely closer than the Steelers want to admit. Behind Timmons and Farrior, there isn’t much to speak of and part of the reason this defense is so tough has been the versatility and depth of the linebackers. The linebacker unit is such a vital component to their scheme and without a reliable group, that defense as a whole becomes a lot more human.
Now that the Ravens have solved their issue at quarterback and have lined up the protection in front of him, General Manager needs to find the pass catcher that is going to push Flacco to the next level. While Derrick Mason and Mark Clayton played at a respectable level in 2008 and Demetrius Williams has shown deep threat potential, that offense still lacks a true threat that demands a duble team. Rumors have been swirling around names like Brandon Marshall and Anquan Boldin in the trade market, but Newsome is too good of a draft master to pay the price for those established stars. The upcoming wide receiver draft classes are going to be stacked with talent and it will be imperative that they find Flacco his career number one target.
It is hard to find a true need on the Baltimore defense because it seems as if they have dominant defenders grow like weeds year in and year out. We will see just how much Rex Ryan had to do with that now that he has left for the head coaching job in New York. Bart Scott followed Ryan to New York with little resistance from the Ravens, as the combination of Tavares Gooden and Antwan Barnes seems capable of stepping into place next to the legendary Ray Lewis. The Ravens do not shy away from giving opportunity to an unproven talent but without Ryan in the picture, those transitions may be tougher to deal with. Ray Lewis had a strong 2008 campaign that almost landed the Ravens in the Super Bowl but instead of him elevating the level of play of those around him, he is the one the one reaping rewards from his teammates. His lateral range is a thing of the past and he is no longer able to toss blockers away. That means there needs to be a stronger unit around him, particularly inside on the first two levels. With the way Haloti Ngata is bounced around the defense, there needs to be a steady presence in front of him that can make plays when unaccounted for or eat up double teams consistently. And next to him, there needs to be a linebacker that can fly around and take advantage of being overlooked by blockers very similar to the way Bart Scott did over the past two seasons. It will be interesting to see how leverage king Kelly Gregg bounces back from his knee injury, but one has to assume he will be spelled quite often. Is there a reliable presence behind him?
Prior to Carson Palmer’s season ending elbow injury that cut his year to just five games in 2008, he was being bloodied up by opposing pass rushers week in and week out. Palmer and his replacement were sacked a total of 51 times, good for third most in the NFL. The Bengals do not stand a chance without Palmer and letting him get knocked around like a pinball week in and week out al but ensures the potential of his Cincinnati career being one of disappointment and underachievement. The weapons are set in place around him but the big boys up front need to take that step forward and provide the insurance that did not exist last year. Andre Smith is a gamble, and Andrew Whitworth is an even bigger one. If those slow footed maulers cannot seal the edge, Palmer will spend more time on the inactive list and pave the way for the consistent mediocre football in Cincinnati.
Only one team had less sacks than the Bengals in 2008. One would think that priority number one when it came to personnel tweaking would center around the idea of increasing the quality of the pass rush considering the amount of attention that sector of defensive football has gotten over the past few years. Unless the Bengals front office us under the impression that Tank Johnson is going to bring this defensive line to another level, they failed at improving the most glaring issue on this defense. There is some young, intriguing talent in the back seven with Keith Rivers, Marvin White, Leon Hall, and Jonathon Joseph. But one thing that will elevate the play of those players is a pass rush. High motor guys like Robert Geathers and Domata Peko can only do so much. They need a feared pass rusher in there for multiple reasons.
Every Down Running Back
The soon to be 30 year old Jamal Lewis is capable of being a key cog within the Browns offense for at least the next couple of seasons. But him being the key component of the rushing attack will make it very difficult for the unit as a whole to consistently move the ball and score points. Despite being frequently nicked up with various injuries, Lewis has proven to be a durable back as he has played in at least 15 games every season of his nine year career except for his 2004 campaign. He had a strong 2007 season, averaging 4.4 yards per carry but in 2008, he took a big step back and averaged just over 3.5 yards per touch. Behind him is a pair of young backs that complement each other well, but do not spell confidence when searching for an every down back. Rookie James Davis can play the physical role while Jerome Harrison is more of a scat back. With the quarterback situation is what it is right now in Cleveland and Eric Mangini’s dependence on the ground game, a dependable presence will be needed in the backfield.
True 3-4 Linebackers
For the amount of talent the Browns had up front, the fact that they were one of the worst ten defenses against the run in 2008 makes you look very hard at the linebackers. Even if one wants to point the finger at a lack of depth behind the likes of Shaun Rogers and Corey Williams, Eric Mangini brought over two very good 3-4 linemen in Kenyon Coleman and CJ Mosley to go along with Robaire and Shaun Smith. Those bodies will keep blockers off the linebackers for the most part but they still need to play at a much more physical level than they did last year. Eric Barton will help D’Qwell Jackson and Leon Williams, but even he has difficulty when moving laterally. Jackson is the only linebacker on this squad that spells long term confidence. On the outside, the Browns are still waiting for Kamerion Wimbley to take his place among the top pass rushers in the division but he remains to be easily beaten by single team blocks. The linebackers are vital within the Mangini 3-4 scheme and all four of their starters could be replaced at this time next year outside of Jackson.


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Fash face off: Bridgit vs. Demi
Cali was rocking this past weekend as some of Hollywood’s finest stepped out for KIIS FM’s Wango Tango 2013. The music? Fantastic. The style? Even better. Two singers who brought their fiercest rockstar look to the event were Bridgit Mendler and Demi Lovato, natch.
Our question is: Who rocked the orange carpet better?
Bridgit and her Jaws-tastic outfit
Demi and her bold ‘n’ black ensemble
Blog about it, babes.

domain: celebrity


In This Article
What is Back Side Bus (BSB)?
The Backside Bus or BSB refers to the computer bus which connects the secondary cache and the CPU. Therefore, it can be considered as a part of the CPU and its operating speed is reliant on the speed of the CPU.
From the technical point of view, the backside bus was designed when the 2nd generation Pentium III processors came with the Level 2 or Advanced Transfer Cache on the die.
- Most backside buses connect the CPU with the Level 2 cache but sometimes they may also connect it with the Level 1 cache to enhance the speed and efficiency of the CPU during its operation.
- A Backside Bus connects two chips and is typically faster than the Front Side Bus and much faster than the peripheral buses such as PCI and ISA.
- These buses can be made much wider than the Front Side Buses which help in improving the communication process between the CPU of the computer and the secondary memory since it can carry more data.
- Using the BSB does not only enhance the performance of the system overall but also shortens a lengthy process by eliminating the need for extra signals and protocol overheads by the bus.
- The use of these buses is very rare today because most of the processors come with integrated Level 2 and Level 3 cache into them.
Understanding Back Side Bus (BSB)
Usually, data is carried to and from the CPU of a computer by two different types of buses or channels such as the Front Side Bus or FSB and the Backside Bus or BSB.
The Backside Bus is the dedicated channel between the Central Processing Unit and the Level 2 or secondary cache.
This cache typically stores all those necessary data and information that are used frequently by the CPU to function as well as other related data.
Being located close to the processor, it allows faster access to the necessary data by the CPU which, in turn increases the overall speed and performance of the computer system.
This is because it allows the CPU to function more efficiently and complete the repetitive processes much faster.
All the required operational information and data from the Level 2 cache is sent through the Backside Bus which is why it needs to be fast to prevent lags in the performance of the CPU.
That is why BSB typically operates at the speed of the CPU and therefore is usually much faster than the Front Side Bus.
It is also much faster in comparison to peripheral buses such as the Peripheral Component Interconnect or PCI and Industry Standard Architecture or ISA bus.
The use of BSB actually removes the severe bottleneck in the speed of operation of the CPU because it increases the speed of the memory and allows faster access to the data stored in it for the processor.
This improvement over the previous practice when only one system bus was used provided a dedicated channel to optimize the communication process between the CPU and the cache.
This actually eliminated the need for additional signals as well as protocol overheads that expedited the process of a general-purpose bus.
The systems that had both FSB and BSB were referred to as systems with Dual Independent Bus (DIB) or dual bus architecture.
Being closer to the CPU, the shorter distance also helps the BSB to operate better and faster at higher clock speeds to increase the performance and throughput of the computer system on the whole.
Initially, cache was connected externally to the microprocessor die with the BSB but now it is typically on-die, and, as said earlier, this increases the clock frequency of the BSB making it equal to that of the processor itself.
The BSB can be designed much wider in comparison to the on-chip or off-chip Front Side Buses up to 256 bits or 512 bits.
This improves CPU communication even more with the cache memory since the need for any additional procedures is eliminated.
In short, cache in a computer being the smallest amount of memory is very fast.
The CPU therefore accesses it first to find the relevant data using the BSB to expedite the process that would have been much lengthier otherwise, provided the data is used recently.
However, today most of the computers come with CPUs with integrated L2 and L3 cache into it. This eliminates the need for a BSB any more, making them pretty obsolete.
What Does BSB Do?
A Backside Bus is typically used to connect two different chips that have the same clock rate as the CPU or the Central Processing Unit. Ideally, it connects the Level 2 cache and the CPU.
The BSB acts as a bridge that helps the cache to move in two separate directions.
It allows the CPU to use it to access the data it has stored previously for accessing it quickly in future when instructed.
For example, there are two chips in a Pentium Pro microprocessor.
One of these chips comes with the primary cache and the CPU and the other with the secondary cache.
It is the Backside Bus that connects these two chips so that both operate at the same speed as the processor.
On the other hand, if you consider the Pentium II processor, there is a bigger secondary cache measuring 512 KB.
However, this operates at half the speed of the processor.
Back Side Bus vs Front Side Bus
The Backside Bus carries data to and from the Level 2 or secondary cache of the computer but, on the other hand, the Front Side Bus transfers data between the memory and the Central Processing Unit.
The clock frequency of the BSB is often as fast as the clock frequency of the CPU itself because it cannot afford to lag behind when any request for data access is made by the CPU.
On the other hand, the FSBs are often much slower than the BSBs with their clock frequency being actually half of the latter. However, FSBs are faster than the peripheral buses like PCI and ISA buses.
The BSB is a separate link or a bridge between the bus and the device but, in comparison, the FSB is the physical connection between the devices.
The Backside Bus is an important component of a computer that helps in enhancing the performance of it by allowing the CPU to access the necessary data for its operation quickly from the secondary memory.
It can be made wider to carry as much as 512 bits of data which further adds to the performance.


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Girls love pink. Contradict me if you dare (haha). Ok, maybe not every girl, but mine do, and they are excited every time I announce they will have something pink to eat. Beetroot is the secret to this tasty dish; it takes this pasta to another level with this barely sweet but special flavor and an electric pink color. Also, your kids will check another veggie with this dish. I went for the beetroot farfalle because I thought they will be even prettier than other pasta shape (surely you can change that to penne, or fusilli or something else).
I always keep frozen shredded beetroot in my freezer and I would just take one or two 1 inch cubes whenever I feel the need to add some color to my food (and that would be pasta, pancakes, frittata, etc.) It really can be just that easy! Like this pasta dish. The wild garlic on top is a bonus of the season, but that can be replaced with chives, of parsley, or basil. Enjoy!
Pinky Beetroot Farfalle
This pretty pasta dish will enchant your little ones, and they will hopefully ask for it again another day.
- 1 1/2 cups Farfalle pasta
- 3 tbsp frozen/fresh beetroot grated
- 2 tbsp (hard) goat cheese grated, organic
- 2 tbsp creamcheese
- 1 tsp olive oil/ghee
- 1/4 tsp garlic powder
- 1 tbsp milk/water if necessary
- 1 tbsp wild garlic (1 leaf) chopped
- salt & pepper to taste
Cook the pasta according to the package instructions.
Once the pasta is cooked, drain the water, and put them back into the hot pot, adding the rest of the ingredients and then stir to combine well.
Top with the wild garlic strips and serve warm.
This recipe makes 2 servings meaning one for a toddler and one for a child. You can easily skip cream cheese, but then add some more milk or ghee/butter (grass fed).


185585, RE: What info is there about Bilal's new album?|
Posted by Coco la chapelle, Wed Jul-22-09 05:11 AM
here is what he said about his new material :
audio interview by Mickey Dunn : http://thesoulcialista.podomatic.com/enclosure/2009-03-19T09_05_12-07_00.mp3
what I remember him saying : Non conformism, more implication in the process of making the song, less crooning
Parlour magazine : http://parlourmagazine.com/2008/05/throwback-catch-up-bilal/
P: What music are you making now?
B: My music is starting to take on all of the songs I’ve been listening to. Me and my band, we’ve been gigging and delved into our own sound. You might listen to it and call it…you can hear some rock. You might listen to it and hear some funkadelic tendencies or some straight up hip-hop, or jazz. I see it like techno jazz rock. Soul. Blues.
eXcapthematriX : http://etmmagazine.info/freeyourmind/2008/08/2008_08_bilal.html
Raven - Ok, so what do you look to accomplish when making your music? What is Bilal's message?
Bilal - It's to break down genre barriers. My main thing is to just develop my own sound and my own style, then I'll be happy. I want to make music that isn't just looked at as Soul but something that the world can identify with. I want to do a Rock tune and then just bust out into Jazz and then into Hip-Hop. I want to do that without people being like (makes a face like something stinks) "What's he doing? He's Black. He can't do that."
A friend of mine told me he perfomed new joints when she saw him (what is love, that dollar, gotta go away : those are how the chorus go, not sure about the title), she said the higlight was "what is love?", I think she's refering to that joint he wrote for Glasper next album. What else ? you can google him performing "Playing this song for nothing", its a new song, I don't know if it would appear on the next CD though
Anyway he's giving a special show to present his new album in DC, we will now more about it after this show


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Adaptiva OneSite is award-winning software that Fortune 500 companies use to run SCCM from a single site with no DPs for distribution, and no impact to business WAN traffic. The game-changing OneSite is advancing global IT efficiency by orders of magnitude in organizations from 1,000 to 366,000 clients.
The enterprise systems management nightmare
If you work in enterprise IT systems management, you have problems. You need to put DPs and other servers at every site, but that is far too many servers to buy and manage. Plus, the network team could take years to complete the configuration changes required to make it all work. When you deploy large packages that slow the business down, the WAN overlords may restrict your bandwidth allocation (and rightly so).
You lack the budget to make many trips to the field, yet need servers there to perform operating systems deployment (OSD) and so many other critical tasks. If you do not patch, update, and repair far-flung systems constantly, you risk corporate security policy violation and regulatory compliance failure.
Eliminate your SCCM infrastructure. SCCM with OneSite requires no DPs or other on-site servers. OneSite provides SCCM services by aggregating unused disk and processing capacity from systems already on site into “virtual servers.” OneSite also creates a virtual network topology to optimize transfer over your global WAN and local LANs.
Accelerate content delivery. OneSite knows how your company is distributed across the planet, so it sends data only once over the WAN via the quickest route. On each LAN, content is delivered to multiple systems simultaneously using OneSite’s memory pipeline architecture. This superefficient deliver once distribute many technology uses only compressed data, further speeding delivery and reducing storage.
Never bother the network team again. OneSite’s predictive bandwidth harvesting moves SCCM data fast when the WAN is underutilized, and gets out of the way of business traffic before it needs the network. OneSite can deliver massive packages quickly without generating network congestion or tickets—all without router permissions or configuration changes.
Get free, zero-impact storage. OneSite’s zero footprint caching uses unallocated disk space on the computers at a site. Users see the space as free, and can write to it at any time. OneSite orchestrates the individual caches at a site into a self-managing virtual SAN, caching multiple copies of content for redundancy.
Perform OSD with serverless PXE and SMP. Deploy and upgrade Windows anywhere in the world by enabling peer-to-peer (P2P) PXE in just three minutes with no servers and no router changes. OneSite also provides serverless virtual state migration points (SMPs) that integrate easily with your SCCM task sequences.
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OneSite can pay for itself within one to three years, and often less.
- Eliminate hundreds of DP, PXE, SMP, and other servers, saving up to several millions of dollars on hardware costs and more on indirect costs.
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Some of the world’s most valuable brands use Adaptiva OneSite. Contact us to see what we can do for you. At Adaptiva, we want to help you do the best work of your life.


ESP8266 HomeKit Water Leak Sensor Elgato Eve Water Guard
ESP8266 based HomeKit Water Leak sensor that works the same as Elgato Eve Water Guard
For Usage please read the Build Instructions Wiki page!
This HomeKit enabled sensor works the same as Elgato EVE Water Guard!
- Water Leak Detection
- Extendable Sensing Cable with 3.5mm Jack (with the right hardware)
- Loud Siren (with the right hardware)
- Red LED Alarm (with the right hardware)
Muting the alarm (only in Eve app, not implemented yet)
- Reset button
Data history (not reliable enough, so its beta)
This project uses the Apple HomeKit accessory server library ESP-HomeKit from @MaximKulkin for ESP-OPEN-RTOS.
Although already forbidden by the sources and subsequent licensing, it is not allowed to use or distribute this software for a commercial purpose.
HomeKit Accessory Protocol (HAP) is Apple’s proprietary protocol that enables third-party accessories in the home (e.g., lights, thermostats and door locks) and Apple products to communicate with each other. HAP supports two transports, IP and Bluetooth LE. The information provided in the HomeKit Accessory Protocol Specification (Non-Commercial Version) describes how to implement HAP in an accessory that you create for non-commercial use and that will not be distributed or sold.
The HomeKit Accessory Protocol Specification (Non-Commercial Version) can be downloaded from the HomeKit Apple Developer page.
Copyright © 2019 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.


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You probably haven't read too much about interleukin-15 (IL-15), In fact, I'd surmise that you've never even heard of this protein. What is IL-15? This relatively newly discovered cvtokine is involved in numerous physiologic processes. Cytokines -
a class of molecules that are important in coordinating local and whole-body inflammatory responses can be produced by numerous cells, including monocytes and lymphocytes (both are types of white blood cells), as well as other nonlymphoid tissue.
This protein is best known for its role in immune function; for instance, it has been shown to improve the immune function of patients with an HIT infection. In addition, IL-15 is a growth factor. In a study in which IL-15 was injected into mice, scientists found that it stimulated angiogenesis, or the formation of new blood vessels. But perhaps even more interesting is its potential anabolic effect on skeletal muscle. In a study using immature muscle cells or myoblasts in tissue culture, researchers examined the effects of IL-15 on myosin heavy-chain appearance anti myohiast reproduction. Myoblasts are the earliest forms of a muscle fiber. IL- 15 was found to cause a five-fold increase in myosin heavy-chain (the primary component of your muscles contractile machinery accumulation as well as the formation of myotuhes (developing muscle fibers) that were larger than the controls, An intriguing follow-up experiment was undertaken to determine if IL-15 could affect a I ready altered myotubes (immature muscle fibers). When IL-15 was compared to insolinhke growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IL-15 was found to he as effective as IGF-1 in stimulating the appearance of myosin heavy-chains, and the combination of IGF-1 and IL-15 had a synergistic effect on myosin heavy chain production.
At this point, the regulation of skeletal muscle protein by cytokines isn't completely understood. For instance, some catabolic cytokines (EL 1 and IL-h) have been found to increase in aged humans and mice. IL-I formation also increases in chronic wasting. In hone, a tissue similar to muscle in that its mass is regulated by a balance between synthesis and degradation, IL-4 and IL-5 have been found to inhibit osteoclasts (cells involved in bone breakdown), while EL-i and IL-fl stimulate osteoclast activity. Thus, IL-i and IL-h have similar catabolic roles in muscle and hone.
The exact role of IL-15 in skeletal muscle is unclear, It seems to affect a wide variety of tissues; nonetheless, some evidence suggests that this unique cytokine may be a useful agent in stimulating muscle hypertrophy or alleviating muscle atrophy.

domain: biology


Norfolk and Suffolk devolution talks described as ‘worst council meeting ever’
- Credit: Archant
Norfolk county councillors have agreed its leader can continue to represent them in talks over a devolution deal - but to make clear the authority has 'substantial reservations' about an elected mayor.
After two-and-half hours, the council agreed Conservative leader Cliff Jordan should keep attending, ahead of a final decision on devolution on November 21.
But the initial recommendation - seeking approval for Mr Jordan to attend meetings - was amended after councillors expressed concern over the government's insistence any deal must have an elected mayor.
At one point, Labour leader George Nobbs described proceedings as going down in history as 'the worst council meeting ever' at County Hall, with confusion over what councillors were voting on,
Eventually, councillors voted, by 53 votes to four against, with three abstentions, that Mr Jordan should carry on going to the Norfolk and Suffolk leaders' meetings over the deal.
Former chancellor George Osborne announced in this year's budget that an Eastern Powerhouse would be created, with a draft devolution deal on the table for three counties - Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire.
If agreed, the deal would see the Treasury hand over £30m a year for the next 30 years, along with £175m of housing money, with a new combined authority, chaired by a mayor.
- 1 Meet the new team behind revamped village pub
- 2 Woman in 40s airlifted to hospital after suffering medical emergency
- 3 'Once in a lifetime catch' - man lands monster fish in Norfolk
- 4 People are driving for hours to visit this loaded fries and doughnut kiosk
- 5 Music-loving dad whose ashes were fired into festival crowd took own life
- 6 Obituary: Doctor, and son of Norwich's recycling empire founder, dies aged 69
- 7 One person taken to hospital after three-car crash on A47
- 8 Father accused of baby girl's murder 'had short fuse and made things up'
- 9 'TV naturalist suggests Western Link is not 'tolerable'
- 10 Holiday Inn to become 'care hotel' to help struggling hospitals
They would get to draw up spending plans for transport, strategic planning, and major government infrastructure projects.
Subsequently, the deal has been split, with one now on the table covering Norfolk and Suffolk and another covering Cambridgeshire and Peterborough.
But the government's insistence that there must be an elected mayor has been criticised. It was part of the reason why Norwich City Council, Breckland District Council, North Norfolk District Council and Great Yarmouth Borough Council decided they did not want to be part of the deal.
That means people living in those areas will not be able to vote for a mayor, if the deal goes through. In the meantime, the other councils will, over the next month, vote on whether they want to be part of the deal.
And Norfolk County Council's vote, due on November 21, is likely to be make or break as to whether the deal happens.


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« Fighting like Sprites and dogs.. |
| List I may, List I might »
And Mommy says if I do a good job, I'll get a cookie. Man, this treadmill is dirty.
"Sprite, you missed a spot."
This better be a BIG cookie...
Posted at 07:00 AM in Sprite | Permalink
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