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Trip Planner: Europe / Italy / Veneto / Province of Venice / Torcello / Basilica di Santa Maria Assunta e Chiesa di Santa Fosca
Basilica di Santa Maria Assunta e Chiesa di Santa Fosca is located in Torcello. By using our Torcello trip itinerary planning site , you can arrange your visit to Basilica di Santa Maria Assunta e Chiesa di Santa Fosca and other attractions in Torcello.
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Basilica di Santa Maria Assunta e Chiesa di Santa Fosca Reviews
L'endroit est exceptionnel : c'est bien pour cela que vous payez, vous payez encore pour les explications enregistrées, aucun tract ni publication avec le billet d'entrée... on vous indique la boutiqu... more »The location is exceptional: it's good for what you pay, you still pay for recorded explanations, any leaflet or publication with the ticket of entry... it tells you the shop for purchase of books!... I forgot: at the entrance, you the "mouth", into it, we don't answer to your requests for information... y' enough to meet people jaded and not smiling. Really, what? If you don't like your job, no contact with tourists, then change. I forgot: impossible to take pictures... to buy cards...!
Credo esistano pochi posti così solitari e allo stesso tempo vividi e superfrequentati per la loro bellezza. Torcello è unico, e bisogna andarci e ritornarci infinite volte per coglierne le sfumature ... more »I think there are a few places so solitary and vivid and superfrequentati at the same time for their beauty. Torcello is unique, and you have to go there and come back many times to grasp the nuances and flavors. Torcello exists for each season ... The history, art and beauty are everywhere ... so how is always present unutterable emotion of wide open spaces open lagoon.
We visited Torcello island to visit this church, as I had heard about it. Walking up to it from the waterbus stop it didn't look very impressive from the outside and I visited the first small church (... more »
This place is really magic! The cathedral is wonderful and the mosaics are incredible, expeccially the one with the Holy Mary, 5 meter high. All the island is wonderful, quite and relaxing. It worth a visit for sure!
A friend with a private boat suggested this place to my sister and I. It was beautiful. Wish I had more time!
Great view on top of the belltower. Watch the time when you go up because of the bells!
Small, beautiful church, practically hidden. You wouldn't expect to see it in such a small, distance island, but it helps you understand that the old times really prosper Venice was not just the City of Venice, but it also had a lot of population in the nearby islands.
The price for this church is not very friendly... 9 euro for the church and Bell tower, including a free audio guide, which just include 6 points inside the church. The mosaic is fantastic. Bell tower is not hard to climb, but it's really tall... You can get a pretty view from the top. You can even see Burano and it's colorful buildings. However, the protection at the top kinda ruin the fun of taking pictures... There is also a museum to visit, which cost extra money. Tickets are cash only, which doesn't make sense...
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Side trips from Torcello
Isola di Burano
Visit for: 1h 30min
Isola di Murano
Visit for: 4h
Grotte del Caglieron
Visit for: 2h
Noventa di Piave Designer Outlet
Noventa di Piave
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La Cinta Muraria - Camminamento di Ronda
Visit for: 1h 30min
Società per la Conservazione della Basilica di Aquileia
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25 days in Italy BY A USER FROM ISRAEL March, teens, fast-paced, popular PREFERENCES: March, teens ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular PACE: Fast-paced 2 days in Torcello BY A USER FROM CZECH REPUBLIC February, popular PREFERENCES: February ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular PACE: Medium 11 days in Italy BY A USER FROM SPAIN June, culture, outdoors, relaxing, romantic, beaches, historic sites, popular PREFERENCES: June, culture, outdoors, relaxing, romantic, beaches, historic sites ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular PACE: Medium
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domain: travel


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34,000 feet above the East coast of the United States, flying due south (and west), I am crunched into a Spirit Airlines seat. My turf for 2½ hours. And I forgot to pack a book. To make the situation somewhat worse the flight is a bumpy one. Passengers are warned to tighten their seat belts. My mind wanders...
When hub and I forego frequent air travel, Spirit Air will survive without our presence and our cash (barely). But we will want to continue seeing the family (and hopefully they will want to see us, but we won’t ask). Do we relocate and live near the kids? One family resides in Florida, the other in Vermont. Both interesting alternatives at different times of the year.
There is an intriguing option. I have read about a phenomenon called tiny houses or the small-house movement, loosely defined as homes with no more than 400 square feet of living space. I never needed or wanted a large house. Smallness appeals.
The dilemma: Where to put a tiny house? Would our tiny house replace the Florida family's backyard pool? Could it be erected on stilts above the water? Or float in the pool like a houseboat?
Or would our tiny house replace the Vermont family's ice skating rink and sandbox?
Two families to fight over hub and me.
The loser gets us.
equipped with wheels. We can secure the house in Vermont in the summer, Florida during the winter, and live the snowbird lifestyle. At a bargain price.
Tiny houses cost anywhere from $10,000 to $180,000. And of course they come with associated costs. But one could be cheaper—and probably more fun—than conventional living arrangements. (What about an RV, you might be thinking. Not a viable long-term solution for us. Too big for hub and me to drive, too massive to maneuver into either family’s backyard or fit in one of their yards, and more expensive than a tiny house).
The plane is about to land. Safely. Tiny house talk can wait for a time far into the future.
Meanwhile we forge ahead and fly budget airlines.

domain: geography


The Federal Trade Commission formally accuses Amazon of tricking users into signing up for expensive recurring subscriptions and intentionally making it harder to cancel them. The development of user interface "dark patterns" to confuse users was so extensive that Amazon called it "Project Iliad."
"Amazon tricked and trapped people into recurring subscriptions without their consent, not only frustrating users but also costing them significant money," said FTC Chair Lina M. Khan, in a press release. "These manipulative tactics harm consumers and law-abiding businesses alike. The FTC will continue to vigorously protect Americans from 'dark patterns' and other unfair or deceptive practices in digital markets."
According to the FTC's complaint, Amazon executives made a conscious choice to create these problems and ignored potential fixes that would help consumers. Amazon did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
Short-term thinking, the sort of wild behavior we associate with rowdy post-pandemic air travel, is happening at all levels! People are thinking "screw it, I'll see what I can get away with" and in America corporations are people too, my friend.


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Sory Kandia Kouyaté was one of the most celebrated singers in West Africa when he died suddenly in 1977. He was just 44, and given his spectacular voice, it's a safe bet that Kouyaté would have been an international star had he lived just a few years longer. Now, some of his finest recordings have been collected on a two-disc retrospective called La Voix de la Révolution.
Dogs wait to be adopted at the Animals Without Home shelter south of Paris in Montgeron, France, in August 2010. France is among the European countries with the highest number of abandoned pets during the summer months, when people take long vacations.
For Europeans, it's not uncommon to take a whole month of vacation in the summer. But the season can be a deadly time for the many pets left behind — permanently.
The abandonment of domestic animals by vacationers is a scourge in many countries across Europe. And in France, this summer isn't likely to be different despite campaigns by animal-rights groups against the practice.
Today at All Things Considered, we continue a project we're calling NewsPoet. Each month, we bring in a poet to spend time in the newsroom — and at the end of the day, to compose a poem reflecting on the day's stories.
A "For Sale" sign hangs outside mostly empty apartment blocks in the Madrid satellite town of Sesena in February. Banks are trying to sell billions of euros worth of property left by bankrupt developers. This is attracting bargain-hunting investors from abroad.
Back in the day, Madrid's Palace Hotel was Ernest Hemingway's old haunt, or at least the bar was. Now, rooms at the posh hotel just down from the famed Prado Museum go for up to $6,000 a night. And gathering in its lobby these days? An altogether different type of foreigner: the kind in expensive suits.
"Probably they are institutional investors, hedge funds, sovereign wealth funds," says Federico Steinberg, an economist at Madrid's Elcano Institute.
There's a lot of cash around the world, he says, and a lot of people looking for bargains.

domain: news


Term - Optical wedge
|Optical wedge||SWPP Photographic Glossary|
Friday 27th May 2022
A strip of material, clear at one end and gradually increasing in opacity, which is used to determine the effect of light intensities on sensitized materials.
Information provided by: SWPP


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Piano/Vocal/Guitar - Difficulty: medium
Composed by Various. Piano/Vocal/Guitar Songbook. Gospel. Songbook (softcover). With vocal melody, piano accompaniment and lyrics. 56 pages. Edward B. Marks Music #M236. Published by Edward B. Marks Music (HL.8634).
Item Number: HL.8634
ISBN 0793553911. 9x12 inches.
Album Of Negro Spirituals Newly adapted and arranged by J. Rosamond Johnson. 26 favorite examples of America's great contribution to the world of music.

domain: entertainment


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Oklahoma Cyclone ★½ 1930
A group of bronco busters find action and adventure on the prairie. Second of eight talkies in Steele series, includes his first of few singing roles. 64m/B VHS, DVD . Bob Steele, Al “Fuzzy” St. John, Nita Ray, Charles “Blackie” King; D: John P. McCarthy.

domain: library


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A pretty teal resin heart you can wear!
Resin can either be easy or hard as heck! LOL It is still both for me at times! However, I saw that someone was looking for a tut on resin pouring, so here goes LOL Not sure how well I can explain this, but I thought I'd give it a go!
- Key West Witch added Teal Pearl Resin Heart With Red Crystal Accent to Jewelry 30 Jun 05:05
- nigrummonten favorited Teal Pearl Resin Heart With Red Crystal Accent 04 Feb 04:41
- Bliss Art Company added Teal Pearl Resin Heart With Red Crystal Accent to Resin Projects 02 Feb 04:15
- Bliss Art Company favorited Teal Pearl Resin Heart With Red Crystal Accent 02 Feb 04:15
Sorry guys, again I don't have any how-to pics. I'm going to be mixing some resin soon, so I'll take pics then and post them in another tut. Hopefully this will get ya started though!
Step 1: Figure out what type of resin you want to use! There are tons of different types. The most important thing to remember with resin is that you mix it in two equal parts. One part resin, one part hardener. The most typical resin for jewelry is Castin Craft. The resin can be a bit expensive, but a little goes a long way.
Step 2. With all resins you need mixing cups (preferably with measurments on them. it makes life a lot easier and something that you don't mind throwing away)In one cup measure out some resin...in the second cup measure out some hardener (EQUAL parts of each). Now this is important..pour the resin and the hardener (after it's measured) into a third mixing cup. Mix this together for about 2 minutes.
Step 3: Molds, molds, molds! There is a huge argument over whether or not you need to use a mold release spray (which at times can go for about 6 bucks a bottle!). I've poured resin with and without it, but I tend lean towards using it. They sell molds especially for pouring resin..www.sherrihaab.com is a good one..or you can find some on Ebay as well. Candy and candle molds are a bit more difficult because they tend to be a bit thinner and when you remove your resin, there's no telling if the mold will survive. Once you have picked out your mold..move on to the next step.
Step 4: There are a ton of different ways to do your resin, but I'm going to tell you the two ways that I do it..
1 - Solid colored pigment...you can add pigments to the resin to color it. There are pigments sold especially for resin, or you can use pigments for poly clay, some paints, and even some embossing powders will work. In the case of the blue heart that I made, I used Pearl Ex Pigments by Jaquard Products.
2 - Clear pouring with embedded elements. This is a two part process actually. You can embedd anything into resin this way..photos, sprinkles, candy, toys...I've even seen bugs and teeth (ick lol). You pour a small amount of your resin, about 1/8 - 1/4 thick and wait....I know! Sucks right? But you need to wait for that bottom layer to cure a bit before adding your focal part. Once you add your focal part, pour more resin on top and...you guessed it...Wait again! (I've had some things that have had a curing time of 3 days..::sigh::)
Step 5: Once your pieces have fully cured (and this is important! LOL I've been impatient with resin and tried to pop it from the mold too early and it's just a sticky mess!)pop your pieces out.
You may want to sand down the outer edges because they can get a lil uneven after pouring. I use a dremel tool for this. You can also drill a hole in your resin and either attach a jump ring, or drill on top and screw in a screw eye for hanging.
I hope I didn't confuse you too much and if you have any questions, I"ll try my best to answer them!

domain: artistic


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The main poster of screenwriter Kim Eun Hee’s new drama “Revenant”, starring Kim Tae Ri, has been revealed.
SBS’s new Fri-Sat series “Revenant” (written by Kim Eun Hee/ directed by Lee Jung Rim/ produced by Studio S & B.A. Entertainment), which will premiere on June 23rd, is a Korean occult mystery drama about a woman possessed by a devil and a man who can see the devil digging into mysterious deaths.
The main poster released today (May 31st) features Goo San Young (Kim Tae Ri) facing the devil that delves into human desires. After receiving an item that she should never touch because it is the only belonging of her deceased father, San Young gets possessed by the devil and entangled in unexplainable incidents.
San Young’s expressionless face and empty gaze suggest that she has seemingly been possessed by something. The dark energy spreading around her seen through signals such as her fluttering hair also intensifies the thrilling atmosphere. In addition, San Young’s monologue “The me that should not be seen is now visible” on the poster creates confusion. Viewers don’t know whether the person in front of them is San Young herself or the devil.
Portraying an image of completely different beings coexisting in one body and giving off a chilling, thrilling, and mysterious sense, Kim Tae Ri once again leaves a powerful impression on viewers with her method acting. Expectations are rising for Kim Tae Ri’s extraordinary and intense transformation that will overwhelm the surroundings with a strange occult atmosphere.
The production team explained, “The main poster visually shows Goo San Young, who is the main character and the starting point of the entire story, facing the devil”, adding “Kim Tae Ri perfectly grasped the intention of the concept and performed method acting that goes beyond imagination when portraying both Goo San Young and the devil simultaneously.” They added, “In the main broadcast, you will be able to see even more creepy and impressive acting performances of Kim Tae Ri. Please look forward to it.”
Meanwhile, SBS’s new Fri-Sat series “Revenant” is a new work by “genre master” Kim Eun Hee, who gained recognition for writing meticulous narratives in “Sign”, “Phantom”, “Signal” and “Kingdom”. Starring trustworthy with excellent acting performances, such as Kim Tae Ri, Oh Jung Se and Hong Kyung, ”Revenant” heralds the birth of a well-made mystery work with PD Lee Jung Rim’s delicate directing skills. The drama will air its first episode at 10 p.m. on June 23rd.


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Suze Orman introduced the Approved Card, a prepaid debit card that she created to help those unable to qualify for a credit card or wishing to avoid credit.
“For me, the Approved Card is a mission. It’s the single most important thing I’ve done in my whole career,” Orman said in debuting the card.
“This is my answer for all those who are looking for a better way to bank, use plastic and feel secure knowing that their interests are being put before fees and profit motives,” the former Bay Area financial adviser said. “People are tired of not getting fair financial deals.”
Orman’s Mastercard (NYSE: MA) prepaid card offers several benefits, including unlimited access to the cardholder’s credit report at Transunion, among other benefits.
The fact that Orman is offering the card is raising eyebrows, in part because it doesn’t look as if it’s charging enough of a fee to be profitable and in part because of her role as a TV host advising viewers on money matters, reports Portfolio.com, an affiliate of the San Francisco Business Times.
The New York Times also addressed that issue Monday.
“How can the Approved card make money charging fees on par with those on Walmart’s (NYSE: WMT) cut-rate MoneyCard, while also paying a credit bureau for access to its services?” The New York Times’ Ron Lieber asks. “Also, can it really be just fine with CNBC, where Ms. Orman has a weekly show, that her card will compete with products from companies she discusses frequently with viewers?”
CNBC told the newspaper that it has “editorial guidelines in place to ensure that her show maintains its editorial integrity.”
Having attended one of Orman’s first bookstore appearances to promote her best seller “The Nine Steps to Financial Freedom” at Stacy’s in San Francisco in 1997, I’m not at all surprised that Orman created her own prepaid card. She reportedly invested $1 million in the venture.
I suspect Orman looked at the landscape of prepaid cards and realized that many offerings provided limited benefits and high costs.
Infamously, the Kardashians briefly offered the Kardashian Kard, a prepaid card loaded with so many fees that it threatened to trigger a consumer backlash. Their prepaid MasterCard, which was abruptly canceled in 2010, featured an image of reality TV stars and sisters Kim, Khloe and Kourtney Kardashian carried a $99.95 annual fee and $7.95 monthly fee after the first year, plus lots of other fees. (Orman’s Approved Card carries a $3 monthly fee and no activation, cancellation or inactivity fees.)
The Kardashian Kard’s terms were so onerous that it suggested the women and their advisers didn’t closely examine the card’s fee structure.
Rest assured, Orman didn’t make that mistake.

domain: economics


text:
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Description: A carte-de-visite portrait of Theodore Pomeroy of Decatur, Wisconsin, a member of the 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, 15th Army Corps Band. Mustered out July 8...
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Medical Laboratory Technology (Part-time studies)School of Health Sciences Diploma
If you’re interested in the science and technology of health care, consider a career as a medical laboratory technologist. It will immerse you in an exciting diagnostic environment, working both independently and as part of a team to perform complex procedures and tests on all types of human specimens. You need to be meticulous, detail-oriented, committed to high standards and have aptitudes for critical thinking as well as math and science. If this sounds like you, check out Saskatchewan Polytechnic’s Medical Laboratory Technology program.
Medical Laboratory Technology is a nationally accredited two-and-a-half-year diploma program offered at Saskatchewan Polytechnic in Saskatoon. Experienced instructors guide you through a well-rounded curriculum that includes classroom theory, lab work and actual clinical experiences. You’ll learn about:
- clinical chemistry and microbiology
- hematology and hemopathology
- histotechnology and immunology
- laboratory practice
- specimen collection and handling
- transfusion science
Build Practical Skills
Class time is augmented by hands-on training in labs. You’ll also get 42 weeks of clinical practicum experience in hospitals and laboratories around the province, including placements in different settings to gain specific laboratory experiences, organizational skills and technical competence.
Diploma to Degree
Use your Medical Laboratory Technology diploma to ladder into a degree program at the University of Regina or Athabasca University (Alberta). A degree is usually required if you are interested in moving into management or teaching positions.
Serve in the Canadian Forces
Saskatchewan Polytechnic's Medical Laboratory Technology program is recognized by the Canadian Forces, which means you can qualify for CF Paid Education funding. You receive advanced standing as a Medical Laboratory Technologist, which earns you a higher pay rate than graduates of non-CF recognized programs. Visit cafcod-rpfcfac.forces.gc.ca for more information.
Each year, 32 students are accepted to this program. Students will experience a mix of traditional lectures, web-assisted learning, practical labs and clinical practicums that will increase in length as the program progresses.
For this program, there is a heavy workload with 15 - 20 hours/week of homework. School hours begin at 8:00 a.m. until 4:00 p.m., Monday - Friday except during clinical practicums where hours will coincide with health care hours. Clinical practicum hours can start as early as 7:00 a.m.
Courses currently offered through part-time studies
Year 1Anatomy and Physiology 1 (APHY-191CE)
Anatomy and Physiology 2 (APHY-282CE)
Professional Practices 1 (ETHC-185CE)
Infection Control and Safety (INFC-180CE)
Medical Terminology (MTER-180CE)

domain: medical


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Democrats have chosen Philadelphia as the place they will gather in 2016 to nominate their candidate for president, the Democratic National Committee announced Thursday.
“In addition to their commitment to a seamless and safe convention, Philadelphia’s deep rooted place in American history provides a perfect setting for this special gathering,” DNC chairman Debbie Wasserman Schultz said. “I cannot wait to join Democrats across the country to celebrate our shared values, lay out a Democratic vision for the future, and support our nominee.”
Republicans will also hold their convention in a swing state — the RNC announced last year that they will hold their convention in Cleveland, Ohio.
Prior to Thursday’s announcement, the Democrats had narrowed down their list of potential locations to Columbus, New York and Philadelphia.
Two other cities — Phoenix and Birmingham — vied to hold the DNC convention too.
The convention is set to take place July 25, 2016.


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If there's one thing I could do without then it is travel, especially when you fly in from Europe. But PDCs have always been worth it - I attended every single one since the ´96 PDC "Building Internet Applications" in SF. Funny enough, I still have the tote bag from that conference, and it made to this years PDC (again, the bag is a frequent traveller in its own respect). The most durable and useful product I ever got from MS <g />. No patches applied so far.
I spent a good portion of the twelve hour flight watching the 2.2 gig Channel 9 videos I brought with me on the plane. It pays off to have two spare batteries for your laptop (did I mention that I really, really like my X31?). I did resist using the Connexion WLAN that was available on this flight. Somebody else couldn't.
Back to PDCs, especially this year's. Originally, I had planned to pay a visit to the Mono user meeting on Tuesday night, however, they scheduled it during the expo hall reception. In a hotel away from the conferene center. Too bad.


Pensamiento v. McDonald et al
Available Case Documents
The following documents for this case are available for you to view or download:
|Date Filed||#||Document Text|
|May 21, 2018
Chief Judge Patti B. Saris: MEMORANDUM AND ORDER entered. "The Court DENIES Respondents motion to dismiss (Docket No. 12). Counts I and II are dismissed as moot. With respect to Count III, the Court ALLOWS the habeas corpus petition, and OR DERS that Petitioner not be re-detained unless the immigration court holds a new custody hearing at which the government must prove that Pensamientos detention is necessary because he is dangerous or a flight risk. The Court dismisses Joseph D. McDonald, Jr., because Antone Moniz and Thomas Brophy are the appropriate respondents. " (Coppola, Katelyn)
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text:
Karnataka: Hindu-Muslim unity on display in Gadag with unique Muharram procession
Sep 22, 2018, 12:59 PM IST
While Muharram is observed as a day of mourning for several Muslims across the world, the residents of Rona in Gadag, Karnataka have added a different dimension to it. Both Hindus and Muslims celebrate all festivals together in Rona and on Friday they joined to observe Muharram. In fact, the day was observed here by hoisting the tricolour instead of the Islamic one. Nine lingams were offered by the Annadaneshwara Mutt to the Muharram procession. The region is known for a strong Hindu-Muslim bonding and have shown their unity during Muharram. The deity is taken out in a procession from the mosque to the mutt where it receives blessings from the Swamiji. The name of the deity is “Muhammad Alif” and is called “the sword god”. The deity is later put up for bidding by people.

domain: sociology


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Nature Valley Fruit & Nut 35g
Out of stock
Nature Valley Fruit & Nut trail mix chewy Bars contain 48 delicious bars packed with crunchy peanuts & Almonds and dried cranberries & raisins. Each bar contains eight grams of whole grains. It’s an energy-filled snack you’re sure to enjoy!
- These fruit and Nut chewy trail mix granola bars are made with whole grain oats for a classic crunch, Now easier to bite
- A delicious snack that gives your body a burst of energy and provides a wholesome treat for your taste buds
- Easy, satisfying bites for breakfast or snack time; crunchy, sweet taste you can take anywhere
- A perfect balance of savory nuts and sweet granola, each bar bursting with rich flavor
- Made with simple ingredients for a pure, simple taste
Whole Grain Oats, Corn Syrup, Sugar, Almonds, Cranberries, Roasted Peanuts, Raisins, Rice Flour, Vegetable Glycerin, Canola Oil, Fructose, Corn Starch, Soy Lecithin, Salt, Barley Malt Extract, Baking Soda, Natural Flavor, Vitamin E (Mixed Tocopherols) Added To Retain Freshness.

domain: food


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'Some crimes speak for themselves': ICC probe brings back raw memories in Gaza
In the wake of the International Criminal Court's chief prosecutor's announcement that a full investigation will be opened into alleged war crimes in Palestine, residents of the Gaza Strip welcomed the move, but seemed doubtful future actions would be able to compensate them.
The ICC examined evidence surrounding the 2014 Israeli war on the Gaza Strip, which killed 2,251 Palestinians, the majority of them civilians, and 74 Israelis, most of them soldiers.
Middle East Eye spoke with victims of alleged war crimes in the coastal enclave about their reaction to the announcement, and what results would the investigation bring.
'They wouldn't bring back our children'
Ahed Bakr, a father, grandfather and uncle of four children who were killed on a Gaza beach in a deadly attack on 16 July 2014, says it is "promising that there are finally international steps taken to at least recognise Israel's crimes against Palestinians after all this silence".
"What have they been waiting for, for more than five years, to finally take action? Everything was already documented by cameras," he says.
Ahed Atef Bakr, 10, Zakariya Ahed Bakr, 10, Mohammad Ramiz Bakr, 11, and Ismail Mahmoud Bakr, aged nine, were killed when Israeli forces shelled a beachfront in the west of Gaza City, during Operation Protective Edge.
The boys were killed in full view of a hotel filled with foreign correspondents reporting on the conflict, which led to harrowing first-hand accounts of the attack.
"The four children wanted to have some fresh air after nearly two weeks of intensive bombing. They went to the beach and played war," Ahed Bakr recalls. "Ismail ran near the Gaza port, before he was directly targeted. When the other three attempted to flee in the opposite direction, another raid targeted them."
'Any convictions that will result from the investigation will not satisfy me. They will not bring back our children. This will always be a devastating heartbreak until I die'
- Ahed Bakr
Following the news of ICC's announcement to open an investigation into alleged war crimes, Bakr did not seem excited.
"I cannot say I am happy with the announcement when the incident was documented in video and pictures by international journalists and activists, and then, five years later, the international community say they will be investigating alleged war crimes," he adds. "Some crimes speak for themselves. They do not need all this time and hesitation to be condemned."
One year after the attack, an internal Israeli investigation into the incident cleared its military of culpability, announcing that no criminal charges would be brought against members of its army responsible for the attack.
"They were only children. No matter what their excuse may be, it is evident that the children were their direct target," he says. "An international investigation should be opened into the attack because we all know Israel's investigations are launched to whitewash its crimes."
He adds: "Any convictions that will result from the investigation will not satisfy me. They will not bring back our children. This will always be a devastating heartbreak until I die."
During the 51-day attack, Israeli forces targeted densely populated areas and civilian property, including civil society organisations, popular markets, and schools run by UNRWA, the UN's agency for Palestinian refugees.
A girls' school in Jabalia refugee camp in the northern Gaza Strip served as a shelter for 3,137 displaced people when it was directly targeted on 30 July 2014, killing 21 Palestinians, including children and women.
"We live near the northern borders with Israel. One night, the shelling was intense and we heard an announcement on the radio where the International Red Cross called the residents of our neighbourhood to evacuate the area,” Um Afaf Hijazi, 58, told MEE.
"I immediately left the house along with my four sons and daughters, and rushed to the Jabalia Girls' School. Because it is an UNRWA school, we thought it would be the safest place we could find."
Hijazi, whose husband succumbed to wounds he sustained two years after an attack by Israeli artillery in 2004, also lost her son in 2008, only a day before his wedding, in an Israeli attack on northern Beit Lahia.
"We gathered with my married daughter, her two children and some other women in one classroom. The situation was miserable, but we could not leave the school, everything would be targeted and UN buildings were known to be safe," she says.
"About two weeks after we arrived, we heard intensive shelling at dawn by Israeli warplanes and artillery, before the classroom we were sleeping in was directly targeted. The room's ceiling fell in and the electricity went out; we could hardly pull my grandchildren from under the rubble and flee."
Hijazi's back, abdomen and leg were wounded, and her 35-year-old daughter had shrapnel wounds to the head, ears and neck.
"What Israel did is not just an attack that took place and came to an end. We are still suffering its consequences, and we will live with them forever," Hijazi says. "My daughter has constant pain in her head and neck, and we still pull out shrapnel fragments from her head every now and then, while my granddaughter has been suffering severe asthma since we rescued her from under the rubble.
"The Israeli army and its leaders may be condemned for an attack that targeted a school containing civilians, but not for all the nightmares and suffering hundreds of families have been going through for five years," Hijazi adds.
"If they want to know what Israel has done to millions of Palestinians, then they should investigate our long-term suffering."
On the same day the Israeli army targeted the Jabalia school, another deadly attack took place in the Shijaiya neighbourhood in the east of Gaza.
Israeli warplanes and artillery targeted the roof of a civilian home during a ceasefire on the second day of Eid al-Fitr, killing at least 21 people, mostly children.
"The warplane that targeted the children on the rooftop could easily identify they were only children playing. However, the Israeli army targeted them with four missiles that immediately killed them all," Abdulrahman al-Selek, who runs a video games shop, says.
The 28-year-old young man, who lost his father, brother and six nephews, said the children's bodies were torn into pieces, so they could not identify them.
"What proved that Israel turns a blind eye to all international condemnations is that it intended to target the maximum number of children and civilians, including paramedics who rushed to the scene following the attack," he says.
His brother, Mohammed, 42, lost his three children in the attack, and sustained wounds that prevented him from having more children.
"I heard the news yesterday, and the fact that Israel has always been above the law leaves me little hope for concrete steps to compensate the victims," Selek tells MEE. "I am glad an international body is finally moving, but will they be really able to give us our rights back?"
He asks where the international community has been following the ethnic cleansing of Palestinians seen since 1948.
"Such steps are necessary so that Israeli leaders know they cannot just get away with their crimes," he says. "But for us, no action will ever be enough to compensate all these generations living under occupation."
This article is available in French on Middle East Eye French edition.


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Over the past three years, pharmaceutical companies around the world have been quietly conducting one of the most significant medicines safety audits to ever be carried out.
The review into all human medicines on the market has been designed to seek out those that may contain, or have the potential to contain, certain chemicals linked with the development of cancer.
The chemicals they are looking for are ‘nitrosamines’, which are formed naturally in the environment and present in small, and safe, amounts in drinking water and food, including cured meats and dairy products. However, they can also form in some medicines during manufacturing, or even once the drug has been dispensed to the patient, and in quantities that are potentially carcinogenic.
In 2019, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and other medicines regulators around the world asked marketing authorisation holders (MAHs) to carry out a comprehensive review of all chemical and biological human medicines for the possible presence of nitrosamines, with an initial risk evaluation due by 1 July 2021 and full confirmatory testing by 26 September 2022.
MAHs that found products containing nitrosamines above a certain level must submit marketing authorisation changes to their respective regulators later in 2023 (see Box).
The call from regulators came in the same year that the stomach acid-suppressing medicine ranitidine vanished from pharmacy shelves, after it was revealed that the drug could be contaminated with a potentially cancer-causing nitrosamine impurity called N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA).
The year before, in 2018, the same contaminant had been found in several blood pressure medicines, known as ‘sartans’, leading to recalls and a review by the EMA.
And, further reports of contamination have been made since then for several other drugs, including the diabetes drug metformin, first-line tuberculosis drug rifampicin and the smoking cessation medicine varenicline (Champix; Pfizer).
“Guidance was put in place that said that every pharmaceutical has to be assessed for [nitrosamine contamination],” recalls Andrew Teasdale, senior principal scientist, impurity management, at AstraZeneca.
However, these assessments revealed that NDMA is not the only nitrosamine compound of concern — the issues with sartans and ranitidine were simply the tip of a much larger iceberg.
“We went from a problem which was thought to be restricted to the chemistry [of the drug], to a problem that now impacts on major classes like beta blockers and [angiotensin-converting enzyme] inhibitors,” says Teasdale.
“It’s an existential threat to many of our historic medicines, as well as the development of new medicines.”
Interim figures from the audit, provided by the EMA to The Pharmaceutical Journal, reveal that 17% of centrally-authorised chemical products have been identified at being at risk of nitrosamine contamination.
The EMA said that the process of collecting data on all its products was continuing and that, of those that had a risk identified, so far only 15% contained nitrosamines levels above the “acceptable intake” and will likely require a variation in their marketing authorisation.
However, even a small percentage could relate to 20 or more products.
A spokesperson for the EMA said that, as part of the process, EU regulatory authorities were “carefully considering” the need to take regulatory action to protect public health while ensuring availability of critical medicines and considering the risk of shortages.
The Pharmaceutical Journal also approached the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agencies and, although it was unable to provide final numbers, it did confirm that the majority of companies who had completed the first two steps of the review had found there to be no risk.
How do nitrosamines form?
There are several ways in which nitrosamine impurities, such as NDMA, can form, both during manufacturing and in the drug product itself. However, what all of these have in common is a reaction between a secondary or tertiary amine and a nitrosating agent.
Initial concern over nitrosamines — for example, with the sartans class — were linked to the presence of trace secondary amines within the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) manufacturing process, which were reacting with nitrosating agents linked to API manufacture, such as sodium nitrite.
“The problem wasn’t that there was something inherent in the manufacture of that product that was creating nitrosamines,” explains Michael White, professor of pharmacy practice at the University of Connecticut.
“What was happening was that when they were sending away their catalysts and solvents to get refurbished, they were intermingling those solvents with solvents from other manufacturers, from other industries [during the process].”
In the case of ranitidine, however, it was found that the API was being degraded to form NDMA once the medicine was on the shelf, or wherever a patient decided to store it.
“So, you get heartburn when you’re driving home and you’re on conference calls, so you keep your ranitidine inside the car so you can reach over and take one [when you need to],” quips White.
“But, during the day, it was 112 degrees in your car, the sun was beating down on the roof.
“Those kinds of things, especially when combined with humidity, can really degrade some of those products and can form nitrosamine issues.”
This discovery with ranitidine opened up the possibility that nitrosamine impurities could be formed from the drug itself, where the API itself is a secondary amine, or a closely related secondary amine impurity is present in the product, which can then react with nitrites present in the drug’s excipients. These novel nitrosamines are referred to as nitrosamine drug substance-related impurities (NDSRIs).
A developing problem
There are currently more than 300 nitrosamines in existence and, of these, a growing number have been found in medicines.
In August 2022, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced that certain samples of sitagliptin, the active ingredient in several type 2 diabetes mellitus drugs manufactured by Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), were contaminated with the nitrosamine impurity, 7-Nitroso-3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,2,4]triazolo-[4,3-a]pyrazine, or ‘NTTP’.
To avoid a shortage and help ensure patients continued to have access to an adequate supply of the medicine, the FDA said it would “not object” to the temporary distribution of sitagliptin containing NTTP above the acceptable intake limit of 37ng per day, and up to 246.7ng per day.
In early 2023, after an investigation, the MSD confirmed the root cause of nitrosamine contaminants in these drug products.
“Based on the results of our root cause investigation, it was confirmed that NTTP was formed during product manufacturing and, predominantly, during subsequent storage of the drug product,” a spokesperson told The Pharmaceutical Journal.
“In July 2022, we began testing of all batches of Januvia, Janumet, and Steglujan, before being released to any market, to ensure all batches meet the agreed-upon interim acceptable daily NTTP limit over the course of the product shelf life.”
According to the spokesperson, the company’s scientific and medical risk assessment found that there was a “negligible risk” to patient safety, including to patients who had taken these medicines for many years, from the current levels of NTTP.
“We continue to work expeditiously on enhancing our controls to further minimise NTTP levels to meet the long-term acceptable daily intake level,” they added.
These medicines are just the latest in what is likely to be a very long line of drugs contaminated with nitrosamines.
In the UK, precautionary recalls are already being actioned to avoid further exposure to impurity levels above the set limit.
In 2022, three medicines were recalled owing to the identification of nitrosamines above the acceptable limit, including Accuretic 10/12.5mg film-coated tablets (quinapril hydrochloride; Pfizer) and Accupro 5mg, 10mg, 20mg, 40mg film-coated tablets (quinapril hydrochloride; Pfizer), which were found to contain N-nitroso-quinapril, and Stemetil (prochlorperazine; Aventis Pharma Ltd [t/a Sanofi]) 5mg/5mL syrup, which was found to contain N-nitrosomethylphenylamine[6–8]. It is likely that further recalls will follow these over the next year.
The challenge regulators now have is how to set suitable parameters for nitrosamine levels; too high and it could lead to the withdrawal of a vast number of critical medicines, too low and the risk is that those taking these medicines will be consuming nitrosamines at a level that could be harmful to them.
Setting appropriate limits
There is no quick solution to this challenge.
In the meantime, the EMA, US FDA, and other regulatory agencies have set provisional acceptable daily intake limits for nitrosamines, which will help to control the presence of impurities that do not have sufficient toxicity data until a substance-specific ‘acceptable intake’ is established.
In the case of NDMA, the AI was set at 96ng/day. Assuming a maximum daily dose of 600mg for lifetime use (minimum of 10 years), this acceptable intake results in a limit of 0.16ppm in ranitidine-containing medicinal products.
Box: The great nitrosamine audit
Step one: Risk evaluation
To identify active substances and finished products at risk of nitrosamine formation or cross-contamination
Deadline: Chemical products: 31 March 2021; biological products: 1 July 2021
Step two: Risk assessment and confirmatory testing
Perform further confirmatory testing on the products identified to be at risk of nitrosamine formation or cross-contamination, and report confirmed presence of nitrosamines and whether it exceeds the lifetime excess cancer risk of 1:100,000.
Deadline: Chemical products: 26 September 2022; biological products: 1 July 2023
Step three: Changes to the marketing authorisation
Marketing authorisation holders apply for any necessary changes to the manufacturing process resulting from this review.
Deadline: Chemical products: 1 October 2023; biological products: 1 July 2023
Currently, there are little data on the carcinogenic potency of nitrosamines in humans, and so the potential risk for humans has been extrapolated from animal — largely rodent — data.
However, not all nitrosamines are the same — the more novel and structurally complex NDSRIs are not likely to have the same carcinogenic potency as simple nitrosamines, but more data are needed.
Health authorities are requesting more supporting safety science evidence to confirm the risk of NDSRIs, which companies are currently compiling, but this will take a significant amount of time.
“We know that chemistry-related nitrosamines are carcinogens. These drug-like nitrosamines that are forming from the drug itself, like nitroso-propanolol … are much larger, more complex molecules,” says Teasdale.
“The industry view is that they’re not as potent carcinogens as the small ones, the regulator view is quite different — it’s much more precautionary.”
He adds that “an attempt” has been made by the regulators to apply the same limits to these new nitrosamines as with the likes of the simpler NDMA, something he says “cannot be practically applied” without withdrawing vast quantities of medicines from the market.
“We have to look more carefully at the safety limits and set more appropriate safety limits that will mean we have a viable supply chain,” he adds.
Other issues also exist when it comes to testing for these impurities. The bacterial reverse mutation assay, or Ames test, is the first step in determining the potential carcinogenicity of a compound and is well recognised around the world.
However, at the beginning of 2022, authorities raised concern over the validity of Ames results for nitrosamines; the optimal conditions for detecting mutagenic nitrosamines in the Ames test have not yet been fully determined and the mutagenic potencies of nitrosamines can differ significantly and do not correlate to similar carcinogenic potency[3,12]. Revisions to the test may be required, which could take some time.
Research suggests that it may be possible to eliminate nitrites from excipients or inhibit nitrosamine formation in drug products altogether, but this work is still in the early stages.
Although the figures from the EMA suggest a relatively small number of drugs will be affected, some research indicates that the presence of nitrosamines in pharmaceuticals is likely to be more prevalent than originally expected. In one analysis of more than 12,000 small molecule drugs and drug impurities, 40.4% of API analysis and 29.6% of API impurities were identified as potential nitrosamine precursors.
As many of the NDSRIs are novel and structurally complex, understanding of how they form, and can therefore be controlled, will continue to evolve. In the meantime there is a very real risk that supplies of medicines will be impacted.
As the final October 2023 deadline for MAHs to submit their variations to marketing authorisations fast approaches, it is clear that there is a fine balance to be struck between public health and public safety.
“Industry and regulators have been addressing the risks posed by nitrosamine impurities in medicines since this was identified as a public health concern in 2019,” said a spokesperson for the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations.
“Investigations so far have confirmed that the great majority of products are free from nitrosamine impurities, but companies continue to work closely with regulators to do further testing and compile more scientific evidence in this area.
“We have confidence in the robust international regulatory process underway. All action is being taken to introduce controls on nitrosamine impurities where necessary, while securing supply of essential medicines where possible.”
And for those who rely on a regular supply of these medicines, that last point will be crucial.
- 1EMA advises companies on steps to take to avoid nitrosamines in human medicines. European Medicines Agency. 2019.https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/referral/nitrosamine-impurities-interim-outcome-article-53_en.pdf (accessed 13 Apr 2023).
- 2Ruepp R, Frötschl R, Bream R, et al. The EU Response to the Presence of Nitrosamine Impurities in Medicines. Front. Med. 2021;8. doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.782536
- 3Teasdale A, Hughes K. Regulatory Highlights. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2023;27:394–8. doi:10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00055
- 4Extance A. Merck & Co identifies nitrosamine source in diabetes drugs. Chemistry World. 2023.https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/merck-and-co-identifies-nitrosamine-source-in-diabetes-drugs/4016921.article?adredir=1 (accessed 13 Apr 2023).
- 5FDA works to avoid shortage of sitagliptin following detection of nitrosamine impurity. US Food and Drug Administration. 2022.https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-works-avoid-shortage-sitagliptin-following-detection-nitrosamine-impurity (accessed 13 Apr 2023).
- 6Class 2 Medicines Recall: Pfizer Limited, Accuretic 10/12.5 mg film-coated tablets, EL (22)A/16. GOV.UK. 2022.https://www.gov.uk/drug-device-alerts/class-2-medicines-recall-pfizer-limited-accuretic-10-slash-12-dot-5-mg-film-coated-tablets-el-22-a-slash-16 (accessed 13 Apr 2023).
- 7Class 2 Medicines Recall: Pfizer Limited, Accupro 5mg, 10mg, 20mg, 40mg film-coated tablets, EL(22)A/21. GOV.UK. 2022.https://www.gov.uk/drug-device-alerts/class-2-medicines-recall-pfizer-limited-accupro-5mg-10mg-20mg-40mg-film-coated-tablets-el-22-a-slash-21 (accessed 13 Apr 2023).
- 8Class 2 Medicines Recall: Aventis Pharma Limited (t/a Sanofi), Stemetil 5mg/5ml Syrup, EL(22)A/41. GOV.UK. 2022.https://www.gov.uk/drug-device-alerts/class-2-medicines-recall-aventis-pharma-limited-t-slash-a-sanofi-stemetil-5mg-slash-5ml-syrup-el-22-a-slash-41 (accessed 13 Apr 2023).
- 9Questions and answers for marketing authorisation holders/applicants on the CHMP Opinion for the Article 5(3) of Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 referral on nitrosamine impurities in human medicinal products. European Medicines Agency. 2023.https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/referral/nitrosamines-emea-h-a53-1490-questions-answers-marketing-authorisation-holders/applicants-chmp-opinion-article-53-regulation-ec-no-726/2004-referral-nitrosamine-impurities-human-medicinal-products_en.pdf (accessed 13 Apr 2023).
- 10Medicines: Marketing Authorisation Holders’ submission of Nitrosamine risk evaluation, risk assessment and confirmatory testing. GOV.UK. 2019.https://www.gov.uk/guidance/medicines-marketing-authorisation-holders-submission-of-nitrosamine-risk-evaluation (accessed 13 Apr 2023).
- 11Cross KP, Ponting DJ. Developing structure-activity relationships for N-nitrosamine activity. Computational Toxicology. 2021;20:100186. doi:10.1016/j.comtox.2021.100186
- 12Nanda KK, Tignor S, Clancy J, et al. Inhibition of N-Nitrosamine Formation in Drug Products: A Model Study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2021;110:3773–5. doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.010
- 13Nitrosamines as Impurities in Drugs— Health Risk Assessment and Mitigation Public Workshop. US Food and Drug Administration. 2021.https://www.fda.gov/media/150932/download#:~:text=Testing%20for%20mutagenicity%20by%20Ames,correlate%20to%20similar%20carcinogenic%20potency (accessed 13 Apr 2023).
- 14Schlingemann J, Burns MJ, Ponting DJ, et al. The Landscape of Potential Small and Drug Substance Related Nitrosamines in Pharmaceuticals. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2022. doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2022.11.013


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Israeli immigration authorities have given deportation orders to dozens of refugees from Eritrea and Sudan. Experts say Tel Aviv is seeking to expel about 40,000 African migrants and send them to a third country in Africa. We have a report.
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Two retail locations at the corner of Carpenter Road and Ellsworth in Arbor Square. Highly visible, close to many national retailers, Meijers, Lowe's, Target, Joann's, Pier One, Quality 16 Movie Theater, Wendy's. High traffic count, ample parking, great visibility and signage.
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Spend the summer outdoors working in horticulture! The Hay, Honey Farm is a private garden/arboretum in Bernardsville, New Jersey. Approximately twenty-five acres have been fenced to exclude deer since 1990. Within the deer fence, there are about twelve acres of gardens, containing ornamental trees and shrubs, perennial borders, cutting flowers, and a vegetable garden, as well as two large native woodland areas. The remaining property is comprised of woodlots, hayfields, riparian buffers, and conservation lands. Work is ongoing to restore native habitats both inside and outside of the deer fence.
Our seasonal internships are available mid-March through mid-December, or portions thereof, and provide valuable hands-on experience in horticulture and land stewardship working side by side with seasoned professionals. Interns work about 20 hours each week, Monday through Friday. Days worked each week can be flexible while classes are in session; from May through August interns work Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. until 12:30 p.m. The work here is interesting and varies with the season: invasive species identification and control, tree planting & pruning, perennial divisions, vegetable gardening, turf maintenance, and more. The diversity of the plant collections here allows for a wide range of experiences in plant identification as well. Please note that the nature of the work requires our employees to perform strenuous tasks under a variety of challenging weather conditions. Starting pay is $15.25/hour.
For more information contact Hilary at The Hay Honey Farm, email@example.com.
To apply, please send cover letter & resume to Hilary at The Hay Honey Farm, firstname.lastname@example.org.
When you apply, please indicate that you are responding to the posting on Conservation Job Board.
|Botany , General / Stewardship

domain: biology


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28th Sep 2020 at 3:10pm
Valkittaz neighborhood map more...
» Neighborhoods & CAS Screens
» Maps Only
Patty's house on beach (no CC)
1st Sep 2020 at 8:25am
Patty house on beach no CC more...
Lots & Housing
Patty's house (no CC)
27th Aug 2020 at 9:00am
Patty's house no CC more...
Mouse Island - Map
31st Jul 2020 at 2:30am
Mouse Island neighborhood map more...
Simcity 2020 - Map neighborhood
27th Jul 2020 at 12:58am
Simcity 2020 Custom neighborhood template more...
Rustic Modern Split-Level: 4...
11th Feb 2020 at 3:27am
Large house. Lightly furnished and with lots of space to grow. Only 1 CC used. more...
Wide Shot Wilderness Scenery...
20th Dec 2018 at 5:45am
20 Long format images of woodland and mountain scenery more...
» Wall Hangings
Rustic Mountain Paintings
17th Dec 2018 at 6:24am
10 recolors of scenic mountain, river, and forest views from Far Cry 5 more...
2B 2B Basic Log Cabin (No CC)
15th Dec 2018 at 7:27pm
Small Log Cabin for your mountain neighborhoods. more...
Hunter's Retreat Treehouse Cottage...
10th Dec 2018 at 5:59pm
A cozy little treehouse cottage perfect for your mountain-loving sims. Fits right in with Three Lakes. more...
Standard Issue Dwelling #4
27th Jul 2018 at 10:08am
A small two bedroom, one bathroom house located in a beautiful area in Lunar Lakes. more...
3 Lakes - Beach hotel (CC free)
10th May 2018 at 11:22pm
As this is a very first upload, I hope everything works fine and that you and your little sims have more...
Lots & Housing


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Finished Noh mask depicting a young woman. One of a series of masks showing the methods used to produce a Noh mask. [SM (Verve) 10/9/2015]
Place details: ASIA. Japan. Honshu Tokyo. Cultural Group: Japanese Local Name: Unknown. Materials: Wood Plant / Pigment / Lacquer Varnish Plant / ?. Processes: Carved / Inscribed / Painted / Lacquered Varnished / Drilled / ?. Dimensions: Max L = 211 mm Max W = 138 mm Maker: Hideta Kitazawa Field Collector: Unknown When Collected: 2015 Other Owners: Hideta Kitazawa PRM Source: Hideta Kitazawa Acquired: Purchased September 2015 PRM Image: Collections Digital Reference Photo 10/9/2015
KEYWORD: Mask / Inscription / CLASS: Mask / Writing / ?.
Object description: Finished Noh mask depicting a young woman. One of a series of masks showing the methods used to produce a Noh mask. The mask is carved from a single piece of Japanese cypress (Hinoki) wood. It has a carved signature in the back of the forehead. The back has been painted with Urushi lacquer. [SM (Verve) 10/9/2015]
Day book entry - ASIA, JAPAN, TOKYO Wooden box with lid containing three Noh masks in various stages of manufacture. Each mask is in a padded brocade bag. Commissioned for the woodwork display in the Lower Gallery of the Museum. Part of the VERVE project. Made by Hideta Kitazawa.
Related Documents File - Correspondence with the maker Hideta Kitazawa detailing the methods used in construction. [SM (Verve) 10/9/2015]
Display history: Pitt Rivers Museum display label from L.61.A – Woodwork [January 2016 - current] ‘Noh mask under construction, Tokyo, Japan. Noh is a Japanese theatrical tradition that dates to the 13th century. Since Noh masks only depict a character’s essential traits, they are brought to life by the craftsman’s nuanced use of carving and colouring, and by the actors’ skill. Commissioned from Hideta Kitazawa by the Museum in 2015; 2015.28.2–.4. Photographs of Hideta at work taken by Sohta Kitazawa; 2015.29.6, 2015.29.13 and 2015.29.18’ and ‘Stage 3: Natural mineral pigments in red and yellow, as well as black Chinese ink, are used to paint details such as hair, eyes, and lips. The high eyebrows and black teeth reflect historical Japanese make-up; ohaguro – colouring the teeth black with lacquer – was popular among aristocratic married women until the Meiji era (late 19th century).’ [MJD (Verve) 4/1/2016]
Research notes: Notes in the Related Documents File provided by the maker Hideta Kitazawa "The Wood (Hinoki) I use Hinoki wood (Japanese Cypress) for making noh masks. It is found only in one small mountainous, deep valley region in Japan, called Kiso, located near Nagoya. Kiso’s harsh climate (with a lot of snow in winter) causes the Japanese Cypress tree to grow very slowly and produces beautiful annual rings. We usually use Hinoki wood that is approximately 200-300 years old and has been stored in suitably dry conditions. This means that the wood is both strong and lightweight. The timber merchant that I use only supplies Hinoki wood. I have a very good relationship with this timber supplier – and they always supply me with the best quality wood.
The first stage of Noh-mask making. A basic pattern is copied onto a block of Hinoki wood (Japanese cypress). This picture shows the outline patterns, the block of Hinoki wood, and a range of my mask-making tools. Saw work on the outline. The larger areas of excess wood are removed using a ‘pulling method’ with a Japanese saw to create the outline of the mask.
The rough carving. Two types of chisels are used in traditional Japanese style carving - the ends of the handles on my ‘rough carving chisels’ have metal discs to protect them, as they are hit with a hammer. For the rough carving stage I start carving from the nose, then move to eyes and the month - always bearing in mind the overall balance of the mask. The finished carving. I finish the carving carefully by hand, using ‘finishing chisels’.
The back of the mask. After I have finished carving the front of the mask, I carve the back of the mask until it is smooth. The back of the mask has to be carved carefully as it is very important, for a noh-performer that the mask feels comfortable. I paint the back of the mask with Urushi lacquer (Urushi is made from the sap of the Japanese Urushi tree). It makes the mask strong and protects the mask from the performer’s perspiration.
The way I sharpen my chisels. I use a whetstone, which is first soaked in water, to sharpen my chisels. There are different types of whetstone. I use a red stone (which is rough) initially, followed by a darker coloured stone, which is smoother, for finishing. These are natural stones found in Japan.
The basic painting. I make a basic white pigment for the initial layer of paint by mixing Gofun (a fine white powder made from ground oyster shells) together with Nikawa (a natural glue made from rendered cow’s skin and bone). I give the mask 2-3 coats of this and then rub down the surface with fine-grain sandpaper. I repeat this process about 10 times until the surface of the mask is perfectly smooth.
The finished painting. I add red (made from a natural mineral) and yellow (a natural soil) pigments to the white pigment to create the finishing colour of face of the mask. I, then, paint in the detailed parts of the mask, such as, the hair, eyebrows, eye lines and teeth using black Chinese ink, and the lips are painted red. Placing the eyebrows high on the mask, and using black for the teeth is an old Japanese ‘make-up’ custom. The antique-look is created using a thin, dark, water-based ink." [SM (Verve) 10/9/2015]
Other information: See entries 2015.28.1-.4 for box, Noh masks and bags. [SM (Verve) 10/9/2015]
For padded bag for this mask see entry 2015.28.3.2 [SM (Verve) 10/9/2015]


Automated electronics assembly, also known as automated PCB assembly or robotic assembly, refers to the process of using robotic systems and machinery to perform various tasks involved in manufacturing and assembling electronic components onto printed circuit boards (PCBs).
PCB assembly in the automation industry refers to the process of manufacturing and assembling printed circuit boards (PCBs) specifically designed for use in automated systems and machinery. The automation industry heavily relies on electronic control systems to streamline and optimize industrial processes, and PCB assemblies
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Due to the critical nature of automation systems, PCB assemblies undergo comprehensive testing and quality assurance procedures. This may involve functional testing, burn-in testing, environmental testing (temperature, humidity, vibration), and in circuit testing
to ensure the performance and robustness of the assembled PCBs.
PCB assembly in the automation industry involves the integration and manufacturing of electronic components into PCBs that enable precise control, communication, human-machine interaction, and safety in automated systems and machinery. These PCB assemblies are crucial for the efficient operation and optimization of industrial processes in various sectors, including manufacturing, logistics, automotive, and more.
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