|Publication number||US6984805 B2|
|Application number||US 10/451,770|
|Publication date||Jan 10, 2006|
|Filing date||Sep 26, 2002|
|Priority date||Sep 28, 2001|
|Also published as||CA2433584A1, CA2433584C, CN1633345A, CN100335221C, EP1430984A1, EP1430984A4, EP1430984B1, US20040045945, WO2003028934A1|
|Publication number||10451770, 451770, PCT/2002/9925, PCT/JP/2/009925, PCT/JP/2/09925, PCT/JP/2002/009925, PCT/JP/2002/09925, PCT/JP2/009925, PCT/JP2/09925, PCT/JP2002/009925, PCT/JP2002/09925, PCT/JP2002009925, PCT/JP200209925, PCT/JP2009925, PCT/JP209925, US 6984805 B2, US 6984805B2, US-B2-6984805, US6984805 B2, US6984805B2|
|Inventors||Shigeru Shimogama, Yasushi Mukai, Hidetoshi Oyama, Wataru Takahashi|
|Original Assignee||Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (12), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (6), Classifications (12), Legal Events (3)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application is a U.S. National Phase Application of PCT International Application No. PCT/JP02/09925.
The present invention relates to a welding apparatus such as an arc welder for a welding robot system formed of a combination of a robot, a welding power source, and an arc sensor controller.
Technology of conventional example 1 provides an arc welder formed of a combination of a robot controller of a teaching playback type robot and a control portion of a welding power source as disclosed in Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. H9-85443. The arc welder is controlled in the following steps of:
Technology of conventional example 2 provides a welding apparatus formed of a combination of a robot controller body of a teaching playback type robot and a control portion of a welding power source in
Technology of conventional example 3 is disclosed in Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. H10-58157, and employs system bus 221 as shown in
Robot CPU 220 controls the controllers based on welding condition data stored in a memory so that applied pressure and welding current change synchronously in a plurality of stages.
Technology of conventional example 4 employs an arc welding sensor as shown in
In conventional example 1, the control systems are digital circuits including a microcomputer as a main body. In the interface with the welding power source as discussed above, the welding control is performed in the following steps of:
Analog circuits are thus interposed though the control systems are the digital circuits, so that a conversion error occurs. There are the following problems. The welding current command value and welding voltage command value transmitted from the robot side are not equal to the welding current command value and welding voltage command value received by the welding power source side. The control systems are affected by analog drift by environment change (especially, temperature) and secular change.
Conventional example 2 addresses the problems of the analog interface of conventional example 1. The robot controller body and the control portion of the welding power source perform digital control, and have the digital communication control portion. A welding condition command is digitally transmitted from the robot controller body to the control portion of the welding power source through the communication control portions by a serial communication method. Analog conversion period in conventional example 1 is 70 to 80 msec. While, serial communication period in conventional example 2 is 9 to 10 msec, namely smaller comparing with the conventional example 1.
In performing the welding, however, work for starting the welding often takes much time even in conventional example 2. For example, at least, a welding start command (arc-on sequence) must be executed in starting arc welding as in the sequence of
A welding control portion spends much time on welding control itself, so that the welding control portion can make a welding error when much information is intended to be communicated between the robot controller body and the control portion of the welding power source during the welding control.
For preventing such a problem, the execution of a series of welding start commands or welding end commands is started slightly before a welding start point or a welding end point. In this method, the control is triggered depending on timing, so that the start of the arc welding can be failed when the timing is off.
When the robot body intends to move to a next teaching point while a wire is stuck to a work piece, the robot body can damage a torch. When a serial communication for transmitting information between a control portion of an arc sensor or the like and the robot controller is added to the welding apparatus, real time control can be damaged.
When serial communication speed is simply increased, many communication failures occur especially due to tungsten-inert-gas (TIG) high-frequency noise under welding environment, thereby resulting in delay by a re-communication process.
In conventional example 3, the applied pressure controller, the welding current controller for controlling the welding current flowing through the electrode for spot welding, and a welding condition database are interconnected through the bus. Therefore, information transmission path is shortest, and the robot CPU can perform easy, speedy, and accurate control without requiring complex timing adjustment of a communication procedure or the like.
However, the welding apparatus in conventional example 3 switches between the applied pressure control and the welding current control, simply using a welding elapsed time as a trigger in welding. The welding condition database including welding output characteristic curves is directly read from the bus of the robot CPU. The robot CPU captures welding current information from a welder, real applied pressure information by a load cell or the like, and feedback information of a chip's tip position by a laser sensor, and synchronizes the real applied pressure with the welding current in real time. Thus, optimal adaptive control is realized in response to a behavior of a work piece. However, optimal adaptive control is not realized over the whole welding route having a certain length of the arc welding.
The welding apparatus in conventional example 4 has an arc welding sensor as discussed above. The arc welding sensor includes a current detector for detecting required real welding current and a resistor for detecting required real welding voltage, and the current detector and the resistor are interconnected in a circuit. Additionally, this welding apparatus includes similar detectors for the real welding current and voltage for welding control also in the welding power source.
A bleeder resistor in the welding power source and the resistor for detecting welding voltage disposed in the arc welding sensors are interconnected in parallel between the + output terminal and the − output terminal of the welding power source, so that welding voltage drops. A DCCT (Hall device) in the welding power source and a current detector disposed in the arc welding sensors are connected to the + output terminal of the welding power source in series and the impedance increases, so that detected current value deviates from a true current value especially in steep change of welding current.
Information communication speed on a serial communication line is largely restricted depending on noise resistance and real time processing performance, so that the arc sensor cannot be precisely controlled during welding.
The present invention provides an arc welder having a robot controller and a welding power source. The robot controller is coupled to the welding power source through an address/data bus (this is called bus hereinafter). At least one of a welding condition required for welding and a real welding condition including at least one of welding current and welding voltage during welding is digitally communicated through the bus between the robot controller and the welding power source in a parallel mode.
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings.
(Exemplary Embodiment 1)
The arc welder of embodiment 1 also has driver 41, current detector 42 such as DCCT (Hall device), voltage detector 43 employing a bleeder resistor or the like, and consumable electrode (hereinafter, wire) 60.
CPU portion 13 of robot controller 1 is directly coupled to CPU portion 30 of welding controller 3 through the parallel bus. TP 2 is coupled to CPU portion 13 through communication control line L1 and I/F 14 for TP, and CPU portion 13 is coupled to RAM 11. Robot controller 1 is coupled to robot body 6.
CPU portion 30 of welding controller 3 is coupled to RAM 31 and A/D converter 34, 35, and reads outputs from A/D converters 34, 35. Welding controller 3 is coupled to welding output portion 4 through control line L2. A/D converters 34, 35 convert current and voltage detected by current detector 42 and voltage detector 43 of welding output portion 4 from analog to digital, and output them.
Welding output portion 4 has driver 41, is coupled to wire 60 through + output L3, and is coupled to base metal 8 through − output L4. Welding output portion 4 also has current detector 42 in + output L3 and has voltage detector 43 between + output L3 and − output L4.
Robot body 6 has welding torch 7, wire 60 is supplied to welding torch 7, and work piece 9 is coupled to − output L4 of welding output portion 4 through base metal 8. Robot body 6 welds work piece 9 fixed to base metal 8 using wire 60 as an electrode.
TP 2 has an outline shown in
Operations of the arc welder having the configuration discussed above will be described hereinafter.
Firstly, a teaching operation of the program is described. For teaching tasks desired to be executed by robot body 6, an operator operates TP2, precisely moves robot body 6 while directly looking at welding torch 7 disposed at a control reference point of robot body 6, and teaches the tasks in orderly sequence.
The operator firstly fixes work piece 9, namely a welded object, to base metal 8, and operates TP2 to teach a welding start point of welding torch 7 to robot body 6. This method is specifically described with reference to a schematic perspective view showing a welding process in
The operator then moves welding torch 7 to point b of
The taught program is processed in CPU portion 13 and stored as data into RAM 11 through I/F 14 for TP and the parallel bus in
The welding operations performed based on the taught program are then described. When welding torch 7 of robot body 6 reaches a predetermined welding start position of work piece 9, namely point a of
The welding control is then described.
CPU portion 30 of welding controller 3 transmits the welding start command to welding output portion 4 through control line L2 in a control circuit (not shown). When welding output portion 4 receives the welding start command, driver 41 of welding output portion 4 operates to generate welding energy, the welding energy is transmitted from + output L3 to wire 60, and a wire supplying device (not shown) supplies wire 60 to welding torch 7.
When wire 60 contacts with work piece 9, the electric energy of about 200 A and 24.0 V transfers from the tip of the wire to the work piece to start welding of parts of metals in wire 60 and work piece 9, namely start the arc welding. On starting the arc welding, welding controller 3 transmits an arc answer command to robot controller 1 through the parallel bus. Robot controller 1, on receiving the arc answer command, starts movement of robot body 6 at the predetermined welding speed based on previously stored teaching data, and executes the welding by moving welding torch 7 along the predetermined welding route of work piece 9.
During this welding, for performing the welding control along the welding condition, welding controller 3 converts current and voltage detected by current detector 42 and voltage detector 43 disposed in welding output portion 4 to digital real welding current and voltage values with A/D converters 34, 35, respectively. Welding controller 3 stores the converted values in RAM 31, and averages the values every sampling time to control the welding.
When welding torch 7 reaches the welding end point, namely point b of
Thus, the welding operations are performed based on the taught program.
Next, a data format of transmitted data and a communication command in embodiment 1 is described with reference to
When welding torch 7 reaches the taught welding start position, robot controller 1 stops robot body 6 and transmits the welding condition as binary data of immediate values to welding controller 3 through the parallel bus, as discussed above. CPU portion 30, namely a digital circuit portion, receives the welding condition as immediate values. The detail description of the specification of the communication protocol at this time is omitted. Each controller coupled to the parallel bus is assigned in a memory map I/O, and therefore a desired controller can be selected by setting a predetermined address.
The data format of the communication command is described with reference to
The welding voltage command value is transmitted as a pair of data:
Then, communication command character code e (45 h) in upper bits D15 to D8 and a welding speed (up to 255)corresponding to the command in lower bits D7 to D0 are transmitted as data.
The welding current and voltage command values and the welding speed are transmitted from robot controller 1 to welding controller 3. At this time, 10 times the welding voltage command value and 100 times the taught welding speed are transmitted, and are divided by 10 and 100 on the receiving (welding controller) side, respectively.
As discussed in the description of
The data format of transmitted data and a communication command has been described.
The arc welder of the arc welding robot system of exemplary embodiment 1 has digital circuits that mainly include microcomputers as control systems in robot controller 1 and welding controller 3. The arc welder is of a teaching playback type for commanding the welding condition (welding current value and welding voltage value) to the welding controller, and robot controller 1 and welding controller 3 are inter-coupled through the parallel bus. When welding torch 7 disposed in robot body 6 reaches a welding start point, the welding condition can be transmitted digitally in parallel.
When welding torch 7 reaches a welding end point, similarly, the crater welding condition (welding current value and welding voltage value) can be transmitted digitally in parallel.
Specifically, a rack mounting type motherboard having a plurality of bus slots is disposed in robot controller 1 as shown in
The arc welder of exemplary embodiment 1 thus addresses problems where the arc welder has a conversion error due to the mediation of the analog circuit and is affected by a drift due to environment change (especially, temperature) and secular change.
The processing period of the arc welding robot system of exemplary embodiment 1 is 0.5 msec or shorter. This period is extremely shorter than analog conversion period 70 to 80 msec of conventional example 1, and is also extremely shorter than serial communication period 9 to 10 msec of conventional example 2. Therefore, the arc welding robot system can perform speedy information transmission from robot controller 1 to welding controller 3 and rapid welding control. The execution of a series of welding start commands (arc-on sequence) or welding end commands (arc-off sequence) does not need to be started slightly before the welding start point or the welding end point. In other words, control by snap decision is not required, and the tact time can be reduced with a reliable welding result secured.
(Exemplary Embodiment 2)
An arc welding robot system having an arc welding sensor in accordance with exemplary embodiment 2 will be described hereinafter.
CPU portion 50 of arc sensor controller 5 is coupled to CPU portion 13 of robot controller 1 and CPU portion 30 and A/D converters 34, 35 of welding controller 3 through a parallel bus. Welding torch 7 of robot body 6 has arc sensor 93, and is coupled to amplifier 53 through control line A. Amplifier 53 is coupled to A/D converters 34, 35 through signal line I.
Coupling of robot controller 1 to robot body 6 or welding controller 3, a teaching method of a program to the robot, an automatic operation, and a data format are the same as those in embodiment 1, and the descriptions of them are omitted.
A control method of the arc sensor is described with reference to
Additionally, the arc sensor detects change of welding current caused by oscillating the arc in a groove as a sensor signal, modifies the welding trajectory of the robot, and realizes copying of the welding line. Here, the change of welding current is a difference between hatched regions SL and SR shown in
When ΔX is 0 over the whole welding section, a welding bead shown in
The arc sensor employing the wire revolving method oscillates the wire by revolution, so that the number of detections of the difference signal by the arc sensor is about ten times more than that by the arc sensor employing the weaving method. The arc sensor employing the wire revolving method can realizes highly accurate welding line copying.
Even in a welding method such as TIG welding having no melting of an electrode, change of the distance between the work piece and the welding torch directly causes change of arc length and therefore can be detected as change of arc voltage. The arc sensor for TIG welding is commercialized.
The welding apparatus having the arc sensor of the wire revolution type of embodiment 2 is hereinafter described with reference to
A motor for revolving wire 60 is disposed in arc sensor 93. In this motor, a pulse encoder plate having reduction ratio of 1/5 and 200 pulses/revolution is directly coupled to a motor shaft. A motor encoder pulse train is fed into amplifier 53 via control line A connected to the motor encoder. An internal circuit (not shown) of amplifier 53 increases the pulse train fourfold and determines and processes the pulse train every clockwise (CW)/counterclockwise (CCW) rotation direction of the motor. The fourfold pulse train processed every CW/CCW rotation direction is an UP/DOWN input signal to 12-bit UP/DOWN counter 54.
Thus, one revolution of the wire generates 4000 encoder pulses. A reference pulse called Z pulse that occurs once every one rotation of the motor occurs five times every one revolution of the wire.
In previously teaching the start of welding, the teaching is performed so that the start point of the wire is point Cf shown in
When the welding system of
CPU portion 50 of arc sensor controller 5 then controls amplifier 53 in response to an algorism of ROM 51 and controls arc sensor 93 connected to amplifier 53 via control line A to revolve wire 60 with the motor disposed in arc sensor 93. This motor has the pulse encoder and revolves wire 60 at a constant speed with several tens Hz. CPU portion 50, simultaneously with the revolution, moves welding torch 7 along a predetermined welding route of work piece 9 to perform the arc welding at the previously stored welding speed.
A method of controlling the arc sensor using an UP/DOWN counter is described hereinafter. Amplifier 53 in arc sensor controller 5 includes 12-bit UP/DOWN counter 54 for counting rotational frequency of the motor disposed in arc sensor 93. The memory of RAM 52 includes an absolute value counter for counting the number of revolutions of the wire to recognize a position in a wire revolution amount. The absolute value counter takes a value in a range of 0 to 4000 pulses (360°) as shown in
After the starting of the arc, 12-bit UP/DOWN counter 54 performs UP count with CW pulses (the arrow direction of
CPU portion 50 then counts the number of encoder pulses from position Cf of
Arc sensor controller 5 A/D-converts the real welding current and voltage every 32-dividing signal (125 pulses/revolution). In other words, arc sensor controller 5 A/D-converts them every 11.25° in rotation angle during the revolution of 360° of the wire. As shown in
The A/D conversion is performed every 32-dividing signal of CW/CCW pulses. After the A/D conversion, an output control module (not shown) supplies the resultant data in a data format shown in
Robot controller 1 produces a welding current graph or a welding voltage graph as shown in
Robot controller 1 controls the welding torch mounted to the tip of the robot body so that ΔX is 0, thereby correcting the trajectory of the tool center point (TCP) of the welding torch in real time. Here, the fact that ΔX is 0 means that trajectory of the wire revolution center shown in
When welding torch 7 reaches the welding end point, namely point b of
In embodiment 2, the arc sensor controller for detecting a real welding condition including welding current or welding voltage during welding and correcting the welding route or the welding condition command is also coupled to the common parallel bus. Thus, the correction of the welding route required for welding or transmission of the welding condition command or the real welding condition is performed digitally through the parallel bus in a parallel method.
When the wire revolution speed during arc sensor control is assumed to be 50 Hz, sampling interval is 0.625 msec because processing in a wire revolution cycle of 20 msec is performed with the 32-dividing signal (125 pulses/revolution). When a set of three data, namely wire position data (a value in the absolute value counter), the real welding current, and the real welding voltage are transmitted from arc sensor controller 5 to robot controller 1, the transmission period of the welding system is 0.16 msec (maximum). Real time processing can be thus secured. This cannot be realized in conventional systems.
The arc welder of embodiment 2 does not require a detector or the like for obtaining a real welding condition separately from the detector of the welding controller. Therefore, displacement of real welding current and voltage values from true values due to existence of a plurality of detectors is prevented from extending, true arc welding situation can be accurately observed, and therefore accurate arc sensor control can be realized. When data length is 16 bits, signal processing period can be about 1/16 that of the serial communication and transmitting-receiving period can be extremely reduced. Therefore, optimal welding control having speedy and quick information transmission is allowed. Robot controller performs part of the processing of the sensor signal such as a difference signal between hatched regions SL and SR shown in
Thus, in the arc welder of the arc welding robot system of exemplary embodiment 2, control systems in robot controller 1 and arc sensor controller 5 are digital circuits mainly including a microcomputer. The arc sensor controller for detecting a real welding condition including welding current or welding voltage during welding and correcting the welding route or the welding condition command is also coupled to the common bus of the system. Thus, the correction of the welding route required for welding or the transmission of the welding condition command or the real welding condition between arc welding robot controller 1 and arc sensor controller 5 can be performed digitally via sensor information in a parallel method.
Specifically, a rack mounting type motherboard having a plurality of bus slots is disposed in robot controller 1 as shown in
(Exemplary Embodiment 3)
An arc welder employing a dual port RAM in accordance with exemplary embodiment 3 will be described hereinafter with reference to
In the arc welder of embodiment 3, the dual port RAMs (DPRAMs) have a control circuit for preventing the competition between an address bus and a data bus, and have a hardware configuration allowing the access to the common RAM from two CPU portions on the master side and the slave side. The DPRAMs can be accessed from robot controller 1 on the master side and arc sensor controller 5 or welding controller 3 on the slave side. While arc sensor controller 5 reads or writes data through an access port of DPRAM 55, robot controller 1 can read data through another access port.
The data can be therefore, easily transmitted from the master side to the slave side, or from the slave side to the master side through the DPRAM without adjusting the address bus and the data bus. Thus, data and parameter can be efficiently communicated without requiring synchronization between two CPU portions.
A pulse count output every 32-division (125 pulses) acts as a trigger, and a conversion start output is fed into two A/D converters disposed in welding controller 3 via signal line I, and the conversion start output is also supplied as an interrupt signal to CPU portion 30.
Real welding current and voltage values are written into a predetermined address in DPRAM 36 by CPU portion 30, and a flag indicating the writing of the real welding current and voltage values into a predetermined address in hardware is set simultaneously by the writing operation. Robot controller 1, on finding the flag indicating the writing, accesses the predetermined address and reads the real welding current and voltage values. This reading operation resets the flag indicating the writing in hardware at the reading time.
The arc welder of embodiment 3 has the DPRAMs in the parallel buses, so that the arc welder has higher communication speed and provides more precise control comparing with that of embodiment 1 or 2.
(Exemplary Embodiment 4)
An arc welder in accordance with exemplary embodiment 4 will be described hereinafter with reference to
Robot controller box 70 includes robot controller 1, welding controller 3, and arc sensor controller 5 that are inter-coupled through a bus in
As discussed in embodiment 1, the CPU portion disposed in welding controller 3 switching-drives a driver in the welding output portion with a control circuit via control line L2, thereby generating welding energy and supplying the energy to a work piece via + output L3 of welding output portion 4. The work piece is coupled to − output L4 of welding output portion 4 through base metal. When a wire contacts with the work piece, electric energy flows from the tip of the wire to the work piece to start to melt metals of respective parts of the wire and the work piece, thereby starting the arc welding.
Since welding output portion 4 is disposed in electro-magnetically shielding box 80 other than robot controller box 70, each controller can be protected from electromagnetic induction noise caused in switching driving of the driver and welding controller 3, and welding output portion 4 can be easily replaced with each other. The arc welder of embodiment 4 shown in
Electro-magnetically shielding box 80 is formed of ferromagnetic material such as iron, and welding output portion 4 is disposed in the electro-magnetically shielding box separately from robot controller 1, welding controller 3, and arc sensor controller 5, in any arc welder of embodiment 4. Communication of information between controllers can be smoothed without being affected by welding noise of the welding output portion.
(Exemplary Embodiment 5)
An arc welder in accordance with exemplary embodiment 5 will be described hereinafter with reference to
In the arc welder of embodiment 5, welding parameters such as a welding method, a wire type, and a wire diameter are set in the welding controller or the arc sensor controller using a teaching pendant for operating a robot. The teaching pendant is coupled to a robot controller of a teaching playback type robot. The teaching pendant is shown in
The method of controlling welding is the same as that in embodiment 1 or 2 and is omitted, and setting (not described) of a variable welding condition is described hereinafter. The variable welding condition includes a wire diameter, a wire material, a wire type, or a relation between a current detector and an A/D converter. The relation is required for the arc sensor controller, and is information indicating that AD data 7FF Hex in 12-bit AD data conversion of
These variably set values are stored in respective static RAM 11, RAM 31, and RAM 52 of robot controller 1, welding controller 3, and arc sensor controller 5. The set values are also stored in battery 12, battery 32, and battery 55 for backing up memory data in shutting off a main power.
A setting example of parameters required for the arc sensor controller is described with reference to TP liquid crystal display screen 21 shown in
When the contents shown in
For changing a set value of the other parameter, the operator displays a desired one of liquid crystal screens 21 shown in
When the operator fails to input an input value, the operator clears the value with correction key 26 at a desired parameter position and then inputs a correct value with numeric keys 24, or overwrites the correct value at the desired parameter position with numeric keys 24. For finishing the setting change, the operator presses end key 27. On pressing end key 27, a parameter required for the arc sensor controller is transmitted from robot controller 1 to arc sensor controller 5 through the parallel bus in
Thus, parameter change required for the arc sensor controller has been described as an example. The change of parameters required for various controllers such as the welding controller and the arc sensor controller can be performed commonly using the teaching pendant for operating the robot by the method discussed above. These variably set values are stored in respective static RAM 11, RAM 31, and RAM 52 of the robot controller, the welding controller, and the arc sensor controller, as discussed above. The set values are also stored in battery 12, battery 32, and battery 55 for backing up memory data in shutting off the main power.
Various controllers are inter-coupled and integrated through the parallel bus, so that an operation portion for each controller is not required. The teaching pendant for operating the robot is shared for operating each controller, thereby improving convenience in real use by an operator.
Each controller has a RAM and a battery for backing up the RAM data and can hold the variable value data also during main power shutdown. Data required for each controller does not need to be transmitted from the robot controller every time the power is turned on, so that the initial time can be reduced conveniently.
Digital values are transmitted through the parallel bus in the welding apparatus of the present invention, so that the welding apparatus does not require a converting means from the digital values to analog values, allows signal transmission having no conversion error, and is not affected by a drift of an analog circuit or by difference between analog circuits after changing a device. A required time in digital communication is shorter than that in analog communication, so that information transmission is speedy to allow rapid welding control. Therefore, the execution of a series of welding start commands (arc-on sequence) or welding end commands (arc-on sequence) does not need to be started slightly before the welding start point or the welding end point. In other words, control by snap decision is not required, and the tact time can be reduced while securing a reliable welding result.
The arc welder of the present invention does not require a detector or the like for obtaining real welding condition values separately from the detector of the welding controller. Therefore displacement of real welding current and voltage values from true values due to existence of a plurality of detectors is prevented from extending, true arc welding situation can be accurately observed, and therefore accurate arc sensor control can be realized. When data length is 16 bits, signal processing period can be about 1/16 that of the serial communication, and transmitting-receiving period can be extremely reduced. Therefore, optimal welding control having speedy and quick information transmission is allowed.
In an arc welder of the present invention, each CPU portion can perform easy, fast, and certain bus control providing the shortest information transmission route without requiring complex adjustment of timings of transmission procedures.
In an arc welder of the present invention, the welding output portion is stored in an electro-magnetically shielding storing box different and separate from a robot controller box, thereby replacing the welding controller and the welding output portion with each other. The arc welder can have high maintainability and easily respond to a different welding method.
In an arc welder of the present invention, the welding output portion is stored in an electro-magnetically shielding storing box disposed in a robot controller box, thereby largely advantageously minimizing the installation space.
In an arc welder of the present invention, parameter setting required for the robot controller, the welding controller, and the arc sensor controller can be performed commonly using a teaching pendant for robot operation coupled to the robot controller of a teaching playback type robot, so that convenience of an operator is improved.
The present invention is related to a welding apparatus such as an arc welder of a welding robot system formed of a combination of a robot, a welding power source, and an arc sensor controller. Respective controllers constituting the system are inter-coupled through a bus, thereby providing the arc welder that has high real time processing performance and is more integrated.
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|1||International Search Report for PCT/JP02/09925 dated Dec. 9, 2002 Form PCT/ISA/210 English translation.|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
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|U.S. Classification||219/124.34, 219/130.5, 901/42|
|International Classification||B23K9/073, B23K9/10, B23K9/12, B23K9/095, B23K9/127|
|Cooperative Classification||B23K9/1062, B23K9/0953|
|European Classification||B23K9/10A3B1, B23K9/095B|
|Jun 24, 2003||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD., JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SHIMOGAMA, SHIGERU;MUKAI, YASUSHI;OYAMA, HIDETOSHI;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:014642/0407
Effective date: 20030604
|Jun 10, 2009||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 11, 2013||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
This novel is limited to 100 free copies due to its part in Inkitt’s Novel Contest.
It had in all appearance been like every other night.
Young Rosalia had her supper with her family and then played a game of chess with one of her brothers, Lonán, while the triplets, Ciar, Nigel and Siavash completed their reading assignments.
After the match, Rosalia kissed Lord Devin Crawford good night, hit Ciar for stealing her doll and went back to her room with Raven, Alexis and a new young crow who had taken a liking to her.
Raven had tucked her in that night as Alexis watched the guards perform their final checks about the room, studying the things he and Raven were meant to do once they were older.
Once they were done, they left the room, bidding her goodnight.
Rosalia remembered smiling to herself as she cuddled into her bed, hugging her doll. She had trouble sleeping that night, still excited over her father’s promise to take them all out riding the following day.
Everything was warm and comfortable and the crow by her side was sleeping peacefully with its head under its wing.
After awhile, she finally drifted off but was soon abruptly woken by the sounds of the little crow, shrieking and its wings beating madly.
Rosalia sat up at once, shocked by the sudden cries.
Spots of blood splattered the bed as the crow fell, bleeding from the stump where its claw once was.
More blood rained down, spraying across the cold stone floor and soaking the bed as Rosalia’s would be assassin found her sword through his throat.
There was a quiet gurgle from the man’s throat as Rosalia’s eyes remained wide in shock and fear. She had only swung her sword in practice. Never before had she drawn blood.
Rosalia Crawford had survived the night. But though she had been blessed with the protection of the crows, the rest of her family did not.
Overnight- she had lost everything.
She had lost her father.
At the age of fourteen, she became the Head of the Crawford family and the Warlord of one of the largest territory in Galadier.
At the age of fourteen, she had killed her would-be assassins and tortured the other surviving ones her guards had captured to find out who sent them.
At the age of fifteen, she personally led the attack on Lord Gareth Avery’s territory, slaughtering every single member of the Avery family to ensure his line was now extinct. She had their heads removed and stuck on poles along her borders of her territory, facing enemy territory.
Suffice to say, the enemies of Crawford soon learnt of one of the family’s well-kept secret.
From the moment she could walk, Lady Rosalia had been trained to take over the Crawford family.
And she had been trained well.
kwilliams: I am an avid reader, and I do mean AVID and few indie authors capture my attention the way you have. I absolutely fell in love with these characters and their story. I'm usually not a fan of the cliff hanger endings (be it a series or not), but this one made me download the Kindle app just so I c...
JONANNA: As an avid reader it is not often I say that about a book. The plot is what was different and the twists where unexpected. This book is defiantly a page turner and enjoyable read. I can't wait to reread this novel after a little editing to finish off the shine on this wonderful novel.
Ayesha Shaikh: I love the twists. 😆I like how the writer describes everyone's point of view and the character development. I'm gonna read all the books by this author (current and upcoming). She's one of my favorites now. The spelling mistakes are normal no big deal, the amazing plot makes up for it. Thank you ...
maewilde25: I liked this, though it dragged on for over 200pages and heaven knows I did not expect the plot twist in the middle. David being Cristiãn. I was wondering when he would show up and didn't know he was there all along. it looks like there should be a sequel, please let there be a sequel. I know the...
Sandra Estrada: I loved every minute of it and I thank my lucky stars that brought me to the story, it's been a whirlwind of emotions, plot twist after plot twist but I never got tired of them. Abby and Kade's story is a hard one to understand but once you're submerged in their story and love, you can't help but...
zoheusher20: What more can I say? The writing style and little details drew me into the book and for the entirety of the story I was Juliet. I felt her turmoil and emotions and every trouble or triumph as they arrived. This story was very different and had quite a few little but unexpected twists that made it...
Giuliana Cassetta: My face is full of tears, I never cried like now with a book or even a movie. I loved every single chapter. I truly don't know what to say, I'm out of words and my eyes hurt from crying. Such an bittersweet story, it's so wonderful. One of my favorites for sure. Keep it up!
Grapes Are Juicy yes!!!: I give this novel FIVE STARS ! This novel is worth reading from the beginning to the end! The plot and conflicts in this story are very smartly integrated. The language facility is a little odd , but i guess this was done on purpose, given the novel's set era. Other than that, this should definit...
Jennifer Sibley Jannise: So, I originally read the book because my daughter asked me to. However, I read it in 2 days and thoroughly enjoyed it. It is well written and thought out. If the author writes and publishes any more books, I would definitely read them.
OpheliaJones: This story took a different kind of spin on the "normal girl lives with definitely not normal guy" plot. The plot points of Frey's father, Liam's family, and Frey's view of Liam's world were good to read. She did not fall in love with him in the first couple weeks. Their lives were not smooth in ...
Alex Rushmer: This was not what I expected, but I enjoyed it a lot Malfoy was always one of the characters that I liked a lot, so I like that a lot of this happens between him and Colette. I read the first couple chapters, and I enjoyed your writing style and am excited to see where you take this story. My com...

domain: library


amelie cotton skirt
- a slightly drop waist skirt consisting of four panels overlapping in construction, creating an airy silhouette that opens slightly as you walk.
- lined to mid thigh - 100% cotton
- waistband stitching detail
- zip closure
Size and Care
- fits true to size, take your normal size based on waist/hip measurement
- designed to sit on lower waist
- model is 5.9” and wears size s
- lightweight, non-stretchy fabric
- concealed centre back zip closure
- lined - 100% cotton lining
- 90% cotton voile 10% polyester
- delicate wash separately in cold water
- hang to dry in shade
- warm iron or steam
- do not tumble dry
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text:
Kayra is producing premium wines from the Anatolia region -considered to be the birthplace of wine- and is at the cutting edge of winemaking. The wines are made from unique and intriguing local as well as international varieties. These indigenous varieties, while being ancient to Turkey, are being vinified using modern techniques and are producing award winning results. The vines are planted in the best sites following the philosophy of terroir and the vineyards and wineries have been significantly invested in. The Elaziğ winery, located in Eastern Anatolia, was established in 1942 and is dedicated entirely to the production of red wines. The Şarköy Winery in Thrace was built in 1996 and embraces a cellar for 1,200 barrels, reserved for the ageing of special cuvées. Under the guidance of consultant winemaker Daniel O'Donnell, it is Kayra's aim to reveal the true potential of Turkey and to bring their rich history and generous spirit to lovers of fine wine.
The Öküzgözü grapes, which are pronounced "O-kuz-goez-zu" and the Boğazkere grapes- pronounced "Boaz-ker-a" were fermented separately. The wine was aged in oak barrels, 20% were new oak barrels comprising 17% of new French oak and 3% of new American oak; the remaining 80% of barrels were neutral oak. The wine maturation lasted for a minimum of 20 months.

domain: geography


text:
Two men have been charged after drugs and cash were seized in Minmi.
At around 10.30 yesterday morning, officers attached to the Northern Region Enforcement Squad and Northern High-Visibility Team attended a home on Woodford Street as part of ongoing inquiries.
Upon arrival, officers observed a 39-year-old man seated in a vehicle nearby, before he fled on foot.
A short foot pursuit ensued before the man was arrested.
Officers conducted a search of the man’s backpack and located an amount of methylamphetamine, drug paraphernalia, cash, buprenorphine and prescription medication.
A short time later, investigators located and arrested a 30-year-old man wanted on an outstanding warrant inside the Woodford Street home.
Both men were taken to Waratah Police Station, where the younger man was charged with an outstanding arrest warrant for a driving offence and 46 other unrelated drugs offences.
He was refused bail and appeared at Newcastle Local Court yesterday where he was formally bail refused to reappear at the same court on Wednesday 9 December 2020.
The older man was charged with three counts of supplying a prohibited drug, three counts of possessing a prohibited drug and one count of goods in custody.
He was refused bail to appear at Newcastle Local Court today.

domain: news


text:
Interiors by Bonnie was established in 1976, by Bonnie Mathis. As a former art teacher, her creativity needed a new venue. She had a dream of creating a business that enhanced clients lives by interpreting their design vision. After 40 years in this business, she remains one of the most recognized designers around.
The Sisters --
After graduating from Michigan State University with a degree in interior design, Dawn has applied her knowledge of design to the business. She strives to expand relationships with clients, as well as companies, to assure the newest designs available. Her love of art and architecture contributes to her design approach.
With over 20 years of design experience and continuing education, Debbie has seen many trends come and go. Her natural ability to combine textures, colors, and style is evident in the room settings that she has created. This has allowed Debbie to create interiors beyond Michigan several times.
As a family business, we understand the value of our clients and take great pride in establishing relationships with them, while designing their homes.
Each client receives an individualized approach and unique concept.
Our designers maintain high standards in continuing education and attending trade shows.

domain: artistic


text:
Gift idea from totti
November 21st, 2008
Designer stubby coolers from totti.
Perfect presents for all the beer lovers we know.
Two summery coloured designs are now available through the totti website.
INDESIGN is on instagram
The internet never sleeps! Here's the stuff you might have missed

domain: design


text:
- EAST WARREN, Vt. (Reuters)
- Three Vermont flocks of sheep have been ordered destroyed by U.S. agriculture
officials, who say the 376 animals could be carrying mad cow disease.
- Owners of the two biggest flocks, however, downplayed
that danger Monday and said they deserved millions of dollars for the loss
of their livelihood.
- The government order, which cannot be appealed, came
after tests on four slaughtered animals proved positive for transmissible
spongiform encephalopathy, or TSE.
- TSE includes scrapie, a disease of sheep not considered
a threat to humans, and ``mad cow'' disease, or bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE), which has been linked to an invariably fatal brain-wasting disease
in people known as new-variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. It will take
years to determine which disease is involved in the Vermont case, the U.S.
Agriculture Department said.
- Mad cow disease was first reported in Britain in 1986.
The British outbreak may have resulted from feeding cattle sheep-meat-and-bone-meal
infected with scrapie.
- The Vermont sheep flocks targeted for slaughter were
built up with sheep imported from Belgium and the Netherlands in 1996.
Two years later, the Agriculture Department learned it was likely that
the sheep had been exposed to feed contaminated with mad cow disease while
in Europe, and the flocks were quarantined.
- But milk from the sheep had been sold, as had cheese
made from the milk. ``Some offspring of these these animals were (also)
slaughtered for human consumption,'' according to the Agriculture Department,
which said it was working with federal and Vermont agencies ``to determine
if there are any associated human health concerns.''
- No Mad Cow Cases In U.S.
- No cases of mad cow disease have been diagnosed in the
United States, but as a precaution, the Food and Drug Administration banned
most uses of mammal proteins in feed for cows, sheep, goats and other ruminant
animals in June 1997.
- The Agriculture Department officials said one Vermont
sheep farmer, with 21 animals, had accepted the government's decision and
had agreed to the payment of whatever compensation it thought appropriate.
But two flocks, totaling 355 animals, were being destroyed over the owners'
objections, the officials noted.
- One of the protesting owners, Larry Faillace, who holds
a doctoral degree in animal physiology, described tests like those performed
on the slaughtered sheep as unreliable.
- And the other farmer, Houghton Freeman, maintained that
''the chances of someone getting sick from these sheep are the same as
being hit by an asteroid on your front porch.''
- But department spokesman Andy Solomon said: ``It is necessary
for us to act with an abundance of caution. The potential impact of any
strain of TSE making its way through American livestock could be very costly.''
- The Agriculture Department has asked independent appraisers
to determine the fair market value of the sheep so compensation can be
paid before their destruction and incineration.
- Faillace suggested he should get $11.3 million, which
he calculated as the total worth of his business. He termed his imported
East Frisian dairy sheep ``irreplaceable in the United States'' and said
his livelihood would be ruined by the government action.
- Freeman also said he should be paid ``millions of dollars''
in compensation for his investments.
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text:
Sale on canvas prints! Use code ABCXYZ at checkout for a special discount!
Works created with various graphics software. Fractals and others.
1 - 8 of 8 digital creations - wall art for sale
Results: 8Filters (1)
Size & Shape
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text:
Federal Register 2.0 (FR 2.0) — a new online version of the Federal Register, featuring Web 2.0 functions enabling users to comment, plain language summaries of regulations, and access by subject — is now available.
Of particular interest to those interested in open government data efforts is that FR 2.0 appears to include features and functions that were originally developed as part of innovative nongovernmental erulemaking efforts, such as the University at Albany’s DeER (Deliberative E-Rulemaking) Project, the Princeton Center for Information Technology Policy‘s FedThread, the Cornell e-Rulemaking Initiative‘s Regulation Room, and WestEd‘s GovPulse. Some of GovPulse’s innovative Federal Register-related technology was developed as part of The Sunlight Foundation’s 2009 Apps for America Challenge. Click here for a video describing the Federal Register-related innovations developed through the Apps for America Challenge.
These projects arose because in 2009 the Office of the Federal Register and the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) began making the Federal Register available online in XML for free of charge bulk access on GPO’s FDsys. This free bulk access to legal information enabled nongovernmental developers to create innovative systems and tools for use in connection with that information. With FR 2.0, the U.S. federal government is reincorporating some of these innovative systems and tools, to enhance public access to the law and public participation in agency rulemaking and other aspects of federal public policy.
This kind of socially beneficial collaboration between government as data provider and civil society organizations as technology innovators is consistent with the model proposed by David Robinson et al. in their paper, Government Data and the Invisible Hand, 11 Yale Journal of Law and Technology 160-175 (2009) (Issue No. 2).
One statement in the video describing new features of FR 2.0 seems questionable. The video seems to suggest that the “Summary” field in each proposed or final rule is a feature new to FR 2.0. However, the “Summary” field appears for many years to have been a required field for proposed or final rules published in the Federal Register. See, e.g., Federal Register Document Drafting Handbook 1-6, 1-8 (1998), and this proposed rule from 1998. I’ve sent an email to the Office of the Federal Register asking for clarification of this point; I’ll post any response I receive on the version of this post at the Legal Informatics Blog.

domain: law


text:
Connect with professionals and student leaders and learn how to better support refugee communities 10 a.m.-2 p.m. Saturday and 10 a.m.-3 p.m. Sunday. Topics will include education accessibility, ethical humanitarian aid, legislative and legal efforts, and resettlement. Register.
The conference was planned by No Lost Generation at George Washington University and Penn for Refugee Empowerment at University of Pennsylvania. Speakers hail from Lafayette Action, Wesleyan Refugee Project, Brown Refugee Youth Tutoring and Enrichment, No Lost Generation Georgetown, Jewish Family Service of San Diego, Refugee Dream Center, and the Multifaith Alliance for Syrian Refugees. Elizabeth Ferris, a research professor with Institute for the Study of International Migration at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service, will be the closing speaker. Zoom links will be sent the day before the event.

domain: sociology


text:
The U.S. Department of Commerce awarded a $1 million grant to the city of Darlington to expand its industrial park in the hope of creating 250 jobs.
The funding, from the department’s Economic Development Administration, will be used to engineer, design and construct infrastructure in the expanded portion of the industrial park.
“This investment in Darlington’s Industrial Park will support the expansion of existing and future industries, paving the way for job growth in the region,” Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross said in a statement.
The city had purchased about 37 acres adjacent to the industrial park for the expansion with an option to purchase another 37 acres if desired in the future, Lafayette County economic development director Abby Haas said.
Haas said the current industrial park is almost at capacity with current tenants.
The majority of businesses in the industrial park are focused on agriculture and manufacturing. Representatives with Lafayette County and the Southwest Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission would not name companies committed to or considering a move to the industrial park.
“We know there’s growing demand for business and manufacturing in our region,” said Troy Maggied, the commission’s executive director.
The city is matching the $1 million with local funds, also to be used to build up infrastructure in the industrial park.


'We wanted to make a statement'
REACTION: New Zealand head coach Ian Foster lauded a “statement” win after his All Blacks trounced Italy 96-17 to reignite their World Cup bid on Friday.
The three-time champions were under pressure coming into this match, knowing that defeat would have seen them crashing out of the pool stages for the first time.
But with their backs against the wall, they put in a stunning 14-try demolition of their overmatched opponents.
“Delighted. We wanted to make a statement, we felt like we have had a couple of good weeks and felt like we had to rebuild momentum in this tournament after having that break,” said Foster.
The All Blacks hadn’t played for a couple of weeks since thrashing Namibia 71-3 following their opening 27-13 loss to France.
“To come out against a team that we legitimately had concerns about, because they are a good team and had played some great rugby leading into this, and put them away like that was really pleasing,” Foster told Sky Sports.
The story continues below…
With minnows Uruguay to come next, New Zealand can almost start preparing for the quarterfinals, something Foster said other teams amongst the favourites cannot.
France could still fail to reach the quarterfinals if they lose to Italy next week in Pool A and Ireland are not guaranteed to go through to the knock-outs despite having beaten reigning champions South Africa in Pool B.
“The great thing for us is that we had a pressure game tonight [Friday] that we had to front up and play – there are other teams that have got that coming up too,” said Foster.
“People talk about other teams already being in the quarterfinals but there are still ramifications and things to happen.”
And Foster insisted that despite scoring 25 tries in their last two matches against Italy and Namibia, New Zealand would not be taking Uruguay lightly next week.
“We will be better because we put ourselves under pressure for this one and we will learn a bit about ourselves,” he said.
“Uruguay have been a niggly team to play, so we have to respect that, but clearly we are where we want to be right now.”
‘Glorified training run’
Centre Jordie Barrett, whose sublime crossfield kick for wing Will Jordan set New Zealand’s stall out for the evening after just six minutes, said he was disappointed with the All Blacks’ start to the second half, when they conceded a try to Ange Capuozzo.
“We were good for the most parts, then a bit sloppy in a 10-minute period after half-time,” he said.
“As a team, we let them back in with poor discipline and, with all due respect, against a side in a finals, we might get in trouble with that stuff.
“We did most things well, but there are areas where we can get better.”
Italy’s Kiwi coach Kieran Crowley pointed to his team’s poor set-piece as one factor which contributed to the rout.
They lost six scrums and five line-outs during the match.
“It turned into a bit of a glorified training run from them,” admitted Crowley.
“We won 33 percent of our scrum and 50 percent of our line-out. They put pressure on us, we gave away eight penalties because of that pressure in the first half and they beat us up at the breakdown.
“Give them credit, they were outstanding with their carry and their clean out work.
“We gave up those three tries in five minutes which really put us on the back foot and it was all gone from then.”


text: We are strongly committed to serving our local community and our world as a missional people. We feel that all people have gifts to offer and are able to serve in some way. Our ministry happens in our work and family lives throughout the week, through mission groups that we form in the congregation, and through organizations with whom we partner through financial and volunteer support. Our work in mission is influenced by our belief that peace and social justice are at the center of the gospel. In an effort to enact our mission, we affirmed a five year plan we call our Vision Statement. It is shown below.


The highly anticipated iPhone XS is finally set to hit the Indian market on September 28th, with a price tag of Rs 99,900. This sleek and powerful device is packed with cutting-edge features and improvements that will surely leave tech enthusiasts spellbound. The iPhone XS boasts a stunning Super Retina display, offering vibrant colors and crisp visuals for an immersive viewing experience. Its dual camera system with advanced sensors provides exceptional photography capabilities, allowing you to capture stunning portraits and record stunning 4K videos. With enhanced Face ID technology and the powerful A12 Bionic chip, the iPhone XS offers lightning-fast performance and robust security. Whether you’re a photography buff, a gaming enthusiast, or a productivity pro, the iPhone XS has something to offer for everyone. So, mark your calendars and get ready to experience the next-level innovation of the iPhone XS.
Inside This Article
- # iPhone XS Price in India: Will Go on Sale from September 28 for Rs 99,900
- Key Features of iPhone XS
- Pricing and Availability in India
- Comparison with Previous iPhone Models
# iPhone XS Price in India: Will Go on Sale from September 28 for Rs 99,900
The highly anticipated iPhone XS is set to make its debut in India on September 28, with a starting price of Rs 99,900. Apple enthusiasts across the country are eagerly awaiting the release of this latest flagship smartphone, which promises a host of exciting features and cutting-edge technology.
The iPhone XS is available in two storage capacities – 64GB and 256GB. The base model, with 64GB of storage, is priced at Rs 99,900, while the higher-capacity variant, with 256GB of storage, will set you back Rs 1,14,900.
Apple lovers in India will have the opportunity to choose between three striking color options – Space Gray, Silver, and Gold. Each variant exudes a premium look and feel, adding to the overall aesthetic appeal of the iPhone XS.
It’s worth noting that the iPhone XS is not only the successor to the highly popular iPhone X, but also boasts several enhancements in terms of performance and features. With a powerful A12 Bionic chip and an advanced Neural Engine, the iPhone XS delivers lightning-fast processing capabilities and improved efficiency for a seamless user experience.
The iPhone XS features a stunning 5.8-inch Super Retina OLED display, offering vibrant colors, deep blacks, and sharp details. Its edge-to-edge design and HDR support ensure an immersive visual experience, making it ideal for gaming, streaming, and multimedia consumption.
Photography enthusiasts will be delighted with the iPhone XS’s dual 12-megapixel rear cameras, equipped with Smart HDR and enhanced bokeh effect capabilities. The TrueDepth front camera allows for stunning selfies and supports Face ID, Apple’s advanced facial recognition technology, for secure authentication.
As for battery life, the iPhone XS offers improved endurance compared to its predecessor, ensuring that you can stay connected and entertained throughout the day. It also supports wireless charging, making it even more convenient to power up your device without the hassle of cables.
In terms of software, the iPhone XS runs on iOS 12, Apple’s latest operating system, which brings a host of new features and enhancements to the table. With improved security, faster performance, and a more intuitive user interface, iOS 12 takes the iPhone XS to new heights.
If you’ve been eagerly waiting to get your hands on the latest iPhone XS, mark your calendar for September 28 when it goes on sale in India. Whether you’re a tech enthusiast, a professional, or a casual user, the iPhone XS is sure to impress with its powerful performance, stunning design, and innovative features.
Key Features of iPhone XS
The iPhone XS boasts several impressive features that set it apart from its predecessors. Here are the key highlights:
1. Super Retina Display: The iPhone XS boasts a stunning 5.8-inch Super Retina OLED display, providing vibrant colors, deep blacks, and crisp details. The edge-to-edge design and high pixel density make for an immersive viewing experience.
2. A12 Bionic Chip: The iPhone XS is powered by Apple’s A12 Bionic chip, which is faster and more efficient than ever before. With a 7nm architecture and six-core CPU, this chip delivers enhanced performance and improved energy efficiency for seamless multitasking and gaming.
3. Dual Rear Cameras: The iPhone XS features a dual-camera system with a 12MP wide-angle lens and a 12MP telephoto lens. This setup allows for stunning photos with enhanced depth and detail. The Smart HDR feature ensures well-exposed images with highlight and shadow details.
4. Face ID: The iPhone XS continues Apple’s commitment to facial recognition technology with Face ID. It is faster and more reliable than ever, allowing users to securely unlock their device, authenticate apps, and make secure transactions with just a glance.
5. Advanced Water and Dust Resistance: The iPhone XS is designed to withstand accidental spills, splashes, and dust, thanks to its IP68 rating. This means it can be submerged in up to 2 meters of water for up to 30 minutes without suffering any damage.
6. Enhanced Battery Life: The iPhone XS offers improved battery life compared to its predecessors. With optimized usage and advanced power management features, users can enjoy longer talk time, internet browsing, and multimedia playback.
7. iOS 12: The iPhone XS comes pre-loaded with iOS 12, Apple’s latest operating system. This update brings several new features and improvements, including faster performance, Memoji, Group FaceTime, and enhanced privacy settings.
8. Wireless Charging: The iPhone XS supports wireless charging, allowing users to conveniently charge their device by simply placing it on a compatible charging pad or dock.
9. Dual SIM Support: The iPhone XS features dual SIM support, allowing users to use two different phone numbers on the same device. This feature is especially useful for travelers or those who need separate lines for work and personal use.
Overall, the iPhone XS excels in terms of display, performance, camera capabilities, and user experience. It combines cutting-edge technology with sleek design, making it a top contender in the premium smartphone market.
Pricing and Availability in India
The iPhone XS is priced at Rs 99,900 for the base variant with 64GB of storage. If you need more storage space, there are two other options available: the 256GB variant priced at Rs 1,14,900 and the top-of-the-line 512GB variant priced at Rs 1,34,900. These prices may vary slightly depending on the retailer and any ongoing promotions.
Apple has announced that the iPhone XS will go on sale in India starting from September 28. It will be available for purchase through authorized Apple resellers, as well as online platforms including the Apple Store and e-commerce giants such as Amazon and Flipkart.
If you are planning to buy the iPhone XS in India, it is advisable to pre-order the device to secure your spot. Apple typically experiences high demand for its new releases, and pre-ordering ensures that you are among the first to receive the device when it becomes available.
When pre-ordering the iPhone XS, it is important to note that the availability may vary depending on the color and storage variant chosen. Popular options such as the Space Gray and Silver finishes with higher storage capacity may sell out quickly, so acting fast is recommended.
In addition to official Apple sales channels, the iPhone XS is also expected to be available through various mobile carriers in India. These carriers typically offer bundled plans and discounts when purchasing the device along with a mobile service contract.
Lastly, it’s worth mentioning that Apple periodically offers discounts and promotional offers, so it’s a good idea to keep an eye out for any upcoming sales or deals. These offers can help you save some money when buying the iPhone XS in India.
Comparison with Previous iPhone Models
The iPhone XS is the latest addition to Apple’s lineup of smartphones, offering cutting-edge features and top-of-the-line specifications. In this section, we will compare the iPhone XS with its predecessors to understand the advancements and improvements that Apple has made.
1. Design and Display:
The iPhone XS features a sleek and stylish design similar to its predecessor, the iPhone X. It boasts a stunning 5.8-inch OLED display, offering vibrant colors and deep blacks. The display comes with HDR support, True Tone technology, and a resolution of 2436 x 1125 pixels.
2. Camera Capabilities:
When it comes to photography, the iPhone XS excels with its advanced dual-camera setup. It features a 12-megapixel wide-angle lens and a 12-megapixel telephoto lens, both equipped with optical image stabilization. The iPhone XS introduces Smart HDR, which enhances image quality by capturing multiple frames simultaneously.
3. Performance and Processor:
The iPhone XS is powered by Apple’s A12 Bionic chip, which offers incredible performance and efficiency. With its 6-core CPU and 4-core GPU, the iPhone XS delivers faster app launches, smoother multitasking, and improved graphics performance compared to its predecessors.
4. Battery Life:
Apple has made improvements in the battery life of the iPhone XS compared to previous models. With its more efficient A12 Bionic chip and optimizations in iOS, the iPhone XS provides longer battery life, ensuring you can use your phone for an extended period without worrying about charging.
5. Storage Options:
The iPhone XS is available in three storage options: 64GB, 256GB, and 512GB. This gives users a wide range of choices to suit their storage needs, making it easier to store photos, videos, apps, and more without running out of space.
6. Water and Dust Resistance:
Similar to the iPhone X, the iPhone XS comes with an IP68 rating for water and dust resistance. It can withstand being submerged in 2 meters of water for up to 30 minutes, providing added protection against accidental spills and splashes.
Overall, the iPhone XS offers significant improvements over its predecessor, with a more powerful processor, enhanced camera capabilities, and improved battery life. It is a worthy upgrade for those looking for the latest in smartphone technology.
The iPhone XS is undoubtedly an incredible device that offers a plethora of features, along with a hefty price tag. With its cutting-edge technology and sleek design, it impresses both technophiles and fashion-conscious individuals. The starting price of Rs 99,900 may seem steep, but considering the advanced features and the premium experience it offers, it is a worthy investment for those who can afford it.
Whether you are a photography enthusiast, a gaming fanatic, or simply someone who seeks a seamless and powerful mobile experience, the iPhone XS is designed to deliver. From its stunning Super Retina display to its powerful A12 Bionic chip, this device is engineered to provide exceptional performance and efficiency.
So, if you’re looking for a top-tier smartphone that offers the latest technology, impressive camera capabilities, and an elegant design, the iPhone XS is an excellent choice. Get ready to experience the future of mobile technology in the palm of your hand with the iPhone XS.
1. What is the price of iPhone XS in India?
The iPhone XS is priced at Rs 99,900 for the base model in India.
2. When will the iPhone XS go on sale in India?
The iPhone XS will be available for purchase in India from September 28.
3. What are the key features of the iPhone XS?
The iPhone XS comes with a 5.8-inch Super Retina OLED display, a powerful A12 Bionic chip, dual 12-megapixel rear cameras, Face ID for secure facial recognition, and up to 512GB of storage.
4. Does the iPhone XS support dual SIM cards?
Yes, the iPhone XS has dual SIM capabilities, allowing you to use two SIM cards simultaneously using eSIM technology.
5. Is the iPhone XS waterproof?
The iPhone XS is water and dust-resistant with an IP68 rating, which means it can withstand being submerged in up to 2 meters of water for up to 30 minutes.


text:
Evgeny and Lydia Baranov
Evgeny and Lydia Baranov, the husband and wife artist duo, are well-known for their unique collaborative approach to painting. This has become their trademark over the thirty years they have been working in this manner. They paint together, simultaneously, on the same canvas. Not a commonly perceivable concept in the Western culture, yet successfully implemented in the past by such masters of Socialist Realism as the Tkachyov brothers or the KuKryNiksy trinity.
They have been honored with more than 25 two-person exhibits over the past twenty years. Their artwork is represented in numerous private, corporate and government collections in fourteen countries. These include the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Netherlands, and more. Among their collectors are Clint Eastwood, Alison Eastwood, Dina Ruiz Eastwood, the Hearst family, film director Ralph Senensky, actress Robin Bartlett, the Royal Family of UK, The Tehama Country Club in Carmel, California, The Carmel Mission, University of Alaska, Alaska Court System, Alaska Department of Transportation, the Russian Patriarchy, and many others.
Both Evgeny and Lydia were born, raised and educated in Moscow, Russia, where they received their Master's Degrees from Moscow Architectural Institute in the 1980's. Each has had a passion for painting. The painting duo formed almost thirty years ago, soon after we got married and moved to the United States in 1990. They work in a broad field of subjects, portrait, genre, still life, landscape, both plein air and studio. Each year, they take two or three plein air painting trips to Europe. They are always open to accepting commissions, particularly portraiture.


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On August 2, Maryam Malekpour was finally reunited with her brother Saeed in Vancouver after she had campaigned tirelessly for 11 years to free him from prison in Iran.
“The nightmare is finally over!” Maryam wrote on Twitter. “Together we prevailed.”
Maryam thanked “every single person who supported us throughout this time.”
Saeed, a permanent resident of Canada, was arrested in Iran in October 2008 while on a visit to his dying father.


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Atlanta Falcons Ribbon - 1 5/16 inch Polyester
Description: 4 yards of licensed Atlanta Falcons on deep red ribbon. Nice printed polyester is great for gift wrapping, sports wreaths, hair bows, scrap booking and crafts.
Width: 1 5/16 inch
NOTE: This ribbon has been pre-cut into 4 yard pieces. If you order more than 4 yards, it will not be continuous.

domain: hobby


MGEHR1212-3 Lathe Cut Off Grooving Tool Holder With 10pcs MGMN300 Inserts
$95,96 & Free Shipping
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MGEHR1212-3 Lathe Cut-Off Grooving Parting Turning Tool Holder With 10pcs MGMN300 Inserts For 3mm Cut
Material: Tungsten Steel
Shank Diameter: 1.2cm/0.47''(appr.)
Holder Length: 100mm/3.94''(appr.)
Direction: Right Hand
Suitable Inserts: MGMN300 (10pcs) (3mm Width)
1. Profiling bar for semi-finishing and finishing operations.
2. Bar hardness approximately 45HRC.
3. High grip strength, impact resistance and strong, clear speed advantage in cutting off a large margin and processing;
4. To maintain tight tolerances unmatched performance;
5. Practical and a variety of processing environments, even in very dirty environments such as cast iron also has good features;
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10X MGMN300 Insert (packed with box)
1X MGEHR1212-3 Lathe Grooving Holder (packed with box)
1.Please allow a bit error due to manual measurement. please make sure you do not mind before you bid.
2.The color may have different as the difference display, pls understand.


- François-Xavier Branthôme
Distantly related crops are not better rotation partners for tomato
Although crop rotation has been used for centuries to enhance agricultural production, there is surprisingly little data justifying the use of one rotation over another. Growers typically avoid growing plants in succession that belong to the same genus or family, but it is not clear whether closely related crops are indeed poor rotation partners and whether evolutionary history, overall, predicts legacy effects in agricultural soils.
A new study uses a plant-soil feedback framework to test the relationship between species relatedness and crop growth. Using tomato Solanum lycopersicum as the focal crop, researchers determined how 36 common crop and weed species that vary along a spectrum of phylogenetic relatedness influence tomato growth in subsequent plantings. They also tested whether soil conditioning affects the performance of an above?ground insect herbivore, the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta.
Phylogenetic relatedness did not predict plant–soil feedback effects on tomato biomass or hornworm performance; rather, impacts of soil conditioning were highly species? or family?specific. For example, tomatoes growing in soil previously containing plants in the Asteraceae family were notably resistant to caterpillar feeding.
There was also a disconnect between which plant species caused negative feedback on tomatoes vs. hornworms (e.g. thistle Cirsium discolor soil had strong negative effects on herbivory but no impact on plant growth). Hence, negative feedback on hornworms is likely due to enhanced defence instead of simply reducing leaf availability.
This data demonstrates that, despite being widely recommended by agronomists in most cropping systems, phylogenetic relatedness is a poor predictor for the success of crop pairings in rotation, especially in tomato. Better understanding of species?specific effects of soil conditioning will lend insight into how polycultures can be better designed to optimize crop growth while reducing susceptibility to insect pests, which is particularly useful on diversified farms that cultivate a variety of crop species.


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(Photo from savethebrooklynbridge.org)
In late August, The Brooklyn Paper and NY Post published stories about neighborhood groups joining together to fight against Two Trees Management building proposal on Dock Street in Dumbo. The joint statement was not published in either article. But the Dumbo Neighborhood Association just posted the statement on their website (click on more below to view the whole statement). The Brooklyn Heights Association, Dumbo Neighborhood Association, and Fulton Ferry Landing Association have joined together to oppose the project citing negative impact on the surrounding historic neighborhoods, being out of scale with adjacent structures, and failure to recognize its unique and significantly historic urban context. They have joined Council member David Yassky who also does not think the building is appropriate so close to the Brooklyn Bridge.
Joint Statement of the Brooklyn Heights Association, Dumbo Neighborhood Association, Fulton Ferry Landing Association
Re: Dock Street Dumbo Project
The Dumbo Neighborhood Association, Fulton Ferry Landing Association, and the Brooklyn Heights Association (collectively, the “Associations”) have joined together in opposition to the proposed development by Two Trees Management Corp. at the intersection of Water and Dock Streets, adjacent to the Brooklyn Bridge. Approximately three years ago, Two Trees Corp withdrew its application to build a similar high-rise building on this site after local elected officials and the Association raised an array of objections to the proposal. Despite the inclusion of a school and affordable housing units, the defects of this new project are essentially the same as those that resulted in the failure of the previous project. The proposed high-rise project will have a substantial negative impact on the surrounding historic neighborhoods, is completely out of scale with adjacent structures, and fails to recognize its unique and historically significant urban context. Moreover, it will profoundly diminish the views from and of the Brooklyn Bridge, one of our City’s – and, indeed, our nation’s – most important monuments to architecture and engineering.
The site is positioned at a key transition zone between the five-story row house scale of the Fulton Ferry Landing Historic District to the west, its squat and massive Empire Store complex to the north, the assembly of DUMBO Gair Buildings to the east, and the Brooklyn Bridge Anchorage to the south from which springs the diagonal span of the bridge northwest to Manhattan. The view of this entire span must be protected. The area around the Brooklyn Bridge forms a vast spatial “bowl”, allowing residents and visitors from around the world views of and from this global landmark. This open urban space welcomes the bridge and its thousands of visitors to Brooklyn with open arms as it spans from Manhattan. Interrupting this, the proposed building sits completely within this “bowl”, cutting off views from the bridge of the waterfront and the Empire Stores, and views of the bridge from the DUMBO streets. The building would be substantially closer than any other building of its height to the bridge, in either Brooklyn or Manhattan, and would effectively eliminate the “bowl” completely on this side of the bridge. Meanwhile, for those moving along the bridge towards Manhattan, especially pedestrians and cyclists, the proposed building significantly diminishes panoramic views of the Manhattan skyline and Manhattan Bridge.
The project as proposed does not reflect the low-density scale of this part of Dumbo and the Fulton Ferry neighborhood to the west. “The area proposed for rezoning is framed by the context of the four-to-six story buildings located at 64-72 Water Street and the Civil War era Empire Stores and Tobacco Warehouse in Brooklyn Bridge Park located directly across the street from the subject site. This area serves as a transition zone between the taller concrete industrial buildings found along Main Street to the 2-to-3 story buildings in Fulton Landing which are in character with an R6B contextual zoning designation”1
(1 Borough President Marty Markowitz’s Recommendation Report to the City Planning Commission regarding 38 Water Street, dated 7/1/04)
Two Trees is requesting a number of modifications and exemptions to zoning requirements, all of which combine to create a building that is simply too tall and too large for this site.
a. Proposed Zoning Designation: This site should act as a transition from DUMBO to Fulton Ferry rather than a wall. We maintain, as we and many others did in connection with the developer’s prior proposal, that any new building on this immediate area should be no higher than 80′. Only by limiting the height of any building on this site to below the height of the Brooklyn Bridge span, can the sweeping views one enjoys of the river and Manhattan from the Brooklyn Bridge be preserved. The proposed R8 zoning without a contextual designation would enable the developer to build a structure that breaks the gradual transition from DUMBO to Fulton Ferry and impairs the viewscape from and of the bridge.
b. Proposed Floor Area Exemptions: The proposal seeks to exempt over 92,000 sq.ft. of space from the floor area calculations. While a public middle school is in great demand for our communities, we do not believe that this need should be met at the expense of the character of our neighborhoods or historic integrity of the bridge.
c. Proposed Modifications to Setback Requirements: The proposal seeks a complete exemption from setback requirements. We maintain that this site should act as a transition zone between DUMBO and Fulton Ferry. The required setbacks would maintain some level of integrity to street wall heights that characterize the low, historic buildings of Water Street and the Fulton Ferry Historic District.
d. Proposed Modifications to Rear Yard Requirements: The proposal requests that no rear yard be required. The intention of rear yard requirements is to maintain a minimum of light and air in our dense urban fabric. This already dense block would benefit greatly from compliance with these regulations.
e. Special Permission from DOT to Encroach on 70′ Bridge Limit: There is no substantive reason why, at such an early stage in the process, this issue cannot be solved architecturally rather than requiring DOT’s permission to compromise its regulation. We believe that any such compromise would not only be premature, but could also set a dangerous precedent for future development and for the security of the bridge.
To mitigate the above concerns, the Associations contend that any development at Water and Dock Streets must recognize the unique historic character and context of the area with a building (including HVAC and other equipment) that is no higher than 80′ in height, contributes to the character of both DUMBO & Fulton Ferry Landing, and has special consideration for the historic views from and of the Brooklyn Bridge.
August 10, 2007


Electronic control unit
Types of ECU include electronic/engine control module (ECM), powertrain control module (PCM), transmission control module (TCM), brake control module (BCM or EBCM), central control module (CCM), central timing module (CTM), general electronic module (GEM), body control module (BCM), suspension control module (SCM), control unit, or control module. Taken together, these systems are sometimes referred to as the car's computer. (Technically there is no single computer but multiple ones.) Sometimes one assembly incorporates several of the individual control modules (PCM is often both engine and transmission)
Some modern motor vehicles have up to 80 ECUs. Embedded software in ECUs continue to increase in line count, complexity, and sophistication. Managing the increasing complexity and number of ECUs in a vehicle has become a key challenge for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs).
Types of electronic control units
- Airbag control unit (ACU)
- Body control module (BCU) controls door locks, electric windows, courtesy lights, etc.
- Convenience control unit (CCU)
- Door control unit (DCU)
- Engine control unit (ECU)—not to be confused with electronic control unit, the generic term for all these devices
- Electric Power Steering Control Unit (PSCU)— Generally this will be integrated into the EPS powerpack.
- Human-machine interface (HMI)
- Powertrain control module (PCM): Sometimes the functions of the Engine Control Unit and transmission control unit (TCU) are combined into a single unit called the Powertrain Control Module.
- Seat Control Unit
- Speed control unit (SCU)
Failure of ECU
The main symptoms of a failure would be the engine not starting, fault light constantly on and unable to be cleared. Although is quite rare, it is a big issue when it happens. To identify the initial problem, manufacturers and producers need to perform certain tests including:
- material assessment
- corrosion investigation
- electronics evaluation
- fire damage investigation
By performing such test future failures can be prevented and performance enhanced.
|This article about an automotive technology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
|This article about an automotive part or component is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


While Gov. Glenn Youngkin’s brief time in office has elicited sharply divided opinions about his policies, his proposal in April to address the plight of children in foster care deserves broad support across the commonwealth.
The trauma endured by these young people is substantial. Public officials — in the administration, the General Assembly and our communities — can make a difference in the trajectory of their lives through thoughtful, comprehensive and coordinated action.
The problems within the foster care system are not new, nor are they specific to Virginia. Children placed in the care of the state can suffer psychological, emotional and even physical trauma, the effects of which can last a lifetime.
That’s why it’s so important that children within the system receive the care, concern and attention they need to develop and adapt, and why state and local agencies are expected to make their safety and well-being their primary objective.
On that measure, however, Virginia has fallen well short. A 2018 report by the Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission found nearly 100 instances of officials not following regulations established to protect children’s health and safety, an unconscionable failure.
JLARC found children going more than a month without a site visit by case workers, a lack of proper background checks for foster families, the absence of required medical care (such as inoculations) and other deeply worrisome mistakes throughout the system.
In response, the General Assembly in 2019 passed a package of reforms aimed at shoring up gaps in foster care and exerting a greater level of state control, including the ability to intervene as needed at the local level. It also moved to address a shortfall in placing eligible children with other family members rather than in foster homes, called kinship care.
However, that legislation did not alleviate some of the major forces at work: a deficit of case workers which can create unmanageable caseloads for those tasked with monitoring children, and a decline in families willing to provide foster homes for kids.
Then came the COVID-19 pandemic, which expanded those shortcomings. The Virginia Mercury reported in May 2021 that one of the state’s largest private foster care agencies, United Methodist Family Services, said the number of families interested in fostering has gone down by 30% over the previous six months compared to a year earlier.
Few people were spared the hardships endured during the pandemic, but those two brutal years served to exacerbate existing inequities. Virginia’s most vulnerable, including children in foster care, suffered greatly.
In April, Youngkin put their plight into clearer focus, saying that between Feb. 1-July 30, 2021, 163 children were displaced for at least one night in unsuitable sleeping arrangements — hotels, government offices, emergency rooms and other similar facilities — for a lack of available space.
Not only is that an unacceptable situation for the children, it places an additional burden on foster care workers, law enforcement and other individuals who are responsible for the well-being of these kids.
Youngkin announced the formation of a task force to study the problem swiftly and propose recommendations, emphasizing partnerships between state and local officials. The governor’s work builds on the efforts of his predecessor, Gov. Ralph Northam, who appointed Virginia’ first children’s ombudsman in June, and the General Assembly, which created that post through bipartisan legislation and appropriated funding for its mission during the 2020 session.
But those figures from Youngkin — affecting a heartbreaking 163 children — shows more must be done to provide adequate care throughout the commonwealth, increase kinship care, recruit suitable foster families and move these children out of the foster system and into stable, supportive homes.
That will not be easy and it will require broad support from all corners of Virginia, which Youngkin should have as he tackles this crisis. The commonwealth cannot continue to abide by this crisis, and it’s good to see the governor take up this mantle and work to make a difference in the lives of these kids.


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That glorious phrase ‘hope springs eternal’ lies at the heart of every gardener’s planning. A tricky sentiment with the current political shenanigans, but when the bulb catalogues come thudding on to the doormat ….oh boy! Your mind can go soaring again imagining sheets of glistening crocuses, pools of dancing daffodils, acres of bright tulips……
I have perfected a technique over the years for dealing with these luscious brochures – I wonder if you do something similar? I go through the catalogue once and tick everything I like the look of (usually hundreds of things). Then I go through it again and actually make a written list of the ticked ones that still appeal on a second look (rather fewer).
The next stage of the process is that I leave that list for several days before I go back to it, which is when I ask myself some important questions:
- Where would I plant them?
- How will I stop mice and squirrels eating them?
- How will I avoid slicing them in half if they are planted in a border rather than naturalised in grass?
- How many will still be able to flower the following year (a very pertinent question when it comes to tulips)?
- What happens when I can’t afford my round in the pub because I’ve spent all my dosh on rare narcissi?
In other words, WHAT WAS I THINKING ?!
All those questions bring the list down to a sensible and modest size, and I usually end up ordering a few more small pale-flowered daffs that look so pretty in short grass, a couple of the species tulips like tarda or praestans, which I do find are reliably perennial, and a couple of packs of fabulous over-the-top tulips like ‘Estella Rijnveld’ or ‘La Belle Époque’ to grow in big pots with large mesh over the top to deter pests.
Lets assume that Laura will be scathing about my crowd-pleasers, but I might find a bit of agreement with Caroline, given her rather more TOWIE-approach to garden shopping………
Urghhh I feel the same way about spring bulb catalogues turning up in August as I do about Christmas ones, all those fiddly little crocus and then pages of tulips. I’m sorry but there is something fundamentally wrong about tulips. What are we doing shipping over hundreds of over-fed bulbs from Holland only to be consigning them to the compost heap six months later?
If you are going to invest in something with presence in the spring garden why not make it a North American trillium. Yes the bulbs (rhizomes actually) are pricier than tulips but as the country will be going to hell in a handcart come the end of October, you may as well throw caution to the wind and splurge out on something that is going to last you a lifetime rather than a few weeks.
You could alternatively, as I did, grow them from seed, but this requires patience (which immediately rules out E and C both of whom have notoriously short attention spans) as, like peony seeds, they require a double dormancy so won’t germinate until spring 2021, by which time the UK may well have been sold to Donald Trump.
You could buy them as potted plants in spring but these will be fearsomely expensive and require a visit to a specialist plant fair (although with the above scenario we may be able to import them from America free of any trade tariff)
So best to buy them as bulbs online as soon as they come available but the window of opportunity is short, as they will not be lifted until they go fully dormant in early autumn and must then be swiftly despatched damp packed to prevent them drying out.
They have a reputation for being difficult to establish so you could start with a couple of the easier ones T. chloropetalum (our feature picture this week) is a lovely bold plant with mottled leaves and deep red flowers in early spring (did I mention that I grew my clump from seed….?). T. grandiflorum is much the same but with white flowers that often fade to pink. Both of these are tough cookies who will put up with less than the usual trillium ideal of deep soil in dappled shade. Once the flowers have faded the trio of leaves need to be kept green for as long as possible which is tricky if you have planted them too close to greedy tree roots so a wall would be a better backdrop. Nothing worth having is ever easy but let’s get behind Brexit, ditch the Dutch and throw our hand in with America instead.
So there, Monsieur Barnier! It’s all very well Laura coming over all Boudicea but in an obviously rare moment of concentration I recall gardening guru Fergus Garrett (Great Dixter Garden) tell our Royal Caledonian Gardening Society that the tulips most likely to flower well, year on year, are Tulipa Apeldoorn varieties. Where do they come from? The Netherlands!
So personally I’m all for persevering through the trade barriers to get these bad boys over here if it means slackers like me, who plant tulips and forget about them, can now be considered to be gardening sustainably – wey-hey!
And who on earth could be bothered with Laura’s double dormancy trillium faff? Bulbs come in one self-sustaining lump, locked and loaded to do their stuff and although I’m prepared to admit my excitement over the bulb lasagne fad has evaporated after mine turned out a scraggy springtime mess (as predicted by my sisters), I am RIGHT behind the nation’s growing infatuation with allium bulbs.
I’ve just bought a whole load of Allium ‘Purple Sensation’ bulbs, one of the earliest to flower, and on a recent visit to Cambo Gardens in Fife, picked up a paper bag (note, not plastic) of Allium cernum. I haven’t grown them before but when I saw their common name was ‘ladies leek’ I thought that, spelt differently, this could well be a Growbags’ teatime topic in years to come.
NB Why plant just for the spring, when this smashing character will flower for you from April to October…Louise’s Great Plant this Month.
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Skipping meals is never a good idea. Whether you're pressed for time or desperate to stay within your calorie limit for the day, foregoing a meal will do your body no favours. However, these ProFirst Meal Replacement Bars are designed with both dilemmas in mind.
The high protein content (14g) is designed to keep you fuller for longer and the bar comes packed with an added 24 vitamins and minerals to keep your body nourished until your next proper meal. The delicious chocolate mint flavour will have you feeling as though you have skipped straight to dessert, while the handy size makes it ideal for bags, desks, drawers, lunch bags or even coat pockets. Put your nutrition First
- ProFirst Meal Replacement Bar: Choc Mint (Case of 24)
- Equivalent price: 69p per bar, RRP: £1.39
- 60g per bar
- 14g protein
- 24 vitamins and minerals
- 206kcals per bar
Using Product Information:
While every care has been taken to ensure product information is correct, food products are regularly reformulated, so ingredients, allergens, and other information including nutrition, may change. You should always read the actual product label carefully and please do not rely solely on the information provided on the website.

domain: food