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With the days getting shorter and gloomy weather a permanent fixture, it’s safe to say winter is well and truly here to stay. What better tonic to the onset of hibernation season than a fun-filled city break? Whether you’re dreaming of a snow-frosted sojourn or a far-flung getaway, we’ve rounded up 10 of our favourite destinations for an unforgettable winter escape.
York – Middletons Hotel
For a weekend break that really packs in the charm, York is head and shoulders above the rest. Set right in the heart of the city, just a stone’s throw from the mighty River Ouse, you’d be hard-pressed to find a better base than Middletons Hotel. This elegant bolthole, spread across six Grade II listed buildings, houses a flurry of pared-back rooms awash with pretty pastel-hued interiors, all arranged around a lovely courtyard. The dining here is top-notch too, with a menu of hearty British classics served in the cosy lounge, along with a tempting array of homemade coffee and cakes. Fully sated, spend chilly days exploring the city’s myriad of historical offerings – from the rip-roaring Jorvik Viking Centre to the Gothic-style York Minster or browse for one-of-a-kind souvenirs in the cobbled streets of acclaimed shopping district The Shambles. Don’t leave without sampling a fruit-loaded Fat Rascal in Betty’s Tea Rooms, a local institution.
Bath – MGallery Francis Hotel
Promising postcard-perfect scenery at every turn, historic Bath is one of the UK’s finest cities for a memorable winter break. Just like the city itself, boutique bolthole MGallery Francis Hotel is positively dripping in prestige. Step through the doors of this traditional stone-clad townhouse and you’ll be met with a suite of beautifully-decorated rooms, a cosy lounge bar and a delightful bistro decked out in feature wallpaper, velvet furnishings and gilded window panes. With its central Queen Square location, you won’t have far to go to experience the city’s best-loved sights. Warm your cockles in the ancient Roman baths before shopping till you drop along the esplanade or soaking up the creative genius of one of literature’s finest at the Jane Austen Centre.
London – Sunborn London
There’s no place quite like London in the winter – all twinkling festive lights, old-world pubs ablaze with roaring fires and landmarks laced with the glimmer of the first frost. At Sunborn London, you can enjoy the city in all its glory from a unique vantage point – a luxurious superyacht set in the heart of the Docklands. Climb aboard and you’ll be whisked away on a journey like no other, from the sumptuous guest rooms stacked with crisp linens and luxury amenities to the incredible dining room overlooking the O2 and Victoria Dock. You won’t want to miss the elegant afternoon tea, piled high with neatly-trimmed sandwiches, crumbly scones topped with clotted cream and a choice of beautifully-presented pastries. When you’re ready to disembark, London’s patchwork of iconic sights – from Big Ben to Buckingham Palace and St Paul’s to The Shard – are just a tube ride away.
Dubai – Grand Hyatt Dubai
For a total escape from the reality of a rain-sodden British winter, Grand Hyatt Dubai is a prime choice. Promising sun, sea and sky-scraper studded cityscapes, this sparkling, five-star stunner is sure to banish those pesky winter blues. Boasting three temperature-controlled outdoor pools, an indoor pool with underwater speakers, a swish spa and 13 incredible restaurants, you’ll feel like you’ve hit the holiday jackpot. Stretch out on a shaded lounger as you soak up some trademark Dubai sun, drink in hand, slip away to the Ahasees Spa & Club for a unique pampering experience using healing scientific methods or shop for designer clobber at the world-famous Dubai Mall, just 10 kilometres away. Later, dine-around in style at the hotel’s crop of award-winning eateries, from Italian-style Andiamo! To Arabian themed Awtar.
Venice – Hotel Aquarius
With its network of sparkling waterways, Gothic palaces and romantic Renaissance architecture, Venice is the creme-de-la-creme of city break destinations. Skip the summer crowds and enjoy your pick of the city’s finest attractions with a winter stay at Hotel Aquarius Venice. Inspired by its aquatic surroundings, this water-themed hotel certainly doesn’t skimp on style. Designed to feel like an underwater kingdom, expect elegant glass furnishings, soothing guest rooms dressed in coastal hues and ceilings adorned with sparkling Murano chandeliers. With such elegant theming, you could enjoy all the perks of Venice without having to set foot outside the hotel. But if you do fancy exploring, make your way to the hotel’s sublime secret garden where a gondola will be waiting to whisk you across the city to the likes of St Mark’s Basilica, Piazza San Marco and Doge’s Palace.
Lisbon – Corinthia Hotel
Splash out on a five-star stay at Corinthia Hotel Lisbon, a true luxury icon on the fringe of the city. Boasting a suite of elegantly-designed rooms and suites, a beautiful alfresco restaurant and stellar service on tap, there’s plenty of trademark Corinthia polish here. Spend culture-filled days climbing the city’s iconic seven hills, lined with tumbledown red-roof houses, stopping to sample custard-filled pastel de nata, and ticking off the city’s collection of architectural masterpieces, including the Jeronimos Monastery in nearby Belem. Or visit trendy LX Factory for a spot of hipster shopping and cocktail-sipping. Later, treat yourself to a few blissful hours at the hotel’s spa where you can make the most of the heated pool, Jacuzzi, sauna, steam room and sensory showers before indulging in a soul-soothing massage in one of 13 treatment rooms.
Windsor – Sir Christopher Wren Hotel & Spa
Make like HRH Queen Elizabeth II herself with a visit to the regal city of Windsor. With a scenic riverside location mere moments from the turrets of the Royal residence itself, Sir Christopher Wren Hotel & Spa affords you beautiful views over the Thames, timeless decor and a flurry of facilities, including a fabulous gym and spa area, designed to ensure you truly experience the royal treatment. After a day spent rubbing shoulders with royalty, embarking on a frosty walk through the sprawling grounds of Windsor Great Park or sipping signature beers at the Windsor & Eton Brewery, return to warm your cockles over an indulgent afternoon tea or romantic riverside dinner at the hotel’s upscale Brasserie. Don’t miss the legendary Bubbles & Jazz Sunday lunch – an unforgettable dining experience.
Prague – Pentahotel Prague
The quintessential European winter city break destination, Prague sparkles with its line-up of spellbinding Gothic architecture, beautiful bridges and 17th-century Baroque churches. In stark contrast to its historic surroundings, at Pentahotel Prague you can experience the historic grandeur of The City of a Hundred Spires from a sleek, modern pad. Based right in the thick of the action, guests can look forward to an ultra-modern design blending function and fashion, a lively lounge showcasing a menu of stylish cocktails, mouthwatering burgers and addictive games and a handy gym for keeping up with your workouts. When you’re ready to explore, don your woollies and check off the city’s best sights with ease, from the crowd-pleasing Old Town Square to the ornate Astronomical Clock and the enchanting Prague Castle to the graffiti-covered Lennon Wall (a homage to Beatles frontman John Lennon).
Brussels – Sofitel Brussels Europe
When you think of the must-have ingredients for a cosy winter city break, chances are Brussels ticks all the boxes. Hot chocolate on tap? Yep. Inviting bars? Absolutely. Incredible architecture? You’ve got it. Staying at the grand Sofitel Brussels Europe is a surefire recipe for success, with front-row access to the city’s finest attractions, including the hotel’s very own cocktail lounge and brasserie. Set on the bustling Place Jourdan, you can soak up the lively atmosphere outside, a mug of cocoa in hand, or amble along to the Grand Place for a spot of festive shopping. When it comes to culture, Cinquantenaire Park has more than its fair share of intriguing museums while evergreen Leopold Park is a show-stopping space to while away a few wintry hours.
Salzburg – Mercure Salzburg City
The hills are alive with the sound of rave reviews at Mercure Salzburg City, a sleek and stylish pad close to Salzburg’s enchanting city centre. This striking hotel beautifully contrasts with its historic surroundings – think clean lines, mirrored glass and ultra-modern design details. Set within striking distance of the city’s ever-festive Old Town, the palatial Mirabell Gardens, Mozart’s birthplace and hilltop Hohensalzburg Fortress, bundle up and make like the Von Trapp family with a day spent ticking off one magical landmark after the next (singing optional). Dining is the star of the show here, so be sure to return to Le Sel for a delicious blend of international and classic Austrian dishes.

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ClassicsOnline Home » STARYK, Steven: Italian Violin Sonatas - Nardini / Veracini / Locatelli / Corelli
Masters of the Italian Baroque
Nardini • Veracini • Locatelli • Corelli
Pietro Nardini (1722–1793) was born in Tuscany, and received his first musical instruction at Leghorn, later studied at Padua with Tartini. About 1753, he was appointed solo violinist at the ducal court of Stuttgart, where he remained for fifteen years. In 1767 he returned to Italy, settling in Leghorn, where he remained until the death of Tartini. In 1770 he was appointed director of music at the court of the Duke of Tuscany.
Nardini was the most eminent of Tartini’s disciples. Leopold Mozart, the best possible judge in matters of violin playing, said of him: “The beauty, purity and equality of his tone, and the tastefulness of his cantabile playing, cannot be surpassed…” That Nardini was not a mere executant, but a thorough musician, is evident from the character of his compositions for the violin. Vivacity, grace, and a sweet sentimentality are the main characteristics of his style, which is altogether more modern in form and feeling than Tartini’s. His allegros are often largely developed, and already display the full sonata form, while his slow movements are not unlike Viotti’s.
The Sonata in D major is in three movements: Adagio, Allegro con fuoco, and Allegretto grazioso.
Francesco Maria Veracini (1690–1768) was one of the most prominent violinist-composers of the Italian Baroque. He came from a Florentine family of artists. His grandfather Francesco (1638–1720) was the founder of a music school in Tuscany. His eldest son Antonio enjoys no less a reputation in the history of the violin sonata than does his nephew, Francesco Maria. His father Agostino was a painter of some renown.
Veracini studied the violin with his uncle Antonio in Rome, where he also had lessons with Corelli. His fame increased rapidly, and at the coronation of Emperor Charles V, young Veracini played one of his own concertos. Shortly thereafter, he went to London and met with great success, later toured the continent as a celebrated virtuoso. When in Venice, his technique so impressed Tartini that the latter temporarily retired from public life to acquire Veracini’s technique. Prince Friedrich August of Saxony, a great patron of the arts, met Veracini in Venice and engaged him to play in his orchestra at the Dresden court. In 1716, Veracini dedicated the present Sonata in E minor, along with another work in this form, to the prince, in whose service he remained until 1722. He then returned to his native Florence, and only resumed his concert career in 1735.
In 1744, the famous Dr. Charles Burney, chronicler of musical men and events of the High Baroque, reports Veracini as soloist in concerts at London. He further relates the tale of a shipwreck that Veracini encountered on his return voyage, where he lost two of his violins.
Although most sources place Veracini’s death in the year 1750 (and in poverty, to boot), he did in fact live until 1768. Having made the most of a long and successful career, he slowly faded from public life, dying in Florence a very old and wealthy man, forgotten by the younger generation.
The Sonata in E minor is in five movements: Largo e staccato, Allegro con fuoco, Minuetto and Gavotta, (played without pause), and a concluding Giga.
Pietro Locatelli (1693–1764) was born in Bergamo, and at an early age became a pupil of Corelli’s. In time he rose to eminence as a violinist and composer, and founder of the virtuoso violin school of his time. Little is known of Locatelli’s life, but it appears that he travelled extensively, eventually settling in Amsterdam, where he lived for over thirty years until his death.
In Amsterdam, Locatelli established himself as a teacher and composer, and also imported and sold Italian made strings for all instruments. Amsterdam being the world capital of music publishing at the time, Locatelli was employed by several publishing houses as proof-reader. This enabled him to correspond with and keep abreast of the latest works of such famous composers as Handel, Leclair, and many of the great masters of his native Italy.
A distinction must be made between Locatelli’s virtuoso works written for his own use and consisting mainly of études and caprices of little musical merit,
and the sonatas and concerti. In the latter, we recognize a great and original master, a worthy disciple of his teacher Corelli.
The Sonata in G minor, one of twelve published in Amsterdam in 1732, is in four movements: Largo, Allegro, Adagio and Allegro.
Arcangello Corelli (1653–1713) holds a place of supreme importance in Baroque music. Little is known of his earlier years, but some time before 1685 (the year Bach and Handel were born) Corelli settled in Rome, where he became famous as a performer and composer. His great friend and patron was Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni, an enthusiastic lover of the arts in general and of music in particular, and at whose palace Corelli lived, with slight interruptions, until his death.
Corelli’s fame spread far and wide, and young talents came from all countries to benefit from his instruction. His works were published in most European capitals. Many of his pupils became famous in turn, Geminiani and Locatelli are but two.
Corelli appears to have been an amiable and modest man, simple and unpretentious in all his habits; loved and esteemed by all who knew him. He was on excellent terms with Handel and Alessandro Scarlatti, as well as with some of the most eminent painters of his time, with whose help he formed a valuable art collection. Many of the crowned heads of Europe came to Rome to pay him homage, unsuccessfully trying to lure him into their service. The few occasions that took Corelli away from Rome were not rewarding, and he returned immediately.
Corelli has a double claim to immortality. As a great violinist, he laid a firm foundation for all future development of technique and a pure style of playing. The Sonatas Op. 5 are models for the solo sonata form, and hence for all solo violin works. Corelli also contributed materially to the advancement of orchestral composition, pointing the way for generations of composers to follow, as well as exerting considerable influence on his contemporaries. Corelli’s works are characterised by conciseness and clearness of form, and by a dignified, almost aristocratic bearing. The slow movements show genuine pathos as well as grace, bringing out in a striking manner the singing power of the violin.
The Sonata in B flat major, Op. 5, No. 2, is in five movements: Grave, Allegro, Vivace, Adagio, Vivace.
A note concerning the editions
The editions used in this recording of the sonatas by Veracini, Nardini and Locatelli are as presented in Ferdinand David’s Hohe Schule des Violinspiels, published by Breitkopf and Härtel. All available editions of the Veracini sonata include the Minuetto and Gavotta. The Adagio in the Locatelli work was chosen from another sonata by the same composer to replace the third movement in the B & H edition.
Music notes and biographies taken from the original LP release on Baroque Records BC-12874 (first released in 1967).
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Crew Member Listing: Drew Barnes
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How’s it going I’m Drew 42 y/o in great shape and perfect health. Looking to have a great time on the water and hopefully build up some experience off shore racing. I have raced in RI/ MA for fun and one competitive boat.. Very easy going and athletic with energy for days. All around safe, fast and efficient sailor. I am a paramedic of 13 years with swift water rescue team. I’m an open ear and take direction fast and efficiently. Sounds good let me know. (novice)Trim, Mast, blunt instrument, rail meat, bottle opener….
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Bandages and splints cover her swollen hands, but Rahna Fahringer manages a smile. The mother of two still struggles to overcome the emotional and physical pain of being shot and held hostage for 30 hours by an ex-boyfriend in late November.
Fahringer was shot in the foot by Terrence Abel, 39, after he broke into her home the afternoon of Nov. 30.
When police arrived, Abel barricaded the door and a standoff with authorities ensued. The standoff ended the evening of Dec. 1 when SWAT team officers entered the home and fatally shot Abel.
Fahringer, 46, said that even though she talked to police over the phone while trapped in her bedroom, she couldn’t picture how many law enforcement officers had converged on her home.
“I never saw the light of day once he had me back there,” she said, sitting in a breakfast nook at her Jefferson Avenue home in Brunswick.
Fahringer said she had done everything she could to protect her family after she broke things off with Abel because of his violent tendencies.
On Nov. 26, she obtained a protection order for herself and her children, and she changed the locks on her doors.
“I thought I was safe, but he broke down the door,” she said. “It just wasn’t enough.”
In addition to being shot in her foot, Fahringer sustained injuries to both hands in the final moments of the standoff after police burst through the door.
Officers said Abel had a gun to Fahringer’s head just moments before he was shot and killed.
“I don’t know who fired the shots. I just put my hands up and fell down on the floor when (the police) came in,” she remembered, bowing her head and putting her now-bandaged hands in the air.
A state investigation into the incident has not yet been released, and police haven’t commented on who fired the shots that struck her hands. But Fahringer said it doesn’t make much of a difference.
“I don’t care who shot them, I’m just glad to be alive,” she said.
During the standoff, Fahringer talked to police on the phone. She said she didn’t tell them she had been shot.
“I didn’t want to tell them, because I didn’t want to make (Abel) mad,” she said.
As her rescuers hurried her out of the house, she said they were surprised she was having difficulty moving. They had no idea she had been bleeding heavily from her foot for 30 hours.
“They were trying to get me out the door, saying, “Run, run, but I couldn’t put weight on it.”
Fahringer is getting around better now, and she received an OK from her doctors to start driving again three weeks ago. She continues to work with a physical therapist to increase flexibility in her foot, though she may have some permanent numbness.
The wounds on her hands aren’t healing well either. Fahringer has surgery scheduled Monday to help repair damaged nerves in her right hand, where she has yet to regain the use of two of her fingers.
“It’s frustrating, not having the use of your hands,” she said. “It’s hard to just button your pants, get dressed.”
It also makes it impossible for her to go back to work. Her skills and experience lie in office management, and she can’t type or write.
“It really bothers me that I can’t work,” she said. “I want to do something.”
After being laid off from her job in 2011, Fahringer was able to collect unemployment. She looked for work, but struggled to find any that would come close to supporting her family.
She had just exhausted her unemployment benefits when she landed a job a week before the November incident.
“It was a 20-hour-a-week job, but I was excited to get back to work,” she said. “It was a job at an attorney’s office in Cleveland.”
While Medicaid is covering most of her medical expenses related to recovery, Fahringer said she’s struggling financially to pay her bills.
After she was released from the hospital, Fahringer and her children, Brock, 16 and Blair, 12, stayed with her ex-husband, Mark, and his wife, Dagney Engler.
The children were at school when the November incident began.
She moved back home a few weeks ago, and Mark and Dagney are helping her get the house back in order and to her doctor appointments and surgeries.
“I’m grateful for his wife’s help,” Fahringer said. “She’s been generous with his time helping our family.”
Fahringer moved into her Jefferson Avenue home in 2009 through Habitat for Humanity. She put in more than 300 hours of volunteer time with the organization to get the home, on which she makes monthly payments to Habitat for Humanity.
Moving back in after the incident wasn’t easy, she said.
She and her children are receiving counseling to help heal the emotional scars.
She flashes a big smile when talking about her kids.
“They’re able to help me,” she said. “They’re also at an age where they want to be out with their friends a lot. They act strong like it doesn’t bother them.”
Fahringer said she visited her home with police before the scene was cleaned after she was released from the hospital. She said it was important to see the home to help find closure and move on.
She didn’t see Abel die, and said it was hard to remember exactly how the final moments of the stand-off played out.
Seeing blood on her bed where she spent most of the 30 hours of the standoff helped her cope, she said. She also saw the spots of blood on the floor from her foot as she was helped out.
“I was a little hazy on everything, and I didn’t want to fill that void with something worse than it was,” she said. “When I saw it, it wasn’t that bad.”
Fahringer wants to remain in the house her family has called home, though she admits sometimes it’s a little scary.
“I hear a noise, and I jump a little bit,” she said. “I’m a little more on edge.”
Money running out
Fahringer is awaiting a hearing to apply for disability benefits, but in the meantime, she’s used up most of her insurance money replacing furniture in the house.
She had to replace her bed and a few other items of furniture because they had been damaged by blood and bad memories.
“We just replaced a few things, and we bought used furniture, but that used up what (money) we had,” she said.
In an effort to help Fahringer, her ex-husband and his wife have set up a benevolent fund at FirstMerit Bank.
Mark said he wants people to understand the money will help the family pay their bills and keep up with regular expenses like groceries.
“I just want people to understand the money goes to help her with day-to-day living expenses until she can recover,” he said.
Contact reporter Loren Genson at (330) 721-4063 or firstname.lastname@example.org.
HOW TO HELP
If you’d like to make a donation to Rahna Fahringer and her family as they recover from last year’s hostage incident, donations for Rahna M. Fahringer Benevolent Fund are being accepted at all FirstMerit banks.
You can also visit the family’s page at www.facebook.com/SupportRahnaFahringerAndHerChildren.
For other donations, contact Mark Fahringer at (440) 309-0276.


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- Research article
- Open Access
The botanical origin and antioxidant, anti-BACE1 and antiproliferative properties of bee pollen from different regions of South Korea
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies volume 20, Article number: 236 (2020)
Bee pollen (BP) has been used as a traditional medicine and food diet additive due to its nutritional and biological properties. The potential biological properties of bee pollen vary greatly with the botanical and geographical origin of the pollen grains. This study was conducted to characterize the botanical origin and assess the antioxidant effects of ethanol extracts of 18 different bee pollen (EBP) samples from 16 locations in South Korea and their inhibitory activities on human β-amyloid precursor cleavage enzyme (BACE1), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), human intestinal bacteria, and 5 cancer cell lines.
The botanical origin and classification of each BP sample was evaluated using palynological analysis by observing microscope slides. We measured the biological properties, including antioxidant capacity, inhibitory activities against human BACE1, and AChE, and antiproliferative activities toward five cancer cell lines, of the 18 EBPs. In addition, the growth inhibitory activities on four harmful intestinal bacteria, six lactic acid-producing bacteria, two nonpathogenic bacteria, and an acidulating bacterium were also assessed.
Four samples (BP3, BP4, BP13 and BP15) were found to be monofloral and presented four dominant pollen types: Quercus palustris, Actinidia arguta, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Amygdalus persica. One sample (BP12) was found to be bifloral, and the remaining samples were considered to be heterofloral. Sixteen samples showed potent antioxidant activities with EC50 from 292.0 to 673.9 μg mL− 1. Fourteen samples presented potent inhibitory activity against human BACE1 with EC50 from 236.0 to 881.1 μg mL− 1. All samples showed antiproliferative activity toward the cancer cell lines PC-3, MCF-7, A549, NCI-H727 and AGS with IC50 from 2.7 to 14.4 mg mL− 1, 0.9 to 12.7 mg mL− 1, 5.0 to > 25 mg mL− 1, 2.7 to 17.7 mg mL− 1, and 2.4 to 8.7 mg mL− 1, respectively. In addition, total phenol and flavonoid contents had no direct correlation with antioxidant, anti-human BACE1, or antiproliferative activities.
Fundamentally, Korean bee pollen-derived preparations could be considered a nutritional addition to food to prevent various diseases related to free radicals, neurodegenerative problems, and cancers. The botanical and geographical origins of pollen grains could help to establish quality control standards for bee pollen consumption and industrial production.
There are many products, such as propolis, royal jelly, beeswax and bee pollen (BP), that are harvested from honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) . Bee pollen is collected by worker honey bees from the pollen grains of flower anthers in plants and mixed with a secretion from their salivary glands or nectar. Pollen pellets are colorful and range from light yellow to black . Pollen grains have diverse morphological characteristics, such as cylindrical, round, triangular, bell-shaped or thorny characteristics . The composition of bee pollen is closely related to the plant source and geographical location, as well as other related factors, such as soil type, beekeeper activities, and climatic conditions . The main components of bee pollen are reducing sugars (40.7%, including 3.7% sucrose), protein (32.8%, including 11.5% essential amino acids), lipids (12.8%), bioelements (4.0%), vitamin C (0.19%), and β-carotene (0.07%) . There is a wide assortment of commercial bee pollen products, so determining the quality of bee pollen in commercial products is required. However, only a few countries have officially standardized quality standards and limits of bee pollen and have permitted pollen use as a food additive; these countries include Argentina, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Poland, and Brazil [4, 5]. In ancient times, pollen has been applied as a food supplement or food diet additive and has been used for centuries as a kind of traditional medicine due to its nutritional and biological properties [6, 7]. The therapeutic and biological properties of bee pollen include antioxidant [8,9,10,11,12], anti-inflammatory , antimicrobial activities [10, 11] and antitumor [13, 14] activities; improvement of semen quality and fertility ; hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective activity ; and anti-atherogenic activity . These potential activities of pollen vary with botanical and geographical origin [17, 18]. Assessment of the variety of beneficial biological properties and evaluation of the quality of bee pollen products has been a concern.
A previous study compared the sugar composition of bee pollen from China, South Korea, and Poland . However, few studies have presented the biological activities of native South Korean bee pollen. In the current study, palynological identification of 18 bee pollen (BP) samples from A. mellifera collected from 16 different locations in South Korea was first analyzed. We also evaluated the biological features, including the antioxidant capacity based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, inhibitory activities against human β-amyloid precursor cleavage enzyme (BACE1), human acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and antiproliferative activities toward five cancer cell lines (PC-3, MCF-7, A549, NCI-H727, and AGS), of bee pollen ethanol extracts (EBPs) for the first time. In addition, the growth inhibitory activities on four harmful intestinal bacteria, six lactic acid-producing bacteria, two nonpathogenic bacteria, and an acidulating bacterium were also assessed. In addition, the relationships between the total flavonoid and polyphenol contents and the biological properties of the 18 different EBP samples were also determined. The present study could provide insight into the influence of floral and geographical origin on the biological activities of bee pollen, which would contribute to the choice or establishment of a widely recognized quality standard for pollen products.
Glycerol, quercetin, gallic acid, Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, DPPH, ascorbic acid, 5,5-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), acetylthiocholine iodide (ATChI), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and anticancer agent cisplatin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Recombinant human BACE1, human AChE, and fluorogenic peptide substrate (FPS) McaSEVNLDAEFRK (Dnp) RR-NH2 were purchased from R&D system (Minneapolis, MN). Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth and Eggerth-Gagnon agar were purchased from Becton, Dickinson and Company (Sparks, MD) and Eiken Chemical (Tokyo, Japan), respectively. Minimum essential medium (MEM), RPMI 1640 medium, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY). All other reagents and chemicals used in the current study were available commercially, and with reagent-grade quality.
Bee pollen samples and preparation of extract
Eighteen bee pollen samples (BP1-BP18) used for biological activities detection were purchased from bee keepers’ shops in 16 different locations from 6 provinces of South Korea. The localities and coordinates of these bee pollen samples are listed in Table 1. One bee pollen sample of China was supplied from bee keeper in Weihai City, Shandong Province. Total nineteen bee pollen samples were extracted three times with 70% ethanol at room temperature for 2 days each, and filtered. The combined extract solutions were concentrated or dryness by rotary evaporation at 40 °C under reduced pressure according to the previous study . The yield of concentrated extracts was obtained from 46.85 to 63.83% (Table 1). And the ethanol extracts were kept at − 20 °C for further analysis.
Palynological analysis of bee pollen
Pollen analysis was based on the method reported previously . 2 g of commercial bee pollen samples were added into 15 mL Falcon tube, followed with mixed with 70% ethanol to complete 13 mL, and left for 30 min. Then the samples were ultrasonication for 5 min, and centrifuged for 3 min at 1500 rpm, and the sediment obtained was extracted with 70% ethanol and ultrasonicated again. A solution of glycerol and distilled water (v/v = 1:1) was added to the sediment to make the volume 13 mL, and suspended, then left for about 30 min. One drop of well-mixed bee pollen suspension was transferred on a microscope slide, covered with a cover slide and named, sealed with nail polish, and were analyzed under a microscope with a 400 × magnification.
Determination of total flavonoid and phenolic contents
Total flavonoid contents in EBP samples were determined by AlCl3 colorimetric method based on our previous study . The absorbance was determined at 435 nm using a VersaMax microplate reader with SoftMax Pro 5 Software. EBPs were evaluated at the final concentration of 1000 μg mL− 1. Quercetin (0–12.5 μg mL− 1) was applied as the standard, and the standard curve was Y = 0.1774 X + 0.0433 (correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9995), where X is the quercetin concentration in μg mL− 1, and Y is the absorbance measured at 435 nm. Total flavonoid contents were calculated by linear regression analysis based on the standard curve of quercetin and expressed as mg of quercetin equivalents (QE) per g of EBP samples concentrated and dry by rotary evaporation at 40 °C under reduced pressure.
Total phenolic contents in EBP samples were determined based on Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric method described previously . The absorbance was determined at 735 nm. EBPs were evaluated at the final concentration of 500 μg mL− 1. Gallic acid (0–62.5 μg mL− 1) was used as the standard, and the standard curve was Y = 0.2265 X + 0.0888 (R2 = 0.9950), where X is the gallic acid concentration in μg mL− 1 and Y is the absorbance of reaction mixture at 735 nm. Total polyphenol contents were calculated according to linear regression analysis based on the standard curve, and expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g of EBP samples prepared by the above method.
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Antioxidants with natural origin, particularly in food applications, are considered to be widely used to prevent disease and healthy maintenance . Bee pollen, or as a dietary supplement, is widely intake in daily life. Antioxidant activity of EBP was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging assay according to the method described in our previous study . In order to obtain the EC50 value of radical scavenging activity of DPPH for each EBP sample, seven concentrations were applied with ranging from 15.6 to 2000 μg mL− 1. Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control and similarly formulated. The radical scavenging ability of each EBP sample was calculated according to the equation: % DPPH free radical scavenging activity = (1 – As/Ac) × 100, where Ac is the absorbance of the control and As is the absorbance of the sample.
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer enzyme assay
In the amyloid precursor protein (APP) amyloidgenic pathway, BACE1 plays an important role in the generation of β-amyloid (Aβ) that the main composition of amyloid plaque related to the pathogenesis of AD . BACE1 inhibitor has been regarded as a therapeutic target in reducing Aβ production. The BACE1 inhibitory activity of all EBP samples was evaluated by the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) enzyme assay method according to our previous studies [22, 25]. In order to get the EC50 of BACE1 inhibitory activity, seven concentrations were applied with ranging from 15.6 to 2000 μg mL− 1. The inhibition percentage of EBP sample against human BACE1 was calculated based on the formula: % inhibition = 100 – [(FS – FS0)/(FC – FC0)] × 100, where FS and FS0 are the fluorescence indensity of samples at 60 min and zero time, and FC and FC0 are that of control at 60 min and zero time, respectively.
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition assay
Acetylcholine (ACh), as a neurotransmitter plays an important role in learning and memory processes . The AChE exists in the synaptic cleft of neurons and hydrolyzes ACh to reduce the level of it. In the brain of AD, the more decreased ACh level induced the memory deficits. AChE inhibitor increased the concentration of ACh in the neuron synapses by binding to the enzyme . The AChE inhibition assay procedure was performed using the recombinant human AChE according to the manufacture’s protocol as described in our previous study . The inhibition percentage of EBP sample against human AChE was calculated based on the equation: % inhibition = 100 – [(AS – AS0)/ (AC – AC0)] × 100, where AS and AS0 are the absorbance of samples at 60 min and zero time, and AC and AC0 are that of control at 60 min and 0 time, respectively.
Human intestinal bacterial strains and growth inhibitory assay
It is well known that the intestinal microorganisms in human gastrointestinal tract plays important role in modulating various physiologic and metabolic function for human health [28, 29]. Our previous study has reported that bee product (bee propolis) collected from South Korea have beneficial effects on human intestinal bacteria . There are a few literatures that deal with the relationship between bee pollen and human intestinal bacteria. In our study, to assess the effect of EBP samples on human intestinal bacteria, beneficial six lactic acid-producing bacteria employed in the food industry including Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC 29521, Bifidobacterium breve ATCC 15700, Bifidobacterium infantis ATCC 25962, Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356, and Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393, and an acidulating bacterium (Clostridium butyricum ATCC 25779), as well as four harmful bacteria including Clostridium difficile ATCC 9689, Clostridium paraputrificum ATCC 25780, Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12600, and two nonpathogenic bacteria (Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285, and Escherichia coli ATCC 11775) were tested in the current study. All of these strains were purchased form American type culture collection (ATCC). Stock cultures of the bacterial strains were prepared with BHI broth (pH 7.6) containing 25% glycerol (v/v) and stored at − 70 °C. The cultures of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12600 and Escherichia coli ATCC 11775 were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h under aerobic condition, while the cultures of the other bacterial strains were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h in an atmosphere of 5% H2, 15% CO2, and 80% N2 in a FA-6 anaerorator (serial no. 98072851, Hirayama, Tokyo, Japan) according to the previous study . The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of all EBP samples toward the organisms were determined by a microtiter plate-based bioassay in sterile 96 well plates, as described previously .
Cancer cell lines and cell proliferation assay
Bee pollen as a natural and healthy food, can improve human immunity. Previous study has demonstrated pollen could markedly suppress tumor growth . However, this is few study illuminated the anti-cancer effects of bee pollen collected from South Korea. There are five human cancer cell lines used in the present study including PC-3 (human prostate adenocarcinoma cell line), MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma cell line), AGS (human stomach cancer), and NCI-H727 (human lung carcinoma cell line) supplied by the Korean Cell Line Bank (Seoul, South Korea); A549 (human lung carcinoma cell line) purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, VA). The PC-3, MCF-7, NCI-H727, and AGS cell lines were cultured with RPMI 1640 containing 10% FBS and 1% antibiotic, whereas A549 cell line was cultured with MEM containing 10% FBS, 1% antibiotic solution, and 1% glutamine. Cells were grown in SPL Life Science cell culture dishes under 5% CO2 and 95% air at 37 °C. The MTT assay was examined to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of all EBP samples toward the above five the human cancer cell lines as described previously . To obtain the IC50 value of antiproliferative activity of each EBP sample toward five human cancer cell lines, six concentrations ranging from 0.78 to 25 mg mL− 1 were determined. The cell treated by different concentration of EBP samples were cultured for 48 h. The cultured plates were then washed with 100 μL PBS, followed by adding 100 μL medium containing 0.05% MTT and then incubated for 4–6 h at the same condition stated previously. Then MTT solution was removed and 200 μL DMSO was added to each well. Finally, the plate was shaken for 10 min at room temperature to dissolve the purple formazan crystals formed. The absorbance values were recorded at a 560 nm and a 670 nm reference by a VersaMax microplate reader stated above. Cisplatin served as positive controls and was similarly prepared. The inhibition of EBP sample to cells was calculated according to the following formula: % Inhibition = [1- (AT/AC)] × 100, where AT is the absorbance value of EBP sample treated, and AC for control.
All the determination was carried out in at least triplicate. All the results were expressed as mean ± standard error (SE) of samples with three independent experiments. In each parameter, the differences between bee pollen samples were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni multiple-comparison method using SPSS 16.0 program (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA).
Palynological identification of bee pollen samples
On the basis of palynological analysis, 4 of 18 pollen samples from South Korea (BP3, BP4, BP13 and BP15) were found to be monofloral and presented four dominant pollen types: Quercus palustris, Actinidia arguta, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Amygdalus persica. One sample (BP12) was found to be bifloral, relating to Quercus palustris and Robinia pseudoacacia. Most of the pollen samples, including BP1, BP2, BP5, BP6, BP7, BP8, BP9, BP10, BP11, BP14, BP16, BP17 and BP18, were found to be heterofloral. As a previous study reported, pollen samples with pollen type frequencies higher than 45% were considered the predominant pollen types, 16–45% frequency were considered secondary pollen types, and 3–15% were considered important minor pollen types . In the current study, we found that Quercus palustris was dominant in the BP1, BP2, BP4, BP8, BP12, and BP15 samples, Actinidia arguta was dominant in the BP3 sample, Amygdalus persica was dominant in the BP11 sample, and Robinia pseudoacacia was dominant in the BP13 sample. However, no dominant pollen was observed in the BP5, BP6, BP7, BP9, BP10, BP14, BP16, BP17, and BP18 samples (Table 2).
Total flavonoids and phenolic contents of bee pollen samples
The total flavonoid and phenolic compound contents of 18 EBP samples collected from 16 different regions of South Korea were compared with one Chinese EBP sample (Fig. 1). The total flavonoid contents ranged from 1.84 to 6.66 mg of quercetin equivalents per gram of EBP, while the flavonoid content of the Chinese bee pollen was 2.98 mg. Ethanol extract samples of BP7, BP13, BP2, BP9 and BP5 showed higher flavonoid contents (6.66–5.00 mg QE/g EBP) than those of other samples. The samples with the lowest total flavonoid contents were BP3 and BP11, with a value of 1.84 mg QE/g EBP. This result indicated that pollen predominantly from the plant species Robinia pseudoacacia contained a higher amount of flavonoids than that contained in pollens predominantly from Actinidia arguta and Amygdalus persica. The total phenolic compound contents of Korean EBP samples ranged from 6.33 to 37.55 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of EBP and were higher than the phenolic acid content of the Chinese sample (0.37 mg). Similar results were found in the phenolic compound content assay, in which the EBP7 and EBP13 samples presented higher phenolic compound contents than those of phenolic compounds in pollen from other regions, with values of 37.55 and 22.91 mg GAE/g EBP, respectively. The total flavonoids of the BP3 and BP11 samples, with values of 6.33 and 13.28 mg GAE/g EBP, respectively, were the lowest, which demonstrated that pollen grains predominantly from the plant species Robinia pseudoacacia possess higher amounts of flavonoids than those of flavonoids in pollen grains predominantly from Actinidia arguta and Amygdalus persica. The sample collected from China had a lower phenolic compound content than those of all the Korea BP samples, indicating that pollen from the plant species of Nelumbo nucifera contains low amounts of phenolic compounds. In addition, BP showed different amounts of phenolic and flavonoid contents varying from different geographical origins, which was consistent with a previous report that bee pollen collected by bees shows different contents of polyphenols due not only to its botanical origin but also to its geographical origin .
DPPH free radical scavenging activity
Antioxidants of natural origin, particularly in food applications, are considered to be widely used to prevent disease and health maintenance . The DPPH free radical scavenging assay system was used to test the antioxidant activity of EBP samples. The scavenging activity of the free DPPH radical was presented in terms of EC50, and the EC50 values of each EBP sample are listed in (Table 3). Based on the EC50 values, 16 Korean EBP samples showed antioxidant activity with EC50 values ranging from 292.0 to 673.9 μg mL− 1, which were lower than that of the positive ascorbic acid control (EC50, 13.8 μg mL− 1). Sample BP18 presented the highest antioxidant activity, with an EC50 value of 292.0 μg mL− 1, followed by sample BP7, with an EC50 value of 319.6 μg mL− 1. The ethanol extracts of samples BP3 and BP11 and the Chinese sample presented low antioxidant activity with EC50 values higher than 1 mg mL− 1. This indicates that BP predominantly from the plant species Actinidia arguta presented a lower DPPH radical scavenging ability than that BP predominantly from Amygdalus persica, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Quercus palustris. BP11 and BP18 were observed to be similar according to the palynological analysis, but they were found to have significant differences in terms of antioxidant effects. This indicated that a small number of pollen grains in the BP18 sample rather than in the BP11 may contribute to its DPPH radical scavenging ability. In addition to its botanical origin, other factors, including geographical origin and climate, affect BP antioxidant ability.
In vitro human BACE1 inhibitory activity
BACE1 is well known as one of the most important APP cleaving enzymes in AD pathology. BACE1 inhibitors have been regarded as therapeutic targets in reducing Aβ production, thereby alleviating AD. There is no report available demonstrating the relationship between pollen samples and BACE1 activity. In the current study, we first evaluated the potent BACE1 inhibitory activity of 18 Korean bee pollen samples in vitro according to the FRET enzyme assay method. As the results showed, 18 Korean bee pollen samples exhibited anti-BACE1 ability, with EC50 values ranging from 236.0 to 1492 μg mL− 1 (Table 3). Sample BP7 showed the highest activity (EC50, 236.0 μg mL− 1), followed by samples BP1 and BP6 with EC50 values of 369.6 and 414.7 μg mL− 1, respectively. BP13, BP4, BP12, and BP10 showed lower inhibitory activities than those of other samples, with EC50 values of 1004, 1009, 1084, and 1492 μg mL− 1, respectively, which were higher than 1000 μg mL− 1. These results demonstrated that the heterofloral pollen samples exhibited better anti-BACE1 activity than those of monofloral pollen. However, the Chinese monofloral bee pollen, with an EC50 of 322.7 μg mL− 1, indicated that Nelumbo nucifera pollen type was found to be a better candidate for anti-BACE1 than monofloral Quercus palustris, Actinidia arguta, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Amygdalus persica pollens. In addition, the bee pollen with Robinia pseudoacacia as the dominant source possessed a greater potential inhibitory ability against BACE1 than those of pollen with Quercus palustris as the predominant origin.
Human AChE inhibitory activity
AChE inhibitors can increase the concentration of ACh in neuronal synapses in AD to promote damaged neurological recovery . Some bee products, such as propolis, have been discovered to possess AChE inhibitory activities from different locations in Morocco and South Korea [22, 32]. However, few studies have reported the inhibitory activity of pollen against AChE. In the current study, the inhibitory activity of bee pollen against human AChE was assessed. However, the EC50 values were higher than 2 mg mL− 1, indicating that potential inhibitory activities were not strong in the 18 EBP samples from 16 different regions in South Korea.
Human intestinal bacteria growth inhibitory activity
Bee pollen extracts have been previously reported to possess antimicrobial activity [10, 11]. The growth inhibitory activity of human intestinal bacteria was assessed in our study. The 18 EBP samples from Korea did not inhibit beneficial bacteria, including six lactic acid-producing bacteria (Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC 29521, Bifidobacterium breve ATCC 15700, Bifidobacterium infantis ATCC 25962, Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356, and Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393) and an acidulating bacterium (Clostridium butyricum ATCC 25779), and did not show potent strong inhibitory activity toward two nonpathogenic bacteria (Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285 and Escherichia coli ATCC 11775). The MIC values of the 18 Korean and 1 Chinese bee pollen samples were > 50 mg mL− 1 toward four harmful bacteria (Clostridium difficile ATCC 9689, Clostridium paraputrificum ATCC 25780, Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12600). There is limited literature on the antimicrobial activity of bee pollen in South Korea. The above results proved that the 18 bee pollen samples collected from South Korea in our study did not show considerable effects on beneficial, nonpathogenic, or harmful bacteria.
Antiproliferative effect on cancer cell lines
There are few reports about the antiproliferative activity of bee pollen toward human cancer cell lines. Bee pollen polysaccharides from Rosa rugosa have been observed to possess antiproliferative effects on the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines HT-29 and HCT116 . In addition, bee pollen extracts from different solvents showed different antiproliferative activities against BT474, HepG2, KATO-III and SW620 cells . In this study, the antiproliferative effect toward five human cancer cell lines of all 18 Korean EBP samples and 1 Chinese sample was measured and compared with that of the commercial anticancer agent cisplatin (Table 4). Based on the IC50 value, the antiproliferative effect on the PC-3 cell line ranged from 2.7 to 14.4 mg mL− 1. BP8 was the most active bee pollen sample, followed by BP5 and BP11, with IC50 values of 2.9 and 3.3 mg mL− 1, respectively. For the MCF-7 cell line, the IC50 value of 18 Korean bee pollen samples ranged from 0.9 to 12.7 mg mL− 1. Among them, the BP7 sample showed the highest activity, followed by BP2, BP1, and BP11, with IC50 values of 1.4, 1.5, and 1.9 mg mL− 1, respectively. The BP3 sample showed the lowest activity toward MCF-7 compared with the other samples, with an IC50 value of 12.7 mg mL− 1. Toward the A549 cell line, 16 Korean EBP samples presented antiproliferative effects, with IC50 values ranging from 5.0 to 20.6 mg mL− 1. BP7, BP5, BP6, and BP9 were the most active bee pollen samples, with IC50 values between 5.0 and 9.1 mg mL− 1. However, samples from BP3 and BP15 did not show significant antiproliferative effects. For the NCI-H727 cell line, the IC50 value of 18 the Korean samples was between 2.7 and 17.7 mg mL− 1. The BP2 sample was the most active (IC50 = 2.7 mg mL− 1), followed by BP5, BP9 and BP6, with IC50 values of 3.2, 3.4, and 3.9 mg mL− 1, respectively. Toward the AGS cell line, the IC50 value of the 18 Korean bee pollen samples ranged from 2.4 to 8.7 mg mL− 1; among them, BP11 was the most active, followed by BP7, with IC50 values of 2.4 and 2.5 mg mL− 1, respectively. Chinese samples showed anticancer effects toward PC-3, MCF-7, A549, NCI-H727, and AGS cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 3.3, 2.8, 16.1, 2.8, and 1.8 mg mL− 1, respectively. However, the antiproliferative effects of bee pollen samples toward five cancer cell lines were less potent than the anticancer agent cisplatin. The abovementioned results showed that EBP7 showed comparatively good activity toward five cancer lines, particularly PC-3, MCF-7, A549, and AGS. The EBP5 sample possessed better inhibitory activity toward four cancer lines, namely, PC-3, A549, NCI-H727 and AGS. However, BP3, a monofloral sample of Actinidia arguta pollen, was observed to show comparatively weak activity toward five cancer lines. BP4, BP12 and BP13 showed relatively weak inhibitory activity. Taken together, pollen grains with heterofloral botanical origin presented preferable inhibitory effects on cancer cell growth compared to those of pollen grains with bifloral and monofloral sources in the current study. However, the EBP sample from China, a monofloral pollen with a Nelumbo nucifera origin, presented good effects against PC-3, MCF-7, NCI-H727, and AGS cell lines but not against A549 cells. All the above data demonstrated that the anticancer effects of pollen samples vary with different botanical and geographical origins. In addition, the anticancer activity also depends on the cancer cell line. Therefore, EBPs might be used as a potential supplementary anticancer treatment agent, and specific pollen products can be suggest for different types of cancer.
Bee pollen consists of phenolic and flavonoid compounds that are related to serious therapeutic activities, including antioxidant, antibiotic, antidiarrhoeic and antineoplasic properties . The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in BP have been determined in many previous studies. The total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid content (TF) was reported in bee pollen from Brazil (TP, 41.5–213.2 mg g− 1) , from the southern region of Brazil (TP, 19.28–48.90 mg g− 1; TF, 2.10–28.33 mg g− 1) , from Northwest Algeria (TP, 30.46 mg g− 1; TF, 8.92 mg g− 1) , from the Baltic region (TP, 24.1–45.5 mg g− 1; TF, 6.1–11.6 mg g− 1) , from Portugal (TP, 10.5–16.8 mg g− 1) , from Venezuela (TP, 3.96–12.867 mg g− 1) , and from Greece (TP, 10.49 mg g− 1) . In the present study, the flavonoid and phenolic compound contents of 18 EBP samples from South Korea ranged from 1.84 to 6.66 mg g− 1 and from 6.33 to 37.55 mg g− 1, respectively. However, the total phenolic and flavonoid compound contents of bee pollen stated in previous studies varied from 3.96 to 213.2 mg g− 1 and from 2.1 to 28.33 mg g− 1, respectively. Most of the EBP samples contained a higher amount of flavonoid than the amounts in the Chinese bee pollen sample analyzed in this study, and all of the Korean bee pollen samples showed phenolic compound contents that were 17- to 101-fold higher than those of the Chinese sample assessed in the current study. The phenolic compound and flavonoid composition in bee pollen has been well documented by Bridi et al. , who reported that three phenolic acids (syringic acid, coumaric acid, and cinnamic acid) and one flavonoid (myricetin) were detected in all 23 pollen samples. In addition, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, quercetin, apigenin, and rhamnetin were also observed in most samples in considerable amounts. The chemical characterization of the phenolic compounds and flavonoids in our samples need to be further studied.
According to our results, we first demonstrated that pollen grains collect in South Korea that were predominantly from the plant species Robinia pseudoacacia possessed higher phenolic compound and flavonoid contents than those of pollen grains predominantly from Actinidia arguta and Amygdalus persica. However, pollen from the plant species Nelumbo nucifera rarely contained phenolic compounds. Therefore, phenolic compounds and flavonoids in bee pollen vary with botanical and geographical origins, which was consistent with a previous study .
DPPH radicals have been widely used to determine the free radical scavenging capacity of various samples. EC50, which is the amount of an antioxidant needed to inhibit 50% of the initial DPPH concentration, was used to measure the radical scavenging ability. Relatively low EC50 values indicated high radical scavenging activity of the EBP samples. For the DPPH radical scavenging capacity, the EC50 values have been reported to range from 40 to over 500 μg mL− 1 in pollen samples collected from New Zealand and Portugal , from 810 to 4690 μg mL− 1 in pollen samples from the southern region of Brazil , and from 2.16 to 5.87 mg mL− 1 in pollen samples from Portugal . In the current study, the EC50 values of the 18 different EBP samples from Korea varied from 292.0 to over 1000 μg mL− 1, and the EC50 values of bee pollen stated above are between 40 and 5870 μg mL− 1. Aside from samples BP3 and BP11, most of the Korean bee pollen presented better DPPH radical scavenging capacity than that of the Chinese sample assessed in this study. The current study indicated that Korean bee pollen samples from Amygdalus persica, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Quercus palustris presented better antioxidant activity than that of pollen from Actinidia arguta and Nelumbo nucifera. Therefore, based on our study, the appropriate origin of collected bee pollen should be chosen to maximize its antioxidant function.
Amyloid plaque is the accumulation of Aβ, which is one of the major neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). BACE1 is the major β-secretase acting in the brain during the abnormal APP amyloidogenic processing pathway. The cholinergic deficit in the cerebral cortex and basal forebrain results in the cognitive impairment of patients with AD, and AChE hydrolyzes acetylcholine into choline and acetate, which then reduces acetylcholine . BACE1 inhibitors that reduce the formation of Aβ and AChE inhibitors that increase cholinergic transmission have become two major targets in AD treatment [41, 42]. However, there is no information available concerning bee pollen extract inhibitory activity against human BACE1. In the current study, it was first reported that bee pollen extract possesses human BACE1 inhibitory activity, with EC50 values ranging from 236.0 to 1492 μg mL− 1. Based on these data, the heterofloral bee pollen sample exhibited better anti-BACE1 activity than that of the monofloral pollen samples. In addition, bee pollen with Robinia pseudoacacia as the dominant source possessed a better potential inhibitory capacity against BACE1 than that of bee pollen with Quercus palustris as the predominant origin. Therefore, Robinia pseudoacacia-derived pollen could be used as the most potential candidate for anti-BACE1 activity for AD prevention or treatment. A previous study reported that bee pollen of different geographical origins in Bahia, Brazil, presented AChE inhibitory activity with EC50 values of 3.93–967.53 μg mL− 1 , but unfortunately, in our study, all bee pollen samples did not present potent inhibitory activity against human AChE at a concentration of 2 mg mL− 1. A previous study reported that flavonoids and phenolic compounds derived from natural products showed potent anti-AChE capacity . Bee pollen extracts contain abundant flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Anti-AChE activities were not observed in our samples; perhaps the constituents in these samples had antagonistic effects against AChE. Further constituent isolation and identification of those with inhibitory activity on AChE should be further studied. Taken together, the results suggest bee pollen extracts could have merit as potential anti-AD agents.
Some previous studies have indicated the antiproliferative effects of bee pollen extracts on cancer. A previous study reported that the IC50 value of bee pollen from Malaysia on MCF-7 cells was 15 mg mL− 1 . The cytotoxic activities of Indonesian bee pollen extracts towards the five different cancer cell lines BT474, ChaGo, HepG2, KATO-III, and SW620 varied not only with the solvent used in the extraction but also the bee species and bee product source. Most of the bee pollen extracts did not show cytotoxic activity at a concentration of 20 μg mL− 1 . Bee pollen polysaccharides from Rosa rugosa (WRPP) collected from China have been reported to possess dose-dependent antiproliferative activities with concentrations from 0 to 5 mg mL− 1, and WRPP showed approximately 70% cytotoxic activity toward HT-29 and HCT116 cancer cell lines at a concentration of 5 mg mL-1 13. The antiproliferative effect of German bee pollen samples showed high efficiency, reaching approximately 60 to 70% inhibition at a concentration of 1 mg mL− 1 against C26 mouse colon tumor cells . In the present study, the antiproliferative effects of the 18 Korean EBP samples varied according to the source, which was consistent with a previous study . All 18 Korean EBP samples showed potent cytotoxic effects on the human cancer cell lines PC-3, MCF-7, A549, NCI-H727, and AGS, with IC50 values ranging from 2.7 to 14.4 mg mL− 1, 0.9 to 12.7 mg mL− 1, 5.0 to > 25 mg mL− 1, 2.7 to 17.7 mg mL− 1, and 2.4 to 8.7 mg mL− 1, respectively. The anticancer effects of the bee pollen samples varies with botanical and geographical origins. In addition, the anticancer activity also depended on the cancer cell species. Therefore, EBPs might be useful as potential supplementary anticancer treatments and should be chosen in accordance with the cancer to be treated.
The correlation between biological features and phenolic compound or flavonoid contents has been well studied. Some studies have demonstrated a higher correlation between antioxidant and flavonoid and phenolic compound contents. Mesquite pollen extracts showed antioxidant capacity that was related to the flavonol concentration. Radical scavenging activity correlated with the total content of phenolic compounds, while the correlation coefficient was 0.95 [32, 37]. However, in the current study, correlation coefficient (R) analysis showed that no significant relation between the phenolic compound or flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity (R2 = 0.158 or 0.00005897, respectively) was observed, which was consistent with previous studies [38, 46]. In addition, it has been reported that the antioxidant activity varies with the solvent used to extract pollen samples, and there is no clear association with their phenolic compound contents . The correlation between phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity is still controversial for bee pollen.
In addition, there was no observed direct correlation between BACE1 inhibitory activity (R2 = 0.09420, or 0.1034, respectively) or antiproliferative capacity against PC-3 (R2 = 0.006436, or 0.0005091, respectively), MCF-7 (R2 = 0.05512 or 0.1239, respectively), A549 (R2 = 0.1748, or 0.1243, respectively), NCI-H727 (R2 = 0.01843, or 0.04156, respectively), and AGS (R2 = 0.01843, or 0.00009681, respectively) and total phenolic compound or flavonoid contents in the EBP samples (Fig. 2). This indicated that there are some other bioactive constituents, such as phytosterols, phospholipids, fatty acids, and organic carotenoid pigments, that may be responsible for the biological properties of bee pollen . The main constituents imparting these biological properties and health-promoting effects should be further isolated and identified.
The ethanol extracts of bee pollen collected from different locations in South Korea has different DPPH radical scavenging activities and BACE1 in vitro inhibitory activities. In addition, Korean bee pollen ethanol extracts exhibited inhibitory effects on five human cancer cell lines. Fundamentally, Korean bee pollen-derived preparations could be considered nutritional addition to food that could prevent various diseases related to free radicals, neurodegenerative problems and cancer. This study demonstrated the potential anti-BACE1 activity of EBPs based on an in vitro assay system for the first time. However, in the current study, there was no significant relation between the phenolic compound or flavonoid contents and the antioxidant activity and anti-BACE1, and anticancer effects. Because the biological activities of bee pollen depend on the plant source and environmental conditions, such as geographical location, identification and selection, high-quality bee pollen is needed. In conclusion, our findings provide a scientific basis for evaluating the biological activities of bee pollen samples collected from several parts of South Korea and varied with botanical source. These findings might be used as a reference for consumer choices, bee pollen production, and industrial exploration to maintain human health.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed in the current study are available from the corresponding author with a reasonable request.
Ethanol extract of pollen
β-amyloid precursor cleavage enzyme
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide
Fluorogenic peptide substrate
American type culture collection
Brain Heart Infusion
Minimum essential medium
Fetal bovine serum
Gallic acid equivalents
Total flavonoids content
Amyloid precursor protein (APP)
Pollen polysaccharides from Rosa rugose
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Ding X, Hou YL, Hou WR. Structure elucidation and antioxidant activity of a novel polysaccharide isolated from boletus speciosus Forst. Int J Biol Macromol. 2012;50:613–8.
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Wang X, Kim JR, Lee SB, Kim YJ, Jung MY, Kwon HW, et al. Effects of curcuminoids identified in rhizomes of Curcuma longa on BACE-1 inhibitory and behavioral activity and lifespan of Alzheimer’s disease Drosophila models. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14:88.
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We specifically thank Prof. Young-Joon Ahn of College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea who designed this study and reviewed the manuscript.
This work was funded by Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (PJ010487) from the Rural Development Administration (RDA) of the Republic of Korea, Medical and Health Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province (2018KY505), Wenzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau Project (Y20180612). The founder had no role in study design, experiments operation, data collection and analysis, manuscript preparation or decision to publish.
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Zou, Y., Hu, J., Huang, W. et al. The botanical origin and antioxidant, anti-BACE1 and antiproliferative properties of bee pollen from different regions of South Korea. BMC Complement Med Ther 20, 236 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-03023-1
- Bee pollen
- Botanical origin
- Biological properties

domain: biology


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Title: Jazz Combo Pak #30
Publisher: Hal Leonard Publishing Corp
Arranger: Mantooth, Frank
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The Hal Leonard Jazz Combo Paks are a versatile and inexpensive way to put four fantastic charts in front of your high school or college combo. The flexible instrumentation provides many options for covering the parts; the arrangements are absolutely top notch; and at $45.00 for four standards you will never find a better value. Instrumentation: - Line 1 (lead or harmony): Alto Sax, Trumpet, Soprano Sax, Clarinet, Flute, Vibes - Line 2 (lead or harmony): Alto Sax, Bari Sax, Trumpet, Soprano Sax, Clarinet, Trombone - Line 3: Bari Sax, Tenor Sax, Trumpet, Trombone Pak #30 includes: Blue Monk · In Walked Bud · 'Round Midnight · Straight No Chaser. (Note: Online audio includes tracks for two paks.)
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Trekking to Magic Valley:
Trekking to magic valley will give you the ultimate feeling of piece. This is a total customize plan, If you are a more than four people then you can add or delete any of these item. But this package is one of the most selling package among Youth as well as family. So don’t miss this chance to be part of this voyage. You can also check below video in which you can enjoy the journey from Bhuntar to Malana. In this package you will visit kasol, Malana, Magic valley.
If you are looking for a real fun then you are at the right place. KPL will fulfill all your dreams by this trip. If you are a nature lover then Magic valley is best for you. If you are looking for a different world that is totally different from other world then Malana will fulfill your choice. Malana villagers are the descendants of Alexandra the great. But when you go there you will feel the same Malanies are not so shy and are very camera friendly people. Magic valley is a very quite valley, if you don’t like hustle bustle like kasol then Magic valley will be the best for you. Magic valley has few guest houses, actually magic valley is shelter for those shepherd who take their animals for grazing.
Also Read: Malana Cream Stoner’s Dream
After get-off from the bus you can visit Bhuntar for refreshment. After that at 10 o-clock we will take you to the Magic valley. It will take 2-3 hrs to complete road journey depends on the road condition. After reaching at Malana Dam we will start our trek towards Magic valley. For 1 to 1.30 hr we have to trek and after that we will do rest in our own tents or guest house. In the night you will get tasty traditional meal. Night stay will be in the tents or guest house.
After morning breakfast you can have some rest in the magic valley. After that its time to say goodbye to magic valley. After trek back to the road our drive will take you to the Bhuntar.

domain: travel


text:
As our understanding of heart disease grows, so does our comprehension of risk factors and prevention. There are major risk factors which research has shown are definitely associated with increases in heart disease such as increased age, heredity, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and physical inactivity. Men and postmenopausal women are at greater risk.
There are also contributing risk factors, which are less precisely understood such as stress, obesity and socioeconomic status. The more risk factors a person has, the greater the chance he or she will develop cardiovascular disease. Among the services TriStar Heart provides for helping people manage their risk factors and prevent heart disease and stroke are:
For more information on classes and screenings, call TriStar MedLineSM at 615-342-1919 or
Know the Symptoms
More than a million Americans suffer a heart attack each year, and another 600,000 experience a stroke. The key to survival is recognizing the symptoms and getting fast treatment at a hospital. Early detection and immediate treatment may prevent further injury to the heart or the brain. Drugs such as tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), or other thrombolytic agents, must be administered within a very short window of time after the onset of symptoms.
Know the symptoms of heart attack and stroke, and seek care immediately if you, or someone you are with, experiences them. Heart attack warning signs can include:
Warning signs of stroke, also known as brain attack, may include:
If you are experiencing any of the signs of a heart attack or stroke, call 911 and get the nearest emergency room immediately.

domain: medical


text:
Chipotle is expected to post earnings of $1.27 per share on $1.05 billion in revenue, according to Thompson Reuters estimates. » Read More
When the market gets clarity on how and when tax reform will play out, some analysts say stocks may sell off.
The White House has backed off its push for funding for a wall on the Southern border in a bill to keep the government open.
Analysts had forecast the company to report earnings of 74 cents per share on $40.53 billion in revenue.
Goldman Sachs discovered the perfect time to buy Amazon shares is when CEO Jeff Bezos takes out his wallet.
The temporary ruling was issued in a lawsuit over the executive order targeting so-called sanctuary cities.
TipRanks identifies the corporate insiders with the best-performing track records and the stocks they are buying.
Chipotle revealed that it had discovered "unauthorized activity" on one of its payment platforms.
Chipotle Mexican Grill is hoping that something sweet will continue to spark sales for the company.
It's taking bigger deals to get consumers to buy new vehicles.
The iPhone 8 may be slower than the Galaxy S8 if Apple doesn't use modems with support for Gigabit LTE networks. Here's why it might not.
EpiPen's seller Mylan drew criticism last summer for having hiked its price by more than 500 percent over the past decade.
The United States and South Korea have agreed to deploy THAAD in response to threat of missile launches by North Korea.
Perrigo dropped after-hours trading after the firm restated financial statements from 12 different periods, including two full fiscal years.
One trader is looking at basic materials stocks to continue their rally.
The Trump administration argues that government subsidies for Canadian lumber are unfair.
President Trump moved to slap tariffs on Canadian lumber, stoking a smoldering trade dispute with America's second-largest trading partner.
Fidelity found that most older workers didn't understand the basics of the retirement program, even though two-thirds said they did.
The market has become a bit complacent in the face of heightened political uncertainty surrounding Trump's agenda, Larry Glazer said.
Walt Disney Studios revealed on Tuesday that the "Frozen" sequel will arrive in theaters in November 2019.

domain: economics


text:
Find providers and contact information
Apartments in Trøndelag
Showing 1-10 of 45 results
Feel at home in our fully furnished and equipped rooms, apartments and suites....
Two-room apartment in a restored barn in a cosy courtyard. Open fireplace. Self-catering. In the middle of the town centre. Family discount....
Top standard accommodation in Rørvik centre with superb fishing spots just outside, including a fantastic view over the bay and the ships outside. The...
Bruns Botell is an apartment hotel in the city centre, close to the river Nidelven and the old warehouses. All rooms have kitchen, cable TV and free...
Nice and modern apartment in the middle of Røros. Close neighbour to the famous Røros Church. Perfect for a single person or a couple. Newly restored...
Sæterhaugen overnatting is located close to the E6, 30 km north of Grong, 7 km south of Namsskogan Familiepark.
Several high standard cabins and...
Selbutunet golf and familypark is located next to a 9-hole golf course and the beautiful river Nea - the home to some big and beautiful trout. The...
Rental of houses and apartments by the sea, all
Residential units including boat.
Hitra is one of Norway’s biggest islands, 707 km² of woodland, moors, skerries and small fjords, and maybe you’ll be treated to a sighting of our very...
You can also find travel offers in detailed map of Norway


text:
- Things to Do
- Bump + Baby
when: Jun 25, 2016 - Jun 26, 2016 at 1:30 PM to 3:30 PM
where: Bethesda, Imagination Stage, 4908 Auburn Ave., Bethesda, Dc
The Hans Christian Andersen classic is realized in this enduring tale of the power of love. This ballet production that will warm the hearts of all ages.


text:
People Won’t Change Unless They Experience Acceptance
How can you deal with other people’s angry or inappropriate behaviour? You don’t have to turn a blind eye to bad behaviour, but you can recognize that everyone, yourself included, sometimes acts badly. By acknowledging this fact, you will see that you don’t gain anything by feeling upset over other people’s behaviour.
Holding others accountable for destructive behaviour is important, but the way you accomplish this goal matters immensely.
"The pessimist complains about the wind. The optimist expects it to change. The leader adjusts the sails.”- John Maxwell

domain: psychology


text:
- Accession Number
Semisynthetic conjugates of various toxic molecules, including RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES and bacterial or plant toxins, with specific immune substances such as IMMUNOGLOBULINS; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES; and ANTIGENS. The antitumor or antiviral immune substance carries the toxin to the tumor or infected cell where the toxin exerts its poisonous effect.
Drug Drug Description Gemtuzumab ozogamicin A monoclonal anti-CD33 antibody used to treat CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia. Coltuximab ravtansine Investigated for use/treatment in lymphoma (non-hodgkin's). Moxetumomab pasudotox A CD22-specific antibody conjugated to a truncated exotoxin used to treat relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukemia in patients who have already been treated with a purine nucleoside analog and one other treatment. Naratuximab emtansine Naratuximab emtansine is under investigation in clinical trial NCT01534715 (IMGN529 in Treating Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia). Lorvotuzumab mertansine Lorvotuzumab mertansine has been used in trials studying the treatment of SCLC, Leukemia, Ovarian Cancer, Multiple Myeloma, and Merkel Cell Carcinoma, among others. Trastuzumab emtansine An antineoplastic agent and antibody-drug conjugate used to treat HER2-overexpressing breast cancer. Inotuzumab ozogamicin An antibody-drug conjugate used to treat B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Brentuximab vedotin A CD30-directed antibody-drug conjugate used to treat various types of lymphoma. Cantuzumab mertansine Not Annotated XMMME-001-RTA Not Annotated XomaZyme-791 Not Annotated
- Drugs & Drug Targets


At Tri-City Cardiology Con-sultants, it’s vital to ensure the technology — everything from the computers to the diagnostic equipment — is running smoothly.
This means considering upgrades may involve many departments, and many issues beyond cost.
“We’ve upgraded many of our computers to Windows 7,” said Angela Szczublewski, Tri-City’s chief operating officer. “We have also upgraded our servers and software and relocated them to a data center. They used to be housed in a small server room in one of our offices. They have now been moved to a state-of-the-art, secure data center where there is environmental control, security and continuous monitoring.”
The Mesa provider of outpatient cardiovascular medical services uses computers to perform a wide range of tasks, from documenting patient health data via electronic health records to patient scheduling, registration and billing functions. They’re also used for tasks such as accounting, human resources and email.
And, like many businesses, Tri-City has made a number of upgrades to its computers. Research firm Gartner estimates global information technology spending will hit $3.7 trillion in 2013, an increase of about 3.8 percent from this year.
Much of that spending will be focused on data projects and using Internet-based applications, as well as mobile devices, according to Gartner.
But a recent change for Microsoft Corp. from the Windows 7 operating system to Windows 8, which is based more on a tablet computer than a standard desktop system, has some companies leery of making big investments in computers and checking the compatibility of their existing programs.
Tri-City uses Windows 7, and it works well with the practice’s electronic health records software, Szczublewski said. Windows 8, which came out in October, isn’t under consideration because the practice’s electronic health records software is not compatible with it.
Businesses may not have a choice about upgrading their operating systems if they’re buying new computers. Darrell Leonard, chief operating officer of ManCom, a Phoenix-based information technology services company, said it’s not surprising businesses are apprehensive about switching to Windows 8.
“With new computer systems, software and operating systems comes a bit of reluctance to switch to the latest version,” he said. “As we migrate into 2013, customers requiring new desktop computers are finding it difficult to get them with an operating system they are accustomed to using. New computers are now built with the new Windows 8 operating system that does not initially have the same look and feel (as previous versions).”
Every new computer ManCom has provided to its clients since October has been loaded with Windows 8, Leonard said. ManCom also has provided training on the new system.
Some companies are jumping into the technology change on multiple fronts. DPR Construction in Phoenix has expanded its technology as new computing methods have arrived.
“As technology continues to advance and expand, so too does DPR Construction,” said Matt Barhorst, the company’s information technology specialist.
“DPR Construction is proactive in keeping up with software versions as it relates to 3D and 4D building design and collaboration,” he said. “Because of this, our computers need to advance at a similar pace with (central processing unit), memory and storage capabilities. All of our new machines have a standard of 16GB of RAM and the latest Intel CPUs.”
DPR has not adopted Windows 8, but its IT department is testing the new operating system’s compatibility with the company’s software and Web-based applications.
“We have to be careful that our software can be supported, and consistent, across multiple platforms before we could consider a rollout,” Barhorst said. “We would prefer to be at the cutting edge of technology rather than the bleeding edge.”
Despite the pressure to move to a new operating system or device, businesses should wait for the right time to make the switch. Some still are doing fine with operating systems from more than 10 years ago.
“Since the Windows 98 era, the Windows operating system has been an evolving OS that one might nowadays call an operating application,” Leonard said. “We recommend migrating to a new OS not when it becomes available, but when you feel it will benefit your organization.”
Windows XP, which has remained a stalwart of many small businesses, will remain in the mix. Leonard said ManCom, a Microsoft partner, hasn’t received any information hinting that Windows might stop supporting XP.
“Our belief is that continuing to support compatible drivers may adversely impact the performance of your device — not because your device is aged, but because the developers are mostly forward thinkers,” he said. “That said, Windows XP is currently supported and it is in Microsoft’s best interest to continue to support it.”
Ready for change
While changes mean more costs and potential issues for software, more businesses are trying to learn about online or cloud-based computing and hosted services, Leonard said.
Cloud-based computing, sometimes called CBC, features software delivered as a service over a network, typically the Internet. A hosted service provider is a business that delivers a combination of traditional IT functions such as infrastructure, applications and other services.
“We have been posturing ManCom to support the latest OS as well as understand CBC,” Leonard said.
ManCom has received several requests for hosted services, he said. Those types of services aren’t as dependent on in-office hardware changes.
When it comes to what businesses are ordering, ManCom has heard from business clients wanting to upgrade their phones to voice-over-Internet systems.
“We have seen an amazing amount of calls for upgraded systems as organizations move to the VoIP system,” Leonard said.
He said small businesses are equipping their offices with the best technology has to offer.
“We find that small businesses are using the latest and the greatest. Why? Because the cost of ownership is proportional to the size of business operations requirement,” Leonard said. “Small businesses can easily retool or experiment with new technology without causing a significant impact to operations.”
It’s also why people are looking at mobile devices. Tri-City Cardiologists may move into the mobile space as many of its physicians are using Apple Inc. devices, Szczublewski said.
“We plan to test some applications on these devices in 2013 that will interface with our electronic health record software,” she said.


text:
This Morning: A weak cold front is pushing south across the Big Country this morning, resulting in a few isolated showers and thunderstorms immediately ahead of it. No severe weather is expected as these storms move south through morning, but dangerous lightning, heavy rainfall leading to localized flooding, brief gusty winds and small hail are all possible with any storms. Thunderstorms will exit the region before lunchtime today as the front continue southward through the morning. Temperatures are in the 70s across the Big Country as winds are switching to out of the north around 5 to 15 mph behind the front.
This Afternoon: This morning’s front will only leave us a few degrees cooler than yesterday, still warming into the mid 90s across the region today. 93° for a high in Abilene. Skies will remain sunny to mostly sunny this afternoon with northeasterly winds around 5 to 10 mph by this evening.
Tonight: Skies will remain clear overnight with light easterly winds around 5 to 10 mph. Temperatures will fall into the lower 70s by tomorrow morning.
Looking Ahead: Temperatures start warming back up again tomorrow as we climb back into the mid and upper 90s across the Big Country. Temperatures will continue to warm through middle and end of the week as Abilene goes back to school on Wednesday. Highs will reach triple-digits again for some by Thursday and into the weekend as skies stay sunny with dry conditions into the weekend.
Average High: 94°
Average Low: 72°
Sunrise: 7:05 a.m.
Sunset: 8:19 p.m.

domain: news