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Haas Voices is a new first-person series that highlights the lived experiences of members of the Berkeley Haas community.
The myth of the “model minority” stereotypes Asian Americans as a polite, law-abiding, hard-working group that’s overcome discrimination to achieve educational and career success through drive and innate talent—typically in math and science.
The myth defies the fact that the Asian American community is diverse socioeconomically and culturally. The perception of the Asian community as a monolith is also the reason why people remain mystified by anti-Asian racism, says UC Berkeley alumna Hua Hsu, who wrote in the New Yorker recently that the “needs and disadvantages of refugee communities and poor Asian Americans have been obscured.”
Recently, several high-profile incidents of violence against Asians have shone a spotlight on long-simmering anti-Asian racism, and also highlighted the way the “model minority” myth has been used as a wedge between Black and Asian communities. We talked to two undergraduate students who are Chinese American, along with a recent undergraduate alumna who is Black, about what the myth means to them and how it impacts their lives.
Erinn Wong, BS 21, who grew up in Sacramento. Wong is a queer Chinese American; her parents are from Hong Kong.
Vivian Feng, BS 24, a freshman in the Berkeley Haas Undergraduate Global Management Program who grew up in Oakland. Feng is Chinese American and a graduate of Oakland High School.
Mia Character, BS 20, a native of Gretna, Louisiana, grew up in Redlands, Calif. She is now a recruiting coordinator at Robinhood via contract with AppleOne.
When did you first hear the term “model minority?”
Erinn Wong: I first heard the term back in high school. I thought it meant to stereotype Asians as hardworking, good at math and education—that somehow we work hard and we succeed and it was very much aligned with the meritocracy myth. I really bought into that and internalized it growing up, believing that if you work hard, you’ll be successful. It wasn’t until college that I was able to put two and two together and recognize that these stereotypes are rooted in anti-Blackness and white supremacy to show that Asian Americans are the “model minority” and to situate Black Americans as the “problem minority.”
Mia Character: It was probably when I first moved to California from the South that I was first introduced to Asian people and to the stereotypes. I don’t think anyone within my inner circle or family perpetuated these stereotypes, but I did hear them in the media or at school with jokes the kids at school would tell. From early on, I always thought of Asian American students not as competition, but as the ones to emulate because they were really good in their classes and played all these instruments and seem to have it all together. It wasn’t until I got to Cal that I really started paying attention to and listening to other Asian American folks that I learned how dangerous the model minority myth is.
It wasn’t until college that I was able to put two and two together and recognize that these stereotypes are rooted in anti-Blackness and white supremacy to show that Asian Americans are the “model minority” and to situate Black Americans as the “problem minority.” — Erinn Wong, BS 21
Vivian Feng: I’ve been aware of it for so long, but I didn’t really put a name to it. When I first heard it, I just thought of the stereotypical views of how Asians are better at math and internalized the belief that if I worked hard enough, I would be able to achieve success. But I never really talked about it until high school, when I fully embraced my identity.
How did your thoughts about the model minority change once you got to Berkeley?
Mia: I think it wasn’t until I got to Cal that I realized that the model minority myth impacts the Asian-American communities a lot more than just a simple “Oh, you’re good at math.” It’s a socioeconomic issue and it’s very systemic. At Cal, I started listening and paying attention and I was able to learn and grow in my understanding. There are groups within the Asian-American community that are disproportionately impacted by things like colorism that I didn’t know about in high school. Everybody has a different experience in America and all minorities face different stereotypes. I think my time at Cal has made me a lot more comfortable having conversations with my Asian friends and asking how they’re doing and how they have been impacted by racism and the systems of oppression that America is built on.
Vivian: It affected me mentally before even going into Berkeley because I felt like I had to go to Cal to meet expectations. In the end I chose Berkeley because it was the only college that I applied to with a major that lined up with my interests of international development, cross-cultural experiences, and traveling. When I got my acceptance letter, I had some doubts, but I ultimately felt this need to pursue my passion. Being at Haas as a freshman is even more drastically different because most people typically get in their junior year. You have this imposter syndrome. People internalize the model minority myth and say, “You got in, you’re smart. You can get through it, you’ll pass your classes.” But in reality, I don’t feel like that because I am a first-generation college student who went to an under-resourced high school. I do not feel prepared, and I’m literally in a system that wasn’t necessarily designed for me to succeed.
People internalize the model minority myth and say, “You got in, you’re smart. You can get through it, you’ll pass your classes.” But in reality, I don’t feel like that because I am a first-generation college student who went to an under-resourced high school.— Vivian Feng, BS 24
Erinn: Coming to Cal was my first time experiencing being with a larger East Asian population in school. I feel like people lump all Asian Americans together. I went to high school with, and was classmates with, many Hmong students, who are severely underrepresented in higher education and other areas, not to mention Pacific Islanders and Native Hawaiians. The model minority myth is really destructive. My classmates who were Hmong would either go to community college or work to support their families or go into the military and a few would go to a state college.
I also learned here at Berkeley that the identity and label “Asian American” had radical roots. It was coined by graduate students Yuji Ichioka and Emma Gee, who formed the Asian American Political Alliance in 1968 at UC Berkeley to bring together Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese students to stand in solidarity. They fought for the self determination and collective liberation of Asian Americans and Third World Peoples, and in the Third World Liberation Front strikes, which led to establishing Ethnic Studies majors at colleges across the U.S. Asian American was a radical label then because it brought together a multi-ethnic, multi-class, and multi-generational coalition of Asians and shifted away from the “Oriental” label. To call yourself an Asian American at the time was a political statement. It’s wild now that Asian American has lost its radical, political roots because of the way it has been wielded by the white mainstream and model minority myth, and then internalized by all of us, to homogenize, invalidate, and erase our struggles and solidarity with each other and other communities of color.
How does the model minority myth hurt you personally?
Vivian: I’m told I’m too aggressive, but I don’t like being quiet when I feel the urge to speak up. I wasn’t engaged politically when I was younger because I had this perception that politics was only for white people. It was just ingrained into my life. Growing up, whenever I brought up politics with my mom, my thoughts were dismissed. It felt like I was talking to a wall. Eventually, I realized that my mom’s lack of political engagement is because of her lack of education while being in survival mode. Many East and Southeast Asians in my community have to worry about their basic necessities before even thinking about studying. As I became more knowledgeable about the model minority myth, I was always told that I was “too political” among my peers.
However, this fueled my desire to stop being a bystander and conforming to societal standards. Our reality is that the model minority myth hurts everyone as it perpetuates white supremacy.
Erinn: I got feedback at two tech corporate internships that I needed to be more confident, even though I thought the way I presented myself was fine, despite struggling with imposter syndrome and confidence at times. At the same time, in other spaces I’d get feedback that I was too strong and too aggressive, something East Asian women face. You’re expected to be submissive, not speak up, and just do what you’re expected to do. And when you do speak up and contribute, you’re seen as too strong, aggressive, bossy, a bitch. It’s the long-standing East Asian stereotypes of East Asian women being docile and exotic, while also being the dragon lady or tiger mom. The term also impacts how much space I take up, because as an East Asian woman, I’m expected to not take up space. The model minority myth compounds that by making me think, “Oh, maybe my struggles are not as marginalized as another person of color and I cannot take up as much space.”
You’re expected to be submissive, not speak up, and just do what you’re expected to do. And when you do speak up and contribute, you’re seen as too strong, aggressive, bossy, a bitch. — Erinn Wong
I’ve heard both East and South Asians say ‘we’re not really people of color,’ which is not true. I think it’s the model minority myth that creates this feeling that we’re not “POC enough.” But something that helped was what Haas alumna Michelle Kim said to me: that we need to think of ourselves as co-strugglers with Black people and other people of color, not as perpetual allies because that’s a white model of allyship. And when I really sat with that and made the connections to how the model minority myth makes me feel shame and guilt for “taking up space,” I saw how it’s white supremacy that makes me feel like I can’t take up space alongside other people of color because white supremacy creates and thrives from scarcity, that there is only enough space for one marginalized group to share their struggles and to thrive.
Mia: As a Black person growing up in a state with a fairly large Asian American population, the model minority myth had an adverse impact on me. It was created to pit Asian American and Black people against one another by saying, “if Asian people can thrive in America and be exceptional and thrive in their roles in our capitalistic society, then Black people should have been able to do it, too.” But if you take a step back and look at the different histories, they aren’t comparable. They don’t need to be compared and contrasted because we faced different kinds of oppression that all stem from white supremacy. Growing up and not understanding this, it was easy to feel like you have to be just as “perfect” to be worthy of respect. That you have to get the best grades, be a part of multiple clubs, and go to the best universities to prove that as a Black person you are worthy.
Growing up and not understanding this, it was easy to feel like you have to be just as “perfect” to be worthy of respect. That you have to get the best grades, be a part of multiple clubs, and go to the best universities to prove that as a Black person you are worthy.—Mia Character, BS 20
How do you think that the model minority myth hurts your community?
Erinn: The model minority myth has real impacts on the Asian community. For example, in tech, East and South Asians are overrepresented in certain departments. But as a whole, we don’t hold a lot of power, which is another reminder that under/overrepresentation is different from marginalization. We are least likely to be promoted to management, and there’s still a “bamboo ceiling.” This can be attributed to people internalizing the model minority and stereotypes of how we’re supposed to just shut up and work hard, or that somehow we don’t have “leadership potential and qualities,” communication skills, or “executive presence.” Southeast Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders are severely underrepresented in tech, and data on Asians is rarely disaggregated.
Beyond tech, Southeast Asians are systemically impacted by deportation, ICE raids, and poverty, Chinatown neighborhoods and Asian-owned businesses have been struggling in this pandemic, and Filipino nurses, Pacific-Islanders, and Native Hawaiians have had some of the highest COVID-19 mortality rates. The model minority myth ignores our struggles and our communities lack sufficient resources and attention. And I learned last year that less than 1% of philanthropic funding goes to Asian American Pacific Islander causes, which proves the model minority myth is at work again.
What are your thoughts about how the myth is connected to the recent anti-Asian violence?
Mia: This was happening long before Trump, but violence against Asians is never talked about. In some ways I think that’s also part of the model minority myth. We’re taught that because Asian Americans are the “model minority,” they can’t face racism and the violence that comes with it.
Vivian: It’s nothing new. Historically, many fail to recognize xenophobic practices, such as The Chinese Exclusion Act, Japanese internment camps, as well as the murder of Vincent Chin. Asians are never really talked about in our history classes, and if it is, it’s always about East Asians from a divisive Eurocentric perspective. Now, the main difference is that anti-Asian violence is captured on camera and that more people are open to talking about it in the younger generation. Social media has changed everything in the way we approach politics. The elderly, especially Asians, are either scared or there’s a language barrier and they won’t report the incidents. And at least in Oakland, the violence has happened for as long as I can remember. I know so many people who have been affected by the violence before the pandemic and it’s a shame that it wasn’t recognized until now.
We’re celebrating Black History Month with words and images of members of our Black community. We asked students and staff what the unique history and achievements of the Black community mean to them, and why taking time to honor the month is so important. Photo illustrations and interviews by Natasha Payés.
David Brown-Dawson, MBA 21, former VP of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, FTMBA Association
“Black History Month is a time to reflect on the past, assess the present, and plan for the future. It’s a great opportunity to reflect on accomplishments and progress made and the pain endured by Black Americans who came before us. Many times these accomplishments and atrocities were left out of history books.
It’s a great opportunity to reflect on accomplishments and progress made and the pain endured by Black Americans who came before us. Many times these accomplishments and atrocities were left out of history books. —David Brown-Dawson, MBA 21
It’s great to see examples of Black Americans excelling in their respective areas. It’s also an opportunity to see the work being done currently by Black Americans and look inward to identify the actions I am taking to leave a legacy for those who come after me. Lastly, it is an opportunity to identify, discuss, and address the root problems which led to our country needing Black History Month, while ensuring that textbooks reflect both the beauty and accurate history of this country.”
Cheukai Makari, BS 22, Vice President of Haas Undergraduate Black Business Association (HUBBA)
“Black History Month represents a time of learning, remembering, and celebrating. Every year, I’m reminded that there is so much to be proud of, yet so much to work toward. I’m reminded of the sheer greatness we hold within ourselves to make our own mark on future Black History Months. I’m reminded of the power of community, especially on this campus, as revolutionary students find ways to come together and uplift each other. This month allows us to look at where we are and acknowledge, highlight, and celebrate the people who paved the way.”
D’Juan Wilcher, EMBA 22
“Black History Month reminds me to forge a path and create a legacy for future generations. It’s never lost on me that I’m the product of resilience and unyielding ambition. It’s not lost on me that I carry the great privilege and responsibility to be a shining example of excellence and humanity for my children and their children.
Black History Month means possibility. Every day of the month, I’m reminded and enlightened about the unimaginable accomplishments of those who came before me. I beam with pride knowing the same imaginative spirit and fortitude courses through my veins.
Black History Month means unity and education. As Dr. King said, ‘All men are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny.’ This is one month of the year in which most people are willing to accept and learn about the endless contributions Black people have made to our society.
Black History Month means unity and education…This is one month of the year in which most people are willing to accept and learn about the endless contributions Black people have made to our society. —D’Juan Wilcher, EMBA 23
Black History Month means everything to me.”
Tiffany Shumate, EWMBA 23
“Black History Month has changed in meaning for me over the years. Before, I saw it as an opportunity to showcase Black Americans’ past contributions to the country. There would be talks about DuBois, Madam CJ Walker, Douglass, Tubman, and all the ancestors we honor today. Their experiences, though related, seemed disconnected from my Black life in America. Though the message was always relevant—Black Lives Matter—I had difficulty relating the stories to my life today.
In 2018, things shifted. I began to hear the word ‘Afrofuturism‘ to describe Black joy and the possibility of what it means to imagine our community today and 100 years from today. Afrofuturism is more expansive. It connects Black people across the African diaspora and focuses on uplifting a Black identity that exists on its own—instead of in opposition to whiteness.
Before this, BHM felt like an ode to the past—a reminder of a painful history Black Americans have endured. I like to call it Black Futures Month now, because it flips the frame. I honor our ancestors and use their learnings to build for future generations. My Afrofuturist perspective is inherently rooted in joy for today—what’s more joyful than imagining Black communities healthy and thriving, globally?”
Tyrone Wise, Associate Director of Student Experience for the full-time MBA program
“Black History Month is an opportunity to tell the history of Americans who have oftentimes been misrepresented. As a descendant of slaves, it’s important that I acknowledge and celebrate the leaders who’ve come before me—people like Frederick Douglas, a former slave and prominent abolitionist, as well as the Tuskegee Airmen, who were the first Black military pilots who fought in World War II. (Being related to a Tuskegee Airman is even more inspiring.)
It’s important that I acknowledge and celebrate the leaders who’ve come before me—people like Frederick Douglas, a former slave and prominent abolitionist, as well as the Tuskegee Airmen, who were the first Black military pilots who fought in World War II. —Tyrone Wise
Their perseverance and drive to create a better country has afforded me the opportunities that I have today. All in all, Black history is my history and it shows me that I can be a leader and create the change I want to see.”
Amber Moore Harrold, Assistant Director of Financial Aid
“Black History Month is a time to reflect on how far Black people have come in America and how much further we have to go. This past year has truly shown the world that while we have made progress, we still have a long road ahead. It’s a time to highlight and celebrate Black excellence and the many contributions that Black people have contributed to the fabric of this country. It’s a time to celebrate and honor our ancestors whose shoulders we stand on. It’s a reminder that Black history should be recognized, appreciated, and celebrated every day.”
Tamarik Rabb, BS 21, President of Haas Undergraduate Black Business Association (HUBBA)
“Black History Month represents acknowledging our community’s contributions to society. I love that during this month, Black stories and achievements are amplified. I feel a great sense of pride when learning about our passionate and dedicated advocates, inventors, artists, scholars, and leaders from the past because they’re exemplars of Black excellence. I’m fortunate to have more opportunities, by way of countless Black individuals who found the strength to endure incomprehensible challenges to their bodies, mental health, and culture as a result of deeply-rooted racism. This month will continue to remind me of the work that still needs to be done to increase opportunities for Black people, while providing greater confidence that through both individual and collective efforts, the work can be accomplished.”
Haas Voices is a new first-person series that highlights the lived experiences of members of the Berkeley Haas community. Our first perspective is by “double Bear” Luis Alejandro Liang, BS 12, EWMBA 23, who is among the approximately 644,000 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) recipients granted special immigration status because they were brought to the U.S. as children. Liang’s path to Berkeley was challenging—he’s been accepted three times. He shares his story below.
Many times over these past four years, I’ve woken up in fear. Fear of deportation. Fear about what was going to happen to our community. Fear that ICE could knock on my door and take me away.
I grew up in Sinaloa on the Pacific coast of Mexico. I’m half Chinese, half Mexican. I grew up multicultural—going to Catholic church on Sundays but celebrating Chinese New Year. I started helping my family in their Chinese restaurant when I was six years old. I was surrounded by entrepreneurs.
When I was 14, my mom moved me and my three little sisters to Orange County because she wanted to provide us with better chances. I entered high school as a sophomore without knowing any English. It was a culture shock, but I wanted to honor my mom’s sacrifices by excelling academically. I was put back in algebra, even though I was taking calculus when we left Mexico. As a senior, I got into a couple of UCs, but my first scholarship was taken away because I didn’t have a social security number.
So I decided to go to Fullerton College. In high school, I had been really shy because I was new, so I didn’t know anything about things like AP classes or honor society. When I got to community college, I decided to get involved. I joined the Puente Program, which is mostly for Latino students to help get us into four-year colleges. I was really active, working long days because I was also a tutor. The Puente Program gave us a tour of all the UCs. That was the first time that I actually went to visit the campuses.
When I visited Berkeley I fell in love. I remember the Campanile, Sather Gate and thought of all the famous people who went there, including Mexican presidents.
I knew that I wanted to study business. I also knew that I was gay by that time too, and that San Francisco was LGBTQ friendly. I knew I could be myself at Berkeley.
My dream came true when I got accepted to Haas as a junior and received the prestigious Regents’ and Chancellors’ Scholarship, given to the top 2% of students. But when I went to the financial aid office, they again took away my scholarship because I still didn’t have a social security number. I was crying, and the woman who broke the news to me was crying too.
They again took away my scholarship because I still didn’t have a social security number. I was crying, and the woman who broke the news to me was crying too.
I remember seeing the César E. Chávez Student Center in front of me and I just went in and I started walking around. I thought, “If this is César Chávez’s building, there’s going to be a Latino person here who can help me.” I ended up meeting Lupe Gallegos-Diaz, director of the Chicano Department at Berkeley. Lupe became a support for me when I returned to community college more determined to achieve my dreams.
I became more politically active, creating the Fullerton College Dream Team to support undocumented students. In 2010, I got into Berkeley Haas for the 2nd time, having raised $70,000 to cover my tuition.
When I graduated, I was a first-generation Berkeley Haas grad deemed ineligible to work in the U.S. I felt lost, but by then I knew I wasn’t alone. My life took a turn when President Obama passed DACA in 2012, extending opportunities previously unavailable to those of us brought to the U.S. as children. A door of possibilities opened up and led me to a job at Salesforce, helping non-profit organizations leverage technology to amplify their impact.
My life took a turn when President Obama passed DACA in 2012.
Being the first DACA employee at Salesforce motivated me to use my voice in a space where underrepresented groups lack a sense of inclusion. I worked with the chief equality officer on a podcast about diversity and inclusion, served on the leadership board of multiple employee resource groups, and came out of the shadows by sharing my story on a video called “Proudly Me.”
In 2013, another dream came true when I traveled to the White House and met President Obama after I received the LGBT DREAMers Courage Award, which honors individuals who have shown courage and perseverance in the face of injustice.
Still focused on social impact at my current job at Twilio, I decided it was time to go back to school for an MBA. I applied to the Berkeley Haas Evening and Weekend MBA program and got into my dream university for the third time, starting last fall. My focus is to become a chief social impact officer and a social leader at a company. In my classes, surrounded by fellow Type As, I’m learning things that I put into practice at my job. I love the community and I can’t wait to get back to campus.
Growing up, I thought that life would change the day I could finally get my residency—that something would change inside of me and that things were going to be better. But as the years passed, thinking that way made me believe that I was incomplete and something was missing. But being paperless doesn’t make us powerless. We have purpose and an eagerness to give back, by creating communities, by finding the power in helping people. I now find so much joy in helping other “Dreamers” get into school and finding their dream jobs.
But being paperless doesn’t make us powerless. We have purpose and an eagerness to give back, by creating communities, by finding the power in helping people.
There are 11 million undocumented immigrants living in the U.S., not by choice, but because we needed to survive. I hope to highlight the narrative of joy, love, and pride that comes from living a life dedicated to serving our families’ and communities’ dreams.”
Luis Liang, an account manager in social impact at communications company Twilio, is passionate about advocating for human rights and supporting Latinx, LGBTQ, and undocumented immigrant communities. Liang has served as a board member for the Association of Latino Professionals for America, The Greenlining Institute Alumni Association, and on several corporate Employee Resources Groups.
If ever there was a year that called on all of us to embody the Berkeley Haas Defining Leadership Principles, it was 2020. It so happened that this tumultuous year also marked the 10th anniversary of codifying these principles, which have become deeply embedded throughout our school over the past decade.
This year, many in our community went beyond themselves to help those struggling with pandemic impacts, while others questioned the status quo, speaking out against racial inequities and violence against Blacks and African Americans. Others showed confidence without attitude in sharing expertise and skills to help small businesses or solve other problems related to the pandemic. And we were all reminded to be students always as we adapted to life online.
While 2020 challenged us in many ways, it also taught us that a global pandemic can bring out the best in ourselves and our community, and there is a lot worth recognizing—and even celebrating—as the year comes to a close. Here’s what we’ll remember.
Black Lives Matter
As waves of protests swept the country in response to the murder of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and Ahmaud Arbery, Haas community members spoke out publicly about violence against Blacks and African Americans, sharing deeply personal narratives of anguish, frustration, and devastation. “If you read no further, understand this,” wrote Marco T. Lindsey, associate director of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion at Berkeley Haas, in a widely shared letter to the community. ”Black Lives Matter = if anyone kills a Black person, their punishment should be the same as if they killed someone from any other race.” Responding to BLM, students, faculty, and staff rallied together, leaning on each other for support. They raised funds to rebuild damaged Black-owned businesses and for racial equity organizations, and embarked on personal journeys toward allyship through campus study groups, anti-racist challenges for students and staff, and “Ask Me Anything” sessions.
Students stepping up
Among the notable 2020 projects were the Berkeley Community Business Partnership, led by Lokilani Hunt, MBA 22. As president of the group, Hunt led 60 MBA students who worked with local community groups to offer consulting support to small Bay Area businesses. Their work ranged from organizing a worker-owned cooperative for struggling restaurants to developing new financing pipelines for women-owned businesses to helping small grocers build their online presence and upgrade their payment systems. The effort builds on a project launched last spring by the Sustainable and Impact Finance (SAIF) initiative at Berkeley Haas. Meanwhile, Peter Gallager, EWMBA 22, a member of the University Development & Alumni Relations fundraising team, helped raise $10 million in three weeks for a pop-up coronavirus testing lab at the Innovative Genomics Institute. Raising that kind of capital can take months or even years to accomplish in normal times. “I’ve never experienced anything like that, but these are unprecedented times and people are responding in unprecedented ways,” he said.
Janet Yellen nominated for Treasury Secretary
Berkeley Haas Prof. Emeritus Janet Yellen’s career has been brilliant, groundbreaking, and defined by a commitment to public service. Among her many accomplishments: She was the first woman to chair the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, she chaired the President’s Council of Economic Advisors, and she taught thousands of Berkeley Haas MBA and undergraduate students from 1980 to 2006. Now poised to become President-elect Biden’s lead economic advisor at one the nation’s most challenging periods, Yellen is expected to be a champion for all those facing the economic devastation of the pandemic.
Former Dean Laura Tyson, professor of the graduate school and her longtime close colleague, told the Financial Times that Yellen is driven by neither the “power” nor the “kudos” of the position. “She is doing it to serve the public, through the tools she has to understand economic issues.”
The passing of faculty greats
Nobel laureate Oliver Williamson, a pioneer of organizational economics, passed away on May 21 at age 87. Williamson, known to friends and colleagues as Olly, shared the 2009 prize in economics with political scientist Elinor Ostrom of Indiana University for his insight on the “make-or-buy”decision—the process by which businesses choose whether to outsource a process, service, or manufacturing function. “Williamson’s work permanently changed how economists view organizations,” said Prof. Rich Lyons, who was dean when Williamson won the Nobel. “Yet for all of his intellectual creativity, I most often think of Olly as a person who lifts others.”
Last month we also lost Prof. Emeritus George Strauss, who passed away Nov. 27 at age 97. An icon in the field of industrial relations who served as a professor from 1960 until 1991, Strauss helped establish Haas as an organizational theory powerhouse starting in the 1960s. He was a prolific researcher and top scholar of organizational behavior, unions, workplace participation, and comparative industrial relations.
The scramble to move online
On March 9, it was all-hands-on-deck after Chancellor Carol Christ announced the campus would suspend in-person classes to control the spread of the novel coronavirus. Haas had to move 270 classes online virtually overnight. Faculty members scrambled to adapt, with Haas Digital, graduate student instructors, and other staff working overtime to support them. Those with more experience online stepped up to help colleagues. The work continued all summer, as faculty and staff worked to re-imagine classes, learn online pedagogy, and pre-record asynchronous material, while Haas invested in new technology. Dean Ann Harrison commended the efforts. “After watching our faculty and staff move within 36 hours to online teaching when the coronavirus broke out, I believe there’s little that we can’t do virtually going forward.”
Financial creativity to save small businesses
The Haas School of Business and Berkeley Law came together to play a critical role in developing the State of California’s new fund to support small businesses devastated by the coronavirus pandemic. The California Rebuilding Fund, a new public-private partnership operated by the Governor’s Office of Business and Economic Development (GO-Biz), uses government capital to attract private lenders to offer low-interest loans to small businesses—particularly the smallest firms and entrepreneurs from communities that have been historically disenfranchised. Professors Laura Tyson and Adair Morse contributed their finance and policy expertise to the innovative design of the fund. “The state put many groups together to try to get the best of the best ideas,” said Morse, the Soloman P. Lee Chair in Business Ethics. “We all came together to try to optimize a plan for the people of California.”
Researchers contributing to pandemic knowledge
As the pandemic spread, many faculty members used their knowledge and research prowess to shed light on the growing crisis and to search for solutions. Associate professors Jonathan Kolstad and Ned Augenblick laid out a strategy for cheap, mass COVID-19 surveillance testing; Asst. Prof. Abhishek Nagaraj and a team of researchers across four universities built the interactive Reopen Mapping Project to show how different policies affect employment and the number of deaths from the virus; Prof. Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas examined which government policies were most effective in staving off small business bankruptcies in Europe; while Assoc. Prof. Luyi Yang analyzed the optimal way to prioritize who gets COVID tests. Many others generously shared their expertise with the media, wrote commentaries and op-eds, participated in panels and the “New Thinking in a Pandemic” series, and gave lessons on leading through crises for a Berkeley Executive Education video series.
New leaders and faculty
Haas had a banner year for welcoming new leaders to the Dean’s suite, including Loretta Ezeife, chief financial officer; Howie Avery, assistant dean for Development & Alumni Relations; Michele de Nevers, in the newly-created position of executive director of sustainability programs, and Michelle Marquez, assistant dean of Human Resources. On the faculty side, nine new professors, including five women, joined Haas. The diverse, international group hails from Italy, Argentina, France, China, Canada, and California.
Pride in our big wins
Alum Collin Morikawa, BS 19, stunned the golf world last August by winning the PGA Championship, making history as one of the tournament’s youngest winners. Highlights from our many student competitions this year include a FTMBA team win at the Berkeley Haas Spring 2020 Tech Challenge, and a first-place FTMBA finish at the inaugural Oxford Global Private Equity Challenge in March. Yashoraj Tyagi and Akshay Gupta, both MFE 20, took first-place wins in the Moody’s Analytics competition. And another team of MFE students won first place in the Citadel West Coast Datathon. Eugene Kim, Zhuoran Li, Zixuan Chen, and Chen Su, all EWMBA 23, won the inaugural John E. Martin Healthcare Tech Challenge.
Alumni and faculty also netted academic honors, including Matteo Maggiori, PhD 12, who won the Fischer Black Prize—joining previous winner Prof. Ulrike Malmendier as a recipient of the prestigious award for the top finance scholar under age 40. Prof. Martin Lettau won the 2019 Roger F. Murray Prize for outstanding research from The Institute for Quantitative Research in Finance (The Q Group). Prof. David Teece was inducted into the Thinkers50 Hall of Fame, joining management greats Peter Drucker, Clay Christenson, Michael Porter, and his long-time collaborator Ikujiro Nonaka, PhD 82; Teece was also recognized as the top-cited scholar in the field of business and management, while Prof. Ross Levine was No. 10 for economics. Asst. Prof. Ellen Evers of the Haas Marketing Group was recognized with the Carol D. Soc Distinguished Graduate Student Mentoring Award, UC Berkeley’s premier award for graduate mentorship. Prof. Annette Vissing-Jørgensen was honored by the Swiss Finance Institute with its Outstanding Paper Award 2019 for “The Impact of Pensions and Insurance on Global Yield Curves”.
All of our degree programs again ranked in the Top 10 this year. The EWMBA Program ranked #2 and the Full-time MBA Program ranked #7 in U.S. News & World Report’s 2021 Best Business Schools; U.S. News ranked the Undergraduate Program #3. The Executive MBA Program (EMBA) was #1 in the world, according to The Economist; and the Master of Financial Engineering (MFE) Program placed #1 in the TFE Times ranking. Haas continued to climb in the Corporate Knights Better World Ranking, ranking among the very top U.S. business schools for incorporating sustainability into its research and teaching.

domain: sociology


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DetailsOriginal VW Beetle accessory catalog from GHE 1964. 48 pages of GHE Happich parts and rare accessories for the classic Volkswagen beetle. The GHE catalog is original, not a copy, about 12cm x 15cm and in very good condition. Made and printed in Germany 50 years ago.
- Additional Information
Manufacturer GHE Happich Country of Origin Germany Condition used Weight 0.0380

domain: library


Mother charged in death of Frederick 3-year-old who shot himself
FREDERICK, Colo. -- The mother of a 3-year-old boy who fatally shot himself in the head was charged with criminally negligent child abuse resulting in death this week. The Weld County District Attorney's office confirmed the Class 3 felony charge was filed against Dione Warren on Monday night. Warren could serve up to 12 years in prison if convicted.
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Both are manufacturers and service providers of web offset printing systems for newspapers, commercial products and packaging. Goss is headquartered in Durham, New Hampshire, while manroland is based in Augsburg, Germany.
Subject to regulatory approval, the merger is expected to be completed by mid 2018.
Until the merger is approved, the two separate companies will continue business as usual with products lines unchanged.
The Contiweb business of Goss International meanwhile announced its plans to become a separate company under the ownership of American Industrial Partners, and with operations headquartered in Boxmeer, the Netherlands. Contiweb is a specialist in technologies for drying and web-handling products for printing. "Contiweb will continue its growth agenda in becoming the premier ancillary supplier for commercial and digital inkjet printing applications and press supplier for label and packaging applications," said a release. The move will happen after the Goss-manroland merger is finalized.
With the Goss merger, manroland aims to foster R&D activities and strengthen its innovation focus, according to CEO Alexander Wasserman. "Our customers will be able to choose from a wider portfolio of products and services," he said.
"This combination will enable us to achieve extensive synergies that will help us optimally serve our customers into the future. The combination will strive to provide a best-in-class product offering and customer service," said Goss CEO Mohit Uberoi.
Private equity firm AIP acquired Goss International in 2015 from Shanghai Electric Corporation, which bought Goss in 2010.
The new company will continue its activities in web printing systems, services, consumables and system components for the newspaper, commercial, packaging and digital printing markets, according to the companies. Retrofits, upgrades and e-commerce will be major areas of focus as well.
"Since the web offset markets shrunk dramatically in recent years, this merger makes perfect sense," said Manfred Werfel, deputy CEO of WAN-IFRA and director of the World Printers Forum, in an article on the organization's website. "This is the fact-based outlook. The other question will be how well the merger will be managed and how quickly the different organizations and cultures can be integrated. Time will tell."
Goss and manroland web systems both center on web presses for newspapers and commercial applications, Werfel pointed out, and don't service the sheet-fed markets. "Together they will be able to offer a broader product range to a wider customer market. Geographically, both partners are complementing each other as well," he said.

domain: news


Last June, we wrote about our favorite French LGBTQ+ movies, and this year we’ve decided to expand our resources about the LGBTQ+ experience in France. Below, you’ll find some of the best French podcasts to celebrate Pride Month with us! Check back soon for a list of our favorite French books about the LGBTQ+ experience.
If you love working on your French comprehension skills by listening to podcasts, make sure you haven’t missed our articles about French femininst podcasts and our Top 8 French Podcasts of All Time. Finally, just a un petit rappel (quick reminder) that you can change the speed of your podcast to make it easier to understand. See a tip here if you’re not sure how to do it!
By Sophia Millman
Learn about the politics of “l’hétéronormativité”
Why can certain gender-based slurs be uttered by some and not others? Why do French ID documents always include a person’s gender? How is heterosexuality a political system? Every other Thursday, journalist Camille Regache deconstructs all that is considered “natural and innate” when it comes to gender identity and sexuality. Camille is a great podcast for lesbian, gay, bi, and trans people, but it’s especially targeted at straight people who may be unfamiliar with the French LGBTQ+ community and issues surrounding queer identity.
Episode length: 40 minutes
Cinq pour Cent
All about bisexuality
According to recent surveys, five percent of people in France identify as bisexual. “Cinq pour Cent” is dedicated to this five percent of the population. Its bisexual host, Anaïs, dismantles the stereotypes that bisexuals face related to family, friendship, love, and sentimental and sexual relationships. Anaïs also questions the way bisexuals are treated and represented in public spaces.
Episode length: 45 minutes
Interviews with French celebrities about their coming out experiences
The singer Pomme, the director Xavier Dolan, the chef Céline Pham, the journalist Caroline Fourest… Famous French figures describe how they understood and accepted their homosexuality, how they told their entourage, and how the people around them reacted. An intimate and moving podcast, in which parents also testify about the moment their child told them he or she was gay.
Everything you’ve always wanted to know about French drag queens
Host Arthur Lefebvre speaks with drag queens and their fans about their careers, their desires, queer culture and the Parisian nightclub scene. The queens also discuss their artistic and political aspirations, the future of drag culture, and social, gender, and identity issues. “Flamboyantes” often deals with the popularization of the drag scene in France, and more particularly in Paris. What does the drag scene risk by becoming too mainstream?
Episode length: 30 minutes
Queer friends discussing queer culture
Described as “hybrid, polyphonic and militant,” France Inter’s “Intérieur Queer” podcast addresses social issues that affect the LGBT+ community. Once a month, Camille Mati, Hugo Combe and Gabriel Debray get together to talk about LGBT+ culture, issues and identity. “Do we really know what it means to be queer?” asks host Hugo Combe in the first episode of this podcast.
Episode length: 1 hour
Focusing on lesbian identities
For the past four years, “Gouinement lundi” has been handing the microphone over to lesbians, bi and trans people on various subjects. These range from queer culture, sexuality, and lesbophobia at work to gynecology, rap, and cooking. You’ll find as many fascinating conversations as skilled speakers: guests include scientific experts, political activists and representatives from many francophone feminist associations.
Episode length: 50 minutes
The first French LGBTQ+ podcast
Since 2004, this podcast has been dedicated to recent news in the LGBTQ+ community. Its guests tell the stories of famous activist figures, introduce the listener to queer film clubs, and discuss the effects of PrEP or even the debates around what the French call “PMA” (assisted reproductive technology). The roundtables are rich in practical information and history.
Episode length: 1 hour
On coming out and raising kids
Rozenn Le Carboulec, the creator and producer of “Quouïr,” wants to make LGBTQ+ people heard in all their diversity. The first season of this podcast is dedicated to the coming-out experiences of six different LGBTQ+ people from different regions of France. The second season, released at the time of French debates surrounding assisted reproductive technology, focuses on l’homoparentalité. Unlike in the US, gay parents in France cannot hire a surrogate parent and it is very difficult for them to adopt. An eye-opening podcast about a pressing issue.
Episode length: 30 minutes
Other LGBTQ+ podcasts and episodes you might enjoy:
- Garçons: Gives voice to queer and feminist men.
- Over the rainbow: Each month, an artist, activist or anonymous individual speaks about LGBTQ+ culture and rights.
- La Fièvre: Created by a famous LGBTQ+ collective, explores all kinds of subjects.
- Coming in: This award-winning documentary podcast tells the story of a journalist’s path to understanding and accepting her sexual identity and herself.
- PMA hors la loi: All about assisted reproduction in France.
- Sortir les lesbiennes du placard: An excellent documentary podcast about lesbian indentities inspired by famous French feminist Monique Wittig.
- Rencontres intersexes: A documentary all about intersex individuals.


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Donald Trump doubled down on his family’s beans endorsement, even though it’s likely a federal ethics violation.
The president posted a photo promoting Goya on Instagram on Wednesday. In the photo, he gives two thumbs-up over a selection of Goya products in the Oval Office. The photo is not captioned and does not acknowledge the ethical controversy the Trump family caused by promoting the company.
The president’s daughter may have also violated federal ethics laws by posing with a can of Goya beans and captioning it with the company’s slogan on Tuesday. Federal officials like Ivanka Trump, who serves as senior advisor to her father, are forbidden from using their positions to promote products.
Goya’s CEO, Robert Unanue, is an ardent Trump supporter and caused an uproar in the Hispanic community when he told a press conference that the country is “truly blessed… to have a leader like President Trump.” While Goya products are a staple in many Hispanic households, many consumers are boycotting Goya after Unanue’s statement, including Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez.
Trump, doing what the Trumps do best, doubled down on his support.
“The Radical Left smear machine backfired, people are buying like crazy!” he tweeted on Wednesday. He did not back up with the claim with actual evidence that Goya sales were up.
Other Twitter users pointed out that Trump’s latest stunt only distracts from the real issues the country is facing, like the worsening COVID-19 pandemic and the extreme police violence that protestors for Black Lives Matter continue to face.
But obviously beans are more important!


Toyota announces pricing on the 2014 Avalon and Prius Liftback.
Read This Article
The Toyota Venza is a competent crossover but rarely in most car shoppers radar.
Intellichoice has released its annual list of cars it considers a Best Value of the Year.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and Southeast Toyota are issuing a recall on certain Toyota Corolla compact and Sienna minivan models which stems from aftermarket parts used in the vehicles.


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Venture system styles are the corner stone of major IT financial investments and thus have a long-term influence on a company’s profits. Acceptance of the venture system styles by all risk owners is vital to the successful implementation of the style. Recognition of system styles with stakeholder assumptions is a best method commonly followed by great venture designers.
This white paper outlines the essential aspects of the validation process and gives a validation for why enterprise engineers ought to create the practice of confirming the designs they build or define. This white paper likewise recommends some certain methods for carrying out validations of the vital aspects of business system styles .
A side objective of this white paper is to stimulate discussions and also sharing of real life experiences of launching, conducting, as well as the total thehousetips impact of providing the validation results. Each of these major jobs of the recognition procedure is an uphill struggle requiring technical knowledge and also deepness, political recognition as well as people management abilities.
As the majority of practicing engineers eventually understand, doing the right point is never simple, as well as neither is this process of verifying business system styles. With any luck this white paper will activate feedback that will certainly aid all business engineers manage this concern as well as begin the procedure of verifying (stake owner approval, acceptance, and adoption) enterprise system architectures.
The Need to Verify Business System Architectures
This may seem extremely acquainted to most business engineers yet verifying enterprise system styles is not a task located in a lot of task plans. Yes, the validation process is not always fast nor is it short-lived. Nonetheless, it is of utmost value that the structure of enterprise systems, namely the system design whereupon major investment of time, money, as well as sources is devoted, is correctly verified before it’s too late.
System designs are artifacts formed with all the individual predispositions of the business architect responsible for developing the architecture. Previous experiences, current understanding, as well bighomeideaz as an extremely individual understanding of the goals of the venture system to be constructed play a large function fit the designers mind and for this reason the system style. Not verifying system styles would mean embracing the view point of the designer or the design group which put together the system architecture concerned.
Confirming system architectures is additionally extremely beneficial to the venture designer as it helps bring all stake owners and also leaders together and also help with a conference of minds guaranteeing long term investment and also assistance for the project. No job goes as intended and having this sort of all rounded support is important to any type of enterprise job especially when things don’t go as prepared.
An asset oriented view of systems as well as styles
Business engineers, who check out the systems they establish as software application properties, have a tendency to include validations right into their thehomedezigns strategies. Properties are built with a long-term vision in mind and are expected to have a long lifecycle. Thus it is all-natural for enterprise software application possession designers to comprehend the value of being guaranteed that the long term instructions established by the system design has support from all stake holders, is economical from the firm’s perspective, and also will in fact provide on everyone expectations.
It is not feasible to define excellent system design as a number of the criteria associated with forming that style will certainly alter over the lifecycle of the system. Nonetheless confirmed system styles have the capacity to rapidly make the essential midstream adjustments without losing focus of the end goals.
Thus, venture architects should grow the habit of treating every system they architect as a long term software application harleyhaze property and take recognition of their styles seriously. The following couple of pages of this white paper discuss the process of validating business system designers, as well as just how to confirm certain strategic elements of the system design.

domain: literature


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I’ve been partying pretty hard for Michael Jackson every night since I heard the news, so I’m exhausted. And still sad. I loved Michael Jackson. He was mindblowing. He took pop artistery and performance to extreme, complex, unbelievable levels. No one else has gone there since then, and that’s the end of it.
Deaths of icons are bizarre and disorienting. They highlight the importance of shared culture, and the power of celebrity and performance and art. At one point Michael Jackson’s voice and body had half of the world in hysterics. What kind of a human being is that?

domain: celebrity


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Allied improve financial when you look at the Lynchburg, Virtual assistant 24502 from the 18243 natrual enviroment Rd
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- Show so it items towards Facebook twitter
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The Kathleen Zane wished to would is pick a sofa. Rather, she claims she ended up with $5,850 with debt and an individual loan that have an annual desire out of per cent.
Forget pay day loan, this online installment loans Rhode Island is exactly Canada’s this new generation regarding large-appeal funds
Loans off highest-notice installment financing, a pretty new service with gained popularity in recent years, is all the more frequent among Canadians which have lowest credit ratings or brief borrowing records. And you will experts say the fresh fund is just as treacherous for customers once the payday loan.
Consumers can only sign up for a total of $step 1,five hundred using an online payday loan, cards Donna Borden, a nationwide commander within anti-poverty group ACORN commander and you can acting sofa of your business’s this new East York Section into the Toronto. Continue reading “Forget cash advance, this can be Canada’s new age bracket from higher-desire finance”
Enough creditors exactly who likewise have an effective€?zero credit checka€? debts will get take part in predatory credit techniques
Organizations information is available in standard training, issues, supply, interior data, search-motors, courses, and you can because of a great many other choice. The information and knowledge off people on the other hand is inspired by anyone just like your friends along with your members of the family and accomplices. At exactly the same time are from providers, acquaintances, pages nicely. The message relating to individuals organizations can be wrote thanks to programmes and you may magazines, publications and you will tech guides. About, if you like, you can get enterprises some ideas from various ways inside the that’s cash advance as opposed to a bank account inside the Grapeland Texas located everywhere their. Continue reading “It is easy and you will small found an $800 online payday loans or at the neighborhood shop”
The borrowed funds team will not evaluate their capacity to repay the mortgage
Some other doubtful relocate to watch out for is actually a lender promising “100% secured approval.” Internet business loan companies can’t approve every applicant regardless of the money or credit rating form of. As to the reasons? Better, he’s in the industry from offering fund. Along with company, it is possible to make losings or even prudently vet individuals.
Specific people might also promise a considerably large direct on the web bucks loan that does not match your credit rating or money amount. If you bite to your more than you can chew, you might end up swept up when you look at the a vicious loop from loans.
“Harry borrows a great $1,000 financing that has to be paid off in this two weeks. To your cost go out, the guy lacks enough finance to pay off your debt completely. The borrowed funds business continues so you can roll over the loan. Fundamentally, Harry will pay an extra commission which enables the lending company to extend brand new loan’s deadline. Once ninety days, he secret why he can’t obvious the amount because it’s always turning up.”
So it habit is really hazardous that it is blocked in about 21 says. Continue reading “Other Warning flag to look out for”
You can find already winning models for it in the Southern Dallas, Wesson said, such as for instance, finding a hospital in a local sport heart. “So it funding will yield increased health within our community which can upcoming succeed people to subscribe the economical viability of its household, of its teams, as well as the area and you will condition.”
Wesson cited unemployment since the a key financial factor that influences society fitness. “Unemployment contributes for the a great ways, and you may … unemployment is actually a bona-fide issue within area.” Highest unemployment, he said, limits entry to boss-built insurance policies that will loans healthcare, while also limiting the amount of money accessible to purchase fitness characteristics. Enhanced jobless along with increases impoverishment, the guy said, then restricting usage of the tips you to definitely service health having Southern area Dallas residents.
Asked just how Dallas has been doing compared to the most other U.S. metropolises from inside the giving support to the wellness ecosystem, Wesson pointed towards possible opportunity to overlay health care and nutrients characteristics at city’s 43 athletics centers. He reiterated the need for financing, noting attention from to have-funds businesses that have to treat absenteeism.
Cornerstone CDC prospects community development and you may revitalization work into the blighted portion off South Dallas/Fair Park. Together with the town away from Dallas, Foundation CDC has actually purchased given up services for usage within the building the newest affordable property.
Southern area Dallas keeps an excellent need for the brand new, affordable homes, said Chris Simmons of Foundation Baptist Chapel. Continue reading “The guy needed even more money on these present habits”

domain: economics


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Pawnee man injured in Monday morning accident
Team Radio Marketing Group - May 1, 2017 11:12 am
A Pawnee man was injured after striking a tree in the roadway of U.S. 64 about 2.5 miles east of Morrison, OK, in Noble County.
The accident occurred about 5:45 a.m. Monday.
Barry W. Copeland, 39, of Pawnee was transported to Stillwater Medical Center by Pawnee EMS, and then to St. Francis Hospital in Tulsa by Air Evac. He was admitted in critical conditions with head injuries.
Copeland was travelling westbound on U.S. 64 and struck a tree that had fallen in the roadway. His vehicle continued a tenth of a mile further west, where it departed the roadway to the right and struck a standing tree, the Oklahoma Highway Patrol reported.


Evaporation is a common and essential phenomenon that occurs in our daily lives. It is a physical process in which a liquid changes into a gaseous state. The heat supplies the energy required for Evaporation from the surrounding environment, and the process occurs until the liquid reaches a state of equilibrium with its vapor. This article will explore Evaporation in detail and discuss its key features, mechanisms, and applications.
As discussed in the introduction, Evaporation is a physical process in which a liquid changes into a gaseous state. It occurs when the particles of a liquid absorb enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction holding them together and become dispersed into the air as individual gas molecules. The temperature at which this process occurs is known as the boiling point and depends on the pressure and the specific substance being evaporated.
For Evaporation to occur, the liquid must be exposed to sufficient energy, typically heat. This heat causes the liquid molecules to become more energetic and move faster, eventually breaking free from the surface of the liquid and becoming vapor. As the vapor rises and mixes with the air, it spreads and cools down, eventually condensing back into a liquid state.
History of Evaporation
The history of Evaporation as a scientific concept can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where people observed and documented the liquid-to-gas transformation process. The ancient Greeks, for example, recognized that Evaporation played a role in the water cycle and described it as a key component of the natural world. In the 17th and 18th centuries, scientists began to study Evaporation more systematically and developed the first quantitative models to describe the process. For example, French chemist Antoine Lavoisier studied Evaporation and developed a "conserved mass," in which the total mass of a system remains constant during physical and chemical processes.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, advances in physics and chemistry allowed scientists to better understand the underlying mechanisms of Evaporation and develop new technologies that use the process. For example, the development of refrigeration and air conditioning systems revolutionized how we control temperature and created new possibilities for industrial and household use.
A few areas where Evaporation is Used
Evaporation occurs naturally in everyday life, for example, the Evaporation of water from a puddle on a hot day, sweat from the skin, and alcohol from an open bottle of wine. Evaporation is also an important industrial process, with water treatment, refrigeration, and chemical manufacturing applications.
1. In treatment industry
In the water treatment industry, Evaporation separates salt and other minerals from seawater or brackish water. By heating the water, the water vaporizes and leaves the minerals behind, allowing the purified water to be collected.
2. In refrigeration
In refrigeration, Evaporation is used as a cooling mechanism, as the Evaporation of a liquid, such as a refrigerant, absorbs heat from the surrounding environment.
3. In distillation
Evaporation is also used in distillation, which separates liquids based on their boiling points. A combination of liquids is heated to the boiling point during distillation, and the resulting vapor is then condensed and collected. The different components of the mix have other boiling points and will evaporate at different temperatures, allowing for separation based on their boiling points. This process produces alcoholic beverages, essential oils, and many other products.
4. In the water cycle
In addition to its industrial applications, Evaporation is an important natural process that plays a significant role in the water cycle. Evaporation occurs when water from lakes, rivers, and oceans is heated by the sun and transformed into water vapor, which rises into the atmosphere. The water vapor then condenses to form clouds, and eventually, precipitation occurs, resulting in the return of water to the earth. The water cycle is a crucial process that maintains the water balance on earth and is essential for life as we know it.
5. In chemical manufacturing
In chemical manufacturing, Evaporation concentrates and purifies chemicals and separates different mixture components.
6. In Desalination
Evaporation is used in desalination plants to convert saltwater into fresh water. The process works by evaporating saltwater to produce pure water vapor, which is then condensed to produce fresh water.
Evaporation is used in humidifiers to increase a room's humidity. This is especially important in dry climates or during winter months when indoor air can become very dry.
Overall, Evaporation is widely used in many industries and household applications due to its ability to remove heat, reduce liquids, and concentrate materials.
A few factors on which Evaporation depends
The evaporation rate depends on several factors, including the temperature, the humidity of the surrounding air, the surface area of the liquid, and the wind speed. As the temperature increases, the evaporation rate increases, as more energy is available to convert the liquid into a gas. Similarly, as the humidity of the surrounding air decreases, Evaporation increases, as there is less water vapor in the air to compete for the energy needed for Evaporation.
The surface area of the liquid and the wind speed also affect the evaporation rate, as a larger surface area and higher wind speed provide more opportunities for the liquid to come into contact with the air and evaporate.
Features of Evaporation
Evaporation is the process by which a liquid turns into a gas. As discussed earlier, it is a fundamental aspect of the water cycle and important in many natural and industrial processes. Here are some key features of Evaporation:
1. Temperature Dependence
Evaporation is a temperature-dependent process and occurs more rapidly at higher temperatures. This is because the heat provides the energy required for the liquid to change into a gas in the surrounding environment.
The surrounding environment's relative humidity has an impact on Evaporation as well. In a dry climate, Evaporation occurs more readily, as the air can absorb more water vapor. Evaporation is slower in a humid environment because the air is already saturated with water vapor.
3. Surface Area
The liquid's surface area also impacts the rate of Evaporation. A larger surface area increases the evaporation rate, as there is more space for the liquid to turn into a gas.
4. Wind Speed
Wind speed can also impact the evaporation rate. Faster winds can increase Evaporation, as they help carry the water vapor away from the liquid surface.
5. Latent Heat of Vaporization
The latent heat of Evaporation, a sort of energy input, is needed for Evaporation. Depending on the liquid's properties, this energy is required to turn one liquid unit into one gas unit.
The presence of particulates in the liquid can affect the evaporation rate, and Particulates can reduce the liquid's surface area and slow the evaporation rate.
Environmental pressure can also impact the rate of Evaporation. The vapor pressure required for Evaporation is higher at higher pressures, and the evaporation rate is slower.
The mechanism of Evaporation
The mechanism of Evaporation involves the conversion of a liquid into a gas and can be described at the molecular level as follows:
In conclusion, Evaporation is a crucial process in nature and various industries. Understanding the factors influencing the evaporation rate is important for optimizing processes in these industries and understanding the natural world around us.


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A forex broker is a group that acts as an intermediary between traders and the international currency market.
Finding the right go-between middle hundreds of online companies can be a puzzling task.
That's why our site
offers to follow acquainted with the same of the most certain and proven forex brokers.
+ Buying outstrip with our automated forex trading software

domain: finance


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On 18 September 2020, the LGBTQ community claimed another legal victory. The Court of First Instance, the High Court (CFI) ruled that the exclusion of same-sex married couples right to claim as "surviving spouses" under the Intestates' Estates Ordinance (Cap. 73) and the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependents) Ordinance (IEO and IPFDO) (Cap.481) constituted unlawful discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation. The CFI's decision marks yet another chapter in the LGBTQ community's fight for equality. This comes right after the CFI's decision earlier this year on the public housing rights for same-sex married couples.
In recent years, we have seen greater recognition of LGBTQ rights through a series of judicial challenges. However, same-sex marriages and civil partnerships are still not recognized under the laws of Hong Kong. The LGBTQ community are still denied many of the rights enjoyed by their heterosexual counterparts and they often have to pursue litigation for their rights to be recognized.
In this article, we will discuss the LGBTQ community's two latest victories Ng Hon Lam Edgar v. Secretary of Justice and Nick Infinger v. Hong Kong Housing Authority, the notion of protecting the "status of marriage" and "traditional family" in Hong Kong and the current status of rights given to same-sex married couples in Hong Kong.
Equal rights under inheritance and intestacy laws
In Ng Hon Lam Edgar v. Secretary of Justice, Edgar Ng and his partner married in London in January 2017. Edgar launched a legal challenge to the definitions of a "valid marriage", "husband" and "wife" under the inheritance and intestacy laws in Hong Kong.
Under intestacy, the deceased has not made a will, but a surviving spouse has certain entitlements. This includes an entitlement to a certain portion of the estate and all personal assets belongings of the intestate. A surviving spouse can also elect to take the matrimonial home in satisfaction of her entitlement in the estate instead. The purpose is to give effect to the presumed intention of the intestate as to who should be entitled to share in his estate after death, and to avoid rendering the survivor homeless.
Furthermore, surviving family members and dependents can apply for reasonable financial provision where the deceased's will has made no or insufficient financial provision for them. There are two standards for determining reasonable financial provision. For the surviving spouse, the question is whether it would be reasonable in all the circumstances, regardless of whether the spouse needs the provision for her maintenance. For everyone else, reasonable financial provision must be proved to be reasonable.
Therefore, the status of the "surviving spouse" is significant. However, the definition of "surviving spouse" is confined to the traditional notions of a "valid marriage" between a husband and a wife and therefore excluded same-sex married couples.
The court considered whether the exclusion of same-sex married couples violated the guarantees of equality in Article 25 of the Basic Law and Articles 1(1) and 22 of the Hong Kong Bill of Rights. The court gave a loud resounding "yes" to this question.
The Secretary of Justice argued that the differential treatment served three legitimate aims of:-
- Supporting and upholding the integrity of the traditional institution of marriage in Hong Kong;
- Encouraging heterosexual unmarried couples to marry; and
- Maintaining the overall coherence, consistency and workability of the laws in Hong Kong.
While the court recognized that these were legitimate aims, it did not find the denial of these benefits to same-sex married couples rationally connected to these aims. Therefore, it held that the differential treatment was unjustified and ruled that the proper remedy to be granted in this case was a declaration and remedial interpretation of the expression "valid marriage", "husband" and "wife" under the IEO and IPFDO.
Interestingly, the CFI refused to rule on the question of whether "marriage" could include "civil partnerships" and "civil unions" for the purpose of the inheritance and intestacy laws in Hong Kong as this would require a reform of the Marriage Ordinance and other related ordinances.
Public housing rights for same-sex couples
In the earlier case of Nick Infinger v. Hong Kong Housing Authority, the CFI ruled that the Housing Authority's policy to exclude same-sex married couples from applying for public rental housing as "Ordinary Families" was unlawful and unconstitutional. Nick Infinger and his partner got married in Richmond, Canada and upon returning to Hong Kong tried to apply for public housing as an "Ordinary Family" with a copy of their marriage certificate.
The Housing Authority rejected their application on the basis that the relationship between Nick and his family member(s) must either be "husband or wife, parent and child, or grandparent and grandchild". The Housing Authority cited the Oxford Dictionary, noting that "husband" meant "a married man in relation to his wife" and "wife" meant "a married woman especially in relation to her husband".
In Hong Kong, there are two main categories of public housing: (1) the General Application (which includes "Ordinary Families"); and (2) Applications by Non-Elderly One-Person Applicants. The Housing Authority's policy is to give priority to general applicants over non-elderly one-person applicants. For general applicants, the average waiting time is around 5.5 years, while the waiting time for non-elderly is substantially longer up to 12 years. Furthermore, if a general applicant passes away or moves out, his or her surviving spouse may take over the tenancy. This option is not available to non-elderly one-person applicants.
On 22 November 2018, Nick filed a judicial review to challenge the Housing Authority's decision on the grounds that it was discriminatory based on Nick and his partner's sexual orientation. The Housing Authority defended its differential treatment on the basis of the shortage of public housing in Hong Kong.
The CFI accepted the Housing Authority's argument that there is a need to protect and prioritize the public housing of "traditional families" but, in the end, the CFI ruled in favor of Nick, concluding that the differential treatment could not be justified. The Housing Authority was unable to provide any evidence that by not allowing same-sex married couples to apply as "Ordinary Families" would make any difference to the overall availability of public housing in Hong Kong.
Protecting the "traditional family"?
Edgar and Nick’s cases represent the latest in a series of legal challenges against discrimination of LGBTQs in Hong Kong. In all the cases, arguments concerning the unique status of marriage and the need to protect traditional families were raised. At the same time, it was acknowledged that same-sex married couples and heterosexual married couples are in equivalent relationships characteristically indistinguishable from one another.
In Director of Immigration v. QT, the Court of Final Appeal (CFA) pointed out that same-sex and opposite-sex couples have the same capacity to share a life together, make a home together, depend on one another, and love each other.
In Leung Chun Kwong v. Secretary for the Civil Service and Anor, the CFA noted that same-sex marriages share the same characteristics of publicity and exclusivity that distinguish heterosexual marriages.
Yet, after all this analysis, in each of the cases, the judges carefully tip-toed around the elephant in the room. That is, the issue of recognizing same-sex marriages under the laws of Hong Kong. In both CFA cases the Judges acknowledged that the majority of the community of Hong Kong did not support same-sex marriage, but that this was not a factor which would affect their treatment of the minority which would be inimical in principle to fundamental rights.
Not quite there
It appears that Hong Kong is not quite ready to recognize same-sex marriage. In another judicial challenge in October 2019, MK v. Government of HKSAR, the CFI was faced with whether the meaning of "marriage" under Article 37 of the Basic Law (the freedom of marriage) could be extended to same-sex couples.
The CFI acknowledged the international developments recognizing same-sex marriage, but noted that Hong Kong public opinion was still divided. The Court concluded that Article 37 only protected the rights of heterosexual couples to marry and therefore a denial of the right to marry did not constitute a violation of their constitutional rights.
The Court specifically said in a postscript to this case that it had adopted a strict legal approach to the questions posed, but nevertheless urged the Government to undertake a comprehensive review on the matter.
In the past few years, we have seen a growing momentum in the LGBTQ community's quest for equality and a greater acceptance by the public. This has led to a number of welcome changes to the law. Although these changes have been incremental, they have introduced options in terms of wealth, tax and estate planning to LGBTQ couples which were previously out of reach and the Edgar Ng case opened important doors to LGBTQ couples in the context of intestacy and inheritance laws. It seems that the courts have often recognized the fact that Hong Kong has always prided itself on being an international hub and global financial center, and in order to stay competitive and inclusive, there would need to be a change in the law.
In the meantime, our LGBTQ's community's quest to equality continues and we encourage LGBTQ couples to stay abreast of the changes and plan ahead for the future in view of these emerging legal developments– so stay tuned.

domain: law


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Corbin Tourism has partnered with the City of Beattyville and Back Road of Appalachia to host the Cruise for a Cause on Saturday to benefit local businesses in the Lee County town that were impacted by the historic flooding in late February and early March.
The event, which will involve a cruise from The Arena parking lot to downtown Beattyville, is scheduled to kick off at 10 a.m. on Saturday.
Once in Beattyville, participants will be treated to live music and have the chance to play a variety of games.
The cruisers will then cruise back to Corbin.
Corbin Tourism Director Maggy Monhollen said all types of cars, trucks, Jeeps, motorcycles and other street legal vehicles are welcome to participate.
There is no cost to participate. Organizers will be asking for donations.
“We are happy to get whatever we can. We just want to help Beattyville,” Monhollen said.
Beattyville is located where the Middle, South, and North Forks come together to form the Kentucky River.
Heavy rains over several days left the town six to seven feet underwater, inundating the businesses with water and leaving the owners to clean up mud once it receded.


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domain: hobby


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College marching band culture often includes hazing. Despite recent attention to the activity and the harm that can result, it continues.
A quick survey of venues for Bands of America in 2015 shows that all the festivals take place on artificial turf.
The marching band from Prospect HS in Mt Prospect, Ill., was excited to learn they would be marching in Macy’s parade on Thanksgiving 2016.
A drill team from a Chicago high school performed for Military Appreciation Month at Midway Airport. We have some alternative suggestions.
The Lemont High School band performs on stage with actress Jennifer Hudson for We Day Illinois. No one is alone in their desire for change.
An artificial turf field is going in at a high school near Peoria. Community support is strong, which is good news for the football team and marching band.
Voxitatis is looking to hire two research & writing positions, one for IL football, one for IL marching bands. Here’s how to apply.
A new Indiana law worries education support businesses that call Indianapolis home, including the NCAA. What about Bands of America?
Bands of America named the marching band from Tarpon Springs H.S., near Tampa Bay, Fla., grand national champion last night in Indy.
The band program at Alton HS in IL has bounced back after 2 troubled directors. The Marching 100 sounds great.
Researchers at the University of Illinois hypothesize that good leadership character can be taught and learned.
Marching band students are at increased risk for hearing loss. Symptoms that hearing may be in danger are ringing in the ears and temporary hearing loss.
Here we publish the complete set of ruled for the 2014 incarnation of our marching band prediction game.
Today we look at some specific marching vocabulary: dress, cover, and one used strictly on the field, horns to the box.
In this edition of the marching word wall, we look at how bands turn in parades (several options) and link to an important music advocacy campaign.


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We visit the optometrist once per year to ensure we can read thanks to glasses, but there’s more to eye care than that. In fact, how much do you really know about caring for your eyes? If it isn’t much, check out the tips below to learn all you can today.
As if smokers didn’t need yet another health related reason to quit, this habit also threatens eyes. Since smoking deprives every cell in your body of oxygen, something eyes need every minute, smokers run the risk of damaging their vision with each puff of a cigarette. Protect your eyes by quitting smoking as soon as you can.
If you are in the market for a new pair of glasses, you can often find cheap yet stylish frames online. Some places even offer a pair free or discounted if you are a new customer. All you need is your vision acuity number that you receive from having an eye test performed.
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Amazon workers vote to unionize Staten Island warehouse
Workers at an Amazon warehouse in New York City have voted to unionize, an historic first for workers at the e-commerce company. The final tally was 2,654 yes votes, and 2,131, with 67 challenges. The workers at the JFK8 fulfillment center in Staten Island will join the Amazon Labor Union, as the number of challenges is not sufficient to affect the outcome.
The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) determined in January that unionization efforts at the facility had “reached a sufficient showing of interest” to hold an election. The facility employs roughly 5,000 people.
In a statement posted to its website Friday, Amazon said it was “disappointed with the outcome of the election because we believe having a direct relationship with the…