The start point for the best source of fleet information
While its premium brand rivals make moves to try and encroach into Audi's previously unchallenged position as provider of four-wheel drive executive models, none are yet going as far as the VW-owned brand in terms of the Allroad.
The BMW 3-series xDrive and Mercedes-Benz C-class 4Matic are all-wheel drive versions of the regular models, which Audi also offers in the form of the A4 quatttro. However, this A4 Allroad is a more capable off-roader, thanks to the 34mm of increased ground clearance and butch looks that enhance a regular A4 Avant via the addition of a unique radiator grille, bumpers, side sills, and wheel arch cladding. There's also an additional off-road mode added to the Audi Drive Select system.
Emissions drop by 12-16g/km versus the previous-generation A4 Allroad, with the most efficient model in the range being the 190hp 2.0-litre TDI at 132g/km, while the 272hp 3.0-litre - the only model available to test at the launch event - emits 143g/km. The 252hp 2.0 petrol model, at 152g/km, is the first Audi to incorporate the latest efficient all-wheel drive technology, where the 4x4 system is deactivated during normal use but available instantly when required.
On the road, there's a bit more bounce and wallow for the Allroad, which is set up with more of a comfort orientation than the regular estate, although that is more noticeable over crests or on poorer road surfaces than through bends, where it feels like a pretty regular A4.
What about its rivals?
There's not really a rival for this top-end powertrain among the likes of the Volvo V60 Cross Country, VW Passat Alltrack and Peugeot 508 RXH, which are all more in line with the 2.0-litre diesel Allroad. However, it is worth noting that the 3.0-litre A4 is a BIK band lower than the Volvo, and is only one behind the Passat, despite offering an additional 82hp of power over either. But those cars are thousands of pounds cheaper, which means they are more cost-effective to run, even with the Audi's residual value advantage.
The butch styling cues help lift the A4 Allroad above the level of a regular Avant, and the driving experience, aside from a ride quality that isn't quite as satisfactory as the regular A4, is to a large extent unaltered. The 2.0-litre TDI is in the right ballpark in terms of costs versus rivals, but this top-end model is something of an indulgence purchase.
Audi A4 Allroad 3.0 TDI 272hp Sport auto
Model price range £25,845-£42,395
Residual value 36.4%
Service, maintenance and repair £3109
Vehicle Excise Duty £435
National Insurance £5265
Cost per mile 87.5p
Fuel consumption 52.3mpg
CO2 (BIK band) 143g/km (28%)
BIK 20/40% per month £198/£396
Boot space (min/max) 505/1510 litres
Engine size/power 2967cc/272hp
Allroad package is tempting, but less so at this expensive top-end level
Better off-road capability for very little P11D or efficiency penalty
Floatier ride sensation thanks to increased ride height, high power makes it an expensive option


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A diabetes diet pertains to eating healthy food in moderate portions three times a day. This approach helps the body to better use the produced insulin or diabetes targeted medication.
The diet should include:
- healthy carbohydrates (fruits and vegetables, low fat dairy and whole grains),
- fiber-rich food (whole grains, legumes like peas and beans, nuts, fruits and vegetables),
- heart-healthy fish (salmon, mackerel and sardines; avoid king mackerel and swordfish for their high mercury levels), and
- good fats (avocado, nuts, olive and peanut oil).
Remember, since diabetes increases the risk of heart disease, it is important to avoid food rich in saturated and trans fats, and high in cholesterol and sodium.
Join with us now and access more resources to help you manage your health risks http://myhealthypotential.com/membership-options/

domain: medical


text:
Title: Summer Song*
Contributors: Kevin Henkes & Laura Dronzek
Age Range: Ages 4 to 8, Grades P to 3
Acclaimed husband-and-wife team Kevin Henkes and Laura Dronzek’s fourth and final seasonal picture book. It features stunning summery paintings and a lyrical text that work together to introduce concepts of summer. A knockout finish to the award-winning team’s seasonal quartet!
Bees buzz, birds sing, and children roll in the grass and feel the heat of the summer sun. With striking verbal imagery, repetition, and alliteration, Kevin Henkes introduces basic concepts of language and the summer season. Laura Dronzek’s glowing paintings beautifully illustrate the wonders of summer. This is an engaging companion to the bestselling When Spring Comes, In the Middle of Fall, and Winter Is Here, which have received ten starred reviews among them. Summer Song is ideal for story time, seasonal curriculums, and bedtime reading.
*This is a bargain book, for more info please visit our "Why Buy from Us?" page.

domain: library


Dodge flexes its American muscles at the 2012 Philippine International Motor Show with the Asia-Pacific reveal of the Mopar-tuned Charger Redline Concept. The Dodge Charger Redline Concept made its world debut at Detroit earlier this year. The Dodge Charger Redline vehicle with all three Mopar performance stage kits made its way ahead of other markets in the region to the biennial motor show through distributor CATS Motors Inc.
Stage I: Aerodynamic Carbon Fiber Exterior Components and Interior Accents
Based on the 2012 Dodge Charger R/T model, Mopar's list of Stage I modifications include a full-width Mopar carbon fiber chin spoiler to give the Charger Redline a more aggressive appearance. Matching the Redline Tri-coat paint, the two-piece grille features a body-color painted-grille surround with black signature 'crosshair' insert. Large 20 x 8-inch Mopar Black Envy Wheels feature a Pitch Black-painted wheel face with polished accents. Mopar carbon fiber door scoops highlight Dodge Charger Redline's signature body-side scallops and include heritage 'R/T' badging to pay homage to the historic 1970 Charger model. A three-piece Mopar carbon fiber rear spoiler adds additional down force and provides an even more dynamic look. Emphasizing Dodge Charger Redline's fastback silhouette is Mopar's vinyl roof graphic in matte black.
The Dodge Charger Redline's cockpit design features premium materials and is further enhanced with a Mopar aluminum shift bezel and aluminum instrument panel bezel with Redline perimeter accent. For a more enthusiast-desired look, Mopar pedal covers are made from stainless steel and feature a rubberized pattern for improved traction.
Stage II: Mopar Bolt-on Performance Parts Deliver Improved Power, Handling and Braking
Designed and tested straight from the factory, the Dodge Charger Redline features Mopar's Stage II performance kit to enhance its already world-class power, handling and braking.
Allowing the Dodge Charger Redline's legendary HEMI® V-8 engine to perform at its optimal level, Mopar's cat-back performance exhaust system delivers an increase in horsepower and a menacing 'throaty' sound. Under the hood, a front-tower cross-brace and front tower brace caps provide increased structural stability for improved handling dynamics. For ultimate braking capabilty, high-performance Mopar brake linings are track tested and deliver fade-resistance during hard braking use.
Stage III: Mopar's Gen III High Output 426 HEMI V-8 engine, with 590 Horsepower on Tap
The Charger Redline features the new high-output version of the powerful and lightweight Gen III 426 HEMI V-8 crate engine (for race/off-road use only) deliverying 220 more horsepower than a standard Charger R/T.
The legendary 426 cubic-inch 'Elephant Motor', delivers 590 horsepower via a lightweight aluminum V-8 engine block shaving more than 100 lbs. from the traditional cast-iron crate version. The new Gen III High Output 426 HEMI engine is professionally built and includes a stout, balanced lower reciprocating assembly that features a forged-steel crankshaft with six-bolt mains at 2, 3 and 4, and cross-bolted 4-bolt mains at 1 and 5. H-beam style rods are made from forged steel and coupled to forged 11:1 compression ratio aluminum pistons. Included is a revised windage tray to provide excellent oil dispersion and prevents oil aeration by the crankshaft.
The Gen III High Output 426 HEMI engine's valvetrain starts with a more aggressive roller camshaft with .639 intake and .628 exhaust lift and cylinder heads that feature the latest designs for exceptional flow characteristics. To help stabilize the valvetrain at high engine rpm, tie bars are available.
Mopar cast-aluminum valve covers and billet fuel rails are also included in the Dodge Charger Redline's Stage III performance kit.
For muscle car fans, the Dodge Charger Redline will not be made available to the Philippine market; but all three stages of the Mopar performance kits will be made available for order to install in the standard Dodge Charger R/T.


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Riboflavin also known, as vitamin b2 is an essential nutrient required for life.
Riboflavin functions as part of a number of coenzymes in most cells. It is an integral part of flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. These enzymes are used to transfer hydrogen ions (which are supplied by sugars and fatty acids in the diet) to the cytochrome and hydrogen ion transfer systems to supply energy to the body (via production of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP).
Vitamin B2 is also used for the production of red blood cells and antibodies that help fight disease. It helps prevent cataracts and aids in energy production by cells of the body. Riboflavin works with vitamin A to maintain mucous membranes and helps the absorption of iron and vitamin B6 in the intestines. Riboflavin is needed for metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan, which is then turned into niacin. Like other B vitamins, riboflavin assists in metabolism of nutrients including fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, and helps activate vitamins B6 and folic acid.
Deficiency resembles signs seen with vitamin A deficiency and includes cracks and sores of the mucous membranes, dermatitis, weight loss, and hair loss.
There are no specific needs for additional supplementation with riboflavin for pets: there are no studies suggesting their use as a cataract preventative.
In people, preliminary evidence suggests that riboflavin may offer benefits for two illnesses: migraine headaches and cataracts.
For migraine headaches, the typical recommended dosage of riboflavin—400 mg daily—is much higher than nutritional needs. According to a three month double-blind study of 55 people with migraines, 400 mg of riboflavin daily can reduce the frequency of migraines by 50 percent.
For cataract prevention, riboflavin may be taken at nutritional dosages described.
One very large study suggests that riboflavin at nutritional doses may be helpful for cataracts, but in this study it was combined with another B vitamin, niacin or vitamin B3, so it’s hard to say which vitamin was responsible for the effect. In this large, double-blind placebo-controlled study, 3,249 people were given either placebo or one of four nutrient combinations (vitamin A/zinc, riboflavin/niacin, vitamin C/molybdenum, or selenium/beta-carotene/vitamin E) for a period of six years. Those receiving the niacin/riboflavin supplement showed a significant (44 percent) reduction in the incidence of cataracts. Strangely, there was a small, but statistically significant higher incidence of a special type of cataract (called subcapsular cataracts) in the niacin/riboflavin group. However, it is unclear whether the effects seen in this group were due to niacin, riboflavin, or the combination of the two.
Riboflavin has also been proposed as a treatment for sicklecell anemia and canker sores, and a performance enhancer for athletes, but there is no real evidence that it is effective for these uses.
Cheese, fish, egg yolks, milk, beef, pork, poultry, yogurt, spinach, kelp, leafy greens, and mushrooms are sources of riboflavin. The green food alfalfa, as well as, the herbs catnip, cayenne, chamomile, chickweed, ginseng, hops, mullein, nettle, peppermint, raspberry leaves, red clover, rose hips, sage, and yellow dock also contain vitamin B2.
Riboflavin is also found in organ meats (such as liver, kidney, and heart) and in many nuts, legumes, and leafy greens. The richest sources are torula (nutritional) yeast, brewer’s yeast, and calf liver. Almonds, wheat germ, and wild rice are good sources as well.
For pets, riboflavin must be supplied in the diet, as little is stored in the body ( as is true with most water soluble vitamins).
The new recommendation for adult dogs is 2.7 mg/kg of food, which is higher than the amount (2.2 mg/kg of food) currently recommended by the AAFCO, (Association of American Feed Control Officials).
Riboflavin seems to be an extremely safe supplement. Toxicity has not been reported in pets.
If your pet is taking tetracycline-family antibiotics, he may need extra riboflavin.

domain: biology


text:
Awesomesince84 Light up Now Playing Vinyl Record Stand,
Awesomesince84 Light up Now Playing Vinyl Record Stand, Lampeez Now Spinning Record Stand, Wooden Acrylic Holder for Warm White Color Lights Vinyl Album Display and Storage Vinyl Record LED Display Storage Collection Holder
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Finish type: Polished
Shape: Oval-Now Playing
-Now Playing Vinyl Record Stand* This light up record stand features a unique design that lights up your vinyl records and makes your collection more eye-catching. It helps you show off the turntable record you collect and let your guests know your preferences for the music.
-Exquisite craftsmanship*Made of wood and acrylic, this record stand showcases your collection with high-quality craftsmanship. The combination of wood and acrylic makes it durable and gives it a modern and artistic feel.
-Effortless Assembly* The installation of this record stand is very simple and requires no special tools. Once installed, you can immediately start displaying your vinyl collection.
-Ideal Gift for Record Lover* It must be a special gift that brings them surprise and happiness. A great idea gift for a Birthday, Christmas, Thanksgiving, and Halloween Gift for the music vinyl fan lover.
-100% MONEY BACK SAFE BUY* Order now, with a peace of mind; RISK-FREE; Your purchase is backed by our exclusive 1 Year protection and 90 Days Money Back protection; Either you love the product, or you are entitled to a 100% refundhelp.

domain: hobby


Finding Hope and Acceptance: A Remarkable Journey
In the digital age, social media has become a powerful tool for connection and discovery. At Youth for Christ International, we frequently witness how these platforms can bring about transformative experiences. A recent encounter with a young Muslim teen, Sarah, is a testament to this incredible impact.
Sarah stumbled upon a Youth for Christ Instagram page, a simple yet fateful click that marked the beginning of her extraordinary journey. She reached out to the page manager, expressing her gratitude and curiosity. The local YFC ministry team, always eager to engage and support, found themselves in conversations with Sarah, learning about her life and the challenges she faced, including harassment from someone in her personal circle.
Recognizing her need for a safe space and community, staff invited Sarah to an event specifically organized for social media followers at the Youth for Christ center. This event turned out to be a pivotal moment for her. It sparked an interest in exploring faith communities, leading her to express a desire to learn more about church.
In an unexpected yet heartwarming turn of events, Sarah accepted the invitation to join a worship service. Her reason for doing so was profound and touching. She explained, “I have found the love and acceptance that I’ve been searching for!” This statement resonates deeply with our mission at Youth for Christ International. We strive to create an environment of unconditional love and acceptance, reflective of the teachings of Christ.
Sarah’s journey is still unfolding, and we ask for your prayers. We hope that she continues to find comfort and strength in the love of God, experiencing the profound acceptance that is found in Christ, as promised in John 6:37.
This story is a beautiful reminder of the impact of social media in bringing people together, breaking barriers, and opening hearts to the message of love and acceptance. We are encouraged and inspired by Sarah’s story and hope it serves as a beacon of hope to others seeking a community where they are loved and accepted for who they are. Join us in praying for Sarah and many others like her, embarking on their own journeys of faith and discovery.


Tasks for a week
(According by google)An output device is any piece of hardware item which utilizes whatever data and commands from your micro controller/processor in order to perform a task. This leads to the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a microcontroller) which converts the electronically generated information into human-undestandable form.
Now i take small view of all output devices
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. Light Emitting Diode (LED) is the basic example of an output device in electronics Project Blinking LED is called Hello World it is a Diode it works only in forward biased and is available in different colors and sizes.
A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct current electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the motor.
A gear motor is an all-in-one combination of a motor and gearbox. The addition of a gear head to a motor reduces the speed while increasing the torque output. ... Most of our DC motors can be complimented with one of our unique gearheads, providing you with a highly efficient gear motor solution.
A stepper motor is a brushless, synchronous electric motor that converts digital pulses into mechanical shaft rotations. Each rotation of a stepper motor is divided into a set number of steps, sometimes as many as 200 steps. The stepper motor must be sent a separate pulse for each step.
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmited it on another circuit.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits.
Task:01 Add an output device to a microcontroller board:
As part of my final project, I want to design a high-ampere (voltage is 28VDC & Current is 30A) DC motor driver to control a DC gear motor. Since I need to control the motor in both directions, I use two relays in my module.
To begin, I had some difficulties designing a motor driver. The following issues are listed below.
Adding a relay using the add part option on the left side toolbar
Adding two transistors for motor movement in both directions.
Basic components that are used in the schematic.
Then, using the net tool on the left side toolbar, I make a route.
Add terminal block for external supply.
rearranging the components' locations
remove different types of errors.
completed PCB file for the Motor Driver Board.
When generating the rml file, double-check the layer intersection.
To begin, I used the internet to get the idea for a relay driver. I'm thinking of making a single-direction DC motor relay driver. However, I've never worked with a dual-direction relay driver circuit before.
I have sketched the connection diagram of motor driver with arduino pin on a papper.
Hero shot of my final outcome.
I wrote the DC motor code in Arduino software, uploaded it to the Microcontroller, and connected the motor driver to test the DC motor after creating the PCB board for the Motor Driver.
measure the power consumption of an Motor driver circuit.
We decided to find the power usage of motor drivers on various DC motors because one of our projects is about motor driver circuits. On that initiative, we take current measurements.
The input voltage is 12 volts.
The current drawn by a simple DC motor is 89.2mA.
A simple DC motor consumes 1.06W watts of total power.
The current drawn by a DC gear motor is 165.4mA.
The total power consumption of DC gear motor is 1.884W.
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text:
‘Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law’
By Theo van Boven
1. Historical Context
The Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities entrusted in 1989, by its resolution 1989/13 of 31 August 1989, a Special Rapporteur with the task of undertaking a study concerning the right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms with a view to exploring the possibility of developing basic principles and guidelines on the issue. The study originated at a time of political change on various continents with prospects of a higher degree of human rights advancement. It was also a time of the creation of transitional justice mechanisms in a series of countries. Restoring justice implied an increased focus on the criminal responsibility of perpetrators of gross human rights abuses and their accomplices. It also opened up the exposure of many wrongs inflicted on the victims of these abuses with a view to rendering retributive justice and reparative justice. It was fitting in the search for transitional justice and it responded to a climate of improved human rights awareness that the Sub-Commission embarked, under the auspices of its parent body the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, on the undertaking of studies aimed respectively at combating impunity and strengthening victims’ rights to redress and reparation.
The impunity issue and the reparations issue are undoubtedly interrelated, certainly from the perspective of transitional justice in societies emerging from dark episodes of violence, persecution and repression. The work on both projects was only completed after some fifteen years of consultations and negotiations. The United Nations General Assembly adopted in 2005 by consensus the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (hereinafter referred to as “the Principles and Guidelines”) (reparation principles) and in the same year the then United Nations Commission on Human Rights (succeeded by the Human Rights Council in 2006) endorsed the Updated Set of principles for the protection and promotion of human rights through action to combat impunity (impunity principles) (E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1). The present note will deal with the Principles and Guidelines and will first review some significant developments in the negotiating history of this international instrument.
2. Significant Developments in the Negotiating History
In this note, a selection is made of some of the main issues that came up in the process of discussions and negotiations.
(a) State Responsibility
From the outset the Principles and Guidelines were based on the law of State Responsibility as elaborated over the years by the International Law Commission in a set of Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts which were commended in 2001 to the attention of governments by the United Nations General Assembly (A/RES/56/83). It was argued, however, by some governments that the Articles on State Responsibility were drawn up with inter-State relations in mind and would not per se apply to relations between States and individuals. This argument was countered in that it ignored the historic evolution since the Second World War of human rights having become an integral and dynamic part of international law as endorsed by numerous widely ratified international human rights treaties. It was also said to ignore that the duty of affording remedies for governmental misconduct was so widely acknowledged that the right to an effective remedy for violations of human rights and a fortiori of gross human rights violations, may be regarded as forming part of customary international law.
(b) Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law
While in the early stages the Principles and Guidelines addressed the right to a remedy and reparation under international human rights law, later drafts also encompassed this right under international humanitarian law. Certain governments objected to widening the scope of the Principles and Guidelines so as to cover international humanitarian law because of the different evolution and the distinct nature of the two fields of international law entailing different sets of rights and obligations. These governments favoured two separate instruments. However, this view did not prevail. It was widely felt that insofar as the Principles and Guidelines are victim oriented and predicated on social and human solidarity, it must be understood that the Principles and Guidelines are not intended to reflect the legal differences between international human rights law violations and international humanitarian law violations. It was also considered that although the two fields of international law have developed along separate legal and historic tracks, they nevertheless overlap in some respects and provide complementary protections of victims, though not necessarily in the same manner or using the same terminology.
(c) Gross Violations or All Violations
The initial study carried out by the Special Rapporteur under the mandate of the Sub-Commission referred to victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms. In this study it was noted that the word “gross” qualifies the term “violations” and indicates the serious character of the violations but that the term “gross” is also related to the type of human rights that is being violated. In the ensuing discussions and negotiations it was, however, argued that the Principles and Guidelines would be unduly restrictive since all violations of human rights entail the right to redress and reparation. On the other hand, with the evolving opinion that the Principles and Guidelines should also cover serious violations of international humanitarian law, the view prevailed that the focus of the document should be on the worst violations. The authors had in mind the violations constituting international crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. On this premise, a number of provisions were included in the Principles and Guidelines spelling out legal consequences that are contingent, according to the present state of international law, upon international crimes. Such provisions affirm the duty of States to investigate and, if there is sufficient evidence, the duty to submit to prosecution the person allegedly responsible for the violations and, if found guilty, the duty to punish (principle 4). They also include the duty to make appropriate provisions for universal jurisdiction (principle 5), as well as references to the non-applicability of statutes of limitations (principles 6-7). While the Principles and Guidelines focus on “gross” and “serious” violations, it is generally acknowledged that in principle all violations of human rights and international humanitarian law entail legal consequences. Thus, in order to rule out any misunderstanding on this score, the following phrase was included in principle 26 on non-derogation:
|“[I]t is understood that the present Principles and Guidelines are without prejudice to the right to a remedy and reparation for victims of all violations of international human rights and international humanitarian law” (italics added).
(d) The Notion of Victims
In situations which are characterized by systematic and gross human rights abuses, large numbers of human beings are usually affected. In principle, they are all entitled to reparative justice. Problems do arise, however, because of the tension between the large number of persons involved and the limited capacity, in many situations, to afford reparations. In order to devise and apply fair and just criteria for the rendering of reparative justice in terms of personal and material entitlements, it was argued that there must be an objective test to determine who is a victim. A great variety of views were expressed in the consultations and deliberations on these issues. Views differed as to whether collectivities should be included in the notion of victims. Reservations were also expressed against legal or moral persons as possible victims. As a general compromise it was agreed to base the notion of victims, as reflected in principles 8 and 9 of the Principles and Guidelines, on the terms of the generally accepted Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, adopted in 1985 by the United Nations General Assembly (A/RES/40/34). This definition notes that a person is a victim if he or she suffered physical or mental harm, economic loss, or impairment of his or her fundamental rights; that there can be both direct victims and indirect victims, such as family members or dependents of the direct victim; that persons can suffer harm individually or collectively.
(e) Non-State Actors
While the Principles and Guidelines are drawn up on the basis of State responsibility, the issue of responsibility of non-State actors was also raised in the discussions and negotiations, notably insofar as movements or groups exercise effective control over a certain territory and people in that territory, but also with regard to business enterprises exercising economic power. It was generally felt that non-State actors are to be held responsible for their policies and practices, allowing victims to seek redress and reparation on the basis of legal liability and human solidarity, and not on the basis of State responsibility. The Principles and Guidelines provide for equal and effective access to justice, “irrespective of who may ultimately be the bearer of responsibility for the violation” (principle 3 (c)). In this connection reference is also made to the following provision: “In cases where a person, a legal person, or other entity is found liable for reparation to a victim, such party should provide reparation to the victim or compensate the State if the State has already provided reparation to the victim” (principle 15, last sentence). It is a victim-oriented perspective that was kept in mind in extending, albeit in a modest and cautious way, the scope of the Principles and Guidelines to include the responsibility and liability of non-State actors.
3. Structure and Summary of Key Provisions
The Principles and Guidelines have a preamble setting out their purpose and object. They are subsequently divided into the following thirteen sections containing a total of twenty seven articles:
- Obligation to respect, ensure respect for and implement international human rights law and international humanitarian law (Section I)
- Scope of the obligation (Section II)
- Gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian law that constitute crimes under international law (Section III)
- Statutes of limitations (Section IV)
- Victims of gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian law (Section V)
- Treatment of victims (Section VI)
- Victims’ right to remedies (Section VII)
- Access to justice (Section VIII)
- Reparation for harm suffered (Section IX)
- Access to relevant information concerning violations and reparation mechanisms (Section X)
- Non-discrimination (Section XI)
- Non-derogation (Section XII)
- Rights of others (Section XIII)
Broadly speaking, the first four sections, encompassing seven articles, affirm the obligations of States and legal implications in connection with gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian law, notably the obligation to prevent violations, the obligation to investigate, prosecute and punish perpetrators, the obligation to provide effective access to justice to all persons alleging a violation, and the obligation to afford full reparation to victims (principles 1-4). The legal implications relate to and qualify universal jurisdiction, extradition, judicial assistance and cooperation as well as statutes of limitations (principles 5-7).
The larger part of the Principles and Guidelines, with strong domestic law implications, sets out the status and the rights of victims, and corresponds to the title of the document as it refers to the right of victims to a remedy and reparation (in particular principles 11-23). A core component of the Principles and Guidelines, denoting a broad range of material and symbolic means to afford reparation to victims, is laid out in the principles describing the various forms of reparation. They were formulated with the Articles on State Responsibility of the International Law Commission in mind. The various forms of reparation and their scope and content, covering both monetary and non-monetary reparations, may be summarized as follows:
- Restitution refers to measures which “restore the victim to the original situation before the gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian law occurred” (principle 19). Examples of restitution include: restoration of liberty, enjoyment of human rights, identity, family life and citizenship, return to one’s place of residence, restoration of employment and return of property.
- Compensation: “should be provided for any economically assessable damage, as appropriate and proportional to the gravity of the violation and the circumstances of each case” (principle 20). The damage giving rise to compensation may result from physical or mental harm; lost opportunities, including employment, education and social benefits; moral damage; costs required for legal or expert assistance, medicine and medical services, and psychological and social services.
- Rehabilitation includes medical and psychological care, as well as legal and social services (principle 21).
- Satisfaction includes a broad range of measures, from those aiming at cessation of violations to truth seeking, the search for the disappeared, the recovery and the reburial of remains, public apologies, judicial and administrative sanctions, commemoration, and human rights training (principle 22).
- Guarantees of non-repetition comprise broad structural measures of a policy nature such as institutional reforms aiming at civilian control over military and security forces, strengthening judicial independence, the protection of human rights defenders, the promotion of human rights standards in public service, law enforcement, the media, industry and psychological and social services (principle 23).
4. Influence on Subsequent Documents
Since the beginning of their drafting, the Principles and Guidelines were meant to reflect the current state of international law on remedies and reparations. The preamble, in its seventh paragraph, emphasizes that “the Basic Principles and Guidelines […] do not entail new international or domestic legal obligations but identify mechanisms, modalities, procedures and methods for the implementation of existing legal obligations under international human rights law and international humanitarian law which are complementary though different as to their norms”. Already in their draft form, the Principles and Guidelines have served as reference for governments and domestic, regional and international courts. Thus, several Latin American countries, in drawing up legislation on reparation for victims, took the draft Principles and Guidelines into account. Also the Inter-American Court of Human Rights referred several times to the (draft) Principles and Guidelines in its jurisprudence relating to various forms of collective and individual reparation it awarded. Further, the Statute of the International Criminal Court adopted by a diplomatic conference in Rome in 1998, notably in article 75 dealing with reparation to victims, bears in its intent and wording the imprint of the (then) draft Principles and Guidelines.
It should also be noted that in a decision of 18 January 2008 (Decision on victims’ participation in the case of The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, ICC-01/04-01/06), the Trial Chamber of the International Criminal Court, in the absence of a definition of the concept of harm under its own rules, referred to this concept in principle 8 of the Principles and Guidelines as providing “appropriate guidance”. A highly notable impact of the Principles and Guidelines on the development of international human rights law can be found in the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearances adopted by the General Assembly in December 2006 (A/RES/61/177). Article 24 of this Convention, following the various forms of reparation as set out in the Principles and Guidelines, is more elaborate and specific about the victims’ right to obtain reparation than any previous international human rights treaty.
A. Legal Instruments
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Rome, 17 July 1998, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2187, p. 3 (Download ‘Rome Statute’ in the PDF Format: Size 23Mb)
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, in: Report of the Human Rights Council on its 7th session, A/HRC/7/78, 14 July 2008, p. 74-75
International Criminal Court, Trial Chamber, Decision of 18 January 2008 on victims’ participation in the case of The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, ICC-01/04-01/06
1. Preparatory Documents
Report of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities on its forty-first session, 7 August to 1 September 1989 (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1989/58 (E/CN.4/1990/2))
Preliminary report submitted by Theo van Boven, Special Rapporteur, “Study concerning the right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms” (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1990/10, 26 July 1990)
Progress reports submitted by Theo van Boven, Special Rapporteur, “Study concerning the right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms” (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/7, 25 July 1991, and E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/8, 29 July 1992)
Final report submitted by Mr. Theo van Boven, Special Rapporteur, “Study concerning the right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms” (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/8, 2 July 1993)
Revised set of basic principles and guidelines on the right to reparation for victims of gross violations of human rights and humanitarian law prepared by Mr. Theo van Boven pursuant to Sub-Commission decision 1995/117 (second draft) (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/17, 24 May 1996)
Basic principles and guidelines on the right to reparation for victims of [gross] violations of human rights and international humanitarian law prepared by Mr. van Boven (third revised draft) (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/104, 13 January 1997 (E/CN.4/1997/104, Annex))
Report of the independent expert on the right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of grave violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms, Mr. M. Cherif Bassiouni, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/43 (E/CN.4/1999/65, 8 February 1999)
Final report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. M. Cherif Bassiouni, submitted in accordance with Commission resolution 1999/33, “The right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms” (E/CN.4/2000/62, 18 January 2000)
Note by the High Commissioner for Human Rights on the right to a remedy and reparation for victims of violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, transmitting the Report of the consultative meeting on the draft Basic principles and guidelines on the right to a remedy and reparation for victims of violations of international human rights and humanitarian law (E/CN.4/2003/63, 27 December 2002)
Note by the High Commissioner for Human Rights on the right to a remedy and reparation for victims of violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, transmitting the Report of the second consultative meeting on the Basic principles and guidelines on the right to a remedy and reparation for victims of violations of international human rights law and humanitarian law (E/CN.4/2004/57, 10 November 2003)
Note by the High Commissioner for Human Rights on the right to a remedy and reparation for victims of violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, transmitting the Report of the third consultative meeting on the “Basic principles and guidelines on the right to a remedy and reparation for victims of violations of international human rights and humanitarian law” (E/CN.4/2005/59, 21 December 2004)
2. Other Documents
General Assembly resolution 40/34 of 29 November 1985 (Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power)
General Assembly resolution 56/83 of 12 December 2001 (Responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts)
Updated Set of principles for the protection and promotion of human rights through action to combat impunity (E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1)
Know more About Professor Theo van Boven

domain: law


text:
Expanding the Role of Power in Employees’ Interpretations of and Reactions to Leader Behaviors
MetadataShow full item record
Though research on the impact of leader behaviors is generally grounded in the notion that organizational leaders hold formal power over subordinate employees, this conceptualization overlooks the power that employees may experience in the workplace that does not stem from the formal organizational hierarchy. However, with a growing body of theory and research on the psychology of power and informal sources of organizational power, it is possible to broaden our understanding of the role of power in the leadership process. Across two essays, this dissertation explores how employee experiences of power shape their interpretations of and reactions to leader behaviors. Essay 1 considers the well-established connection between abusive supervision and employee supervisor-directed deviance. Though it is understood that engaging in supervisor-directed deviance is dependent on the supervisor-employee power differential, prior accounts of this reaction to abusive supervision have overlooked the role played by power embedded in employees’ informal social context. To address this gap, Essay 1 draws on power-dependence theory, the approach-inhibition theory of power, and uses a social network approach to explain the link between abusive supervision and supervisor-directed deviance. In doing so, a three-way interaction is proposed, in which the abuse-deviance relationship is impacted by two components of informal power: social network centrality and influence of subordinate employees. In particular, it is predicted that the relationship will be the strongest when subordinates have high social network centrality and high influence. This prediction was tested through the collection of full social network data, as well as employee self-report surveys. The results provide support for the notion that supervisor-directed deviance emerges most strongly as a consequence of abusive supervision for employees who wield informal power in their organization. Essay 2 concerns the construct of psychological empowerment, which is positioned in this essay as the cognitive manifestation of personal power in the workplace. While psychological empowerment is commonly framed as an outcome of leadership, Essay 2 builds on a growing body of work which demonstrates that the individual characteristics of employees can influence their ratings of leadership behaviors. A longitudinal crossed-lagged research design was employed over 9 months to determine the extent to which psychological empowerment predicts ratings of leadership, while controlling for reciprocal effects. Through an integration of psychological empowerment with the approach-inhibition theory of power, it was predicted that psychological empowerment would be positively associated with ratings of empowering leadership and negatively associated with ratings of abusive supervision. The findings support these predications and further provide evidence that the effect of psychological empowerment on ratings of empowering leadership is mediated by the experience of positive affect at work, an indicator of behavioral approach system activation. It is suggested that the findings generally support the account offered by the approach-inhibition theory of power on how psychological empowerment may impact one’s experience of leadership.
Cite this version of the work
Samuel Hanig (2021). Expanding the Role of Power in Employees’ Interpretations of and Reactions to Leader Behaviors. UWSpace. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/16875

domain: sociology


Webinar: Porting Intel Parallel Studio code to Intel oneAPI – how to make the right choice
Intel oneAPI technical webinar series – session 1
In this session, we look at the Intel oneAPI Toolkits and discuss different migration strategies that can be adopted in moving from Intel Parallel Studio to Intel oneAPI. This session includes a demonstration of the new Intel oneAPI compilers and how they complement the ‘classic’ compilers that are included in the Intel oneAPI Toolkits.
Tuesday 27 April 2021, 10 am BST.
This is part of a three-part Intel oneAPI webinar series that we are hosting in partnership with Intel Software and Bayncore.
Grey Matter is proud to be an Intel Software Elite Reseller; please contact us if you have any licensing enquiries, call +44 (0) 1364 655 123 or email firstname.lastname@example.org.


text:
We can't do big things if we are distracted by small things.
On my morning run, my right knee began to ache. At the end of my run, my iPods in their case went into my sweatpants. Focused on the ache and not my routine, I automatically peeled my wet clothes off, chunking them into the washer. Distracted by discomfort, I was sleepwalking through the morning. I would never knowingly throw technology into a washer. My iPod debacle illustrates how quickly and easily we can be nudged out of our routines resulting in degrees of chaos.
How many of us have done something without really thinking? Remember brushing our teeth or driving to work this morning? For many of us, everyday rituals are things we can do almost automatically. Often referred to as acting or being "zoned out" or on "autopilot." The ability to do tasks, rituals, and routines without thinking is an example of a phenomenon psychologists call automaticity. No matter the label, we are only partially present.
Automaticity is the ability to do things without occupying the mind with the low-level details required. It is usually the result of learning, repetition, and practice.1
Automatic thoughts and behaviors occur efficiently without needing conscious guidance or monitoring. Most thoughts and behaviors tend to be automated or have mechanical components. These processes are fast, allowing us to drive to work without thinking about how to turn the steering wheel each time we get into a car.
Automaticity is hard-wired into us as an evolutionary requirement to ease cognitive resources. "The brain is considered a costly organ to run," said senior author Timothy Ryan, a professor of biochemistry at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York City.
Suppose there's a hard limit on the energy supply to the brain. In that case, we suspect that the brain may handle challenging tasks by diverting energy away from other functions and prioritizing the focus of our attention.
A recent study’s findings suggest that the brain allocates less energy to the neurons that respond to information outside the focus of our attention as our task becomes more complex. This explains why we experience inattentional blindness and deafness even to critical information that we want in our awareness.2
Researchers have connected people's experience of brain overload to what's happening inside their neurons. High energy demands for one purpose are balanced by reduced energy use related to any other purpose. When we try to process too much information, we may feel the strain of overload because of the hard limit on our brain capacity.3
When our brain is at capacity, we operate in automatic thoughts and behaviors to bypass peaking capacity. We might not even notice a vital email coming in because our child spoke to us. Or we may miss the oven timer going off because of an unexpected call. Or we lose our train of thought as a pretty girl or a good looking guy momentarily dominates our field of vision.
The research can explain those often-frustrating experiences of inattentional blindness or deafness. Distraction is “the process of interrupting attention” and “a stimulus or task that draws attention away from the task of primary interest.” In other words, distractions draw us away from what we want to do, whether it’s to accomplish a task at home or work, enjoy time with a loved one, or do something for ourselves.4 Look at the graphic below.
Don’t get me wrong; this autopilot thinking can be beneficial as it frees up our attentional resources, so we don't become overwhelmed by small tasks. First, it's efficient. By slipping into this automated mode for routine tasks, we can function quickly and efficiently without paying attention to every tiny detail. Imagine how laborious and dull our day would be if we had to remember and think about how to drive a car, brush our teeth or take the trash out.
The second benefit of automaticity is that it allows us to feel comfortable and familiar with different environments. Through our experiences, we learn what is usual and expected in similar situations, like buying groceries at a supermarket. Every supermarket is different, yet similar.
The key is understanding, recognizing, and becoming intentional with our evolutionary wiring and usage of automaticity for our most favorable ends.
Think of automaticity in two ways. First, unconscious automaticity is a process that does not require any willful initiation and operates independently of conscious control. These processes can be instigated by stimuli that are not yet aware of or stimuli that are no longer 5. Envision reaching for your pinging iPhone.
Second, conscious automaticity is the behaviors we are aware of and do daily. These behaviors are often acquired skills, actions that become automatic only after significant repetition, like driving a car.
Outside most academic circles, there is one more way to think of automaticity, which is mastery, but I will save that for another time.
Risks abound even with the evolutionary perks of energy saving enjoyed by automatic thinking. Automatic thinking takes a toll in many areas of our lives, from making costly errors at work to the more mundane, day-to-day dangers, such as following a crowd across a busy street into oncoming traffic. Attention grabbing distractions are every where it seems but none more consuming than our little handheld portal to the world affectionately called a smartphone.
In August 2018, research from the UK’s telecoms regulator, Ofcom, reported that people check their smartphones on average every 12 minutes during their waking hours, with 71% saying they never turn their phone off and 40% saying they check them within five minutes of waking. 6 Consider our web-based world the graph below depicting respondents’ reactions to being unable to connect to the internet. Many of us feel adrift without an internet connection and its firehose of distracting information.
In our zombie state of automatic thinking and crowd following, we not fully engaged in crafting our lives or futures. It should be no surprise to see life satisfaction sinking and future expectations for our next generation falling.
To offset our world of distractions, I recommend a simple diet of mindfulness and using checklists to keep us on course. Mindfulness brings our awareness to the present moment allows us to interrupt automatic behaviors that we have internalized. Professionals in fields like healthcare and airline pilots utilize a verbal checklist system to combat automaticity of being and dangerous distractions. By repeating vital information to witnesses or associates, we gain a necessary crosscheck to our actions. Both methods can force us to be more present and less distracted.
I use this quote to bring my life into a better perspective. “We must fall in love with our passions, not our distractions.” Sorting out our passions from distractions is essential to pushing through challenges and finding what truly juices our everyday.
Until next time. Travel safe.

domain: psychology


Posted by editor
on May 25, 2007 at 6:20 AM PDT
Let the OpenJDK forking race begin?! Also:
Java Today: RedHat's OpenJDK plans, ME debate at JavaOne, and JavaTools Newsletter #122
Feature Podcast: Geert Bevin on continuations with RIFE and Terracotta
Weblogs: Java Media frenzy, Java Kernel unmasked, and how much documentation do you need?
java.net Poll: Have you downloaded and built phoneME ?
Forum Posts: 64-bit performance hits, abstract enum ideas, and xsd to wsdl
Let the OpenJDK forking race begin?!
Well, we knew there would have to be forks of the JDK once it went GPL; David Herron pointed out last month that this isn't a bad thing, because the risk of a hostile fork is low, due in part to the cost of maintaining a fork. So who's forking and why?
RedHat, for one, and for a good reason: they're launching an effort to package the OpenJDK for their distro, and further down the line, they'll try to incorporate parts of GNU Classpath to replace the "encumbrances" that prevent the OpenJDK class library from being 100% open-source. So it's a good thing... but it's still a fork. After all, there might be (heck, almost certainly are) other projects attempting using similar approaches to plug in parts of GNU Classpath to remove the encumbrances, and since they're derivatives of the original OpenJDK, and all different from one another, they're all OpenJDK forks.
We knew this was coming. It's OK. In fact, isn't this exactly what Sun asked for at JavaOne when they asked for help eliminating the encumbrances? Maybe they hoped that work would be done largely in the context of the OpenJDK project, but even if it's not, putting the GPL on OpenJDK means these derivatives must also go GPL. So long as the forks don't diverge too much from the original project, their work may still be mergeable back into OpenJDK.
I wonder when OpenJDK will be able, through their own work and what they can collect from the forks, to offer a completely open-sourced class library. With so many eyes on the effort, this is probably a question of "when", not "if". In fact, it would probably make a good poll question for next week...
Anyways, let me return to the posting that kicked off this editor's blog.
Topping Java Today ,
a blog at fitzsim.org spells out RedHat's Plans for OpenJDK . "Our team at Red Hat has been doing some planning now that OpenJDK has been released..." After summarizing the post-JavaOne state of OpenJDK, the blog spells out RedHat's intermediate goals: package OpenJDK as "IcedTea", build it with free software, set up a related project on classpath.org, test without the encumbrances, try to replace encumbrances with parts from GNU Classpath, and more. "We're in an investigation stage right now, so precise timelines will have to wait until we've had more time to discuss the OpenJDK codebase and Sun's timelines."
The Mobile & Embedded community home page is featuring C. Enrique Ortiz's blog from the last day of the 2007 JavaOne conference, in which he discusses his participation in a debate during Motorola's keynote session, with Padmasree Warrior from Motorola and Ajit Jaokar from Open Gardens. You can also view the webcast of the debate .
Issue 122 of the JavaTools Community Newsletter is available, with tool-related news from around the web, updates from community projects, announcements of new projects that have joined the community, and a Tool Tip on finding bugs on Web applications with FireBug.
Sliding into the Feature Article slot is the latest mini-talk recorded at JavaOne 2007:
j1-2k7-mtT03: Web continuations with RIFE and Terracotta , by Geert Bevin.
"State management has always been a complex and tricky part of web application development. Continuations simplify this and automatically allow you to create a one-to-one conversation between users and a web application. State preservation and flow control no longer need to be handled manually, bringing you back to the simplicity of single user console applications. Remember 'scanf()'? This presentation will introduce continuations from general principles, followed by practical examples that explain how they benefit web application development and their frequent usage patterns. Finally, automatic fail-over and scalability will be demonstrated through the integration with Open Terracotta."
ChetÂ Haase touches a white-hot topic in today's Weblogs as he addresses the Java
Media Frenzy and describes Sun's current plans in the space.
"In the current world of YouTube, Flash, and iTunes, video has gone from a niche capability to a checkbox item that all platforms must support. So what are we doing about it, besides pointing out the obvious issue that it isn't there now?"
Writing on another high-interest SE topic, EthanÂ Nicholas offers "A complete overview of what Java Kernel is, how it works, and what sort of results you can expect to see" in his blog,
Java Kernel Unmasked .
On the writing of adequate technical documentation , John FergusonÂ Smart has some
"musings on writing technical documentation for Java projects - how much is enough?"
The latest java.net Poll asks "Have you downloaded and built phoneME?" Cast your vote on the front page, then visit the results page for current tallies and discussion.
In today's Forums ,
sdo has a warning about the performance implications of running in 64-bit mote, in
Re: a jvm with an 8GB heap size .
"Be aware that you will lose a fair amount of performance with a the 64-bit JVM (needed for anything over a 4GB heap). For SPECjAppSevrver, eg, no one actually used heaps that large on their appserver, where the performance mattered: they used it on the load generators and emulators, where large numbers of threads (and corresponding memory use) was what mattered. The 64-bit JVM is quite robust and stable, but (since this is the performance forum, you have to consider whether taking the performance hit is worth the ability to use the extra heap space."
Is abstract enum good for Java 7?
"Trying to solve issue around JPA and property binding, I found that declaring enum that will be able to extends an "abstract enum" will provide a nice solution for some of Java 7 proposals and issues. I compiled my reasoning in this blog. I'd really like to know if it's worth exploring deeper, and trying to apply this idea in the Open JDK project."
has a web services question,
how can I specify my own xsd when using wsgen to create the wsdl
"We're using JAX-WS and JAXB 2.0 to do webservices. We already have our schema flushed out and used JAXB to generate the classes for us. We'd like to take the java to wsdl approach. So we annoted our implementation class and used wsgen to get the wsdl, but it seems you can't specify your own schema in the wsgen ant task, is this true? For now, I've manually modify the wsdl( the schemalocation attribute of the import tag) to import our xsd. I was able to generate the client-side stuff but the actuall call failed on the server side."
Current and upcoming Java
Registered users can submit event listings for the
href="http://www.java.net/events">java.net Events Page using our
href="http://today.java.net/cs/user/create/e">events submission form.
All submissions go through an editorial review before being posted to the
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archived along with other past issues in the
Let the OpenJDK forking race begin?!


text:
You can get from Hanover to Udine by train, bus or flight.
We couldn’t find any journeys for this date. Click below and try searching for another date.
|Distance||463 miles (746 km)|
|Available travel modes||Coach, flight or train|
|Ticket price range||£52 - £103|
|Cheapest mode||Train • £52 • 12 h 13 min|
|Fastest mode||Flight • £103 • 3 h 45 min|
|Popular travel companies||Flixbus, Air France or Deutsche Bahn with connection|
Take a coach, flight or train to travel 463 miles (746 km) to Udine from Hanover. The most popular travel providers which serve this trip are Flixbus, Air France or Deutsche Bahn with connection among others. Travellers can even take a direct from Hanover to Udine.
Travel from Hanover, Germany to Udine, Italy is: Partially open.
International entry is currently allowed for: Entry is partially open for citizens and permanent residents of Germany.
The government of Italy has imposed the following measures to reduce the spread of COVID-19:
The above information was last verified on 15/01/2022. Remember to check the latest COVID-19 travel safety regulations for your trip from Hanover to Udine closer to your planned date of departure here.
Return travel to Hanover, Germany from Italy is: Partially open.
Entry into Germany is allowed for: Entry is partially open for citizens and permanent residents of Italy.
Requirements for reentering Germany:
All travellers must abide by the following measures in Germany to reduce the spread of coronavirus in the country:
The above information about your return travel to Hanover, Germany was last verified on 17/01/2022. As this information can change due to the nature of the pandemic, please check the latest COVID-19 travel safety regulations closer to your planned date of travel to Hanover from Udine.
There are 3 ways to get from Hanover to Udine: coach, flight or train.
A train service offers the cheapest way to travel from Hanover to Udine, which costs on average £52.
This is compared to other ways of getting to Udine:
A train is about £7 less than a coach, which costs on average £59 for this route.
A train is about £51 less than a flight, which costs on average £103 for this trip.
The quickest way to travel between Hanover and Udine is by flight, which takes on average 3 h 45 min compared to other travel options that may take you longer to get to your destination:
In comparison, taking a coach requires on average 24 h 15 min of travel time.
In comparison, getting to Udine by train can take on average 12 h 13 min.
You should expect to travel around 463 miles (746 km) from Hanover to Udine.
These are the most popular departure and arrival points for travellers from Hanover to Udine:
If finding a good deal is your main consideration for your trip from Hanover to Udine, then we'll help you find the best value travel companies for you:
When planning your trip from Hanover to Udine, it’s good to keep in mind what tickets to book and their prices in the next 7 days:
However, we recommend buying tickets from Hanover to Udine online a few months in advance to get the best deals and save money on your upcoming journey.

domain: geography


text:
That is how long I have to register. In addition to community service and a five-year suspended sentence, he was required to register as a sex offender. I know there are violent sexual predators that need to be punished, but this seems like punishment far beyond reasonable for what my son did.
Insix years after H. Each State is different but all 50 states have some type of sex offender registration law. Yet federal registered sex offender youtube music in Washington state registration laws often require individuals to register for far longer.
Some have endured vigilantism and violence. F FF or example, in New Jersey, notices about high risk "Tier 3" registrants are distributed to private residences, businesses, schools, and community organizations in the area s where the offender lives and works.
There is relatively little research on recidivism by child sex offenders, either while they are still under the age of 18 or after they are deemed adults under the law.
This free online eBook includes vital statistics, how to tell if a predator is victimizing a child, and social media and cyber-bullying. Washington's sex offender registry has all information on sex offenders in Washington.
Sexual misconduct with a minor in the first degree - WASH. Most of the time, sexual predators look like regular people. Rape of a child in the second degree - WASH. Child molestation in the second degree - WASH.
You can also use the Advanced Search option where you can input the zip code, state territory and more. Sexually violating human remains - WASH.
Some politicians cite recidivism rates for sex offenders that are as high as percent. Jim lives in a small home his parents bought him. These findings have been widely publicized, opening the door to public policies predicated on the assumption that "treatment doesn't work" and sex offenders will invariably recidivate.
Politicians have responded with a series of laws, including the sex offender registration, community notification, and residency restriction laws that are the subject of this report.


text:
Online having a bet has grow to be a large corporation
Everyday human beings go online to place wagers at the very last results of upcoming sports activities sports tournaments like baseball, basketball, football, football or horseracing. Online gaming has emerge as one of the Internet’s quickest developing industrial agency regions with a totally high rate of profitability. Sports betting companion programs are growing in popularity and are an clean way to make coins online. Visit :- แทงสล็อต
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domain: economics


text:
Grace Kelly was born in Philadelphia, and moved to NY after high school to become an actress. Grace worked as a model at first, and then made her debut on Broadway in 1949. At 22, she moved to California to work in film. She starred in her first flick, Fourteen Hours, and soon after made High Noon, a popular Western, followed by Mogambo, featuring epic Clark Gable and Ava Gardner. Director Alfred Hitchcock casted her in Dial M for Murder (1954) and worked with her again in To Catch a Thief, where she co-stared Cary Grant. That same year she made Rear Window and The Country Girl. High Society (1956) staring Frank Sinatra, was her last performance. She left the industry to have a family with Prince Rainier of Monaco, making her a princess. In 1982, Grace was tragically killed in a car accident at only 52 years old.
I love watching Grace Kelly on the big screen, she was a great performer and a real stylish beaut.

domain: celebrity


The Environmental Protection Agency has proposed water-quality standards for Florida that would for the first time set numeric limits on nutrients such as phosphorous and nitrogen in that state. Nitrogen and phosphorous pollution comes from stormwater and agricultural runoff as well as municipal wastewater treatment. Normally, states are responsible for developing their own water-quality standards. EPA says it is taking the action, announced on Jan. 15, as a result of a 2009 consent decree between the EPA and the Florida Wildlife Federation. The wildlife organization filed a lawsuit in 2008 seeking to require EPA to develop numeric water-quality standards for
Arch dams, classically curved monoliths situated in narrow valleys, are not as common as other types of dams, such as embankment dams and gravity dams. ENR takes a look at some of the biggest arch dams in the world, both completed and under construction.


text:
HBI LAUNCHES DREAMKEEPER 400 –
WITH NEW PESF TECHNOLOGY
DreamKeeper uses safe and painless
proprietary technology-BSP & PESF
FREMONT, Calif. – September 17, 2008 – HBI USA (www.HBIUSA.com), a biomedical device company, today announced the launch of DreamKeeper 400 which uses its proprietary Breath Synchronization Program (BSP) and Parallelized ElectroStatic Field (PESF) technology to safely rebuild the user’s biological clock and improve the quality and duration of sleep.
Designed to be more powerful, yet safer, than prescription sleep aids, the DreamKeeper is very comfortable to wear. Unlike TENS, the PESF technology does not emit an electronic current nor cause pain or tingling to users’ skin.
“The device not only helps users sleep well, but is also very safe and even good for a patient with a pacemaker,” said Dr. Wang, one of the inventors of DreamKeeper 400.
This non-invasive device has no medical side effects and offers long-lasting results (the efficacy of sleep pills cease when users stop taking them). Clinical studies (using the early version of DreamKeeper with no BSP) reported that in just three weeks, 70 percent (efficacy) of subjects felt improvements with their sleep duration and sleep quality (unlike addictive pills that “knock you out” but offer little improvement in sleep quality). The BSP and PESF technology works similar to having a personal psychological physician and acupuncturist giving you at home personal treatment.
How It Works:
1. Users position the DreamKeeper on acupoint P6 (located on the inner wrist) for 30-minutes prior to going to bed (for a period of approximately three weeks).
2. DreamKeeper’s BSP guides users to slow down their breathing; this reduces the activity of their sympathetic nervous system to calm them down and prepare for sleep.
3. DreamKeeper stimulates P6 via its PESF technology to adjust its user’s biological clock.
4. Net result in three weeks: prolonged sleep with improved quality
Approximately 33 percent of adults in North America experience insomnia; 17 percent of them rely on medical treatment. Lack of sleep could lead to heart disease and high blood pressure, and also impacts their safety and quality of life. People with insomnia tend to have impaired productivity, receive fewer promotions, and have a four times higher rate of depression.
Availability and Price
The MSRP of the DreamKeeper 400 is $149.99. It is available for purchase at www.Target.com, www.Amazon.com, and www.HBIUSA.com.
HBI, based in Fremont, Calif., specializes in therapeutic devices for home use. HBI’s team has been involved in non-invasive acupuncture techniques since 1992. Previously developed TENS/biofeedback products include the SnoreStopper and the Dreamate. HBI has replaced TENS with its PESF technology. The biofeedback technique is still used in a snore device.
 TENS (Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) generates pain or a tingling sensation to human skin and cannot be used with a pacemaker.
 To retrieve the clinical report, please visit http://www.hbiusa.com/DK_study.doc
 P6 (Acupuncture point 6) is located 2-finger widths below the lower crease of the palm, on the inner wrist between the two tendons. P6 is responsible for calming the body, stress relief, and sleep inducement.


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Although sans Tess, the after party was an equal highlight of the evening. After a few complete misses, Stephanie Young found the Absolutely PERFECT spot for six swanky ladies to have some fancy desserts and coffee.
The Name of the restaurant escapes me, but the memories do not. Four desserts were ordered and six mouths were happy. Included in the sugar indulgence was: hot homemade donuts with a coffee mix poured over, an incredible chocolate cake, peach cobbler w ice cream and my personal favorite lemon creme brulee.
After lingering with good company we headed to Millennium Park across the street to visit The Bean, but were notified in a very undiplomatic way that the park was closed. Spirits still high we returned home in the early hours of the morning, (or what felt like it.)
Camille never ceases to amaze me.

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THANK YOU ALRTA NATIONAL PARTNER NTI
Australia’s success story
From humble beginnings over four decades ago to the national company NTI are today, it’s been a long and interesting road to becoming Australia’s leading specialist insurer.
“NTI Knows what it sounds like to keep Australia moving as Australia’s specialist Insurer.”
FAREWELL: EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR MUNRO
As the ALRTA farewells our Executive Director this week, Mat Munro offers some reflections on the journey of the Australian Livestock and Rural Transporters Association (ALRTA) over the past decade.
All organisations experience change. People have always known this. Way back in 540BC some Greek bloke said “There is nothing permanent except change”.
The ALRTA is about to change, again. After 10 years as Executive Director, I am stepping away from the role to become CEO of the Australian Trucking Association (ATA). For me, it is the new challenge I need. For ALRTA it is an opportunity to consider new opportunities for the future.
Ten years ago, ALRTA already had a reputation for punching above its weight. Yet at the same time it was struggling financially and was organisationally immature. The National Council and Executive at that time were ready for a change.
When appointed Executive Director in 2013, I was ALRTA’s very first direct employee. Prior to that time, all staff and business systems were supplied via a third-party consultancy and shared with a state member association – a model that had worked well for many years.
However, a small employment change was the catalyst that sparked a revolution in the way ALRTA did business.
ALRTA now employs three staff directly, supported by a professional finance team. Our office has moved to the Parliamentary Triangle in Canberra – the very beating heart of Australian decision-making. The organisation operates under a modern governance structure, supported by strong corporate partnerships. We own a building that is practically debt free and we have financial reserves locked away for a rainy day.
This is a great place to be for any organisation about to enter another round of change. The organisational heavy lifting has been done and ALRTA is poised to take another leap forward – of course, under the strategic direction of the six state member associations that ALRTA exists to serve.
I’m very proud to say that ALRTA has also notched up many significant policy achievements over the last 10 years. For example, ALRTA has been successful in:
- securing one hour of work and rest flexibility for livestock carriers to assist in managing animal welfare.
- establishing two AFM templates for livestock carriers, providing even more flexibility for those undertaking long distance work.
- allowing limited personal use of a heavy vehicle, improving life on the road for many drivers since able to travel to reach hot food, showers, toilets or wash clothes.
- reducing red tape by increasing the work diary exemption radius to 160km for rural carriers.
- improving access certainty by clearing the way for customers to obtain Class 3 permits ahead of organising transport.
- securing an exemption from unworkable mandatory ABS brakes for heavy trailers operating in rough environments.
- abolishing the former Road Safety Remuneration Tribunal when it threatened the livelihood of our members, families and communities.
- securing an exemption from new financial laws that would have prevented members from obtaining additional insurance before journeys.
- improving livestock standstill rules in the event of a foot and mouth disease outbreak.
ALRTA has also worked with Standards Australia to develop and publish AS 5340:2020 an Australian standard for livestock loading/unloading ramps and forcing pens. Widespread adoption of the Australian Standard will prevent injuries and save lives.
More recently, ALRTA worked with NHVR to develop a registered industry code of practice for managing effluent in the livestock supply chain. For too long the transporter has been the only party held responsible for effluent related load restraint breaches.
And to make a practical difference and demonstrate new concepts, ALRTA has even built and operated critical infrastructure.
At Kilcoy Global Foods we built an innovative unloading gantry and trialled a user-pay access system. We proved that transport operators are prepared to make a financial contribution to obtain safer infrastructure sooner – if the price is reasonable.
In partnership with local governments ALRTA has built three effluent disposal facilities on important livestock freight routes. Each facility is free to use and was designed by our members for the use of all livestock carriers. We need more of them, but we are off to a good start.
Around us, our industry and our world continues to change. So, we must change too.
New technology is making our industry safer and more efficient. Heavy vehicles are rapidly becoming computers on wheels. Everything from the phone in the driver’s pocket to the braking and stability systems are becoming ‘smart’ – soon, even our road infrastructure will be talking to the vehicle. Drivers may even become redundant for some types of journeys. Add to this an imminent change in fuel and engine technology and the industry of tomorrow will likely look very different from the industry of today.
Charting a course through all this change and uncertainty requires a strong and united voice for the rural road transport sector. ALRTA has been that voice for the past 38 years.
Our state member associations and their elected representatives remain as passionate as ever about our vital industry. So, while the ALRTA might look and feel little different under new management, that passion is something that will never change.
On that note, I really can’t walk out the door without acknowledging the association members and staff who have supported me over the past 10 years. Looking back at all we have achieved, and the platform we have created for the future, it is plainly obvious that we really are stronger together.
I sincerely thank past Presidents, Executive, Council, state member associations, committee members, our dedicated secretariat staff and our generous national sponsors who have devoted their time, intellect, muscle and energy to protect and enhance our industry. I count many of you among my friends. The incoming ALRTA Executive Director will certainly be in great hands.
MINISTERS AGREE TO ACCELERATE TRANSPORT DECARBONISATION
Australian Infrastructure and Transport Ministers met in Perth on Friday last week. These meetings occur twice annually. It was the first meeting for NSW Minister the Hon Jo Haylen MP.
At the meeting, ministers acknowledged that emissions from the transport and infrastructure sectors would rise as a proportion of overall emissions unless further steps were taken to address climate change. As a result, ministers agreed to establish a new Decarbonisation of Transport Working Group to improve national coordination and help oversee a new transport decarbonisation work plan and shared principles for national transport decarbonisation.
Ministers further agreed to work together, and in consultation with industry, to develop a nationally consistent approach for measuring embodied carbon in infrastructure projects and consider further policy levers available to reduce emissions.
Ministers also endorsed proposed amendment to the Heavy Vehicle National Law with the NTC to develop drafting instructions for an Amendment Bill and develop core regulations in consultation with industry. Ministers noted an aspirational goal of having a package of legislation and core regulations presented to ITMM for approval in July 2024, with an update to be provided at the next meeting.
In addition, ministers committed to improving level crossing safety across Australia and welcomed industry stakeholders’ willingness to endorse a code of practice on increased train illumination, reflecting findings from industry trials. Ministers noted the proposed National Level Crossing Safety Strategy 2023-32 and asked senior officials to conduct consultations on the strategy before considering its adoption later in 2023.
Ministers agreed to next meet in December 2023, with Tasmania to host the meeting, and meet in Queensland in early 2024.
REMINDER: EFFLUENT CODE LAUNCH
ALRTA invites members to attend the official launch of the registered industry code of practice ‘Managing effluent in the livestock supply chain’.
The enforceable new code promotes a more cooperative approach, addressing animal preparation and communication. It will improve road safety, amenity, biosecurity, animal welfare and community support for our important industry.
- Friday 23 June 2023
- at Blue Mountain Hotel, 264 New England Highway, Harlaxton QLD
Also expected to be in attendance will be local politicians, NHVR, ALRTA Executives, supply chain participants and media. A light lunch will be served following the launch address.
For more information contact ALRTA via firstname.lastname@example.org or 0422 003 452.
NHVR INDUSTRY REFERENCE FORUM
ALRTA Executive Director Mat Munro attended the NHVR’s Industry Reference Forum (IRF) in Brisbane. The IRF is a high-level group that considers bigger picture issues affecting heavy vehicle regulation and enforcement.
The main topics of discussion included the NHVR portal, fatigue, distraction, PBS and the National Notices Program.
ALRTA NATIONAL COUNCIL
ALRTA National Council met on 14 June 2023 to consider the appointment of an ALRTA Executive Director and a potential new National Platinum Partnership.
Look out for exciting announcements soon.
LRTASA 2023 ANNUAL CONFERENCE
ALRTA President Scott McDonald and Executive Director Mat Munro are in Adelaide this week to participate in the LRTASA Annual Conference.
The event will feature a keynote address by SA Minister for Infrastructure and Transport, the Hon Tom Koutsantonis MP and presentations on eNVDs, AFM templates, prosecution lessons, mapping, succession planning, mental health and zero emissions engines.
FINE AND FEE INCREASES FROM 1 JULY
NHVR access permit fees will increase by $5 and the cost of a National Driver Work Diary will increase by $2 (from $26 to $28) from Saturday 1 July 2023.
Fees will also increase for National Heavy Vehicle Accreditation Scheme modules. These increases are in line with CPI. Heavy Vehicle National Law penalties and fines will also increase in line with CPI.
HEAVY VEHICLE DEFECTS
The NHVR website now features new information on heavy vehicle defects, including safety, legal and administrative requirements. You can learn what is a defective heavy vehicle, who can issue a vehicle defect notice and what to do when issued with a notice.
There’s also practical information on the different risk categories, defective vehicle labels, the continued use of a defective vehicle, non-compliance with a vehicle defect notice, and how to clear a defect notice.
Please note there are different requirements for clearing a vehicle defect depending on where the vehicle is registered. View the handy summary table to find the defect clearance requirements in each jurisdiction. This table is particularly relevant when a vehicle defect notice is issued in one jurisdiction but cleared in another.
Learn more about the new heavy vehicle defects page.
SAVE THE DATES FOR 2023
- LRTASA – 16-17 June 2023 – Adelaide Entertainment Centre, ADELAIDE SA
- LRTAWA/NATIONAL Combined Conference – 4-5 August 2023 – Abbey Beach Resort, BUSSELTON WA
- LRTAV – 11-12 August 2023 – Mercure, BALLARAT VIC
- LRTAQ – 28-29 September 2023 – The Ville Resort, TOWNSVILLE – QLD
SAVE THE DATES FOR 2024
- LBRCA – 23-24 February 2024 – WAGGA WAGGA NSW

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|Thrown Weapons (Blades)|
Kunai are one of the most common ninja tools. They are small daggers designed for thrusting and stabbing, can do some damage if thrown, and are about the length of one’s hand.
Many shinobi attack by attaching an exploding tag to the blade or handle. The kunai is usually thrown so that it lodges in an object near the target, and then the explosion from the attached tag destroys the target. This use of the weapon is known as an explosive kunai.
Kunai can also be coated in poison and used to deliver poisoned wounds.