The first part gives a brief sketch of Com TN’s political life. The next section given below is an Extract from INDIA MORTGAGED, written by comrade Tarimela Nagi Reddy (1917-1976), legendary Communist Revolutionary, whose Birth Centenary is currently being observed in various programmes at different places across AP and Telangana, commencing from February 11, his birthday, at Anantapur, his home town in AP. TN and DV wished to be remembered by their views and practice, and not by statues and the like. Hence this tribute.
This Extract of 1970-71 period, though appears rather long, is worth reading in full, as it reflects the deep concern, and keen attention to detail, of the communist revolutionaries to the caste oppression, and atrocities against the most oppressed people, inseparably linked with the class question. It is to be noted that, with great anguish, passion as well as righteous anger, he was declaring all this in a Special Court, and through that to the Indian State. The Extract also recaptures a picture of the then prevailing socio-political situation in India, 45 years ago when most readers of this piece were not yet born, or were not in the know of things.
Today, 45 years later, we find basically the same situation, despite land reforms and capitalism’s advance in agrarian sector, and despite all the reformist measures and Constitutional- legal claims by ruling classes and their governments led by various political parties. Obviously, the development model, and the Constitutional-legal provisions adopted by them, made no basic difference. Not only Khairlanjis but also Unas were there then, and now too, as can be seen through the Extracts.
It may however be noted that the word Harijans, replaced by the word dalits, otherwise called as Scheduled Castes under law, was commonly used in political literature of those days. The extract is slightly abridged. Sub-headings and emphases are mostly added.
Veteran communist legislator who said the legislatures in India are mere “talking shops”
The legendary communist leader TN, who began his life as a communist revolutionary in 1939-40, was a Member of Lok Sabha (1957-62), and three times (1952, 1962, 1967) Member Legislative Assembly, of Andhra Pradesh (AP), the first time in 1952 when he, from inside the jail, defeated N. Sanjiva Reddy, the first CM of Andhra Pradesh, and later India’s President. In over 35 years of his turbulent political life, he was imprisoned about 10 times, spent almost as many years in jail, and over five years underground, most of it in the ‘democratic republic’ post-1947. All the time it was under the same IPC, Indian Penal Code, of 1860 colonial vintage.
In the wake of Naxalbari and Srikakulam peasant armed struggles, he gave a historic speech in AP Legislative Assembly on March 11, 1969, in which the seasoned legislator called the legislatures as mere “talking shops” that did little to help the cause of the exploited and the oppressed, and resigned as MLA opting the extra-parliamentary, revolutionary path.
(See countercurrents.org July 28, 2016, Tarimela Nagi Reddy Remembered for more about him and his speech )
INDIA MORTGAGED, the immortal work by TN
INDIA MORTGAGED, the magnum opus by Com TN was originally presented as his Defence Statement in the Court of Additional Sessions Judge, Hyderabad, who conducted the trial of the famous Hyderabad Conspiracy Case 1970. There were conspiracy cases earlier against Indian communists, launched by the British, like that of Peshawar 1923, Kanpur 1924 and Meerut 1929-33, but this was the first ever after 1947, all under the same colonial law and similar sections including sections 120-B, 121 to 124 of IPC, with charges of conspiracy, sedition etc., now ever more frequent in India. Originally there were 68 accused in the Crime No 57 of 1969, but only 48 persons with TN as A-1 and DV as A-2 were tried and 18 of them were convicted in the verdict dated 1972 April 10. They were sentenced with Rigorous Imprisonment for four years and three months. It was a massive case that involved 325 witnesses and 824 Prosecution documents, and is cited by the police as a successful Text Book Case. This case was soon followed by the Parvatipuram Conspiracy Case with 140 accused persons and 502 witnesses being examined by the Court. Com TN formed, and worked as the President of, the Defence Committee for that case too. A big volume of about 600 pages with details of these (and a few other) historic Conspiracy Cases, in Telugu, was published recently in April 2016 by TN Memorial Committee with Satyanarayana Cherukuri, Advocate based in Guntur town of AP, as its Founder-Editor.
Com TN’s Defence Statement, made under Sec 313 of CrPC, was published in book form as INDIA MORTGAGED (of about 580 pages) , the first time in 1978 with a Foreword by his close comrade and co-accused, Com. Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao (1917-1984), veteran communist revolutionary known for his unique role in leading the Telangana People’s Armed Struggle (1946-51). The Telugu translation was first published in 1980. Later on several editions appeared, also in Hindi and Tamil. Com DV Rao wrote and made a separate statement, on behalf of nine accused leaders including TN, and read it out in the Court from Dec 14 to 18th of 1971. This magnum opus of DV Rao was later published in book form as People’s Democratic Revolution, An Explanation of the Programme (of around 370 pages). Together they served, as intended by the then imprisoned authors, as authentic text books and Hand Books for three generations of communist revolutionaries, with repeated reprints, unique in India’s revolutionary literature.
TN and DV : Inseparable comrades-in-arms
TN and DV, as they were popularly called, were, throughout their lives, unique and inseparable comrades-in-arms commencing from late forties, united as they were by the then revolutionary line of peasant armed struggle, Telangana being the first-ever application of Mao’s Thought in India, as signified by Andhra Thesis, 1948.
After an interregnum of parliamentary era of Indian communism that began with First General Election in 1952, they together formed APCCCR, revived and upheld the path of revolution marked by Naxalbari (1967) and Srikakulam (1968-1971) peasant armed struggles. They together led the fight against all forms of revisionism, against Soviet Social Imperialism and its Indian cohorts. They were together in opposing opportunism, both right and left varieties, upheld Marxism-Leninism-Mao’s Thought and its correct application to India and represented what is called revolutionary mass line, opposed to both parliamentary cretinism and left adventurism. They together founded, in 1975 April, UCCRI-ML, with Com DV Rao as its General Secretary. Com TN who together with DV Rao was all through in the Central Teams of India’s Communist Party since 1950, died early on July 28, 1976 of sudden sickness while being underground (during Internal Emergency period of 1975-77), and while being a CC Member of UCCRI-ML along with DV Rao who was its General Secretary from 1975 until the latter died on July 12, 1984.
It was coincidental that both were born in 1917 and both have their birth centenaries this year. Interestingly, both had interactions with Gandhiji as University students that drove both to begin their political lives as communists in late 1930s; both went underground since 1940s; both were Lok Sabha Members during 1957-62.
With common revolutionary convictions both quit CPI in 1964, and CPM in 1968; both were arrested under DIR, united as they were in opposing national chauvinism and wars, during India’s wars with China and Pakistan; and arrested again in December 1969, framed up, convicted and jailed together in Hyderabad Conspiracy Case. They came out on conditional bail pending their Appeal before High Court.
They together founded the UCCRI-ML in 1975 April that was soon after banned in 1975 June-July by Mrs. Indira Gandhi’s Emergency regime.
Both skipped bail and went underground at that time; and both died while being underground. They were united in their revolutionary political life, in dedicated work with the same line and organization, and in their death.
In a situation of perpetual and hair-splitting differences and splits amongst Indian communist leaders, no two communist leaders perhaps had such prolonged united life. This unity in their lives, work and views can be seen in several writings of both, and in the Foreword (1978 July) to the First Print Edition of India Mortgaged by DV Rao. The Foreword concludes with the following warm words that are apt to be quoted on the occasion of Birth Centenary of the legendary and immortal Indian communist revolutionary, com TN :
He loved the people immensely and the people reciprocated in the same degree. He is known for knowing the pulse of the people, and was acting accordingly. He was one of the architects of communist revolutionary line and he defended it against the campaign let loose by adversaries.
He was in Indian revolutionary political scene for more than 35 years. He sacrificed what all he had for Indian revolution. He is the product of the best in the Indian communist revolutionary movement. It is a proud privilege of communist revolutionaries to have him as their leader. (DV Rao 1978).
Extract from : Chapter XIV on Agricultural Labour
We must also remember that wages are paid in various ways. Various forms of feudal relations exist, even in areas where commodity production and capitalist relations have developed. Sometimes the wages are paid in cash and in quite a number of places and quite a number of times – especially in the harvesting season – they are paid in kind; sometimes partly in cash and partly in kind.
“Capitalism penetrates into agriculture particularly slowly and in extremely varied forms” (Lenin), with the result that various forms of capitalist relations along with feudal exploitation co-mingle to make an excessive burden on the rural poor.
The feudal relations in our countryside are prevalent almost every-where. They have preserved almost all their medieval supremacy of the landlords over the peasantry in the villages.
In the following pages a few instances of feudal methods of exploitation will be given as examples of the prevailing and growing tensions in the villages. There is yet prevalent in the overwhelming parts of the country, a system known as ‘debt bondage’ or, ‘debt slavery’. A correspondent writing in Economic Times on June 1, 1970, on the state of the Harijans in Mysore describes the system as follows:
There is then the ‘Jeetha’ system – the pernicious practice of a system of bonded labour – something akin to slavery practised by the early American settlers. It is said to be practised in parts of Hassan district and also in South Kanara, north Kanara, Chikmagalur and Shimoga districts. The Elaya Perumal Committee describes the system thus : ‘according to the Jeetha system, the agricultural labourers are advanced petty sums of money in time of their need. They are bound in such a way that they are not able to repay the debt out of their meagre wages because under the terms of the bond they got food, cloth, and small salary only. The result is that they are not only unable to repay the loan but also have to add to it. Consequently their debt increases. Even their children are obliged to take upon themselves, the repayment and become involved in it.
Thus the lords of the land have even retained the jurisdiction over their ‘labourers’. They have preserved almost all their medieval practices, including various forms of free labour. It is true feudalism is flourishing more in some localities than in others, but the fact is that nowhere has it been entirely destroyed….. For example, the system of attached labourers is prevalent all over the country
Thus the attached labourers are characterised by debt bondage, caste restraints, tie-in allotments of land, indicating prevalance of precapitalist features of employment of labour. Attached labourers are tied down by loans, repayment of which were practically impossible.
Moreover, in many cases the employers give the attached labourers house-sites and land sometimes on a share-cropping basis. In South India large numbers of farm servants known as padiyala, pannaiyala, pulayas, paleru, jeeta, etc., work year after year, if not generation after generation for the same land-owner families.
Such a medieval system of bonded slaves, according to the Second Agricultural Labour Enquiry Report, is on the increase. The percentage of attached labourers among all agricultural labourers increased from 9.7 percent in 1950-51 to 26.63 percent in 1956-57.
There is no doubt that considerable section of the agricultural labourers in India are victims of pre-capitalist exploitation; semi-feudal feature of wage payment in kind is prevalent in vast areas of our countryside; it was revealed by the Second Agriculture Labour Enquiry Report that the employment situation as well as the terms and conditions of employment have markedly worsened over time…., they are employed only 200 days a year.
The agricultural labourers are not part and parcel of the village. They are forced to live outside the main village, in separate ghettos, under horrible conditions, without any common facilities such as wells for drinking water, roads, street lanes, etc. They are mostly illiterate.
When such are the conditions, and they are becoming worse with feudal appropriation and exploitation taking open forms of violence against agricultural labour (many more instances will be given later in this chapter), it is disgusting to note that the Soviet revisionists are showering praise on the Congress government for having implemented ‘partial bourgeois agrarian reform’. …
Even the Economic Times, June 1,1970, calls this system no better than ‘age-old serfdom’. As Ranjit D as Gupta has written, “The inter-twining of the pre-capitalist methods of exploitation and the capitalist method has subjected the underprivileged groups of rural India to absolute and relative impoverishment”.
In addition to this, they are socially oppressed in our caste-ridden society. The overwhelming majority of agricultural labourers belong to untouchable or backward castes. Social ostracism of those castes is worse than the whites attitude to Negroes in America. They are obstructed from using the wells, tanks, temples, and other public places.
The reason for this is that, during the British period, there was no fundamental change in the character of the Indian economy which remained essentially semi-feudal and semi colonial in character.
“Fundamentally caste has remained the same.”
Even after the transfer of power from the British to the Indian comprador class, no fundamental changes in the economic, social and administrative spheres had been achieved. Even to this day, the character of the Indian economy has remained essentially semi-feudal and semi-colonial.
Forms in some respects have changed, but fundamentally caste has remained the same. The system of Panchayat Raj, the growth of green revolution, the growth of commodity production in the countryside, have only helped the ruling big landlord and the big business class to increase their domination through the revivalist and obscurantist social ideology based on castes.
The primary condition for lifting agricultural workers from this horrible state in which they have been forced to exist is the elimination and extermination of landlordism. Fundamental changes in the agrarian structure and social relations in the rural areas can be achieved only through an agrarian revolution.
The problem of untouchability is inter-related with the problem of rural land relations. The extent and magnitude of the problem of untouchability is the reflection mainly of the economic lot of the scheduled castes, and a reflection of an economic society with feudal social and economic relations which are still strong. The economic relations in the countryside are such that they are entirely dependent on the high caste landlords.
Due to the “increasing power of, what is called in India the ‘rural elite’, “the caste system is probably stronger “ today than it was at the time when India became independent. Caste is so deeply entrenched in India’s traditions that it cannot be eradicated except by drastic surgery.”
(Asian Drama, Page 279)
The problem of untouchability can be solved only by a hundred per cent democratic revolution capable of smashing to smithereens the feudal landlord hold in the rural areas, under the impact of mass uprisings, by total elimination of landlordism.
Tension has been growing between landlords and agricultural labourers in various pockets in our country. Writing in the Economic Times (July 9. 1970) about the tensions in Thanjavur, in relation to the intensive agricultural district programme, the paper’s special correspondent noted that ‘the disturbing aspect is the running feud between the landlord class and the agricultural labour in half a dozen taluks constituting the eastern wing of the district “culminating in a “ghastly incident in which 42 persons, mostly women and children, were burnt alive”. Struggle for fair wages unleashes the fury in un-imaginable magnitude, among the landlords on the downtrodden agricultural labour.(The reference is to Kilavenmani incident, of Tamilnadu, mentioned elsewhere).
Scheduled Castes and Tribes in India
Nearly 90 percent of the scheduled caste population and more than 97 percent of the tribal population in the country is residing in the rural areas. They form 15.97 per cent and 8.16 percent., respectively, of the rural population.
Literacy among the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe population is very poor in India compared to the general literacy rate. The 1961 census shows that only 10 per cent of them are literates as against 24 per cent for the general Indian population. Among the literates, the majority constitute those who are “literate without education level”.
The over-whelming majority of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribe people are in the rural areas, and most of them are engaged in agricultural labour. As such, the emancipation of these people cannot be achieved separately and in isolation from the general problem of rural poverty.
This cannot be achieved without revolutionary redistribution of land and forcible and violent overthrow of landlordism. In short, the problem of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes can be solved only through a revolutionary change in the socio-economic structure of the country as a whole.
The State of Harijans
Economic Times produced a series of articles on the state of the Harijans in 1970. A few extracts reveal the fact that they – the lowest stratum in society both economically and socially – are being treated worse than serfs of medieval society
IN PUNJAB : They have to live in Bastis away from the socially better-placed community. They are not permitted to draw water from wells of the people of ‘high castes’. Although there are hand-pumps in the village, the Harijans are not allowed to touch them in Dehra village in Dera Basia sub-division.
Last year, a socio-economic survey was carried out, by the Planning Forum of the local Mahendra college, at village Daun Kalan, a model village in the vicinity of Patiala. It was found that though the village was economically well advanced, having a high school, a post office, an industrial training centre, a primary health centre, and other amenities, yet it was socially backward, so much so that the Harijans were not permitted to draw water from the wells of the localities.
In the village high school, there was not a single student belonging to the scheduled castes though there was no bar on admission. The overall rise in prices has forced the landless labour to demand a better wage and, wherever they did so, they face resistance from the land-owning class. Trouble arose about three months ago when the foundation stone of a village school was laid by a Minister and the Gram Panchayat donated land for a playground of the school. Incidentally, the playground included a part of such land which was within ‘lal-lakir’ (residential units of the village) and was not ‘shamlat’ land within the meaning of Punjab village Common Lands Act. While donating the land the panchayat ignored the hard fact that the Harijan families would be put to great difficulty in case no passage was provided in front of their homes. A barbed wire was raised around their houses, by February 20, 1970. On March 22, a study team of the Punjab Pradesh Congress (R) led by its president Mr. Zail Singh visited the village and found entry to two houses completely blocked. “Such incidents have multiplied during recent days throughout the state, because the police mostly acted as a silent spectator.”
The problem of untouchability is basically the problem of social and economic inequality. Harjians are considered a necessary cog in the age-old agricultural production system meant to provide cheap labour to the land-owning classes.
The old social order is resisting the new trends as a result of which a huge majority of Harjians are condemned.
Even after two decades of Independence, the social, economic conditions of scheduled castes in Punjab have not registered any marked improvement according to an official survey recently conducted in the state.
A number or instances have been given in the report where other classes used their economic power as one of the weapons against those depressed classes in the villages particularly in situations when the scheduled castes make attempts to exercise their rights. It has taken the shape of their eviction from land, discontinuance of their employment, and stoppage of their remuneration as village servants.
The report, pointed out that the per capita income of the scheduled castes population in the rural area of the state was Rs. 194 as against Rs. 483 for the general population for the year 1963-64 (Economc Times, June 29, 1970).
IN MADHYA PRADESH :
(1) A Harijan labourer was prevented from working at the construction site of a temple.
- In one case in a temple constructed by Harijans themselves, they were prevented from offering worship.
- In Mandazur, one Chamar bridegroom was made to get down from the horse on which he was riding because it was the privilege of the caste Hindus.
- Untouchability is also practiced in selected institutions. Reports are often received that, in the Panchayat meetings, elected Harijan members are made to squat on the floor, outside the main door of the meeting hall, while caste Hindu members occupy the chairs.
“Various reasons are being listed for the ineffective enforcement of the untouchability law”. One of the main reasons is “the indifference of the police towards such complaints. Such offences are generally committed by people of high caste, who also happen to be influential persons of the area. In addition to this, feudal landlords furnished a large percentage of high government officials.”
“Land to the landless Harjans is a perpetual demand in the state. Allegations of discrimination, partiality, favouratism, and watering down of the provision of the scheme of land reforms are often levelled by the representatives of the backward communities. In fact, the Situation has become so explosive that unless the government evolves a fool-proof procedure, it might explode any day.” (Economic Times, May 24, 1970).
IN MYSORE : Recently, a party of press men who were taken to a village in Kolar district by some Harijan leaders, were shocked to find that Harijans are still prevented from drawing water from common wells and are literally ostracised by the higher castes.
Democracy itself plays into the hands of petty plutocracy.
As a result of age-old serfdom, the Harijans have almost lost their faculty of reacting to injustice. Thus, the inequities have been solidified by the rigid social stratification, of which the caste is the most. significant manifestation. Political decentralisation, or panchayat raj, has strengthened their position further by offering them more opportunities for political office and patronage.
M.M. Srinivas, has described the inherent conflict of interests as follows :
“The rural elite has emerged as a class keenly conscious of the political and economic opportunities lying before it. It does not have any inhibitions about exploiting these opportunities to its own advantage. A basic contradiction needs to be mentioned here. In implementing programmes for the benefit of rural areas, government officials tend to be guided by the rural leaders who are part of the rural elite. But it is forgotten that there is a fundamental conflict between the interests of the rural elite and the rural poor. The rural elite are, as a group aggressive, acquisitive, and not burdened by feelings of guilt towards the people they exploit. Hierarchy and exploitation are so deep-seated in rural India that they are accepted without questioning. Neither the urban politician nor the administrator can do without the rural elite and the latter know it.” (Yojana, October 1, 1961).
Thus democracy itself plays into the hands of petty plutocracy.
In such circumstances, it is no wonder that contradictions are growing in the rural areas going to the extent of violent clashes. Wherever and whenever the Harijans and other backward caste rural poor assert their social rights, or fight for better wages the socially superior high caste landlords make use of this division of caste to throttle this legitimate assertion of their rights by all violent means. There are innumerable instances of these people beaten and even killed appearing in the Press. There is no hideous crime that is not perpetrated against untouchables and back-ward classes.
Violence and feudal gangsterism Stalks the Rural Scene
With the growth of the power of the rural elite, there is growing violence in the countryside. In recent years, unheard of atrocities committed against the poor in the rural area, especially on the low-caste section, have been growing in number. Social, economic and political contradictions are developing into direct confrontations, with landlords taking law into their own hands with a ferocity unheard of at any time in the past. The Ku Klux Klan is being outdone. Nazi atrocities in Germany on Jews are being re-enacted in India’s country side by the all-powerful feudal landlords.
It is my opinion that armed landlords have created and are creating a situation, wherein there seems to be no way out except armed confrontation in defence of their legitimate rights by the rural poor.
According to the Union Home Ministry’s information 93 Harijans were done to death in different parts of the country in 1969. The office of the scheduled caste commissioner has reported 355 cases of harassment of Harijans, some of them involving rape and murder.
Rarely have the culprits been brought to book. Rarely is the violator of the law punished. This criminal indifference of the authorities is not accidental. These limbs of the State are closely linked with the upper strata of the society, which is the main rural base of the Government. Harijans, as agricultural workers and landless peasants, are the worst exploited not only economically but socially.
I propose to bring to the notice of the court various incidents that have been reported in the ‘respectable’ Press, from which it is explicit that it is the landlords, under the supervision, blessing, and connivance of the administrators, who have been responsible for the violence in the country.
I would like to ask: Is it not the legitimate duty of the people to counter violence with violence?
Let us first look at the facts – at the magnitude of the issue. confronting us before we come to any conclusion. For, that would give us an idea of the type of feudal gangsterism stalking this land, an idea of the various issues involved and a glimpse of various methods adopted by the landlords.
Patriot (daily newspaper) on December 11, 1968, reported that an attack of armed gang on Harijan cultivators took place in Dharmkot-Zira section of Ferozepur district in Punjab. In this incident, huts were set on fire, crops were destroyed, and the cultivators were tied up and beaten.
The paper remarks that, it would not have been so disquieting but for the fact that it is the latest of a series of such outrages which have not been confined to one or two states.
There have been a series of incidents all over the country in which Harijans were murdered, their women molested, and their dwellings smashed up. There is a sinister pattern in the way Harijans have in recent months been terrorised and bullied in AP, MP, UP, Rajasthan and elsewhere. “Sympathetic noises from the top will not end this untenable situation. Drastic action to purge the administration of caste-mongers is the only alternative to the Harijans organising themselves for self defence.”
Now let us take the incidents mainly in the years 1970-71.
National Herald of May 28, 1970, reports that 54 Harijans belonging to 13 families were rendered homeless after their homes were set on fire allegedly by a large group of caste Hindus on the midnight of May 20, in Masania village in Dhenkanal district of Orissa.
Statesman, August 7, 1970, reported that in Tamdei village, of Sambalpur, four brothers belonging to a Gonda (Harijan) family were burnt to death on July 18, over the question of fishing rights.
Indian Express, in an editorial on August 6, 1970, writes as follows: “In recent months, there have been several other instances of atrocities committed against Harijans primarily because of their being Harijans. Following a petty quarrel between a caste Hindu and some Harijans, all huts in the Harijans quarter of an Orissa village were set on fire in May. A shocked Rajya Sabha was recently told by an M.P. from Maharashtra how a young Harijan woman was burnt to death in her state nearly two months ago. Reports about Harijans being tortured for drawing water from certain wells or for entering temples continue to come from many parts of the country.
“In most states the problem of untouchability is getting mixed up with the question of land reforms. This has created new tensions in rural society dominated by the upper castes.
The Bhubaneswar report about killing of some Harijans in a clash over possession of land in a village near Puri is a significant pointer. The question of wages of farm labourers is another source of conflict. The way the Harijans of a village near Patiala were harassed by the local panchayat a few months ago over the wage issue was truely incredible. Their houses were fenced off by barbed wire with the help of public funds because they refused to work for a daily wage of Rs. 2.50 which was less than half the nominal rate in the case of non- Harijans in the area.
“Even more shocking than these incidents is the apathy of the authorities. The state governments appear to have failed signally in securing for the Harijans their legitimate rights”.
Patriot reports on December 20, 1970, an incident in which the Harijans were being evicted from the lands which they have been cultivating for quite a number of years.
“According to Bahadur Singh, sarpanch of the village Ganna Oind in Phillavar tehsil in Jullundur district, Punjab, 24 Harijan families were allotted a plot of land by the government. After they had developed this land and installed a tubewell, one senior police officer of Ludhiana district, in collaboration with the revenue officer of the area, got the allotment cancelled. To get possession of the land he organised a police raid on the Harijans of this village in which one woman was seriously wounded. A report was lodged and no action has been taken.
“The story of Harijans of Talwand Canal is that one senior officer of co-operative societies is seeking to get Harijans evicted from the land in this village through bogus entries in the revenue records in favour of his relatives.”
Times of India, March 24, 1971, reports that Choti Khatu, a fairly big village with a population of 4,000 wears a deserted look.
About 30 to 40 Baori (scheduled caste) families lived in and on the out- skirts of the village. The 12 houses owned by the Baoris, some of them pucca, were demolished by miscreants. Four huts in the fields were burnt. The panic stricken villagers who fled have left behind all their possessions – rags, broken chappals, lanterns, charpoys, and flour-grinding stones. Even earthern pots used for storing food grains were smashed and the grains were carried away.
30-year-old Pipli, mother of five children, said. “I and three others were dragged out of our houses on the evening of March 9 and beaten up mercilessly. Afterwards, some people brought Jarhwali, who was carrying her six year old child in her arms. She too was belaboured so, the child died in her arms”.
Another woman, also called Pipli, was beaten up and kicked despite being in-an advanced stage of pregnancy. She gave premature birth the same day.
Times of India, March 26, 1971, reports about a social boycott of Harijans organised by the president of a village panchayat in Mysore State. How total the boycott was can be seen from the fact that the village grocer did not sell provisions to Harijans; the blacksmith and the potter refused to have any dealings with them; and even the priest barred their entry into the local temple.
“One panchayat in Punjab is said to have gone so far as to order Harijan houses to be “walled off from the rest of the village. Panchayats are supposed to foster democracy at the grass roots, but in practice many of them function like tiny oligarchies.”
Patriot, June 21. 1971, reports on Khurja village Harijans fleeing landlord terror. “About 15 Harijan families of a village in Bulandshahr district of U. P. have fled their homes following a reign of terror let loose by a big landlord there.”
“It was the reluctance to do a certain job by a Harijan lad of 18 years that made the Harijan basti the victim of landlords’ anger, who threatened to shoot them, and to escape it the 15 families fled their homes” and “are now in the capital, to meet and seek redressal from Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, and are camping under a big tree outside Teen Murthi”.
“The landlord felt offended at the protestation of 18-year old Shohanlal, who, after working three or four hours of household chores at the landlord’s house, was refused a break for tea, even though the boy went home only after he completed the work.
“Even so, the landlord felt aggrieved. He, along with his nephews, went to the boy’s home and beat him. When his mother protested she too was kicked on the belly. The boy’s young wife was treated in the same manner. When the boy’s father who was then absent tried to raise the issue with the village panchayat, it refused to take cognisance of the incident. A complaint lodged with the police the next day had no effects for the next two days, the landlord again visited the Harijan basti and threatened to shoot them all if they did not report for work the next day.
“Struck by terror, the Harijans collected whatever they could from their houses and fled in the night and reached Delhi by train from Khurja.”
Patriot, June 22, 1971, makes an editorial comment on the rural anger. The rural landlords practising their privileged morality have increasingly set regressive social standards across the country. Thakurs, Gounders or Reddys, they all use the Harijans ghettos outside the villages for the daily conscription of cheap labour, or dead of the night forays for women and will not concede them any civilised rights as part of society.
“There have been many Kanchikacharlas in Andhra Pradesh after the first tragedy. Huts full of ‘rebellious Harijan labourers burnt alive in Kilavenmani, and many groups of terrorised men, women, and children, have fled UP border villages to Delhi and there does not seem to be anything much any one can or will do because most seem to accept that this is all part of the Indian condition – only some regretfully. The UP land-owner who threatened to shoot a family and drove them out of their village was only following standard practice. The outraged Gounders of the Coimbatore village, hit where it hurts most by the elopement of one of their girls with a Harijan boy, may be preparing for a small war of their own. For both, police help is assured since police force identified itself with the ruling or powerful interests not the weaker sections….Though ‘dadas’ are emerging among the Harijans who will sell the community’s interests, it looks as though a rural confrontation of some magnitude is inevitable unless the police are de-linked from the land-owners and the State apparatus moves to protect the weaker sections.”
Blitz (weekly), August 21,1971, reports how in Kanail village, in Gorakhpur, a Harijan boy, Samuru, was tied to ‘Khamia’ and beaten by an ex-zamindar whose fields he refused to plough when the zamindar insisted the boy should work free for him as his family and fore-fathers allegedly owed him Rs.1,32,000.
“Denying the existence of a slave trade amongst the tribals of Wynad, Kerala’s Minister for Harijan Welfare admitted that there was a system under which the tribal people were tied down by contract for a particular period to individual landlords.”
“A marriage party of Harijans was allegedly beaten up by Rajputs in Bikaner village temple, while in Ganganagar district a Harijan was beheaded and thrown in a well.”
Statesman, August 22, 1971, reports that Harijans were stunned by the announcement of social boycott, made in Duneka village, two miles from here (Moga) last night.
“The Harijans were told by the beat of drum that they would not be allowed to step on farms owned by the people in the village.”
“The social boycott reportedly follows the Harijans’ demand for wages in excess of the rates fixed by villagers of the area.”
Patriot, September 2, 1971, reports the ejectment of Harijan cultivators of common land in the village Kheri Ganeran, 12 miles from Patiala, which has whipped up tension in the village.
“The total area of the village common land is 380 bighas of which 107 bighas had been leased out to Harijans for cultivation for the last several years by the village panchayat. Now, the entire common land area in the village is in the possession of the high caste cultivators.”
Patriot September 2, 1971: Mr. Sundersingh, General Secretary, Congress Legislature Party, today alleged that the Harijans in Punjab were being harassed and ousted from their land. He also alleged that the Harijans were being killed on the false pleas that they had become Naxalitcs.
Times of India, September 8, 1971, in Current Topics says : “How can Harijans be blamed for feeling that there is built-in hostility against them in the administration?
“A new road had been constructed in a village in south Arcot district of Tamil Nadu for their’ exclusive use. It appears that the caste-Hindus of the village objected to the pollution of the regular road by the Harijans.”
The conscience of the ruling class is shocked when they hear that South African whites put up boards for railway compartments and hotels. “Dogs and Blacks Not Allowed”. Yet this ‘soft-hearted’ ruling class is no worse in their treatment of village poor.
The Hindu, September 10, 1971, report, of two cases of assaulting scheduled caste persons for entering a temple, figures today in the Maharashtra Assembly during question hour.
One incident occurred in Deogaon village, Ahmednagar district, on April 20. In another incident, a 60-year-old person of the same caste was beaten up by a sarpanch of Govhan village in Sangli district on May 22 last as he entered a Hanuman temple.
“When the opposition members demanded disclosure of the names of the accused, the Minister expressed his inability to furnish them. He, however, promised to produce the names in a day or two according to the direction of the Speaker”.
Patriot, of September 11, 1971, reports of terror-stricken Harijans fleeing a Rajasthan hamlet. Palwala Jataun, a small village in Bassi tehsil of Jaipur district in Rajasthan is today without a single Harijan. All the 40 Harijan families of the village have fled their homes in the wake of terror let loose against them.
“The incident was a sequel to the village cobbler’s refusal to mend, free of charge, the footwear of the caste Hindus. Such refusal was contrary to the traditions still followed in many Rajasthan villages that the cobblers mend old footwear of these persons free of charge.”
“A mob of caste – Hindus started wanton attacks on Harijans, indulged in arson and looting. About 10 Harijan houses were turned to ashes.”
“These people (Harijans who had come to the capital) complain that in many villages the Jats and the Thakurs were terrorising the Harijans. They had virtually made it impossible for any cobbler to live in the village. They also sometimes forcibly occupied the lands of Harijans or deliberately destroyed the standing crops from their fields”.
Times of India, in an editorial on September 15,1971, says:
“There is hardly a week which does not bring to light a fresh instance of the practice of grossest kind of discrimination on grounds of caste.”
After giving the instance of denying the use of public road to Harijans in a village in South Arcot, the editorial says that, this is a case “not just of discrimination but a reign of terror instituted with impunity under the very nose of government that revels in anti-Brahmin militancy”.
“The Harijan of the village is so defenceless today that, even where he knows he has been wronged and authority is ready to help him secure justice, he does not dare complain for fear of reprisals from the privileged part of the community, which, as the South Arcot example shows, can make life impossible for him. Land reforms have helped flatten the agrarian pyramid but not touched the base.”
“The result has been a sharpening of tensions between land owning caste Hindus and landless Harijans. Social thrust of the Green Revolution is in the same direction.”
When Chamars decided ……
not to remove and skin the dead animals any longer…
Patriot, September 18, 1971, talks of casteism running amock in Behara. “The Harijans of Behara, victims of a barbarous assault, are bitterly complaining that the days of serfdom are not yet over”.
“The chamars of the village traditionally remove dead animals. It has been obligatory all along as a part of the job of the landless labour whose current wages are Rs. 3 a month and half kg of coarse grain a day.”
“At a meeting on Sunday, the chamars decided not to remove dead animals any longer. The decision was unanimous”.
On Tuesday, a group of caste Hindus, some Thakurs and other influential persons, ransacked the Harijan basti; their shed roofs were set ablaze. Pots and pans were broken. Women and children were beaten up indiscriminately. The rampaging crowd did not leave until they killed one person. It is believed that the object of the attack was to terrorise them into continuing to perform the traditional services.
Times of India, September 21, 1971, reports how a Rajasthan Harijan tribe fights exploitation. The Reghars, a community of scheduled caste people, have fled Palawala, Ramura, Paterha and Bakri villages in Jaipur district following a series of clashes with the land-owning caste Hindus the past two months.
It is socio-economic tensions that have led to these clashes. “Part of the trouble is traceable to politicians who have been resisting socio-economic changes in the countryside.”
The Reghars had for decades been skinning cattle, tanning hides, manufacturing and repairing charas (leather buckets) for drawing water from the wells, and repairing old shoes.
“While they used to be paid cash for providing new charas, they had to accept food grains at harvest time for the rest of their services.”
“With the growing socio-political consciousness, these arrangements are no longer acceptable to the community of Reghars. With the growing money economy, it is but natural that the Reghars are insisting on wages in cash for their services .
“A large number of meetings have been held over the past few months to press the demand for a better deal for the Reghars. At one of these meetings the Reghars decided not to skin cattle or repair old charas and shoes unless paid in cash”.
To counter this agitation of the Reghars, “the farmers set up Kisan Sangharsh Samiti to hit back at the Reghars”. The Samiti decided to impose social boycott on the Reghars. They took back the fields leased out to Reghars on a share-cropping basis. The Reghars were also banned from grazing their cattle in common grazing lands. They were prevented from going to their fields or houses through traditional short-cuts. They were not allowed to draw water from private wells. The supply of provision from village shops was stopped.
At Palewala, 300 to 400 Jats and Brahmins with their servants surrounded the houses of the Reghars, beat up the men and women, as well as children, and looted their property.
At Bakri, the Reghars were prevented from taking water from a private well.
In some instances, the Reghars were prevented from taking possession of land allotted to them by the government.
“Despite these reprisals, the Reghars seem determined not to repair old charas or shoes. They are equally bent on not accepting food grains in lieu of wages.”
LAND FOR THE POOR:
As this demand of the landless poor, the bulk of whom belong to the scheduled castes, continues to grow in intensity, the Congress government more and more has intensified its propaganda of land reforms on one hand and has been stealthily helping a concerted move to oust them even from the small bits of land that agricultural labour possessed. The following bit of information in Patriot of September 14, 1971, is of interest.
“In Porbandar taluk of Gujarat, 20 Harijan families have been driven out of a village where they had lived for generations, their crime being that they owned small pieces of agricultural land.”
“In the Patiala district of Punjab, influential persons are in illegal possession of Nazul land transferred to Harijans, in connivance with the officials.”
“In U.P. districts of Bulandshahr, Agra, Hamirpur, Nainital, Baharaich, etc., what was revealed by the preliminary survey reports of distribution of fallow land to the landless is disconcerting. In the majority of the cases, land has been found to be allotted by the village land management committees to those who already own big slices of land or have other sources of income, as per the provision of the existing land law which treats even a person, whose parents own enough land, as landless.”
“Though the government claims that most of the waste and surplus land has been distributed among the scheduled castes and from time to time produces impressive statistics to substantiate it, in actual fact hardly any land has come into their physical possession.”
“Under the circumstances, if the scheduled castes plan direct action, they are more than justified.
It is also widely alleged that the authorities are resorting to a more suitable device to deprive the Harijans and other poorer people of the land they had been in possession of for generations, by acquiring them for public purposes. Cases of land acquired for Meerut University along the Ghat Road and for other similar public purposes. Aligarh are being cited in this connection.”
Casteism strenghthened by state agencies
Desperate Fury Inevitable
These incidents cannot be dismissed as those unrelated to the class war now raging in our country in various forms. Some of the problems in rural India of today arise from the fact that economic relations which have become outdated still persist in our villages due to the unbalanced economic development of India.
The traditional system of caste interdependence, under which poor peasants and labouring class mainly belonging to lower castes attached themselves to the landlord families, still persists.
Those people belonging to the upper castes, who had previously lived on tributes and taxes from the producing and serving castes as feudal rent- receivers, maintained their social and economic domination under British rule in the newly evolving class structure.
Their rule in society was further established and strengthened after the comprador bourgeoisie and the landlords took over power from British imperialism.
The co-operatives, bank loans, better seeds, fertilisers, and other economic benefits which the rich classes, belonging to the upper castes received, along with the establishment of panchayats, samithis, and zilla parishads, which gave them a direct link with the administration from bottom to top, strengthened them not only economically but also politically.
On the other hand, the overwhelming majority of the low-caste people, the serving castes, remained at the bottom of society as landless and semi-landless labourers.
Thus, though certain changes did take place in society, these were mainly within the caste system of the feudal structure, instead of breaking away from the institution. Forms may have changed but fundamentally caste remains the same.
The reason for this is that, during all these years, there was no fundamental change in the character of the Indian economy which remains essentially semi-feudal and semi-colonial in character.
Even the distinction of wealth in an economy of commodity production led to further intensification of the caste institutions.
As Ranjit Das Gupta in his book Problems of Economic Transition states :
“Planning efforts and various agricultural development programmes, including the much- lauded new agricultural development policies, helped to increase disparties between region to region, and between different strata within a region, benefiting most the large land-owners and the upper strata of the peasantry; land has given a new life to this hierarchical caste structure and even strengthened it in certain respects in the rural areas.”
“The dimension of the problems flowing from the pervasive persistence of the in-equalitarian caste structure is revealed by reports of burning alive of women and ; children of Harijan agricultural labourers in Tanjavur district of Tamil Nadu and the spate of violence against scheduled castes going on widely in separate parts of the country “.
This “solid foundation of oriental despotism”, as Marx brilliantly exposed, continues to exist with all its ferocity, strengthening “stagnatory, undignified and vegetative life”, “contaminated by distinctions of caste, and slavery”.
But the rural masses are awakening. Slowly, but steadily. A sense of revolt against economic and social despotism is growing. “While the promises given to rural masses are belied”, writes Yogesh Vajpeyi, in National Herald, in his series of articles on ‘Indian Village’, “awareness is dawning among the sufferers that this state of affairs cannot be tolerated anymore.”
And the villagers are realising that the tables cannot be turned upside down by playing the game according to rules of those at the top.
“This is a dangerous stage, for after the realisation that the conventional means are ineffective comes desperation, and direct action germinating out of desperate fury is rather uncontrollable.” (National Herald, May 10, 1970)
It is no wonder that the masses have come to believe that
“It is utterly useless to professedly use merely legal means of resistance against an enemy which scorns such scruples.” (Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, German Revolution and Counter-Revolution, Page 110)
Therefore, if the class character of the revolt of the exploited sometimes expresses itself in certain castes, and if the suppression of the downtrodden exploited classes takes the character of a brutal war against certain castes, it in no way obscures the basic character of class struggle. During British rule, the rural masses were so much steeped in the motion of caste and communal segregation that even their political and economic revolts sometimes took a peculiarly obscurantist character, as was the case with the Moplah Revolt in Malabar.
Here is how Engels, the greater partner of the founder of Scientific Socialism, Karl Marx, analyses the so-called religious wars of Medieval Europe:
“Even the so-called religious wars of the sixteenth century involved positive material class interests: those wars were class wars, too, just as the later internal collisions in England and France. Although the class struggles of the day were clothed in religious shibboleths and though the interests, requirements, and demands of the various classes were concealed behind a religious screen, this changed nothing in the matter and is easily explained by the conditions of the time…. the revolutionary opposition to feudalism was alive all down the middle ages. It took the shape of mysticism, open heresy, or armed insurrection, all depending on the conditions of the time. “
( F. Engels : “The Peasant War in Germany”)
(Compiled by MK Adithya. He is a media person. See also his write-up on DV Rao published by countercurrents on July 12, 2016.)


Faculty members and researchers from Tulane University School of Medicine are available to answer the community’s most pressing questions about COVID-19 and have recently released an informational video to raise awareness about the coronavirus.
In this video, David Mushatt, MD, associate professor of medicine and section chief of Infectious Diseases, gives practical advice on protecting against COVID-19 and also explains the measures by which Tulane hospitals and clinics are protecting both their patients and their healthcare workers.
When it comes to COVID-19, it may be difficult for consumers to distinguish scientific evidence from hearsay. Robert Garry Jr., PhD, virologist and professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, explains that the virus arose organically and was not created in a lab environment.
Tulane National Primate Research Center Director Jay Rappaport, PhD, answers questions about how Tulane is contributing to COVID-19 treatment and vaccine research, including how an animal model is rapidly being developed to assist in developing the tests, treatments and vaccines.
A. Jenine Dabon, FNP-C, a nurse practitioner at the Tulane Living Well Clinic, sees patients every day. She explains who is more at risk of contracting COVID-19, how to take precautions and when to go to the doctor with suspicious symptoms.
Send questions on COVID-19 to MedQuestions@Tulane.edu to be answered by Tulane University doctors and experts, who are on the front lines of COVID-19 in New Orleans hospitals, clinics and research labs.


text:
Chase Family Records, by J. Montgomery Seaver.
Genealogy enthusiasts will love diving into the detailed family records contained in this book by J. Montgomery Seaver. Focusing on the Chase family, Seaver draws upon a variety of primary sources to provide a comprehensive look into the family's history, including biographical sketches and detailed family trees. This book is an invaluable resource for anyone researching their family history.
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.
This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.
Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
- Publisher: Hassell Street Press
- Publish Date: Jul 18th, 2023
- Pages: 100
- Language: English
- Dimensions: 9.21in - 6.14in - 0.31in - 0.71lb
- EAN: 9781019361825
- Categories: • Social History• Genealogy & Heraldry

domain: library


text:
Mining is a record-keeping service done through the use of computer processing power.[e] Miners keep the blockchain consistent, complete, and unalterable by repeatedly grouping newly broadcast transactions into a block, which is then broadcast to the network and verified by recipient nodes. Each block contains a SHA-256 cryptographic hash of the previous block, thus linking it to the previous block and giving the blockchain its name.:ch. 7
Bitcoin mining is the process by which transactions are verified and added to the public ledger, known as the block chain, and also the means through which new bitcoin are released. Anyone with access to the internet and suitable hardware can participate in mining. The mining process involves compiling recent transactions into blocks and trying to solve a computationally difficult puzzle. The participant who first solves the puzzle gets to place the next block on the block chain and claim the rewards. The rewards, which incentivize mining, are both the transaction fees associated with the transactions compiled in the block as well as newly released bitcoin. (Related: How Does Bitcoin Mining Work?)
In the meantime, the basin’s miners are at full steam ahead. Salcido says he’ll have 42 megawatts running by the end of the year and 150 megawatts by 2020. Carlson says his next step after his current build-out of 60 megawatts will be “in the hundreds” of megawatts. Over the next five years, his company plans to raise $5 billion in capital to build 2,000 megawatts—two gigawatts—of additional mining capacity. But that won’t all be in the basin, he says. Carlson says he and others will soon be scaling up so rapidly that, for farsighted miners, the Mid-Columbia Basin effectively is already maxed out, in part because the counties simply can’t build out power lines and infrastructure fast enough. “So we have to go site hunting across the US & Canada,” Carlson told me in a text. “I’m on my way to Quebec on Monday.” As in oil or gold, prospectors never stop—they just move on.
So that’s Bitcoin mining in a nutshell. It’s called mining because of the fact that this process helps “mine” new Bitcoins from the system. But if you think about it, the mining part is just a by-product of the transaction confirmation process. So the name is a bit misleading, since the main goal of mining is to maintain the ledger in a decentralized manner.
The attraction then, as now, was the Columbia River, which we can glimpse a few blocks to our left. Bitcoin mining—the complex process in which computers solve a complicated math puzzle to win a stack of virtual currency—uses an inordinate amount of electricity, and thanks to five hydroelectric dams that straddle this stretch of the river, about three hours east of Seattle, miners could buy that power more cheaply here than anywhere else in the nation. Long before locals had even heard the words “cryptocurrency” or “blockchain,” Miehe and his peers realized that this semi-arid agricultural region known as the Mid-Columbia Basin was the best place to mine bitcoin in America—and maybe the world.
The software delivers the work to the miners and receives the completed work from the miners and relays that information back to the blockchain. The best Bitcoin mining software can run on almost any desktop operating systems, such as OSX, Windows, Linux, and has even been ported to work on a Raspberry Pi with some modifications for drivers depending on the platform.
If Eve offers to pay Alice a bitcoin in exchange for goods and signs a corresponding transaction, it is still possible that she also creates a different transaction at the same time sending the same bitcoin to Bob. By the rules, the network accepts only one of the transactions. This is called a race attack, since there is a race which transaction will be accepted first. Alice can reduce the risk of race attack stipulating that she will not deliver the goods until Eve's payment to Alice appears in the blockchain.
One of the best things about the DigitalBitbox is its unique adaptation for passphrase security and backups. This is maybe the one device out there, that comes with a simple yet truly reliable “second-chance” in the worst-case scenario. Additionally, it comes with multiple layers of added security including a hidden wallet and two-factor authentications.
There are two basic ways to mine: On your own or as part of a Bitcoin mining pool or with Bitcoin cloud mining contracts and be sure to avoid Bitcoin cloud mining scams. Almost all miners choose to mine in a pool because it smooths out the luck inherent in the Bitcoin mining process. Before you join a pool, make sure you have a bitcoin wallet so you have a place to store your bitcoins. Next you will need to join a mining pool and set your miner(s) to connect to that pool. With pool mining, the profit from each block any pool member generates is divided up among the members of the pool according to the amount of hashes they contributed.
Bloomberg reported that the largest 17 crypto merchant-processing services handled $69 million in June 2018, down from $411 million in September 2017. Bitcoin is "not actually usable" for retail transactions because of high costs and the inability to process chargebacks, according to Nicholas Weaver, a researcher quoted by Bloomberg. High price volatility and transaction fees make paying for small retail purchases with bitcoin impractical, according to economist Kim Grauer. However, bitcoin continues to be used for large-item purchases on sites such as Overstock.com, and for cross-border payments to freelancers and other vendors.
Disclaimer: Buy Bitcoin Worldwide is not offering, promoting, or encouraging the purchase, sale, or trade of any security or commodity. Buy Bitcoin Worldwide is for educational purposes only. Every visitor to Buy Bitcoin Worldwide should consult a professional financial advisor before engaging in such practices. Buy Bitcoin Worldwide, nor any of its owners, employees or agents, are licensed broker-dealers, investment advisors, or hold any relevant distinction or title with respect to investing. Buy Bitcoin Worldwide does not promote, facilitate or engage in futures, options contracts or any other form of derivatives trading.
Illiquidity. This is mostly moot due to Bitcoin’s $47 market cap but it still makes users sweat. It’s highly unlikely that Bitcoin’s price would plummet and you’d be unable to take action, but it’s still unsettling. As more investors invest, however, illiquidity becomes a negligible risk, as there will likely always be a buyer for Bitcoins waiting.
While senders of traditional electronic payments are usually identified (for verification purposes, and to comply with anti-money laundering and other legislation), users of bitcoin in theory operate in semi-anonymity. Since there is no central "validator," users do not need to identify themselves when sending bitcoin to another user. When a transaction request is submitted, the protocol checks all previous transactions to confirm that the sender has the necessary bitcoin as well as the authority to send them. The system does not need to know his or her identity.
How hard are the puzzles involved in mining? Well, that depends on how much effort is being put into mining across the network. The difficulty of the mining can be adjusted, and is adjusted by the protocol every 2016 blocks, or roughly every 2 weeks. The difficulty adjusts itself with the aim of keeping the rate of block discovery constant. Thus if more computational power is employed in mining, then the difficulty will adjust upwards to make mining harder. And if computational power is taken off of the network, the opposite happens. The difficulty adjusts downward to make mining easier.
Despite having similar needs, there is a good deal of diversity in how chip designers build their hashing engines, says Hanke, who also served as the chief technology officer of a now-defunct mining rig manufacturer called CoinTerra. For example, Bitmain uses pipelining—a strategy that links the steps in a process into a chain in which the output of one step is the input of the next. Bitmain competitor BitFury has chosen not to use that technology.
The use of bitcoin by criminals has attracted the attention of financial regulators, legislative bodies, law enforcement, and the media. In the United States, the FBI prepared an intelligence assessment, the SEC issued a pointed warning about investment schemes using virtual currencies, and the U.S. Senate held a hearing on virtual currencies in November 2013. The U.S. government claimed that bitcoin was used to facilitate payments related to Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.
Network nodes can validate transactions, add them to their copy of the ledger, and then broadcast these ledger additions to other nodes. To achieve independent verification of the chain of ownership each network node stores its own copy of the blockchain. About every 10 minutes, a new group of accepted transactions, called a block, is created, added to the blockchain, and quickly published to all nodes, without requiring central oversight. This allows bitcoin software to determine when a particular bitcoin was spent, which is needed to prevent double-spending. A conventional ledger records the transfers of actual bills or promissory notes that exist apart from it, but the blockchain is the only place that bitcoins can be said to exist in the form of unspent outputs of transactions.:ch. 5

domain: news


text:
Skilled Personal Injury Attorney Sierra County, TX
New Mexico’s Sierra County is home to nearly 12,000 residents as of the 2010 US Census, and is home to Spaceport America, a complex which has been described as the world’s very first commercial spaceport. Virgin Galactic and SpaceX are the most current tenants, while Armadillo Aerospace and UP Aerospace have also taken up residency in the past.
The county seat for Sierra County is Truth or Consequences (referred to by locals as “T or C”), with the other city in the county being Elephant Butte. The county is amongst the most spacious, with there being 3 individuals per every square mile of this 4,236 square mile county.
A Place for Multi-Generational Families
The vast majority of those living within the borders of Sierra County are married couples. However, a large percentage of individuals are living alone and are 65 years or older.
- 47.5% of households are married couples living together
- 20.4% of households have children under the age of 18
- 19.3% of households are individuals living alone and who are 65 years of age or older
Financial Fraudsters Attacking Our Most Vulnerable Loved Ones
There are a few different forms of elder abuse from which we at the Ruhmann Law Firm help protect our older community members. These may include:
- Physical abuse
- Sexual abuse
- Verbal abuse
One of the most common forms of elder abuse which we have helped combat, however, is financial abuse. Financial abuse can take many forms, including:
- Mail fraud
- Telemarketing scams
- Being sold bogus items
- A caretaker receiving unauthorized access to funds
- A caretaker receiving funds through influence or fraudulent means
- The use of fraudulent legal documents
- Being charged excessive money for a product or service
- Offering false prizes
It is also not uncommon for older individuals who are still living at home to be subjected to unsolicited home repair work which they then feel pressured paying for.
How You Can Protect Your Loved Ones
If you suspect that your loved one is being financially exploited in any way, you should do the following:
- Contact bank personnel
- Contact law enforcement
- Contact Adult Protective Services
- Contact us
Our team of personal injury attorneys here at the Ruhmann Law Firm have helped numerous elderly persons and their families hold the individuals responsible accountable for the abuse.
We work tirelessly to make sure that injured parties receive the compensation they deserve. If you suspect that your older loved one is being subjected to any form of elder abuse, we invite you to give us a call at (915) 845-4529.
Directions to our New Mexico Personal Injury Attorneys from Sierra County
These directions are from Google Maps starting from:
Sierra County, NM
Total Est. Time: 1 h 30 mins
Total Est. Distance: 86 mi
- Head southwest on NM-51 W toward Co Rd Ao08
- Turn left onto N Date St
- Continue onto Main Ave
- Continue onto N Broadway St
- Merge onto I-25 S
- Take exit 6 for US-70 toward Las Cruces/Alamogordo
- Turn right onto US-70 W/N Main St
- Turn right onto W Picacho Ave
- Turn left onto N Armijo St
- Destination will be on the right
We are located at:
837 North Armijo Street
Las Cruces, NM 88005

domain: geography


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Music at the Odyssey: Puerto Rican Beat
From salsa and merengue to bomba, plena and reggaetón, a celebration of Puerto Rican music that promises to be as lively and unique as the island itself. The band, PLENAZAO TRIBE together with singers and guest artists will transport the audience to the vibrant streets of Puerto Rico weaving a tapestry of music that celebrates the rich heritage of Plena.
Dates / Tickets / Special Events
December 8, 8:00 pm

domain: artistic


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Brazilian-style Fish Soup by Ray McVinnie
150g cherry tomatoes
4 large cloves garlic, peeled
4 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil
large pinch chilli flakes
½ cup roasted hazelnuts, skins rubbed off
1 bought chargrilled red capsicum, (I use the Lindos or Olive Lady brand that comes in a jar – drain well)
2 teaspoons red wine vinegar
Preheat the oven to 200°C
Place the tomatoes and garlic on a small roasting tray.
Add 1 tablespoon of the oil and rub all over the tomatoes and garlic.
Sprinkle the chilli flakes over everything and mix well.
Place in the oven for 10 minutes or until the tomatoes are collapsing and the garlic browned and soft.
Remove from the oven, cool and place everything in a food processor with the hazelnuts, capsicum, the remaining 3 tablespoons of the oil and the vinegar.
Blend to a coarse paste, taste and season with salt. Reserve.
6 tablespoons NZ extra virgin olive oil
1 medium sized onion, finely chopped
1 small carrot, diced 1cm
1 stick celery, thinly sliced
3 cloves garlic, finely chopped
2 tablespoons finely chopped ginger
large pinch chilli flakes
5cm piece fresh turmeric, peeled and finely chopped
400g can chopped tomatoes in juice
500ml Campbell’s chicken stock
12 live mussels, well scrubbed, beards removed
400g skinned, boned firm white fish fillets, cut into 10cm pieces
75ml Kara coconut cream
1 red chilli thinly sliced
coriander sprigs and lime halves for serving
Heat 4 tablespoons of the oil over moderate heat and add the onion, carrot, celery, garlic, ginger, chilli flakes and turmeric
Fry gently for 10 minutes or until the onion is soft.
Add the tomatoes and stock, mix well, bring to the boil and simmer 5 minutes.
Add the mussels and let them open, removing them as they do to a large bowl.
Let them cool and remove the shells and then pull the brown tongue and its white root from each mussel. Reserve.
Taste the broth, season with salt if necessary and keep at a low simmer.
Meanwhile, toss the fish and scallops with the remaining 2 tablespoons of oil and panfry over high until just cooked and browned.
Remove the fish and scallops to a large, warm serving bowl and add the mussels.
Bring the broth back to the boil.
Pour the broth over the fish and mussels.
Drizzle the coconut cream over everything
Sprinkle the chilli and coriander on top and serve with lime halves for squeezing.
Serve the dressing in a bowl on the side.
Each person puts a dollop of dressing on their soup before eating.
Rice250g Jasmine rice, well rinsed and drained Place the rice into a saucepan and add enough water to come 1cm above the level of the rice.Bring to a rolling boil then move to your smallest stove element, cover and turn the heat to the lowest setting.Cook without...
Its Italian name is Frutta di mare all’acqua pazza, which means seafood in crazy water. 100ml extra virgin olive oil5 cloves garlic, chopped2x 400g cans Italian tomatoes in juice, mashedPinch of not chili flakes1 tsp toasted coriander seeds100ml white wine100ml...
A quick and hearty tasty Scallop recipe.30g butter1 Tablespoon of very finely chopped onion.1 heaped T flour1 small bay leaf150mils dry white wine1/2 cup milk1 tsp lemon zest1/4 tsp salt and black pepper to taste6 slices French bread - 3-4cm thick and lightly...

domain: food


text:
Presidents DayFebruary 17 2013
So its Presidents Day Weekend and we are wondering if Presidents eat black and white cookies, and if so, how would they eat them? Would Lincoln free the cookie and not eat it on this holiday? Would Washington cross the Delaware just eating the white side? Would Clinton share his black and white cookie with a friend and then deny ever swallowing the crumbs? Which side would President Obama chow down after 18 holes this weekend. If you have any thoughts let us know.


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Government admits projects did not realise their potential
Riyadh says in its Vision 2030 document that it will work to salvage its economic cities programme, after admitting that the projects have not met their full potential.
The cities were launched in 2006 and 2007 as a key component of Riyadhs strategy to diversify its economy. Construction work has progressed on the King Abdullah Economic City (KAEC) at Rabigh as well as Jizan Economic City (JEC). On the other projects, progress has been slow.
A site perspective of King Abdullah Economic City in Saudi Arabia
In the Vision 2030 document, the government says: We are aware the economic cities of the past decade did not realise their potential. Work has halted in several cities, and others face challenges that threaten their viability. We will strive to salvage other economic cities, especially those with comparative advantages.
One economic city that has already been restructured by the government is JEC. MEED reported in March 2012 that Saudi Aramco would take over two major infrastructure projects at the development in the southwest of the kingdom in order to speed up work. Both schemes are vital to a $7bn refinery being developed by Aramco at the city.
For the other economic cities, the government says it will work with existing investors to reinvigorate the projects. We will work with the companies owning those cities to revamp them and transfer vital facilities, the 2030 document says. "This effort will depend on the readiness of these companies to work with the government.
King Abdullah Financial District
Another major project the government plans to salvage is King Abdullah Financial District (KAFD). It is understood that the development in Riyadh is about 70 per cent complete, and the developer is struggling to lease space to financial institutions.
Riyadh says the problems stem from historical decisions: In the past decade, works started at [KAFD] without consideration of its economic feasibility. The objective was to prepare the land in order to allow the business and financial communities to invest and build real estate.
When this objective was not reached, the government decided back then to develop and rent the real estate. Challenges were deepened by the development of the real estate project in one single phase, which caused a significant increase in construction costs and several delays in delivery.
This resulted in large oversupply of commercial space for the years to come. Without any dramatic shift in direction, renting the 3 million square meters of built-up areas at reasonable prices, or even achieving decent occupancy rates, will be very challenging.
In an attempt to make the scheme more successful, the government plans to repurpose some of the built-up areas and change the real estate mix, increasing the allocation for residential accommodation, services and hospitality areas.
KAFD will also be home to the Public Investment Fund (PIF), which Riyadh says is to become the worlds largest sovereign wealth fund. This will attract financial and other companies to establish offices there.
The government also plans to directly connect it to King Khaled International airport in Riyadh and turn the district into a special zone with competitive regulations and procedures, as well as visa exemptions.
New economic cities are also planned. In January this year, MEED reported that the Council of Economic Affairs & Development had set up a committee comprising seven ministries and government departments to study the feasibility of establishing two economic cities in the kingdom.The proposed economic cities will be developed between King Khaled airport and King Abdulaziz International airport in Jeddah.
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Erasma Vessel Faucet - Chrome
With its small single-lever and L-shaped spout, the Erasma Vessel Faucet is designed to be simple, yet functional without taking the spotlight away from your vessel sink. It offers a solid brass make with a corrosion and tarnish resistant Chrome finish for a durable faucet that's reliable, even with daily use.
- Height: 11 5/8"
- Spout Height: 9.25"
- Spout Reach: 6.5"
- Chrome finish
- Solid brass construction
- Corrosion and tarnish resistant finish
- Single-lever for water/temperature control
- Mineral-resistant nozzle
- Ceramic disc cartridge for maintenance free use
- Single-hole faucet mount
- Standard 1 3/8" dia. opening required
- Standard US plumbing 3/8" connections
- 2.2 GPM flow rate
- Industry standard tested water pressure
- All mounting hardware and waterlines included
- ADA compliant
- **Pop-Up Drain Not Included**
|Delivery Time||5-7 Business Days|

domain: design


On Sunday, Turkish Air Force F-16 jet fighters shot down two Syrian Air Force Su-24MK2 bombers over Idlib province. The air battle is the latest clash in a mounting conflict between the Turkish military and forces supporting the regime of Bashar-al-Assad for control of the last major rebel stronghold in Syria.
Some accounts claim the Su-24s—two-seat supersonic bomber operated both the Syrian Arab Air Force and the Russian Aerospace Force over Syria—attempted to attack Turkish F-16s after the latter struck Syrian air defense sites, which in turn had downed a Turkish Anka-S drone earlier that day. This version of events seems peculiar, as though the Su-24 can carry short-range air-to-air missiles, it’s not designed to take on enemy fighters.
Reportedly, the F-16s engaged the Su-24s from a distance using AIM-120C beyond-visual-range radar-guided missiles. Both Su-24 crews apparently ejected safely. (Note, these are actually the second and the third Su-24s shot down over Syria by a Turkish F-16, following a Russian Su-24 shot down in November 2015.)
In the space of just three days, Turkish drone strikes and artillery fires have knocked out over 100 armored vehicles, dozens of artillery systems and killed hundreds of pro-regime forces. Turkey claims as many 2,200 but that number can’t be verified.
Anti-Assad rebels, who already were receiving anti-tank missiles and armored vehicles from Turkey, also took back the town of Saraqeb, located on a strategically vital intersection of the M4 and M5 highway. Pro-regime forces are currently engaged in a counter-attack attempting to retake the town, the status of which is subject to conflicting reports at the time of writing.
Turkey’s President Recef Erdogan issued an ultimatum: Turkish forces would intervene forcefully in Idlib if Assad didn’t withdraw his forces back to the ceasefire line by the end of February. Furthermore, the Turkish military deployed over 100 armored vehicles into Syria, including Sabra tanks and ACV-15 fighting vehicles.
The deadly air strike on Turkish forces on Feb. 27 triggered a retaliation so massive and sustained it merged seamlessly into that threatened intervention, now code named Operation Spring Shield.
Why has Turkish attack been so devastating?
The new Turkish offensive has been largely carried out using drone-launched missiles and precision artillery strikes leveraging drone artillery spotters. These weapons are arguably deadlier when used against massed conventional military formations then against disbursed insurgent targets.
Drone footage appears to show the destruction of dozens of T-55, T-62, and T-72 main battle tanks, BMP-1 infantry fighting vehicles, Pantsir-S1 and ZSU-23 Shilka short-range air defense systems, and 2S1 and 2S3 self-propelled howitzers.
Turkey, along with China, is a world leader in manufacturing armed drones, or Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles (UCAVs), though most of these drones are tethered to just over 100-mile ranges due to command-link limitations when compared to U.S.-style UCAVs. Still, Russia does not have any similar UCAVs in operational service.
Two Turkish drone systems, the Bayraktar-TB and Anka-S are seeing extensive action over Syria. The Bayraktar has also been extensive employed in the Libyan civil war, in which Turkey is also intervening. The large and heavier Anka-S is seeing its combat debut in the clashes in Syria, and can carry nearly three times the payload.
The drones are reportedly using MAM-C and MAM-L ‘micro-munitions’—70- and 160-millimeter rockets respectively, weighing only 14 and 48.5 pounds designed to strike targets illuminated by a laser. These can carry high explosive, armor-penetrating shaped charges, or (on the MAM-L) lung-rupturing thermobaric warheads, while remaining light enough to mount on relatively small drones. The larger MAM-L can also extend range from 5 to 8.6 miles by using GPS or inertial guidance.
Drones can also be used to locate and call in precise artillery strikes from distant artillery units, filling in a risky role that used to be performed by slow-flying observation planes. Turkey has made extensive use of rapid-firing T-155 Firtina artillery systems, a domestic spinoff of the South Korean K9 Thunder self-propelled howitzers and T-122 Sakariya and KS-300 multiple-rocket launcher systems.
Assad’s forces do possess short-range air defense systems, notably the Pantsir-S in the region. Russian Pantsir and Tor systems have had some success against rebel-operated drones in the past, but Syrian-operated systems have had less success countering Israeli kamikaze drones.
Syrian air defenses have managed to shoot down at least three Turkish Anka-S drones in February, and Damascus claims as many as six. As these are larger and newer drones, their loss may be keenly felt, but obviously less so than manned aircraft.
Air defense fire targeting those drones appears to have led to the strike on Syrian air defenses this Sunday.
Still, why have Turkish UAV losses been so minimal compared to the damage inflicted? Reportedly, Turkey has been using it Koral jamming system built by Aselsan, to degrade the effectiveness of Syrian air defense radars. The Koral, which has a range of 124 miles, has support sensors designed to detect and classify other systems in the area, and an electronic attack element designed to jam, deceive and overload enemy sensors.
The devastation incurred by Turkish strikes is yet another dramatic demonstration that today’s armies need strong electronic warfare and short-range air defenses that can tackle drones efficiently to survive on 21st century battlefields.
It also furthermore demonstrates that ubiquitous unmanned surveillance assets are poised to bring stand-off-range artillery in its various forms renewed prominence in 21st century military operations.
It’s notable that Turkey managed to inflict so much damage largely without engaging direct-fire formations. Instead, it’s relied on drone or indirect fire to punish enemy forces, and then allowing its rebel proxies to seize what’s left behind—similar to the strategy the United States employed against ISIS using Kurdish fighters.
How long that will remain a viable posture for Turkish forces remains to be seen, as does Ankara’s concept for indefinitely shielding the rebels in Idlib from government attacks.
Also at stake will be Russia and its relationship with Turkey. For the time being Moscow has refrained from openly defending Assad’s Syrian and Iranian troops from Turkish attacks, and even continues to perform joint patrols with Turkey in Syria.
But the open warfare between Ankara and Damascus will make that stance difficult to sustain. Ankara is concerned enough that it’s requesting coverage from U.S. Patriot air defense batteries to guard against retaliation, despite its purchase of Russian surface-to-air missiles.
© 2020, GDC. © GDC and www.globaldefensecorp.com. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this site’s author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to www.globaldefensecorp.com with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.


Hoyer Journey Patient Stand AidThis product is on backorder until June 5 2013.
Simplify transfers for those who have trouble standing.
Previously available to Professional Healthcare Facilities, the Journey Stand Assist Lift has been released for consumer purchase. The Hoyer Journey lift is a compact, portable folding Stand Assist Lift with increased functionality. Journey is a powered patient lifter that runs on a re-chargeable battery. Depending on patient weight, expect to get 15-20 lifts per charge. An AC power cord plugs into the Journey's controller/battery charging system and re-ignites the battery to a full charge in about 4 hours.
The Journey Lift is compact and lightweight allowing caregivers to maneuver in tight spaces while folding for easy storage or transportation. Adjustable Cow-Horns:
The first on the market adjustable cow-horn mechanism supports a range of patient heights and sizes, allowing your lift to set up for your patient's height. The height adjustment uses a 3-Position click-system. Position 3 is for taller/larger patients, Position 2 is more suitable for a medium/average size patient and Position 3 is more suitable for a shorter/pediatric patient or when standing a patient from a low chair. See 3-position illustration below:Lift from low chairs:
The Journey can transfer a resident from a low-seated position to fully extended with ease. Its active lifting motion is specially designed to encourage user participation, which ultimately promotes resident independence and well-being.
As well as being compact and easy to operation in confined spaces such as bathrooms, the Journey has many key design features that make it a truly flexible piece of equipment.Easy to use:
The Journey Lift runs on a rechargeable battery and is very easy to use. It takes the patient from a seated position to standing position at the touch the Lift button. Press the Down button and slowly return the patient to the seated position.Weight Capacity: 340-lbs
Unique Folding Design:
The Journey's unique folding design stands unaided for easy storage.
The compact design provides an ideal size for transporting. It is the
only standaid on the market that folds.
The unique adjustable cow-horn mechanism supports a range of resident heights and sizes.
Ideal for transfers from low chairs.
The newly designed sculpted kneepad is easily adjusted for ultimate patient comfort.
Adjustable with one hand.Typical Use:
Place the sling behind the patient's back between base of shoulder blades and bottom of rib cage. Attach the Velcro straps around the front of patient if needed. Ensure the patient's arms are outside the strap.
Position the Journey so the patient's knees rest against the knee pad and the patient's feet are in the foot trays. Attach the strap loops with the white hooks at the end of the Journey's hand grips. Push the UP button on hand control to raise the patient to the standing position.


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Food is very dilicious i love Thai chief she is wonderful kindness. I will come here again if possible.
1 - 10 of 24 reviews
It was one of the only affordable food places open on a Saturday night. But man, it was one of the worst Thai food I have ever eaten. My friends and I ordered Pad Thai. It was too salty (too much Soya Sauce), there was...More
It's difficult to find a real Thai restaurant in Ticino. Most of restaurants are combinations if Suthin us a thai take away place and you can eat there as well. I was there for lunch and the food was good. I ordered Pad Kra Pao...More
Okay, so we read a buch of tripadvisor reviews saying this place was great and cheap. Be prepared, for the Swiss, $20 USD must be a cheap meal. That is how much a portion of pad thai and two egg rolls cost. The TA reviews...More


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THE ARTS+: Little Stories, Big Economics: Taiwanese Stories Growing into All Forms (presented by TAICCA)
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Taiwan is an innovation hub and its content industries, including film and television, pop music, publishing, ACG, as well as fashion and cultural technologies, are growing and thriving. This panel of Taiwanese and European leaders from the creative industries will discuss what it takes for stories and IP to grow and to thrive and how culture and technology can work together.


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|Cash at bank and in hand||274|
|Total current assets||924|
|Creditors: Amounts falling due within one year||1,280|
|Net current assets||356|
|Total assets less current liabilities||356|
|CAPITAL AND RESERVES||2015|
DAVID&QIN ACCOUNTING LTD has been working since 10/13/2014. The current status of the business is Active DAVID&QIN ACCOUNTING LTD located on 4 FLAT 4 CONNAUGHT HEIGHTS, 2 AGNES GEORGE WALK, LONDON, E16 2FPDirector Xu Meng is known as a Director of the company. "Bookkeeping activities" is a known activity of the company.

domain: economics


text:
Let’s talk about sound mixing. One of the
important things to note when you’re sound mixing is where is your mix going to be played?
Is it going to be played on television, is it going to be played in a movie theater,
home theater and so forth? It’s important to listen to the sound mix through the appropriate
speaker when you’re doing a sound mix. Also, to change speakers back and forth. I like
to listen to a full frequency speaker system. The Genelecs that I have here work along with
a sub-woofer and that gives me a complete range from twenty hertz all the way up to
twenty thousand hertz. I can hear all the frequency. But if I’m going to play this on
television and expect that my little tv is going to have that same earth shattering bass,
it’s not going to happen. And, my bass and my mix is going to effect the way the music
is balanced against the dialogs in particular. So, what I have is an old favorite. This is
an Avantone, and it’s a model of something called the Auratone. But this is basically
what we call a bass challenged speaker. This gives me a good idea of what the audio will
sound like on television. What I like to do is I like to do a final mix on my big speakers
then I go and make a pass on this and see what really happens. Does the music disappear?
Do the things that I think are holding up the mix disappear? This is a good way to reference
you monitor, to reference your mix through this kind of monitor. Then you’ll get an idea
what it’s going to sound like on television? Then you go back and make adjustments and
listen to it on the big speakers, see how much of a change there is. But, it’s really
a good point to listen to your mix through several different speakers.


According to the report (through MacRumors), the Cupertino big would use Qualcomm’s Snapdragon X60 5G modem. The firm will reportedly begin manufacturing A14 chips utilizing 5nm course of this month.
For the uninitiated, Qualcomm unveiled the Snapdragon X60 5G modem this February. The chipmaker’s present flagship providing – Snapdragon 865 makes use of the X55 5G modem.
Since the Snapdragon X60 5G modem is predicated on a 5nm course of node, it is going to be extra power-efficient than present 5G modems. Also, the modem helps in mmWave and sub-6GHz service aggregation.
Considering that Snapdragon X60 is a comparatively new modem and Apple usually finalizes the specs for its iPhones months forward, we will’t essentially conclude if the 2020 iPhones would certainly function X60 modem.
In addition, when Qualcomm introduced Snapdragon X60 5G modem, the agency stated that 5G smartphones that includes Snapdragon X60 modem are anticipated to launch in early 2021.
Apart from all these, the continued coronavirus pandemic has disrupted the provision chain of most tech giants within the trade. Hence, it is going to be tough to inform if the corporate manages to ramp up modem manufacturing proper in time to fulfill the excess demand for the long-awaited 5G iPhones.
Based on these components, we must wait to see if DigiTimes’ claims maintain true. If it does, it might imply loads to the 2020 iPhone lineup when it comes to general effectivity. Stay tuned for extra updates.


U.S. President Donald Trump addresses the daily coronavirus task force briefing at the White House in Washington, U.S., April 13, 2020. REUTERS/Leah Millis
WASHINGTON (Reuters) – President Donald Trump said on Monday that his administration was close to completing a plan to re-open the U.S. economy, which has been largely shut down to slow the spread of the novel coronavirus.
In his daily news briefing, Trump noted that the number of deaths from the virus in the United States had begun to plateau, indicating that “social distancing” efforts had succeeded.
State governors, meanwhile, appeared to be discussing plans to resume economic activity without seeking input from the Trump administration.
Nine states on the U.S. East and West coasts said on Monday they had begun planning for the slow reopening of their economies and lifting of strict stay-at-home orders.
The virus has killed more than 22,000 people in the United States and shut down all but essential travel and businesses.
Pressed on the question of whether governors or the federal government would make the decision to re-open schools and closed businesses, the president said that he had ultimate authority.
“The president of the United States calls the shots,” Trump said. “That being said, we’re going to work with the states.”
Reporting by Steve Holland and Diane Bartz; Editing by Kim Coghill


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Zlatan Resan Album Download ZIP
Multi talented Artist popularly known as Zlatan release a new studio Album project titled “Resan” all tracks are impressive and you will love to add all to your playlist.
However Resan is the Latest album in 2022 by Zlatan after some months fans keeps anticipating.
Stream & Download Zlatan Resan Album Zip,Rar & Mp3 Below:
Resan Full Album Tracklist by Zlatan
- Zlatan – That Guy
- Zlatan – Alubarika Feat. Buju
- Zlatan – Level
- Zlatan – Shakur Feat. Ms Banks
- Zlatan – Polongo Feat. Bella Shmurda
- Zlatan – Egun
- Zlatan – One Life
- Zlatan – Fada Feat. Phyno , Flavour
- Zlatan – Energy Feat. Rayvanny , Sho Madjozi
- Zlatan – See Me So


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cook and entertain in style
High quality kitchens in Inverness and the Highlands
Highland Timber Construction source and install quality kitchens in Inverness and the Highlands. We approach every kitchen installation with a focus on high-quality finishing and workmanship. Our skill set, expertise and experience mean we can also work with a range of traditional and modern materials giving you complete creative control to design and install your dream kitchen.
We are experienced, skilled joiners and kitchen fitters, with hundreds of kitchen installations completed across the Highlands between our team members. We build kitchens from the ground up, ensuring that your new kitchen meets your every requirement and is exact to specification. Our team can undertake kitchen installations of any style or configuration, including classic country style kitchens through to modern, contemporary and minimalist kitchens. We work closely with kitchen suppliers and manufacturers, continually training and educating our staff on cutting-edge trends, new technology and installation techniques and innovative products and appliances – to make Highland Timber Construction an easy decision for your new kitchen in Inverness or the Highlands.
The most important room in the house
The kitchen is the heart of any home and should be treated accordingly. The best kitchens perfectly blend pleasing aesthetics with functional living, give you the ‘best of both worlds’. We understand that your new kitchen has to meet your needs without sacrificing visual appearances. Our team of experienced joiners can help from the very beginning of your kitchen installation project. By identifying potential issues early on, taking professional measurements and surveying the available space you can be assured that every piece fits neatly, best augment your home and enables you to get the most kitchen for your budget – all fitted with exceptional workmanship and attention to detail.
Our team work closely with skilled tradespeople from a variety of disciplines who we have tried and tested to guarantee they work to the same high standards expected from all of our own skilled joiners and pass the HTC quality test. This enables us to effectively manage the various skill sets required in seeing your kitchen project through to completion while causing the least disruption to day-to-day living. Trying to coordinate the delivery of materials, set a date to have electrics installed, book a plumber in between the joiners finishing and the tiler starting and have everyone work to schedule – that’s the easy part for us! Highland Timber Construction have built a reputation on uncompromising customer service, let us take the hassle for you in realising your dream kitchen through to becoming a reality.
How does it work?
If you are considering a new kitchen talk to us at an early stage. One of the team will be happy to provide you with a consultation and advice regarding your options, identifying the many considerations such as lighting, access to your water and drainage, electrics, materials, styles and use of space. Without professional know-how a kitchen installation can quickly become complicated, causing delays and financial impacts for oversights and costly errors.
Our team of skilled and experienced joiners can talk to you about ranges of products available from a number of suppliers, both local and national and in planning your new kitchen together we can minimise the pitfalls encountered frequently by self-managed kitchen installations.
Highland Timber Construction can also undertake any bespoke joinery work required, sometimes essential if an ideal kitchen or product is almost perfect but requires some skilled adaption before perfectly suiting that particular use. This can open up many more options than at first appearance if making unguided selections when planning your new kitchen.
Trust us today with the most important room in your house, call the team on 01463 263133.