text:
ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY V. Geršl According to: - H.P.Rang, M.M.Dale, J.M.Ritter, P.K.Moore: Pharmacology, 5th ed. - H.P.Rang, M.M.Dale, J.M.Ritter, R.J.Flower: Pharmacology, 6th ed. - R.A.Howland, M.J.Mycek: Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology,3rd ed. - B.G.Katzung: Basic and clinical pharmacology, 10th ed.
PRINCIPLES OF ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY ATB are effective in the treatment of infections because of their selective toxicity-the ability to kill an invading microorganism without harming the cells of the host. However, the selective toxicity is relative (not absolute) concentration of the drug must be controlled (to attack the microorganism while being tolerated by the host). Selective antimicrobial therapy – advantage of the biochemical differences between microorganisms and human beings. SELECTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS depends on: 1) the organism´s identity, 2) its susceptibility to an agent, 3) the site of the infection, 4) patient factors, 5) the safety of the agent, 6) the cost of therapy.
A)Identification and sensitivity of the organism = main for the • selection of the proper drug. • Essential is to obtain a sample culture prior the treatment (if possible). • Empiric therapy prior to organism identification: • Ideally - to treat when the organism was identified and itsdrug • susceptibility established. • However, acutely ill patients usually require immediate treatment • (initiated before results of the culture are available). • The choice of drugin the absence of sensitivity data is influenced by: • patient (e.g., age), • location of the infection, • - results of the Gram stain. • Possible - initiate empiric therapy with ATB or a combination of ATB • covering infections by both G+ and G- microorganisms.
B) Selecting a drug:In the absence of susceptibility- influenced by the site of infection, patient's history (hospital- or community-acquired, immunocompromised patient, patient's travel record and age). Broad-spectrum - initially for serious infections(identity of the organism is unknown or the site makes a polymicrobial infection likely. Also by known association of particular organisms with infection in a given clinical setting (G+ coccus in the spinal fluid of a newborn infant - unlikely to be S.pneumoniae - most likely Streptococcus agalactiae -sensitive to PNC G). But, G+ coccus in older (cca 40 years)– v.s.S. pneumoniae (frequently resistant to PNC G3rd-generation cephalosporin (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone) or vancomycin.
C. Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility of infective organisms Susceptibility to ATB - a guide in choosing antimicrobial therapy. Some pathogens (S. pyogenes, N. meningitidis) - usually predictable susceptibility to certain ATBs. In contrast, most G- bacilli, enterococci, and staphylococcal species - often unpredictable susceptibility to various ATB (i.e., require susceptibility testing). The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of a drug can be experimentally determined.
1. Bacteriostatic vs. bactericidal drugs: Bacteriostatic - arrest the growth and replication of bacteria at serum levels achievable in the patient -they limit the spread of infection while the body's immune system attacks, immobilizes, and eliminates the pathogens. If the drug is removed before the immune system has scavenged the organisms, enough viable organisms may remain to begin a 2nd cycle of infection. Bactericidal-kill bacteria at drug serum levels achievable in the patient.- often drugs of choice in seriously ill patients. However, it is possible for ATB to be bacteriostatic for one organism and bactericidal for another. E.g.: chloramphenicol (static against G- rods and is -cidal against other organisms, e.g.S. pneumoniae).
2. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): the lowest concentration of ATB that inhibits bacterial growth. For effective therapy, ATB concentration in body fluids should be greater than the MIC. 3. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC): the lowest concentration of ATB that results in a 99.9 percent decline in colony count after overnight broth dilution incubations.
D. Effect of the site of infection on therapy: The blood-brain barrier Capillaries with varying degrees of permeability carry drugs to the body tissues. The endothelial cells of the walls of capillaries of many tissues– they have fenestrations that allow most drugs not bound by plasma proteins to penetrate. However, natural barriers to drug delivery are created by structures of the capillaries in the prostate, the vitreous body of the eye, and the CNS. HEB- single layer of tile-like endothelial cells fused by tight junctions impede entry from the blood to the brain of molecules (except those that are small and lipophilic).
1. Lipid solubility: Agents without a specific transporter pass from the blood to the CSF. Lipid solubility = major determinant of ability to penetrate into CNS. Lipid-soluble(quinolones, metronidazole) - penetration to the CNS. Xb-lactam ATB (PNC)- ionized low solubility in lipids limited penetration through the intact BBB. Infections (meningitis) - BBB does not function effectively local permeability . Some b-lactam ATB can enter CSF in therapeutic amounts. 2. M.w.:Low M.w. - ability to cross BBB; High M.w. (vancomycin) - penetrate poorly, even in the presence of meningeal inflammation. 3. Protein binding: High degree of protein binding in the serum limited entry into CSF the amount of free (unbound) drug in serum, rather than the total amount of drug, is important for CSF penetration.
E. Patient factors Important in selecting an ATB. 1. Immune system: Elimination of infecting organisms from the body depends on an intact immune system. The host defense system must eliminate invading organisms. Alcoholism, diabetes, immunodeficiency virus, malnutrition, advanced age affect a patient's immunocompetency. Higher-than-usual doses of bactericidal ATB or longer courses of treatment - required to eliminate infective organisms in these individuals.
2. Renal dysfunction: Poor kidney function (10 % or less of normal)- accumulation of ATB(eliminated by kidney) - serious adverse effectsadjust the doseof ATB. Monitoring of serum levels of some ATB (e.g., aminoglycosides). Note: The number of functioning nephrons decreases with age. Elderly patients - particularly vulnerable to accumulation of drugs eliminated by the kidneys. ATB that undergo extensive metabolism or are excreted via the bile may be favored. 3. Hepatic dysfunction: ATB concentrated or eliminated by the liver (e.g., erythromycin and tetracycline) are contraindicated in liver disease.
4. Poor perfusion:circulation to an area (e.g., lower limbs of a diabetic) amount of ATB that reaches that area infections difficult to treat. 5. Age:Renal or hepatic elimination - often poorly developed in newborns – neonates - particularly vulnerable to chloramphenicol and sulfonamides. Young children - not to be treated withtetracyclines(bone growth). 6. Pregnancy:All ATB cross the placenta. Adverse effects to the fetus are rare (exceptingtooth dysplasia and inhibition of bone growth by TTC). Some anthelmintics are embryotoxic and teratogenic. Aminoglycosides- avoid in pregnancy - ototoxic effect on the fetus. 7. Lactation:Drugs may enter the nursing infant via the breast milk.Though the concentration of ATB is usually low, the total dose to the infant may be enough to cause problems.
F. Safety of the agent • Inherent toxicity of the drug: • Many ATB (e.g. PNCs) - among to least toxic of all drugs (they interfere with a site unique to the growth of microorganisms). • Other ATBs (e.g. chloramphenicol) - less specific reserved for life - threatening infections because of their serious toxicity. • Patient factors • G. Cost of therapy
ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION Oral route– mild infections, outpatient basis, economic pressures. If i.v. therapy initially - the switch to oral agents as soon as possible. Some ATB (e.g., vancomycin, aminoglycosides, amphotericin) - poorly absorbed from GIT -adequate serum levels cannot be obtained by oral administration. Parenteral administration- drugs poorly absorbed from GIT, treatment of serious infections.
RATIONAL DOSING • Rational dosing of ATB - based on their pharmacodynamics (relationship of drug concentrations to antimicrobial effects) and their pharmacokinetic. • 2 important pharmacodynamic properties with a significant influence on the frequency of dosing: • concentration-dependent killing • post-antibiotic effect.
Concentration-dependent killing SomeATB (aminoglycosides, fiuoroquinolones)- significant increase in the rate of bacterial killing as the concentration of ATB increases from 4- to 64-fold the MIC of the drug administration by a once-a-day bolus infusion achieves high peak levels rapid killing of the infecting pathogen. Concentration-independent or time-dependent killing Other ATB (b-Iactams, glycopeptides, macrolides, clindamycin)do not exhibit this property; i.e., increasing the concentration of ATB to higher multiples of the MIC does not significantly increase the rate of killefficacy of ATBwithout dose-dependent killing effect is best predicted by the percentage of time that blood concentrations of drug remain above the MIC. E.g., PNC and cephalosporins, dosing schedules that ensure blood levelsgreater than MIC for 60 – 70 % of the time was showed to be clinically effectivesevere infections - better treatment by infusion than by intermittent dosing.
Post-antibiotic effect(PAE) A persistent suppression of microbial growth that occurs after levels of antibiotic have fallen below the MIC. Antimicrobial drugs with a long PAE (several hours) often require only one dose per day.E.g., aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones, particularly against gram-negative bacteria.
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC SPECTRA • It refers the species of microorganisms affected by that drug. • - Narrow spectrum (ATB acting only on a single or a limited group of microorganisms- e.g. isoniazid is active only against mycobacteria). • - Extended spectrum (ATB that are effective against G+ and also against a significant number of G- bacteria - e.g., ampicillin is considered to have an extended spectrum because it acts against G+ and G- bacteria). • Broad spectrum (e.g. TTC and chloramphenicol) - affect a wide variety of microbial species. • Their administration can drastically alter the nature of the normal bacterial flora and precipitate a superinfection of an organism, e.g., candida.
COMBINATIONS OF ATB • Treatment with the single agent that is most specific for the organism it: • reduces the possibility of superinfection, • decreases the emergence of resistant organisms, • minimizes toxicity. • (e.g., the treatment of tuberculosis). • However, situations where combination of ATB is necessary. (TBC…).
DRUG RESISTANCE Bacteria are said to be resistant to an antibiotic if their growth is not halted by the maximal level of that antibiotic that can be tolerated by the host. Some organisms are inherently resistant to an antibiotic (e.g., gram-negative organisms are inherently resistant to vancomycin). However, microbial species that are normally responsive to a particular drug may develop more virulent, resistant strains through spontaneous mutation or acquired resistance and selection. Some of these strains may even become resistant to more than one antibiotic. A. Genetic alterations leading to drug resistance Resistance develops due to the ability of DNA to undergo spontaneous mutation or to move from one organism to another. - Spontaneous mutations of DNA: Chromosomal alteration by insertion, deletion, or substitution of one or more nucleotides within the genome. - DNA transfer of drug resistance:- of particular concern is resistance acquired due to DNA transfer from one bacterium to another.
B. Altered expression of proteins in drug-resistant organisms • Modification of target sites:E.g., S. Pneumoniae resistance to b-lactam ATB involves alterations in one or more of the major bacterial penicillin-binding proteins - decreased binding of ATB. • - Decreased accumulation:Decreased uptake or increased efflux of an antibiotic- drug is unable to access to the site of its action in sufficient concentrations to injure or kill the organism. • - Enzymic inactivation: The ability to destroy or inactivate ATB. • Examples of ATB-inactivating enzymes: 1) beta-lactamases ("penicillinases") hydrolytically inactivate the b-Iactam ring of penicillins, cephalosporins, and related drugs; 2) acetyltransferases- transfer an acetyl group to ATB (inactivation of chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides; and 3) esterases that hydrolyze the lactone ring of macrolides. • Multiple drug resistance - significant problem (e.g., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is also resistant to all ATBs except vancomycin and possibly ciprofloxacin, rifampin and imipenem/cilastatin).
PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBIOTICS The use of ATB for the prevention rather than the treatment of infections. But, the indiscriminate use of ATBs can result in bacterial resistance and superinfection, »»»prophylactic use is restricted to clinical situations where benefits outweigh the potential risks. Examples. - Prevention of streptoccocal infections in patients with history of rheumatic heart disease. Patients may require years of treatment. - Pretreatment of patients undergoing dental extractions who have implated prosthetic devices (e.g., artificial heart valves) to prevent seeding of the prosthesis. - Prevention of tuberculosis or meningitis in those who are in close contact with infected patients. COMPLICATIONS OF ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY - Hypersensitivity - Direct toxicity - Superinfections
Classification of some antibacterial agents by their sites of action. THFA = tetrahydrofolic acid; PABA = p-aminobenzoic acid CELL WALL CELL MEMBRANE DNA Inhibitors of cell membrane function THFA Ribosomes Isoniazid Amphotericin B mRNA PABA Inhibitors of nucleic acid function or synthesis Inhibitors of protein synthesis Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis Inhibitors of metabolism Tetracyclines Aminoglycosides Macrolides Clindamycin Chloramphenicol Fluoroquinolones Rifampin b-Lactams Vancomycin Sulfonamides Trimethoprim (according to Lippincott´s Pharmacology, 2006)
INHIBITORS OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS Interfere with synthesis of the bacterial cell wall-a structure that mammalian cells do not possess. The cell wall = polymer called peptidoglycan (consists of glycan units joined to each other by peptide cross-links). To be maximally effective, these agents require actively proliferating microorganisms. Little or no effect on bacteria that are not growing !! The most important:beta-lactam ATB (containbeta-Iactam ring that is essential to their activity) and vancomycin
Summary of antimicrobial agents affecting cell wall synthesis INHIBITORS OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS b-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS Clavulanic acid Sulbactam Tazobactam OTHER ANTIBIOTIC b-LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC Bacitracin Vancomycin CARBAPENEMS MONOBACTAMS PENICILLINS CEPHALOSPORINS Imipenem/cilastatin Meropenem* Ertapenem Amoxicillin Ampicillin Cloxacillin Dicloxacillin Indanyl carbenicillin Methicillin Nafcillin Oxacillin Penicillin G Penicillin V Piperacillin Ticarcillin Aztreonam 3rd GENERATION 4th GENERATION 1st GENERATION 2nd GENERATION Cefadroxil Cefazolin Cephalexin Cephalothin Cefaclor Cefamandole Cefprozil Cefuroxime Cefotetan Cefoxitin Cefdinir Cefixime Cefoperazone Cefotaxime Ceftazidime Ceftibuten Ceftizoxime Ceftriaxone Cefepime (according to Lippincott´s Pharmacology, 2006)
PENICILLINS 1928, A. Fleming The most widely effective ATBs and also the least toxic drugs known - increased resistance limited their use. They differ in the substituent attached to the 6-aminopenicillanic acid residue. The nature of this side chain affects the antimicrobial spectrum, stability to stomach acid, and susceptibility to bacterial degradative enzymes (b-Iactamases). A. Mechanism of action Bactericidal - interfere with the last step of bacterial cell wall synthesis (transpeptidation or cross-linkage)osmotically less stable membrane cell lysis can occur (through osmotic pressure or through the activation of autolysins). PNCsare only effective against rapidly growing organisms that synthesize a peptidoglycan cell wall i.e.,inactive against organisms devoid of this structure(e.g., mycobacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses).
1. Penicillin-binding proteins: PNCs inactivate proteins on the bacterial cell membrane. These penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are enzymes involved in the synthesis of the cell wall. Exposure to PNC - not only prevent cell wall synthesis, but also lead to morphologic changes or lysis of susceptible bacteria.Alterations in some of these target molecules - resistance to PNCs.[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) apparently arose because of such an alteration.]Inhibition of transpeptidase: Some PBPs catalyze formation of the cross-linkages between peptidoglycan chains. PNCs inhibit this transpeptidase-catalyzed reaction. 2. Production of autolysins: G+ cocci produce degradative enzymes (autolysins - that participate in the remodeling of the bacterial cell wall). In the presence of PNC -the degradative action of the autolysins proceeds in the absence of cell wall synthesis. Antibacterial effect of a PNC - the result of both inhibition of cell wall synthesis and destruction of cell wall by autolysins.
Antibacterial spectrum Determined, in part, by the ability of PNC to cross the bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall and to reach PNC-binding proteins. G+ microorganisms have cell wall that are easily traversed by PNC susceptible to these drugs. G- microorganisms have an outer lipid membrane surrounding the cell wall =a barrier to the water-soluble PNCs (they cannot reach the site of action). However, G- bacteria have proteinsinserted in thelipopolysaccharide layer that act as water-filled channels(porins) that permit transmembrane entry. [P. aeruginosa lacks porins these organisms are resistant to many antimicrobial agents.] PNCs have little use in the treatment of intracellular pathogens.
1. (NATURAL) PENICILLINS a. PENICILLIN G (benzylpenicillin) - therapy for infections caused by a number of G+ and G- cocci, G+ bacilli, and spirochetes. Susceptible to inactivation by beta-lactamases. b. PENICILLIN V(phenoxymethylPNC)- a spectrum similar to PNC G, but it is not used for treatment of septicemia (because of its higher minimum bactericidal concentration - MLC). Treatment of oral infections, where it is effective against some anaerobic organisms. Penicillin V is more acid-stable than penicillin G. c.PROCAINE PENICILLIN G prolonged action, i.m. d. BENZATHINE PENICILLIN Very long action; depo form, i.m.
2. ANTISTAPHYLOCOCCAL PENICILLINS: METHICILLIN NAFCILLIN OXACILLIN CLOXACILLIN DICLOXACILLIN penicillinase-resistant PNCs Use: infections caused by penicillinase-producing staphylococci. Methicillin-resistant strains are usually susceptible to vancomycin, and possibly to ciprofloxacin, rifampin.
3. EXTENDED SPECTRUM PNC: AMPICILLIN and AMOXICILLIN: Destroyed by -lactamases !!! Spectrum similar to PNC G, but moreeffective against G- bacilli - extended-spectrum PNCs. Ampicillin - drug of choice for the G+ bacillusListeria monocytogenes. Also widely used in the treatment of respiratoryinfections, and amoxicillin is employed prophylactically by dentistsfor patients with abnormal heart valves who are to undergoextensive oral surgery. Resistance is now a problem (inactivation byplasmid-mediated penicillinase - E. coli and H. influenzae - frequently resistant). Formulation with a beta-lactamase inhibitor (e.g. clavulanic acid, sulbactam) can protect the PNC from enzymatic action.
4.ANTIPSEUDOMONALPENICILLINS: • CARBENICILLIN • TICARCILLIN • the antipseudomonal penicillins. S. aureus is resistant. • Broad spectrum; susceptible to breakdown by beta-lactamase. • Effective against many G- bacilli, ineffective against Klebsiella (it constitutes penicillinase). • Formulation of ticarcillinwith clavulanic acid or sulbactamextension of antimicrobial spectrum (i.e. it includes penicillinase-producing organism).
5. ACYLUREIDO PENICILLINS: • PIPERACILLIN - the most potent. • Broad spectrum; susceptible to breakdown by beta-lactamase • also effective against P. aeruginosa and large number of G- organisms. • Formulation with tazobactamextension of antimicrobial spectrum (i.e. it includes penicillinase-producing organism). • MEZLOCILLIN • also effective against P. aeruginosa and large number of G- organisms. It is susceptible to breakdown by beta-lactamase. • AZLOCILLIN
Penicillins and aminoglycosides: Antibacterial effects of all b-Iactam ATB synergistic with aminoglycosides. Cell wall synthesis inhibitors alter the permeability of bacterial cells they can facilitate the entry of other ATBs (e.g., aminoglycosides). This can result in enhanced antimicrobial activity. These drug types should never be placed in the same infusion fluid(on prolonged contact, the positively charged aminoglycosides form an inactive complex with the negatively charged PNCs).
C. Resistance • Natural resistance - organisms: • - lack the peptidoglycan cell wall(e.g. mycoplasma) • - cell wall impermeable to the drug • Acquired resistance to PNCs: • by plasmid transfer= clinical problem (multiplication of these organisms • dissemination ofresistance genes). • -lactamase activity: hydrolysis the cyclicamide bondof the beta-lactam • ring -loss of bactericidal activity.Enzymes are constitutive or • (more commonly) acquiredby the transfer of plasmids. • Some -lactam ATBs are poorsubstrates for -lactamases • resist cleavage activity against -lactamaseproducing organisms.
- Decreased permeability of PNCs through the outer cell membrane - • prevents reaching the penicillin-binding protein. • - Efflux pump amount of intracellular drug. • Altered PNC binding proteins:Modified PBPs - lower affinity for -lactam ATB greater concentrations of ATBnecessary. • This may explain methicillin-resistant staphylococci.
Pharmacokinetics • Administration: determined by the stability of ATB to gastric acid and by the severity of the infection. • Routes of administration: • Ticarcillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin, combinations of ampicillin with sulbactam, ticarcillin with clavulanic acid, and piperacillin with tazobactam must be administered IV or IM. • PNC V, amoxicillin, amoxicillin +clavulanic acid, indanyl carbenicillin -only as oral preparations. • Others are effective by the oral, IV, or IM routes. • b. Depot forms:Procaine PNC G and benzathine PNC G- administered IM Slowly absorbed, persist at low levels over a long time period.
2. Absorption: Most PNCs - incompletely absorbed after oral administration; reach intestine in sufficient amounts to affect the intestinal flora. However, amoxicillin - almost completely absorbed »»» it is not appropriate therapy salmonella-derived enteritis (therapeutically effective levels do not reach the organisms in the intestinal crypts). Absorption of PNC G and all penicillinase-resistant PNCs- impeded by food in the stomachto be administered 30-60 minbefore meals or 2-3 hours postprandially. Other PNCs are less affected by food.
3. Distribution: All PNCs cross the placental barrier -none showed to be teratogenic. Penetration into certain sites (e.g. bone or CSF) is insufficient for therapy, unless these sites areinflamed. During the acute phase (first day) -inflamed meninges more permeable to PNC increased ratio in the amount of drug in CNS compared to the amount in the serum. As inflammation subsides - permeability barriers are reestablished.Levels in the prostate are insufficient to be effective against infections. 4. Metabolism: Host metabolism of -Iactams-usually insignificant
5. Excretion: The primary route – renal tubular secretion and glomerular filtration. Patients with impaired renal function - adjust dosageregimens ! T1/2 of PNC G can (normal of 0.5-1.0 h) to 10 hours in renal failure. Probenecid inhibits the secretion of penicillins !! Nafcillin- eliminated primarily through the biliary route. [Also preferential route for the acylureido PNC in renal failure.] PNCs are also excreted into breast milk and into saliva.
E. Adverse reactions: • PNC -among the safest drugalthough adverse reactions do occur. • Hypersensitivity:The most important. The major cause is metabolite - penicilloic acid(it reacts with proteins and serves as a hapten). • Cca5% of patients have some kind of reaction (from urticaria to angioedema and anaphylaxis). • Cross-allergic reactions can occur among -lactam ATB ! • Diarrhea: • Disruption of the normal balance of GIT microorganism - common. Especially in agents thatare incompletely absorbed or with extended spectrum. • Alsopseudomembranous colitis may occur.
- Nephritis: Acute interstitial nephritis inhigh doses of methicillin. • Neurotoxicity:PNCs irritate neuronal tissue seizures if injected • intrathecally or in very high blood levels. Epileptics- especially at risk. • - Platelet dysfunction:»»»decreased agglutination (observed esp. with • the antipseudomonal PNCs - carbenicillin and ticarcillin). • Concern when patient is predisposed to hemorrhage or receiving • anticoagulants. • Cation toxicity:Generally administered as the Na or K salt. Toxicity • by large quantities of ions. • - Hoigné syndrom (suspension of PNC is by mistake injected • i.v. »»» embolisation of pulmonary veins »»» tachypnea, anxiety, dyspnea) • - Nikolau´s syndrom (suspension of PNC by mistake i.a. »»» • embolisation in arteries »»» even amputation necessary)
Clinical uses of penicillins • Given p.o. - in more severe cases i.v.; often in combination with other ATB. • Uses include: • ― bacterial meningitis (e.g. by N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae): benzylPNC, high doses i.v. • ―bone and joint infections (e.g. S. aureus): f\ucloxacillin • ― skin and soft tissue infections (e.g. Streptococcus pyogenes or S. • aureus): benzylPNC, flucloxacillin; animal bites: co-amoxiclav • ―pharyngitis (from S. pyogenes): phenoxylmethylPNC • ―otitis media (S. pyogenes, H. influenzae): amoxicillin • ― bronchitis (mixed infections common): amoxicillin • ― pneumonia: amoxicillin • ― urinary tract infections (e.g. with E. coIl): amoxicillin • ― gonorrhea: amoxicillin (+ probenecid) • ― syphilis: procaine benzylPNC • ― endocarditis (e.g. with Streptococcus viridans or Enterococcus faecalis) • ― serious infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: piperacillin. • This list is not exhaustive !!!
CEPHALOSPORINS b-Iactam ATB; closely structurally and functionally related to PNC. Mostly produced semisynthetically. The same mode of action as PNCs, the same resistance mechanisms. However, they are more resistant than the PNCs to b-Iactamases. A. Antibacterial spectrum Classified as first, second, third, or fourth generation, based on their bacterial susceptibility patterns and resistance to b-Iactamases. Ineffective against MRSA, L. monocytogenes, Clostridium difficile, and enterococci.
1st generation: Act as PNC G -resistant to the Staphylo.penicillinase; also activity against Proteus mirabilis, E. coli, and Klebsiella Pneumoniae (the acronym PEcK). E.g., cephalexin, cephalotin, cefazolin 2nd generation: Greater activity against 3 additional G- organisms: H. influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes, some Neisseria species(HENPEcK); E.g., cefuroxime, cefamandol, cefaclor Activity against G+ organisms is weaker. The exceptions - related cephamycins -cefoxitin and cefotetan - little activity against H. influenzae. Effective against Bacteroides fragilis; cefoxitin is the most potent.
3rd generation: Inferior to 1st-gen.against G+ cocci -enhanced activity against G- bacilli and most other enteric organisms and Serratia marcescens. Ceftriaxone or cefotaxime- agents of choice in the treatment of meningitis. Ceftazidime- against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 4th generation: Cefepime, Cefpirom Wide antibacterial spectrum - active against streptococci and staphylococci (but only those that are methicillin-susceptible). Also effective against aerobic G- organisms(enterobacter, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, and P. aeruginosa).
B. Resistance Mechanisms - the same as inPNCs. (Though not susceptible to the staphylococcal penicillinase, they may besusceptible to extended spectrum b-Iactamases.) C. Pharmacokinetics - Administration: Some – orally. Most of cephalosporins must be admin. IV or IM (poor oral absorption).
- Distribution:All very well into body fluids.All cross the placenta. However, adequate therapeutic levels in the CSF (regardless of inflammation) - only the 3rd generation (ceftriaxone or cefotaxime)- effective in the treatment of neonatal and childhood meningitis caused by H. influenzae. Cefazolin - prophylaxis prior to surgery because of its half-life and activity against penicillinase-producing S. aureus. Its ability to penetrate bone- useful in orthopedic surgery. - Fate: Biotransformation is not clinically important. Elimination: renal tubular secretion and/or glomerular filtration adjust doses in severe renal failure !!! Cefoperazone, cefamandole andceftriaxone - excreted in bile into the fecesemployed in patients with renal insufficiency.
D. Adverse effects - Allergy:Patients with an anaphylactic response to PNCs should not receive cephalosporins. To be avoided or used with caution in individuals allergic to PNCs (cca 15 % show cross-sensitivity). In contrast, the incidence of allergic reactions to cephalosporins is 1-2 % in patients without a history of allergy to PNCs. -Disulfiram-like effect: If cefamandole, cefotetan, or cefoperazone is ingested with alcohol or alcohol-containing medications. They block the 2nd step in alcohol oxidationaccumulation of acetaldehyde.(Due to the presence of the methylthiotetrazole group). - Bleeding:hypoprothrombinemia (associated with MTT group–e.g.cefamandole, cefoperazone) treatment with vitamin K - Nephrotoxicity, diarrhea. - Phlebitisafter i.v. - Blood countchanges
Clinical uses of the cephalosphorins • Septicaemia (e.g. cefuroxime, cefotaxime) • Pneumonia caused by susceptible organisms • Meningitis (e.g. cefriaxone, cefotaxime) • Biliary tract infection • Urinary tract infection (especially in pregnancy, or in patients unresponsive to other drugs) • Sinusitis (e.g. cefadroxil).

domain: literature


text:
If you travel to north India, you will find the city of New Delhi and this is where you may have an uplifting vacation experience. New Delhu is India’s capital and it can be found near the Yamuna River. It was only in 1931 when the city was inaugurated as India’s new capital. You can find printing plants, textile mills, and other manufacturing establishments within the city. New Delhi India travel is a very exciting trip that you should look forward to.
The city streets are symmetrically laid out. Lutyens was the architect who drew the city plan.
He was also the same person who designed Rashtrapati Bhawan which happens to the place of residence of the country’s president. The buildings in the city reflect an Indian style but the architecture is primarily European. The embassy of the US that is located in New Delhi is a combination of western and Indian style. A boulevard is found east of the presidential palace that is bordered by canals and trees which lead to a memorial war arch. These particular sights are already eye-catching but wait until you see the rest of the city.
How can you enjoy most of the city’s beautiful sights?
The easiest way is to contact a travel agency. You must choose the right travel agency that offers the best tour package that can meet your travel requirements at the same time fit your budget.
Heritage monuments, palaces, temples, and wildlife reserves are found almost in every region of India. You can find these sights too in New Delhi. You can ask your tour guide to take you to the lovely spots of the city. Daily tours are conducted and you only need to ask the guide the tour itinerary for the day. You can join the tour of the city or you can explore it alone. Some individuals prefer to walk around in the city while they see the breath-catching sights within the area. Aside from that, this will also give them a chance to meet the local residents of India. Local people are mostly gracious and friendly, so you will surely have a great time wandering all over the city.
Tourists are usually being stared at by the locals but this should not be the cause of any alarm as it is normal.
You see, the local residents are quite interested to see tourists in their country. However, you should not let your guard down because you’ll never know what can happen. Try to be friendly with the locals but you should always be careful.
Traveling to New Delhi can be an exciting experience especially if you know the best tourist spots to visit. To make the most out of your India travel, visit only the places that are of great interest to you. If you’re interested in animals, you can visit the wildlife reserves in New Delhi. If you like scenic spots, ask your tour guide if you’re going to a scenic spot in the city. For those who love unique architecture, you can visit the palaces, temples, or monuments in the city.
Plan your New Delhi India travel ahead. This way, you can take care of all the things you need for the travel. Once you’re in the city, you simply have to enjoy and savor the pleasures of traveling in New Delhi.

domain: travel


FS1BNC - ICM Mini RG59 RGB Compression BNC Connector
Use the ICM FS1BNC BNC connectors to terminate 24 to 26 gauge solid RG59 coaxial cables! The ICM FS1BNCU offers a full 360 degree compression crimp that will give your termination the maximum protection they need for long lasting terminations.
The ICM FS1BNC features a patented no-blind entry system that allows for easy, fast, and high quality terminations! For best results we recommend terminating the FS1BNCU RGB style BNC connectors with the ICM Cable Pro CPLCCT-SLM compression tool and ICM PSA59/6 cable stripper.
- Includes: (1) FS1BNC Mini RG59 Coaxial Cable BNC Connector
- For 24 to 26 gauge RGB Mini RG59 coaxial cable terminations
- F-Conn connectors provide full 360 compression crimp
- 75 Ohm Construction
- The FS1BNC radial design reduces the possibility of an impedance problem and can defeat ingress/egress at the connector
- Cable Pullout Force Exceeding 65 lbs
- Does not require soldering
- Part#: FS1BNC


text:
What Is Modactive 200 mg?
Modactive is a premium generic modafinil medicine used to manage the symptoms of shift work sleep disorder (SWSD), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), & narcolepsy. Besides, its off-label uses include the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), weight loss, depression, cognitive impairment, jet lag, & other health problems.
Due to its potent cognitive-enhancing effect, Modactive is widely used off-label by healthy individuals to gain an edge at work or school. Business executives, astronauts, students, athletes, & factory workers, among others, use it to heighten their focus, alertness, motivation, memory, and mental acuity. They also use it to help them plan & make decisions, improve learning & creativity, and upgrade productivity.
Most enthusiasts buy Modactive because it really works. It can take productivity & drive + academic performance to new heights. It aids students during exams & allows them to study for longer with improved cognition. Overall, the “smart tab” works exceptionally well, no matter what task lies ahead of you, just by offering you boosted brain power.
How Tablets Work
Although its mode of action isn’t completely comprehended, it’s known to function by altering the levels of certain brain chemicals called neurotransmitters. The tablet inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, thus upgrading its concentrations. Similarly, the med also regulates the production of other chemicals such as orexin, serotonin, histamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, & glutamate, among others. These neurotransmitters are known to influence the sleep-wake cycle, as well as mood, motivation, energy, alertness, focus, etc.
Safe Dosage and Proper Use
Modactive comes in a 200 mg dose strength, which is the standard modafinil dosage prescribed for most users. The highest daily dosage of the med is 400 mg. A single tablet is popped once daily. Nonetheless, based on their health status & response to therapy, some individuals may require dosage adjustments under the recommendation of a physician. The intake time of the drug greatly depends on the condition being treated:
- for narcolepsy & OSA, a single tab is ingested early in the morning;
- for managing SWSD or for cognitive purposes, a tab is popped approx. an hour before the commencement of the work shift or any activity you ought to perform;
- for other health conditions, Modactive should only be administered strictly as prescribed.
Above all, don’t in any way self-medicate. Consulting a doctor about a safe drug dose + dosage adjustments depending on your health is paramount. A lower modafinil dose may be required in patients diagnosed with geriatric & hepatic impairments. A tablet should be swallowed with a glass of water. Based on your choice, you may take it with or without food.
Possible Side Effects
Like all other pharmaceuticals, the “smart drug” may induce mild or severe negative effects. If mild adverse reactions occur, they often fade away after a while without any remedy. Continuously follow the prescription & dosage recommendation given by the physician. Also, stick to the guidance given in the Modactive drug leaflet. Some common negative effects of the “smart drug” are as follows:
- dry mouth;
- difficulty falling asleep;
Besides, some severe adverse reactions may result from misusing the “smart tab.” These are exceptionally rare, though they may even be life-threatening if left untreated:
- fast heartbeat;
- suicidal thoughts;
Contact your doctor immediately if you notice any strange symptoms. You should consult a physician before starting treatment with Modactive. They must assess your health (specifically liver/heart issues) before prescribing the modafinil med. Be sure to monitor your overall health when using this powerful drug to avoid any negative effects.
Contraindications and Cautions
Modactive 200 mg is safe & well-tolerated if administered by healthy individuals & without mixing with other meds. If you are currently using other pills, it’s advisable to give your doctor a whole list of all the drugs you are administering, be it prescription/nonprescription medicines or herbal remedies.
A physician should assess & advise if Modactive is safe to be used with the meds you are taking.
The modafinil-based drug interacts with these med classes:
- monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors;
- blood thinners;
- birth control meds;
- CYP3A4/5 & CYP2C19 substrates;
- central nervous system (CNS) stimulants.
The med works well with food, but certain foods may slow its onset of effects. Combining Modactive with alcohol is inadvisable since it can heighten the risk of negative effects, e.g., drowsiness, impaired judgment, and dizziness, among others.
Don’t use the med if allergic to the active ingredient modafinil. Pregnant females & breastfeeding mothers are strictly discouraged from taking this med. If necessary, discuss with a doctor the known possible harm or damage + benefits before taking Modactive.
Let your physician assess your health status. Modactive can cause various disease interactions. Some notable ones include kidney disease, heart issues, liver failure, seizure disorder, etc. Before taking Modactive or any eugeroic/nootropic medicine, always consult a doctor.
After trying Modactive, you’ll be sure to write a positive review. Nonetheless, everybody is distinct. Some people have already reported their experience with Modactive based on their body’s reaction to the med & their overall health status.
It’s true to say that a notable number of enthusiasts from all walks of life who have difficult jobs that require intense concentration, focus, & super brainpower have given Modactive the thumbs up based on the favorable outcomes the drug provides.
Going by consumer experience & reviews, this “smart drug” helped them save some money, as it happened to be very inexpensive compared to the price they would have to pay if buying Provigil.
Nonetheless, always consult a physician before taking this safe “smart tab.”
Buy Generic Modactive 200 mg (Modafinil) Online
BuyModafinilOnline (BMO) is a legitimate, reliable, & safe e-drugstore offering genuine “smart drugs” sourced from certified drugmakers, particularly from India, without a prescription. Indeed, we’re the best place to order cheap but quality generics made using armodafinil & modafinil active components.
Besides Modactive, we also offer for sale other nootropic brands such as Artvigil 250 mg, Vilafinil, Armodavinil, Modafil MD, ModaXL, ArmodaXL, etc. We sell products at the manufacturing price & also offer remarkable price-lessening experiences including discounts & coupon codes.
Further, BMO presents free trial samples of generic armodafinil & modafinil tabs to every customer. The aim is just to allow you to test the effectiveness & tolerability of our generic “smart drugs” so that you can determine the product that works best for you.
We accept payment made via bitcoin (with an incredible 23% discount), PayPal, Zelle, Poli, SEPA bank transfer, or a credit card. We provide a parcel tracking tool & ultra-fast shipping – globally – excluding a few countries with stringent customs laws.
If your parcel fails to be delivered, don’t fret! We will reship it or give you a refund – no questions asked.

domain: medical


text:
The United Nations Human Rights Council adopted five resolutions critical of Israel on Friday, despite opposition from the US and an unprecedented critique from the UK.
Britain supported two of the five resolutions, but threatened to vote against any future such motions against the Jewish state because of the “bias” by the UN body.
“We are putting the Human Rights Council on notice,” Britain warned in a statement. “If things do not change, in the future we will adopt a policy of voting against all resolutions concerning Israel’s conduct in the Occupied Syrian and Palestinian Territories.”
The 47-member council passed five resolutions on alleged Israeli human rights abuses: 1) a vote on “Human rights in the occupied Syrian Golan” passed with 26 in favor, 3 against and 18 abstentions; 2) a resolution called “Ensuring accountability and justice for all violations of International law in the Occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem” garnered 30 votes in favor, 2 against and 15 abstentions; 3) 43 members voted for a resolution called “Right of the Palestinian people to self-determination,” while 2 voted against and 2 abstained; 4) the resolution “Human Rights situation in the Occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem garnered 41 votes in favor, 2 against and 4 abstentions; 5) a resolution condemning Israeli had 36 in favor, 2 against and 9 abstentions.
The Unites States and Togo consistently voted against the five resolutions.
The UK broke with the other European countries, voting “no” on the resolution condemning alleged human rights abuses in the Golan Heights. It voted in favor of two of the resolutions “according to long-standing policy” and “serious concerns” about Israeli settlement activity, demolitions and the use of administrative detention, and abstained on two others.
The UK mission to the UN issued a statement saying that while it voted “no” on the Syria resolution, this did not signal a recognition of Israel’s annexation of the territory in 1981.
The British mission also blasted the UN body as biased and overly focused on Israel.
“Nowhere is the disproportionate focus on Israel starker and more absurd than in the case of today’s resolution on the occupation of Syria’s Golan,” the UK statement read.
“Syria’s regime butchers and murders its people on a daily basis. But it is not Syria that is a permanent standing item on the Council’s agenda; it is Israel.
“We cannot accept the perverse message sent out by a Syria Golan resolution that singles out Israel, as Assad continues to slaughter the Syrian people,” it said.
“Israel is a population of eight million in a world of seven billion,” the statement said. “Yet since its foundation, the Human Rights Council has adopted 135 country-specific resolutions; 68 of which against Israel.
“Justice is blind and impartial. This selective focus on Israel is neither.”
The UK also reminded the Council that it must “recognize the continuing terrorism, incitement and violence that Israel faces. According to the Quartet’s report last year, there were 250 terrorist attacks, leading to the deaths of at least 30 Israelis. Renewed Hamas efforts to rebuild their tunnels are a grave concern. The scourge of anti-Semitic incitement and glorification of terrorism continue. And for as long as terrorists are treated as martyrs, peace will prove distant.”
“Israel is the only country permanently on the Human Rights Council’s agenda,” the UK added in reference to Agenda Item Seven, a permanent fixture requiring the Council to discuss three times each year any alleged abuses of human rights committed by Israel against Palestinians.
Israel is the only country-specific issue that has a permanent place on the Council’s agenda, an opening for discussion about the Jewish state that often sees anti-Israel invective delivered at Council meetings from Arab and Muslim states.
Israeli ambassador to the UN Danny Danon said the UNHRC “has become the most notorious branch of the BDS movement. It’s time to put an end to this anti-Israel campaign,” in reference to the Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions movement, and said the body’s resolution on Syria was “ridiculous.”
UNHRC blamed Israeli sovereignty in the Golan for the suffering in Syria. Ridiculous.
— Ambassador Danon (@dannydanon) March 24, 2017
This Council has become the most notorious branch of the BDS movement. It’s time to put an end to this anti-Israel campaign.
— Ambassador Danon (@dannydanon) March 24, 2017
Ahead of the votes, the US on Monday issued a strong rebuke of the UNHRC and boycotted a discussion about the alleged human rights abuses committed by Israel. The US has also threatened to withdraw entirely from the UN body over its focus on Israel.
“The United States strongly and unequivocally opposes the existence of the UN Human Rights Council’s Agenda Item Seven: ‘Human rights situation in Palestine and other occupied Arab territories,'” acting spokesperson Mark Toner said in a statement.
Toner said that the item threatens the credibility of the Council.
“Today’s actions in the Council are yet another reminder of that body’s longstanding bias against Israel,” he said. “No other nation has an entire agenda item dedicated to it at the Council. The continued existence of this agenda item is among the largest threats to the credibility of the Council. It does not serve the interests of the Council to single out one country in an unbalanced matter.”
Last month, US Ambassador to the UN Nikki Haley called out the Human Rights Council for “breathtaking double standards” and “outrageously biased resolutions” against Israel, during a press conference after her first meeting with the UN Security Council.
Last week Tillerson sent a letter to nine nonprofit groups in which he explained that the United States may quit the Human Rights Council unless it makes reforms, Foreign Policy reported.
In the meantime, Tillerson said, the US would reiterate its “strong principled objection to the Human Rights Council’s biased agenda against Israel.”
Tillerson wrote that the US was concerned as well about membership in the council of countries accused of human rights violations, such as China, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.
Should US President Donald Trump’s administration opt out of the UNHRC, it wouldn’t be the first to shun the body.
When the UNHRC was created out of the discredited UN Human Rights Commission in 2006, then-US president George W. Bush refused to join the new group, believing that it would lack credibility and that, like its predecessor, it would allow human right violators to become members.
In 2009, president Barack Obama reversed that decision, hoping to improve the UNHRC.

domain: sociology


text:
AquaBounty received approval from Brazil’s National Biosafety Technical Commission for the sale of genetically engineered (GE) Atlantic salmon in Brazil. With this approval, the company moves closer to realizing an exciting new market opportunity in South America.
“This is another significant achievement for AquaBounty as we seek to expand our presence into new international markets,” added Sylvia Wulf, CEO of AquaBounty. “This approval now enables us to seek production and distribution partners in Brazil, the largest and most populated country in South America with significant demand for salmon.”
The company also announced the successful completion of the first commercial harvest of its GE Atlantic salmon at the Albany, Indiana Farm. “We are thrilled to commence commercial-scale harvesting of our GE salmon at our Indiana farm,” said Sylvia Wulf, Chief Executive Officer of AquaBounty. “The first weeks of our harvest supply are fully committed and our customers are excited to introduce the salmon in their markets. We will continue to ramp up production to the farm’s full capacity throughout the course of the year.”

domain: news


text:
"I started voice lessons with Aurelius Gori in January 2016, thinking I would just do one semester so I would be able to sing with enough technique and confidence to sing non-classical music in small settings. As we were working on that, I fell in love with the process. My range increased significantly and I am slowly learning to let the tension melt away, and to sing in an organic, natural breath-supported way. I also love the studio classes that he organizes with his wife which gives the chance to get another perspective on your singing. Aurelius' way of teaching is incredibly encouraging and now I can't get enough of the lessons. Kudos and big thanks again for all you do." - Jo H., Student of Dr. Gori.
"Grace is a joy to work with. She excels at imparting her vast knowledge of vocal technique to her students and focuses not only on the "hows" but also on the "whys." She uses a variety of exercises that will increase your range, improve your breathing, and clarify your diction. Lessons with her are fun and stimulating -- and ultimately very rewarding. " Hope M., Student of Ms. Gori
"Aurelius Gori has a gift for developing true excellence in his voice students. Not only does he provide them with exceptional technical training to make the most of their talents, but--perhaps even more important--he does so in a way that always positive and encouraging so that students are actually capable of finding their best singing selves. Thanks to Dr. Gori's training and teaching style, both of my sons have improved their singing, developed greater skill in using their voices in acting, and found greater confidence in performing" - Elise B.H., parent of N. and E."
Our daughter profited greatly from both Aurelius and Grace Gori’s combined talents as vocalists, educators, and mentors. Aurelius and Grace both offer an extremely high level of instruction in advanced vocal techniques as well as insights and strategies that develop musical sensitivity and depth of interpretation. With their encouragement, support, and kindness, our daughter achieved new levels of ability and competence, and will always look back on her time at GVS with the greatest of appreciation and affection.” Janice M., parent of Sarah.
Gori Voice Studios is absolutely the best place to learn how to sing or improve your skills! Both instructors are professional singers and have a wide range of knowledge in many of the voice styles and genres. They provide lessons in a comfortable, caring environment that nurtures not only your love of singing but your overall health. The instructors are constantly attending different seminars and applying the knowledge they receive to their practice. Oftentimes lessons have taken longer then scheduled, but I was never pushed out the door or asked to pay more. I can honestly say I learned more about music, technique, and performance in three months with Gori Voice Studios than I have in my previous vocal lessons. I would highly recommend them, and have recommended them, to anyone looking to advance their vocal studies!" J.H., Student of Ms. Gori
My son started taking lessons with Aurelius two years ago, and it has been a deeply enriching experience for him. I remember him coming home from his first lesson, bouncing with excitement at what he had already learned, and anticipation of what was to come. His experience with Gori Voice Studios did not disappoint. My son improved his technique immensely, learned a lot about the anatomy of the voice, and sounds wonderful! Thank you, Aurelius, for your expertise, humor and patience with a teenager who needs a healthy dose of all these things." - Jane M., parent of Ray.

domain: hobby


My Favourite Accessory Is Dog Hair
For those dog owners and dog lovers who have unconditional love for those fur friends even thought there is some extra upkeep and housecleaning involved.
Women's Jersey Short Sleeve V-Neck Tee - Her go-to tee fits like a well-loved favourite, featuring a modern feminine fit and classic V-neck. It is also really comfortable, and thanks to the fine print - irreplaceable.
|Sleeve length, in
.: Slim Fit
.: 100% Soft cotton (fibre content may vary for different colors)
.: Light fabric (4.2 oz/yd² (142 g/m²))
.: Sewn in label
.: Runs true to size


text:
Next generation warfare from a Swedish perspective
Alastair Finlan, professor of War Studies at the Swedish Defence University, is currently conducting a study into the nature of future warfare, from a Swedish standpoint. His primary focus is on artificial intelligence (AI), autonomous systems such as drones and next generation weapons systems.
“I’ve analysed different trends and discuss future warfare about 20 years from now. As the Swedish Armed Forces increases its resources to meet the challenges resulting from the new combat environment, it becomes even more important to analyze new warfare trends and assess which technological avenues are most suitable for future defense. My research is a contribution to the broader discussion of what future warfare may look like”, explains Professor Finlan.
The article "The Shape of Warfare to Come: A Swedish Perspective 2020-2045", recently published in the scientific journal Defense & Security Analysis, highlights in particular three aspects of future warfare; artificial intelligence (AI), drones and next-generation weapons.
"I’ve restricted the scope to address these three dimensions due to space limitations, but of course there’s a great deal to be said on issues such as, for example, cyber and space warfare. I just don’t address these in this article."
Artificial intelligence enabling better information management
Information and big data management is among the burgeoning applications of AI, where AI technology can help to analyze large amounts of data in a short time.
"In today's modern warfare, managing large amounts of information is a challenge. While dealing with the enemy, humans often have difficulty processing and handling the considerable amount of information flowing in from different sources. But for AI massive amounts of information aren’t a problem. Getting help from AI in sorting and filtering the most important information can provide great benefits”, explains Alastair Finlan.
Given the fast-growing amounts of data, Professor Finlan predicts that, within a decade, it will probably be unthinkable for commanders to plan and lead operations without AI support,.
“Just like the information management systems that helped increase the air force during the 1991 Gulf War, such as AWAC (Airborne Warning and Control) and JSTARS (Joint Surveillance Targeting and Attack Radar System), AI will help increase the efficiency and capacity of our units.”
Drones and the next generation of weapons
Another technology that has already become very important for modern warfare is autonomous systems such as drones. Its breakthrough came in connection with the 9/11 attacks in 2001, and it is predicted to continue to play a crucial role in future warfare.
“With enough unmanned drones, for example, one could control an airspace for a long time or attack various strategic targets on a large scale. This is something we need to think about from a Swedish perspective, since the Swedish Armed Forces does not yet use drone technology. For example, do we have sufficient military resources to stop large-scale drone strikes? ”
The third dimension analysed in the article is next-generation weapons. The United States, for example, has begun to develop a new type of ammunition, a 6.8 millimeter bullet that can fire at longer ranges and produces greater effect.
“Sweden has a relatively small army and many of its weapons are from the 1970s, so we really need to think about this. The new technology provides more powerful weapons with long-range strike capabilities, and this can also change the face of future warfare. It may be that in 2045, we’ll see the battlefield as an integrated arena, in which AI-enabled autonomous systems and conventional forces work interoperably”, says Alastair Finlan.
The Shape of Warfare to Come: A Swedish Perspective 2020-2045, Defense & Security Analysis.
This research is carried out within the framework of the Swedish Armed Forces' program Research and Technology Development.


text:
The Joseph Ambrosini Photo
This photo of young Stonewall resistors, one of the few known pictures from the first night of the rebellion, is credited to Joseph Ambrosini in the New York Daily News on Sunday, June 29, 1969. Several years ago, historian Jonathan Ned Katz found the name Joseph Ambrosini in the New York City telephone book, called, and spoke to a relative of the deceased news photographer. Asked what happened to a lifetime's collection of negatives and prints, the relative said the photographer had dumped his whole archive in the garbage, imagining that it was worthless.
The story in the Daily News, night owl edition, page 30, is headlined: "3 Cops Hurt As Bar Raid Riles Crowd." The caption under the picture says: "Crowd attempts to impede police arrests outside the Stonewall Inn, Christopher Street."
The story reads:
Police have been keeping an eye on the Stonewall Inn at 55 Christopher St. for some time. They had been told to explore the possibility of 'local syndicate involvements.' Last week, they raided the Greenwich Village place, tabbed a homosexual handout and said they gathered evidence of illegal sale of alcohol. That raid went off without a hitch. At 2 a.m. yesterday, in a second raid, the picture was different. At least three policemen suffered minor injuries from an irate crowd, the front of the place was set afire and 13 persons were arrested. Peace was restored about 4 a.m.


text:
Police release more surveillance of stabber suspect's vehicle
Tue, 10 Aug 2010 19:12:08 GMT —
A serial killer is on the loose, sending police from three states on a chase, trying to catch him before he strikes again.
Reports of serial stabber sightings are pouring into police departments in Michigan, Ohio, and Virginia.
You've seen the sketch, the vehicle description, and now, better surveillance video of the vehicle.
Leesburg Virginia police release surveillance video of officers say is the stabber's vehicle.
It's a two tone Chevrolet Blazer.
Here in MidMichigan, police scanners light up with reports of officers pulling over dark colored SUV's from several communities.
Police in Virginia are doing the same.
Leesburg Police Chief Joseph Price says, "We've received an awful lot of calls on green SUV's. We're not complaining about that. We want to check it out, but we don't want people to panic."
Even the local crime-stoppers is getting dozens of tips.
Bart Dexter, Crimestoppers coordinator in MidMichigan says, "I was talking with my partner in Flint; we both received about 35 to 40 tips on this right now. That's not including what police officers have gotten."
From Alma to Saginaw, Pinckney to Flint, the public is reporting what they believe could be the suspect.
Officials say, no one should feel threatened when calling in tips.
Crimestoppers says, you will always be anonymous.
Dexter says, "My telephone here, the caller ID is ripped right out of it, so there's no way I can tell where it came from."
The phone calls are not recorded, and Crimestoppers will never ask for your name.
Crimestoppers says it pays out anywhere from $100 to $1,000 for information.
That's in addition to the $5,000 offered in Virginia.
That number is 1-800-422-JAIL.
Also, Michigan State Police have set up a tipline, which has already received more than 300 tips.
That number is 1.866.246.9500.


Common Name: Astilbe, Fanal
Scientific Name: A. x arendsii 'Fanal'
Light Requirements: Sun/light shade
Bloom Time: June-Aug.
Description: An arendsii type with narrow, vivid red flower plumes. Grow in rich, moist soil. Flowers are feathery panicles of variable thickness. Most are held well above dark green compound leaves. Astilbes prefer partial shade, but can be grown in full sun if kept moist.


text: Get ready to embrace your inner science enthusiast with our 'Bill Nye - I'm Going To Try Science' T-shirt. Featuring a graphic of the beloved science educator and host of 'Bill Nye the Science Guy,' this shirt is perfect for anyone who loves the show or just has a love for science. The soft and comfortable fabric will keep you comfortable all day long, while the classic fit and crew neck design make for a timeless look. Whether you're wearing it to show off your love for Bill Nye or just as a way to add some personality to your wardrobe, this shirt is sure to become a go-to. So, if you're a fan of the show or just love a good science lesson, this is the shirt for you.


The SLC20C13-5FTK2-6PKs a 15A 250V, 14AWG SJT C20 to C13 locking power cord commonly referred to as a SecureLock or P-Lock that is used with Raritan, ServerTech, Geist, and other PDUs and power strips in order to lock the plug into the power strip. World Cord Sets stocks this item in a 10A and 15A configuration. Most applications only require 10A, but we carry 15A as well for high power applications. If you require a 13AMP version of this cord set, please give us a call at 860.763.2100 so we can learn about your requirements.
The options below are sold individually, not as packs of six!!
5FT P-LOCK C14 C13 15A 250V Power Cord - BLUE
This is an exact cross! Rated 15A 14AWG SJT
5FT C13 C14 P-LOCK 15A 250V 14awg-3c SJT BLUE Jumper Cable. P-LOCK Power cords are used to mate with matching Server Technology or Raritan (Secure-Lock) PDU outlets to securely lock the plug to the PDU. The P-Lock C14 Plug features tabs on the outside of the plug to lock into place. Colored jumper cables are used to color code power supplies in data centers and IT installations.
Other Raritan Crosses


Lexington, KY (November 21, 2023) – A fatal multi-vehicle collision occurred on I-75 in Lexington on Monday, November 20, near mile marker 115. The crash happened around 6:50 AM, with Exit 115 leading to Newtown Pike being the nearest exit.
The accident involved three vehicles, including a Georgetown Police cruiser and a semi-truck. Fortunately, no officers sustained injuries. However, 26-year-old Noah Madison Bailey Shuck from Lexington was critically injured and later succumbed to his injuries at the hospital.
The right lane of I-75N was closed for hours as crews worked on the scene. Lexington police are currently investigating the crash’s cause.


text:
An Obelisk Monument at Fort Bridger, Wyoming with a historic plaque that reads:
Fort Bridger – Established as a Trading Post in 1843, U.S. Military Post on the Overland Trail – June 10, 1858 to October 6, 1890.
This monument erected by a few interested residents of the Community in the year 1914.
Pingback: Wyoming | JacobBarlow.com
Pingback: Fort Bridger Pony Express Station | JacobBarlow.com

domain: history


James Hall's op-ed is a clear protest of the FAA's approval to let the Dreamliner fly again; and he doesn't even get into the fact that the FAA let Boeing give itself the final clearance to get the 787 airborne again.
As a former chairman of the safety board, I know firsthand that effective government oversight helps prevent fatal airplane accidents. For decades, the F.A.A. has used what it calls “designated airworthiness representatives” to certify that aircraft meet government safety standards. They were experts selected and supervised by the agency, even if they worked for the manufacturer.
But in 2005, the F.A.A. changed the process of selecting those designees, ruling that aircraft manufacturers who qualified under the new procedures could choose their own employees to certify their planes. The distinction is important, because it suggests a slide toward industry self-certification.
… It is no coincidence that the committee that helped develop this process was made up of industry members. Essentially, aircraft makers persuaded the F.A.A. to let them certify their own aircraft so they could save money.
The Daily Newsletter
Our daily coverage of the global travel industry. Written by editors and analysts from across Skift’s brands.
Have a confidential tip for Skift? Get in touch


text:
This heart wrenching drama is about a beauty shop, in Louisana owned by Truvy, and the tragedies of all of her clients.
For me, this movie is one of the best movie released in the year 1989. Steel Magnolias is by far the best online movie production I’ve ever seen. I know it gets a lot of stick for being the mainstream popular movie, but honestly I can not think of anything wrong with the movie online.
I’m the biggest fan in the world of movies like this Every single performance is incredible. Not to mention that it has the best music in a movie. I still remember the first time I watched Steel Magnolias online. It was simply an cool experience that I remember to this day.
I needed some time after I watched to get back to mind. I chose to load this wonderful movie in YesMovies so everyone can now see it for free online.

domain: artistic


text:
Abandoned as an infant high in the mountains of Colorado, James was taken in and raised by a family of marmots. They trained him in the art of satire, but warned him: ‘With great power comes great responsibility.’ He didn’t understand the truth of their words until his adopted rodent brother, Donald Trump’s hair, turned to the dark side.
James could only sit by and watch, helpless and appalled, as his evil brother meme’d his way to the White House. Forever changed by what he had seen, James fled to The Netherlands and vowed to always use his powers for good.
Starting next week the university council will begin considering a bold new plan for a branch campus in Jantai. The UC is eager to move forward after the disaster that was the Yantai branch campus, and they’ve issued a statement assuring the public that this new plan is absolutely completely different.
‘Jantai is really a beautiful city’, said a spokesperson for supporters of the plan, ‘We’re hoping that the UC will help us realise our dream of a more international RUG.’
The spokesperson went on to say that, in contrast to the recently overruled plan for a branch campus in Yantai, the Jantai campus would be ‘really great’, and ‘definitely not exactly the same thing’.
‘The university wouldn’t have to deal with a party representative keeping an eye on them like in Yantai’, said the rep. ‘Instead they would have a direct line to the government through a sanctioned liaison! How great!’
On the UC, members who supported the Yantai project have already expressed preliminary support for the new proposal.
‘True, Yantai is a thing of the past. Dead and gone’, said one member, ‘But we’re still committed to making the RUG an international institution, and that’s why this Jantai plan is really interesting to us. We look forward to hearing more about it so we can make a final decision. In the meantime though, I suppose it would be a good idea to spend millions of euros on it.’
Calimero, however, has other ideas.
‘This is literally the same plan’, said one member. ‘They didn’t even try to make it sound different. Look, we get it, you spent a ton of money on it. But who the heck spends that much on an unapproved project? You’re just being difficult at this point.’


text:
A feminine dainty bracelet that has a bit of bling. Great for layering with other bracelets or minimalist, everyday wear.
Available in Sterling Silver 925 & 18K Gold Plated over Sterling Silver.
Length: 7 inches (17.78 cm)
Stones: 1.5 mm Black Cubic Zirconia
High Polish Finish.
Made in New York City.
MADE TO ORDER. PLEASE ALLOW 1-7 BUSINESS DAYS BEFORE SHIPPING.
Accentuate your wrist with this strong arc that gives confidence and guts. Available in Silver Plated Style: Shiny Finish. Made to Order. Please allow 1-7 business days before shipping. Made...
Keep everything clean and monochrome with our hand "cuff" that slips over the palm of your hand. Available in Sterling Silver & 18K Gold Plated over Sterling Silver. Style: Shiny Finish....
Black stones accent this thin one finger knuckle ring adding an opulent look. Available in Sterling Silver 925 & 18K Gold Plated over Sterling Silver. Length varies per ring size...

domain: design


text:
Wednesday, March 5, 2008
Spring is here....I think....lol
So I was leaving for work today and noticed my hyacinths are blooming as is my daffodils and as I am heading down the road to the highway I notice the tree's are blooming. I swear they weren't bloomed yesterday so it was an overnight transformation...lol
Ok for my card I used Su vv cs and some stack packs form dcwv. I stamped the morning glory from su's morning soft stamps and tried my hand using my copic markers for the very first time. The sentiment is from su's for a friend stamp set and then I used stickles for the flowers stamen. I used ribbon from one of Jody Morrows many ribbon shares( You guys have to get in on one of her shares) and then I added some bling. I Don't like the card for some reason. Maybe the sentiment or the stickles but I thought I would post it anyway. Thanks for stopping in today and for my next endeavor I think I will try one of those dahlia fold flowers for a card.


text:
The Art of Life
by Paul Durcan
128pp, Harvill, £12
You know where you are with Paul Durcan. The Art of Life, his 21st collection, is very much more of the same. His best recent book, Greetings to Our Friends in Brazil (1999), weighed in at 258 pages, and Cries of an Irish Caveman (2001) ran to 160. Durcan's books are the length of novels, and this presents another question. As he himself has said: "I have been asked many times over the years, especially by people who genuinely do not like what I write: 'Why is it that you present prose as poetry?' In my defence ... I have given it a lot of thought through the years, and I am preoccupied with metric structure, as I'm sure anyone who writes poetry is. Everything I've ever published in verse has had to obey rules of metre; if somebody doesn't hear that, then I wonder did I get it right."
In The Art of Life Durcan gets it mostly right, though you'll have to take his word for any preoccupation with metre. The volume is slim, for him, at 118 pages and the poems are as funny, despairing and compelling as usual, though they vary in quality more than in style, and the book is held together only by that singular Durcanian tone, forever lurching between the devil of rage and the deep blue of self-pity. He rumbles along "in an avalanche of offended dignity". Though Derek Mahon put it neatly - "Durcan takes the madness of public life personally" - he could also have said he takes his personal life publicly. Durcan, the son of a judge, has always derived both poetic authority and subject matter from his personal relationships.
This is a man who experiences. There is a very real sense of travelling through life, not least because of the constant references to vehicles or foreign places. Here are poems about "The Wisdom of Ex-Wives", the car-parking dance Durcan performs with a neighbour, and a fine poem about his grand-daughter's birth: "No such thing, Rosie, as a Uniform Ireland / And please God there never will be; / There is only the River Shannon and all her sister rivers / / And all her brother mountains and their family prospects. / There are higher powers than politics / And these we call wildflowers, or geologically, people."
He is an uncompromising advocate of compromise, of heterogeneity, of idiosyncrasies, of wildflowers rather than those planted in rows. This is, for Durcan, a reaction to the totalitarianism of the Catholic Church in the Republic: "Growing up in Ireland in the 50s was a bit like living behind an iron curtain, with the Catholic hierarchy taking the place of the Kremlin, just another group of old men controlling the country. There was a fierce atmosphere of control, orthodoxy, conformity at all costs." Durcan's poems contain an essentially empathetic morality. He slips from character to character (a bishop, a milkman, a refugee, a single mother, a roofer), and succeeds in demonstrating how near the foreign can be, and how comic or common the concerns.
When you relax into the poetry, Durcan can also be very funny. This is the first verse of "The 2003 World Snooker Championship":
Don't lecture me about lint on the baize -
I am ninety-six years of age.
What an old woman like me needs
more than a meal or medicine
Or a life sentence in a nursing home
Is seventeen days in front of the television
In my own home
Watching the World Snooker Championship
In the Crucible in Sheffield.
Although I like rugby,
I am a snooker fanatic.
This is amusing, moving, and nicely evokes that vocal stubbornness old age licenses. But that jangly repetition of "me" in the first and third line is troublesome. It feels slapdash, and knocks the poem off-centre for a second. There is a point where looseness becomes distracting and counters the poem's effects. Like Kavanagh's, Durcan's stanzas tend to accommodate the size of his thoughts and not vice versa: if Durcan has more to say he just adds another line. His obsession with specificity, the place and the time, means he both authenticates his realities and catalogues loss. A Lowellian impulse "to give each figure in the photograph his living name" permeates his work, a sense that if the thing can be described and written down, it should be. This occasionally means that his poems are over-extended. There are lines here that might enjoy more success on the stage than the page. Though not a maker of language, Durcan channels a kind of prophetic attention, that of a man whose "habit was truth, and whose style was courage".
· Nick Laird's first book of poems, To a Fault, is published by Faber.


text:
We respect your privacy
Fun Casino is ranked #912 out of 1127 casinos listed
New players, 18+
Get a 300% bonus on your second deposit!
Minimum deposit: $25
Players are required to wager the bonus and deposit amount (40) forty times before making any cash-outs.
Get a 300% bonus on your second deposit of minimum $25, using the bonus code: OMERTA300
OMERTA300 can be claimed only after playing with OMERTA250 on the first deposit.
The bonus holds playthrough x40, no maximum cash-out.
Terms and Conditions Apply.
Get a 250% bonus, up to $2500 on your first deposit!
Get 25% bonus, up to €/$1000 on your third deposit!
Minimum deposit: €/$10
Get a 200% bonus, up to $200 on your second deposit!
No max cash out limit.
Playthrough: 30x deposit+bonus
Games allowed: slots, keno, bingo, specialty games.

domain: game


text: The quest for the so-called perfect body has been an issue in Brazilian society for a long time, especially for women. A number of “digital influencers” perform a fitness lifestyle, producing subjectivities entangled with an idea of success and “well managing oneself.” However, as happiness is constructed as a mandatory “individual engineering project,” more recently, female influencers have emerged who go against standards of beauty taken as oppressive. They embrace other physiques as forms of self-expression and finding joy, mostly the “big” body. Both forms of self-construction are appropriated by consumer culture and are perceived as authentic, reinforcing individualistic agency in a neoliberal context. But what happens when a fitness influencer accidently leaks the information that she underwent a liposuction procedure? Or when a “body positive” model is criticized for appropriating a plus-size agenda and not having a “true” plus-size body? Based on two Brazilian cases and literature review, this article proposes the notion of “gendered ruptures of performances,” which reveal expressive incoherence in the “narratives of the self,” thus breaking ideals of authenticity. It is argued that little attention has been paid to female self-presentation dynamics that do not occur as expected. Moreover, since their bodies are constantly subjected to the scrutiny of others, they are more susceptible to having their performances invalidated online.


text:
This review is written by Kevin McCarthy, 9/02
"Kevin and Maxine’s Celtic & Folk Music CD Reviews"
send me an email message
Listening to political and social commentary in songs brings many long-debated questions to the fore: is it simply singing (literally) to the choir? Does music promoting a certain viewpoint really alter the minds of non-believers? While certainly interesting, we'll leave the answers, if they exist, to others and focus instead on the quality of Tom Pacheco's musical and lyrical presentations contained in his latest release.
This is certainly a release steeped in his strongly held views, his preachings detractors might say. But, point one, regardless of your address on the political spectrum, the understated, instrumental backing enhances the ambiance and ultimately the message of Pacheco's words. And, point two, Pacheco's political bent is not presented in a caustic rant. He makes his points melodically.
The past, present and future are the compass points of this release. Pacheco individualizes societal crucibles, the telling moments in life, sometimes poignantly, sometimes wistfully, sometimes angrily, but always in a fashion worth hearing.
He lambastes this country's corporate economic gymnastics in "What About Us." Beginning with blind faith but hurtling topsy turvy towards a shattered life and full-blown cynicism, he opens with:
"We used to get there Monday early for a long full day of workThe angry, pleading chorus of those provided the opportunity to pursue other employment possibilities goes:
We'd see the bosses in their offices, every one a bright young Turk
They told us we were part of something bigger than our lives
We'd see their smiling faces, we never saw their corporate knives..."
"...What about us? What about us?"Indian Prayer (The Land I Love)," also recently on another Appleseed offering, Pat Humphries' "Hands," is given a solid gravitas by Pacheco's vocals. It's as if one is hearing something from a spiritual prayer book.
We who worked hard, we who had trust..."
"If I Could Come Back" is a reflection on life. Backed by haunting dobro and bass, Pacheco sings:
"...I've seen it all, the struggle, the painBut he adds that if the possibility of returning exists:
The sunrise of love, the beauty of rain
But emotions runs dry, they get tired and used up
I understand why one life is enough..."
"...I'd want to come back where there's magic and lightUtilizing the image of a battered piano baking in the desert sun in "Broken Piano," Pacheco sings the sole remnant of a concluded relationship is a love song composed on the weatherbeaten instrument. The question remaining is what does the piano represent:
Shadows and dreams, every star bright
I'd want to come back as a summer night..."
"...A shrine or a tombstone depending on your point of view...""Provincetown" is a touching song revolving around the memories of love. Unfortunately, this love has been ruptured by tragedy.
Political or personal, Pacheco fashions compelling musical stories deserving of a wider audience.
Pacheco, on vocals and guitar, is backed by Pete Seeger on banjo; Scott Petito on bass, fretless bass, upright bass, octave mandolin, electric guitar, lap steel, percussion and pad; Jerry Marotta on drums and percussion; Steve Gorn on Bansuri flute; Steinar Albrigtsen on vocals, high string guitar and 12-string guitar; Leslie Ritter on vocals; Beth Reineke on vocals; Richard Bell on piano and organ; Jim Weider on nylon string guitar; Kevin Maul on dobro; Jay Ungar on fiddle and Roland Moussaa on high chant.
Copyright © 1998-2015 Kevin & Maxine’s Celtic & Folk Music CD Reviews. All rights reserved.
Ownership, copyright and title of this folk music CD review belongs to me, Kevin McCarthy. Ownership, copyright and title are not transferable or assignable to you or other parties regardless of how or if you or other parties use, copy, save, backup, store, retrieve, transmit, display, publish, modify or share the CD review in whole or in part. Please read the "Terms, Conditions and Disclaimer" section on my web site for additional information about using, quoting, or reprinting this CD review.
Send inquiries to: send me an email message.
Return to Kevin and Maxine’s Celtic & Folk Music CD Reviews home page.
To return to the last web page you visited, click the "Back" button that appears immediately below:


text:
This website is best viewed in a browser that supports web standards.
Skip to content or, if you would rather, Skip to navigation.
Oct. 24, 2012ATCHISON COUNTY, MO | By: Nuelle
A bridge in Atchison County is set to reopen soon.
According to the Missouri Department of Transportation, the Little Tarkio Bridge on U-S 136 east of Route M near Tarkio is on track to be completed before December. The new beams are set and the concrete deck is ready to be poured this week. Community Relations Specialist Marcia Johnson says the new bridge will be wider.

domain: geography


We have uniquely positioned ourselves as a dependable firm, engaged in manufacturing and supplying a commendable array of Cast Iron Main Gate. This gate is manufactured in compliance with set industrial norms, using best quality cast iron. To provide protection against rust, we coat this gate with anti corrosive materials. This gate is used as main gate in residential houses, hotels and bungalows. Clients can avail our Cast Iron Main Gate in different sizes, designs and finishing as per their requirements.


text:
The finish of aluminum extrusions not only enhances their appearance but also provides crucial protection against wear, corrosion, and environmental elements. Anodizing and powder coating are two widely used finishing techniques for aluminum extrusions, each offering unique benefits and considerations. Selecting the right finish is essential to ensure the desired aesthetic appeal, durability, and performance of the extruded components. In this article, we will compare anodizing and powder coating, highlighting their differences and helping buyers make informed decisions when choosing the ideal finish for their aluminum extrusions.
Anodizing is an electrochemical process that creates a durable and corrosion-resistant oxide layer on the surface of aluminum extrusions. It offers several advantages that make it a popular choice for various applications.
- Corrosion Resistance: Anodizing significantly enhances the natural corrosion resistance of aluminum. The anodic oxide layer acts as a barrier, protecting the extrusion from moisture, chemicals, and UV radiation. This makes anodized aluminum extrusions suitable for outdoor and high-moisture environments, such as architectural applications or components exposed to harsh conditions.
- Aesthetic Options: Anodizing allows for a wide range of color options, offering versatility in achieving desired aesthetics. The process involves dyeing the anodic oxide layer, resulting in a durable and fade-resistant color finish. Anodized aluminum extrusions can also retain the metallic appearance, providing a sleek and modern look.
- Durability: Anodized finishes are highly durable and resistant to abrasion, chipping, and fading. The anodic oxide layer becomes an integral part of the aluminum surface, ensuring long-lasting performance. Anodizing can provide an excellent balance between aesthetics and durability, making it suitable for architectural, automotive, and consumer goods applications.
Powder coating is a dry finishing process that involves electrostatically applying a powder coating material onto the surface of aluminum extrusions. The coated extrusions are then cured to create a durable and attractive finish. Powder coating offers several advantages that make it a preferred choice in various industries.
- Aesthetic Versatility: Powder coating provides a wide range of color options, finishes, and textures. From matte to glossy, smooth to textured, powder coating allows for customization to meet specific design requirements. This versatility makes it a popular choice for architectural, furniture, and automotive applications.
- Environmental Friendliness: Powder coating is an environmentally friendly finishing option. The powder coating material does not contain solvents or volatile organic compounds (VOCs), reducing air pollution. Additionally, unused or oversprayed powder can be collected and reused, minimizing waste.
- Durability and Protection: Powder coatings offer excellent durability and protection against impacts, chemicals, and weathering. The cured powder coating forms a hard, protective layer that can withstand harsh environments and resist chipping, scratching, and fading. This makes powder coating suitable for applications that require enhanced durability, such as outdoor furniture, appliances, and industrial components.
Considerations for Choosing the Right Finish: When selecting between anodizing and powder coating for aluminum extrusions, several factors should be considered:
- Application Requirements: Consider the specific needs of the application, including aesthetics, corrosion resistance, durability, and environmental exposure. Anodizing is often preferred for its superior corrosion resistance, while powder coating offers greater aesthetic versatility.
- Design Complexity: The design complexity of the extrusions can influence the choice of finish. Anodizing is better suited for intricate shapes and fine details, while powder coating can provide a smooth and uniform finish on complex profiles.
- Cost: Consider the budgetary constraints and the cost implications of each finish. Powder coating may have a higher upfront cost due to additional equipment

domain: chemistry


There are forty years of manufacturing history, with three major production bases,over 160 senior R&D engineers and 600+ large and medium-sized digital processing equipment, The first-line technicians and professional after-sales service personnel up to 2,300+ and 200+ respectively.Inquiry Online
Company website gold tortoise jewelry 24k diamond ring engagement ring 2 gram gold ring Material Metal eco-friendly zinc alloy, Lead, Nickel, Cadmium free Plating 18K gold, smooth luster, donrsquot fade for long time, no allergic Main stone Austrian crystal Color Silver Weight 12 g Size Size 6-9 available Shape Ball Grade High-end jewelry Price Wholesale price MOQ Small MOQ is ...
Copper is soft, pliable and malleable, and it conducts heat and electricity very well. However, unlike gold and silver, copper is not widely viewed as a currency. Therefore, copper costs far less than precious metals. The global supply of copper comes principally from underground mines and from recycling copper
Copper moves around the world in a variety of forms such as copper ore, raw copper, refined copper and copper wire. Chile and Peru are the largest exporters of copper ore, while China and Japan ...
For example, El Soldado copper mine Chile had an average oxide ore grade in 2003 of 1.7 and in 2012 the average ore grade was only 0.46. As an average, the combined weighted decrease of the copper ore grade in all the mines analyzed was approximately 25 from 2003 to 2013.
Chile is the leading producer of copper in this region and some of the worlds largest copper mines are located in this country. Asia Pacific also holds a significant position in the copper mining industry and the region also accounts for a significant share of global copper consumption.
production mining equipment for sale. manganese mining crushing plant equipment for sale,price, supplier.In the copper mining industry, everyone knows that copper ore crusher and grinding mill is commonly used as crushing equipment to compose of copper production line in Chile
Copper ore dressing equipment, metallurgical equipment, mill equipment manufacturing plant. Dolomite quarrying equipment manufacturer Sand production line sand washing machine price Granite quarry mobile crusher Zambia gold mining crusher Nigerian aggregate sand making machine model Jaw Crusher Parts Supplier
Marimaca Copper Corp. engages in the acquisition, exploration, and exploitation of mineral properties and projects located in Chile. The company explores for copper, iron ore, gold, and other base and precious metals. It principally holds 51 interests in Marimaca copper oxide project located in the Antofagasta Region of northern Chile. The company was formerly known as Coro Mining Corp. and ...
copper ore concentrator process flow in america. Escondida Copper Gold and Silver Mine Atacama Desert The Escondida copper-gold-silver mine is located in the arid northern Atacama Desert of Chile about 160km . Get Price
Factory price South Africa Hot Sale Gold Ball Mill Machine for Iron. . ore beneficiation line flotation machine for gold zinc. machine for copper ore,gold ore,iron. Live Chat. Live Chat lead ore mining equipment mill for sale gumanji.co.za. Lead and zinc ore grinding equipment include ball mills, rod mills, and vertical mills. Live Chat lead
2020-6-22Copper, that reddish-orange metal that has been used to benefit civilization since 8000 B.C. is one of the most important metals used by modern industry. Prized for its ability to conduct heat and electricity, it is an element that helps facilitate the world as we know it,
2020-6-25LOW-COST OPERATION IN THE UNITED STATES. The 700-ton mill operated by the Standard Cyanide Co. in Nevada between the years 1939 and 1942, when it was closed as a result of government order during the Second World War, succeeded in making a profit from ore carrying as little as 0.06 oz. gold per ton.
The EUs main copper mines are in Finland, Poland, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. On a global scale, Chile was the largest mining country, with a 32 share, followed by China 8, Peru 8, USA 7 and Australia 6. Copper mining also provides many valuable by-products that can be used in advanced material applications.
Economic Impact of Copper. Since Chiles copper mining is nationalized, the profits and dividends from copper production go to benefit the state. Due to coppers dominance as Chiles primary export, the countrys economy follows a boom-and-bust cycle that varies with the price of copper
Then the ore is crushed and screened, with the fine sulfide ore 0.5 mm going to froth flotation cells for recovery of copper. The coarser ore goes to the heap leach, where the copper is subjected to a dilute sulfuric acid solution to dissolve the copper. Inquire Now flotation cell copper ore gold ore mining mineral mining. Features Mineral ...
The Carajs region is regarded as one of the most prospective mineral provinces in the world for the discovery of high-grade large-tonnage copper-gold and iron ore resources.
2 The Escondida copper-gold-silver mine is located in the arid, northern Atacama Desert of Chile about 160km southeast the port of Antofagasta, at an elevation of 3,050m above sea level. The mine is a joint venture between BHP-Billiton 57.5, Rio Tinto 30, a Japanese consortium 10 and the International Finance Corporation 2.5.
Alibaba.com offers 761 gold mining ball mill products. About 60 of these are Mine Mill, 0 are Flour Mill, and 0 are Grinding Equipment. A wide variety of gold mining ball mill options are available to you, such as condition, local service location, and applicable industries.
Name Copper gluconate Precise quality 453.030548 Destiny NA PSA 254.90000 Boiling point 673.6C at 760 mmHg LogP 2.09 Melting point 155-157C Appearance blue powder Molecular formula C12H22CuO14 Vapour pressure NA Molecular weight...
2020-6-12200-250th copper ore production line processing project in Chile. Processing material copper ore Production 200-250th Output size 0-15mm Equipment configuration PE7501060 jaw crusher, 2 HPT300 hydraulic cone crusher, 2 VSI vertical shaft impact crusher, 2


text:
You can now get Fortnite Youtube drops if you know how to link your Epic Games and YouTube accounts. With the Fortnite World Cup taking place on the weekend of July 26-28, Epic Games is introducing a new initiative that allows players to earn in-game rewards from watching both the World Cup and Game Jam Hollywood on YouTube. And if you want in, here's how to link your Epic Games and YouTube accounts and get YouTube Drops in Fortnite.
How to connect your Epic Games and YouTube accounts(opens in new tab)
Linking your account together is simple:
- Sign in to YouTube on a web browser and head to your account settings, found by clicking the user icon in the top right corner.
- Select "Connected Accounts" on the left hand side between Privacy and Watch On TV.
- Choose Epic Games then click Connect.
- Sign in to your Epic Games account and voila! The two should be connected.
If you don't see the option to connect an Epic Games account here, don't worry; you've simply turned up too early. This is the first time players will be able to earn Fortnite items through YouTube and as you can see from the above image, the option wasn't there for us, but Epic has confirmed it will be rolled out for everyone before the streams start.
How to earn YouTube Drops in Fortnite
You're probably wondering which events or streams are eligible to earn YouTube Drops for Fortnite, and there's actually two separate events across a four day period. The first is the Game Jam Hollywood, which is a specific Fortnite-themed game jam that takes place in... yep, you guessed it: Hollywood. This is taking place on July 25 at 12:30pm ET/17:30 BST.
Straight after the Fortnite game jam, the Fortnite World Cup is taking place from July 26 - 28. If you tune in for at least 20 minutes each day, you should receive one of the Fortnite Drops, as long as you're watching on YouTube and have your accounts linked.
List of Fortnite Drops(opens in new tab)
There's four drops available in total, one for each day the promotion is running:
- June 25 - Game Jam Spray
- June 26 - Game Jam Spray
- June 27 - World Cup Spray
- June 28 - Red Line Wrap
Epic has also confirmed that more drops will be coming in the "months following the Fortnite World Cup Finals", so it's worth keeping an eye out for any future official Fortnite streams. You can read more about Epic's official announcement on the YouTube Drops here (opens in new tab).
Fortnite tips (opens in new tab) | Fortnite patch notes (opens in new tab) | Fortnite Creative codes (opens in new tab) | Fortnite Party Assist (opens in new tab) | Fortnite ping system (opens in new tab) | Fortnite map changes (opens in new tab) | How to get free Fortnite V-Bucks (opens in new tab) | Fortnite 2FA (opens in new tab) | Fortnite Season 10 (opens in new tab)

domain: entertainment


Dallas Chamber Music Society Presents the Danish S
Central Standard Time
Dallas Chamber Music Society
6:30 pm - Ticket holder reception
6:45 pm - Pre-Concert Talk
7:30 pm - Concert
The 2017-2018 season will open with the return of the Danish String Quartet, whose Dallas debut during our 2013-14...


What is the ship's current position? Where is the ship located? CRYSTAL BALL last received position is 26.11833 N / 80.14461 W on Sep 14, 2017 at 22:47 UTC.
Vessel CRYSTAL BALL (IMO: N/A, MMSI: 339303000) is a sailing vessel and currently sailing under the flag of Jamaica. Below you can find more technical information, photos, AIS data and last 5 port calls of CRYSTAL BALL detected by AIS.
CRYSTAL BALL map position
CRYSTAL BALL AIS Data
CRYSTAL BALL Master Data
Last 5 port calls as detected by AIS
Web resources (CRYSTAL BALL)
CRYSTAL BALL current position and history of port calls are received by AIS. Technical specifications, tonnages and management details are derived from VesselFinder database. The data is for informational purposes only and VesselFinder is not responsible for the accuracy and reliability of CRYSTAL BALL data.