This transfer window has been revolving around Saudi Arabia and the Saudi Pro Football League. The Saudi Arabian team has signed many big names in world football this summer, and they are not showing any signs of slowing down. Mohamed Salah is the latest football figure to be heavily linked with the Saudi Arabian team.
Mohamed Salah To Al Ittihad?
Last year’s champions of the Saudi Premier League, Al Ittihad, are heavily linked with Egyptian striker Mohamed Salah. After signing the current Ballon d’Or winner, Karim Benzema, Mohamed Salah is the topmost priority for Al Ittihad.
Mohammed Salah has told Liverpool that he wants to join Al Ittihad after the huge bid was placed for him by none other than Al Ittihad. According to Rudy Galetti of Sport Italia, Salah has informed Liverpool of his desire to complete the transfer to Al Ittihad.
Expected Fee And Salary In Saudi
Saudi Arabian teams are known for spending a huge amount of money on players and providing gigantic salaries, and Mohamed Salah will be no exception. Al Ittihad has reportedly made an offer worth £80 million (€100 million) to Liverpool for Salah as a transfer fee and proposed a salary worth £65 million ($82 million).
Liverpool’s Interest Against MO Salah’s Transfer
Despite the huge offer from the Saudi team, Liverpool and Jurgen Klopp are not willing to sell their valuable asset, i.e., Salah. Salah has been consistently performing for Liverpool and has been the reason for the major success of Jurgen Klopp in recent years.
Liverpool lost their major targets Caicedo and Lavia in this transfer window to Chelsea. This has only added to Klopp’s desire to not lose any more players before the transfer window closes on Friday.
Here are Some of our Favourite Football (Soccer) Cleats
Here we will be giving more of an opinion, rather than facts. Are the cleats worth the price that they are being sold at? Should you upgrade from your current cleats, depending on what boots you own? What features stand out in these cleats? If any. Does it do the job? Speed, control, stability etc.
Depending on your needs/preferences. We can also mention its durability, if we have collected enough data on the specific cleats.
What did we expect vs. what we got. Is it maybe overrated/underrated?
Here’s our pick from the very best of the bunch.
On your way to the pro leagues? Here’s our pick.
Want something to start with? Have a look at our pick.


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A charity rugby match has been organised in memory of a former Littleborough rugby player.
Julian ‘Bebbi’ Bebbington, who passed away in July last year at the age of 60, joined Littleborough rugby club in the 1980s and played for 20 years before joining Oldham Vets team.
In later life Julian was diagnosed with motor neurone disease (MND).
Friend and former teammate Brent Pollitt said the charity match between Littleborough and Oldham on May 21 at Oldham rugby club will raise money and awareness for the disease.
“This game we have organised is in memory of Julian and also to raise awareness and funds for MND,” said Brent.
“There’s fundraising things on afterwards such as old fashioned raffles like breakfast and meat raffles, which is what me and Julian grew up with.
“All his family will be there and lads from Littleborough are coming down so it will be a local derby as well which we played a lot for both sides.
“Hopefully it will be a very good day so we can raise funds and awareness.”
Julian was born in Newcastle-under-Lyme, where he was a county sprinter and shot putter in his teens, before moving to Rochdale in early 80s to pursue a career in teaching science at Roch Valley High School.
When he moved to Rochdale he married and had four children, three girls and a boy, and once he decided to hang up his boots, he married Pauline with whom he spent the rest of his life with.
Brent added that his former front-row partner was a ‘good lad’ and a well-respected teacher.
He said: “He was a very good rugby player, very committed but he caught this horrible disease which cut his life short. He came to a few games when he was diagnosed and he came to my wedding - he was in a wheelchair.
“Julian was an outdoor kind of guy who enjoyed canoeing, walking and skiing but to name a few activities. He was a keen musician and played locally in a band.
“Please come down and join Julian’s family and friends in raising the roof and celebrating a great man, father, husband, grandad, friend and rugby player.”
The game is at Oldham Rugby union club, Byrth Road, OL8 2TJ.
The day will start with GB Masters VS Elland Masters, kick off at 2pm, with Oldham vs Littleborough kicking off at 3.15pm.
For more information visit the Facebook page: www.facebook.com/events/320439060145153/?ref=newsfeed

domain: news


US Open champions Marin Cilic and Serena Williams kicked off their China Open campaigns with straight sets victories against battling underdogs on Monday, but Rafa Nadal suffered defeat in a rare doubles outing on his return from injury.
Williams, who won her 18th grand slam singles title in New York earlier this month, started sluggishly and found herself 5 0 and 40-15 down to Spanish qualifier Silvia Soler Espinosa.
However, the world number one saved four set points in a brilliant fightback before taking the match 7-5 6-2 to set up a second-round clash with another qualifier, Bulgarian Tsvetana Pironkova.
Elsewhere, former world number one Ana Ivanovic, had a far easier day by swatting aside Swiss teenager Belinda Bencic 6-2 6-1 to advance to the second round of the women's draw.
Ivanovic currently holds the eighth and final spot on the WTA's Race to Singapore standings with four places still up for grabs for next month's season-ending event.
Nadal in doubles loss
Also returning after an absence, albeit a longer one, was 14-time grand slam singles champion Nadal, who had been sidelined for over three months with a wrist injury.
The world number two teamed up with compatriot Pablo Andujar in the men's doubles but they lost 5-7, 6-4, 10-4 to Czech Tomas Berdych and American John Isner in his first match since losing in the last-16 at Wimbledon.
The Spaniard is the second seed in the men's singles draw and will face Richard Gasquet of France in first round action on the Beijing blue courts later in the week.
Cilic was able to capitalise on his unheralded opponent's mistakes with Bai's forehand faltering as the match progressed, allowing the Croatian to secure a break in each set to advance to the second round.


Gold Ball Mill - Manufacturers, Suppliers, Factory from China Gold Copper Ore Stone Ball Mill Grinding Mill Machine. Gold Ore Ball Mill Grinding Spiral Classifier Machine. Small Ball Mill Gold Mercury Amalgamator Barrel. 1400 1500 1600 Gold Wet Pan Mill Chilean Mill For Zimbabwe And Sudan.The mill product can either be finished size ready for processing, or an intermediate size ready for final grinding in a rod mill, ball mill or pebble mill. AG SAG mills can accomplish the same size reduction work as two or three stages of crushing and screening, a rod mill, and some or all of the work of a ball mill.The Bond Ball Mill Work Index (BBWi) test is carried out in a standardised ball mill with a pre-defined media and ore charge. The Work Index calculated from the testing can be used in the design and analysis of ball mill circuits. The test requires a minimum of 10kg of sample that has been stage-crushed to 100 passing size of 3.35 mm.Its coverage area is reduced by 50 compared with ball mill, and the energy consumption is saved by 30 -40 similarly. This mill itself can crush, dry, grinding, classifying, so the system is simple, and occupation area is about 50 of ball mill system. In addition, it can be installed outside, so it will reduce a large number of investment costs.
Nov 15, 2012 portable gold ore mills for sale – Grinding Mill China. Portable gold mining mill – Gold Ore Crusher. ores, but on sulfide ores, the Cyclo Mill has a benefit, also. One can fine grind the ore, detailed.Plant regrinding mill 2016-04-17 mills dealer sri 2016-10-11 ball mill for gold ore flotation cells 2017-04-06 used band sawmills for sale arkansas 2017-09-30 series limeball mill 2018-03-27 drill press for mill 2018-09-20 coarse powder mill manufacturer india 2019-03-16 pper ore ball mill for sale 2019-09-09 advantages of roller mill.Jaw and gyratory crushers are used for initial size reduction to convert big rocks into small stones. This is generally followed by a cone crusher. A combination of rod mill and ball mills are then used if the ore must be ground below 325 mesh (45 μm). Instead of grinding the ore dry, slurry is used as feed for rod or ball mills, to avoid dusting.Ball Mills 【Capacity】 0.2-90 T H 【Advantages】Designed for long service life, minimum maintenance, can grind and homogenize mineral ores down to the nano range, a large volume of processing capacity 【Max Feeding Size】 25mm 【Discharge Size】0.075-0.4mm 【Types】Overflow ball mills, grate discharge ball mills 【Service】 24hrs quotation, custom-made.
Guide about ball mill gold ore IAMGOLD Corporation Glossary Ball Mill A large steel cylinder containing steel balls into which crushed ore is fed. The ball mill is rotated, causing the balls to cascade and grind the ore. Bench Horizontal steps increments mined as an open pit p.Dec 18, 2013 The smallest ball size typically charged into ball mills and tower mills is inch (12.5 mm), although media diameters as small as 6 mm have been used industrially in Vertimills. In a laboratory study by Nesset et al .,[ 7 ] a GIS mill charged with 5-mm steel shot, and with other operating conditions similarly optimized, achieved high energy.Primary Grinding – Ball Mills. The environment in primary ball milling can best be described by giving equal considerations to both impact and abrasive conditions. The relatively large ball sizes employed [3″ – 4″ (75 – 100 mm)] contribute a significant impact component to the overall wear.The hammer mill or ball mill takes the 3 4″ discharge from the jaw crusher and pulverizes it to liberate the values in the ore (usually gold), and one of them is a component of our Turn-Key Ore Processor. The size of the powder from a hammer mill is controlled by the size of the openings in the screen, and the discharge is processed on the.
Yield of gold ore ball mill The gold ball mill production is 0.65-615t h, Gold mine ball mills can operate continuously for 24 hours so the yield can be ensured. The Manufacturer can customize a gold ore ball mill to fit your yield needs. A reliable gold mine with low failure rate is a prerequisite for high production.84741000. overflow Ball Mill. Description Ball mill is an efficient tool for grinding many materials into fine powder. The Ball Mill is used to grind many kinds of mine and other materials, or to select the mine. 2 It is widely used in building material, chemical industry, etc. There are two ways of grinding The dry way and the wet way.The Description and Function of Ball Mill Ball mill is the key equipment for recrushing the materials after they are primarily crushed. Ball mill is widely used for the dry type or wet type grinding of all kinds of ores and other grindable materials in cement, silicate product, new building material, refractory, fertilizer, black and non-ferrous metals and glass ceramic industry.Ball Mill. Ball mills are used primary for single stage fine grinding, regrinding, and as the second stage in two stage grinding circuits. According to the need of customers, ball mill can be either wet or dry designs. Ball mills have been designed in standard sizes of the final products between 0.074 mm and 0.4 mm in diameter.
The point where the mill becomes a centrifuge is called the Critical Speed , and ball mills usually operate at 65 to 75 of the critical speed. Ball Mill Application Ball mills are generally used to grind material 1 4 inch and finer, down to the particle size of 20 to 75 microns.Ball mill is one of the most imporatant machines in ore derssing plant. it can be used to process many materials including gold, copper, granite, quartz, pebble, limestones, etc. The final product of the gold ball mill is ieal and also always can be use on cosmetic.For overflow ball mills, the charge should not exceed 45 of the mill volume . For grate discharge mills, the charge should occupy about 50 of the mill volume . Bond developed a relationship that can be used to determine the percent charge by volume as a function of the vertical height above the charge, He, and the radius of the mill, R, i.e.,.The ball mill rolls grinding media together with the ore, as the ore grinds, these balls initially 5-10 cm in diameter but gradually wear out. Grinding is always carried out under wet conditions, with about 70 solid mixture in water. This procedure maximizes ore.
Wet pan mill also called gold round mill, it is versatile ore grinding equipment not only for grinding the minerals but also for gold amalgam. It is a best replacement for medium-small capacity ball mill, owing to the excellent performance.Ball mill can process barite, slime, potash feldspar, tungsten carbide, copper ore, slag, hematite, white ash, gold ore, aluminum powder, high alumina porcelain, iron powder, fluorite ore， Steel slag,dozens or even hundreds of ores . . Introduction of Rod Mill Machine 06 22, 2018. Bar Mill According to the model and size of.Nov 26, 2021 Ball mill is a piece of important grinding equipment, which is widely used in mineral processing, building materials, and the chemical industry. It can be used for dry or wet grinding of various ores and grindable materials. However, the noise generated by ball mills in the production process is extremely loud and can easily damage the health of workers who.Ceramic Ball mill. ball mill is an important equipment to grind materials which is widely used in powder making production line including cement, feldspar, gypsum, newtype building material, refractory material, fertilizer, ore dressing of ferrous metal and nonferrous metal. ≤25mmFeed Size. ≤800KWMotor Power.


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QUETTA – At least eight people were killed while 20 others were injured on Friday when a coach overturned near Mastung in Balochistan.
The unfortunate coach was going to Quetta from Karachi when the driver lost control over the steering due to high speed at Lak Pass near Mastung and plunged into a ravine.
After the incident, rescue officials reached the spot and shifted the injured and dead bodies to the hospital.
Lak Pass is situated on a height, between Quetta and Mastung districts. Accidents usually happen on unpaved and narrow roads in Balochistan.


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Salt and Migraines; The Most Unlikely Happy Couple!
I have written a book on migraine cause and prevention that you can find in paperback and digital versions all over the world; the links in the previous sentence link you to amazon but they are available everywhere. Shop around for the best prices, like Barnes&Noble, AuthorHouse (the publisher), BookDaily, BAM, IndieBound, Indigo, BookDepository, OneClass (text-book there), GoodReads, plus hundreds of places internationally. You can even rent the book online; example and renting too in hundreds of places.
Why am I writing this little note now? I have published a few posts on a professional blog where I was invited to write. You can find all my article postings there by clicking this link but I wanted to copy-paste one comment I received that went to the webmaster and I just received today. This is about the first post I wrote on migraines several weeks ago, which is the bottom post. It is a 3-part series on migraines and this response is from an MD on my first post. Here is his comment copy-pasted:
|Subject||Migraine Article –Dehydration and Salt Triggers Migraines|
|Message||Dr. Stanton, I enjoyed your article immensely. For over 20 years, I have been educating my patients on the importance of maintaining hydration via using adequate amounts of salt and water. Most of my patients are salt-deficient. I have written a book about salt titled, “Salt Your Way to Health”. I also have other books including one about hormones. I would love to hear from you. Thank you, David Brownstein, M.D.|
In addition to this doctors, I received many other similar notes (without other people writing a book about the subject as well) and many medical offices now keep my book for their clients to read. I am not doing much of a marketing on this book since the price is so low I am not earning enough on it to cover expenses and so the spreading of the book and the wealth of knowledge in it is a grassroots movement to let people know they can get rid of their migraines without having to take a single pain pill.
Big Pharma will not be very happy about an outright campaign against the drugs so I am not doing that. But I wish you would try a drug free method that only encompasses ionic balancing (minerals you eat in your food that become ions in your brain) with your food. The solution is free, simple, you eat the stuff every day in every meal only not enough. But too much can hurt you so the proper balance is important.
You can find the proper balance and the reason for the balance in my book. The most recent scientific explanations that are finally starting to show what a migraine is and why it happens (in the scanner) also in my 3 posts.
If you are a migraineur or know someone who is, you still have the time to get a digital copy for them for Christmas or perhaps even a paperback if you go to a store–they all carry it.
I wish you all a Merry Christmas or Happy Holiday season if you are not celebrating Christmas but want to celebrate along with the others! Hugs to you all!
I am always available for questions and comments!

domain: literature


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Our process requires a “print ready” artwork file. Either you can create and upload your own “print ready” artwork file or we can design and prepare the “print ready” artwork for you. If you upload your own “print ready” artwork file there is no art or setup charge. If we prepare the “print ready” artwork file design service charges will apply.
All of our online products require you to choose one of the following artwork options.
- Send us your wording, logo, and images.
- We will put together an effective, eye catching layout.
- Includes basic layout and an e-mail proof.
- Logo clean-up and advanced design extra.
- Upload print ready artwork file.
How to Prepare “Print Ready” Artwork
By definition “print ready” artwork means we can put the file directly into our print que. Following these steps will ensure that your uploaded artwork is indeed “print ready” and you will not incur additional charges.
Download the design template for the product you want to order
Using the template, prepare your design (Illustrator, Photoshop, InDesign, Coreldraw, etc.)
• Design at 1/4 scale and 300 dpi.
• Convert all text to outlines or curves.
• Embed all images.
• Export your “print ready” artwork file.
• Accepted file types for upload: .pdf, .eps, .jpg.
• Do NOT compress your art file.
Double-check this list to avoid any delays.
Upload Your “Print Ready” Artwork File
All of our products allow a “print ready” artwork file to be attached and uploaded at the time of order placement. Do not navigate away from the product page while the file is uploading.

domain: artistic


We love to visit local classrooms and host groups for fire station tours to help you learn more about our firefighters and ways you can keep your family
Station Tours and Classroom Visits are available by appointment for group educational purposes
- Please submit your station tour or classroom visit request at least three weeks in advance.
- Station visitors must be age 5 or older. For children under age 5, classroom visits are available.
- Maximum group size for station tours is 25 people, including children and adults.
- We recommend at least one adult chaperone for every five children.
- Due to our increasing call volume, we are only able to accomodate one classroom visit or station tour per fire station, per day. If you have multiple
groups, we ask that you schedule additional visits on different days.
- Station tours and classroom visits typically last 30 minutes to one hour.
During Your Visit:
- All Marysville Fire District stations are working fire stations with crews on-duty 24 hours each day of the year. Crews remain on duty during station tours, classroom presentations and special
events; and thus may be called to an emergency during your visit. If that happens, the visit will end and we will gladly reschedule.
- Chaperones and children must stay with the group at all times.
- Any children ages 5 and under must be within arm’s length of an adult.
- For safety reasons, please do not allow children to lift equipment, climb or sit on fire station vehicles, or put on any firefighter clothing, including helmets. Tours of the inside of fire
district vehicles are allowed only at the discretion of Marysville Fire District personnel.
- No running is allowed in any fire station or parking lot.
- Please do not bring food or drinks into a fire station.
- The Marysville Fire District makes safety its utmost priority. Failure to follow these guidelines will result in the end of your visit.
To schedule a Station Tour or Classroom Visit, fill out one of the forms below:
For additional information, contact Public Educator Christie Veley at (360) 363-8507 or firstname.lastname@example.org


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You have no items in your cart
Maggi Mi Goreng Sambal Anchovies Flavour 5x78g Pack (BB: 31.07.22)
is backordered and will ship as soon as it is back in stock.
Mi Goreng Sambal Anchovies, spicy & rich with flavour! Made with real fresh ingredients like anchovies, chillies, onion and garlic. Noodles are made with 100% Australian wheat.
BEST BEFORE: 31.07.22
Product of Malaysia.

domain: food


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A picture of a flying bird with deployed wings. Depending on the colors you pick to color its feathers, you can turn it in an exotic tropical bird, or your favorite local common bird. Don't forget to post your colored picture in a comment once you are done!
More coloring pages on the same themes:
Themes : Coloring pages, Animals, Bird


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Located right in front of Restaurant Giswilerstock, this park gets young hearts racing.
It created an absolute sensation when the hotel and railroad pioneer Franz-Josef Bucher-Durrer built the Hammetschwand lift at the Bürgenberg in 1905.
Like an enormous wedge, the Lopper mountain chain separates the main basin of Lake Lucerne from Alpnachersee. Before the road and railway were cut into the vertical rock walls, Rengpass was the only link between Lucerne and Obwalden. Today, the pass has become one of the most popular bike loops of central Switzerland.

domain: geography


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With the birds trilling early in the morning and lawnmowers buzzing throughout Grounds, there is no doubt that spring has finally arrived in Charlottesville. The warm and bright weather not only inspires me to spend more time outdoors — it reignites my passion for gardening. I have always been absolutely fascinated by the idea of growing my own food and an internet deep-dive into this very idea brought me to the informative Epic Gardening YouTube channel.
I’ve learned that being a college student living in an apartment does not have to limit my gardening opportunities — there are plenty of easy-to-grow edible plants that thrive in balcony gardens. Herbs are the most simple and accessible plants to kickstart the apartment homestead of my dreams, so I decided to make a mixed pot of fresh herbs that not only adorn my balcony but will also bring the taste of spring right into my kitchen.
A mixed pot of herbs is a great way to increase plant diversity in a small growing space. To kickstart this year’s outdoor gardening projects, I purchased a multipack of grow bags. Grow bags are fabric plant pots that are cost-effective and versatile. Their cloth sides help prevent plants from becoming root-bound as they grow and instead encourage a more branched root system which increases the productivity of the plant. Soil is easy to find during this time of year, so any potting mix will work for a mixed herb pot. I bought my soil from Tractor Supply and may have impulsively bought a peach tree, too — oops!
Choosing herbs for your mixed pot can be both exciting and daunting since there are so many to choose from. I let my stomach help me in deciding which herbs to choose, hence why my final list consisted of basil, mint and rosemary — some of my favorite kitchen essentials. Most plant nurseries and some grocery stores have herbs in soil. I bought my plants from Trader Joe’s at Stonefield and Fifth Season Gardening on Preston Avenue. Mixed pot upkeep is easy with watering twice a week and pruning as I use the herbs. My herbs are on a section of my porch that receives bright indirect sunlight — full, direct sunlight may not be ideal for all plants as more sensitive plants may dry out or burn. I bought medium-sized potted herbs, so I was able to use a few leaves right away while being conscious to leave enough of the plant for it to continue growing.
The fragrant lure of fresh basil makes my mouth water. I love using basil in my kitchen to make a classic caprese salad. With simple ingredients of fresh mozzarella, basil, tomatoes, balsamic vinegar, salt, pepper and olive oil, caprese salad is easy to put together and tastes amazing. I like to layer the ingredients in a sliced, gently toasted baguette for the ultimate spring sandwich. Fresh basil is also tasty on a homemade margherita pizza. The variety I’ve planted is sweet basil.
Mint is a prolific grower in Virginia and has a slight tendency to overpower smaller or slower-growing plants, so my best tip is to avoid planting it in the center of your mixed pot. When thriving mint flows over the edges of the grow bag, it contributes to the lush garden aura that makes an apartment porch feel magical. Mint is the quintessential spring drink add-in. Water infused with mint and sliced cucumber or strawberries is one of my favorite ways to stay hydrated and feel luxurious in warm weather. Two main varieties of mint are peppermint and spearmint, which do have distinctive tastes — however, my favorite type of mint to grow is chocolate mint which smells incredible.
Rosemary is another easy herb to grow that does well in the Charlottesville climate. I am a massive fan of parmesan rosemary biscuits, and there’s nothing quite like using homegrown herbs in the recipe. Long rosemary needles can create an awkward mouthfeel despite contributing warmth and flavor to a dish, which is easily solved by finely slicing the herb.
Fresh rosemary is also easy to dry at home for use in the fall and winter after the growing season has ended. Rosemary-infused olive oil is another creative way to use up rosemary in the kitchen and can help to level-up your cooking. Rosemary-infused olive oil is delicious drizzled over toasted slices of a baguette followed by a sprinkling of parmesan cheese.
For a splash of color, I added an edible flower — marigolds. The vibrant orange and yellow flowers blend beautifully with the textures of herb greenery in the pot. Marigolds attract pollinators and brighten up my balcony. While I have yet to eat one, I’m excited to try adding marigolds to spring salads.
Regardless of gardening experience, a mixed pot of herbs is a great addition to your outdoor hobbies this spring. Additionally, this project can be attempted indoors if you have a window that receives adequate sunlight — however, growing plants outdoors reduces the guesswork of encouraging herbs to thrive. There are so many other kinds of herbs — sage, thyme, dill, tarragon, chives — that are exciting to grow and use in the kitchen.

domain: hobby


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The Division of Agriculture within the Ministry of Carriacou and Petite Martinique Affairs is keeping the farine tradition alive.
Growing over an acre of cassava in the Dumfries area, Extension Officer Patrick Mathurine who oversees the process says that this has been part of the division’s agricultural revitalisation programme since 2010.
Noting the additional income that can be derived from farine, Mathurine is encouraging farmers in Carriacou and Petite Martinique to grow cassava and produce the by-product which is farine.
He says that cassava is an ideal crop for the islands, since it requires little rainfall and is not affected by any pests and diseases.
Farmers interested in growing the crop can link with the Division of Agriculture who is ready to supply them with planting material.
Farine is sold at $8 per pound.
Ministry of Carriacou & Petite Martinique Affairs


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The influence of pharmacological stimulation of pulmonary surfactant synthesis has been studied in rat alveolar spaces. Animals were treated acutely with Ambroxol at a dose of 4 mg/kg b.w./day p.o. and 5 days later the following biochemical and physico-chemical parameters were determined: BAL fluid lecithin content, BAL fluid microviscosity, alveolar macrophage membrane microviscosity, spontaneous generation of superoxide anion by alveolar macrophages, elastase and antielastase activity of BAL fluid. Treatment with Ambroxol significantly increased the lecithin content of BAL fluid and significantly decreased the macrophage plasma membrane microviscosity. A likely consequence of increased lecithin content in alveolar macrophages (an activation of these cells) was suggested by the increase of the spontaneous production of superoxide. Finally, in the BAL fluid of Ambroxol-treated rats the elastase activity was reduced, whereas the elastase inhibitory activity was almost doubled in respect to control rats.
- Alveolar macrophage
- Elastase/antielastase balance
- Pulmonary surfactant
- Superoxide anion
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine

domain: medical


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domain: economics


The present invention relates to a method of and means for the determination of particle size and electric charge or zeta potential in a colloidal system.
A colloid is a suspension of small particles in a fluid medium (e.g. aerosols and the dispersions of solids in liquids). Colloids have great scientific and industrial importance. Examples include blood, paints, slurries and milk.
The most significant characteristics of many colloidal systems are the size and charge of the particles, since most other properties of the system are influenced to some extent by these factors.
There are many areas of industry in which it is necessary to be able to determine the size of particles suspended in a liquid or the electric charge on the particles. For example, in the mining industry, mineral ores must be ground down until the particles are the right size for floating, and in liquid purification processes it is important to be able to keep particle charge low in order to encourage the coagulation of the particles into clumps large enough to be filtered out.
In nearly every colloidal system the particle carries an electric charge. This charge is balanced by an excess of ions of opposite charge in the suspending liquid. These ions tend to cluster around the particle, forming a diffuse cloud which is known as the double-layer. The voltage difference between the particle surface and the liquid beyond the double-layer in equilibrium is referred to as the "zeta potential" denoted by ζ. The bigger the particle charge, the bigger the ζ potential.
Known methods for measuring particle size include the use of electron microscopes, Coulter counters, centrifuges and dynamic light-scattering devices. However, all of these known methods require the removal, and subsequent dilution of the sample prior to testing, making such methods unsuited to on-line monitoring of particle size.
Known methods for measuring particle charge all involve the measurement of the particle velocity in an electric field. In some methods, the velocity is determined by measuring the time required for the particle to pass between two points on a microscopic grid when a steady electric field is applied. In other methods, particle velocity is measured by a light-scattering technique with an alternating electric field of 10 or 20 Hz.
There is apparatus suitable for determining both particle size and charge. The "Zeta Sizer" (Malvern Instruments) measures the light scattered from a laser beam as it passes through the suspension. In the absence of an applied field, the fluctuations in the scattered light provide information about the particle size, and if a slowly varying electric field is applied the particle charge can be obtained from the fluctuating light signal.
All of the above methods suffer the disadvantage that they require sample dilutions and most require use of light-scattering instruments. Accordingly, opaque samples cannot be measured.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of and means for the determination of particle size and electric charge or zeta potential of particles in a colloidal system.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method of and means for the determination of particle size and electric charge or zeta potential of particles in a colloidal system on-line and without sample dilution, even in opaque solutions.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of and means for determination of the motion of colloidal particles in a high-frequency field, for it is by the use of high frequency measurements of particle motion that the particle size and charge can be determined.
These and other objects of the present invention will be apparent from the following non-limiting disclosure of the invention.
According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided means for determining the size and charge of particles dispersed in a fluid medium from the phase lag and amplitude of particle velocity in an alternating electric field.
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided means for determining the particle size in a fluid medium having uniform, low ζ potential from a measurement of the phase of the particle motion in a high frequency alternating electric field, and wherein the zeta-potential can be determined from the amplitude of the motion in the alternating field.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a means for determining the particle motion in an alternating field from measurements of the interaction of sound waves in the suspension.
According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided means for measuring and generating the interaction of sound waves and electric fields in a suspension, comprising positioned spaced apart electrodes and pressure transducers in contact with the suspension, enabling the simultaneous measurement of electric current, potential, and pressure differences in the suspension.
These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from the above, and from the following description relating to the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be further described with reference to the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates separate graphs of applied electric field versus time and particle velocity versus time;
FIG. 2 illustrates graphically the determination of particle size from phase lag measurement;
FIG. 3 illustrates graphically the subsequent determination of particle charge from amplitude measurement; and
FIG. 4 illustrates a parallel plate cell used in obtaining measurements in some embodiments of the present invention.
MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
When an alternating electric field is applied to a colloidal suspension it causes the particles to oscillate at the frequency of the applied field in a way which depends on particle size and zeta potential. If the frequency of the applied field is much lower than the optimum sizing frequency (to be defined hereinafter), the particle velocity will be in phase with the applied field; i.e., when the field switches direction, so too does the particle motion. At higher frequencies a phase lag develops, i.e., there is a time lag between the change in direction of the applied field and the subsequent change in the direction of the particle motion due to the particle inertia. This is illustrated in FIG. 1.
For a given particle, the phase lag increases with particle radius (since this increases the particle inertia), while the velocity amplitude decreases with radius. In general these two quantities also depend on particle ζ potential. Thus by measuring phase lag and amplitude it should be possible to determine size and charge.
For suspensions in which the particles have a uniform, low ζ-potential it is shown that the phase lag is independent of the magnitude of ζ. For such suspensions a measurement of phase lag can therefore be used to determine particle size, and the amplitude measurement can then be used for charge determination. Mathematical formulae relating phase lag to particle size, and amplitude to size and charge are presented for a dilute suspension of spheres with low ζ. The particle velocity can be obtained indirectly from measurements involving the interaction of electric fields and sound waves in the suspension. It can for example be obtained for the measurement of sound waves generated by electric fields, or from the measurement of electric fields generated by sound waves in the suspension. An advantage of the present invention is that measurement can be performed on-line, as opposed to the sampling methods required of the prior art and it can be applied to opaque suspensions. The present invention can also be applied to larger particles than can the prior art light scattering techniques, which are limited to <1 μm range. In the case of highly charged particles, it may be necessary to reduce the charge by the addition of salt or acid/base, since the determination of size and charge is simpler for systems with low ζ-potential. Alternatively, high ζ systems can be sized by using a prior calibration procedure.
The only theoretical studies of particle velocity that have appeared in the literature have been concerned with either a steady electric field ("Zeta Potential in Colloid Science" by R. J. Hunter, Academic Press 1981, Chapter 3) or an alternating field at frequencies which for most suspensions are well below the optimum frequency for size determination (Hinch E. J., et al, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2 80, 535 (1984)). The latter authors made no mention of the possibility of size determination from phase lag and amplitude measurement.
In accordance with the present invention particle velocity has been calculated for a dilute suspension over the frequency range which is best-suited to particle sizing, that is frequencies of the order of ν/a2, where ν is the kinematic viscosity of the suspending liquid (=0.01 cm2 /sec for water), and a is the particle radius. For an 0.1 μm radius particle, this optimum frequency is 16 MHz. In this frequency range the phase lag is a sensitive function of frequency, and for this reason it is well-suited for determining particle sizes.
As indicated above, the particle velocity can be determined by measuring the interaction of sound waves and electric fields in the suspension; it can for example be determined by measuring sound waves generated by an alternating electric field, and by measuring the electric fields generated by sound waves. Of these two effects, only the second has appeared in the scientific literature. Most of the work on this effect is restricted to electrolytes, with the most notable exception being two papers by J. A. Enderby (Proc. Roy. Soc. A 207, 329 (1951)) and J. A. Enderby and F. Booth (Proc. Phys. Soc. 65, 321 (1952)). These authors apparently had no idea that this effect was related to the particle velocity. Furthermore, there appear to be a number of errors in their work R. W. O'Brien, J. Fluid Mech. (to be published). There is no disclosure in these references of the possibility of obtaining particle size from this effect.
The phenomenon of sound wave generation by an electric field is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,497,208. However, there is no disclosure in the above referenced patent of the link between the effect and particle velocity, or of the possibility of determining particle size from the effect.
Formulae associated with particle size and charge determination
There are two main aspects to this invention:
(1) A method for determining particle size and charge from measurements of particle velocity in an alternating electric field
(2) A method for obtaining that particle velocity from measurements of the interaction of sound waves and electric fields in the suspension.
With the aid of these procedures it is possible to determine particle size and charge from measurements of the interaction of sound waves and electric fields in any suspension.
Aspect (1) of the invention will be described in the following two sections. Aspect (2) will be addressed in section 3.
1. The velocity of an isolated sphere in an alternating electric field.
In a dilute suspension, each particle can be treated as being alone in an infinite liquid. In this section a dilute suspension of uniform spheres will be studied. We let Eo cos wt denotes the ambient electric field in the suspension; this is the electric field which would apply in the absence of any particles. |Eo | is the amplitude of this applied field, and w/2π is the frequency.
Following the standard procedure for problems involving sinusoidally varying quantities, this applied field can be rewritten as Eo e iwt, with the understanding that the field is actually given by the real part of this complex expression.
Since colloidal particles are electrically charged, the applied field exerts an alternating force on the particles which causes them to oscillate backwards and forwards at the frequency of the applied field. The particle velocity is denoted by Vo eiwt. The complex quantity Vo requires two real numbers (and a direction) for its specification. The two numbers are |Vo |, the amplitude of the particle velocity, and arg Vo the phase lag referred to earlier.
The quantity Vo is proportional to Eo, the strength of the applied field. For spherical particles, which on account of their symmetry move in the direction of the applied field, this proportionality relation takes the simple form
V.sub.o =μE.sub.o (1)
The phenomenon of particle motion in an electric field is called "electrophoresis", and μ is termed the "electrophoretic mobility" of the particle. Like Vo, μ is a complex quantity. |μ| is equal to |Vo | for unit applied field, and arg μ is equal to the phase lag. Since μ is independent of Eo, it can only depend (for any given frequency) on the properties of the particle and solvent; μ is the quantity which should be measured in the course of determining particle size and charge.
The calculation of μ is greatly complicated by the fact that the applied field distorts the double layer. As a result the double layer ions impose an electric force which retards the particle, thereby affecting both the phase lag and the amplitude of the motion. Fortunately, at the optimum sizing frequency, this double-layer distortion can be neglected in the important case of particles with low ζ potential.
The range of validity of this low-ζ approximation depends on the ratio of particle radius to double-layer thickness. If the ratio is around one, the approximation should be valid for ζ potentials of up to about 50 mv. If particle radius is much greater than double-layer thickness, the ζ potential limit will be larger. For example, if the ratio of the radius to thickness is 50, the low-ζ approximation will work up to about 100 mv. This should cover most commonly occuring colloids. For the highly charged colloids it may be necessary to add salt or acid/base to reduce the ζ potential and thereby take advantage of the low-ζ results.
For a sphere with low ζ, we have shown that the electrophoretic mobility is given by the formulae ##EQU1##
arg μ=π(u(ζ)-1)+arg G, (3)
where ##EQU2## Here En is the exponential integral
ε is the permittivity of the suspending liquid,
ζ is the "zeta potential" of the particle, a quantity related to its charge (see, e.g. chapter 2 of "Zeta Potential in Colloid Science" by R. J. Hunter, Academic Press, 1981),
k -1 is the double-layer thickness (related to the electrolyte concentration; see above reference),
a is the particle radius,
V'/F' is the speed at which an uncharged sphere moves when acted on by an alternating force of unit magnitude, given by ##EQU3## ρ is the density of the suspending liquid, ν is the kinematic viscosity of the suspending liquid, and
ρ+Δρ is the particle density.
Finally, the quantities k, a, b and c are defined by ##EQU4## εp being the particle permittivity, and
K.sup.∞ is electrolyte conductivity.
Finally, u(ζ) is a function which is 0 when ζ<0, and 1 for ζ>0.
In the case when ka>>1 (thin double layer), equation (4) reduces to ##EQU5##
Since (u(ζ)-1) depends on the sign, but not on the magnitude of ζ, and G is independent of ζ, it follows from equation (3) that the phase lag arg μ is also independent of the magnitude of ζ. This property of the phase lag makes it ideal for the determination of particle size. To illustrate this point reference is made to FIG. 2 wherein arg μ for the ka>>1 case has been plotted as a function of the non-dimensional variable wa2 /ν.
FIG. 2 was constructed using equation (6) with parameters Δρ/ρ=1, εp /ε=0, and ζ>0.
From this figure it can be seen that for fixed values of w and ν, arg μ increases monotonically with increasing particle radius, tending to a limiting value of 45° as wa2 /ν→∝.
with the aid of this curve it is possible to obtain a unique particle size from any measurement of arg μ. For example a phase lag of 14° implies that wa2 /ν=1. If the suspending liquid is water, which has a ν value of 0.01 cm2 /sec, and if the frequency of the applied field is 1 MHz, the particle radius corresponding to wa2 /ν=1 is 0.4 μm.
For a given solvent, the range of particle sizes which can be accurately measured in this way depends on the frequency of the applied field. From FIG. 2 it can be shown that a one degree error in the measurement of arg μ leads to a relative error of less than 6% in the assessed particle size provided
Thus for any particle size, there is an optimum frequency range for size determination, given by
Although the curve in FIG. 2 is only valid for a very limited class of suspension, the notion of an optimum frequency range is likely to have universal application. The precise end points of the range may vary from one suspension to the next, but the optimum will always be around ν/a2. For an 0.1 μm particle in water ν/a2 corresponds to a frequency of 16 MHz, while for a 1 μm particle, this frequency is 160 kHz.
From equation (3) it can be seen that arg μ changes by π radians (corresponding to 180° in phase lag), as the ζ potential changes sign. Thus the curve of arg μ for ζ<0 would have the same form as FIG. 2, but with arg μ reduced by 180° C. Since the total variation in arg μ with particle radius is only 45°, there is no possibility of a positive and a negative particle yielding the same phase angle.
In fact the sign of ζ can be immediately ascertained from the quadrant in which the phase angle lies: the first quadrant indicates ζ>0, while the third quadrant implies ζ<0.
Once the radius a and the sign of ζ have been ascertained from the phase lag, |ζ| can be determined from the measured value of |μ|. FIG. 3 shows the variation of the non-dimensional quantity ρν|μ|/ε|ζ| with wa2 /ν.
Once again the curve comes from equation (6), with the same parameters as in FIG. 2. From the curve it can be seen that |μ| decreases monotonically with increasing frequency or particle radius. This curve can be used for determining |ζ|. For example, if the particle radius has been found to be 0.4 μm then from the figure ρν|μ|/ε|ζ|=0.87. If the measured |μ| is 3.5×10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1, it follows that |ζ|=50 mv (assuming ρ, ν and ε values for water). Since the phase lag measurement indicated a positive ζ, it is found that ζ=50 mv.
Although FIGS. 2 and 3 were obtained with the formula (6) for the thin double layer case, the procedure herein described is valid for arbitrary double layer thickness. To summarize the main points:
(1) The particle size and the sign of ζ can be obtained from phase lag measurement.
(2) |ζ| can then be obtained from the measured |μ| value.
(3) The optimum sizing frequencies are around w=ν/a2.
2. Results valid for more general suspensions
The formula (1) defining the electrophoretic mobility can also be applied to a much more general class of suspensions, namely "statistically isotropic" suspensions. These are suspensions which appear to be isotropic, from the macroscopic point of view (Batchelor, G. K., J. Fluid Mech., 41, 545, (1970)). Many suspensions fall into this category, particularly if they have not been subjected to a flow and if sedimentation is not too significant.
Since these isotropic suspensions may be concentrated, the particle interactions will cause the velocity to vary from one particle to the next. The quantity Vo which appears in equation (1) in this case is intended to represent an average of the particle velocities given by ##EQU6## where Vj eiwt is the velocity of the centre of mass of the jth particle in the sample, and Δmj is the particle mass minus the mass of solvent displaced by the particle.
The applied field Eo also represents an average, namely an average of the local electric field over a representative volume of the suspension (see the previous reference). For a dilute suspension this is equivalent to the previous definition.
The notion of electrophoretic mobility is considerably more complicated for "non-isotropic" suspensions. In these suspensions the velocity Vo is not usually parallel to the applied field. Thus if the applied field is parallel to the x axis of some cartesian coordinate system, the particle velocity will in general have components along the x,y and z axes. Since the velocity is still proportional to field strength, it is possible to define three electrophoretic mobilities, one for each component of Vo. Three more components are required to characterize the mobility with a field in the y direction, and another three for a field in the z direction, giving nine in all.
It is convenient to regard these nine mobilities as the components of a single entity known as the "electrophoretic mobility sensor", denoted by μ. The nine components of μ are usually set out in the 3×3 matrix ##EQU7## where (μ11, μ21, μ31) E are the x, y and z components of Vo caused by a field along the x-axis. The other two columns of the matrix give the velocity due to fields in the y and z directions respectively.
In this notation, the relationship between Vo and Eo for a non-isotropic suspension takes the compact form
In the case of an isotropic suspension, the off-diagonal entries in the μ matrix are zero, and the diagonal entries take the common value denoted earlier by μ. The above result reduces to (1) in this case.
The components of μ will depend on the particle size and charge distribution. Unfortunately the exact calculation of this relationship is only feasible at present for dilute suspensions of particles of simple geometry. For the more complicated types of suspensions which are likely to be encountered in practice, there appear to be two options for obtaining approximate relations between size, charge and mobility.
(a) Cell Models
If the particles are not elongated or flat it should be possible to approximate them by spheres. In a cell model the effect of neigbouring particles on any given sphere is assumed to be the same as an outer spherical surface centred on that particle. The "cell" then consists of a single particle surrounded by a concentric spherical surface, with the annular region between occupied by electrolyte. Such models have been successfully used in the calculation of average sedimentation velocities (see "Low Reynolds Number Hydrodynamics" by Happel and H. Brenner, Prentice-Hall, (1965)) and in the calculation of electrophoretic mobilities (Levine S. and Neale G., J. Colloid. Interface Sci. 47, 520 (1974)) in steady electric fields, for concentrated suspensions. The boundary conditions to be applied at the outer surface of the cell depend on the problem at hand. The boundary conditions suggested here are: zero total force, zero pressure, zero perturbation in ion densities, and an electric potentional equal to -Eo.x, where x is the position vector measured from the particle centre. These boundary conditions may require some modification in the light of future experimental studies.
(b) An empirical approach
If the cell model is not appropriate for the suspension of interest, an empirical approach can be adopted. In this approach, samples of the suspension are removed and analysed after each set of mobility measurements is made. These mobility measurements should be carried out over a range of frequencies spanning the optimum range corresponding to the expected particle size range. Changes in the particle size or ζ potential distribution can then be correlated with the form of the curves of |μij | and arg |μij | as a function of frequency, where the symbol μij denotes any measured component of the mobility tensor.
For suspensions in which the ζ-potential is both uniform and small, μ will be proportional to ζ. As a consequence the quantities arg μij will be independent of the magnitude of ζ, as we saw in the dilute suspension of spheres in §l. Although arg μ may depend on |ζ| for more general suspensions, it is still likely that of the two quantities |μ| and arg |μ|, the latter will be the more sensitive function of particle size. Thus in attempting to correlate mobility with particle size distribution, attention should be focussed on arg μ rather than |μ|.
3. The experimental determination of the electrophoretic mobility
Turning now to the second major aspect of the invention: the means by which the electrophoretic mobility can be measured experimentally.
In this section there is described a general class of devices which can be used for making these measurements, and how the mobility can be determined from the various measured quantities.
The results given in this section apply to any colloid, except in those instances where statistically isotropic colloids are specifically referred to.
The devices for measuring the mobility consist of a "cell" which contains the suspension, together with various means for measuring voltage differences (or electric currents) and pressure differences across the cell, and means for generating sound waves and/or alternating electric fields in the cell.
To take a simple example, the cell could consist of two parallel metal plates with the suspension filling the gap between them. Later in this section it will be shown how the mobility can be determined for such a cell from the measurement of the pressure difference and open circuit voltage difference generated between the plates by the vibration of one of those plates.
As may be gathered from the above description, the electrophoretic mobility is measured when both sound waves and electric fields are present in the suspension. In addition to its effect on particle motion, the electric field generates electric currents in the suspension. The sound waves also generate electric currents, due to the fact that both particles and solvent carry a charge, and the particle motions in the sound wave are different from that of the liquid, owing to the particle inertia. The total current density due to the electric field and the sound waves is given by an expression of the form
i.sub.o =α∇p.sub.o +K*E.sub.o. (6)
Here io eiwt is the volume-averaged current density, a quantity which includes both free charge and electric displacement contributions (see O'Brien, R. W., Adv. Coll. Interface Sci., 16, 281, (1982)). ∇po eiwt is the macroscopic pressure gradient due to the sound waves, and α and K* are properties of the suspension, K* being called the "complex conductivity tensor". Equation (6) has not appeared before in the scientific literature.
The quantity α, which characterizes the current due to the sound waves, is related to the electrophoretic mobility tensor by the formula ##EQU8## where φ is the volume fraction of the suspension occupied by particles, and as before ρ is the solvent density, and ρ+φΔρ is the suspension density: μT is the "transpose" of the mobility tensor, the quantity whose components are obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of the μ matrix.
With the aid of (7) it is possible to determine μ once α is known. The devices described here determine μ by measuring α.
In order to provide examples of ways is which μ can be measured using this class of device, reference is made to the parallel plate cell, illustrated in FIG. 4.
The separation h between the plates is assumed to be much smaller than the width and height of the plates. Sound waves are set up in the device by the forced oscillation of one of the plates. The resulting pressure difference across the plates ΔPeiwt is measured by, for example transducers on the plates, and the open circuit voltage difference Δψeiwt is also measured.
In such a device the current io in the suspension is uniform. In order for such a current to flow, the plates must be linked by a wire to complete the circuit. Under open-circuit conditions the current io is therefore zero everywhere in the suspension. Thus equations (6) gives
where, for simplicity the suspension is taken to be isotropic. Integrating this result across the plates, it is found that
Thus if K* has been determined from a conductivity measurement, α can be obtained from the measurement of ΔP and Δψ.
Alternatively, if the two plates are short circuited the electric field in the suspension will be zero, and (6) reduces to
for an isotropic suspension. Integrating across the plates and using the fact that io is uniform it is found that ##EQU9## where A is the plate area, and Io eiwt is the current passing between the plates. Thus by measuring the pressure difference and short-circuit current it is possible to determine without the need for a conductivity measurement.
The mathematical formula for obtaining α for a general device is derived with the aid of the result
which holds everywhere in the suspension. Integrating equation (6) over the volume v of the suspension within the cell, and using the above identity, it is found that ##EQU10## where Z denotes the surface of v and n is the unit normal directed outwards from v. x is the position vector to the surface from an arbitrary point in the suspension, and ψeiwt is the electrical potential.
From equation (8) it can be seen that components of α can be determined if io.n, po and ψ are known over the surface of v. In the parallel plate device referred to above, either io.n (open-circuit) or ψ (short-circuit) were set to zero, and the other two quantities measured.
As mentioned in §2, it is envisaged that the devices described here would make measurements over a range of frequencies appropriated to the expected particle size range.
Previous known devices are manufactured by Matec Instruments, Warwick, R.I., U.S.A. and Pen Kem, Inc., Bedford Hills, N.Y., U.S.A. The Matec device measures sound waves generated by electric fields, and electric fields generated by sound waves at about 1 MHz, in a parallel plate cell. The device measures the potential, but not the pressure difference across the cell. It is therefore not suited to the direct determination of α.
The Pen-Kem instrument measures the potential difference between two electrodes caused by the generation of sound waves at around 200 kHz. The device also measures the pressure at a point some distance away from the electrodes. As it is not possible to directly determine the pressure difference between the electrodes from this single pressure measurement, this device is also unsuited to the direct determination of α.
Apparatus according to the present invention measures the interaction of sound waves and electric fields over a range of frequencies, and comprises means to convert the information so obtained to provide a direct measurement of electrophoretic mobility, from which particle size and zeta potential can be inferred.
Although the invention has been described above with reference to examples and to preferred embodiments, it will be appreciated that the invention may be embodied in other forms or carried out in other ways without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The above description is therefore to be considered in all respects, illustrative and not restrictive, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency are intended to be embraced therein.


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Governments are responsible for providing the basic needs of their people. Basic needs include food shelter clothing, health, and education, etc. since the inception of Pakistan, democracy could not take the roots here.
As such, the elected forums like the senate, national assembly, and the provisional assembly remained occupied by feudal lords, factory owners, retired bureaucrats, and retired generals. The real candidate of the masses rarely succeeded to reach these prestigious forums. As a result, discussions remained confined to individual issues or alike.
The problems of the masses are rarely discussed. Clean water could not be provided so far to more than 60 percent of the population of Pakistan. In the same way, substandard food became the cause of the increase in diseases of masses in general.
As a result, people’s health is at a stake now. The people of Pakistan started suffering from dangerous diseases like cancer, blood pressure, sugar, kidney failure are found in abundance everywhere.
Pakistanis go to drug stores to cure their diseases and purchase medicines, sometimes which are either untested or produced by the factories which have no proper license for the manufacturing of medicines. As has been mentioned above, the roots of democracy are weak, therefore the system of reward and punishment is also missing.
Not only in the pharmaceutical sectors rather sub-standard products of all the items are available in the market. No doubt in Pakistan drug regulatory authority is here, but the availability of untested and substandard medicines in the market creates a big question mark.
There is a regular post of drug inspector who as the authority of giving close down stores if such standard or untested medicines are found there. But hardly there is a case of closure all over the country in this regard.
The number of patients is increasing at the dangerous rates and as such death rate is also increasing in Pakistan. At the federal level or provisional level, the concerned authorities\institutions must take urgent action to stop the activity of producing and selling sub-standard and untested medicines which are becoming a great threat to human life in Pakistan. There should be regular visits of drug inspectors to the chemists’’ shops and medicine available there must be checked.
It will not be wrong to say that medicines of the multinational pharmaceutical companies are genuine and worth using but, few local companies which are unregistered are responsible for providing inferior medicines.
Another point to understand here is that the big market of substandard medicines is the rural and far-flung areas of Pakistan. The bad and fatal effects of these medicines are therefore rarely noticed by the paper and electronic media. Moreover, government official visits to these areas are also once in a blue moon.
The right steps are the need for time and must be taken in urgency in the training of drug inspectors who must be taught the importance of their duties, importance of patriotism and the importance of human lives.

domain: politics


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- Purchase any product from the Film and TV Store sold by Amazon.co.uk and receive £1 to use on any music download in our MP3 Store. Here's how (terms and conditions apply)
Set at a picture postcard Californian college, the movie is all about what happens with the naïve clashes with the conniving. Adam (the sensational Paul Rudd) is a dumpy, dorky English student, who becomes an inexplicable object of affection for Evelyn (Rachel Weisz), a sophisticated, beautiful and highly opinionated MFA candidate hard at work on her master's thesis.
They first meet at meet in a university museum where she is about to spray paint a Renaissance sculpture of a male nude because of a strategically placed fig leaf. Adam stops her just in time, but it doesn't stop Evelyn from telling Adam that she objects the fig leaf because it robs it of its honesty, she says, "I don't like art that isn't true." Since she can't deface the sculpture, Evelyn decides to remake and perfect Adam, who is slightly overweight, has slightly curly hair, wears glasses and generally lacks loads of self-confidence.
Adam is totally sweet, and lovable, but he's also rather gullible. Without questioning her motivations, Paul allows Evelyn to talk him into shedding a few pounds, dressing better, swapping his glasses for contact lenses, and even getting him to have a nose job. Paul's best friends, college jock Philip (Frederick Weller) and the demure Jenny (Gretchen Mol) are suspicious, but they have no idea of Evelyn's motive, and the beauty of the story is that either do we.Read more ›
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Without going into too much detail for fear of spoiling it for those who haven't watched it yet, nerdy Adam (Paul Rudd) falls head over heels for sexy, zany art student Evelyn (Weisz). Their relationship develops quickly, with Adam undergoing a major makeover - losing 20lbs, getting a nose job, and becoming a whole lot more easy on the eye in general.
However, personalities clash when Adam's oldest friend takes a dislike to Evelyn, resulting in jealousy, break ups and fall outs. Furthermore, Adam's new-found confidence is slowly becoming arrogance...
The great pity about this film is that the idea has quite a lot of potential, but it was not well directed enough to work in this instance.
The scenes are far too long, far too rambling, and it is hard to feel any empathy for the characters of Adam's best friend (whose name I can't even remember) or this character's girlfriend (whose name has also escaped me.) These two characters were poorly acted, had little screen presence, and in the blokes case, plain annoying.
As for the 'twist' ending, I saw it coming a mile off. Anyone who pays attention at the beginning of the film will soon realise how it will end, and the finale is not particularly spectacular. I give it two stars rather than one simply because the two leads are acted well.


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A Charming Quilt for Showcasing Christmas Fabrics |
Choose from Among Four Quilt Sizes!
Christmas fabrics are shown off to perfection is this pretty quilt. The aqua is a great touch, mixing with the reds and greens against white sashing.
The quilt, from Good Life Eats, was commissioned from quilting friends (learn more here). Fortunately for us, it’s a very easy quilt to make, even for beginning quilters.
The “Lattice Quilt” pattern from Amy Smart fits the bill perfectly, allowing you to replicate this beautiful quilt. Her pattern includes instructions for 4 quilt sizes:
- Throw – 67.5” x 82”
- Twin – 75.5” x 90”
- Queen – 92” x 106”
- King – 107” x 107”
It’s up to you whether or not to include borders (included in the quilt size measurements).
Learn more about Amy’s pattern here.
PLEASE NOTE: Quilting Digest does not sell or otherwise provide patterns directly. We showcase patterns and projects from various vendors, bloggers and other sources. Please make a note of where you access a pattern (the link in the yellow box toward the end of each Quilting Digest article). That way you can contact Support for that source if you have downloading problems or other issues. Thank you!


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On Minnesota’s southern border (hundreds of miles west of the far more famous “Niagara”) is a geological spectacle known as Niagara Cave. The grotto is among the largest in the Midwest, and is home to a 60-foot subterranean waterfall, 100-foot-high ceilings, ancient fossils, unusual limestone rock formations, calcite flowstone, an echo chamber, and even a wedding chapel for the adventurous affianced.
The cave was discovered in 1924, when legend has it that three pigs disappeared from a nearby farm and ended up in a sinkhole. When their owner went looking for the wayward swine, he not only found his livestock—alive and well, 75 feet underground—he also discovered the underground chamber and its many wonders. Public tours started about 10 years later.
While the cavern itself is likely millions of years old, Niagara Cave has a 21st-century claim to fame. In 2015 it became the first commercial cave in the world whose energy use is 100 percent offset by solar energy—its large photovoltaic solar panel array produces around 45,000 kilowatts of energy per year.
Visitors to the cave can embark on hour-long guided tours, consisting of a mile-long hike through the underground marvel. Outside the cave, visitors can also pan for gemstones in a manmade trough, play mini golf, picnic, and of course, shop.
Know Before You Go
While the walks are generally offered from April to November, times and frequency vary; guests should consult the Niagara Cave website or call ahead for up-to-date information. A light jacket or sweatshirt and good walking shoes are suggested for tour-goers. The cave is not wheelchair or stroller accessible, but outdoor activities are. General admission is $20, for children ages 3 to 12 it’s $12, and children under 2 are admitted for free (one per paid adult).

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Nick Hulme, our hospital’s Chief Executive, has welcomed today’s report by the Care Quality Commission, the independent inspector of hospitals, which has given the hospital an overall rating as ‘good’ – putting it in the top 30% of hospitals nationwide.
He said: “We welcome this highly detailed report which finds much to praise about both the staff of the hospital and the care which is given to patients in all of the services inspected. It is a testament to each and every one of the team here in the hospital, including our staff and volunteers, that we have been rated outstanding for urgent and emergency care, and achieved a good overall rating. The report’s recommendations are extremely helpful in taking us forward for the future.
“Our inspection took place in early January, which was the busiest week of the year for us, so it is with a great sense of pride that we share the inspectors report today. The report shows that the quality of care given to children and young people is of a high standard but there is work to do in implementing recent new national guidance as soon as possible.”
Mark Cubbon, portfolio director at the NHS Trust Development Authority, said
“Staff at the Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust have worked very hard to deliver high quality care and this is an excellent result for them as well as local patients and residents, who can expect to receive good care at their hospital. We are delighted that the Trust’s strong clinical leadership and innovative approaches to providing responsive and supportive care to patients have been recognised and commended. We will support the Trust as they continue to progress further improvements and sustain delivery of excellent services and care for patients, for the long-term future.”
All hospitals inspected by the Care Quality Commission (CQC) are rated as Outstanding, Good, Requiring Improvement or Inadequate. As well as an overall rating, hospitals are scored in eight individual areas – urgent and emergency care (A&E), medical care, surgery, critical care, maternity and gynaecology, end of life care, outpatients and diagnostic imaging and services for children and young people.
Our hospital has been rated as good in six areas, outstanding in one (emergency care) and requiring improvement in one (services for children and young people). Actions are already underway to make improvements in the areas identified by inspectors, which include improving the service for children with complex needs and clearly defining a critical care pathway for them. The inspectors added that services for children and young people are
“caring and compassionate” with “positive feedback from the majority of children and parents”
The emergency team, which boast some of the shortest waiting times in the country, has been praised for striving to improve quality care, for listening and taking time to explain care to patients and for its motivational managers.
Professor Sir Mike Richards, the CQC’s Chief Inspector of Hospitals, said:
“Patient feedback during our inspection was positive and staff were praised for their caring and compassionate nature. All departments were clearly working very hard to achieve positive patient outcomes and we were particularly impressed by some of the innovative approaches being taken.”
The full report can be read here


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Some will say that this could be referring to a deleted scene for Infinity War, but the key point here is that Pepper is clearly talking about a future point ahead of Infinity War.
Avengers: Infinity War, the recent installment to Marvel Cinematic Universe, made history as the most successful Marvel movie yet with the biggest domestic and worldwide opening. But we now know that she survives, and what's more, Pepper Potts and Tony Stark will not be alone in the next movie!
The topic of kids came up in "Infinity War" - Tony had a dream they had a child - but they didn't have one yet.
SpaceX rocket launch scrubbed at last minute
The satellite, which has cost the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission USD 250 million, was made by Thales Alenia. That's a stark distinction from all other orbital rockets in use today, which are used once and then discarded in the ocean .
Whether or not this does come to fruition, we've still got a lot of Marvel films to get excited about over the coming years. While Pott's pregnancy and the couple's marriage comes as a refreshing addition to Tony Starks decade long story arc with MCU, the revelation has a more crucial underlying spoiler. "I'm guessing we will try our hand at what I'll call a new franchise beyond Avengers", he told investors, "but that doesn't necessarily mean you won't see more Avengers down the road".
It may be a bit of a stretch to have Tony say that particularly iconic line, but having Stark as the Uncle Ben figure for this current incarnation of Peter Parker is certainly interesting.
Mourinho: I expect Pogba to stay
Apparently though, Mourinho believes Young is a top player and expects him to make plenty of appearances during the next campaign. United's record signing has had another inconsistent season and the club's decision makers now want to cut their losses.
There is also an untitled sequel, presently dubbed Avengers 4, in the works that is slated to premiere on May 3, 2019.
While Avengers: Infinity War is still attracting a large number viewers to cinema halls, distributor of the film, Walt Disney has some good news for fans of the superhero franchise.
California becomes 1st U.S. state to mandate solar for new homes
Sunrun, however, focuses on installing solar power systems on existing homes, not new ones, according to Bloomberg . Before the mandate, about 15,000 new homes are built in California each year with solar installations.

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