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Updated: February 7, 2023Published: January 23, 2023
With an area of just over 500,000 square kilometers, Spain is a beautiful transcontinental country located in southwestern Europe and North Africa.
It occupies most of the Iberian Peninsula and borders to the north with France and Andorra, to the west with Portugal, and Gibraltar to the south.
In this article, you will learn everything about the geography of Spain. I made it simple with facts and maps so you can understand everything immediately!
Also, I have other specific posts related to each topic. So, pay attention if you want to dig deep into some facts since I’ll share the links with you.
As we all know, Spain is mainly associated with the sea and beaches. Still, it is also one of the most mountainous countries in Europe. This makes the country very diverse in landscapes, such as beaches, mountains, plains, forests, lakes, and even deserts!
Get ready to discover the magnificent wonders that characterize this country. Let’s begin.
Table of Contents▼▶
Oceans in Spain
The vast bodies of water surrounding Spain are the Atlantic Ocean, the Bay of Biscay, and the Mediterranean Sea. (Read more)
Two sub-categories of the Atlantic ocean touch the coasts of Spain: the Mediterranean Sea, the Cantabrian Sea, and the Balearic Sea surrounding the islands. (Read more)
Map of the oceans and seas that border Spain:
The Mediterranean Sea is located between three continents, bordering Europe to the north, Africa to the south, and Asia to the east. The coastline of the Mediterranean Sea has a length of 46,000 km (28,600 miles). Its extensive coastline borders 22 countries on 3 continents: 11 in Europe, 5 in Asia, and 5 in Africa. (Read more)
The Mediterranean Sea represents 1% of the surface area of the oceans, it is one of the largest in the world with 2,510,000 km2, but it isn’t the largest. Still, it would be among the five largest seas in the world, occupying the fourth position. (Read more)
The Mediterranean Sea has about 8,750 islands in total, which are distributed along all its coasts. (Read more)
The Mediterranean sea is salt water, with the highest salinity, with 38 grams of salt per liter. This high salinity is because the Mediterranean Sea loses three times more water through evaporation than the Freshwater it receives from the rivers that flow into it. (Read more)
The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most important seas for human beings. It is shallow and has few currents, facilitating navigation, people’s movement, and transportation of goods. It’s strategic location has formed kingdoms and cities! (Read more)
Rivers in spain
Spain has 528 rivers if we consider all rivers, tributaries, and subaffluents. But, considering rivers that do not discharge their waters into another river (those that are not tributaries), there are 83 rivers in Spain. (Read more)
These are the 34 most important rivers in Spain, their length, and the slope they belong to. (Read more)
Lenght (in km)
31. Río Deva
33. Río Nansa
The Tagus River is the longest in the Iberian Peninsula. However, it is located in one part of Spain (where it was born) and has another one in Portugal (where it flows in the Atlantic Ocean). (Read more)
The Red River, or “Rio Tinto,” runs along the province of Huelva in Andalusia, rises in the Sierra de Padre Caro, and reaches the Huelva estuary, merging with the Odiel river. It is very particular since it is red! This phenomenon is due to the dissolution of minerals, oxides, and irons. (Read more)
The length of the Tagus river is 1,007 kilometers, of which 816 kilometers are in Spanish territory, 46 kilometers constitute the border between Spain and Portugal, and the remaining 145 kilometers are part of Portugal. It has a surface area of 83,678 km², of which 67% is in Spanish territory and 33% is in the Portuguese part. (Read more)
The Ebro River is the longest of Spain’s rivers (since its entire route is within Spain), with a length of 930 km. It has a surface area of about 85,000 km². But if we consider the entire Iberian Peninsula, although a part is in Spain and another in Portugal, it would be the Tagus River with 17,660 ft³/s. (Read more)
The Ebro River is also the widest in Spain. It crosses seven autonomous communities: Cantabria, Castile, León, La Rioja, Basque Country, Navarra, Aragón, and Catalonia. (Read more)
Tagus and Ebro river Map. The Tagus rises in Spain, crosses the entire Peninsula, and flows into Portugal in the Atlantic Ocean, while the Ebro makes its entire route within Spain to flow into the Mediterranean Sea. (Read more)
The Guadalquivir is the only river in Spain with adequate current and conditions to sail. Today, it’s only navigable from the sea to Seville. Still, In the time of the Romans, it was navigable up to Córdoba. When the river was high enough, people could get to Andújar. (Read more)
The Duoro River is the highest-flow river on the Iberian Peninsula. It begins in the province of Soria, specifically in Fuentes del Duero at 2,160 meters above sea level on the southern slope of the Urbión peak in the Duruelo de la Sierra, and flows all the way to the Atlantic Ocean through Portugal. Its wine route is more than 115 km long and 35 km wide, in which the cities of Valladolid, Burgos, Soria, and Segovia stand out. (Read more)
The Community of Madrid has 13 major rivers: The Aulencia, Tajuña, Jarama, Henares, Guadarrama, Duratón, Algodor, Alberche, Manzanares, Lozoya, Guadalix, Perales, and Madarquillos River. (Read more)
The most important rivers in Barcelona are the Besòs River, with a length of 18 km and a 3010 km² surface area of the basin; and the Llobregat River, which gives its name to the county, with 170 km and 4,948 km², respectively. (Read more)
These articles might be helpful in case you want to learn more specific information on the topics:
The most important lakes in Spain are the Sanabria Lake, the Banyoles, the Pink Lake of Torrevieja, Rius Lake, Tort de Rius Lake, St. Mauritius Lake, Enol Lake, and the Embalse de Los Bermejales. (Read more)
The Pink Lake of Torrevieja
Tort de Rius Lake
St. Mauritius Lake
Embalse de Los Bermejales
The Covadonga Lakes are located in the National Park “Picos de Europa” and is the name given to three glacial lakes, one next to the other; Enol, Ercina, and Bricial. In the Lake is submerged an image of the Virgin of Covadonga. Every September, the 8 is taken out for a procession. (Read more)
Lake Caicedo Yuso, or “Lago Arreo,” is the most essential natural body of water in the Basque Country. It isn’t the biggest, but the most relevant to scientists. The Lake is between Caicedo de Yuso and Arreo in the province of Álava. (Read more)
The Gallocanta Lagoon is a natural reserve recognized as such in 2006. It is the most considerable salty body of water in the Iberian Peninsula.(Read more)
The Sanabria Lake is the largest natural Lake in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the largest in Europe (the largest of glacial origin). It’s located in the community of Castile and Leon in the municipality of Galende, one of the most visited in Zamora. It is a lake of glacial origin, which makes its waters clear and clean, suitable for the best bathing. (Read more)
The famous Retiro Park is located in the heart of Madrid. It was a gift from the Count-Duke of Olivares to Philip IV. Until 1868, these gardens were for the exclusive use and enjoyment of the monarchy, but in 1868 everything changed and became part of the City Council of Madrid; since then, all citizens have had access to the park. (Read more)
The famous “El Pardo” belongs to the national patrimony of Spain. It was built in 1970, during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco. When the reserver was finally opened, something that no one expected happened… The valley was flooded, causing a strong impact on the ecological balance of Monte de El Pardo. (Read more)
To read more insights about these lakes, visit the following articles:
In the Mediterranean Sea, there is the Balearic archipelago, a popular destination visited by people worldwide, especially in the European summer. On the other hand, in the massive Atlantic Ocean, you will find the Spanish-African Canary Islands. Here, you will find all kinds of landscapes and the paradise of the Cíes with beaches that will make you feel like you are in the Caribbean. (Read more)
The Spanish islands off the coast of Africa are the Canary Islands. It is an archipelago composed of 9 inhabited islands and 157 uninhabited islets, but only 8 islands and 5 islets are officially recognized. (Read more)
The Canary Islands have two capitals. Because they are divided into two provinces, each province has a capital. These are shared between Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife. (Read more)
The Atlantic weather affects the country’s northern regions, such as Galicia, Cantabria, Asturias, and the Basque Country. If you ever travel to those regions, you should expect a lot of rain and a beautiful green landscape. They also have really cold winters and cool summers. (Read more)
The Mediterranean weather affects most of the country, characterized by dry, hot temperatures. The regions dominated by this climate experience very, very hot summers and rainy, cold winters. (Read more)
Spain is not in Africa. Spain is part of the European continent, and Africa is a different one. Spain is located in southwest Europe, but part of its territory is north of Africa. BUT Spain also has two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, and three other areas as part of Africa: Peñón de Velez de la Gomera, Alhucemas Islands, and Chafarinas Islands. (Read more)
Ibiza is located in the West part of Spain, about 80 kilometers off the coast of Valencia in the Mediterranean Sea. Ibiza is next to Mallorca, Menorca, and Formentera, also part of the Balearic Islands.
Mallorca is the largest island of the Balearic Islands. It has 555 kilometers of coastline, so the list of beaches is endless! (Read more)
If you want to see related articles on these topics, read here:
Tramonta mountain is the central mountain area of the Balearic Islands. With a length of 87 kilometers, it has approximately 54 peaks; the Puig Mayor the highest peak, with 1445 meters of height, becoming the highest mountain of all the Balearic Islands. It is a long and narrow mountain range painted with stone houses, terraced crops, cliffs, 3 large reservoirs, and hidden beaches. It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2011. (read more)
The Pyrenees are the Spanish-French mountain range that separates the Iberian peninsula from France. These mountains are the tenth largest in Western Europe; before them, the Spanish Sierra Nevada, the Panibaetic System, and the Baetic System occupy positions seven, eight, and nine. (read more)
Sierra Blanca, belonging to the Cordillera Penibética, is a mountainous range located in the province of Malaga in Andalusia. Between the municipalities of Istan, Ojén, Marbella, and Ronda, which is named for the whitish color of its limestone rock. It has an approximate extension of 6,500 hectares, and its highest peak is the peak of Lastonar: 1275 meters high. (read more)
“Picos de Europa” was declared a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 2003. It is a mountain range of limestone formations belonging to the Cantabrian mountain range and located in northern Spain (extending through Asturias, Leon, and Cantabria). (read more)
The Sierra Nevada is a mountain range belonging to the Penibetic system, located between the Andalusian provinces of Granada and Almeria. And it is also a crucial ski resort with 126 kilometers of slopes. (read more)
I hope you enjoyed reading this article. Let me know in the comments which fact surprised you the most, and if you’re ready to come to Spain, don’t hesitate and write us a message. We will be happy to hear from you!
Inigo Navarro is a seasoned travel writer with a deep understanding of Spain's cities, culture, people and language. Born and raised in Spain, he has spent years exploring the country and is currently one of the most-read Travel Bloggers about Spain. Inigo is also an experienced digital marketer, a father to 4 beautiful children and a huge Real Madrid Fan. ¡Hala Madrid!


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Music Man began as a company under the control of Leo Fender, but due to conflicts between Fender's assorted companies, the StingRay and the Sabre (the only electric solid-bodied guitars created by Music Man before the company was bought by Ernie Ball) failed and the company went under. These original models are incredibly difficult to find. Ernie Ball, however, created new lines of guitars: the Silhouette and the extensive Signature series, which thrived on player-endorsements. These guitars were clean and crisp and well-created, so Ernie Ball/Music Man began to come back. To further compete with lower-end instrument sellers, Music Man created the SUB line, which was ultimately discontinued as well.
Some well-known Music Man players include Eddie Van Halen, John Fogerty, and Keith Richards.
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That's what one local newscaster said of the damage in middle Tennessee after receiving between 15 and 20 inches of rain in only two days. To put things in perspective for those not familiar with the climate here, that's more rain than we would normally get for all of May and June combined. That's about 28% of our annual rainfall amount, and we got it all in TWO DAYS. The Cumberland River finally crested last night at 51.96 feet, which is a record in the modern era since the TVA built dams to avoid this kind of situation. Now, slowly, the clean-up begins.
Hundreds of families have lost everything they own. Entire communities are still underwater. Tens of thousands were out of power and thousands still are. The damage to property is in the billions, and that number will continue to climb as the water recedes. Shelters are set up all over the mid-state area to accommodate the impossibly large number of people who suddenly found themselves homeless after this weekend. Water treatment plants are underwater and residents are advised to conserve water however possible. The infrastructure of the mid-state area is in jeopardy with roads, bridges, and other structures under so much pressure from the raging water. Schools have been closed all across the middle Tennessee area for two days, and those closures will continue this week.
"Well, why didn't they have flood insurance?" you might ask. Because these areas were not even in a one hundred year flood plain. We're talking about areas that have never flooded in the era of recorded history. Some of the people in the Bellevue area, where hundreds of homes are totally submerged up to the roof, even tried to purchase flood insurance when they bought their homes. They did not qualify for flood insurance because the area was not considered at risk of flooding. No one could have seen this coming.
Ordinarily, people would turn to government agencies for help during a crisis like this. But guess what, many of those agencies were in danger themselves: the Red Cross building, Nashville Electric Service, the Second Harvest Food Bank, the Department of Human Services, and several other government offices were underwater. People couldn't even go to the stadium where the Titans play to seek shelter, because LP field itself was underwater.
Historic buildings are suffering massive destruction. Tourist attractions like Opryland Hotel, the Schermerhorn, the Country Music Hall of Fame, the Opry House, and many more are underwater. We had an interstate underwater and more than 170 cars had to be towed from it when the water receded. Heck, a freakin' portable classroom was floating down the highway and imploded when it collided with a tractor-trailer truck and it was all caught on camera!!
And where is the national news coverage? The only national reporters I've seen around here are from The Weather Channel. Everyone's heard about the car bomb in Times Square and the oil spill in the Gulf Coast, but I've seen several people on Facebook who have no idea that we have our own natural disaster right here in Tennessee.
Seriously? Where's frickin' whiney, liberal NBC news? When the final damage estimates are in, I'll bet this will be more costly than the damage New Orleans suffered when Katrina hit five years ago. Where is the media? Why is this not a bigger story in the national news? I'll tell you why.
Because Tennesseans take care of their own.
I'm so proud of the way my hometown (and the entire state) have responded to this emergency. Within hours of the start of the flooding, residents of Knoxville were coming to the Nashville area with boats and emergency supplies. Locals did not blame the mayor, the governor, or the president. They pushed their sleeves up, dug in, and got to work trying to save our city. Inmates at the prison were out sandbagging around buildings, trying to protect them before the water rushed in. People whose homes were underwater did not sit around whining and expecting the government to rush in to save everyone else once they themselves were brought to safety. Even though they'd lost everything, they helped their neighbors who'd also lost everything. They didn't wait for someone else to do the rescuing.
No, they rounded up boats and searched the hardest-hit areas trying to save other people in need. They didn't say, "Oh, poor pitiful me. My house is underwater." They said, "That's all stuff. We're just glad we all got out safely. People are more important than things." Now let's help more people get to safety. Nobody said, "Where's FEMA? Where's Obama? Why isn't anyone helping us?" Neighbors helped neighbors. That's the way it should be. Heck, that's Biblical, folks!
That's Tennessee. The Volunteer State. The state I'm proud to call home.
If you want to donate to help my fellow Tennesseans, please do one of the following:
- Visit www.nashvilleredcross.org and click DONATE NOW to make an online gift
- Mail a check to the Nashville Area Red Cross, 2201 Charlotte Avenue, Nashville, TN 37203
- Call (615) 250-4300 to make a donation by phone
- Text REDCROSS to 90999 to make a $10 donation on your mobile phone

domain: news


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During the winter break, I realized how much my eyesight is deteriorating from being on the computer almost all the time. So naturally, I got myself into a bookstore. While browsing through the shelves I came across Scott Schuman's The Sartorialist book. You have no idea, I looked like a kid who just met Santa. Of course, I bought it.
It's a great book and I would recommend all of you photographer/fashion fanatics to go buy yourself a copy. Scott Schuman made a name for himself not only because of his eye for style but the way he composes his photographs as well. He still considers those concepts and design as well as having a good eye for it. The book consists mainly of pictures and a few text telling readers about some of his concepts. Here are some previews:
Buy your copy Here .
A picture's worth a thousand words,

domain: literature


Product Announcement from Epoxy Technology
Index of Refraction & Spectral Transmission play a critical role in optoelectronic applications involving epoxies.
Index of Refraction is the measurement of the speed of light within a certain substance. Most epoxies have a refractive index range from 1.50 to 1.57.
In order to select the best optical grade adhesive, users need to specify the spectral transmission versus wavelength targets. As an example, it is common for a given epoxy to have a characteristic of being infrared transparent, but visible light opaque. It is important to remember that epoxies will not provide significant optical transmission <400nm, since these are the absorption bands needed to cross-link the epoxy.
For more information on our Tech Tips or interest in our products, please visit our Web site at epotek.com.


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CPU Management IP Changes:
- Deprecate “network” interface. The old “network” interface still will be migrated to new 11.0, but user cannot configure it. - Standardized with management VLAN 1 interface as default management interface. - Management VLAN to be used as default source interface for all the outbound management packets (e.g. email alert, syslog, etc.), this eliminates the confusion when multiple switches all using the same default “network” interface IP address as source IP address while management VLAN is in used.
NETGEAR RN31662D NAS Firmware 6.2.0 Enhancements & Bug Fixes: - ReadyDROP has been replaced by a more granular syncing solution. PC clients using ReadyCLOUD desktop app can sync multiple folders and share with multiple users. - ReadyNAS Remote app for Windows and Mac has been replaced by Rea
NETGEAR RN10443D NAS Firmware 6.2.4 Enhancements & Bug Fixes: - Fixes the issue with firmware update 6.2.3/6.3.3 that can make the NAS inaccessible when used in an Active Directory/Domain setup with duplicate group names. - Fixes the issue with iSCSI that sometimes it does not reconnect auto
NETGEAR GS108Ev2 Switch Configuration Utility Fixes: - Version 2.3.1 cannot uninstall older versions of the Plus Utility cleanly.Warning: - Please do not use version v2.3.2 to restore the configuration file saved previously with version older than v2.3.1. - Since password in the configuration file is
NETGEAR GS105PE Switch Firmware New Features and Enhancements:- Added the option to disable/enable power saving mode.Bug Fixes:- Changed the Flow Control (System > Status > Switch Status) default setting from enabled to disabled.- Fixed the problem where the port 1 will link at 100M inst
NETGEAR RN32263E NAS Firmware 6.2.3 Enhancements & Bug Fixes: - Fixed issue where removing certain apps would bring the web interface offline. - Lower SMB allocation roundup size, so Windows 8.1 shows reasonable Disk Used values. - Fixed incorrect default Gmail alert settings. - Kernel secur
NETGEAR DGND3700v2 Router Firmware 1.1.00.24 Changes:- Fixed SOAP security issueAbout Router Firmware:Before you consider downloading this firmware, go to the system information page of the router and make sure that the currently installed version isn’t either newer or matching this release.Due
NETGEAR RN10211D NAS Firmware 6.2.3 Enhancements & Bug Fixes: - Fixed issue where removing certain apps would bring the web interface offline. - Lower SMB allocation roundup size, so Windows 8.1 shows reasonable Disk Used values. - Fixed incorrect default Gmail alert settings. - Kernel secur
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Peplink Balance 580 HW1 Router Firmware Important Notices for Firmware 6.2.1 - Internal Network Firewall Rules Will Need to Be Reconfigured: To increase protection for traffic running between internal networks, Firmware 6.2.1 introduces the new “Internal Network Firewall Rules” table
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Tenda F303 Router Firmware 5.07.55 Wireless N300 Easy Setup RouterThe Wireless N300 Easy Setup Router F303 is designed to setup easily and provides powerful wireless to connect all the smart devices like smart phone, Ipad,laptop together. It complies with IEEE802.11n, delivers wireless spee
Buffalo WMR-433 Router Firmware Additional Function:- Added local connection mode.Bug Fixes:- Fixed the issue where some devices could not obtain an IP address from the AirStation's DHCP server.- Fixed the issue where the AirStation did not work correctly if the certain text were used as
ASUS RT-N56U Router Custom Firmware 188.8.131.52.096 TRMD This package includes a customized firmware developed by Padavan that is targeted at some of ASUS’ routers. The present build brings new improvements, functions, bug fixes, and configurations, and can also boost the overall performance of the device.
ASUS RT-N14U Router Custom Firmware 184.108.40.206.099 This package includes a customized firmware developed by Padavan that is targeted at some of ASUS’ routers. The present build brings new improvements, functions, bug fixes, and configurations, and can also boost the overall performance of the device.
ASUS RT-AC66U Router Firmware Please note:- This version changed the login authentication method. Please unplug the hard drive before updating firmware. After firmware updated, please press the reset button more than five seconds to reset the router to avoid some compatibility issues.S
D-Link DIR-866L revA1 Router Security Patch Firmware AC1750 Wi-Fi Router- Next Generation 11AC Wi-Fi - Wireless speeds of up to 1750 Mbps (450Mbps on 2.4GHz + 1300Mbps on 5GHz)- Simultaneous Dual Band - Delivers faster Wi-Fi speeds and less interference for maximum throughput- Gigabit Ethernet - Delivers wir
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In the 1960s, Stanford psychologist Walter Mischel developed what he called the marshmallow test.
It was pretty simple and straight forward.
He put a marshmallow on the table and then asked young children, one by one, to hold out and NOT eat the marshmallow that was in front of them.
He then left the kids alone in the room.
If they could delay the more immediate gratification of eating the marshmallow for just 15 minutes, they would get a second marshmallow.
2 marshmallows instead of 1 and all it would cost was 15 minutes.
The question is, how did the kids fare?
Many of the kids had to work REALLY bloody hard to distract themselves from eating the marshmallow.
Some of them sang, covered their eyes or in one case had a nap!
The funniest thing was that some of the kids just ate the marshmallow and gave up the possibility of a second one.
The truth is though, in life, we ALL struggle with choosing instant gratification over something more substantial or meaningful that might require a bit of patience & consistency.
I have seen this in the gym for years.
Most of you would probably agree that you love that "feel" or "instant" feedback of sweating for example.
As much as I think cardio or aerobic work is beneficial, and should be done in some shape or form, I would liken it to the marshmallow on the table.
It's the easy option. The one that gives you the instant feedback of doing "something".
However - When it comes to your longer term health, fitness, strength, changing your body shape, toning & fat loss, the training you need to do is different.
A structured resistance training program with progression (or progressive overload) requires more patience and consistency and so can be considered the second marshmallow.
( Click here to find out more about our 30 day trial -> https://www.evolutis.ie/get-started.html )
In fact, this type of training is SO beneficial that I would liken it more to a BOX of marshmallows! :)
In the gym today as part of our (new) Fitness Project program we now offer Team Training sessions (1 marshmallow) & Group PT sessions (box of marshmallows).
I'm delighted to say that many of the members in the gym taking part in our Group PT sessions for the first time are already feeling the positive effects and can see the huge benefits to taking part in this type of training.
I'm really looking forward to seeing the results over the next few months.
If you have an interest in training to get really specific results like improving your strength, toning up, changing your body shape & dropping body fat, get in touch and we'll fill you in on our 30 day trial!
Click here to find out more about our 30 day trial -> https://www.evolutis.ie/get-started.html
David Knowles is the founder of Evolutis, Dad x 5 & wannabe singer songwriter!

domain: health


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The Harry Potter series, as the most popular books in the world, was first published under the label of “children’s books”. However, with the translation of the series into multilingual versions and the release of eight adapted films, not only teenagers are fascinated by the magical world, but also a large number of adults have become loyal “fans”.
I believe many readers are loyal fans of Harry Potter. Whether it is “Harry Potter” itself, or some books, film and television works related to “Harry Potter”, they are loved by the public. Today, I will bring some cool Harry Potter tattoos to people who like Harry Potter!

domain: entertainment


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A stunning and rare set of vintage "Serpentine" sofas designed by architect and furniture designer Vladimir Kagan for Directional. The sofas feature a distinctive curved frame that gives this piece a delightful sensual design, assuring a striking proportioned profile view from all angles. They have been completely restored, down to their frames with all insides fully updated (springs, foam, straps). Re-upholstered in high-quality off-white wool by Kravet. Both sofas are right-arm versions, meant to zig-zag one another when placed face to face. The original Directional label remains attached underneath. Priced as a set.
Other designers working in the organic style include Gio Ponti, Jean Royere, Paul Frankl, George Nakashima, and Isamu Noguchi.
Complimentary Shipping: In-Home delivery within the Continental U.S. Arrives in 4-7 weeks. View Details
Have questions about this item? Contact Us
Dimensions: H: 31in x W: 92in x D: 40in x Sh: 18in
Country of Manufacture: United States
Creator: Vladimir Kagan
Date of Manufacture: 1970s
Lead Time: Available Now
Period: Mid-20th Century

domain: artistic


A number of materials may be used to strengthen and stiffen reinforced concrete. For instance, the use of carbon fiber in the form of CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) has gained popularity rapidly in civil engineering for the last two decades. Being a cost-effective alternative to steel due to its high strength to weight ratio, carbon fiber has found a number of applications in the construction industry (Roberts, 1989).
One of the common applications of carbon fiber in structures is retrofitting, where the main aim is to strengthen existing structures. In addition, carbon fiber related composites are used as a substitute to steel for the purposes of pre-stressing. In all applications, carbon fiber improves flexural, shear and tensile strengths of concrete leading to increment of the overall structural integrity.
According to Zhou et al. (2013), CFRP is a reliable strengthening element in civil engineering structures. However, the research revealed that the probability of failure with such a beam would be relatively high due to premature debonding. To counter the failure mode, improvement on bonding characteristics has become imperative through restriction of displacement by sliding.
In effect, Zhou, et al. (2013) utilized a technique referred to as FRP-FHB (Fiber Reinforced Polymer Friction Hybrid Bonding), in which 2 reinforcing fibers are linked into a single network matrix with better bonding characteristics.
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer and Epoxy Resins
According to the postulation made by Al-Amery and Al-Mahaidi (2006), appliances of CFRP strands prevent failures in debonding. Al-Amery and Al-Mahaidi (2006) explained that this prevention arises from the provision of additional strengthening strategies on CFRP sheets. The stand minimizes interface slip placed at the center of sheets and concrete.
Additionally, Riyadh identified that longitudinal strain is variant in accordance to tally of layers permitting a differential strain to traverse the CFRP matrix. Saleh et al. (2009) established the relationships that modified a strategy to calculate interfacial bond stress.
According to Braz and Soc (2006), composite materials based on carbon fiber and epoxy resin have gained popularity in engineering applications, such as aircraft structural framework manufacture, due to their high strength to weight ratio. In addition, epoxy resins are resistant to creep, chemical action and breakage.
Moreover, epoxy resins have been found to exhibit good adhesion characteristics with most of the common engineering substrates. However, a major limitation of epoxy resins (ERs) is their high brittleness after passing through the curing process. However, addition of a small percentage of liquid rubber has been found to improve ERs fracture properties that include fatigue resistance and fracture toughness.
Although the addition of reactive rubber improves fracture properties of ERs, it is worth noting that the molecular weight of the selected rubber is a critical factor. In application, only rubber with relatively small molecular weight should be used. Mainly, excessive addition of denser materials in the ER matrix may result into high viscosity that would lead to low process ability.
A that can be employed in this case is butadieneacylonitrile. Butadieneacylonitrile is a carboxyl-terminated copolymer industrially known as CTBN. The liquid rubber is preferred highly due to its high miscibility with ER hardeners. This property is usually vital in the early stages of polymerization.
Although there have been extensive developments in ER processing, little attention has been paid to the importance of in the building and construction industry. According to Saleh et al. (2009), the use of CFRP and CTBN has been common in the aerospace and automotive industries. This paper seeks to utilize strength and excellent behavior of Carbon Fiber rubber-modified ER in concrete reinforcing.
This will improve the strength to weight ratio of the concrete. An overview of rubber-modified ERs with respect to their mechanical properties and the amount of hardener led to a collection of data as shown in tables 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3. For instance, table 3.1 shows various ER parameters and their corresponding formulations alongside rubber-modified ER systems.
ER parameters and their corresponding formulations alongside rubber-modified ER systems
Table 3.1: ER parameters and their corresponding formulations alongside rubber-modified ER systems (Braz & Soc, 2006)
Mechanical properties of
Table 3.2: Mechanical properties of rubber-modified ER networks (Braz, & Soc 2006)
Table 3.3 is a continuation of table 3.2 shown previously. It shows various mechanical properties for various forms of ER.
Mechanical properties of rubber-modified ER networks
Table 3.3: Mechanical properties of rubber-modified ER networks (Braz & Soc 2006)
An observation on the mechanical properties of in table 3.3 reveals some aspects. For instance, it reveals that both the tensile yield strengths and flexural yield strengths of various ERs are relatively high compared to . Consequently, decision to employ the material as a reinforcing element in concrete seems to be fruitful.
For instance, the application of rubber-modified ER in concrete straightening will reduce the average weight of concrete and save material cost without compromising strength. Reduced weight implies that the relative sizes of columns and other supporting structures will be reduced in a similar proportion. Concurrently, it leads to saving on material usage at the construction stage.
According the fatigue experiment, Al-Amery and Al-Mahaidi (2006) deduced that a load with a frequency of 15Hz relative to its spectrum in the static experiment varied in accordance to the sinusoidal law when R was 0.2. The researchers delivered a balanced equation for the epoxy resin as shown in the following equations.
f(x) = G. xy(x)
Where f is the shearing stress, G is the shearing modulus
f (x) = [dFf (x)]/[dx l]
Where Ff is the tension force at the end of CFRP
An overview of CFRC (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites)
Triantafillou (1992) states that CFRCs are mainly produced from thermosetting polymers such as epoxy resins. The laminated polymers have excellent mechanical properties that include high stiffness and strength to weight ratios compared to the common metallic and plastic materials.
However, modified rubber epoxy resins are preferred over normal epoxy resins due to their low brittleness, high tensile, flexural and compressive strengths. Table 3.4 shows the values of shear flexural and compressive strengths of various rubber modified epoxy resins.
Shear flexural and compressive strengths of various rubber modified epoxy resins
Table 3.4: Shear flexural and compressive strengths of various rubber modified epoxy resins
Epoxy resins are squarely adhesive when compared to polyesters and other varieties of resins. Roberts (1989) pointed out that this resin has double strength and stiffness in comparison to the above distinguished ester. Additionally, epoxy resin has a strong capability to withstand water degradation.
Types of Debonding and Minimization
Roberts (1989) presented two types of debonding in CFRPs that considered crack-induced and cutoff point debonding. The former occurs around the terminal of structural cracks in a loaded structure that is usually close to the point of maximum bending moment. The latter occurs around the cutoff points in which maximum stress concentration is experienced.
Niu et al. (2002) asserted that utilization of fracture mechanics through the study of stress transfer modes and the influence of shear stiffening in a loaded structure is the only key to minimize debonding in CFRPs. The supported techniques include minimization of interface stress to counter cutoff debonding, and reduction of beam spans and loads to avoid crack-induced debonding.
Limitations of CFRP Application in Civil Engineering
The application of CFRPs in civil engineering has a number of limitations. For instance, the cost of CFRPs is relatively high compared to that of its substitutes in the building and construction industry. Some of its substitutes in the industry include AFRPs (Aramid Fiber reinforced Polymers) and GFRPs (Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers).
While cost remains a significant issue, some aspects like extensive research, exploration of CFRPs applicability in retrofitting, and viable steel alternative are ongoing. Another limitation of CFRPs is unreliability that has been given a long span of time. It cannot endure fatigue at limits. Moreover, many concerns have been raised in question of CFRPs brittle nature.
According to Sato et al. (2000), CFRP has a relatively low endurance limit when subjected to static and other types of loading. Therefore, this material is not highly recommended in areas where seismic waves or any form of vibration may occur.
However, it can withstand static loading effectively without strains incase no strong waves appear. Finally, recycled CFRPs are weak due to shortened fibers during shredding and milling at relatively low temperatures.
Brief research strategies
Based on the nature of the project covered herein, the research strategies to be employed in this paper will involve extensive experimental work and data analysis.
To accomplish this, the author will carry out an extensive literature review in order to capture all the knowledge required for the analysis. In addition, several surveys will be carried out in order to obtain the data and observations made by other researchers on ERs for comparison purposes.


text:
Staying in the small Maya town of Felipe Carrillo Puerto, I gained a new perspective of what it means to navigate a pandemic.
learning a new language
We’ve experienced kuchisabishii—the act of mindlessly snacking not because we’re hungry, but because our mouth feels lonely—probably more than a few times during this pandemic. We might recognize the feeling of dangubiti—when we’ve spent another day being unproductive and purposeless—during a few of those hopeless quarantine days. We’ve also probably felt resfeber—a rush of anxiety … Continued

domain: psychology


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text:
“The thought of going back to the way I was is tearing me up inside,” Terri-Ann, a single parent from Liverpool, told the BBC in 2011. She had received breast implants to endow her with the confidence to take her son swimming. But after learning that the implants were defective, she had two options: keep them in and risk painful disfigurement, or pay for a costly and risky operation that would leave her as insecure as she had been before the surgery.
“I am now getting over my second op. No driving again, feeling isolated as family and friends work, guilty because I’m off work and there are so many things I can’t do” – A. Jones, the recipient of a badly designed artificial hip confided to an online support group. She expects to recover fully from her removal surgery, but many others will not be as lucky.
If you ask a member of the public how they feel about breast augmentation and hip replacement surgery, it is likely that their opinions on the two will be vary drastically. However, both come under the World Health Organisation’s definition of “medical device” (drugs fall under a different category). Also unlike most drugs, medical devices have historically been under-regulated both legally and clinically.
For five years, MEPs – including British ones – have been trying to change this with a bill proposing stricter regulation of medical and in-vitro diagnostic medical devices. Now, finally, the European Commission has adopted the suggestions into law.
But why are these new regulations needed? And with the UK heading for Brexit, will British patients soon lose access to these hard-fought gains?
The wild west of hip replacements
Several of the scandals involving medical devices have come about as a result of inadequate testing. In 2001, Poly Implant Prothèse (Pip) executives tried to boost profits by engineering their own industrial-grade silicon breast implants in-house, rather than continuing to buy the more expensive externally-produced medical-grade material. But the adjustment to the formula included chemicals that had not yet been tested on humans. Over 21 years, roughly two million sets of these poor quality breast implants were manufactured and marketed internationally.
In the UK, an estimated 40,000 women – or ten per cent of all those using Pip – received implants including the dangerous chemical. As well as women, the product was used by an unknown number of men looking for chest, testicle and bum implants.
After the Pip scandal broke in the late noughties, the UK government committed to tightening up regulation of cosmetic surgeries. It introduced a new registry of implants and banned the irresponsible advertising techniques of “cosmetic cowboys” (surgeons who marketed breast implants using financial inducements).
But breast implant manufacturers are not the only boobs. In late 2010, DePuys Orthopaedics, Inc, a unit of Johnson&Johnson, was forced to recall the Articular Surface Replacement (ASR). The company had exploited loopholes in existing US regulations that meant that new, untrialled medical components could be inserted into devices that were already on the market. Many of those using the device experienced damage to their bloodstream and the bones and soft tissue surrounding the implant, caused by poisonous particles cast off by the metal-on-metal joint as it wore down.
After the US recall of the hip replacement, the UK medical equipment regulator – the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) – also issued a recall of the DePuys artificial hips. However, no review of the UK’s own regulatory frameworks was conducted.
The EU steps in…
The ASR and Pip scandals exposed systemic flaws in how medical equipment was authorised. In September 2012, the Socialists and Democrats group in the European Parliament proposed a bill to raise standards. The bill finally passed into law on 5 April 2017.
The new law encompasses everything from plasters to pacemakers. It means that manufacturers must now allow their devices to be scrutinised at every stage, from the initial design to when the device is in the market. There will also be random inspections of the factory floor. Those using the devices will receive unique identification codes and implant cards, which will allow them to be swiftly identified in the case of a faulty product. Patients will also be able to access a database showing clinical evidence of the safety of their device.
Another major change, according to Dame Glenis Willmott, a Labour MEP and lead negotiator for medical devices – is that “particularly high risk devices, such as implants, joint replacements or insulin pumps, [will] be subject to additional expert assessments before they can be authorised”. In-vitro devices – equipment used by healthcare professionals to diagnose a patient – will also be subject to the rules. Four out of five of every in-vitro devices must now also be checked by a regulator.
In addition, patients affected by equipment failure can now also expect financial compensation.
And the UK steps out
The directives agreed by the EU are designed to be implemented through “indirectly effective law” – in other words, through secondary legislation, which in the UK would be the Medical Devices Regulations of 2002. However, by the time both laws come into force, the UK is likely to have left the EU.
The UK government could choose to either retain this regulatory system, or to repeal it and create a new regime. For those Brexiteers who complain about “red tape, it may be tempting to do the latter. Yet the EU is not alone in supporting the content of its recent laws – international regulatory standards are moving in the same direction. Meanwhile, British companies trading in Europe will still have to abide by EU standards.
Another option is to look at the non-EU countries – such as Australia and Switzerland – with mutual recognition agreements with the EU, ensuring that industry norms conform internationally. India, too, is currently reviewing a bill called the “National Medical Device Policy“.
It took scandals and personal pain for the UK and other European countries to wake up to the problem of poor quality medical devices. Now recent gains could be reversed. Whether or not the UK post-Brexit decides to embrace the EU’s new laws, it is undeniable that regulations need to be tighter.

domain: medical


text:
THE LAND IRONCLADS (4)
February 6, 2022
HiLoBooks is pleased to serialize H.G. Wells’s “The Land Ironclads” for HILOBROW’s readers. Published in The Strand in 1903, this proto-sf tale contributed to Wells’s reputation as a “prophet of the future” when tanks first appeared in 1916.
The war correspondent came within bawling range. “What the deuce was it? Shooting our men down!”
“Black,” said the artist, “and like a fort. Not two hundred yards from the first trench.”
He sought for comparisons in his mind. “Something between a big blockhouse and a giant’s dish-cover,” he said.
“And they were running!” said the war correspondent.
“You’d run if a thing like that, searchlight to help it, turned up like a prowling nightmare in the middle of the night.”
They crawled to what they judged the edge of the dip and lay regarding the unfathomable dark. For a space they could distinguish nothing, and then a sudden convergence of the searchlights of both sides brought the strange thing out again.
In that flickering pallor it had the effect of a large and clumsy black insect, an insect the size of an ironclad cruiser, crawling obliquely to the first line of trenches and firing shots out of portholes in its side. And on its carcass the bullets must have been battering with more than the passionate violence of hail on a roof of tin.
Then in the twinkling of an eye the curtain of the dark had fallen again and the monster had vanished, but the crescendo of musketry marked its approach to the trenches.
They were beginning to talk about the thing to each other, when a flying bullet kicked dirt into the artist’s face, and they decided abruptly to crawl down into the cover of the trenches. They had got down with an unobtrusive persistence into the second line, before the dawn had grown clear enough for anything to be seen. They found themselves in a crowd of expectant riflemen, all noisily arguing about what would happen next. The enemy’s contrivance had done execution upon the outlying men, it seemed, but they did not believe it would do any more. “Come the day and we’ll capture the lot of them,” said a burly soldier.
“Them?” said the war correspondent.
“They say there’s a regular string of ’em, crawling along the front of our lines…. Who cares?”
The darkness filtered away so imperceptibly that at no moment could one declare decisively that one could see. The searchlights ceased to sweep hither and thither. The enemy’s monsters were dubious patches of darkness upon the dark, and then no longer dubious, and so they crept out into distinctness. The war correspondent, munching chocolate absent-mindedly, beheld at last a spacious picture of battle under the cheerless sky, whose central focus was an array of fourteen or fifteen huge clumsy shapes lying in perspective on the very edge of the first line of trenches, at intervals of perhaps three hundred yards, and evidently firing down upon the crowded riflemen. They were so close in that the defender’s guns had ceased, and only the first line of trenches was in action.
The second line commanded the first, and as the light grew the war correspondent could make out the riflemen who were fighting these monsters, crouched in knots and crowds behind the transverse banks that crossed the trenches against the eventuality of an enfilade. The trenches close to the big machines were empty save for the crumpled suggestions of dead and wounded men; the defenders had been driven right and left as soon as the prow of this land ironclad had loomed up over the front of the trench. He produced his field-glass, and was immediately a centre of inquiry from the soldiers about him.
They wanted to look, they asked questions, and after he had announced that the men across the traverses seemed unable to advance or retreat, and were crouching under cover rather than fighting, he found it advisable to loan his glasses to a burly and incredulous corporal. He heard a strident voice, and found a lean and sallow soldier at his back talking to the artist.
“There’s chaps down there caught,” the man was saying. “If they retreat they got to expose themselves, and the fire’s too straight….”
“They aren’t firing much, but every shot’s a hit.”
“The chaps in that thing. The men who’re coming up ——”
“Coming up where?”
“We’re evacuating them trenches where we can. Our chaps are coming back up the zigzags…. No end of ’em hit…. But when we get clear our turn’ll come. Rather! These things won’t be able to cross a trench or get into it; and before they can get back our guns’ll smash ’em up. Smash ’em right up. See?” A brightness came into his eyes. “Then we’ll have a go at the beggar inside,” he said….
The war correspondent thought for a moment, trying to realize the idea. Then he set himself to recover his field-glasses from the burly corporal….
RADIUM AGE PROTO-SF: “Radium Age” is Josh Glenn’s name for the nascent sf genre’s c. 1900–1935 era, a period which saw the discovery of radioactivity, i.e., the revelation that matter itself is constantly in movement — a fitting metaphor for the first decades of the 20th century, during which old scientific, religious, political, and social certainties were shattered. More info here.
SERIALIZED BY HILOBOOKS: Jack London’s The Scarlet Plague | Rudyard Kipling’s With the Night Mail (and “As Easy as A.B.C.”) | Arthur Conan Doyle’s The Poison Belt | H. Rider Haggard’s When the World Shook | Edward Shanks’ The People of the Ruins | William Hope Hodgson’s The Night Land | J.D. Beresford’s Goslings | E.V. Odle’s The Clockwork Man | Cicely Hamilton’s Theodore Savage | Muriel Jaeger’s The Man With Six Senses | Jack London’s “The Red One” | Philip Francis Nowlan’s Armageddon 2419 A.D. | Homer Eon Flint’s The Devolutionist | W.E.B. DuBois’s “The Comet” | Edgar Rice Burroughs’s The Moon Men | Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s Herland | Sax Rohmer’s “The Zayat Kiss” | Eimar O’Duffy’s King Goshawk and the Birds | Frances Hodgson Burnett’s The Lost Prince | Morley Roberts’s The Fugitives | Helen MacInnes’s The Unconquerable |
Geoffrey Household’s Watcher in the Shadows | William Haggard’s The High Wire | Hammond Innes’s Air Bridge | James Branch Cabell’s Jurgen | John Buchan’s “No Man’s Land” | John Russell’s “The Fourth Man” | E.M. Forster’s “The Machine Stops” | John Buchan’s Huntingtower | Arthur Conan Doyle’s When the World Screamed | Victor Bridges’ A Rogue By Compulsion | Jack London’s The Iron Heel | H. De Vere Stacpoole’s The Man Who Lost Himself | P.G. Wodehouse’s Leave It to Psmith | Richard Connell’s “The Most Dangerous Game” | Houdini and Lovecraft’s “Imprisoned with the Pharaohs” | Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Sussex Vampire” | Francis Stevens’s “Friend Island” | George C. Wallis’s “The Last Days of Earth” | Frank L. Pollock’s “Finis” | A. Merritt’s The Moon Pool | E. Nesbit’s “The Third Drug” | George Allan England’s “The Thing from — ‘Outside'” | Booth Tarkington’s “The Veiled Feminists of Atlantis” | H.G. Wells’s “The Land Ironclads” | J.D. Beresford’s The Hampdenshire Wonder | Valery Bryusov’s “The Republic of the Southern Cross” | Algernon Blackwood’s “A Victim of Higher Space” | A. Merritt’s “The People of the Pit”.

domain: library


starter location for 1996 dodge avenger 6cyl
where is the starter located?
also, where would the starter relay be, in case I can check that before replacing the starter
relay is under hood not sure witch one .pull car up on rampo set e-breakyou will see oil filter look to left you will see starter has a metal heat shielde on it.
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text: The snow came down a few days before Christmas. Grandma, the aunts, Mother with George and me, Miss Carter and Mrs Maitland and Emily, went down Milking Green to gather ivy for Great-Aunt Jane to decorate her house. We took her our gifts also because she lived up Springhead and whilst the weather was good we thought it best to go and wish her Happy Christmas. Walking back through the quiet lanes we heard Church Bells ringing out that it would soon be Christmas. We were sure God was very happy for we could feel there was peace and quietness everywhere.


The article referenced above keys in on affordable housing and how the lack of it contributes to an unsafe environment for families.
After reading a few articles I came to realize that one of the reasons safety may be an issue in low income areas for women is the lack of affordable housing. If these low income areas were somehow provided with affordable housing (funded by government, donations, etc.) it would go a long way towards making the environment safer for women. The article states that, "When affordable housing is not available to low-income households, family resources needed for food, medical or dental care, and other necessities are diverted to housing costs." So not only does affordable housing provide women shelter from violence, but it helps them in other everyday areas as well.


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JERUSALEM – Israeli troops shot to death a Palestinian man on Tuesday after he and others hurled rocks and firebombs at them in the West Bank, the military said.
The death was the latest in a new uptick in Palestinian casualties in the area, where protests in support of prisoners held in Israeli jails have led to violent clashes between the protesters and Israeli forces. The protests have largely subsided.
Yatta hospital director Ziyad Abu Zahra identified the man killed as 25-year-old Mahmoud Titi and said he was shot in the head. An Associated Press photographer said the man was among dozens throwing rocks at Israeli troops near the city of Hebron.
A military spokeswoman said troops pursued the men suspected of lobbing the firebombs. She said the protesters hurled rocks at them and "sensing an imminent danger to their lives, the soldiers fired toward the assaulters, identifying a hit." She said the incident was being reviewed.
She spoke on condition of anonymity in line with military policy.
Palestinians have increasingly complained in recent weeks of the use of live fire by Israeli troops. The military says it typically uses non-lethal means such as tear gas and rubber bullets to disperse protests or riots and that it only uses live fire in situations it considers life-threatening.


Jon King and Andy Gill of Gang of Four talk with Sound Opinions
When your musical heroes have their own musical heroes, you know it’s worth checking out. And one name that always gets checked by everyone from Franz Ferdinand to REM is Gang of Four. The British band debuted in 1979 with Entertainment!, an album that showcased Andy Gill’s unorthodox guitar style, Jon King’s smart lyrics, and a whole lot of danceable groove. The band is still going strong on its latest release Content, and Jon and Andy sat down with Jim and Greg while they were on tour.
Watch the uncut interview here:


The 2012 upgrades apply to Audi A1, A3, A4, A5, Q5 models, while the A1 and S3 limited editions add to the TT RS, RS 5 and R8 specials detailed in September.
The 2012 Audi A1 1.4 TFSI 90kW adds a Driver Information System, multi-function steering wheel and Bluetooth phone connectivity and audio streaming. The higher-spec A1 Ambition models also include the multi-function steering wheel and Bluetooth interface.
For $2000, A1 Attraction and Ambition customers can option in the Technik Package, which includes xenon headlights with LED daytime running lights, climate control and reverse parking sensors.
The 2012 Audi A3 Sportback and Cabriolet models also benefit from standard Bluetooth connectivity.
The 2012 Audi A4 1.8 TFSI and 2.0 TDI add rear parking sensors, while the 2.0 TFSI and 2.7 TDI get full electric seats and an enhanced interior lighting package as standard. The 2.0 TFSI quattro, 3.0 TDI and 3.2 FSI now score Audi’s MMI Navigation Plus hardware, which features a seven-inch colour display, 10GB media storage, DVD player, two SDHC card readers and voice activation.
All 2012 Audi A5 Coupe, Cabriolet and Sportback model (except the 2.0 TFSI multitronic) also gain the MMI Navigation Plus system.
All 2012 Audi Q5 variants come with front and rear parking sensors, Audi Music Interface and an electrically operated tailgate. The 3.0 TDI and 3.2 FSI also add xenon headlights to the standard features list.
Audi is also offering a free limited edition Competition Kit for the Audi A1 1.4 TFSI Ambition. With just 50 to be offered in Australia in 2012, the package includes contrast-coloured lower front spoiler, side sills, mirror housings, rear diffuser, sports tailpipe trim, and a larger roof spoiler.
Additionally, 60 examples of the Audi S3 Sportback S tronic Limited Edition will hit Australian showrooms from early 2012. Available in Ibis White, Ice Silver and Phantom Black, the S3 Limited Edition adds 18-inch titanium-finish alloy wheels, black exterior styling package, Audi exclusive front bucket seats, flat-bottomed leather multi-function steering wheel, and MMI Navigation Plus. The Limited Edition model adds more than $9000 of features to the S3 for only an additional $2800.


- Universal electronic ignition combination gas control for use with direct spark ignition, hot surface ignition or intermittent pilot ignition in 24 Vac, gas-fired appliances, with capacities from 30 to 415 cfh.
- Click here for gas valve cross reference guide.
- Click here for spec sheet
- Need help finding a heating part? Contact one of our HVAC specialists at (312)666-6080. We have many additional parts not shown online.</font color>


GARHWALI SONGS SARULI DRIVER DETAILS:
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GARHWALI SONGS SARULI DRIVER
Saruli MP3 Song Download- Suruli Saruli Garhwali Song by Preetam Bhartwan on
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This will remove all the songs from your queue. Language s : Garhwali. Saruli song from the album Suruli is released on Jul The duration of song is Searches related to garhwali song meena rana garhwali song meena rana mp3 download superhit garhwali song meena rana meena rana music meena rana lyrics meena rana photo meena ranade super hit garhwali songs. Saruli meru jiya lagige garhwali love song by preetam bhartwan, meena rana. Fast Download Saruli kumaini latest garhwali song 18 ghasyeri sahab singh ramola eongs production This video and mp3 song of Saruli kumaini latest garhwali song 18 ghasyeri sahab singh ramola garhwaki production is published by SDe Production on 02 Dec Naranni durga bhawani jagar full song saruli This video and mp3 song of Naranni durga bhawani jagar full song saruli is published by Garhwali songs saruli Regional on 10 May Saruli meru jiya lagi ge This video and mp3 song of Saruli meru jiya lagi ge is published by B N on 28 Oct This video and mp3 song of New garhwali song saruli bana presenting by rishi garhwali songs saruli production is published by Rishi Parmar Production on 18 Nov Instructions to verify your updated email address have been sent.
Garhwali songs saruli music has its root in the lap of nature and the hilly terrain of the region. The folks songs of Uttarakhand are a reflection of the cultural heritage and the way people live their lives in the Himalayas. Common themes in the folk music of Uttarakhand are the beauty of nature, various seasons, festivals, religious traditions, cultural practices, folk stories, historical characters, the bravery of ancestors and love ballads. Traditional musical instruments used in Uttarakhandi music include the dholgarhwali songs saruli, turri, ransinghadholkidaur, thali, bhankora and mashakbaja.
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Have you ever wanted something sobadly but not had the money to buy it? Well, that was the situation I found myself in about five months ago. Not having a bike was getting to be simply horrible!
I decided to do something about it. I knew earning money was not going to be easy. I began to look through hobby books for ideas, but nothing suited me. Then a family friend suggested stenciling stationery.
You may want to try it, too. If so, here’re the supplies you’ll need:
Paper: The best size for stationery is 5 1/2 by 8 1/2 inches. I bought 1,000 sheets for $8 at a local print shop. If that price is too much for you, ask the printer for any available scraps (I lucked into some lavender paper with matching envelopes!). If the scraps are too large, ask the printer to cut them to the right size.
Envelopes: You can buy a box of 100 envelopes (3 5/8 by 6 1/2 inches) for approximately $1 at any discount store. WARNING: You should buy the envelopes before the paper. This is why: Most printers have different colors of stationery, but a discount store will probably have only one. So buy your envelopes, then take them to the printer and pick paper to match.
Paints, brushes, and stencils: These can all be bought at art or craft stores or through craft catalogs. You will need acrylic base-coat paints. A two-ounce bottle costs from $2 to $3.
Stenciling brushes come in a variety of sizes. I purchased sizes 2 and 6 and found them useful with all sizes and shapes of stencils. Prices range from 98¢ to $2.
Flexible stencils cost from 98¢ to $5 each. Pay very close attention to the sizes of stencils as well as to their designs–I nearly bought a stencil bigger than my paper!
Now here’s how to do the stenciling. Find a quiet spot in your house where you can get plenty of light. I happen to listen to the radio while I work. I don’t know what you like. If you’d rather, play tapes, or just put all your mind to it.
You will need a glass of water, a clipboard, paper, stencils, paints, brushes, and a towel or sponge. Put the paper in the clipboard with the stencil on top. Stick the brush in the paint, then wipe most of the paint off. Now gently hold the stencil down, and paint the colors into their places. Try not to move the stencil. Paint in small circles or in little areas at a time. Do NOT just brush freely as you would with a watercolor, or the paint will go under the stencil. (What a catastrophe!)
Once done with a sheet, set it aside and start a new one. Stencil the flaps of matching envelopes in the same way. When you’re finished, wash the stencils and brushes and dry them thoroughly.
I have my stationery shrink-wrapped in sets of 12 sheets and envelopes for about 20¢ a pack at our local print shop. I’m now ready to sell them for $3 a pack.
I started selling by word of mouth–calling my mom’s friends. I sold 10 packs that way. Then I called a craft store to see if it might sell them on consignment (that means I get paid only for the packages the store sells). After the owner saw my stationery, we set a price and I was off! I now have my stationery in four stores.
If you’d like to try that, look in the yellow pages of the phone book for local craft and gift stores. Some storekeepers may say, “No, thanks.” Don’t feel put down–keep trying! Once you find a store, leave your stationery in it for a month or so, then give it a call to see what’s up. Some of your packages may have sold! You may also want to offer different designs for different times of year.
This has been a fun business for me, and I hope it is for you too. Oh, by the way, I did earn enough money to get what I wanted so badly: a new 10-speed bike!


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I Bet You Don't Recognise Me Without My Beard T-Shirt
No Beard? This One's For The Budding Santas Out There.
If you want to make people laugh this Christmas then there's no better way than the I Bet You Don't Recognise Me Without My Beard T-Shirt. This funny slogan is perfect for the holidays, and is guaranteed to make people laugh. Get it in a large range of colours for the holidays this year.
Guys - A standard regular fit
Ladies - This is an oversize/boyfriend style. We advise referring to our size guide, in particular the chest measurements. You may want to order a size down to create an oversized but wearable fit.
You can find out which Christmas designs are the best in our Christmas T Shirt Alternative To Christmas Jumpers post, where you'll find out top 10 prints and designs. Which is your favourite?

domain: design


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My Personal Journey to the Way of the Flower _ I am a native of Shikoku, the smallest and less populated of the four main islands that comprise the Japanese archipelago. I was born and raised in what was then known as Iyomishima, a small town located between a backdrop of beautiful mountains and the Seto Inland Sea, the waters that separate Shikoku from Honshu, the main island of Japan. Without a doubt, the rich natural settings that I enjoyed at my birthplace throughout my childhood and youth, had a profound effect in how my sensitivities for nature and art developed over time, and to this date.
Feather flowers are going to be the stars of 2013. There are some amazing designs out there already that include organza or silk with Swarovski detailing and a feature vintage Marcasite or crystal brooch. Look out for the Coq feathers!


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Social media is a platform for connection—and as many people have discovered, that connection is not always positive. Moms seem to feel the brunt of online criticism. If you get mom-shamed on Facebook or Instagram, how do you deal? We chatted with Katie Sardone, Ph.D., psychologist and founder of Behavioral Health Dallas, for advice.
DFWChild: When someone makes a snarky comment or is outright critical on social media, what’s the best way to respond?
Katie Sardone, Ph.D.: First off, think about where you are seeing this criticism and ask yourself if continued contact with this group or person is more helpful or more harmful to you. More specifically, when someone is saying negative things on social media, they are likely expecting some pushback or to engage in an argument. Before responding, pause and think through a few key questions:
- What is my goal here? Do I feel the need to stand up for myself? Change this person’s mind? Most people do not change their mind in the context of an argument, especially on social media.
- What are the possible outcomes of saying what I want to say? Am I actually okay with those?
- Would I feel comfortable with my kids, my friends, my family and my boss seeing my comment back?
- Does that comment back speak to who I want to be and how I want to engage in the world?
When people really think about these things, often they decide not to respond at all.
C: How should moms deal with feeling bad or guilty about criticism? Let’s say a mom posted a picture of their child swimming in a mermaid tail, which a study found increased drowning risk.
KS: I think [criticism in general] is a good opportunity to practice perspective-taking and remember that the right decision for your family may not be the right decision for another family and vice versa.
It’s always an option to ignore these comments on social media. If you do want to respond, a short-and-sweet response, without a defense, is more likely to shut things down. For example, “Thank you for the heads up!”
Remember that a picture does not tell the full story. Maybe your daughter was swimming in the mermaid tail with you right by her side the whole time. Who knows, but one thing is for sure, if you are confident in the safety choices you are making, don’t let someone else’s quick judgement of a post bring you down.
C: Plus, it’s not always easy to gauge tone on social media—maybe a “critical” comment was actually meant to be funny.
KS: Yes, definitely! In that moment, remember that we do not actually know what that person’s intentions were or what headspace they were in. Keep some perspective that maybe the person didn’t mean it that way, or if they did, maybe they’ve had a bad day or experienced some personal issue with the topic.
C: What’s an example of mom-shaming you hear about?
KS: A very common concern is feeling pressured around breastfeeding choices and guilt if they choose to formula feed. I work with women to remember that everyone’s situation is different, and what’s best for you and your baby may not be the best thing for another mother.
C: What are your recommendations about what to share on social media versus what to keep private, especially to head off mom-shaming?
KS: I have some [clients] who have completely gotten off of social media and found it to be incredibly freeing. Others are on the opposite end of the spectrum and utilize social media to connect with other moms dealing with similar stressors or other working mothers and find it quite helpful.
I would recommend that each mom take a thoughtful approach and notice how their mood and behaviors might change with and without social media use. Be aware that the more you share, the more you are inviting others to comment and engage with you. Make sure that whatever you share, you think about the potential positive and negative consequences and that you’re OK with both of those.
One of the best ways to prevent mom-shaming is to not do it yourself! Don’t be the mom who makes a definitive claim about one way of doing things as being superior to all others. Be the mom who trusts other moms to make the right decisions for their families and support a diversity of experiences.
I think the most important thing to remember is that you do not need to engage with social media the same way your friend does. Be mindful and aware of what benefits and drawbacks there are for you and be quick to make changes accordingly.


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Arrest over elderly people tied up in burglaries
A man has been arrested in connection with three burglaries where elderly people were threatened in their own homes.
In two separate attacks in Gainsborough on Sunday the victims were tied up.
The first raid took place about 20:30 GMT when an 88-year-old woman had her mobile phone and £80 in cash taken.
Three hours later a 75-year-old man was forced to reveal his bank card number after being threatened with a knife during an attack in Portland Terrace.
Lincolnshire Police said they had arrested a man in in his 30s in Morton near Gainsborough following another aggravated burglary on a house in the village at 20:20 GMT on Monday.
In that attack, a man forced his way into the home of a 78-year-old woman and made aggressive threats before stealing a purse containing £140.

domain: law


text:
Bubble elimination in a prefilled syringe offers many advantages for drug developers when deciding how a product is to be packaged for clinical studies or commercial distribution. In a number of studies, Hyaluron Contract Manufacturing, found that the advantages of prefilled syringes can be further enhanced by reducing the size of the air (gas) bubble inside the syringe or better yet, eliminating it totally. After tests and validated studies a new and innovative method has been developed to fill syringes that will eliminate the air bubble. Patented and trademarked, BUBBLE-FREE FILLING® is now available. Prefilled syringes instead of vials have become the container of choice for parenteral drug delivery. The technique of BUBBLE-FREE FILLING further enhances the benefits of prefilled syringes. The key advantages of prefilled syringes are: safety in administration, ease of use (for both healthcare professionals and end users), reduced risk of contamination, less waste of costly or scarce API, improved dosing accuracy, and improved sterility assurance.
or call Booth No. 125

domain: chemistry