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“We had a wonderful time and so much of it was due to your hard work. We are so grateful!!! I will recommend you to everyone I know. Here are some comments:Venice: gorgeous, loved it, loved the hotel, loved the location, loved everything about this… Florence: Spectacular. Loved the hotel, loved it all. Drove to San Giaminiano and Siena and loved these day trips. Magnificent…The driver from Naples to Sorrento and back was really nice and really safe. Great job… Went to Pompeii and it was superb. Highly recommend this day trip… So.......that is the scoop. It was one of our best trips ever and we are so grateful!!!!!!!!!!!” Ellen C. and Family – Houston, TX
Ellen C. and Family – Houston, TX USA
Call Tommaso and his Team of Travel Experts! Have them help you plan the Italian vacation you've always dreamed of.


- Flora Gosling
- 19 August 2019
This article is from 2019
Passionate queer dance piece featuring oranges
Rachel Young's Out, much like its title, is utterly unapologetic. The first half of the performance is an energetic, expressive declaration of queerness and blackness. Young performs alongside Marikiscrycrycry (stage name of choreographer and artist Malik Nashad Sharpe); dancing with each other, dancing by themselves and all the time moving their bodies hypnotically to the rhythm of the hip-hop that blares deafeningly from the speakers.
Mixed into the music are quotes from activists, poets, politicians and preachers. Despite what one might expect, there is no dark comedy in seeing the two twerk to homophobic recorded lines such as 'while it doesn't outlaw homosexuality, it does outlaw anal sex between men.' Instead, the performance is blank-faced and defiant. When Marikiscrycrycry reveals a pair of high heels, holding them out for the audience to see with a face as though daring anyone to say something, it sends shivers down the spine.
Then begins the second half, which consists of oranges. Lots and lots of oranges. It is difficult to decipher what Young is trying to say, aside from a possible reference to Jeanette Winterson. It is performed with personality, but after the explosive opening, the conclusion feels out of place and a little deflating.
Summerhall, until 25 Aug, 3.45pm, £12 (£8).


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Many people get pleasure from doing puzzles, and in the identical manner, canines enjoy doing puzzles as properly. A fantastic possibility for small and medium canine who usually are not power chewers, is the Aipper Canine Puppy Toys 12 Pack. Rope and floss toys are designed to assist clear teeth, and preserve them freed from plaque and tartar. Made with top quality non-poisonous supplies, that are not simply broken or bitten via.
Since 1996, this firm has kept manufacturing within the USA with an eye in direction of environmentally sustainable processes in their Bozeman, MT facility. The materials used of their toys characteristic recycled, BPA free plastics. As well as, they offer customers the possibility to recycle their toys when going for an upgrade, keeping Zogoflex out of the landfill—perpetually.
Upon opening the (effectively-made) package deal, you will discover a textured, plastic pink & yellow ball with speakers on either side. It sports activities a durable development that keeps it shielded from bites and scratches, so you won’t have to worry about it getting destroyed after simply sooner or later of play.
The Outward Hound Tail Teaser Canine Flirt Pole is great for supervised play and may also work indoors. It could additionally enable you to in training the canine to release and other obedience commands. Heavy-obligation pole implies that the toy wouldn’t get simply destroyed. It may be washed simply with cleaning soap and water.
You will have reached the end of Puzzle Toys for Canines part. Make your dog wholesome and proud of these toys. These toys may be created from quite a lot of materials, but are normally chewable without being simply destroyed. They usually come in different forms, as well, from canine puzzle bowls and feeders to chew toys to canine puzzle balls.
All toys exist to entertain canine, however interactive toys go a stage further by promoting specific downside-fixing abilities or satisfying specific instincts. In case your dog seems uninterested in the previous stuffed toys, tennis balls, and nylon chew toys, it might be time to improve to an interactive toy that may provide your dog with extra engagement than the previous model toys are capable of.
There are straightforward options within the type of dog puzzle toys and video games. Even if you have to leave your canine home alone for many Click Here hours, puzzle toys for canines can provide sufficient stimulation to keep your pooch occupied. They’ll alleviate boredom and even ameliorate separation anxiety.
The Toppl is our dog’s favourite toy. He likes to chase it and drag it around like a ball. He loves it when we fill it with stuff (wet pet food dog food puzzles, yogurt, peanut butter, etc.) and put it in the freezer. He even likes to sleep with it like a teddy bear sometimes.
An interactive canine toy is just a canine toy that is mentally and physically stimulating. This goal is different out of your customary tennis ball or a squeaky toy, which solely encourage chewing and physical play. The important thing to an interactive dog toy is that it promotes your pet’s psychological capabilities by offering a puzzle of some kind. This puzzle may very well be anything from pulling a string to reveal a toy to rolling a ball to get a deal with. Many interactive canine toys use treats or smaller toys to encourage canines to make use of them.

domain: pet


"RumbleRail is a standalone and modular Floppy Disk Jukebox - Load midi files onto the SD card and take it with you for tunes on the go!
There are countless floppy music projects on the interwebs, so what makes RumbleRail different?
Lets start with the assembly. A beautiful machined black aluminium rail carries all components: Eight floppy drives, matching number of floppy controllers, display breakout, SD card holder and a stand. All nicely combined into a single compact package.
The display plate is a seperate machined piece, providing a breakout for the 128×64 display, mounting hole for the rotary pulse encoder and hosting the main board.
Each floppy drive is equiped with two bright RGB LEDs (rrled) illuminating the floppy cases according to the currently played tune - a simple but actually quite pretty visualisation of the music being played.
The overall setup is completely modular. Each floppy is connected to its own floppy driver (rrfdc), which in turn speaks I²C with the main board (rrcmd). On power-on the main board auto-discovers the connected floppies and adjusts the software to utilize the available drives. In theory the amount of floppies connected to RumbleRail is only limited by I²C address/bus restrictions.
The most important feature of RumbleRail is the ability to run standalone. After being powered-on, the main board scans the hotswapable SD card (rrsdc) and lists its content on the display. The user can browse through the selection using the rotary encoder and, once a song is selected, the main board decodes the MIDI file and streams the notes to the floppy drivers.
Depending on the file extension of the midi file, different play modes can be chosen: Either midi tracks are mapped to floppy drives (.mix/.mit) or midi channels are mapped to floppy drives (.mim/.mic). The former extensions will (modulo) overflow the tracks/channels, in case there aren't enough drives available, while the latter extensions will keep a strict one-on-one mapping. The most used mode (.mis/.mid) tries to play as many notes - independant of channel or track - as possible simultaneously."


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The Keilor Little Athletics Centre (KLAC) is affiliated with Little Athletics Victoria (LAVic) and its Northern Metropolitan Region. The competitive year is divided in to two seasons: Track & Field (Sept – March); and Cross Country (April /May- August). KLAC runs a weekly competition during the track & field season at the Keilor Park Athletics Track, Stadium Drive, Keilor Park. KLAC also participates in open days, LAVic regional and state championships under the banner, Team Keilor.
Weekly Competition @ KLAC
Our Centre runs a weekly track and field competition (mid Sept – March) usually on Saturday mornings starting at 9:00am sharp. Check out our calendar to confirm competition dates and start times and our frequently asked questions for a better understanding of how our competitions run.
Under 6 & 7 athletes participate in an On Track skills based program for approx. 45 minutes and compete in three events up until XMAS. In the new year the On Track program ceases and U6 & 7 athletes join the full competitive program.
Under 8 to 16 athletes participate in a full competitive program consisting of 5-6 events, including sprints, hurdles, middle distance (800/1500m- U9+), race walks, throws (shot put, discus, & javelin – U11+) and jumps (long jump, triple jump & high jump – U9+) . We also run steeplechase, including the water jump, a couple of times a season!
Important Note: This year we require athletes and parents to arrive for competition between 8:30am-8:45am. Parents on duty must sign-in with the duty roster manager before 8:45am. At 8:45am all parents on duty will receive a short briefing/instructions on running their event for the morning. At the same time all athletes will be invited to complete an instructor led warm-up between 8:45am – 9:00am. Athletes will be sent straight to their events from the warm-up.
KLAC Championship and Tim Golder 100m & Warren Hosking 800m Handicaps
Our track & field season culminates with our Centre championships. Athletes will need to enter the championships and eligibility requirements apply. Refer to the Centre Handbook and the Centre Championship page on this website for further information.
During our end of season Presentation Day we hold the very prestigious Tim Golder 100m & Warren Hosking 800m Handicaps. A starting position in the handicaps are highly sought after and as they are handicap events all athletes have a chance of winning these prestigious titles.
Championships include: relays; track & field; multi-event; & cross country. Championship events are available to U9-16 athletes and we strongly encourage all our athletes, regardless of ability, enter regional events. After all it’s about participation and doing your personal best.
Information for the championships is available in the Special Events section of this website. Also worth checking the championships section of LAVic’s website from time-to-time for championship info and online entry.
Other LAVic Centres host open days throughout the season which are open to all LAVic members from any other Centre, including ours. Usually athletes will need to enter directly with the hosting Centre. There are relay, multi-event and track and field open days almost every other weekend. Team Keilor enters the Box Hill relay open day each year as a good practice before the regional relay championships.
Winter Season – Cross Country (May to August)
Our Centre participates in weekly cross country competition as part of the Northern Metro Region, Division 1’s cross country season. Keilor LAC summer season members are already registered to compete in the winter cross country season. New members are also most welcome to join for the cross country season. Further details are available on the Competition->Cross Country page.

domain: sports


A$AP Yams Says A$AP Rocky’s New Album Is Grammy Worthy
A$AP Rocky has been quiet as of late. Granted, he does have his group A$AP Mob pushing their new single "Hella Hoes" in preparation for their debut album. But, fans have been wondering if Rocky has started working on his sophomore project. Well, A$AP Yams has the answers. In his interview with Montreality, A$AP Yams was generous enough to give an update on Rocky's whereabouts and what the Harlem rapper has in store for his fans in the future.
"His new album is crazy. The same stuff I did for Live.Long.A$Ap. I made sure I provided that for Rocky's new album. So look out for that," teased Yams.
While Yams did say that Rocky's album is looking promising, he mentioned that Rocky wouldn't be releasing anything for a while. "You ain't gonna see shit from Rocky for a minute. I will say this, it's gonna be a hot summer. You gonna see something coming from Rocky real soon. I can't speak on it personally. But we're working," said Yams.
In addition, he provided reassurance to the fans that Rocky's new music will be beyond exceptional. In fact, he goes on to say that the material will be Grammy worthy. "Trust me. We're gonna give the fans what they want. I mean none of that water down commercial shit. We gonna give them that Grammy ass fucking trill shit that we always been doing."
Check out the rest of Yams interview with Monterality below.


George Strait’s ‘Cold Beer Conversation’ Tops the Charts
George Strait is still the King.
The singer's latest album, Cold Beer Conversation, recently topped the Soundscan and Billboard Country Albums charts. Strait's 29th studio album, Cold Beer Conversation is the singer's 26th album to top the country charts. The album marks another accomplishment in the legend's prestigious career, which includes 60 No. 1 singles and nearly 70 million records sold.
The King of Country Music will continue his winning streak in the coming months in Las Vegas, where he recently announced his Strait to Vegas residency in the brand new Las Vegas Arena, which will open in April of 2016.
Strait will kick off his residency with two performances on April 22 and 23 of 2016. He has two more dates set for Sept. 9-10, 2016 and another two dates scheduled for December 2 and 3, 2016, with the promise of additional performances to be announced. Kacey Musgraves will be Strait's opening act for all six shows, which have already sold out.
"I'm very excited to be coming back out and playing for the fans out there," Strait says. "I'm really looking forward to it so much. Come April it'll be about a year and 10 months since I performed with my band … It's gonna be exciting to get back out there again. I'm looking forward to singing those songs that I love so much."
All of George Strait's Albums, Ranked!
George Strait's Best Live Photos Through the Years


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ASUS has announced that they will begin pushing the Android 4.2 over-the-air update to the Transformer Pad TF300 for folks in the US today. Other regions will follow during the month of March. This makes ASUS, and the TF300, the first non-Nexus tablets to see the 4.2 update, which includes the long awaited multiple user support. In addition to the version bump to 4.2, ASUS says the update will also bring enhanced performance and stability. To go along with the OTA, ASUS will also offer updates for their App Locker, Virtual Keyboard, Lock Screen and Setup Wizard applications.
Also mentioned in the press release are the Transformer Pad Infinity, The MeMo Pad Smart 10-inch, and the MeMo pad, which are slated to receive the 4.2 update during the second quarter of 2013. Notably absent is any mention of 4.2 for the Transformer Prime.
The TF300 was a popular -- and very capable -- tablet for ASUS last year. With the new features in Android 4.2 it should offer a great experience for owners throughout 2013. Jump past the break to see the full press release.
Android 4.2 released for the ASUS Transformer Pad TF300
Improvements include enhanced performance, stability and multiple user account logins
Fremont, CA (March 4, 2013) — ASUS is excited to announce Android 4.2 is now available in the US region for the ASUS Transformer Pad TF300T. Android 4.2 will be released to Transformer Pad owners via a free over the air update starting today in the United States and will be available in other regions during March. This new version of Android enhances performance and stability, improves the user experience with new features as well as providing multiple user account logins.
The ASUS Transformer Pad TF300 is one of the most successful ASUS tablets to date and offers a full notebook PC experience when attached to the innovative mobile dock. ASUS is committed to providing the best customer experience, and is the first manufacturer to receive Android 4.2 for partnered tablets. The ASUS Transformer Pad Infinity, ASUS MeMO Pad Smart 10”, and ASUS MeMO Pad will receive Android 4.2 in Q2.
Meet ARM's Cortex-X, the design that could create custom Pixel chips
Big and fast, slow and wide, or even both at the same time — ARM's Cortex-X program lets companies building ARM chips take part in the design process for a custom edge. It's also the system that could allow Google to make its own custom chips for Pixel phones.
These are the best apps for your Android device — period
It can be difficult to find the "right" app when surfing the Play Store simply due to the sheer number of options available. Regardless of what type of app you're looking for, there's an app that can help make your life easier.
Daily Coronavirus updates: Amazon redoubles COVID-19 testing efforts
COVID-19 has caused untold devastation around the globe, with entire industries shutting down in the wake of the virus. Here's how coronavirus is affecting the tech industry.
The best microSD cards for your Amazon Fire tablet
Whether you got a Fire Tablet for yourself or your kids, you’ve probably noticed that the internal storage doesn’t go very far. You can easily fill it up with some games, a few apps, and media, but luckily you can grab a microSD to put in it!

domain: news


text:
Sunday, October 17th @ Various Times
Tuesday, October 19th @ Various Times
Thursday, October 21st @ Various Times
Friday, October 22nd @ Various Times
Saturday, October 23rd @ Various Times
Sunday, October 24th @ Various Times
Tickets on Sale August 1, 2021!
MassOpera welcomes you back to live performance once again, with an immersive production of La Traviata! Our performers will bring this opera to life as they lead you to four different locations through the Eustis Estate in Milton, MA. With 21 performances limited to 30 audience members per performance, this will be one of the most intimate and unique performance experiences you’ve ever had! And with 7 different women portraying the lead character of Violetta, each performance will offer a singular portrayal of the ultimate tragic heroine.
Join us for opening night and closing night receptions, Sunday, October 17th and Sunday, October 24th.
CAST INFO COMING SOON!
CREATIVE TEAM INFO COMING SOON!
ORCHESTRA INFO COMING SOON!
EUSTIS ESTATE MUSEUM
AN HISTORIC NEW ENGLAND PROPERTY
1424 CANTON AVENUE, MILTON, MA 02186
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domain: artistic


As an ode to love, you can’t find a fault with the Taj, the white of the marble is gleaming, the domes are impeccably shaped, the turrets flawless, the recesses of the windows perfect, and the flowery scrolls carved on the walls, simply beautiful. It is no surprise that this monument to love took two months, yes, two whole months to create! And, hang on, it is edible to boot. The Taj Mahal cake, crafted by Sydney’s Rashmi Uttarkar, won second place at the recently concluded Royal Easter Show.
“Just having my cake there on display amongst the finest, was an honour,” Rashmi told Indian Link. “When I found out I had won, I thought it was a mistake. I refreshed the web page over and over again just to make sure!”
She added, “I never considered winning as the goal. I was just too busy making the cake! It takes several years to find out what appeals to the judges. Overall impression, presentation, cover/texture, creativity/originality, execution of design skills, degree of difficulty: each aspect of the art is closely marked. The cake that stood first was a ‘cottage’. The precision, the neatness, the attention to detail in it was impeccable”.
It was this love of cakes that inspired Rashmi Bedarkar to start her own cake business in Sydney, which she calls Cakes by Rashmi. Established in 2011, the business has been carving a name for itself with its beautiful, unique and delicious cakes, cupcakes, cake pops and pastries.
Baking is something that has always come naturally to Rashmi. “I loved baking since I was a kid”, she said. “Growing up, my cakes were so popular amongst my cousins that most birthday cakes were made by me!”
But the decision to go professional came much later.
“At my daughter’s first birthday, I ordered a cake that cost me a small fortune and yet failed to impress. It was then that my husband Shai suggested I take up my hobby of baking to the next step, cake decorating”.
She hasn’t regretted it.
Trained under Planet Cake, Australia’s top cake decorating school, Rashmi is a true artisan who loves her work.
The Taj Mahal cake took two weeks only in planning. Rashmi started by cutting out the body using polystyrene foam since a real cake cannot remain fresh for the two weeks of the Easter Show. But the real artistry was in the decoration. Once the body was cut out, the next step was to cover it with a layer of sugar just like a real cake. Talent, skill, creativity and experience were all required to knead and mould the sugar dough.
“For this project, I had to cut, shape and decorate 58 individual panels and shapes which were then pieced together,” Rashmi revealed. “The final step was managing the whole structure with utmost care. The pieces were so delicate that they could be easily damaged with one wrong move. The panels are prone to attracting moisture and ‘weeping’. And if they get too dry, they are prone to warping and become brittle”.
But Rashmi is no novice at this kind of thing. Last year, her first ever entry in a cake decorating competition, organised by the Cake Decorators Guild of NSW got her a Third Place win. Her cake represented her Indian roots and was unlike any other cake in the Novice wedding cakes category. The bottom tier of the cake showed different henna designs in royal icing, while the second tier was a painting of an Indian wedding procession complete with a bride in a doli and dancing baarati. The third tier represented Indian jewels and to top it all off was a hand crafted Indian bride, wearing a traditional lahenga and a nose ring, all completely edible.
For Rashmi, every cake is a “creation” with its own set of challenges. Her method of dealing with those challenges is to thoroughly understand the client, their needs, what appeals to them and what touches their heart. This in turn results in every cake being unique and exquisite.
From the colour to the design to every intricate detail, Rashmi plans everything out even before cracking that first egg.
“I feel that the cake is an important part of any occasion and should represent the occasion as such. But at the same time, the cake should accomplish its primary purpose as being a delicious dessert and its taste should surpass its looks”.
Ad what stimulates her creativity?
“Everything around me, really! My two children, my friends and my heritage are all a source of inspiration. My biggest critic – and my biggest support – are the same person, my husband Shai. He helps with the engineering aspect of the cakes and also keeps me motivated”.
Rashmi also talks to the other veteran cake makers for ideas, inspiration, tips and tricks and she feels that she would never have won if she hadn’t had support from her cake decorators community.
What makes Cakes by Rashmi different from every other cake shop in town is the fact that the customer is dealing directly with the owner of the business. This elimination of the middle man offers the customer a better service, at a better price. It also means that unlike other establishments, Rashmi can offer unparalleled flexibility, whether it’s making an egg-less cake or even a dairy free one.
“When you love what you do, you don’t work, you create,” says Rashmi.
No doubt the emperor Shahjahan – and the artisans who created that other Taj – would approve!


Underwater Pole Dance/Fitness
The ground-breaking series
This series received global acclaim earlier this year and has become an international phenomenon, being the first time photographing a series of pole dancers underwater. It was seen in over 70 countries and was published in newspapers and on television world wide.
Late in 2014 we started working with X-Pole, a leading supplier of Pole Fitness equipment, and some very talented Pole Dancers to capture the images below. The girls make it look very easy but it was far from it, the relative zero-gravity of the water meant that they had to re-think poses, up was now down, and having to hold their breath along with all this just made it all the more complex!
Please enjoy the images below and also check out the Behind The Scenes we’ve put together.
HUGE thanks to all involved, couldn’t have done it without you all!


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A federal jury convicted former Democratic state Sen. Malcolm Smith Thursday afternoon on fraud and bribery charges in connection with an elaborate plot to run as a Republican in New York’s 2013 mayoral election.
Smith was arrested after attempting to bribe Republican party bosses for their party’s mayoral nomination in 2013.
The jury deliberated for less than four hours in the White Plains courthouse and found Smith guilty on all four charges, including bribery, conspiracy, wire fraud, and use of interstate facilities to commit bribery and extortion.
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Smith pleaded not guilty to all the charges and was originally granted a mistrial in 2014 after prosecutors failed to hand Smith’s attorneys hours of undercover recordings in Yiddish. The retrial was pushed back again when Smith convinced the court to delay it as he ran for reelection to the Senate.
He lost the seat in November to former Councilman Leroy Comrie.
The same sting that caught Smith led to the arrests of former Queens City Councilman Dan Halloran and Queens GOP Vice Chairman Vincent Tabone. Both Halloran and Tabone were also convicted.
U.S. Attorney Preet Bharara, who revealed the scheme in 2013, admonished all three men for the giving and taking of bribes.
"This was just one of many pockets of corruption this office has uncovered in New York, which has become the 'show me the money' state," Bharara said in a statement. "It should not be asking too much to expect public officials at least to obey the law."
Smith, who now awaits sentencing, faces up to 45 years in prison.


text: This research is aimed to characterize the elastic properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced polyimide nanocomposites using multi-scale simulation approach. The hollow cylindrical molecular structures of CNTs were modeled as a transverse isotropic solid the equivalent elastic properties of which were determined from the molecular mechanics calculations in conjunction with the energy equivalent concept. In addition, the molecular structures of the CNTs nanocomposites were established through molecular dynamic (MD) simulation, from which the non-bonded gap as well as the non-bonded energy between the CNTs and the surrounding matrix were evaluated. It was postulated that the normalized non-bonded energy (non-bonded energy divided by surface area of the CNTs) is correlated with the degree of interfacial interaction. Subsequently, an effective interphase micromechanical model including the equivalent cylindrical solid of CNTs, matrix and effective interphase was developed, in which the dimension of the effective interphase was assumed equal to the non-bonded gap and the corresponding elastic stiffness was calculated from the normalized non-bonded energy. Results indicated that the moduli of the nanocomposites in the longitudinal direction obtained based on the effective interphase model are in good agreement with those calculated from MD simulation and moreover, they are fitted well with the conventional rule of mixture. On the other hand, in the transverse direction, the effective interphase model is superior to the conventional micromechanical model and capable of describing the dependence of Young's modulus of the nanocomposites on the CNTs radii.

domain: literature


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Telegraphy (from Greek: τῆλε têle, "at a distance" and γράφειν gráphein, "to write") is the long-distance transmission of textual or symbolic (as opposed to verbal or audio) messages without the physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus semaphore is a method of telegraphy, whereas pigeon post is not.
- Optical telegraph
- Early developments
- Commercial telegraphy
- Cooke and Wheatstone system
- Morse system
- Telegraphic improvements
- Oceanic telegraph cables
- Wireless telegraphy
- E mail
- 21st century decline
- Social implications
- Newspaper names
- Telegram length
Telegraphy requires that the method used for encoding the message be known to both sender and receiver. Such methods are designed according to the limits of the signalling medium used. The use of smoke signals, beacons, reflected light signals, and flag semaphore signals are early examples. In the 19th century, the harnessing of electricity led to the invention of electrical telegraphy. The advent of radio in the early 20th century brought about radiotelegraphy and other forms of wireless telegraphy. In the Internet age, telegraphic means developed greatly in sophistication and ease of use, with natural language interfaces that hide the underlying code, allowing such technologies as electronic mail and instant messaging.
The word "telegraph" was first coined by the French inventor of the Semaphore line, Claude Chappe, who also coined the word "semaphore".
A "telegraph" is a device for transmitting and receiving messages over long distances, i.e., for telegraphy. The word "telegraph" alone now generally refers to an electrical telegraph.
Wireless telegraphy is also known as "CW", for continuous wave (a carrier modulated by on-off keying), as opposed to the earlier radio technique of using a spark gap.
Contrary to the extensive definition used by Chappe, Morse argued that the term telegraph can strictly be applied only to systems that transmit and record messages at a distance. This is to be distinguished from semaphore, which merely transmits messages. Smoke signals, for instance, are to be considered semaphore, not telegraph. According to Morse, telegraph dates only from 1832 when Pavel Schilling invented one of the earliest electrical telegraphs.
A telegraph message sent by an electrical telegraph operator or telegrapher using Morse code (or a printing telegraph operator using plain text) was known as a telegram. A cablegram was a message sent by a submarine telegraph cable, often shortened to a cable or a wire. Later, a Telex was a message sent by a Telex network, a switched network of teleprinters similar to a telephone network.
A wire picture or wire photo was a newspaper picture that was sent from a remote location by a facsimile telegraph. A diplomatic telegram, also known as a diplomatic cable, is the term given to a confidential communication between a diplomatic mission and the foreign ministry of its parent country. These continue to be called telegrams or cables regardless of the method used for transmission.
Even though early telegraphic precedents, such as signalling through the lighting of pyres, have existed since ancient times, long-distance telegraphy (transmission of complex messages) started in 1792 in the form of semaphore lines, or optical telegraphs, that sent messages to a distant observer through line-of-sight signals. Commercial electrical telegraphs were introduced from 1837.
The first telegraphs came in the form of optical telegraph, including the use of smoke signals, beacons, or reflected light, which have existed since ancient times. Early proposals for an optical telegraph system were made to the Royal Society by Robert Hooke in 1684 and were first implemented on an experimental level by Sir Richard Lovell Edgeworth in 1767.
The first successful semaphore network was invented by Claude Chappe and operated in France from 1793 to 1846.
During 1790–1795, at the height of the French Revolution, France needed a swift and reliable communication system to thwart the war efforts of its enemies. In 1790, the Chappe brothers set about devising a system of communication that would allow the central government to receive intelligence and to transmit orders in the shortest possible time. On 2 March 1791, at 11 am, they sent the message "si vous réussissez, vous serez bientôt couverts de gloire" (If you succeed, you will soon bask in glory) between Brulon and Parce, a distance of 16 kilometres (9.9 mi). The first means used a combination of black and white panels, clocks, telescopes, and codebooks to send their message.
In 1792, Claude was appointed Ingénieur-Télégraphiste and charged with establishing a line of stations between Paris and Lille, a distance of 230 kilometres (about 143 miles). It was used to carry dispatches for the war between France and Austria. In 1794, it brought news of a French capture of Condé-sur-l'Escaut from the Austrians less than an hour after it occurred.
The Prussian system was put into effect in the 1830s. However, they were highly dependent on good weather and daylight to work and even then could accommodate only about two words per minute. The last commercial semaphore link ceased operation in Sweden in 1880. As of 1895, France still operated coastal commercial semaphore telegraph stations, for ship-to-shore communication.
The first suggestion for using electricity as a means of communication appeared in the "Scots Magazine" in 1753. Using one wire for each letter of the alphabet, a message could be transmitted by connecting the wire terminals in turn to an electrostatic machine, and observing the deflection of pith balls at the far end. Telegraphs employing electrostatic attraction were the basis of early experiments in electrical telegraphy in Europe but were abandoned as being impractical and were never developed into a useful communication system.
One very early experiment in electrical telegraphy was an electrochemical telegraph created by the German physician, anatomist, and inventor Samuel Thomas von Sömmering in 1809, based on an earlier, less robust design of 1804 by Spanish polymath and scientist Francisco Salva Campillo. Both their designs employed multiple wires (up to 35) in order to visually represent most Latin letters and numerals. Thus, messages could be conveyed electrically up to a few kilometers (in von Sömmering's design), with each of the telegraph receiver's wires immersed in a separate glass tube of acid. As an electric current was applied by the sender representing each digit of a message, it would at the recipient's end electrolyse the acid in its corresponding tube, releasing a stream of hydrogen bubbles next to its associated letter or numeral. The telegraph receiver's operator would visually observe the bubbles and could then record the transmitted message, albeit at a very low baud rate.
The first working telegraph was built by the English inventor Francis Ronalds in 1816 and used static electricity. At the family home on Hammersmith Mall, he set up a complete subterranean system in a 175-yard long trench as well as an eight-mile long overhead telegraph. The lines were connected at both ends to clocks marked with the letters of the alphabet and electrical impulses sent along the wire were used to transmit messages. Offering his invention to the Admiralty in July 1816, it was rejected as "wholly unnecessary". His account of the scheme and the possibilities of rapid global communication in Descriptions of an Electrical Telegraph and of some other Electrical Apparatus was the first published work on electric telegraphy and even described the risk of signal retardation due to induction. Elements of Ronalds' design were utilised in the subsequent commercialisation of the telegraph over 20 years later.
An early electromagnetic telegraph design was created by Russian diplomat Pavel Schilling in 1832. He set it up in his apartment in St. Petersburg and demonstrated the long-distance transmission of signals by positioning two telegraphs of his invention in two different rooms of his apartment. Schilling was the first to put into practice the idea of a binary system of signal transmissions.
Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber built the first electromagnetic telegraph used for regular communication in 1833 in Göttingen, connecting Göttingen Observatory and the Institute of Physics, covering a distance of about 1 km. The setup consisted of a coil that could be moved up and down over the end of two magnetic steel bars. The resulting induction current was transmitted through two wires to the receiver, consisting of a galvanometer. The direction of the current could be reversed by commuting the two wires in a special switch. Therefore, Gauss and Weber chose to encode the alphabet in a binary code, using positive and negative currents as the two states.
Telegraph networks were expensive to build, but financing was readily available, especially from London bankers. By 1852, National systems were in operation in major countries:
Cooke and Wheatstone system
The first commercial electrical telegraph was co-developed by Sir William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone. In May 1837, they patented the Cooke and Wheatstone system, which used a number of needles on a board that could be moved to point to letters of the alphabet. The patent recommended a five-needle system, but any number of needles could be used depending on the number of characters it was required to code. A four-needle system was installed between Euston and Camden Town in London on a rail line being constructed by Robert Stephenson between London and Birmingham. It was successfully demonstrated on 25 July 1837. Euston needed to signal to an engine house at Camden Town to start hauling the locomotive up the incline. As at Liverpool, the electric telegraph was in the end rejected in favour of a pneumatic system with whistles.
Cooke and Wheatstone had their first commercial success with a system installed on the Great Western Railway over the 13 miles (21 km) from Paddington station to West Drayton in 1838, the first commercial telegraph in the world. This was a five-needle, six-wire system. The cables were originally installed underground in a steel conduit. However, the cables soon began to fail as a result of deteriorating insulation and were replaced with uninsulated wires on poles. As an interim measure, a two-needle system was used with three of the remaining working underground wires, which despite using only two needles had a greater number of codes. But when the line was extended to Slough in 1843, a one-needle, two-wire system was installed.
From this point, the use of the electric telegraph started to grow on the new railways being built from London. The London and Blackwall Railway (another rope-hauled application) was equipped with the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph when it opened in 1840, and many others followed. The one-needle telegraph proved highly successful on British railways, and 15,000 sets were still in use at the end of the nineteenth century. Some remained in service in the 1930s. In September 1845, the financier John Lewis Ricardo and Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, the first public telegraphy company in the world. This company bought out the Cooke and Wheatstone patents and solidly established the telegraph business.
As well as the rapid expansion of the use of the telegraphs along the railways, they soon spread into the field of mass communication with the instruments being installed in post offices across the country. The era of mass personal communication had begun.
An electrical telegraph was independently developed and patented in the United States in 1837 by Samuel Morse. His assistant, Alfred Vail, developed the Morse code signalling alphabet with Morse. The first telegram in the United States was sent by Morse on 11 January 1838, across two miles (3 km) of wire at Speedwell Ironworks near Morristown, New Jersey, although it was only later, in 1844, that he sent the message "WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT" from the Capitol in Washington to the old Mt. Clare Depot in Baltimore. From then on, commercial telegraphy took off in America with lines linking all the major metropolitan centres on the East Coast within the next decade. The overland telegraph connected the west coast of the continent to the east coast by 24 October 1861, bringing an end to the Pony Express.
The Morse telegraphic apparatus was officially adopted as the standard for European telegraphy in 1851. Only Great Britain with its extensive overseas empire kept the needle telegraph of Cooke and Wheatstone. In 1858, Morse introduced wired communication to Latin America when he established a telegraph system in Puerto Rico, then a Spanish Colony. The line was inaugurated on March 1, 1859, in a ceremony flanked by the Spanish and American flags.
Another early system was that of Edward Davy, who demonstrated his in Regent's Park in 1837 and was granted a patent on 4 July 1838. He also developed an electric relay.
Telegraphy was driven by the need to reduce sending costs, either in hand-work per message or by increasing the sending rate. While many experimental systems employing moving pointers and various electrical encodings proved too complicated and unreliable, a successful advance in the sending rate was achieved through the development of telegraphese.
The first system that didn't require skilled technicians to operate was Sir Charles Wheatstone's ABC system in 1840 where the letters of the alphabet were arranged around a clock-face, and the signal caused a needle to indicate the letter. This early system required the receiver to be present in real time to record the message and it reached speeds of up to 15 words a minute.
In 1846, Alexander Bain patented a chemical telegraph in Edinburgh. The signal current made a readable mark on a moving paper tape soaked in a mixture of ammonium nitrate and potassium ferrocyanide, which gave a blue mark when a current was passed through it.
David Edward Hughes invented the printing telegraph in 1855; it used a keyboard of 26 keys for the alphabet and a spinning type wheel that determined the letter being transmitted by the length of time that had elapsed since the previous transmission. The system allowed for automatic recording on the receiving end. The system was very stable and accurate and became the accepted around the world.
The next improvement was the Baudot code of 1874. French engineer Émile Baudot patented a printing telegraph in which the signals were translated automatically into typographic characters. Each character was assigned a unique code based on the sequence of just five contacts. Operators had to maintain a steady rhythm, and the usual speed of operation was 30 words per minute.
By this point, reception had been automated, but the speed and accuracy of the transmission were still limited to the skill of the human operator. The first practical automated system was patented by Charles Wheatstone, the original inventor of the telegraph. The message (in Morse code) was typed onto a piece of perforated tape using a keyboard-like device called the 'Stick Punch'. The transmitter automatically ran the tape through and transmitted the message at the then exceptionally high speed of 70 words per minute.
Teleprinters were invented in order to send and receive messages without the need for operators trained in the use of Morse code. A system of two teleprinters, with one operator trained to use a typewriter, replaced two trained Morse code operators. The teleprinter system improved message speed and delivery time, making it possible for messages to be flashed across a country with little manual intervention.
Early teleprinters used the ITA-1 Baudot code, a five-bit code. This yielded only thirty-two codes, so it was over-defined into two "shifts", "letters", and "figures". An explicit, unshared shift code prefaced each set of letters and figures. In 1901, Baudot's code was modified by Donald Murray and around 1930, the CCITT introduced the International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2) code as an international standard.
By 1935, message routing was the last great barrier to full automation. Large telegraphy providers began to develop systems that used telephone-like rotary dialling to connect teletypewriters. These machines were called "Telex" (TELegraph EXchange). Telex machines first performed rotary-telephone-style pulse dialling for circuit switching and then sent data by Baudot code. This "type A" Telex routing functionally automated message routing.
Telex began in Germany as a research and development program in 1926 that became an operational teleprinter service in 1933. The service was operated by the Reichspost (Reich postal service) and had a speed of 50 baud - approximately 66 words-per-minute.
At the rate of 45.45 (±0.5%) baud—considered speedy at the time—up to 25 telex channels could share a single long-distance telephone channel by using voice frequency telegraphy multiplexing, making telex the least expensive method of reliable long-distance communication.
Automatic teleprinter exchange service was introduced into Canada by CPR Telegraphs and CN Telegraph in July 1957, and in 1958, Western Union started to build a Telex network in the United States.
Beginning in 1956, telegrams begun to be transmitted over the Telex network using the ITU F.20 standard named Gentex in order to lower the costs for some European telecommunications companies by allowing the sending telegraph station to connect directly to the receiving station.
Oceanic telegraph cables
Soon after the first successful telegraph systems were operational, the possibility of transmitting messages across the sea by way of submarine communications cables was first mooted. One of the primary technical challenges was to insulate the submarine cable sufficiently to prevent the current from leaking out into the water. In 1842, a Scottish surgeon William Montgomerie introduced Gutta-percha, the adhesive juice of the Palaquium gutta tree, to Europe. Michael Faraday and Wheatstone soon discovered the merits of gutta-percha as an insulator, and in 1845, the latter suggested that it should be employed to cover the wire which was proposed to be laid from Dover to Calais. It was tried on a wire laid across the Rhine between Deutz and Cologne. In 1849, C.V. Walker, electrician to the South Eastern Railway, submerged a two-mile wire coated with gutta-percha off the coast from Folkestone, which was tested successfully.
John Watkins Brett, an engineer from Bristol, sought and obtained permission from Louis-Philippe in 1847 to establish telegraphic communication between France and England. The first undersea cable was laid in 1850 and connected London with Paris. After an initial exchange of greetings between Queen Victoria and President Napoleon, it was almost immediately severed by a French fishing vessel. The line was relaid the next year and then followed by connections to Ireland and the Low Countries.
The Atlantic Telegraph Company was formed in London in 1856 to undertake to construct a commercial telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean. It was successfully completed on 27 July 1866, by the ship SS Great Eastern, captained by Sir James Anderson after many mishaps along the way. Earlier transatlantic submarine cables installations were attempted in 1857, 1858, and 1865. The 1858 cable only operated intermittently for a few days or weeks before it failed. The study of underwater telegraph cables accelerated interest in mathematical analysis of very long transmission lines. An overland telegraph from Britain to India was first connected in 1866 but was unreliable so a submarine telegraph cable was connected in 1870. Several telegraph companies were combined to form the Eastern Telegraph Company in 1872.
Australia was first linked to the rest of the world in October 1872 by a submarine telegraph cable at Darwin. This brought news reportage from the rest of the world. The telegraph across the Pacific was completed in 1902, finally encircling the world.
From the 1850s until well into the 20th century, British submarine cable systems dominated the world system. This was set out as a formal strategic goal, which became known as the All Red Line. In 1896, there were thirty cable laying ships in the world and twenty-four of them were owned by British companies. In 1892, British companies owned and operated two-thirds of the world's cables and by 1923, their share was still 42.7 percent. During World War I, Britain's telegraph communications were almost completely uninterrupted while it was able to quickly cut Germany's cables worldwide.
In 1843, Scottish inventor Alexander Bain invented a device that could be considered the first facsimile machine. He called his invention a "recording telegraph". Bain's telegraph was able to transmit images by electrical wires. Frederick Bakewell made several improvements on Bain's design and demonstrated a telefax machine. In 1855, an Italian abbot, Giovanni Caselli, also created an electric telegraph that could transmit images. Caselli called his invention "Pantelegraph". Pantelegraph was successfully tested and approved for a telegraph line between Paris and Lyon.
In 1881, English inventor Shelford Bidwell constructed the scanning phototelegraph that was the first telefax machine to scan any two-dimensional original, not requiring manual plotting or drawing. Around 1900, German physicist Arthur Korn invented the Bildtelegraph widespread in continental Europe especially since a widely noticed transmission of a wanted-person photograph from Paris to London in 1908 used until the wider distribution of the radiofax. Its main competitors were the Bélinographe by Édouard Belin first, then since the 1930s, the Hellschreiber, invented in 1929 by German inventor Rudolf Hell, a pioneer in mechanical image scanning and transmission.
The late 1880s through to the 1890s saw the discovery and then development of a newly understood phenomenon into a form of wireless telegraphy, called Hertzian wave wireless telegraphy, radiotelegraphy, or (later) simply "radio". Between 1886 and 1888, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz published the results of his experiments where he was able to transmit electromagnetic waves (radio waves) through the air, proving James Clerk Maxwell's 1873 theory of electromagnetic radiation. Many scientists and inventors experimented with this new phenomenon but the general consensus was that these new waves (similar to light) would be just as short range as light, and, therefore, useless for long range communication.
At the end of 1894, the young Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi began working on the idea of building a commercial wireless telegraphy system based on the use of Hertzian waves (radio waves), a line of inquiry that he noted other inventors did not seem to be pursuing. Building on the ideas of previous scientists and inventors Marconi re-engineered their apparatus by trial and error attempting to build a radio based wireless telegraphic system that would function the same as wired telegraphy. He would work on the system through 1895 in his lab and then in field tests making improvements to extend its range. After many breakthroughs, including applying the wired telegraphy concept of grounding the transmitter and receiver, Marconi was able, by early 1896, to transmit radio far beyond the short ranges that had been predicted. Having failed to interest the Italian government, the 22-year-old inventor brought his telegraphy system to Britain in 1896 and met William Preece, a Welshman, who was a major figure in the field and Chief Engineer of the General Post Office. A series of demonstrations for the British government followed—by March 1897, Marconi had transmitted Morse code signals over a distance of about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) across Salisbury Plain.
On 13 May 1897, Marconi, assisted by George Kemp, a Cardiff Post Office engineer, transmitted the first wireless signals over water to Lavernock (near Penarth in Wales) from Flat Holm. The message sent was "ARE YOU READY". From his Fraserburgh base, he transmitted the first long-distance, cross-country wireless signal to Poldhu in Cornwall. His star rising, he was soon sending signals across The English channel (1899), from shore to ship (1899) and finally across the Atlantic (1901). A study of these demonstrations of radio, with scientists trying to work out how a phenomenon predicted to have a short range could transmit "over the horizon", led to the discovery of a radio reflecting layer in the Earth's atmosphere in 1902, later called the ionosphere.
Radiotelegraphy proved effective for rescue work in sea disasters by enabling effective communication between ships and from ship to shore. In 1904, Marconi began the first commercial service to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which could incorporate them into their on-board newspapers. A regular transatlantic radio-telegraph service was finally begun on 17 October 1907. Notably, Marconi's apparatus was used to help rescue efforts after the sinking of Titanic. Britain's postmaster-general summed up, referring to the Titanic disaster, "Those who have been saved, have been saved through one man, Mr. Marconi...and his marvellous invention."
Around 1965, DARPA commissioned a study of decentralised switching systems. Some of the ideas developed in this study provided inspiration for the development of the ARPANET packet switching research network, which later grew to become the public Internet.
As the PSTN became a digital network, T-carrier "synchronous" networks became commonplace in the U.S. A T1 line has a "frame" of 193 bits that repeats 8000 times per second. The first bit called the "sync" bit alternates between 1 and 0 to identify the start of the frames. The rest of the frame provides 8 bits for each of 24 separate voice or data channels. Customarily, a T-1 link is sent over a balanced twisted pair, isolated with transformers to prevent current flow. Europeans adopted a similar system (E-1) of 32 channels (with one channel for frame synchronisation).
Later, SONET and SDH were adapted to combine carrier channels into groups that could be sent over optic fiber. The capacity of an optic fibre is often extended with wavelength division multiplexing, rather than rerigging new fibre. Rigging several fibres in the same structures as the first fibre is usually easy and inexpensive, and many fibre installations include unused spare "dark fibre", "dark wavelengths", and unused parts of the SONET frame, so-called "virtual channels".
In 2002, the Internet was used by Kevin Warwick at the University of Reading to communicate neural signals, in purely electronic form, telegraphically between the nervous systems of two humans, potentially opening up a new form of communication combining the Internet and telegraphy.
In 2006, a well-defined communication channel used for telegraphy was established by the SONET standard OC-768, which sent about 40 gigabits per second.
The theoretical maximum capacity of an optic fibre is more than 1012 bits (one terabit or one trillion bits) per second. In 2006, no existing encoding system approached this theoretical limit, even with wavelength division multiplexing.
Since the Internet operates over any digital transmission medium, further evolution of telegraphic technology will be effectively concealed from users.
E-mail was first invented for CTSS and similar time sharing systems of the era in the mid-1960s. At first, e-mail was possible only between different accounts on the same computer (typically a mainframe). ARPANET allowed different computers to be connected to allow e-mails to be relayed from computer to computer, with the first ARPANET e-mail being sent in 1971. Multics also pioneered instant messaging between computer users in the mid-1970s. With the growth of the Internet, e-mail began to be possible between any two computers with access to the Internet.
Various private networks like UUNET (founded 1987), the Well (1985), and GEnie (1985) had e-mail from the 1970s, but subscriptions were quite expensive for an individual, US$25 to US$50 per month, just for e-mail. Internet use was then largely limited to government, academia, and other government contractors until the net was opened to commercial use in the 1980s.
By the early 1990s, modems made e-mail a viable alternative to Telex systems in a business environment. But individual e-mail accounts were not widely available until local Internet service providers were in place, although demand grew rapidly, as e-mail was seen as the Internet's killer app. It allowed anyone to email anyone, whereas previously, different system had been walled off from each other, such that America Online subscribers could email only other America Online subscribers, Compuserve subscribers could email only other Compuserve subscribers, etc. The broad user base created by the demand for e-mail smoothed the way for the rapid acceptance of the World Wide Web in the mid-1990s. Fax machines were another technology that helped displace the telegram.
On Monday, 12 July 1999, a final telegram was sent from the National Liberty Ship Memorial, the SS Jeremiah O'Brien, in San Francisco Bay to President Bill Clinton in the White House. Officials of Globe Wireless reported that "The message was 95 words, and it took six or eight minutes to copy it." They then transmitted the message to the White House via e-mail. That event was also used to mark the final commercial U.S. ship-to-shore telegraph message transmitted from North America by Globe Wireless, a company founded in 1911. Sent from its wireless station at Half Moon Bay, California, the sign-off message was a repeat of Samuel F. B. Morse's message 155 years earlier, "What hath God wrought?"
Prior to the electrical telegraph, nearly all information was limited to traveling at the speed of a human or animal. The telegraph freed communication from the time constraints of postage and revolutionized the global economy and society. By the end of the 19th century, the telegraph was becoming an increasingly common medium of communication for ordinary people. The telegraph isolated the message (information) from the physical movement of objects or the process.
Telegraphy facilitated the growth of organizations "in the railroads, consolidated financial and commodity markets, and reduced information costs within and between firms". This immense growth in the business sectors influenced society to embrace the use of telegrams.
Worldwide telegraphy changed the gathering of information for news reporting. Messages and information would now travel far and wide, and the telegraph demanded a language "stripped of the local, the regional; and colloquial", to better facilitate a worldwide media language. Media language had to be standardized, which led to the gradual disappearance of different forms of speech and styles of journalism and storytelling.
Numerous newspapers and news outlets in various countries, such as The Daily Telegraph in Britain, The Telegraph in India, De Telegraaf in the Netherlands, and the Jewish Telegraphic Agency in the US, were given names which include the word "telegraph" due to their having received news by means of electric telegraphy. Some of these names are retained even though more sophisticated means are now used.
The average length of a telegram in the 1900s in the US was 11.93 words, more than half of the messages were 10 words or fewer.
According to another study, the mean length of the telegrams sent in the UK before 1950 was 14.6 words or 78.8 characters.
For German telegrams, the mean length is 11.5 words or 72.4 characters. At the end of the 19th century, the average length of a German telegram was calculated as 14.2 words.

domain: history


text:
I'm for truth, no matter who tells it. I'm for justice, no matter who it's...
The Negro revolution is controlled by foxy white liberals, by the Government itself. But the...
I don't even call it violence when it's in self defense; I call it intelligence.
Truth is on the side of the oppressed
Anytime you see someone more successful than you are, they are doing something you're not.
If violence is wrong in America, violence is wrong abroad. If it is wrong to...
In all our deeds, the proper value and respect for time determines success or failure.
Truth is on the side of the oppressed.
Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone puts his hand...
I am for violence if non-violence means we continue postponing a solution to the American...
I believe in a religion that believes in freedom. Any time I have to accept...
I believe in human beings, and that all human beings should be respected as such,...
The only way we'll get freedom for ourselves is to identify ourselves with every oppressed...
My alma mater was books, a good library - I could spend the rest of...
Usually when people are sad, they don't do anything. They just cry over their condition....
Your anger is like the bubbles in a can of soda. The more youre shaken,...
Hatred and anger are powerless when met with kindness
Education is the passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for...

domain: sociology


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New Olympus TG-2 (starts at f2), TG-830 and TG-630 elementproofs
Thought we were done? Think again! It is time now for the Olympus press release wave!
Olympus generated some interest last year with the Tough TG-1 camera with a bright lens starting at f2. Now Olympus have a follow-up, the aptly named TG-2 which Olympus claims is the toughest camera ever. Coming along for the ride are the TG-830 and TG-630 tough cookie cams. Details at Neocamera and Photoscala.de and ePhotozine et al.


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We don't have a wiki here yet...
This journey starts six years ago in a run down housin' estate
In bow East London, south east UK, was a young man
Lets call this young man, Ray
Frustrated wiv bein' around the way would say, \"I'm bored\"

domain: geography


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Looking for the perfect gift for a Dog Dad? Look no further...this great coffee mug by dog speak will fit the bill and is sure to be a big hit!
Coffee and dogs - what a perfect combination! Why not treat yourself?
Mug holds 10 oz of your favorite beverage.


- Drivetrain Speeds: 11 - Double or Triple: Double - Derailleur Capacity: 16 - Front Der/Shifter Compatibility: Shimano Road - Max Ring (teeth): 53 Weight: 98g-112g
The Shimano FD-R7000 11-speed front derailleur offers lighter front shifting with a natural stroke feel. The derailleur's cage design is optimized to perform with disc brake road bikes, while multiple cable routing options and integrated cable tension adjustment allow for precise setup and easy adjustments. As part of Shimano's 105 R7000 series, this front derailleur is ideal for beginner road cyclists, combining great value with trickle-down technology from Shimano's top-tier groups. - Cage is optimized for disc brake road bikes - Integrated cable tension adjustment for precise and easy adjustments - More frame cable routing options
Shimano 105 7000-series components offer much of the same technology and functionality as their top-level 11-speed drivetrains at a more budget-friendly price point. The RD-R7000 rear derailleur provides stable shifting performance and wide-range compatibility in two different cage lengths. The Shadow RD design limits the amount the derailleur sticks out from the side of the bike, reducing the risk of it making contact with objects and bending. - Maximum cog size: 30t (SS) / 34t (GS) - Total capacity: 35t (SS) / 39t (GS) - Pulleys: 11t - Chain compatibility: HG-EV 11-speed/HG-X11 - Direct mount compatible
- Painted inner, outer link, and clamp - 47.5 or 50mm chainline - Chrome-plated cage - 9-Speed
• 11-speed DynaSys compatible • Light Shift Operation With 20% Less Effort • Improved chain stability • Efficient Shifting And Smoother Driving • New Shadow Design With Optimized Slant Angle • New Shift Cable With New Hyper Low-Friction Coating Technology • New Shadow Design With Optimized Slant Angle For Stable Gear Position • Easy-To-Adjust Chain Stabilizer • Efficient Pulley Teeth Design • Direct Mount compatible
With an integrated chain stabilizer mechanism, the Shimano GRX derailleur provides a quieter experience with shifting security and precision on mixed terrain. For rides on smooth surfaces, the derailleur features and ON/OFF switch for the chain stabilizer. The RD-RX812 rear derailleur is compatible with MTB cassettes with a max cog size of 42T. - Adjustable, gravel-tuned chain stabilizer prevents chain slapping and drops - Switch stabilizer ON/OFF to match the terrain - Silent and uninterrupted rear shifting on rough terrain - Smooth and reliable mixed-surface shifting - Compatible with current road Dual Control Levers - High cog: Max. 11T/Min. 11T - Low cog: Max. 42T/Min. 40T - Total capacity: 31T
- Rider Tuned For Sharp And Silky Shifts - 20% Light Shifting Operation - New Shadow Design With Optimized Slant Angle - Optislick New Shift Cable With New Hyper Low-Friction Coating Technology - Chain Stability Improved - New Shadow Design With Optimized Slant Angle For Stable Gear Position - Efficient Shifting And Smoother Driving - Efficient Pulley Teeth Design - Increased Traction Range For Long-Travel And Active Rear Suspension - Series : SLX: SLX - Maximum Sprocket : 42T(2x11-speed) or 46T(1x11-speed) - Minimum Sprocket : 11T: 34-38T - Front Difference : 10T: 48.8 - Total Capacity : 41T: 66-69 - Average Weight : 323g: 145.6g
- Model Number: RD-R3000-GS - Series: SORA - Maximum Sprocket: 34T - Minimum Sprocket: 11T - Maximum Front Difference: 20T - Total Capacity: 43T
Enjoy quality and reliability with the Shimano Tourney 6/7-speed rear derailleur. It makes use of Shimano SIS, HyperGlide, and Double Servo technologies for smooth, accurate shifts. - Wheel-type cable guide - Maximum cog size: 34t - Total capacity: 43t
Leveraging the legendary history of SRAM shifting, the GX 2x11 rear derailleur provides incredible shifting speed and precision. X-Actuation technology eliminates slop and shifting variation while SRAM's roller bearing clutch technology delivers maximum drivetrain stability—even through the most punishing terrain. And with SRAM's Cage Lock, wheel removal and installation are easier than ever. • X-Actuation for precise and dependable 11-speed performance • Focused chassis design for all conditions and usage • 10-42-tooth wide range cassette compatible
SRAM's X4 Rear Derailleur provides precise, dependable shifting along with long-term durability. Its aluminum and steel construction delivers through the roughest trail, while SRAM's 1:1 actuation ratio and direct cable routing provide quick, reliable shifts. This derailleur is compatible with 7- or 8-speed drivetrains.
SRAM's X5 9-Speed Rear Derailleur provides precise, dependable shifting along with long-term durability. Its aluminum construction keeps the weight down, while SRAM's 1:1 actuation ratio and direct cable routing provide quick, reliable shifts.
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text: Merry Christmas, Happy Hanukkah, Happy Solstice, Happy Kwanzaa and Happy Holidays! Sarah and I spent a week with my folks back in Washington and now we’re celebrating Christmas with the Walker clan in Rochester. Things will most likely be quiet here on the blog until the first of the year, while I think about what I want to write about and figure out where this blog is going to be hosted (I’m still debating between DreamHost and Media Temple’s Grid-Server Hosting. At any rate, please change all links and bookmarks from cleave.blogs.com to pomomusings.com, as that will be where the blog will be located. Merry Christmas and Happy New Year!

domain: hobby


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New Local Location Allows Tax Collector's Office To Collect Gun Applications
There’s now another option for local residents to apply for a concealed weapons permit. A branch of the Walton County Tax Collector’s office is the latest to participate in a new partnership with the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services to speed up the process.
The Northern Branch of the Walton County Tax Collector’s Office in Defuniak Springs now helps process state concealed weapons permit applications. Florida Ag spokesman Aaron Keller says it’s a relatively new partnership because of a law passed last year.
“Concealed weapon license in Florida are very popular, and so, when it comes to renewing or applying, often there is a bit of wait time because so many people are interested in it,” said Keller. “So, in addition to our eight regional offices as well as being able to apply online and via mail, residents can now apply at 12 county Tax Collector’s offices around Florida.”
In addition to the now 20 physical locations, Keller says his agency is working to expand to other counties.
“This is kind of the first phase of this partnership,” added Keller. “We expect to roll this out to other counties throughout Florida. Really the goal is to make applying for your conceal weapons license or renewing it as convenient as possible.”
After the Tax Collector’s offices receive the applications, take fingerprints and photos, the information is sent to the Ag Department--which will still issue the permits.
For more news updates, follow Sascha Cordner on Twitter: @SaschaCordner.


Lahore (Daily Pakistan Online) The swearing-in ceremony of the 41-member cabinet of Punjab will be held today at 6 pm in the governor’s house, preparations are underway.
Private TV “Jeo News” said with reference to sources that the swearing-in ceremony of the Punjab Cabinet will be held today at 6 pm at the Governor’s House in Lahore. In the ceremony, the 41-member Cabinet of Punjab will take oath, for which all arrangements have been completed. are going and invitations are also being sent.
It should be remembered that Hamza Shahbaz, Chief Minister of Punjab Hamza Shahbaz got 179 votes in the meeting held in the Punjab Assembly on July 22, while his opposite candidate Chaudhry Parvez Elahi got 186 votes, but the Deputy Speaker chose Pakistan Muslim League (Q) President Chaudhry. Based on Shujaat’s letter, Rowling said that “Chawdhury Shujaat has written a letter asking the Muslim League (Q) members to vote for Hamza Shahbaz because 10 members of the Muslim League (Q) have voted for Chaudhry Parvaiz Elahi. According to the Supreme Court’s interpretation of Article 63A, I cancel the 10 votes of the Muslim League (Q) given to Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, after this ruling by the Deputy Speaker, Hamza Shahbaz was re-elected as the Chief Minister with 179 votes.
However, Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi had challenged the ruling of Deputy Speaker Dost Mazari in the Supreme Court, on which the Supreme Court has issued a ruling to Shehbaz Sharif to remain as the Trustee Chief Minister till Monday.


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- Hire Us
- Get Involved
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ImprovBoston Gift Certificates
Give the Gift of Comedy this Holiday Season
ImprovBoston Gift Certificates Available for Shows and Classes
Gift the gift of laughter this season! Save yourself the stress of busy malls and angry customers by taking just a couple
minutes to gift tickets to any show at our theater. With over 20 shows, 5 nights a week and a host of 8-week Improv,
Sketch and StandUp comedy classes, the ImprovBoston gift is a gift that keeps on giving.
We'll send you a fancy PDF that you can print, email, or dip in gold and pass on to your favorite person this holiday season.
Please note: Gift Certificate sales for the season end on Friday, December 23 at 11:59PM, so act now!


As the CEO of Octillion Media, a frontrunner in the streaming media and Connected TV (CTV) landscape, my insights from the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) 2024 highlight the pivotal trends shaping our industry. This year, the buzzwords include 'plus'-- a symbol of the burgeoning expansion and evolution of streaming platforms. From Peacock Premium Plus to YouTube TV Plus Sunday Ticket, the 'plus' signifies more than an additional offering; it represents a paradigm shift in content consumption and delivery; AI - the growth of intelligence to power programming, attribution and more.
The Celebrity Influence in Original Content
One of the standout trends from CES 2024 is the undeniable power of celebrity in driving original content. Platforms like Disney+ and Discovery+ are leveraging star power to create compelling, unique content as highlighted in the Disney Global Tech & Data Showcase. This strategy isn't just about glamour; it's a testament to how celebrity-led shows can attract diverse audiences, thereby broadening the platform's appeal and reach. The success of these shows reflects a deeper connection between viewers and the personalities they admire, blurring the lines between traditional celebrity influence and streaming media content.
AI-Driven Attribution Solutions
Another groundbreaking development is the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing attribution solutions. As a leader in this space, I have witnessed firsthand how AI can provide deeper insights into viewer preferences and behaviors. This technology is revolutionizing the way we understand our audience, allowing for more targeted and personalized content delivery. AI's role in attribution is not just about data analytics; it's about crafting a more engaging and relevant viewer experience.
The Rise of Live Streaming and Sports
Live streaming, particularly of sports events, has seen a remarkable surge as more events shift from linear to streaming. Platforms like Disney+, ESPN+ and YouTube TV Plus Sunday Ticket, among others, are capitalizing on this trend, offering live sports content that was traditionally the domain of cable TV. This shift is not merely a change in the mode of delivery; it's a cultural shift in viewing habits. Live streaming brings a sense of immediacy and community to viewers, transforming the way sports and live events are consumed.
The 'Plus' Factor in Growth
The 'plus' in these platforms -- Peacock Premium Plus, Discovery+, and others -- is more than a marketing gimmick. It represents a multifaceted approach to content delivery. These platforms are not just adding more content; they are enhancing the viewer experience with better quality, greater variety, and innovative features. The 'plus' symbolizes a commitment to exceeding viewer expectations and continuously evolving in a competitive market.
In conclusion, the trends from CES 2024 underscore the dynamic nature of the streaming media and CTV industry. The power of celebrity in content, AI-driven attribution, live streaming, and the holistic approach of the 'plus' platforms are shaping a new era in media consumption. As we navigate these changes, Octillion Media, I sit at the forefront of technology, media and entertainment. It is exciting to see consumers and the industry embracing innovation and driving forward the evolution of streaming media and CTV.
Click the social buttons to share this story with colleagues and friends.
The opinions expressed here are the author's views and do not necessarily represent the views of MediaVillage.org/MyersBizNet.


The inside story of how Lehman Brothers is being dismantled in the Bluelock cloud. James Johnson, Lehman Brother’s CIO, had to support current business and at the same time support the wind-down of global assets in the wake of filing for Chapter 11 and the economic meltdown. Johnson and his team concluded that that the best solution would be to provide most of the needed IT infrastructure through a little-known hosting company called BlueLock, which had a highly virtualized data center that maximized the kind of efficiency and flexibility Johnson required. Read full article.
Virtual-Strategy Magazine: Q&A with Pat O’Day of Bluelock The Register: VMware Surfs Virtualization Wave in Q1


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Passengers at a Kentucky airport were shocked to learn their flight would not be taking off after their pilot had been arrested as they waited to board the plane.
They said that when they heard their pilot had been arrested at the airport early Saturday, they assumed he had been drinking alcohol on the job.
More than three years after a triple homicide in a small Kentucky town, Christian Richard Martin, a pilot for a subsidiary of American Airlines, was arrested in connection with their deaths, authorities said.
Kentucky Attorney General, Andy Beshear, announced that Martin, 51, was indicted on a charge of murder in the deaths of Calvin and Pamela Phillips and Edward Dansereau, who were found dead in 2015 in Pembroke, Ky.
Martin, a pilot for PSA Airlines, was taken into custody at Louisville International Airport on three counts of murder, as well as counts of arson, burglary and tampering with physical evidence


All Blacks press conference
- 21 Oct 2017
What coach Steve Hansen, defence coach Wayne Smith and captain Kieran Read had to say after the All Blacks' 23-18 loss to the Wallabies.
Opportunity knocks for De Allende
Damian de Allende must make the most of his starting opportunities in what should be a watershed tour for the 25-year-old, writes CRAIG LEWIS.
Province scrum powers title triumph
Western Province's dominant scrum performance, as well as the sharp decision-making of flyhalf Rob du Preez, was the difference in the Currie Cup final, writes JON CARDINELLI.
Deysel’s smooth transition
Former Sharks flank Jean Deysel joined a large South African contingent at Ulster, writes JONATHAN BRADLEY.


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Otma, Issue 12
Shipping Class 2 = 60 SEK
Shipping Class 3 = 90 SEK EUROPE SHIPPING Shipping Class 1 = 100 SEK (approx 10 EUR)
Shipping Class 2 = 150 SEK (approx 15 EUR)
Shipping Class 3 = 200 SEK (approx 20 EUR) OUTSIDE EUROPE SHIPPING Shipping Class 1 = 150 SEK (approx 15 USD)
Shipping Class 2 = 200 SEK (approx 20 USD)
Shipping Class 3 = 300 SEK (approx 30 USD)
NOTE: You can buy as many items you want within the same shipping class. Read more » ×
Otma Magazine was founded in 2022 in Stockholm and has up until now been purely digital. Now, debuting as a physical magazine, Otma is dedicated to enhance, inspire and support young talents both digitally and physically.
In this issue:
Our 12th issue is a documentation of the charming town Taormina in Sicily, exploring the lives of Sicilian locals. It captures the genuine warmth and hospitality that define Italians, showcasing their eagerness to lend a hand and spread smiles.
From family-owned B&Bs to encounters with welcoming owners of local restaurants, photographer Filippa Trajkovski and Creative Director Nathalie Jönson present a thoughtfully curated selection of images that offer a glimpse into their heartwarming Italian journey.
Art - Culture & Lifestyle - Design - Film & Entertainment - Photography
ACT Magazine – Issue 7
ACT (Art, Culture and Talent) is a visual ART magazine, with a platform of expression. A place to create, communicate and inspire. It is a journey, a trip for your mind and an escape from your daily problems. A play with all the elements; a full official ACT. The process we went through to create […]425 SEK
Art - Fashion - Photography
Nuda – Saga
Nuda is a biannual hardcover publication, exploring broad themes through razor-sharp incursions into the worlds of art, fashion, design, philosophy and science. With its fun, informed and diversified attitude towards the burning questions of our lives, Nuda has grown to become399 SEK
Experimental Magazine, Issue 4 – Outside
Experimental is all about creativity, inspiration and taking over the world with your friends. This issue is, like the other ones, a playground for concepts, text and design. In this issue: Let’s step outside.In this issue: Port Au Mansa First Hate Jolanda den TredjeContributing creators: Axel Lindquist Daniel Yousefi Clémentine Berglund Ai-Chat89 SEK
Period., Issue 9 – The Road Trip
Period. is an independent magazine, without any advertising, not about periods, but about intriguing and interesting themes. For each issue, photographers, illustrators and writers, interpret the themes freely. In this issue:130 SEK


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Foods to boost B vitamins
Nutritionist Rose Carr explains how to get the essential Bs.
Meet the Bs
Some Bs are better known by their scientific name and others by their number. They are thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folate (B9) and cobalamin (B12).
Why we need Bs
The individual B vitamins all have unique functions within our bodies but most of them help our bodies produce energy from our food. B vitamins are water soluble and not generally stored in the body, so a regular supply is best. Any excess – rather than producing more energy – is just excreted.
How to get them
B vitamins are found in protein foods such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs and dairy products, whole grains such as rice and dark leafy greens. Vitamin B12 is only found in animal foods whereas folate is more abundant in plant foods. Pantothenic acid (B5) is found in almost all foods, while biotin (B7) is made by our intestinal flora as well as being in some foods.
Where to get your B vitamins
Each of these food combinations provides a minimum of 10 per cent of the daily recommended dietary intake (RDI) for each of the B vitamins, but mostly lots more.
- 125g grilled steak + 1/2 cup cooked peas = especially high in niacin and B12
- 2 slices multigrain bread + 2 teaspoons Marmite = especially high in thiamin, riboflavin and folate
- Boiled pasta (100g dried) + small can salmon + 1/2 cup steamed spinach = especially high in niacin and B12
- 125g grilled chicken + 1/2 cup steamed broccoli = especially high in niacin, over 75% RDI for B6
Did you know? Beriberi, caused by a deficiency of thiamin (B1), reached an epidemic scale in Asia in the 19th century following the introduction of steam-powered rice mills which made polished, white rice readily available.

domain: food


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Controversial stand-up comic and actor Andrew ‘Dice’ Clay has joined the cast of HBO’s untitled Rock n’ Roll drama from producers Martin Scorsese and Mick Jagger.
The “Adventures of Ford Fairlane” actor is one of several new additions to the cast of the series, along with P.J. Byrne, Joe Caniano, Ato Essandoh, Robert Funaro, Birgitte Sorensen and J.C. Mackenzie.
They join already-set thesps Bobby Cannavale, Olivia Wilde, Juno Temple, Max Casella, Jack Quaid and Ray Romano.
Cannavale has the lead role on the series, playing a music exec as he navigates the industry in the ’70s.
Scorsese is directing the pilot.
Clay is playing the “obnoxious, cocaine-addled radio station executive Frank “Buck” Rogers”, according to THR.
- Mann, Baker pick Olive - January 27, 2015
- Constantine coming to the big screen - January 25, 2015
- Will & Grace, Office vets join new Rob Lowe sitcom - January 22, 2015
- The Interview streaming on Crackle, too! - January 22, 2015
- Deadwood fave saddles up for Ray Donovan stint - January 22, 2015
- The Gambler - January 21, 2015
- Julianne Hough to play Sandy in Grease - January 19, 2015
- Xena, Warrior Princess moving to Salem - January 15, 2015
- New Gunman poster! - January 15, 2015
- Trailer : The Wrecking Crew - January 15, 2015


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Earlier this week, Attorney General Dana Nessel announced her office will not investigate Gov. Gretchen Whitmer’s nursing home policies.
Attorney General Nessel’s refuses is a failure to fulfil the responsibilities she was elected to perform. Michigan was one of only five states whose executive orders forced nursing homes to take COVID-19-positive patients into the same facilities as the people who are at the highest risk.
There are many grieving families throughout Michigan who have lost family members because of the policies our governor and her administration implemented. These families deserve answers. Instead of providing these families closure, Attorney General Nessel is turning her back on them and her responsibilities as an elected official.
The attorney general’s response comes at the same time as increased calls for an investigation into the state’s COVID-19 nursing home policies by local officials. On Thursday, the Senate adopted Senate Resolution 31. The resolution states, “We encourage county prosecutors to fill the gap left by the attorney general and pursue appropriate and reasonable investigations into the governor’s nursing home policy and the reported data on deaths in nursing homes.”
Macomb County’s prosecutor recently announced measures to clear the way for criminal complaints against the Whitmer administration. A lawsuit from Pulitzer-prize-winning journalist Charlie LeDuff for the release of nursing home virus data also has been filed.
My colleagues and I have repeatedly asked the Whitmer administration to release the data that was used while enacting these policies, and repeatedly we have received nothing from the governor’s office. An investigation by our state’s attorney general is now required.


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PCA-based Method of Identification of Dominant Variables for Partial Control
MetadataShow full item record
Since the early use of automatic control, the Partial Control strategy has frequently been adopted in complex chemical processes having more process variables than manipulated variables. The key idea of Partial Control is to find the dominant variables which can be controlled to constant setpoints and in turn leads to acceptable variations in the operating objectives in the face of external disturbances occurrence. Although the idea seems simple to understand, the identification of the dominant variables can be a daunting task where presently this is largely done based on extensive process knowledge and experience. In this paper, we present a novel methodology to identify the dominant variables based on Principal Component Analysis. The method can greatly facilitate the implementation of Partial Control strategy because it does not require extensive process experience and knowledge. The effectiveness of the methodology is demonstrated based on its application to a complex extractive fermentation process.
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
Nandong, Jobrun (2010)The vast majority of chemical and bio-chemical process plants are normally characterized by large number of measurements and relatively small number of manipulated variables; these thin plants have more output than input ...
Zhu, Jian N. (2001)Utilisation of natural gas (mainly methane, CH[subscript]4), a clean and abundant resource, is of great importance. Conventional method, steam reforming, though still dominant, requires a considerately high capital ...
Developing completion criteria for rehabilitation areas on arid and semi-arid mine sites in Western AustraliaBrearley, Darren (2003)Continued expansion of the gold and nickel mining industry in Western Australia during recent years has led to disturbance of larger areas and the generation of increasing volumes of waste rock. Mine operators are obligated ...


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8pcs/Set Stainless Steel Embossing Mold Flower and Cartoon Shape with 2pcs Non Slip Protect Cover Vegetable Shape Cutters DIY Cookies/Fruit/Vegetable
Features: 8pcs embossing mold include:
4pcs big different flower
4pcs small different cartoon shape:
plum blossom, sakura, maple leaf, chrysanthemum, star, love, rabbit, bear.
Convenient to use. It comes with non slip PP protect cover, protect your hands when pressing the mold. convenient to use, remove, replace.
A necessary cutter for kitchen. Suitable for cutting fruit, vegetable, baking, salad, cheese, ham, cookies. Quality guarantee. Made of 430 food grade stainless steel, environment friendly, nontoxic and durable.
Note: Cutting tool surface is sharp, please be careful when use or clean.
Specifications: Type: Vegetable Shape Cutters Material: Stainless Steel + PP Quantity: 8pcs Color: Silver + Green Shape: Plum blossom, Sakura, Maple leaf, Chrysanthemum Big Embossing Mold Size: 3.8*5.2cm/1.5*2" (D*H) Small Embossing Mold Size: 2.5*4cm/1*1.6"(D*H) Net Weight: 97g / 3.4oz Package: 8*Vegetable Shape Cutters 2*Non Slip Protect Cover