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Traditionally, exercise physiology experiments have borne little resemblance to how animals express physical activity in the wild. In this experiment, 15 adult male rats were divided into three equal-sized groups: exercise contingent (CON), non-exercise contingent (NON) and sedentary (SED). The CON group was placed in a cage with a running wheel, where the acquisition of food was contingent upon the distance required to run. Every 3 days the distance required to run to maintain food intake at free feeding levels was increased by 90% in comparison to the previous 3 days. The NON group was housed identically to the CON group, but food acquisition was not dependent upon running in the wheel. Finally, the SED group was kept in small cages with no opportunity to perform exercise. A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine significant differences in responses between the experimental phases and treatment groups, and ANCOVA was used to analyse growth and tissue mass variables with body length and body mass used separately as covariates. A post hoc Tukey's test was used to indicate significant differences. A Pearson's correlation was used to test the relationship between the distance travelled by the animal and the distance/food ratio. The level of significance was set at P<0.05 for all tests. The CON group showed the hypothesized correlation between distance required to run to obtain food and the mean distance travelled (P<0.001), during 45 days in the contingency phase. This group showed a decrease in body mass, rather than an increase as shown by NON and SED groups. The CON group had a significantly lower body temperature (P<0.05) and adiposity (P<0.05) when compared with the other two groups for the same body size. The present experimental model based on animals choosing the characteristics of their physical exercise to acquire food (i.e. distance travelled, speed and duration) clearly induced physiological effects (body characteristics and internal temperature), which are useful for investigating relevant topics in exercise physiology such as the link between exercise, food and body mass.
Traditionally, experiments in exercise physiology have been different from the conditions in which wild animals would undertake physical activity. For example, most experiments are conducted in highly controlled laboratory environments in which the animals are often forced to exercise; for instance, stimulated by electric shocks on a treadmill (Tokuyama et al., 1982; Lambert et al., 1996; Lima et al., 1998; Soares et al., 2003). Thus, experiments are controlled and convenient for the human experimenter, but they do not allow the simulation of the relationship that a wild animal has between its need for resources and how it acquires those resources. It is possible that being put on a treadmill with the threat of an electric shock, if the animal does not run, is a stressful experience and one in which the animal has no choice, as observed by Brown et al. (Brown et al., 2007).
Psychologists have established that the performance of behaviour is enhanced through the use of positive reinforcement, whereas punishment is not an effective mechanism for modifying behaviour (Mazur, 2002). In the wild, resource acquisition by animals is normally contingent upon them expressing physical activity: a hungry rat must go out and seek food (i.e. express physical activity) (Russell et al., 1987; Overton and Williams, 2004; Duffy et al., 1997; Challet et al., 1997; Krebs et al., 2012). Thus, for most wild animals the obtaining of resources is contingent upon the expression of physical activity (i.e. appetitive behaviour) (Young, 1997). Importantly, wild animals have control over when, where and how much physical activity (e.g. duration and speed) they will express in order to obtain desired resources. It is this control that contributes significantly to the well-being of animals both in the wild and in captivity (Young, 2003) and, probably, it is the lack of control (i.e. ability to express appetitive behaviour in a manner that affects their environment) that animals in traditional exercise physiology experiments face. Wild animals live in an operant world (i.e. they operate on the world using their behaviour to obtain resources such as food) and gain control over it by expressing behaviour (Young, 1997). The application of different operant ratio types (i.e. whether it is expressing a certain frequency or duration of behaviour that will result in resource acquisition) can be used to simulate situations in the wild; for example, a progressive ratio can simulate increasing food scarcity, that is, more work required to obtain the same amount of food (Mazur, 2002).
In behavioural ecology, one of the fundamental concepts is that animals express behaviour in a manner that provides them with the greatest net return (Krebs et al., 2012). In other words, animals try to maximise the cost–benefit ratio in terms of energy intake, and this concept is the basis of optimal foraging theory, one of the cornerstones of behavioural ecology, which has received considerable empirical support (Krebs et al., 2012). However, animals being forced to run on a treadmill as a result of electric shocks are unable to maximise the cost–benefit ratio, as even basic factors affecting energy consumption such as running speed and duration are out of their control. Thus, this traditional experimental model does not relate closely to the reality of wild animals' lives. It is, after all, the choices that animals make that affect their fitness and upon which natural selection acts (Careau and Garland, 2012; Swallow et al., 2009). Other experimental models may approach the decisions that animals deal with in the wild by considering some choices that animals make in order to perform the exercise, such as the relationship between energy expenditure and time spent seeking and obtaining a certain amount of food (Rowland et al., 2008).
The theoretical model of energy homeostasis considers the control of body mass because of the balance between the energy cost of the activity performed for obtaining food, basal metabolism and the energy value of the food obtained (Gelegen et al., 2006). Therefore, there is a natural link between physical activity and feeding. This link has been assessed using experimental protocols, which isolate the effects of one factor such as the effect of exercise on caloric intake (Tokuyama et al., 1982; Stubbs et al., 2002) or the effect of energy on the amount of exercise performed (Belke et al., 2004; Kanarek et al., 2009). Nevertheless, in the exercise protocols usually used, exercise is driven by one of the following: threat of electrical stimulation on a treadmill (rodents); survival in water tanks (rodents); or verbal encouragement on a treadmill or exercise bicycle (humans). Even in protocols that utilize voluntary exercise, performed on a running wheel, the exercise is usually not contingent upon the provision of food; therefore, it is observed that some species, including rats, will voluntarily perform physical activities without an apparent function (Sherwin, 1998; Meijer and Robbers, 2014), which alters various aspects of physiology and behaviour, such as their caloric intake (Novak et al., 2012). It is known that rats and mice exhibit abnormal behaviour when subjected to caloric restriction protocols with free access to the wheel [i.e. obsessive wheel running (Sherwin, 1998)], and this behaviour has been associated with anorexia nervosa (Routtenberg and Kuznesof, 1967; Altemus et al., 1993; Burden et al., 1993).
In the laboratory, few studies have linked the provision of food to the amount of physical activity performed. Perrigo and Bronson (Perrigo and Bronson, 1983), for example, pioneered the use of this method; they investigated the effect of increasing the cost of foraging on the reproductive capacity of mice Mus musculus (females). Vaanholt et al. (Vaanholt et al., 2007), using the same experimental model in mice, observed that animals selected for high activity levels ran approximately 28% more than the control group when there was no contingency between physical activity and food. When the food was contingent upon exercise, the two groups travelled similar distances (23.2±1.4 versus 23.4±1.4 km day−1, respectively). This result suggests that when animals need to perform exercise to acquire food, the intrinsic differences between individuals mentioned above (such as selection for high levels of activity) may not be decisive in their performance – instead, hunger is the key determinant.
The aim of this study was to verify the effect of increasing physical exercise (distance travelled and speed) required to obtain the same amount of food on the anthropometrical (body mass, growth and tissue mass) and physiological parameters (core temperature) of rats Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout 1769).
As hypothesized, the mean (±s.e.m.) daily distance travelled by the exercise contingent (CON) group increased throughout the experiment from 1311±275 m during adaptation (phase 2) to 9037±1033 m on day 42 (phase 3), with an overall mean of 6132±757 m during the experimental phase. This was a 589% increase compared with the spontaneous distance travelled by the animals during the adaptation period (phase 2). As expected, there was a significant correlation between the distance required to obtain food and the distance travelled by the animals (r=0.86, P<0.001).
For the non-exercise contingent (NON) group, there was no significant difference in spontaneously travelled distance over the time of the experiment (overall mean 1068±95 m). In the last 3 days of the experiment, the distance travelled by the CON group was 5.6 times higher than that of the NON group (mean ± s.e.m. = 9037±1033 versus 1621±782 m, respectively; Fig. 1A).
The sedentary (SED) group and the NON group body masses steadily increased during the experiment [mean ± s.e.m. = 311.4±6.8 versus 296.5±7.3 g on day −16 (phase 1) to 422.4±9.1 versus 407.4±12.5 g on the last day of phase 3, for the SED and NON groups, respectively; Fig. 1B]. The CON group, in comparison, had a stable body mass until day 24 (phase 3) (332.5±1.8 g), followed by a progressive reduction until day 42 (279.4±4.9 g), when the animals reached a 16% reduction in body mass in relation to their phase 3 stable body mass (Fig. 2). On the day of euthanasia, the CON group had lower body mass compared with the NON and SED groups (269.2±7.0, 413.4±13.2 and 426.9±7.7 g, respectively). Furthermore, on the same day, there was no difference between groups in body length without or with body mass as a covariate (P>0.05 in both cases; 162.5±4.9, 172.4±4.4 and 162.5±4.9 mm for CON, NON and SED, respectively, without body mass as a covariate; 157.4±14.7, 174.7±7.8 and 165.6±9.9 mm with body mass as a covariate).
Only the CON group progressively reduced the amount of food ingested (mean ± s.e.m. = 25.0±0.9 phase 1 versus 13.8±1.0 g in phase 3; equates to −44.8%; Fig. 2C). In the NON and SED groups, there was no change in food intake during the experiment (24.7±0.1 versus 24.2±0.1 g, respectively).
Fig. 3 shows a colonic temperature reduction in the CON group throughout the experiment in relation to the other groups, which occurred mainly from day 24 onwards (mean ± s.d. = 36.5±0.2 versus 37.5±0.1 versus 37.0±0.1°C on day 24 for CON, NON and SED, respectively). This was also seen when the CON group's first colonic temperature (phase 1=37.8±0.1°C) was compared with its last one (phase 3=36.4±0.1°C).
The CON group increased running speed to obtain food (from 18.4±2.1 m min−1 on the first progressive ratio to 35.2±3.3 m min−1 on the last progressive ratio), and this increase was significantly higher than that of the NON group (P<0.05). However, these running speed increases were not enough to compensate for the energy demands, leading to the rats also increasing total exercise time on the wheel (from 71.25 min at the beginning of the experiment to 256.74 min at the end). To maintain a running time of 71.25 min, rats in the CON group would have needed to run at 126.8 m min−1 during the last progressive ratio, which would be faster than their spontaneous maximum-recorded running speed. Interestingly, the maximum spontaneous running speeds recorded were similar for the CON (mean ± s.e.m. = 81.6±1.7 m min−1) and NON groups (99.5±1.2 m min−1) during phase 3.
Intrinsic differences in running speed between groups were not observed, because speed and exercise time in the progressive conventional treadmill tests showed no differences among groups both in pre- and post-testing (P>0.05; Table 1).
Food contingent on exercise (i.e. the CON group) did not affect the final body length of the animals (mean ± s.d. = 163±10 versus 172±10 mm versus 163±9 mm for CON, NON and SED, respectively; P>0.05) nor the mass of femurs (P>0.05; Table 2). The length of the right femur was significantly shorter in the CON group compared with the other groups (P<0.05; Table 2). There was no influence of body length on mass of femurs, but when body length was accounted for as a covariate, the length of the right femur of the CON group was shorter compared only with the SED group (Table 2).
The CON group showed smaller masses of brown adipose tissue, liver, heart and right gastrocnemius compared with the NON and SED groups. The right adrenal gland was heavier in the NON group compared with the other groups. There was no difference between groups in the mass of the soleus (Table 2). When body length was considered as a covariate, liver and heart showed smaller masses in the CON group compared with the NON and SED groups. The right gastrocnemius was heavier in the NON group compared with the CON and SED groups, and the right adrenal gland was heavier in the NON group compared with the CON group. There was no difference between groups in the mass of the brown adipose tissue and soleus (Table 2, adjusted means).
No difference between the groups in growth or tissue mass data was found when body mass was considerate as covariate, except for the adiposity index (mean ± s.d. = 0.64±0.25 versus 2.96±0.78 versus 3.15±1.03% for CON, NON and SED, respectively; Fig. 3A) and adipocyte area (1376.5±331.0 versus 3588.6±685.2 versus 3850.1±630.6 μm2 for CON, NON and SED, respectively, Fig. 3B–E). In other words, adiposity was lower in the CON group compared with the NON and SED groups (P<0.05).
These results demonstrate that rats will travel increasingly longer distances to acquire food, as is expected to happen under natural conditions, during periods of decreasing food availability. Vaanholt et al. (Vaanholt et al., 2007) observed similar results in mice selectively bred for high activity levels on running wheels. Foraging is a complex behaviour that depends on factors such as food availability, presence of predators, time and energy expenditure involved in seeking and obtaining food, animal age and species, among others. In nature all these factors may be present, either singly or combined, and the animal's behaviour is the result of the costs and benefits generated by this behaviour (Houston and McNamara, 1989; Lemon and Barth, 1992; Shamoun-Baranes and van Loon, 2006; Young and Lawrence, 1996), as well as the possible intrinsic motivation to be physically active (e.g. see Meijer and Robbers, 2014, and references therein). The data recorded indicate that the present contingency method allows the experimenter to precisely control the daily distance to be travelled by the animal through manipulating the relationship between the amounts of food given as a function of distance required to obtain it. Furthermore, it was found that: (1) the amount of exercise performed voluntarily by the animal is five times higher when obtaining food is contingent on physical activity; (2) the motivation to perform physical activity, as demonstrated by greater daily distance travelled, is greater in animals subject to food-exercise contingency; and (3) animals submitted to a food-exercise contingency reached a stable body mass, whereas those without showed progressive increase. The use of the present experimental model may change our understanding of the impact of exercise in various relevant issues to exercise physiology such as control of body mass and physical activity; thermoregulation and exercise; pregnancy and physical activity; and sleep and physical activity, amongst others.
Another important observation of this study was that using a progressive ratio of the distance to be travelled by the animals to obtain food (for 42 days) reduced the variability of distance travelled. Several studies have shown that when there is no contingency between physical activity and food, the distances travelled by rodents may exhibit high coefficients of variation (Chappell et al., 2004; Chappell et al., 2007). Lambert and Noakes (Lambert and Noakes, 1990), for example, observed that the distance travelled by rats ranged widely between 3.3 and 76.0 km week−1. In the present work, the variability in distance run by the CON group was reduced by 49% when compared with the period of adaptation in activity cages (phase 2). The coefficient of variation was also lower in the CON group compared with the NON group (24% versus 59%, during phase 3). This reduction in the variability of distance run suggests that animals of the same species travel similar distances when they are motivated to run for food, and that this behaviour can be independent of age-related differences (Mondon et al., 1985), sex (Garland et al., 2011) and aerobic capacity (Vaanholt et al., 2007), whose effects are observed when animals perform exercise without it being rewarded with food. Thus, our results show that the contingent method decreased the interference of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the exercise performance variability by the animals under the present restricted and controlled experimental situation, which could be useful for drug experimental studies, for example. However, in the wild, in the case of food shortage, other factors such as predation risk (or other environmental challenges) or minimal differences in age, sex and the intrinsic physical ability of the animal may be crucial for survival.
In relation to the traditionally used method to study physical exercise in animals (i.e. forced exercise on a treadmill), it is interesting to compare the coefficient of variation of the total exercise time in this type of exercise with the mean distance travelled in the present study. In previous studies from our laboratory, we found a coefficient of variation of 42% in total time of forced exercise on a treadmill at 18 m min−1 (Pires et al., 2007), which is a moderate level of exercise for rats, compared with the coefficient of ~20% for the total distance travelled in the CON group of the present study. It is therefore reasonable to assume that there is less variability in animal motivation when exercise was linked to obtaining food [i.e. positive reinforcers compared with electrical stimuli (i.e. punishment)].
In the laboratory, when the animals had free access to the running wheel, the NON group performed some physical activity without apparent reason. This behaviour was also observed in this investigation in the CON and NON groups, and its mechanism is unknown. Perhaps it is due to the intrinsic exploratory behaviour of each animal (Inglis et al., 2001); some studies have shown that certain genetic variants in some species are more active than others (Dewsbury, 1980; Swallow et al., 2009; Garland et al., 2011).
Our results showed that exercise linked to food caused changes in the rats' body composition. The CON group adiposity index was ~80% lower when compared with the NON and SED groups. Similar results were found by Vaanholt et al. (Vaanholt et al., 2007), who observed a reduction in adipose tissue of ~70% in mice that ran for food (contingency was fixed at 90% of maximum) compared with the group that had free access to food and a running wheel. The effect of the food-exercise contingency on adipose tissue observed in the present study and that of Vaanholt et al. (Vaanholt et al., 2007) is higher when compared with the effects of training conducted on a running wheel without such a contingency (Tokuyama et al., 1982; Pitts, 1984; Cortright et al., 1997), on a treadmill (Lacerda, 2012; Barcellos, 2011; Pitts, 1984) or in restriction food protocols (Hill et al., 1985). The contingency of exercise to obtain food in the present study simulated a natural condition and caused a pronounced reduction in adipose tissue not observed in traditional protocols of exercise/training. Some of these results could be associated with higher daily energy expenditure for animals that have to run on wheels to obtain food as compared with those forced to run (even to exhaustion) on a motorized treadmill, even daily. Because of the caloric content of feed and the period of stability in body mass between days 3 and 24 (phase 3 in CON group), it was possible to estimate the daily energy expenditure of the animals of the CON group, which was 73.6 kcal day−1. It has been reported that rats with free access to the wheel (without contingency), spend, on average, 13% of this in ingested food energy per day to run on the wheel (Afonso and Eikelboom, 2003). In this case, the animals of the present study consumed 9.56 kcal to travel approximately 4673 m (average distance travelled by the animals during the period described above), or 2.04 kcal km−1. This value is lower than the 2.26 kcal km−1 observed by Afonso and Eikelboom (Afonso and Eikelboom, 2003), but is in agreement with values reported for Wistar rats during constant exercise on a treadmill at 18 m min−1 for ~50 min (2.77 kcal km−1) (Soares et al., 2003). These results suggest that per kilometre there were no differences in energy expenditure, but the distance travelled by the CON group was much greater than that observed in spontaneous-wheel-running rats or rats undergoing forced exercise on a treadmill. Thus, there may be important, long-term physiological changes in food-contingent rats not found in the aforementioned protocols. This issue needs more investigation, but suggests that the natural link between exercise and food must be considered when the aim is to study body mass control, obesity and associated diseases.
Additionally, the initial stable body mass phase of CON rats may have been due to the use of stored fat reserves at the beginning of the experiment, when the cost of the activity was still small. The mass reduction at the end of the experiment (which was not due to changes in body length), in turn, indicates the amount of energy obtained was not sufficient to maintain the body mass of rats. The linear relationship between distance ran and required to run to obtain ad libitum feeding level (Fig. 1A) suggests that, if the progressive ratio had continued beyond the maximal daily distance (day 42), rats would have gone into an increasing energy deficit situation.
Lower body masses because of smaller fat deposits may be an advantage for survival in nature, especially for those species that depend on the realization of physical activity to avoid predators or to obtain food. Investigations into the effects of domestication on the body composition of rats (Castle, 1947) and mice (Dohm et al., 1994) have reported that wild animals are smaller and perform better on a treadmill and running wheel when compared with domesticated animals. Although the performance of the animals in the CON group was not different from the other groups when subjected to a progressive treadmill test in present study, the observed alterations in body mass and the mass of the heart, liver, gastrocnemius and adrenal CON group suggest that the link between providing food and exercise can be a method that approximates the characteristics of laboratory animals from those observed in animals in nature.
The caloric intakes and body masses were not different when comparing the groups NON and SED. These results suggest that spontaneous physical activity of rats in the NON group was not sufficient to cause changes in body mass. Afonso and Eikelboom (Afonso and Eikelboom, 2003) found similar results. These authors found daily distances ranging between 841 and 3303 m in rats with free access to a running wheel without any contingency on food, distances similar to those observed in the NON group (mean 1068±95 m day−1) in the present study. A continuous increase in body mass has been observed in mice that underwent training on a treadmill (Lacerda, 2012; Barcellos, 2011), on running wheels without food-exercise contingency and those without access to exercise (Cortright et al., 1997), as was observed in the NON and SED groups of the present study.
The data relating to the final length of the rats in the present study suggest that there was no effect of the contingency on the growth of rats. Cortright et al. (Cortright et al., 1997) found similar results when they measured the effect of 9 weeks of free access to a running wheel, with no contingency to the food supply. Rezende et al. (Rezende et al., 2006) observed a reduction in body length of animals that were selected for high levels of activity on running wheels in both males and females. There animals were artificially selected for 35 generations and the changes in body size may have represented an effect of exercise-associated selection in relation to running wheels. The results observed in animals that have not been artificially selected for high levels of activity suggest that the increase in mass of the animals according to age is due to increased deposits of fat and not body growth as a whole.
The early days of running wheel access caused a reduction in food intake by the CON and NON groups. This suppression in caloric intake has been well documented in the literature in voluntary (Collier, 1970; Goodrick et al., 1983; Afonso and Eikelboom, 2003; Lattanzio and Eikelboom, 2003) and forced exercise (Richard and Rivest, 1989; Stevenson et al., 1966). Indeed, this behaviour appears to be independent of novelty (wheel presence) (O'Connor and Eikelboom, 2000), sex (Tokuyama et al., 1982), age (Looy and Eikelboom, 1989) or food availability in rodents (Routtenberg and Kuznesof, 1967; Boakes and Dwyer, 1997). Considering the model of energy homeostasis, it is possible that this behaviour is related to an adjustment of body mass (Richard and Rivest, 1989), but at present, the underlying mechanism is subject to speculation (Lattanzio and Eikelboom, 2003).
The decrease in body temperatures observed at the beginning of the experiment in the CON and NON groups may have been caused by the exercise itself, independent of the contingency, especially as no changes were observed in colonic temperatures of the SED group during this period. Although in this study metabolic rate was not measured, the reduction of colonic temperature as the progressive ratio increased in the CON group may have occurred to maintain a strategic body temperature at the expense of scarce amounts of energy, as happens during certain periods in nature, e.g. in winter (Burns et al., 2006). The reduction in internal temperature as a strategy to reduce the basal metabolism during periods of low food availability has been observed in non-human primates (Lane et al., 1996), and in several species of rodents subjected to various protocols of food restriction (Duffy et al., 1989; Severinsen and Munch, 1999; Speakman and Mitchell, 2011). Another factor associated with the availability of food, and which may also have contributed to the reduction in colonic temperature of the CON group, was the reduction in body mass, which probably changed the relationship between body surface area and body mass, thereby facilitating heat loss (Herrington, 1940). The reductions in both body mass and internal temperature are strategies to reduce basal metabolism and increase the chance of survival of the animal in periods with lower food availability and cold environments.
Aerobic capacity, inferred by the maximum speed achieved in the progressive test, was not different between the CON, NON and SED groups and was lower in the period after the experiment, including in the CON group, despite these rats having travelled long distances daily. These data suggest that there is no relationship between the performance achieved by the animals on a running wheel (with or without food contingency) and that achieved with the progressive test (Lambert et al., 1996). Other investigators have described differences in energy cost and performance in experiments on a treadmill or a running wheel (Girard et al., 2001; Chappell et al., 2004).
Animals in nature may choose to move at various speeds and durations to increase the efficiency of their physical activity (Kenagy and Hoyt, 1989; Blumstein, 1992; Weinstein, 1995; Christian et al., 1997; Irschick and Jayne, 1999). Furthermore, unlike what happens in forced protocol exercise, several species, including humans, exhibit an intermittent locomotion, such as eastern chipmunks, Tamias (Tamias) striatus (Kramer and McLaughlin, 2001; Girard et al., 2001). These rodents spend, intermittently, approximately 41% of their time foraging with short breaks that may help in the identification of prey, avoiding predation and improving physical fitness (McAdam and Kramer, 1998).
All of the above results suggest that the effects caused by the present contingent method in the study of energy homeostasis are very different from those involved in forced exercise protocols traditionally used and, therefore, the present protocol should be included as another option in exercise physiology studies. Food acquisition contingent on physical activity is a laboratory method capable of simulating conditions more similar to those faced by animals in the wild, resulting in reduced body mass and thermoregulatory adjustments in a few days of an experiment to cope with food shortages. Our study showed that animals performed less exercise when there was no contingency between the behaviour they were expressing and obtaining food rewards.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research herein reported was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation (CETEA protocol 180/10) of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Animals and housing conditions
Fifteen male Wistar rats from the vivarium of the Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais/Brazil (mean ± s.d. body mass = ~287.4±13.1 g at 5–7 weeks of age at the beginning of the experiment), were used as the experimental subjects; they were divided into three equal-sized groups: food-exercise contingent (CON), non-exercise contingent (NON) and sedentary (SED). During all phases of the experiment, rats had ad libitum access to water and food (note that in one group food was contingent upon performing physical activity). Throughout the whole experiment, rats were fed with Presence/Purina rodent pellets (gross energy 359.8 kcal g−1, protein 23.8%, fat 5.2%, carbohydrate 54.6% and ash 6.2%). During the study, room temperature was maintained between 24 and 26°C. Rats were maintained on a 14 h:10 h light:dark cycle (lights on at 05:00 h).
The animals in the CON and NON groups were kept in individual activity cages (Gaustec LTDA, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Fig. 4) with internal dimensions of 400×400×400 mm and external dimensions of 600×600×400 mm (height × length × width). The cages had an electronic interface for programming and storage of data (distance, mean speed and amount of food delivered per hour). A dispenser supplied food (see no. 3 in Fig. 4). The dispenser was connected to a stainless steel box in which the animal had access to the food. This box had a false bottom to collect unconsumed food, which allowed the quantification of food consumed by the animal. The running wheel was 300 mm in diameter, 942 mm in circumference and had a mean (±s.d.) torque of 0.02±0.004 Nm (3B Scientific Dynamometer U20032, precision 1 N). The mean torque was measured before each phase. A motion sensor (encoder) attached to the wheel generated the values of distance and mean velocity, independent of the direction of wheel movement. The system was calibrated before all experiments and checked for drift after all experiments.
The SED group of rats was always kept in individual acrylic cages (internal dimensions: length 290 mm, width 180 mm, height 120 mm) without access to exercise throughout the experiment.
The experiment was divided into three phases: (1) all animals were maintained in individual cages, without access to exercise but with access to food ad libitum, to provide measurements of food intake, colonic temperature and body mass in a baseline condition, during 4–6 days; (2) an adaptation phase to the use of the running wheel for groups CON and NON, with free access to exercise and food, during 10 days; and (3) experimental conditions in which the CON group was exposed to a progressive ratio (i.e. the distance required to run to obtain the same amount of food was progressively increased) in terms of distance run to obtain food; the NON group had free access to food and exercise. This last phase lasted 42 to 45 days.
Five days before phase 1, a standard incremental-speed exercise test on a treadmill was used to characterize the animals. All rats underwent familiarization and incremental running tests on a treadmill (Gaustec, Belo Horizonte, Brazil). First, the animals were subjected to a period of five to eight consecutive days of familiarization on the treadmill. The rats spent 5 min with the treadmill off and spent another 5 min running at a speed of 18 m min−1 with a 5% incline. The exercise was motivated by a mild electrical current (0.5 mA) from a grid at the back of the treadmill; this level of stimulation has previously been shown to motivate rats to run (Lima et al., 1998; Soares et al., 2003; Soares et al., 2004; Pires et al., 2007; Wanner et al., 2007). Second, a progressive test was performed after this familiarization period to determine each rat's maximum running speed. The initial test speed was 10 m min−1, increased by 1 m min−1 every 2 min (Koch and Britton, 2001) until the animal remained touching the electrical grid for 10 consecutive seconds (normally the rats avoid being close to the electrical grid). This criterion has been used in previous studies from our laboratory (Lima et al., 1998; Soares et al., 2003; Soares et al., 2004; Pires et al., 2007; Wanner et al., 2007). The rats were matched for maximum speed achieved during the progressive test on a treadmill and divided into the three aforementioned experimental groups.
Phase 1 (−16 days)
All animals were familiarized with colonic temperature measurement for a period of 4 to 6 days. Colonic temperature was measured using disposable probes (Yellow Spring Instruments, disposable rectal probe series USA 4400; accuracy 0.01°C) connected to a tele-thermometer (Yellow Spring Instruments). Before insertion of the probe, faeces were removed by means of a gentle massage; the external probe was lubricated with Vaseline and inserted 6 cm beyond the anal sphincter. The temperature was recorded for 2 min after insertion of the probe. Also carried out in this period were measurements of daily food intake and body mass using weighing scales (accurate to 0.5 g; MF3 Filizola scale, São Paulo). The ad libitum food intake of the rats was calculated from 5 days of individual free access to the aforementioned diet, which was ~23.70±0.28 g day−1 or approximately six pellets per day (i.e. 24 g day−1).
Phase 2 (−10 days)
After phase 1, the animals in the groups CON and NON were maintained for 10 days in activity cages with free access to the running wheel, without its use being contingent upon food rewards. This familiarized them with the environment of the cage, running on a wheel and the feeding box.
Phase 3 (0 to 45 days)
The distance travelled to obtain the previously established ad libitum feeding level (i.e. 24 g day−1) was 1320 m and this was the starting level for the progressive ratio in the CON group [for details on operant conditioning and progression ratios, see McSweeney and Murphy (McSweeney and Murphy, 2014)]. To generate the progressive ratio, distances were increased on the previous level by 90% every 3 days (i.e. 1320, 2520, 3696 m, etc.) until the animal reached the maximal daily distance (DDmax) in the CON group. The criterion for determining DDmax was a reduction of 15 to 20% in body mass (Perrigo and Bronson, 1983; Vaanholt et al., 2007). This limit to the reduction in body mass was chosen according to the results of Ferguson and Paule (Ferguson and Paule, 1997), which showed no change in food-seeking motivation when a reduction of between 15 and 20% of body mass was applied.
After achieving the DDmax (in 42 to 45 days, depending on the individual), animals of all groups were again subjected to a period of familiarization on the treadmill for 5 days, and progressive test was performed again (for details, see above). This test was used again at the end of all experiments to provide baseline data to compare the impact of the treatments on the rats running abilities and to verify whether the results in performance using this progressive protocol are coherent with performance of rats in wheels.
The total duration of the experimental procedures was 75 days for all groups.
The animals were removed daily from their activity (CON and NON) or regular (SED) cages between 09:00 and 12:00 h and placed in individual acrylic cages (29 cm long, 18 cm wide, 12 cm high) for weighing, taking colonic temperature, reading exercise data and to clean cages.
The animals were killed by decapitation using a guillotine (Insight Equipment, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil) 2 days after the last progressive test. After euthanasia, we measured the length and mass of the right femur, and the final length of the animal. These measurements were used to infer the growth of the animal. To measure the length of femur, a calliper accurate to 0.05 mm (Mitutoyo, Kawasaki, Japan) was used and the measurement was performed between the greater trochanter and the lateral and medial condyles. For weighing femurs an analytical balance was used (Mettler Toledo AL 204, accurate to 0.0001 g). The final length of the animals was measured from the first thoracic vertebra to the first vertebra of the tail.
The epididymal adipose tissue (EAT), the retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RAT) and the mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) were collected and weighed separately to calculate the index of adiposity (Taylor and Phillips, 1996), according to the equation: adiposity index (%) = (EAT + RAT + MAT) × 100/body mass
Immediately after euthanasia, samples of the epididymal adipose tissue were fixed in a PBS-buffered formaldehyde solution for 24 h prior to histological analysis. These samples were incubated in 70% ethanol prior to processing via routine paraffin embedding. Five-micrometer-long sections of the tissue were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Images of the adipose tissue sections were captured using a digital camera coupled to a microscope, and the area was measured under ×10 magnification using Image Pro-Plus software (Media Cybernetics, USA). An area of 50 cells was measured in each animal using Image Pro-Plus software (Media Cybernetics), and ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) was used to calculate mean adipocyte area, according to Oliveira et al. (Oliveira et al., 2013).
Data were found to meet the requirements for parametric statistics (Zar, 2010). Thus, we used two-way ANOVA with repeated measures to determine significant differences in responses between the experimental phases and treatment groups. For comparison of progressive tests performed before and after phase 3 and between groups, we used ANOVA with two factors (groups and the pre/post phases). For variables related to growth and mass of tissue, ANCOVA was used, considering the body mass or total length of the animal as a covariate. A post hoc Tukey's test was used to indicate significant differences. In the CON group, to verify the relationship between the distance travelled by the animal and the distance/food ratio, a Pearson's correlation test was used. Data are presented as means ± s.e.m. or means ± s.d. The level of significance was set at P<0.05 for all tests.
Thanks to Gaustec LTDA and especially Cláudio Henrique Teixeira Ribeiro for developing the bespoke equipment used in this study.
This project was funded by a research grant (BPD-00180-12) from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) to L.O.C.R. I.A.T.F. was supported by a Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior postgraduate scholarship. The participation of R.J.Y. was partially supported by a scholarship (Pesquisador Mineiro) from FAPEMIG.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.

domain: literature


The EU has opened formal negotiations with two countries in the Western Balkans: Montenegro and Serbia. Both of these countries opened new negotiating chapters at their respective Accession Conferences in Brussels in December 2018. Montenegro now has 32 of 35 opened chapters, while, for Serbia, that number is 16. Further Accession Conferences will be planned, as appropriate, in order to take the process forward in the first half of 2019.
Progress has also been made in both the Republic of North Macedonia and Albania. The June 2018 Council conclusions on Enlargement set out the path toward opening accession negotiations with both countries in June 2019 subject to progress.
In Bosnia-Herzegovina, the commitment to advance on the European path needs to be translated urgently into comprehensive reform results on the ground.
Kosovo is at an early stage of its EU path – it is essential that greater efforts are made to build consensus across the political spectrum to advance Kosovo's European agenda and to accelerate the implementation of the required comprehensive reforms.
With regard to Turkey, Ireland has, together with its EU partners, expressed its serious concerns regarding the situation with respect to human rights, freedom of expression, rule of law, and democracy in the country. The EU still considers Turkey as a "key partner", and it formally remains a candidate for EU membership, but given the current circumstances, the June 2018 Council conclusions on Enlargement noted that Turkey has been moving further away from the European Union, stating that accession negotiations have effectively come to a standstill and that no further chapters can be considered for opening or closing at this point in time. Neither is any further work toward the modernisation of the EU-Turkey Customs Union foreseen.


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This piece is built from hand selected woods by Baxter from the Martin Factory and is a true stunner of an instrument. The wild grain Rosewood is beyond visually breathtaking, it serves as a masterful springboard for an amazing tonal template. The overtones on this piece are outstanding and with each note there seems to be more richness that poured forth. The hand selected top serves as a very powerful voicing for the volume this piece can produce. This piece really can project like a Martin Dread but has the subtleties of a parlor sized instrument. We choose to build the most comfortable playing neck with the tone box on this guitar as well with high performance taper. Every aspect of this piece was designed for tone and ease of play. It just so happens to come in a gorgeous package as well. We look forward here at the Casino to help with any questions you may have and we are thrilled to present this one of a kind piece to all of you as well.
Appointment Level: Custom Top Material: Hand-selected Adirondack Spruce (tinted) Back Material: Hand-selected Wild Grain East Indian Rosewood Bracing Material: Adirondack Binding Material: Flame Maple Rossette: 3 Ring Herringbone Black Maple Fiber Bridge Style: Modern Belly Neck Material: 12/4 Genuine Mahogany Neck Profile:Modified Low Oval Neck Taper: High Performance Taper Tuning Machines: Schaller Nickel Grand Tune BB Btn Fingerboard Material: Black Ebony Fingerboard Inlay: Foden Style

domain: artistic


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Suspected drunken driver hits ODOT pickup head-on in Marlboro Township
MARLBORO TWP. A suspected drunken driver struck an Ohio Department of Transportation pickup truck head-on late Tuesday night on a closed section of state Route 619, injuring the driver and a state worker in the vehicle.
Both men suffered minor injuries. Township emergency medical services took them to a local hospital.
ODOT employee Robert L. Custar, 54, of Alliance, had closed the road just east of state Route 44 at 11:10 p.m. due to a downed utility pole and wires on the road, the Ohio State Highway Patrol said.
He was inside a 2019 Ford F-250 with its emergency lights flashing and facing west inside the closed portion of the road, which was marked by an ODOT road closure sign and signal flares.
Craig A. Wells, 39, of Alliance, drove through the road closure sign and struck Custar's truck head-on with his 2005 Pontiac Grand Prix, the patrol said.
Wells is accused of being impaired by alcohol and drugs and having a loaded handgun in the car, according to a news release.
He is charged with possession of a loaded firearm, failure to maintain assured clear distance, operating a vehicle with a suspended license and felony OVI, his fourth OVI arrest within the past 10 years, the patrol said.
The road was reopened about 1:30 a.m., dispatchers said.
Reach Lori at 330-580-8309 or email@example.com.

domain: news


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Four candidates who died while campaigning won their elections on Tuesday. Two deceased candidates lost.
In California, state Sen. Jenny Oropeza (D) won re-election with 59% of the vote. Oropeza, who was 53, died two weeks ago from complications of cancer. The local Democrats, however, mailed supporters encouraging them to vote for Oropeza anyway.“The Republicans are trying to take unfair advantage of Jenny’s tragedy,” said the mailer which, according to CNN, did not mention her death. “I am asking you to vote for Jenny Oropeza. If a Special Election is called in a few months, you’ll have the chance to thoughtfully elect your Senator for a new four-year term.”
Republicans filed a complaint, calling the tactic illegal. A special election will likely be held in December.
As with the other deceased candidates who appeared on ballots throughout the country, Oropeza’s death occurred too close to the election for her name to be removed.
Keith Crass, a Republican candidate for the Arkansas legislature, died less than a week before the election and won with 56% of the vote. A special election will be held.
In Missouri, Democrat Keith Austin won 345 votes in the Worth County presiding commissioner’s race, beating two write-in candidates two weeks after passing away. The governor will appoint someone to fill the seat.
And in Mississippi, a chancery judge candidate running unopposed garnered 8,000 votes nearly a month after his demise.
Two other deceased candidates lost their elections: Jorge Luis Garcia (D) got 17% of the vote, coming in third in the Arizona Corporation Commission election, and Dennis Glotfelty lost a commissioners’ race in Maryland.
- -Hiring More Journalists
- -Providing free memberships to those who cannot afford them
- -Supporting independent, non-corporate journalism


text:
Winter Junior Company Show
Jason and the Golden Fleece
by John Olive
For Grades 6-8
Fate or free will? Power or loyalty? Strength or wit? Join Jason and the Argonauts on an action-packed voyage to defeat mythic creatures, overthrow a mad king, triumph over betrayals and find what destiny has in store. For the middle school actor looking to take their skills to the next level. Learn stage combat technique, deepen character development and script analysis while rehearsing a fully produced play on our Cohen Stage.
Rehearsals: Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, 4:30-7:30pm, beginning January 16
Tech/Dress: March 12-14, 4:30-9pm (subject to change as needed)
March 15 at 7pm
March 16 at 7pm
March 17 at 7pm
March 18 at 2pm
Thursday, November 7, 4:30-6:30pm
Wednesday, November 8, 4:30-6:30pm
Students will be auditioning individually and in a group. Students should prepare and memorize a one-minute monologue from a play. Actors may be given direction and asked to perform their monologue several times.
Full year program (by audition only, when entering Grade 9)
This four-year program prepares young actors for college and professional theatre careers. Highlights include intensive acting and musical theatre training with industry professionals, an annual spring showcase, mainstage audition opportunities, mentorship from Peter Brosius and other CTC artists, college audition preparation and a capstone project tailored to students' strengths and learning goals.
For complete information, click here.
Annual Tuition: $2000 | Financial Aid Available
Includes: Fall and Winter Cohort Acting Class, one elective (to be taken fall, winter, spring, or summer), and the spring showcase
Class Days and Times:
Auditions for our Class of 2022 (students entering Grade 9 in Fall of 2018) will be announce in Spring of 2018


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The Sims 4 will be taking digital living spaces to a whole new level this November. There have been apartments in The Sims before, but this time around the development team has been especially creative. An official apartment trailer just popped up on YouTube today and it revealed that choosing the right apartment for your sims will need to be based on more than just looks. For the first time in the franchise, the location where your sims are living will mean a lot.
That small downtown apartment might look like a cozy place for your single sim to decorate in cutesy things, but with it comes leaky plumbing, rats, and sudden power outages. When your sim finds their soulmate and starts a family, you’ll want to move your sims to an apartment closer to good schools in order to get a big grade boost for your favourite sim’s offspring. Finally, if you’re tired of the pre-made apartment layouts, you’re going to have to save up the cash for the penthouse suite so you can design the apartment of your dreams.
This new form of gameplay sounds like a lot of fun, but it won’t be for everyone. Some players will want to keep that cozy bachelor pad with all of the penthouse perks. These players will definitely make great use of cheat codes and mods created by resourceful custom content creators. The game mods for apartment expansions in the past have been especially creative for completely customized apartment buildings, so it will be exciting to see what fans can cook up for the City Living expansion.

domain: hobby


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New Delhi [India] Feb 2. : 'Heropanti' actress Kriti Sanon stole the show when she appeared on the cover of Cine Blitz magazine's February issue.
The magazine quoted Kriti as saying, "I am the best girlfriend." Now, that sure seems like a bold revelation, doesn't it? On the work front, Kriti will be next seen in Raabta opposite Sushant Singh Rajput.
The film is directed by Dinesh Vijan and produced by Homi Adajania..

domain: celebrity


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KATHMANDU: EXO’s Baekhyun is ruling the number one spot in both Korean and international music charts with his just released album Delight and its lead track Candy.
According to Hellokpop, the title track Candy, released at 6:00 pm KST on May 25, ranked number one in real-time on various music charts, including Melon, Genie, Vibe, and Momople. The B-side tracks Bungee and Love Again also steadily dominated the music charts, confirming Baekhyun’s popularity.
In addition, the album, which garnered attention with more than 730,000 pre-orders, amassed more than 620,000 copies on Hanteo Chart alone on the first day of its release. It also swept the top daily charts of various music charts such as Synnara Record, Yes24, and Kyobo Bookstore.
On the global scene, Baekhyun ranked first on the iTunes Top Albums Chart in a total of 68 regions all around the world.
Link to Candy MV: https://youtu.be/gmgcRWxhmqY


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Major League Baseball will require that all non-playing personnel be vaccinated against COVID-19 in order to access the field or any other restricted area in the playoffs, The Athletic's Ken Rosenthal reported on Friday night.
MLB will require non-playing personnel (managers, coaches, athletic trainers, etc.) to be vaccinated for COVID-19 in order to gain access to field and other restricted areas in postseason, sources tell @TheAthletic. 1/2
— Ken Rosenthal (@Ken_Rosenthal) September 17, 2021
According to Rosenthal, unvaccinated staff members can still retain their access in the postseason if they have received one dose of a vaccine before the playoffs start and have a second dose scheduled.
The decision does not apply to players.
While the decision is now leaguewide, it will be nothing new for several teams that have already implemented similar vaccine mandates in recent months. Both the Washington Nationals and the Houston Astros required that full-time employees get vaccinated, and the Baltimore Orioles said that all employees must be vaccinated by the end of October.
Longtime Nationals executive Bob Boone actually left the organization after 15 years after refusing to follow the new coronavirus policy, and a pair of MLB Network analysts — Hall of Fame pitcher John Smoltz and Al Leiter — will no longer be allowed to work in studio for the network after refusing to get vaccinated. All MLB Network employees had to get vaccinated by Sept. 1.
As of Friday night, the country is averaging more than 521,000 new cases of the coronavirus, according to The New York Times. About 54% of Americans are fully vaccinated, and about 64% have received at least one dose.
The playoffs will start on Oct. 5 with the American League wild-card game. The National League game will take place the following night.

domain: sports


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Below are some of the frequently asked question from existing and intended customers, kindly read through to see which one best answer your intended questions, or send us a mail at firstname.lastname@example.org on a question to revile the answers
How do I invest in property?
Call ROYELX HOMES on these Hotlines 08033333333,08023333333. wherever you are we got you covered
How much do I need to invest in property?
With a minimum of #50,000 and above depending your ability. ROYELX HOMES guarantee 35% annual return on investment.
Can I acquire a property with a structured payment plan?
Yes, you can get a property with a structured payment plan at ROYELX HOMES in partnership with UBA.
How do I avoid fraudulent property investment?
Check and confirm that the existing contact address is verifiable. Dont pay for a property you cannot verify.
How do I ascertain a property is fraudulent?
A property is fraudulent when there are no coordinates and authentic document.
How can I confirm or crosscheck the authenticity of a property?
It can be confirmed through the Ministry of lands, Surveyor, Lawyerand Title document.
What should I know,ask or answer before paying for a property?
Are there litigation, documents and titles? Ask if the land is committed or not? Avoid flying coordinates.
Is it only a property with a certificate of occupancy is safe to purchase?
Sometimes properties with C of O can be revoked by another government, e.g. Ogun and Lagos States through the change of Government, some lands with C of O were revoked.
What titles of property are safe to invest in?
Include but not restricted to C of O, Gazette, Registered Deed of Assignment, Governor’s Consent, Excision
If my property is committed, what can/should be done?
Confirm there is no Government interest, approach Ministry of Lands, and take steps to ratify quickly. We can help you!
How do I use the ministry of lands to ascertain the authenticity of a property?
Pick coordinates and survey to Ministry of Lands for confirmation.
Can a property under excision be invested in?
An excised property can be invested in because Government has no interest in it.
How do I avoid Landowners/OmoOnileWahala?
Buy from or through Royelx homes
Can I get a property with another property? (Property Swap)
Yes! ROYELX HOMES can swap as terms and conditions apply.
Can I get a property with valuables, automobile/machine swap?
Yes! ROYELX HOMES can help you as terms and conditions apply.

domain: law


From the Poultry Editor: December 2013
Lianne ApplebyFeatures Profiles Researchers Business/Policy Canada Poultry Production Production
Even Scrooge Would Approve
December just wouldn’t be the same without A Christmas Carol played ad infinitum on television. Even at 170 years old, the story remains popular because it continues to reflect society’s values.
So, when Ebenezer Scrooge has undergone his transformation from curmudgeon to benefactor and sends a random young lad to buy a goose for the Cratchits from the poulterers around the corner, it’s understandable that the boy is told to buy the prize one. Don’t we all want the biggest bird possible on our dinner table, even today – a point of pride, a symbol of a prosperous yet benevolent household?
Rather than pondering just how a goose got to be the size of a little boy, I imagine that readers in 1843 were preoccupied by the fact that Scrooge had done a miraculous one-eighty. But what if that same novel were actually released, for the first time, in 2013? Would today’s readers feel equally warm and fuzzy over Scrooge’s sudden change of heart? Or, when his random lad incredulously asks, “What? The one as big as me?!” would they cynically assume that the goose in question was a Frankenfood?
With commercials, pop-up ads and the like, consumers are exposed to misinformation without even knowing it – and unfortunately, they absorb that inaccurate information, whether they realize it or not. Having been constantly bombarded with inaccuracies about antibiotics and hormones, today’s readers likely wouldn’t get past said paragraph without raising an eyebrow.
The most recent example of such absorption comes courtesy of A&W in the form of a commercial regarding the added-hormone-and-steroid-free meat it uses for its burgers (sure, this time it’s beef, but it could very well be poultry or eggs in Round 2). This fear-mongering approach has disgusted many in the agricultural community; in fact, Andrew Campbell, a dairy farmer and agvocate from Glencoe, Ont., has had enough. Andrew’s blog “I’m done with fearing food and done with A&W” (read it at www.realagriculture.com) unleashes a number of facts about hormones that many consumers may be surprised to learn.
It is a valiant rebuttal, but whether or not his target readers actually find their way to it online is another question.
Unfortunately, reaching a captive audience while they’re sitting ducks and watching their favourite prime time show seems like a pipe dream to agricultural communicators, simply because it costs a LOT of money to do it. Canada’s agriculture sector is doing an OK job of in-your-face advertising, but it’s usually through short-lived grants and funding, not long-term, sustainable investment. With few exceptions, agricultural organizations say that marketing dollars are always among the first to be chopped in favour of government relations and trade-related endeavours. And that’s a shame.
In 1843, it was of no concern to readers how Ebenezer’s super-goose was raised, albeit mostly because added hormones weren’t conceivable yet. But now they are. If agriculture fails to invest in telling consumers what’s what, we know from experience that someone will certainly get in there and tell them what’s not.
Dollars released to consumer marketing are a wise investment given today’s climate. And I’d wager that even our Ebenezer wouldn’t say “Bah! Humbug!” to that.
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$131 Hydrothermal Autoclave Hydrothermal Synthesis Reactor Hydrotherm Industrial Scientific Lab Scientific Products Lab Instruments Equipment smfa.org.uk,Hydrothermal,$131,Hydrothermal,Industrial Scientific , Lab Scientific Products , Lab Instruments Equipment,Synthesis,Hydrotherm,/dineuric903476.html,Reactor,Autoclave Hydrothermal Autoclave San Jose Mall Synthesis Reactor Hydrotherm $131 Hydrothermal Autoclave Hydrothermal Synthesis Reactor Hydrotherm Industrial Scientific Lab Scientific Products Lab Instruments Equipment Hydrothermal Autoclave San Jose Mall Synthesis Reactor Hydrotherm smfa.org.uk,Hydrothermal,$131,Hydrothermal,Industrial Scientific , Lab Scientific Products , Lab Instruments Equipment,Synthesis,Hydrotherm,/dineuric903476.html,Reactor,Autoclave
(1) Operating temperature: 220Â°, Suggesting temperature: 180degree
(2) Working pressure: 3MPa (gauge)
(3) Heating, cooling rate: 5 c / min
The hydrothermal synthesis reactor using high-quality stainless steel processing. Kettle kettle lid body and sealed with durable, reliable cable seal structure, the sealing effect long-term stability without leakage.
3. Methods of operation
The reaction means and the reactor body, and to ensure feeding coefficient is less than 0.8. When the Department of corrosive reaction when you want to put PTFE bush, can only be assured kettle body from corrosion. Hydrothermal synthesis reactor will be placed on the heater, in accordance with the provisions of the heating rate of heating to the desired reaction temperature (less than the required safety temperature). Completion of the reaction will be when its cool, but also in strict accordance with the provisions of the cooling rate operation, to facilitate the safety and reactor life. When confirmation of intra-abdominal temperature below the boiling point solvents reaction system can only open the tank lid after a follow-up operation
PTFE Hydrothermal Autoclave Reactor *1
Pressure: 1015 hPa
You can embed this meteogram into your own website with the following HTML code. In doing so, you agree to our Trends International Keith Kimberlin - Puppies Grid Wall Poster,.
The real-time satellite image combines visible light during daytime with infrared radiation during nighttime. At night, the image is not dark as infrared radiation can detect temperature differences. Unfortunately, low clouds and fog are difficult to distinguish from ground temperatures and thus can be almost invisible during the night. Meteosat satellite images for Europe are updated in real-time every 5 minutes. GOES-16/GOES-17 (North & South America) and Himawari (Asia) images update every 10 minutes.
The location marker is placed on North Kansas City. This animation shows the precipitation radar for the last hour, as well as a 1h forecast. Drizzle or light snow fall might be invisible for the radar. Precipitation intensity is colour coded, ranging from light blue to orange.


text:
Issue 93 • Week of October 29, 2023
California was the first state to get one million people to quit cigarettes on a single day in November 1976 and inspired the annual Great American Smokeout. Almost exactly two decades later, California was also the first state to permit medical cannabis with the approval of Proposition 215 enacted November 5, 1996.
Both of these trends continue today. The US hit a record low in cigarette smoking last year at 11%, which was a mere quarter of its historic high in 1954. The decline bodes well for our health because cigarettes remain the leading cause of preventable death and claim nearly half of a million lives every year. Marijuana has since been decriminalized in half of all states and now counts 17% of adults as smokers in 2023.
Early research has shown that cannabis legalization has led to less use of alcohol and nicotine as well as less opioid addiction among young adults, putting some people's worries about a gateway drug to rest. Only time will tell if the correlated drop in prescription medication usage for depression, anxiety, sleep, seizures, and psychosis continues and/or will benefit patients in the years to come.
Nearly 60% of Americans believe cannabis should be legal for recreational use and another 30% agree with allowing medical use. That adds up to support from nearly 90% of adults – a complete inverse of attitudes compare to when first tracked in 1969 or as recently as 1989.
The rising acceptance has had a self-fueling aspect due to new scientific research coming out that was once restricted: cannabis is less addictive and appears to have a lower long-term impact on brain health than alcohol.
However, not everyone is happy.
Smoking of any kind can lead to secondhand inhalation and thirdhand exposure. These unintended consequences present concerns that have not been problems for alcohol. Scientists have found that children living with someone who smokes marijuana at home are 83% more likely to have adverse health outcomes. Parents who take the precaution to step outside to smoke cannot fully protect their children, either. They are 5-7x more likely to be exposed to environmental smoke than non-smoking families, so that one third still test positive for THC-COOH.

domain: sociology


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VANCOUVER, BC, CANADA—Aleph Objects, Inc., manufacturer of LulzBot 3D Printers, has a new tool head that enables users to accurately 3D print penny-scale parts (image link). The ultra precise Aerostruder v2 Micro Tool Head is at SIGGRAPH 2018, where attendees can watch this meticulous tool head in action, paired with the recently-released LulzBot Mini 2 3D Printer. The company will be showing off a “micro art gallery,” featuring tiny patrons viewing miniature art exhibits. The new tool head is expected to be available for purchase in September 2018.
The Aerostruder v2 Micro Tool Head features a genuine E3D Titan Aero Extruder/Hot End with a 0.25 millimeter nozzle and 360-degree part cooling for incredibly detailed prints and excellent overhang and bridge performance. This tool head is perfect for engineers, 3D artists, and designers seeking a higher level of detail and surface quality, while retaining the convenience and reliability offered by the LulzBot ecosystem including Cura LulzBot Edition software and Marlin firmware.
“The Aerostruder v2 Micro Tool Head—paired with the LulzBot Mini 2 3D Printer—has changed my perception of what is possible with filament 3D printing. In terms of resolution and surface finish, the prints from this new tool head are very impressive” Aleph Objects Product Specialist Adam Straight said. “The precision of E3D Titan Aero extruders and hot ends complements the premium quality built into every LulzBot 3D Printer.”
E3D, based in the United Kingdom, develops and manufactures premium 3D printer components. Aleph Objects‘ partnership with E3D, now in its second year, is strengthened by the companies’ shared commitment to Open Source Hardware 3D printing development.
“Aleph Objects probably [has] the most useful and interesting array of tool heads for their 3D printers, and E3D is excited to contribute its expertise to a tool head that really pushes the limits of the technology - it's a lot of fun collaborating with a like-minded company that also trusts their users to really engage openly and freely with the technology. There’s a lot more to come from this collaboration, and we feel like we’re just getting started,” E3D Online Ltd. Co-Founder and Director of R&D Sanjay Mortimer said.
SIGGRAPH attendees can find LulzBot 3D Printers and Aerostruder v2 Micro Tool Heads in booth 1142 at the Vancouver Convention Centre. The Aerostruder v2 Micro Tool Head is compatible with the LulzBot Mini 2, and it is expected to be released by the end of September, 2018. Sign up to be notified when the product is released: LulzBot.com/product-updates
Aleph Objects, Inc.
About: Founded in January 2011 and built on the philosophy of freedom, Aleph Objects, Inc. is a Free Software, Libre Innovation, and Open Source Hardware company. Headquartered in Loveland, Colorado, USA, Aleph Objects designs, develops, and manufactures the LulzBot line of 3D printers, parts, and plastics; tools for evolved making. Find a full press kit here: https://www.lulzbot.com/press/
Press Contact: email@example.com


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A top archbishop has again disparaged the LGBTQ movement, comparing it to the oppressive regime that ruled Poland in the late 20th century. But international church reformers are calling on the Polish hierarchy to comply with church teaching about respecting LGBTQ people and to avoid condemnatory rhetoric.
Archbishop Marek Jędraszewski of Krakow published a pastoral letter in September that focused on Pope John Paul II’s legacy in Poland. Even with such an unrelated topic, the archbishop managed to disparage the LGBTQ community, which he claimed was the “next great threat to our freedom.” The movement for equality, Jędraszewski wrote, is “just like the totalitarianism of the 20th century” and is premised on a “radical rejection of God.” The letter continued:
“As a consequence of this rejection, a completely new vision of man is proclaimed, which makes him a caricature of himself. As part of gender ideology, there are attempts to blur the natural differences between a woman and a man. Moreover, through the aggressive propaganda of LGBT ideology in the name of the so-called ‘tolerance’ and ‘progress’, that which is most sacred to us is mocked. At the same time, people, including believers, are being forced to promote LGBT ideology. Thus, by breaking the freedom of conscience, they are urged to depart from the principles of their Christian faith. This clearly reminds us of the totalitarian times of the Polish People’s Republic, when social advancements were guaranteed only to members of the Communist Party, and believers were treated as second-class citizens.”
Jędraszewski also criticized sexual education programs:
“Another very dangerous manifestation of this anti-morality offensive is the introduction of sex education programs recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) by some local governments to kindergartens and schools, which in their content lead to great spiritual harm done to children and young people. All this is clearly an offense to God the Creator. There is no doubt that the approval of such programs, consent to them and participation in them is a serious moral offense. Similarly, the attitude of indifference to this kind of threats that destroys order and poses a great threat to the lives and proper development of individual people, families, societies and nations is worth stigmatizing.”
This pastoral letter follows Jedraszewski’s summer attack on the LGBTQ movement, in which he also compared it to Poland’s 20th century totalitarian regime and said further that the movement was a “rainbow disease” infecting the nation. Some Catholics, like Dominican Fr. Pawel Gużyński, and veterans of the Warsaw Uprising, who were being honored during the Mass during which the archbishop made his comments, condemned Jedraszewski’s words. But many church leaders offered support, including Bishop Wieslaw Mering of Włocławek who said the archbishop was being persecuted like Jesus for refusing to “submit to political correctness.” Several other Polish bishops, as well as church leaders in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary expressed their support.
Pride marches occurring in several Polish cities this summer, along with the ruling Law and Justice Party’s anti-LGBTQ campaign have prompted other bishops to be harshly critical of LGBTQ people. Poland’s bishops had remained silent about anti-LGBTQ violence in the past. But Catholic LGBTQ advocates gathered in Poland last month pushed back against the bishop’s extreme rhetoric.
In late September, the International Catholic Reform Network, a coalition of Catholic reform leaders from around the globe, held its annual meeting in Warsaw. The Network issued a letter to Archbishop Stanisław Gądecki of Poznań, head of the Polish Bishops’ Conference, calling on the nation’s hierarchy to abide by church teaching’s call for LGBTQ people to be respected. Three members of the network signed as representatives: Sr. Jeannine Gramick, SL, of New Ways Ministry; Martha Heizer of We Are Church Austria; and Colm Holmes of We Are Church International. The letter shared:
“When we learned that Bishop Wieslaw Mering of Wloclawek defended Professor Aleksander Nalaskowski who called LGBT people ‘Traveling Rapists,’ we felt that he did not follow the Catechism of the Catholic Church’s mandate to treat lesbian and gay people with ‘respect, compassion, and sensitivity’ (par. 2358).
“The Equality Marches in Warsaw, Gdansk, Bialystok, and Poznan this year were opportunities for the Catholic bishops of Poland to show pastoral sensitivity for LGBT people. Instead the Archbishop Tadeusz Wojda of Bialystok described the Equality March as ‘an act of discrimination against Catholics.’ Such rhetoric, we believe, fueled, or perhaps instigated, the attacks of throwing rocks and firecrackers, along with degrading slurs, against the marchers in Bialystok.
“We would like to remind the Polish bishops of the 1986 statement of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which said, ‘It is deplorable that homosexual persons have been and are the object of violent malice in speech and action. Such treatment deserves condemnation from the Church’s pastors wherever it occurs’ (Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons).
“We were appalled to learn that Archbishop Marek Jedraszewski of Krakow, on the 75th anniversary of the Warsaw Uprising, used the occasion to disparage LGBT people by saying that ‘a red plague is not gripping our land anymore’ but that there is a new plague which is ‘not red, but rainbow’ and that Poland is ‘suffering from a rainbow disease.’ Such remarks do not show respect for human beings who have been the object of discrimination and social intolerance.
“We ask you to call upon the Polish bishops to comply with the Vatican’s instruction that ‘The intrinsic dignity of each person must always be respected in word, action and in law’ and ‘to support with the means at their disposal, the development of appropriate forms of pastoral care for homosexual persons’ (Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons).”
Gramick commented to Bondings 2.0 that the call in that letter stemmed from the wider meeting focused on how Catholics worldwide are moving forward in building up a more inclusive church:
“At the Warsaw meeting, I saw change bubbling up from grassroots Catholics in such diverse areas as India, Brazil, and Australia, as well as the Western world. The church is in the throes of a seismic shift–from being governed by bishops to being led by the Spirit through the community. And this change is good news for the LGBTQ community. This gives me great hope!”
In upcoming elections, Poland’s reigning Law and Justice Party aims to retain power by scapegoating LGBTQ people. Violence against sexual and gender minorities has already occurred on several occasions. Where church leaders should be a moderating voice in this tense moment, listening to Catholics’ calls for them to show greater respect, they instead choose extremist words that fuel anti-LGBTQ fires stoked by political actors. This dangerous game that Archbishop Jedraszewski and his fellow bishops are playing with people’s lives needs to stop.
—Robert Shine, New Ways Ministry, October 10, 2019
The Advocate, “LGBTQ Activism Is the New Communism, Catholic Archbishop Says“


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RASPBERRY POKE CAKE
- 1 cup(s) boiling water
- ½ cup(s) cold water
- 1 package(s) Cool Whip (8 ounce pkg)
- 1 box(es) Betty Crocker Super Moist white cake mix - prepared as directed on package
- 1 box(es) raspberry Jello (4 ounce box)
- 1 cup(s) fresh raspberries
Heat oven to 350° Make and cool cake as directed on the box for a 9 x 13 pan. Pierce the cooled cake all over with a fork. In a small bowl, stir jello, boiling water until smooth; add cold water. Pour over cake. Run knife around the sides of the pan to loosen the cake. Refrigerate at least 2 hour...

domain: food


As scandals over the misuse of personal information proliferate and data protection laws are tightened, technology companies are leaping to a surprising conclusion: they are publishers. Not always, of course, but when it suits them.
Facebook emphasised its role as a publisher with editorial discretion in a California court last week in an effort to block a lawsuit from a developer. Google attempted something even more audacious in a UK case this year involving the “right to be forgotten” in search engine results. It laid claim to an exemption for publishers of journalism, art and literature under European law.
Google’s legal sally was ridiculous and was squashed by the high court judge. “I do not consider that Google’s own activity can be equated with journalism,” he wrote firmly, ruling that the technology titan wanted, as one would, to have its cake and to eat it. It was claiming the data-handling privileges of publishers without trying to meet the same journalistic obligations as they do.
Such claims sit awkwardly with the customary insistence of Facebook, Google and other tech platforms that, in Facebook’s careful formulation, they are not “the arbiter of the truth”. You could almost hear the legal cogs grinding inside Mark Zuckerberg’s head as Facebook’s founder testified on the subject to the US Senate in April, “I agree that we are responsible for the content, but we don’t produce the content.”
Technology titans are dancing around the question of whether, and to what extent, they are publishers because of a shift in public opinion. Taking limited responsibility for what appears on social networks or in search results no longer sounds like making a stand for liberty. They cannot ignore the “fake news, clickbait, spam and data misuse”, cited by Facebook itself in one ad promising to do better.
Traditionally technology companies have argued that they host information neutrally, but that defence is slipping. As laws such as the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) start to bite, acting as a publisher with broader freedom than others to handle and to disclose personal information starts to be attractive. Why not, lawyers whisper, combine the advantages of both?
There are tempting opportunities. Facebook’s argument in California that it was allowed to exercise editorial control by cutting off developers’ access to photos published on its network by users’ friends is clearly valid. Six4Three, the app developer that has sued Facebook, was using this path to identify women in bikinis and display them on its Pikinis app, which is not the noblest of legal crusades.
It sounds odd for Facebook to claim the right to behave like a publisher in this manner, while insisting elsewhere that it is not a media company. But the safe harbour laws for “interactive computer services”, as the 1996 Communications Decency Act refers to them, give it exactly this right. Blame that act and its European equivalent for allowing internet titans ambiguous status.
I even have a little sympathy for Google, although its attempt to assume the guise of publisher was a blatant try-on. It received 2.4m requests from Europeans to have embarrassing search results removed between 2014 and 2017. That law weighs heavier on search engines than on publishers of sensitive material, which provoked its gambit.
Technology groups are not the only ones parsing the laws on information disclosure and those on data privacy to find which one suits them best. The Bank of England this week rejected a Financial Times request under the Freedom of Information Act to identify people who paid to spend time with Mark Carney, BoE governor. It cited a need to protect personal data under the GDPR.
This sort of thing is inevitable when laws overlap and the same item of information can be defined differently. Is a photo snapped in a public place publishable as journalism or protected as a sensitive piece of personal data that identifies the subject’s ethnic origin and physical or mental condition? At a technical level, when everything is broken into bytes, there is no simple distinction.
European law balances the right to freedom of expression with the right to privacy (which is hard to distinguish from data protection). But the law is not supposed to be a pick and mix. Those who want to facilitate the former and override the latter, whether as individuals or companies, must do so carefully and in the public interest.
If you want to be a publisher, go ahead, but do not kid yourself that it is an easy job. That status limits data privacy restrictions but involves other burdens. Unlike Facebook and Google, publishers bear full responsibility for their output, including the risk of copyright infringement and libel suits.
Even a publisher’s legal rights and liabilities vary, depending on which business operation is involved — a newsroom or the advertising department, for example. But when asked if you are a technology or a media company, “it depends on the occasion and the court” is not a satisfactory reply.
“I don’t think we have to be the publisher,” Sheryl Sandberg, Facebook’s chief operating officer, said last year. No, but you should make up your mind.
Cludo Custom Site Search


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For the last couple of months, Pooja Hegde has been shuttling between Hyderabad and Mumbai. She has two projects in Telugu and two biggies in Bollywood on the sets. However, she took special permission from her Bollywood filmmakers to complete Radhe Shyam on a priority basis. She allotted her dates solely to this Prabhas drama all through December and January.
Now that her work for this film got completed, Pooja Hegde is now focussing on her Bollywood movies.
She has resumed shooting for Rohit Shetty’s ‘Cirkus’. The film features Ranveer Singh as the male lead. She will also have to complete her portion in ‘Kabhi Eid Kabhi Diwali’ with Salman Khan.
This year, Pooja Hegde will have three releases in Telugu – ‘Radhe Shyam’, ‘Most Eligible Bachelor’ and ‘Acharya’ (she is paired opposite Ram Charan in this film).


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With many leagues across Europe beginning this month, it would seem appropriate to look at the players set to stand out this season.
To do this, I have selected an English Abroad dream team. The best 18 players who begin their campaigns this month.
Goalkeeper: Matt Jones, 28 (Tondela) After three seasons with Belenenses in Portugal, the former West Brom youth player has joined fellow Primeira Liga side Tondela on loan. Tondela earned promotion from the country’s second tier last year so Matt Jones is set to be busy this year. However, he has two seasons of experience in the country’s premier division now which will be vital as he looks to earn safety with his new side.
Left back: Ashley Cole, 34 (AS Roma) England legend Ashley Cole found minutes difficult to come by last year, making just eleven league starts in his first season abroad. More chances on the pitch are possible this year though, as José Holebas, the man Cole was competing for left back with last year, has left the club to join Watford. The 34-year-old will be hoping to impose himself in Italy this season.
Centre back: Taylor Moore, 18 (RC Lens) Young defender Moore only made his first team debut in May, starting Lens’ last four games of the season. Unfortunately, the England youth international could not prevent his side suffering relegation to the second tier. As the saying goes though, every cloud does have a silver lining for Moore, who will now have more regular playing opportunities with his side in Ligue 2. He already has one clean sheet under his belt, after playing 90 minutes in Lens’ first game of the season last weekend.
Centre back: Charlie I’Anson, 22 (Elche) This season is set to be an interesting one for the former Grimsby defender. Last year was an unsettled one for I’Anson. After a promising start, making eight starts for second tier club Alcorcón on loan from Elche, he lost his place in the side and dropped down a division for more regular playing opportunities. The move came at the perfect time however, with I’Anson making twelve appearances as he helped Real Oviedo to the Segunda B title. The victory was a much needed confidence boost for the defender, known as Charlie in Spain, and he will now make a push to stake his claim back in Elche’s first team after their relegation from La Liga last season.
Right back: Todd Kane, 21 (NEC, on loan from Chelsea) After four domestic loan deals, Kane has followed the well-trodden route of many a Chelsea youth player and made the move to Holland – except the right back has not joined Vitesse. Instead, the former Nottingham Forest loanee has joined newly promoted side NEC Nijmegen for the upcoming season. The former England U19 international has spent the majority of the last three seasons on loan at Championship clubs and with first team chances limited at Stamford Bridge, the move to Holland will provide vital first team experience outside of the comfort zone of England and even Vitesse.
Left midfield: Andrew Driver, 27 (De Graafschap) After just one game back in Britain for Aberdeen, Andrew Driver is on the move abroad again, this time agreeing a deal with another of Eredivisie’s newly-promoted sides De Graafschap. Driver is no stranger to playing overseas, having spent two seasons as a regular at Houston Dynamo, although the move to Holland will provide a new culture. Driver will be looking for his first goal since May 2013 this season, having failed to score all last year.
Centre midfield: John Bostock, 23 (OH Leuven) After two seasons in Belgium’s second division, John Bostock is back playing top tier football again after the most successful season in his career helped OH Leuven to promotion. Big things are expected of the former Tottenham Hotspur wonder-kid this year, after scoring 11 goals in 26 games from midfield last season and it will be intriguing to see if he can make the step-up. Leuven have had a tricky start to the new season, losing their first two games – despite Bostock starting both.
Centre midfield: Chuks Aneke, 22 (Zulte Waregem) Partnering his Belgian Pro League colleague in the centre of the park, former Arsenal player Chuks Aneke had a mixed start to life abroad. 38 appearances in all competitions was an impressive return for a player who had previously never played top flight football. However from the point of view of his new club, the season was very disappointing as as Zulte Waregem dropped from 4th place to 12th in one season. The club will be looking for improvement this year and Aneke could be catalyst as he looks to add to the four goals he managed last season.
Right midfield: Izzy Brown, 18 (Vitesse, on loan from Chelsea) Another of the English contingent in Holland, Izzy Brown will be looking for regular first team football at Vitesse, having made just one league appearance for Chelsea since joining from West Brom in 2013. The England U19 international started both games as his new side were knocked out of the Europa League by Southampton recently and will hope to stay in the line-up going into the league campaign. Blessed with immense potential, José Mourinho said that he should be blamed if Brown were not to become a senior England international under his management.
Attacking midfield: Ravel Morrison, 22 (Lazio) The pinnacle of all mercurial talents, Ravel Morrison has a lot to prove this season. The move to Italy could be perfect for Ravel; away from the distractions of home where he can finally concentrate on rediscovering the form he displayed at West Ham that had everyone talking. However, cementing a place in the Lazio starting eleven will not be easy, despite firing a brace in a pre-season game for the Italian giants. 2015/16 is a massive season for one of the stars of England’s future.
Striker: Dominic Solanke, 17 (Vitesse, on loan from Chelsea) With over a month to go before his 18th birthday, Dominic Solanke is one of the most exciting prospects to emerge from England in the past decade. At the tender age of 17, the young forward has a chance to replicate his prolific goalscoring form in a top division after he joined Vitesse earlier this week. The striker fired an astonishing 12 goals in just 9 games last season for Chelsea U19s in the UEFA Youth League and he also has a total of 24 goals at various youth levels for England. Solanke is definitely one to watch this season.
Goalkeeper: Luke Steele, 30 (Panathinaikos) Experienced ‘keeper, a regular in Greece.
Left back: James Lawrence, 22 (Trenčín) Can also play in midfield, won league and cup double last year.
Left back: Jordan Mustoe, 24 (Westerlo) Former Wigan player will be looking to build on a solid first season in Belgium.
Centre back: Myles Anderson, 24 (L’Aquila) Has dropped down from Serie A for more playing opportunities.
Centre midfield: Lewis Baker, 20 (Vitesse, on loan from Chelsea) England U20 captain started both Europa League games against Southampton
Striker: Gary Noel, 25 (First Vienna) Has been prolific in Austria’s third tier.
Striker: Osayamen Osawe, 21 (Hallescher) Former Blackburn youngster had a good start to life in Germany last season with seven goals.


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Around New Year’s, I decided to shake up my exercise routine and join a community fitness center—to access a greater variety of classes, to use the fitness equipment, to break up my work day with a workout.
Good intentions. But, to be honest, I’ve been less than diligent about going. I’ve had plenty of excuses. It’s been way too cold out. I don’t like changing in and out of exercise clothes in the middle of the day. I’m too busy.
Then there have been a few mishaps as I’ve tried to find my place—like killing my knees in a Zumba class and getting short of breath in a “Senior” exercise class. The latter experience left me mortified (can’t they call it something else?), but it was a serious workout and I arrived late, didn’t warm up enough and started feeling faint during the aerobics portion of the class. I recovered, but not without scaring my instructor. Later in the day, I received a thoughtful follow-up email from the fitness center director to be sure I was okay and to suggest a few more options.
Really, the big issue is being careful that I don’t accelerate into strenuous aerobics too quickly, which seems to trigger what my physicians suspect is stress-induced pulmonary hypertension. But it spooked me, and I wasn’t sure what to do.
Then I discovered Barre Exercise. I’ve always loved dance, and over the past ten years, I’ve taken jazz, modern and Middle Eastern belly dancing. As my feet have become more sensitive, I’ve had to cut back. It’s very hard to keep my balance on the balls of my feet as the fat pads have significantly thinned out due to scleroderma.
But this class uses a ballet barre. So I have something to grab onto.
It’s been many years since I took a basic ballet class, and I am no Pavlova. But I had forgotten how much I enjoy the form and grace of ballet movements. All the Pilates classes have paid off. I know how to align myself and engage my core. And I still remember the fundamentals—foot placement, arms, the essentials of a plié, tendu, dégagé, coupé, attitude, battement. I can’t quite hold my balance in an arabesque, but I can approximate the position.
The workout is quite intense—deceptively so, because each movement is limited and controlled. But I work up a sweat, and the cold room no longer feels cold after about 15 minutes. The pacing works, so I can keep up with the aerobics without getting short of breath. And there is plenty of stretching at the end.
Most of all, I actually feel graceful. This is the best part. My range of motion has been so constricted over the years by this disease that the fact that I can actually make a beautiful shape with my body is astonishing and wonderful. I leave the class feeling refreshed and a little more confident each week.
I still need to figure out a way to get myself to the center more often. I know I should probably do the treadmill or stationary bike to build up my aerobic endurance, even though the prospect is boring as all get-out. I’d like to find another class that I enjoy. But at least I’ve been able to tap my inner dancer, once again. Whatever my physical limitations, this is what I always return to.
Evelyn Herwitz blogs weekly about living fully with chronic disease, the inside of baseballs, turtles and frogs, J.S. Bach, the meaning of life and whatever else she happens to be thinking about at livingwithscleroderma.com.

domain: health


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Since she made her acting debut in the 2004 telenovela “Rebelde,” Maite Perroni has been busy pursuing her acting dreams. She has appeared in several TV shows and was named the “New Queen of Telenovelas” by Univision in 2009. Her role as the protagonist of the musical “Adicta” won her the Premios TVyNovelas Award for Best Actress in 2016. Since then, she has been working in various projects, including her own fashion line, Coleccion Maite Perroni. In addition, Perroni has appeared in several television commercials and has also been a spokesperson for NYX Cosmetics.
Despite her burgeoning career in the arts, Maite Perroni maintains a modest net worth. Her total assets are estimated to be in the range of $6 million. She is currently unmarried and lives in Los Angeles, California, USA. She also has a large number of business ventures, including a fashion line and several restaurants.
While her acting career has been her primary source of income, she also has a music career. She has released numerous musical albums and singles. She also tours and performs with other musicians. She also earns a significant amount of money from brand sponsorships and sponsored posts on social media. The actress appeared in advertisements for Barbie, Pepsi, Pantene, and Proactiv.
While the actress has never been married, she has dated many people. Her relationship with Andres Tovar, a Chilean music producer, came to light in an Instagram post. During the period from 2013 to 2020, she was also romantically involved with Koko Stambuk.
Maite Perroni’s net worth has increased significantly over the years. Her solo career has risen to prominence. She has released her first solo album, Eclipse de Luna. Its music video premiered on Univision during the Premios Juventud, attracting 13 million viewers. The album went on to reach the number two spot on the Latin Pop Charts in the United States. Maite Perroni’s personal life is complicated. She was previously in a relationship with RBD’s musical director Guido Laris from 2005 to 2008, but the relationship was ended due to personal reasons.
The net worth of Maite Perroni is estimated to be about $6 million as of 2022. Her earnings have come from her acting career and her work in the entertainment and music industry. While she earns most of her money as a singer, she also has a successful clothing line. She has also worked on several movies and TV shows.
Her popularity in the television industry has contributed to her net worth. She has appeared in many new videos and photos. This has given her a wealth of fans in many countries, including the United States, Mexico, and Spain. Despite her numerous accomplishments, she has yet to get married. In addition to her acting career, she has also been involved in several other endeavors, including plastic surgery.
Her acting career began with a series on Televisa called “Rebelde.” The character was a lower class girl who was enrolled in a high-achieving Elite Way School. After her debut in the show, she appeared in a number of TV commercials and music videos. She also joined the band RBD, which has released nine studio albums, which have sold over 15 million copies worldwide.
Read more quality stuff on Info redar.

domain: entertainment


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Bloomington, IN, 11:46 a.m.
Twenty-five minutes until kickoff here at Memorial Stadium. MSU receiver Matt Trannon is in uniform and has been warming up after missing the past two games with an ankle injury. He looks pretty good running and cutting, perhaps a bit ginger but it looks like he'll be able to play some. Freshman T.J. Williams is still listed as the starter in front of him.
The depth chart also lists Pete Clifford as the starter at left guard, but Kenny Shane was repping with the starters in pre-game warmups. Rocco Cironi gets his second start at left tackle. If Cironi falters, Clifford will be ready to spell him as he did for a couple series last week at Northwestern. And Clifford will probably rotate with Shane at guard. But I'm not surprised to see Shane with the ones right now. If he's healthy, I think he's definitely one of MSU's top five linemen.
The crowd looks typically sparse, but Indy Star IU beat writer Terry Hutchens just told me they might hit 50,000 today -- with 40,000 sold as of Friday and a walk-up crowd of 6,000-10,000 anticipated. It's a perfect, cloudless afternoon. A great day for college football. I think we're about to see a pretty exciting , competitive game with a lot more offense than defense.