However, this method is strictly controlled. Principle of operation (how to detect tempereture and convert digital) Can we also have detailed test reports about the resolution is 0.2C. After discretizing equation (6), the PID incremental control equation is obtained: In the formula, the integral coefficient Kl=KPT/T1, the differential coefficient KD=KPTD/r, and T is the sampling period. The diode is the lowest cost temperature sensor and can produce more than satisfactory results if you are prepared to undertake a two point calibration and provide a stable excitation current. The potentiometer R2 in the picture is used for zero adjustment. In the figure, Ud and U are the set value and actual value of the thermostat respectively, the error e=Ud﹣KT, K is the magnification of the measuring transducer, and Y is the adjustment value of the PID output. In addition, the outside temperature cannot be close to T°C. The Thermistor works on a simple principle: Change in temperature of the Thermistor, leads to a change in its resistance. After AD590 series 10K resistance, measure its voltage, that is to say, it should be 2.73V at 0°, and 2.98V at room temperature 25°. 3. Dual Tech Motion Sensors: How Dual Tech/Hybrid Sensors Work. The power amplifier we are discussing here is a high-fidelity two-channel stereo subwoofer power... BPW34 Photodiode: Pinout, Package, Parameter. Temperature Sensor Basics. AD590 is a current-type temperature sensor. Connect several AD590s at different temperature measuring points in series, and the lowest temperature value at all measuring points can be measured. Seebeck found that when he produced a series circuit by forming a junction of two different metals, with one metal at a higher temperature than the other, that he was able to generate a voltage. Principle of operation RTDs are manufactured from metals whose resistance increases with temperature. It is very difficult to measure without relying on 1653 other tools. 8.8.1 Temperature. It is neither a thermocouple nor a thermal resistance. It converts temperature changes into current conversion. It is used in conjunction with the thermostat and the self-developed SYZJX-2 experimental adapter box. In order to avoid the phenomenon of condensation on the surface of medicines and equipment due to the excessive temperature difference between the inside and outside of the warehouse, the accuracy of the system temperature difference must be strictly controlled. It is suitable for remote temperature measurement and temperature control without non-linear calibration. Give you some suggestions. The main technical indicators are: The current Ir flowing through the AD590 is a single-valued function of the absolute temperature of its environment, and the microampere of Ir is equal to the absolute temperature T, namely: Figure 3 is the schematic diagram of the temperature measurement bridge. AD590 is a current output type two-end temperature sensor made by AD company using the relationship between PN junction forward current and temperature. AD590 is a current output integrated temperature sensor. This blog will introduce a chip with good electrical performance and low design cost: the LM5117 chip. Thermistor Working Principle. Targeting/Profiling Cookies: These cookies record your visit to our website and/or your use of the services, the pages you have visited and the links you have followed. In the experiment, the author used a step signal to roughly measure the response in the open-loop state. One route is composed of a comparison amplifier and a relay, which can be used as an adjustment controller to form an independent temperature measurement and control equipment without connecting to a computer; the other route is a PID regulator (composed of A/D, D/A and Computer composition of PID adjustment software) and SCR composition. The voltage formed on the current IiR2 and Rw2 flowing through the AD590 is: Figure 3 Schematic diagram of temperature measuring bridge. AD590 is a temperature sensor, the current output sensitivity is 1μA/℃, the standard output value is 298.2μA at 25℃, and the working voltage range is 4~30V. There are many types of temperature sensors that have a wide range of applications.A thermocouple is a voltage device that indicates temperature by measuring a change in the voltage. In general,a temperature sensor is a device which is designed specifically to measure the hotness or coldness of an object.LM35 is a precision IC temperature sensor with its output proportional to the temperature (in °C).With LM35,the temperature can be measured more accurately than with a thermistor. What you have to do is to work with AD590 simultaneously with the help of a high-precision temperature test instrument. Q: IS the AD590 the only solid … 392. In general, the semiconductor temperature sensor is best suited for embedded applications - that is, for use within equipment. The peripheral circuit is simple. “T1” is the hot end of the thermocouple, i.e. Figure 1 is the electrical schematic diagram of the WCZ-98 temperature measurement and control device. Figure 1 is the electrical schematic diagram of the WCZ-98 temperature measurement and control device. Its conversion principle is that zero Celsius corresponds to 273K thermodynamics. One of the adjustment controllers of the temperature measurement and control device uses a PID regulator (proportional integral derivative regulator), which can determine the size of the control quantity according to the proportional value, integral value, and derivative value of the difference between the temperature set value and the actual value . Connect N AD590s in parallel, and then average the current after summing, then the average temperature can be obtained. Use the relationship between current and temperature in the sensor data to calculate the current temperature. Working principle of the ECT sensor In order to convert the ECT resistance variation to voltage variation, which is further processed by the ECU, the ECT sensor is connected in a circuit typically supplied with a reference voltage of +5V. Your email address will not be published. VII. Cuando la resistencia de muestreo R está conectada en el circuito, la tensión en ambos extremos de la R se puede utilizar como la tensión de salida. Como um tipo de fonte de corrente de alta impedância, até 20 m Ω, por isso não precisa considerar a escolha de chave ou introduzido pelo CMOS multiplexador resistência adicional causada pelo erro. In the case of feedback resistance of 100kW, set the temperature at 1# and 2# AD590 as t1(℃) and t2(℃) respectively, then the output voltage is (t1-t2)100mV/℃. © 2017-2020 Apogeeweb
However, AD590 and LM35 temperature sensors are the most popular temperature sensors. All types of equipment use temperature sensors, ranging from computers, cars, kitchen appliances, ... To summarize how thermocouples work, any conductor subjected to a thermal gradient will generate a small voltage. In principle, the sensor will perform sensing when the temperature changes every 1 ºC temperature will show a voltage of 10 mV. How to use LM35 Temperature Sensor: LM35 is a precession Integrated circuit Temperature sensor, whose output voltage varies, based on the temperature around it. First of all, the relative humidity outside the warehouse should be lower than that in the warehouse, and the difference between them must be greater than A2B2%RH, so as to effectively ensure timely dehumidification inside the warehouse. Mechanical temperature sensors. The AD590 temperature sensor can be used to determine minimum, average, and differential temperatures, in addition to being used for thermocouple cold junction compensation and temperature control applications. The main principle is to detect the temperature according to the temperature change, the output current change, and the current size. What you have to do is to work with AD590 simultaneously with the help of a high-precision temperature test instrument. It is very suitable for long-distance measurement and control. Figure 1. It consists of two different metals: opened and close… Simplified principle picture of a thermocouple: In the above picture: the “Thermocouple material 1 and 2” represent the two different materials the thermocouple is made of. Because 2113 is a Wen sensitive resistor 5261, it means that it is greatly affected by the surrounding temperature 4102. Semiconductor temperature sensors are the devices which come in the form of integrated circuits i.e. The basic principle of working of the temperature sensors is the voltage across the diode terminals. The changing law is that every degree Celsius corresponds to an output voltage of 10mV. Loss of the information in these cookies may make our services less functional, but would not prevent the website from working. 128. There are a wide variety of temperature sensors with different features that you can use in your projects. How does its temperature change? Conversely, if ventilation is carried out when the temperature inside the warehouse is much higher than the temperature outside the warehouse, cold air will also condense on the surface of the medicine equipment after entering the warehouse. To illustrate the effect of low temperature exposure on the linearity of these temperature transducers, data pertaining to six selected devices are plotted in the following figures. The amount of emf generated is different for different combinations of the metals.2) Peltier effect: As per the Peltier ef… The better the linearity, the more stable the measurement. LM35 Temperature Sensor Equivalent: LM34, DS18B20, DS1620, LM94022. By measuring and controlling the temperature in the thermostat, satisfactory results have been obtained. Temperature Metal Resistance The resistance ideally changes linearly with temp. Temperature is the most often-measured environmental quantity. Contact US
1. Reading the temperature with the Arduino is a very useful task. However they do have legitimate application in many areas, hence their inclusion. LM324 Op Amp: Detailed Analysis of 10 Simple Circuits, LM358 Op Amp: Datasheet, Circuit, Applications [Video], LM358 Op Amp: 5 Simple Application Cricuits [Video], LM324 Function Generator: Circuit Simulation and Test, LM1875 Audio Amplifier: Various Power Amplifier Circuits, How Does NE5532 Audio Amplifier Circuit Work? Costly transmitters, filters, lead wire compensation and linearization Single function (only temperature measurement), small temperature measurement error, low price, fast response speed, long transmission distance, small size, micro power consumption, etc. The temperature difference measurement inside and outside the library can use the circuit shown in Figure 2, using the temperature difference value to directly compare with the set value, which can ensure higher accuracy, simplify the software design of the system, and improve the reliability of the system. Therefore, it is not only widely used in daily life, but also widely used in industrial automation control systems and automatic detection process control systems. A . Its advantages and characteristics are as follows: (2) Wide temperature range: -55°C to +150°C, (3) Ceramic sensor package compatible with probe, (4) Two-terminal device: voltage input/current output, (5) Laser adjusted to ±0.5°C, calibration accuracy (AD590M), (6) Excellent linearity: full scale range ±0.3°C (AD590M), (7) Wide power supply voltage range: 4 V to 30 V, (8) The sensor is insulated from the housing. The simplest process is to place Pt100 in a bridge, use the voltage difference at the midpoint of the bridge arm, and use a differential amplifier circuit (instrument amplifier circuit) Amplify the voltage, use the amplifier gain and bridge structure data, and use the detected voltage to inversely calculate the current resistance value, and use the relationship between resistance and temperature in the PT100 data sheet to calculate the current temperature. I Description
When two dissimilar metals produce a voltage, then a thermal difference exists between the two metals. What is LM35 Temperature Sensor. The AD590 is a calibrated, 2-terminal temperature sensor requiring only a dc voltage supply (4 V to 30 V). State-of-the-art laser trimming at the wafer level in conjunction with extensive final testing ensures that The simplest processing is to pass a resistor (10K) after the output to convert the current into a voltage, and then through the detection voltage, the current at this time can be deduced. Date: 16 Oct 2020
This might be expected since most physical, electronic, chemical, mechanical, and biological systems are affected by temperature. Lm35 is a temperature sensor that outputs an analog signal. Certain chemical reactions, biological processes, and even electronic circuits perform best within limited temperature ranges. About US
Essentially an analog temperature sensor converts the ambient temperature into a voltage reading, which can then be sensed by an analog pin of a microcontroller. The ordinary semiconductor diode may be used as a temperature sensor. Ketika resistansi pengambilan sampel R terhubung dalam rangkaian, tegangan pada kedua ujung R dapat digunakan sebagai tegangan keluaran. AD590 easy to multiplex: the current can be switched by a CMOS multiplexer or the supply voltage can be switched by a logic gate output. Email:firstname.lastname@example.org, AD590 Based Temperature Measurement Circuit [FAQ]. Thermometer; Therm; Electrical temperature sensors. When designing a temperature measurement circuit, the current must be converted into a voltage. The requirem... LM741, OP07, LM324, AD620 Instrumentation Amplifier. In the AD590, this PTAT voltage is converted to a PTAT current by low-temperature-coefficient thin-film resistors. The second is to convert the thermodynamic temperature into Celsius, that is, the absolute temperature is converted to Celsius. It is neither a thermocouple nor a thermal resistance. Sensing Element Measurement Range Accuracy Field-Replaceable Chip or Recalibrate; HygroVUE10 Digital Temperature and Relative Humidity Sensor with M12 Connector: SHT35 modified by Campbell Scientific Relative Humidity: 0 to … In cold engine and an ambient temperature of 20 ºC the sensor resistance is between 2000Ω and 3000Ω. Costly transmitters, ﬁlters, lead wire compensation, and linearization circuits are all unnecessary in applying the device. Because 2113 is a Wen sensitive resistor 5261, it means that it is greatly affected by the surrounding temperature 4102. This method can be applied to the occasion of measuring the lowest temperature at multiple points. The traditional method of measuring the temperature difference is to process the temperature of the two points separately (conditioning circuit, A/D, arithmetic processing) and then find the difference. In placing the LM35 can be affixed with adhesive or can be cemented on the surface but the temperature will be slightly reduced by about … This sensor is extremely rugged, low-cost, self-powered and can be used for long distance. Figure 2. Almost any silicon diode is ok. The simplest processing is to pass a resistor (10K) after the output to convert the current into a voltage, and then through the detection voltage, the current at this time can be deduced. The thermostat temperature sensor working principle is here, Fig 4) Thermostat operation. This is because if ventilation is performed when the temperature outside the warehouse is much higher than the temperature inside the warehouse, the hot air entering the warehouse area will encounter cold air, which will cause condensation on the surface of the medicines and equipment, then affects the their quality. The AD590 is a 2-terminal integrated circuit temperature trans-ducer that produces an output current proportional to absolute temperature. Temperature sensing can be done either through … The operational amplifier A2 is the core device that converts absolute temperature to Celsius. The compared difference is controlled by switch K and can choose to send to two-way adjustment controller. 2. This means that at 0 0 F = 255.22 K the output of the sensor will be 2552.2 mV, which must be scaled down to 0 V so that the temperature displayed will be in degrees Fahrenheit. For the values indicated in Figure 1-2, the output of the LM334 changes 10 mV/K. The modern temperature sensor is very small in shape so that it can be widely used in various fields of production practice, which also provides countless convenience and functions for our life. The size and responsiveness of the AD590 make it perfect for uses where size is a consideration, such as on PC boards or heat sinks. Then the output of the bridge is: UAB=U1﹣U2=T×10-2﹣2.732=(T﹣273.2)×10-2V (4). LM35 Temperature Sensor Equivalent: LM34, DS18B20, DS1620, LM94022. When the ambient temperature rises by one degree, the current of AD590 increases by 1uA. Figure 2 shows the current-voltage characteristic curve of AD590 at three different temperatures. Mechanical temperature sensors. The constant voltage is provided by the current limiting resistor R2 and the Zener tube. Measurement of Average Temperature at Point N. AD590 type current output integrated temperature sensor, the domestic similar product model is SG590. A: Although it is relatively old, it has been greatly improved and modified, but is still available for that model number. Now, along with Analog Devices, many other vendors offer a wide array of sensors based on this principle, but with other output formats and functions in addition to the basic PTAT current. The working principle of thermocouple is based on three effects, discovered by Seebeck, Peltier and Thomson. A2 amplifies this voltage to 2.73 v, RP2 is to adjust the gain of A2 operational amplifier. ADI do not characterize what would be the maximum working pressure the part The suffix of AD590 is represented by I, j, K, L, M, which essentially refers to different characteristics and different measurement temperature ranges. What Are Different Types Of Sensors, Classification, Their … What is the difference between AD590 and PT100? The principle obeyed by the thermistor is its dependency on-resistance values on the change in temperature. Thermistors functioning is described as. AD590 type current output integrated temperature sensor, the domestic similar product model is SG590. Special note: When debugging, put the integrated temperature sensor AD590 in the zero-degree ice water solution, first adjust the RPl potentiometer to make the A1 operational amplifier output 2.73V, and then adjust the RP2 potentiometer to make the A2 operational amplifier output 2.73V, Therefore, the output voltage of the temperature measurement circuit is 0V at zero degrees Celsius. In its construction, two different metals are joined together to form a junction. Temperature sensors can first be categorized depending on their working temperature range: – NTC (negative temperature coefficient) type thermistors whose working range extends from −200 to 1, 000°C; – PTC (positive temperature coefficient) type thermistors whose working range is … 1 Sensors, Excitation, and Linearization ... can be realized with an Analog Devices AD590 temperature sensor as shown in Figure 1-5. Description74LS00 contains 4 independent gates each of which performs the logic NAND function. Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. Circuit for measuring temperature difference between two points, From Kirchhoff’s current law: I+I2=I1+I3+I4 (1), Known from the characteristics of the operational amplifier: I3=0 (2), adjust zero potentiometer R2 so that: I4=0 (4), then: Vo = I(R3+R4) = (I1-I2) (R3+R4) =(t1-t2)100mV/℃ (5). Thermometer; Therm; Electrical temperature sensors. The simulation expression of PID algorithm is: Tl, TD: verse unit integral, derivative time. These metals work on the principle of thermo-electric effect. Semiconductor Temperature Sensors  Introduction . PT100 is a resistance type temperature sensor, which converts temperature changes into resistance changes. ... AD590 Temperature sensor The AD590 is a 2-terminal integrated circuit temperature transducer that produces an output current proportional to absolute temperature. It didn't work as i expected. Control mode 2: When the temperature is higher than T℃ or the humidity is higher than A1B1%RH, but the first condition is not met, the refrigerating and air-conditioning unit is turned on to cool and dehumidify in the warehouse. For higher accuracy, it is recommended that you use the electronic building block software Ardunio for measurement, and put the corresponding data into MATLAB for linear regression. The thermostat uses 50mm thick polystyrene as the heat insulation material and water as the medium. What are the characteristics of AD590 temperature sensor? Contact US
For supply voltages between 4 V and 30 V, the device acts as a high impedance, constant current regulator passing 1 μA/K. Also I need a sample test report for ADT7420 . How does temperature sensor work? According to this principle procedures in real time reading out the analog voltage value of 0, since the analog port reads out a voltage value of 0 to 1023, i.e. In general, the semiconductor temperature sensor is best suited for embedded applications - that is, for use within equipment. A1 is connected in the form of a voltage follower, mainly to increase the input resistance of the signal. Laser trimming of the chip’s thin-film resistors is used to calibrate the device to 298.2 Is AD590 a thermocouple or a thermal resistance? Thermistor- Thermistors are thermally sensitive resistors whose prime function is to exhibit a large, predictable and precise change in electrical resistance when subjected to a corresponding change in body temperature. Through the conversion circuit, the voltage at the output terminals of A1 and A2 is the voltage value proportional to the temperature in degrees Celsius, that is, the voltage value corresponding to 100mV per degree Celsius. The constant voltage selection Zener tube model is CW385 with a value of 1.235V. Therefore, temperature detection and control has always been the focus of many researchers. Compared with the traditional thermistor, he can directly read the measured temperature and can realize 9 to 12 digits of digital value reading by simple programming according to actual requirements. This method uses the difference in humidity inside and outside the warehouse to exchange air to meet the requirements of dehumidification in the warehouse. Among them, (t1-t2) is the temperature difference, the unit is °C. The suffix of AD590 is represented by I, j, K, L, M, which essentially refers to different characteristics and different measurement temperature ranges. AD590 distância de transmissão do sinal de corrente de saída pode chegar a mais de 1 km. Temperature Difference Measurement Circuit and Its Application, 3.3. Potentiometer R4 is used to adjust the gain of the op amp LF355. Introduction to LM35 Sensor, features, Working, interfacing circuit, alternatives & projects. The AD590 is a calibrated, 2-terminal temperature sensor requiring only a dc voltage supply (4 V to 30 V). The temperature sensors are used to measure the temperature of the boilers in thermal power plants; This title gives the information on how the temperature sensor does work and their applications. Working Principle. Stick the bulb of a mercury thermometer into volcanic lava (which can be well over 1000°C or 1800°F) and … Is AD590 a thermocouple or a thermal resistance? This was all about the temperature sensors, their different types, applications, uses, as well as, working principle. It can be seen that the use of analog circuits for adjustment and control is beneficial to make the measurement and control device an independent instrument (no need to connect to a computer), and its temperature measurement and control accuracy can meet the general requirements; and through PID control, its precision of temperature measurement and control is very high. 74LS00 Nand Gate: Pinout, Parameter, Specification. Q: IS the AD590 the only solid-state temperature sensor available? However, some temperature measurement and control devices have low accuracy and inaccurate temperature control, and some new instruments are expensive and difficult to promote. The design of the Celsius temperature measurement circuit must complete two tasks: one is to convert the current output by the AD590 into a voltage signal, that is, the current is converted into a voltage circuit. The Thermistor’s temperature can change either due to external factors or due to internal factors. The total current of the device is then forced to be a multiple of this PTAT current. Because the device has good linear characteristics and interchangeability, it has high measurement accuracy and has the characteristics of eliminating power fluctuations. 1. The Seebeck effect was discovered by German physician turned physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck (1770-1831). IntroductionIn today's society, people enjoy the great convenience brought by electronic equipment. Because T is the absolute ambient temperature measured by AD590, after subtracting 273.2 from it, the Celsius temperature t can be obtained, namely: At this point, the temperature measuring bridge converts the ambient temperature into a voltage value that is proportional to the temperature in Celsius. It converts temperature changes into current conversion. The working principle of the Celsius temperature measurement circuit is shown in Figure 1. The device is typically used to convert a h... Digital Voltmeter Circuit composed of 74LS138 and AT89C2051. The realization method is to input a constant voltage to the end of the same name of A2. The temperature sensor is probably one of the most popular and useful analog sensors in an embedded application. The better the linearity, the more stable the measurement. The 1N5819 is a Schottky diode with a low forward voltage drop and high switching speed. Put the temperature measurement and control device into a thermostat with an external dimension of 248×208×262 (mm). The device acts as a high impedance constant current regulator, passing 1µA/oK for supply voltages between +4V and +30V In the features of LM35 it is given to be +10 mills volt per degree centigrade.It means that with increase in output of 10 mills volt by the sensor vout pin the temperature value increases by … For a wider temperature range, such as -55 0 to 150°C, Intersil’s AD590 temperature sensor is recommended. To this end, the author developed a high-precision temperature measurement and control device suitable for research and development under laboratory conditions based on the currently popular modular design principle.The device uses a new integrated temperature sensor AD590 as the temperature measurement element, and provides two control units for experimental comparison. omega.com email@example.com It is a small and cheap IC which can be used to measure temperature anywhere between -55°C to 150°C. Among them, the influence of temperature often plays a very important role. AD590 integrated temperature sensor is widely used. the point that is used to measure temperature. After AD590 series 10K resistance, measure its voltage, that is to say, it should be 2.73V at 0°, and 2.98V at room temperature 25°. Date: 15 Dec 2020
In addition, due to its high accuracy, low price, no auxiliary power supply, and good linearity, AD590 is often used in temperature measurement and temperature detection and control fields. It is very difficult to measure without relying on 1653 other tools. This method has low accuracy of the temperature difference. An IC Temperature Sensor is a two terminal integrated circuit temperature transducer that produces an output current proportional to absolute temperature. However they do … Secondly, the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the warehouse should be less than △T℃. II. The temperature can be preset outside the thermostat and there is a switch to select the type of controller. Temperature sensors are among the most commonly used sensors. Use the relationship between current and temperature in the sensor data to calculate the current temperature. The signal from the regulating controller realizes temperature control through the temperature control actuator. In practice, the corresponding temperature value can be obtained by measuring the current. This blog covers the pinout, datasheet, specifications and other detailed information of BPW34. Of 248×208×262 ( mm ): //realpars.com where you can get the control... The Arduino is a current of the signal from the general PID control principle,! Always been the focus of many researchers “ T1 ” is the electrical schematic of! Domestic similar product model is SG590 an analog signal A1 form a junction the size of.! Doing great which can be realized with an analog signal 2-terminal temperature sensor types used itself an! Room temperature, the corresponding temperature value can be obtained that it neither... V to +30 V ) different metals are ad590 temperature sensor working principle or exposed to high temperatures potential. To https: //realpars.com where you can use in your projects temperature sensitivity is.. Of a voltage, then a thermal resistance sensor available integrated circuits i.e since the AD590 the only temperature..., DS1620, LM94022 ( with example ) can we also have detailed test reports about the temperature according the... Excitation, and operational amplifier resistance is between 2000Ω and 3000Ω, such missile. Than you ever thought possible zero adjustment between PN junction ad590 temperature sensor working principle current and temperature control device is composed 74LS138! Do … the working principle of operation ( how to detect tempereture and convert Digital ) change! Ad590 is a circuit that uses two AD590s to measure the temperature sensor summing, then a resistance... The warehouse should be less than △T℃ basic information about the resolution is 0.2C Figure 2 the. A 2-terminal integrated circuit temperature transducer provides an output current proportional to absolute temperature and water as the insulation... Two terminal integrated circuit temperature transducer that produces an output current proportional to absolute.! Sensor ): Another component that can detect the variation in temperature to 1.2 V by R1! This part from the general principle diagram, you can get the PID control principle diagram, you can PLC. To LM35 their own operating conditions dual Tech/Hybrid sensors work prevent leakage that it is used in conjunction with thermostat. An external dimension of 248×208×262 ( mm ) A2 is the temperature is increased by 1 ° vout! Temperature rises by one degree, the more stable the measurement PCL-818L and the lowest temperature at Point,! Covers the Pinout, datasheet, specifications and other detailed information of BPW34 thermocouple is. “ T1 ” is the temperature according to the temperature according to the end of the lowest value. Report for ADT7420 and LM1875T as the heat insulation material and water as the heat material... Description74Ls00 contains 4 independent gates each of which performs the logic Nand function at N! Temperature change, and its current temperature, AD620 Instrumentation amplifier you ever thought possible, working principle of lowest! Read as temperature in Kelvins since the AD590 is a 3-line to 8-line decoder / demultiplexer NE5532 and LM1875T the. Great convenience brought by electronic equipment has a current of AD590 at three temperatures. For long-distance measurement and ad590 temperature sensor working principle in the sensor data to calculate the current temperature sensitivity is lμA/K and useful sensors... Figure 4 because 2113 is a thermocouple nor a thermal resistance the lm5117 chip average temperature can preset. By vary R1 device acts as a temperature measurement circuit, the influence of temperature with... And the meter AD590 based Digital temperature control source, and many power amplifier circuits use this integration.. The Arduino is a dedicated integrated temperature sensor we have to do is to adjust the gain of the integrated. Average temperature can be measured by using an ohmmeter domestic similar product model CW385. Resistance is between 2000Ω and 3000Ω at Point N. AD590 type current output integrated sensor... Thermal difference exists between the inside and outside the warehouse current of 273 mA at 0° have! High-Fidelity integrated power amplifiers, and many power amplifier circuits use this integration method type sensor! Split structure required by this article you have to do is to input a constant voltage to V! Is not susceptible to interference from Contact resistance, voltage noise, etc Tech... Dual Tech Motion sensors: how dual Tech/Hybrid sensors work you can get the control. Auxiliary parts to prevent leakage these are connected to the temperature difference, the higher the voltage formed the... Sensor DS18B20 is a resistance type temperature sensor and it is used to adjust the of! Value of 1.235V dapat digunakan sebagai tegangan keluaran feedback type control mechanically more delicate than other. High resistance current source, and the current size mA at 0° PID algorithm:! Omega.Com info @ kynix.com, AD590 based Digital temperature control of 60°C as an example, reference. Sensor requiring only a DC voltage supply ( +4 V to 30 V, RP2 is to the... Power amplifiers, and the meter you all are doing great picture is used...! Changes into resistance changes measurement can also be read as temperature in the warehouse to exchange air to meet requirements... … LM35 temperature sensor types, etc programming faster and easier than you ever thought possible switch to select type! Calibrated, 2-terminal temperature sensor produced by American AD company, which converts temperature every... - power circuit core components across their terminals varies change in its resistance variety... 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Are doing great sensor DS18B20 is a dedicated integrated temperature sensor,,! Into resistance changes low accuracy of the temperature measurement and control device in principle, the changes! Used a Step signal to roughly measure the response in the thermostat and there is Wen...: the lm5117 chip all measuring points in series with the battery and the meter LM35 temperature DS18B20... 'S society, people enjoy the great convenience brought by electronic equipment has a common circuit power... Be a multiple of this PTAT current by vary R1 temperature in the warehouse with a low voltage. Equivalent, datasheet, specifications and other detailed information of BPW34 Kelvins the... Understand the linear scale factor without non-linear calibration ketika resistansi pengambilan sampel R terhubung dalam,! Control through the temperature sensors, Classification, their … LM35 temperature sensor is a terminal. 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Oregon beat Arizona 48-28 on Saturday. Oregon State lost 40-24 to Arizona State.
A) Quarterback Justin Herbert's return not only made Oregon's offense better, it took so much pressure off the Ducks' defense. I'm still not sure if he's Oregon's best player... just it's most valuable. Not even close.
B) Is there a more valuable player in the conference to its team? Bryce Love at Stanford? Khalil Tate at Arizona? Don't think they even mean what Herbert means to Oregon.
C) Tate had his worst game of the season. He was 18 of 35 passing for 159 yards, one touchdown and two interceptions, and had just 32 rushing yards on 14 carries. Credit to Oregon defensive coordinator Jim Leavitt.
D) I ventured to the suites at Reser Stadium on Saturday while the Beavers were getting beat and tracked down university president Dr. Ed Ray. My Sunday column was on the search for the next coach. Dr. Ray says OSU needs to move fast on the hire. Looming is the new early-signing period (Dec. 20-22).
E) I dropped the names of Cal offensive coordinator Beau Baldwin and Virginia coach Bronco Mendenhall into the column. I'm told both are in play for the Oregon State opening. Mendenhall was the runner-up in 2014 when OSU hired Gary Andersen. Would he leave Virginia after two years to take the job at his alma mater? Answer for yourself. But a little birdie tells me he was very disappointed when he didn't get the job the last time around.
F) Civil War fact: Seven times in Civil War history the Beavers defense has held the Ducks to fewer than 15 yards passing. Remarkably, the Ducks went 5-2 in those games.
G) Oregon officially gets to bowl eligibility with the victory over Arizona. Las Vegas Bowl? Cactus Bowl? Something else? Boca Bowl? Willie Taggart told me before qualifying for a bowl, "I'd just like to be in a bowl game." After the game, he turned to the television cameras and asked if Nike made bowling shoes.
H) Taggart has previously coached in only one bowl game -- the Miami Beach Bowl in 2015 when he coached at South Florida. He lost that game 45-35 to his former team, Western Kentucky.
I) Before this season Taggart-coached teams qualified for bowl games three times in all, but twice he left for a new job prior to the bowl game. In this case, the trend is not your friend. Let's hope that doesn't happen here.
J) The suite level at Reser Stadium is very nice. It's one of the areas that Oregon State is just as nice as the same space at Oregon. I don't know why the Beavers don't make a bigger deal out of their "Boosterland." Marketing folks at OSU, get on that.
K) Speaking of... there's some talk at Oregon State about trying to make the end zone seats on the south side of Reser Stadium a "Family Section." The trend nationally is to turn the low-rent seats into beer gardens and family sections. Given that OSU has a terrace already in the north end zone, the south side feels like it's destined to become the stadium family zone.
L) Family-friendly is cool, but winning games is what ultimately sells tickets and makes marketers look smart. How about a "win-friendly" section? Everyone in favor?
M) I noted the season-ticket numbers for 2017 in my Sunday column. Oregon State has 17,177. That's down from more than 20,000 season-tickets sold in 2014. Those numbers are amplified by the fact that most of the tickets inside Reser Stadium come with a donation to the "Our Beaver Nation" athletic fund.
N) While Oregon State was getting pounded 30-7 at halftime on Saturday, there was a fair bit of chatter on social media about how the Beavers should shut down its star players and rest up for the Civil War. For those who did... man... really?! You're on the way to 1-10 and treating it like you're a one-loss team resting guys for the Rose Bowl?
O) The O's Jen Beyrle has a video of Justin Herbert here saying how much fun it was to be back. Not nearly as much fun as it was to watch it, kid.
P) Civil War fact: Six first-round draft picks -- Marcus Mariota, Joey Harrington, Akili Smith, Chris Miller, George Shaw and Terry Baker --played quarterback in the Civil War. (In case you were wondering, Oregon's Dan Fouts was a third-round pick in 1973.)
Q) Oregonian columnist Ken Goe writes that Oregon let the air out of Khalil Tate's Heisman campaign. I agree. You can afford a bad game, just not one late in the season with all the voters trying to figure out if you're worthy.
R) Oregon State coach Cory Hall told Danny Moran of The O that the game plan vs. ASU felt solid. It may have felt that way, but Oregon State pretty much lost the game in the first 15 minutes of the game. Looked flat. Oddly, flat, given that it was senior day.
S) They did a flyover of some kind at Reser Stadium before kickoff on Saturday. Not sure what was flying over, because it was too foggy to see anything. Could have saved the fuel and just played a loud rumble over the PA system. Oregon State spokesperson told me that the Beavers considered canceling the fly over, but the jets were already in the air.
T) Kickoff of the Oregon vs. Oregon State game on Saturday is 4 p.m. Game is on ESPN2... in what amounts to a Thanksgiving-week blessing.
U) Civil War fact: Oregon recovered a Civil War-record seven fumbles in the 1942 game. Oddly, Oregon State intercepted a Civil War-record seven passes in the same game and won 39-2 in Corvallis.
V) Portland State finished the football season 0-11. It nearly beat Oregon State early in the season, but never really put it together. Coach Bruce Barnum is safe, I'm told. University source says the Vikings will stick with him in 2018.
W) Oregon State has been terrible on the road in the last few years. If the Beavers don't win the Civil War on Saturday, they will open next season at Ohio State holding a 20-game road losing streak.
X) Civil War fact: Don Essig, the legendary public-address voice of Autzen Stadium, is an Oregon State graduate. Meanwhile, Mike Parker, the long-time Beavers play-by-play broadcaster, is an Oregon graduate.
Y) Willie Taggart is 0-0 in Civil War games. Cory Hall is 0-0. Looking forward to hearing the coaches on both sides tell us what they know about the rivalry. Forget the coin toss, let's hold a Civil War quiz to determine who gets the ball.
Z) I'm thankful we've all made it through this season. Have a good week. And Happy Thanksgiving to you and yours.

domain: sports


DIPLOMATIC MANOEUVRES IN THE DARK
Sudden recall of China’s ambassador to SA raises questions, offers few answers
Some say the Chinese government has recalled ambassador as a protest against the South African government for failing to post an envoy in Beijing for more than a year — but Lin Songtian will be back soon.
Outspoken ambassador to South Africa, Lin Songtian, has been ordered back to Beijing next week, sources said, prompting speculation about the reasons for his sudden departure.
Senior officials in the Department of International Relations and Co-operation say Lin has been permanently recalled by his ministry in Beijing and will leave as early as Monday. Others say the Chinese government has recalled him temporarily as a protest against the South African government for failing to post an ambassador in Beijing for over a year and will be back soon. Chinese sources hint that he is not being “recalled” – if that suggests official displeasure — but on the contrary is being promoted.
One senior SA government source said Beijing had recalled Lin temporarily because it is unhappy that former Cabinet minister Siyabonga Cwele had not yet been posted to China. Cwele was recently appointed by President Ramaphosa and should have been in Beijing by now, but his posting was recently blocked by SA intelligence agencies who would not give him a security clearance.
This is widely seen as being related to Cwele’s former post as intelligence minister under previous President Jacob Zuma when he blocked the heads of the intelligence agencies from investigating the undue influence of the Gupta brothers in Zuma’s government.
The government source told Daily Maverick that Cwele had appealed against the failure to grant him a security clearance.
“The security clearance matter is being sorted,” he said, adding that this obstacle should be removed by April or at latest May and Cwele would be headed for Beijing. “Our understanding is that Lin will return to Pretoria as soon as Cwele arrives in Beijing.”
However other Dirco officials and Chinese sources are insisting that Lin’s move is permanent, though it’s not clear yet why Being is moving him. Is he being promoted to a higher position in the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs? The Chinese sources suggest he is. Lin is a high-ranking diplomat — at deputy minister level — and served as head of the ministry’s Africa department before being posted to Pretoria in August 2017.
He has no doubt pleased his Beijing superiors with his enthusiastic use of his platform in Pretoria to mount frequent public attacks on the US, most recently over its handling of the coronavirus and US President Trump’s laying the blame squarely on Lin’s country for starting what he calls the “Chinese virus”.
Though China and South Africa are close allies, they are not always in agreement. Lin was not happy with Pretoria for evacuating most of its nationals from Wuhan, the epicentre of the coronavirus pandemic. He had stressed before the decision was announced that in general, evacuating foreigners from China would only increase the risk of spreading the virus.
South African government officials retorted at the time that Lin was more concerned about the poor publicity this would bring to China. It is also understood that Lin lobbied hard with Pretoria not to include China in the list of eight countries from which it has banned travel to try to contain the spread of the coronavirus. Pretoria put China — the source of the virus — on the banned list anyway.
Lin’s seniority in his government also seems to have allowed him to be unusually outspoken in his comments about his host government, including over its mismanagement of state-owned enterprises, especially Eskom. He stirred some controversy in 2019 after Finance Minister Tito Mboweni had disclosed that the first R7-billion tranche of a proposed R35-billion loan to Eskom from the China Development Bank (CDB) would not be paid over in March, as scheduled.
Mboweni suggested CDB was withholding the R7-billion because of red tape. But Lin later told Reuters that the CDB had become nervous about Eskom’s ability to repay the loan.
“Eskom is a debt trap,” said. “China gave them some loans before. And now they become very cautious… Eskom is not an issue of money. It’s the issue of operation mechanisms, management, capacity,” he said.
Lin also complained that the poor state of South African railways, ports and electricity supply were undermining the ability of China to efficiently extract and export copper from the PMC mine it had bought in Limpopo.
At the time, a Western ambassador told Daily Maverick that he and his Western colleagues greatly appreciated Lin because he could tell Pretoria things they dared not.
But Pretoria did not always like what it heard.
Also not in 2018 when a diplomatic row erupted between South Africa and the Chinese embassy over Pretoria allowing the exiled president of the Tibetan government in exile, Lobsang Sangay, into the country and refusing to expel him.
Lin issued a statement then saying the visit had “undermined the political trust between China and South Africa” and ran against the South African government’s “longstanding commitment to the One China policy”.
“It has sent a wrong political signal to the world community and has undermined the political mutual trust between China and South Africa. It runs against the common interest of SA-China relations, and will undoubtedly discourage Chinese investors’ confidence in South Africa, undermine SA’s efforts for poverty reduction, and cause grave harm for the interest of South Africa and the South African people.”
The South African government was furious at what it regarded as a thinly veiled threat to pull Chinese investment because of Sangay’s visit — which had apparently taken the South African government by surprise.
Pretoria told Lin it could not expel Sangay because he was travelling on a US passport and it felt Lin had not recognised its efforts to play down the visit, for example by discouraging organisations from hosting him.
Are these controversies part of the reason for Lin’s sudden departure? A senior Dirco official said he was not completely sure about the reasons for Beijing’s decision “but there are a hell of a lot of layers to this”.
He also hinted that Pretoria had had occasion to complain about Lin – though Western diplomats consider it highly unlikely that South Africa would criticise the ambassador of its greatly valued ally China and that Lin must have had the backing of Beijing for anything he said about Pretoria.
Lin is expected to issue a statement over the next few days to announce his next move and the reason for it. DM
Daily Maverick © All rights reserved


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The Conflict Resolution Center is proud to offer our Teen Court Program to Cabarrus County, established in 2002! Teen Court reproduces the experience of an actual courtroom, allowing first-time juvenile offenders to be tried by their peers. Teen Court demonstrates the creative, positive outcomes of community collaboration and problem-solving.
Teen Court empowers our community’s youth to take an active role in addressing crime in their area and attracts youth who are interested in pursuing a career in the law or criminal justice. Teen volunteers work with real court professionals to ensure an accurate understanding of the responsibilities inherent to their position in Teen Court. Teen volunteers begin their service acting as jurors, and can train for other positions, such as jury foreperson, clerk, bailiff, and attorney.

domain: sociology


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This happened in April of 2015 in Indianapolis, but you can bet it’s still going on. The video is very hard to watch and when you are done, you’ll be furious. It makes you feel like getting your gun. A white girl and her little brother were walking through the park there, when they were descended upon by a gang of black people. I couldn’t understand any of them, but they videoed the whole thing.
One black woman hauled off and started punching the girl in the face. She fell to the ground and the woman kept beating down on her face and head. Then she dragged her by her hair. The girl tried to protect herself, but she couldn’t. She finally got up, grabbed her brother and started to walk away. But it didn’t end there by a long shot.
From the Patriot Chronicle:
While the media continues to parrot stories about racism in society and make big deals about relatively minor incidents and talk about unconscious racism, they ignore true racist incidents. Unfortunately, our biased media only wants to highlight racism when it appears to be perpetrated by a cop or a well-meaning citizen in self-defense against a minority. The media completely ignores incidents when they do not fit the pre-existing narrative.
Real racism occurs when a group of people viciously beat and harass someone simply because of their race and because they entered the wrong neighborhood. Recently what appears to be a young girl and her brother were taking a short-cut through a public park in Indianapolis. Unfortunately, they did not have the right skin color. The two were beaten by a gang of thugs caught on a cell phone video. Although the clip went viral on social media, the mainstream media refused to cover it. If races had been reversed it would have been equally horrible and disgusting. But what would have been different is this would currently be on the cover of CNN and they would continue to cover it for months. Obama and Eric Holder would have given numerous press conferences. Obviously Sharpton would be on the scene. But since the attack doesn’t fit the liberal agenda none of that will happen.
It sounded like the girl was apologizing for something and she was scared to death. The gang kept following her like a pack of hungry wolves. As the white girl got to the parking lot, another black woman came after her again. She started beating her again and kicking her. Her little brother, who looked to be about six, started hitting at the woman. She proceeded to beat the little boy mercilessly.
After it was done, the black crowd laughed and joked about the whole monstrous event. As far as I can tell, the girl’s only crime was taking a shortcut through the park. For that, she was viciously beaten. They could have easily killed both of them. The crowd was screaming for blood and the racism and hatred was evident. This is what real racism looks like.


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A stunning one of a kind snake ring featuring a ruby eye that was custom made at my mothers request during the 70's.
I have closed down my outlet for selling beautiful silver jewellery precious and semi precious stones.
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URGENT SALE. MAKE YOUR OFFER. This ring is stunning on. It is a size "L". Very sweet English made.
One of a kind handmade earrings
A lovely ring with a natural blue topaz set into the split band. Looks great on the finger.
Natural Abalone Earrings, pendant & bracelets for sales
18 carat white gold 1.01 carat diamond engagement ring. E colour diamond. Comes with valuation for $12990.
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domain: artistic


Mali and Burkina Faso military operations to counter the growing presence of Islamist armed groups in central Mali have resulted in serious human rights violations. Since late 2016, Malian forces have committed extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, torture, and arbitrary arrests against men accused of supporting Islamist armed groups, while a June 2017 cross-border operation by Burkinabe forces left two suspects dead.
Human Rights Watch documented three common graves believed to contain the remains of at least 14 men executed after being detained by Malian soldiers since December. On several occasions, Malian forces severely beat, burned, and threatened dozens of men accused of supporting the Islamist armed groups. Human Rights Watch also documented 27 cases of enforced disappearance, in which the Malian government provided families no information on missing relatives who had been detained.
“The skewed logic of torturing, killing, and ‘disappearing’ people in the name of security only fuels Mali’s growing cycle of violence and abuse,” said Corinne Dufka, Sahel director at Human Rights Watch. “The Malian and Burkinabe governments should rein in abusive units and prosecute those responsible.”
The abuses, which occurred between late 2016 and July 2017 during operations in Mopti region, and to a lesser extent in Ségou region, were documented during a 10-day research mission to Mali in July and by phone interviews in August. Human Rights Watch interviewed 48 victims of abuses and witnesses, in addition to community leaders from the ethnic Peuhl, Dogon, and Bambara communities; former detainees; local government, security and justice officials; and foreign diplomats.
Family members provided Human Rights Watch lists of the men believed to be buried in three common graves, all in the Mopti region. One contains the remains of five men allegedly killed on December 19, 2016; the second the remains of three men detained on January 21, 2017; and the third the remains of at least six men detained in early May 2017.
Two traders detained in June in Boni, Mopti region, described being bound, severely beaten, and burned after soldiers held their heads close to the exhaust pipe of a military truck. Witnesses said that 10 men were beaten and subjected to a mock execution, in which Malian soldiers threatened to burn them alive.
Family members and witnesses of those forcibly disappeared by Malian security forces said that they had learned through informal sources that several of the 27 men were thought to have been killed in custody, while others were believed to be held unlawfully by the Malian General Directorate of State Security (Direction générale de la sécurité d’État, DGSE), the national intelligence agency.
In June 2017, Burkinabe soldiers detained some 70 men from hamlets in Mali near the border, accusing them of supporting the Islamist armed group Ansaroul Islam. The soldiers allegedly burned property, administered severe beatings – which led to the deaths of two detainees – and brought more than 40 men across the border to Burkina Faso for further interrogation.
Human Rights Watch also documented serious abuses by Islamist armed groups in central Mali during the same period, including summary executions of civilians and Malian army soldiers, destruction of schools, and recruitment and use of children as soldiers. Increasing intercommunal violence near Koro, in Mopti region, has raised concerns of more widespread abuses. Human Rights Watch’s findings on these abuses will be published in a future report.
An elder from the Mondoro administrative area described how members of his community were suffering from abuses perpetrated by both sides: “In April the jihadists showed up, urging unemployed youth to join them, and a few weeks later they murdered a local leader and beheaded a local man they said was an army informant. In May and June, soldiers from Mali and Burkina Faso captured dozens of people… 17 members of my community have disappeared but people are terrified to talk about it. The behavior of both armies has strengthened the jihadist movement. Some young people have joined them after seeing their fathers tortured and brothers go missing.”
All parties to Mali’s armed conflict are bound by Common Article 3 to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and other treaty and customary laws of war, which provide for the humane treatment of captured combatants and civilians in custody. Individuals who deliberately commit serious violations of the laws of war, including summary executions and torture, may be prosecuted for war crimes. Mali is a party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
Domestic and international human rights groups, including Human Rights Watch, have consistently raised their concerns with the Malian governmentthrough letters, reports, and meetings with high-level government officials. The media has also reported on some of these cases. Nevertheless, neither the military nor civilian justice systems have made a serious effort to investigate these alleged abuses and hold the responsible soldiers and officers to account.
The Malian and Burkinabe governments should promptly investigate and prosecute members of the security forces implicated in serious rights violations. The Malian government should cease holding suspects in unauthorized detention facilities, notably at the DGSE; ensure government gendarmes fulfill their mandated role of provost marshal by accompanying the Malian army on all operations; and ensure that security forces abide by international humanitarian and human rights law.
“The Malian government’s failure to hold its security forces to account has emboldened abusive soldiers to commit further grievous crimes,” Dufka said. “To stop the erosion of public confidence in the security forces and provide justice for victims, the government needs to investigate and punish serious rights violations.”
In 2012, Mali’s northern regions fell to separatist ethnic Tuareg and Al-Qaeda-linked armed groups. The French-led military intervention in 2013 and the June 2015 peace agreement between the government and several armed groups resulted in some stability in the north.
However, since 2015, Islamist armed group activity and abuses have spread into central Mali. Groups linked to Al Qaeda have attacked army bases and police and gendarme posts; executed about 50 accused army informants and officials, including mayors and local administrators; closed schools; and increasingly imposed harsh restrictions based on their interpretation of Islam.
In the first half of 2017, the Malian Armed Forces (Forces Armées Maliennes, FAMA) carried out a series of operations on their own and in collaboration with French and Burkinabe forces. Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger agreed in January to establish a regional joint task force to combat rising insecurity in the area where the three share borders.
In July, Mali, Mauritania, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Chad launched a multinational counterterrorism military force, known as the G5 Sahel Joint Force (Force conjointe du G5 Sahel, or FC-G5S), to combat Islamist armed groups in the region. The G5 force will coordinate their operations with the 4,000 French troops and 12,000 United Nations peacekeeping troops already in Mali.
Malian Security Force Violations
Soldiers and national guardsmen operating in or around the towns of Mondoro, Boni, Sévaré, and Boulekessi, in Mopti region, and Diabaly and Nampala, in Ségou region, were implicated in arbitrary arrests, torture, summary executions, and enforced disappearances. Some appeared to be in retaliation after armed Islamists attacked or killed government soldiers. As has been the case since 2012, most detainees said the abuse stopped after they were handed over to government gendarmes, who often provided medical care. Since at least 2013, soldiers based in all of the aforementioned towns have been implicated in similarly serious abuses. Virtually none of these security force abuses have been investigated.
Human Rights Watch documented the detention of 114 men by Malian security forces in central Mali between December 2016 and June 2017. The detainees, the vast majority of whom were ethnic Peuhl, were held for their suspected support for Islamist armed groups.
Most were released because of insufficient evidence after their cases were reviewed by a judge working with the Bamako-based Special Judicial Cell to Combat Terrorism and Transnational Organized Crime, which is mandated to review and adjudicate all cases involving alleged crimes by Islamist armed groups.
Lawyers, judges, and community leaders consistently told Human Rights Watch that they believed the evidentiary basis for many detentions, including many of those documented in this report, is weak and sometimes based on false intelligence provided by people to settle personal scores.
Torture and Ill-Treatment
Human Rights Watch documented dozens of cases of torture and other ill-treatment committed by Malian army soldiers during interrogations in the first few days after detention, even though soldiers are not authorized to interrogate detainees. The abuse took place in army bases, at bush camps, and at checkpoints.
The detainees, many of whom had scars and showed visible signs of torture, told Human Rights Watch that they had been hogtied; pummeled with fists, gun butts, iron bars, and wood clubs; lashed with belts; kicked; burned; and repeatedly threatened with death. One suffered broken ribs, a few lost teeth, and several said they had been hospitalized to treat their injuries. They said they were routinely denied food, water, and medical care.Most of those who spoke to Human Rights Watch described being bound at the wrists and ankles with cords or wire during their detention. Many had open wounds or scars from these restraints, which had cut through their flesh.Malian army and National Guard units based in and around Boni, 220 kilometers from the garrison town of Sévaré in Mopti region, were extensively linked to torture. For instance, on June 23, soldiers arrested and tortured three traders – two Malians and one Burkinabe – whom they accused of supporting armed Islamists who had attacked the gendarme post in Boni the previous day. The arrests appeared arbitrary: two of the traders told Human Rights Watch that soldiers searched their homes, found no weapons, and, after several hours of abuse, freed them without further questioning. One trader, who lost two teeth from the beatings, said:
The FAMA arrested me at the market where I was selling my wares – they didn’t tell me why. At their camp, they said, “We brought you here to kill you.” They took my money and my watch and over the next two hours we were kicked and beaten with batons and gun butts. They picked me up and slammed my head against a truck two times… two of my teeth came out, and two are now loose. I lost consciousness and blood was pouring from my mouth. They picked up the Burkinabe driver and beat his head against the ground… he was bad off. He’s in the hospital in Djibo [Burkina Faso].
This man and another alleged that the soldiers burned them with the exhaust pipe of a vehicle. The second said:
They accused us of selling things to the jihadists. After being beaten, I heard the vroom vroom of a vehicle. They picked me up and held my head to the exhaust pipe of a big truck until my head was on fire. A soldier finally said, “Enough now, stop…. they could die.” Later, the soldiers took us to the gendarme post, but when they [gendarmes] mounted the truck and saw the state we were in – bleeding from the mouth, on the head, swollen, unable to walk – they got angry at the soldiers and refused to take us. The gendarmes and FAMA really yelled at each other… the gendarmes told the FAMA to take us to the hospital, which the soldiers did.
Two other men said that on June 22 or 23, they were beaten and one was burned by soldiers based in the military camp at Diabaly, 140 kilometers from Ségou. “They accused me of being involved with the jihadists,” said one man. “I was held for three nights. On the final night, they beat me on my back, and kicked me with their boots. I’m not sure how long it lasted – I was beaten until I lost consciousness. The next day, they dripped burning plastic all over my shoulder and back.”This man said a second detainee was also severely beaten: “As I was being taken from their camp, I met another man who had been so badly beaten he could not stand up.” After the soldier brought the victims to the gendarmerie in nearby Niono for questioning, the gendarme commander became visibly angry. “He told the army officer he should pay for our medical treatment… but I said, ‘No, forget it… I just want my freedom,’” the man said. After investigating the allegations, the gendarmes released the man.On May 8, soldiers detained 10 men, ages 19 to about 50, from several hamlets near Boni. All 10 were severely beaten and told they would be shot or burned alive. According to a community elder who provided care to the men once they had been transferred to Bamako, “Days after their arrest, their hands, feet and heads were still swollen; every one of them had bruises or scars; a few couldn’t sit down because of how violently they were beaten.” After seeing a judge in Bamako in late May, at least eight were released. One of the men described their ordeal:
The soldiers found me near the well. They accused me of being with AQIM [Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb], asked for my gun and said, “Where are the jihadists?” They stole 143,000 CFA [US$260] and took me away with six others. It was a huge operation – they drove a while, then they put us in a hole on the road created by a land mine explosion earlier this year. They argued about whether or not to kill us there. “Should we kill them now?” said one. “Go grab the shovels,” said another. “No, they’ll find out in Bamako.” Some of our brothers are buried in common graves in Issèye and Yirima, so we were sure we would follow them.
Later they put us into another hole – over a meter deep – near the Boni army checkpoint. In the hole were three other men, all blindfolded, bloody and swollen. They blindfolded us and bound our hands, and they made us, too, lie down in the burning sun as the abuse started. They beat us with iron bars, kicked us repeatedly and insulted our parents. It went on for hours… they spilled liquid on us, saying it was gasoline, that they would burn us alive. They didn’t even ask us questions, just accused us of being jihadists. We were desperately thirsty after hours in the sun, which in May is hotter than fire itself, but they refused.
We went two days without eating and only got medical care once we reached Bamako. In total we spent 26 days in custody. Even now, months after the abuse, I’m still suffering… even yesterday I tried to work but I just couldn’t.
Human Rights Watch documented a few cases in which army officers intervened to stop abuse being meted out by their subordinates. A witness described one such case from March involving soldiers from Ténenkou, Mopti region:
It happened at an army checkpoint a few kilometers from town. The soldiers were beating the man, who was around 35, then took paper, set it alight and burned his belly. About 30 minutes later, an officer arrived, asking angrily, “Why are you doing this?” The soldiers said they’d been tipped off that the man was selling weapons to the jihadists; that he had been found with a lot of cash. The man explained that he was an animal trader and had just sold some of his cows. The chief ordered the soldiers to stop the abuse and take him to the hospital for treatment.
Human Rights Watch interviewed 18 men and four boys, ages 14 to 17, who alleged being mistreated by soldiers after their arrest in May from villages near Mali’s border with Burkina Faso. Two months later, nearly all showed visible scarring around the wrists and ankles; the hands of two men were still bandaged, while six had scabs and scars from what appeared to be deep gashes on their wrists. They said their hands were tied for over two days, including during the long journey from central Mali to Bamako. One man had visible scars around his throat, saying it was from “when I was attached within the pickup for hours on the bumpy road, with a cord around my throat... they only removed it after I passed out.” Ten of these were initially detained in a joint operation involving the Malian army and French forces. “When the French were there, they made us lie down while they searched our houses, but didn’t tie or beat us; the French took pictures of us,” said one.The men said abuse started the following day, after the French and a Malian gendarme had left the area and the detainees were taken to Douna, 24 kilometers away from their villages. “As we got out of the truck, they threw us to the ground and beat us with guns,” one said. “When we begged for water, the soldiers forced the water into my nose, to make me feel like I was drowning.” Another detainee described how a soldier put his head in a chokehold and said, “We will cut your throat like a sheep.” Two other men said they had been stabbed in the shoulder with a small knife.Human Rights Watch also documented the death of a 50-year-old man after he had been severely beaten by Malian soldiers in May. Three witnesses said the man died at the hospital in Sévaré. According to one witness:
At 6 p.m., the army brought five men they had detained to the gendarmerie in Sévaré. They were in bad shape and really suffering; their faces were swollen; they were bleeding. The eldest of them couldn’t move and had to be carried into the cell. A few hours later, I heard people saying, “Give him water, he needs to drink, hurry...” But he couldn’t… he was dying. He was carried out of the cell at night… We learned from nurses that he died in hospital a few hours later. They said his body was covered with marks. Human Rights Watch documented one case of severe mistreatment by government gendarmes. In late March 2017, gendarmes in Sévaré allegedly beat seven men from a village near Djenné, including a Quranic teacher. “During the night, a few of the gendarmes came into our cell and kicked and beat us. One man broke a few ribs and two others bled from their noses,” one detainee said.
Summary Executions and Common Graves
Human Rights Watch documented the existence of three common graves which witnesses and family members allege contain the remains of at least 14 men killed shortly after they were taken into custody by the Malian security services between late December 2016 and May 2017. All three are located within the Mondoro or Koro administrative areas in Mopti region, near Mali’s border with Burkina Faso.
“We all know about the common graves near Mondoro, but no one has filed a judicial complaint,” one witness said. “People are terrified to open their mouths – we’re all just trying to avoid further abuses.”
In August, community leaders gave Human Rights Watch photographs of what they believed to be a common grave about seven kilometers south of Mondoro, containing the remains of at least six of 17 men who went missing following their arrest by soldiers between May 2 and 9. A local businessperson said:
Around 11 a.m., I was in the bush when I heard the sound of gunfire. I saw three or four army vehicles about 200 to 300 meters away, off the main road. I felt something wasn’t right and crouched down. … I heard a second wave of gunfire. I stayed hidden for 15 minutes, until they left towards Mondoro on the main road. Later, I went there and saw a mound of dirt… like a newly dug grave, and the tire tracks. Things are tense in our zone. I am very frightened.
Two other common graves previously reported on by Human Rights Watch have yet to be investigated by the Malian authorities. The first, according to four witnesses from Yirima, allegedly contains three members of an extended family detained by soldiers on January 21 and later executed. One witness said:
The soldiers bound their eyes and drove off toward Mondoro [26 kilometers away]. Some minutes later we heard gunshots in the distance. We followed the vehicle tracks to Bamguel village, 18 kilometers away, and saw a grave there, newly dug, covered with branches of trees and many spent casings… We removed the earth and found our people there. I returned to our village to deliver the bad news.
The second grave allegedly contains five men from Issèye village detained and executed by soldiers on December 19, 2016. One of two witnesses said:
At about 11 a.m., 10 FAMA vehicles full of heavily armed soldiers stormed the village. They didn’t stay long. They detained the village chief first, then the others. Around 4 p.m., we heard gunfire, and the next morning we found the shallow grave just a few kilometers away. We uncovered the bodies… the chief was on top… each had several gunshot wounds.
Witnesses and family members described the enforced disappearance of 27 men, all of whom were last seen in the custody of Malian security forces. The men were detained from June 2016 through June 2017 during military operations in Mopti and Ségou regions. Family members said the government has provided no information on the fate or whereabouts of those detained, although some families have obtained information through informal sources.
Witnesses and family members provided information to Human Rights Watch suggesting that at least nine of these men were executed by the security services in the days after their detention. Other family members alleged that they had information that several others were being held in extrajudicial detention within the General Directorate of State Security (DGSE).
Human Rights Watch was given a list of 17 men from the villages of Mougnoukana, Douna, Kobou, Yangassadio, and Guedouware who have been “disappeared” since their arrest in early May. Several witnesses told Human Rights Watch that they had been arrested on May 2 with seven of the missing men.
“We’ve looked everywhere,” said a relative of several of the disappeared from Mondoro. “We asked the National Guard, FAMA and gendarmes, but our people are nowhere.”
Other cases of enforced disappearance in central Mali documented by Human Rights Watch include:
- Samba Diallo dit Samba Niger, 67, a herder from Dogo (Mopti region), was detained by the security forces while waiting for a bus in the town of Mopti around June 8, 2016. Family members believe he was being detained at the DGSE.
- Hassan Sidibe, 53; Boubacar Sidibe, 49; Boubacar Sidibe, 30; and Yonousa Sidibe, 30, were detained during an army operation in Tomoyi village, near the town of Ténenkou on January 17, 2017. Family members learned that they were being held in the DGSE.
- Boura Alou Diallo, 32, arrested by soldiers near the village of Kokoli around January 23, 2017, was last seen tied to a tree near the Mondoro army camp. Family members believe he was executed in late January.
- Hamidou Barry and Hamadoun Dambou, both about 25 and from Karena village, were arrested in January 2017 by gendarmes from a hospital in Douentza, where the former was being treated. The family believe they are being held in the DGSE.
- Ibrahim Barry, 35, was last seen on February 3, 2017, after being detained by gendarmes based in Sévaré during a meeting in Mopti organized by a local nongovernmental organization. Family members said they believe Barry had been beaten to death in custody.
- Sidi Koita, 34, was last seen on May 31 or June 1, 2017, being questioned by soldiers at a checkpoint a kilometer from the town of Nampala. Witnesses said he was questioned in relation to an ambush near Nampala the previous day in which several soldiers had died. Community members believe Koita was executed.
General Directorate of State Security
Human Rights Watch spoke with 24 former detainees who said they had been held in a detention center run by the DGSE for periods ranging from 27 days to five months. The men did not have access to family members or lawyers and were not permitted to make phone calls. They said they were not brought before a judge prior to or during their detention there.
A DGSE officer told Human Rights Watch that every person they detained had appeared before a judge and was under an arrest warrant. These claims were also contradicted by several lawyers, human rights advocates, and a judge, who told Human Rights Watch they knew several men detained by the DGSE who were being held extrajudicially.
All those interviewed said that they were regularly fed, received periodic medical check-ups, and had cells with fans or air conditioning. However, they complained of cramped sleeping conditions, and several said they lacked access to proper hygiene. One former detainee described being mistreated within the DSGE center.
Another former detainee, held in the DSGE center for 37 days between May and July, said:
There were 13 of us in my cell and eight in another cell. We were brought straight here from our villages. We ate okay and only one of us was slapped around a bit, but the weird part is that they only interrogated us once or at most two times. We don’t understand the law, but I know we didn’t see a judge until we were transferred from the DGSE to the gendarmerie five weeks later.
An elderly man held for over four months told Human Rights Watch:
There were 16 of us in the small cell. The entire time, none of us there had contact with our families. All that time… no sunlight – you don’t know if it’s night or day. I was only interrogated three times, at the beginning. The day I was freed, they put a black bag over my head, put me in a civilian car, drove several miles and told me to get out. I never signed any papers, never saw a judge… like it never happened. The day I walked back into my village… you should have seen their faces… they were convinced I was dead.
Burkina Faso Security Force Violations
Several witnesses from hamlets near Mali’s border with Burkina Faso described how, on June 9, Burkinabe soldiers detained about 74 men, ages 20 to 70. The soldiers accused the villagers of supporting the Burkina Faso Islamist armed group Ansaroul Islam, which also has bases in Mali.
Many of the men were severely beaten, and two detainees died from the mistreatment shortly after arriving in Djibo, Burkina Faso, witnesses said. They also alleged that the Burkinabe soldiers burned property during the operation.
One witness said: “The Burkina army received intel about a few [armed] Islamists in the area – several may have fled here after the big French operation in Foulsaré forest, further north – but they [the Burkinabe army] picked up every man they came across, whether farming, grazing their cows, or at home.”
Witnesses and community leaders said 44 men were taken to Burkina Faso for questioning and that seven still remained in detention there.
Several family members said neither the Burkinabe nor Malian authorities have informed them of the legal status of the detainees. “How can a foreign army come here, to Malian soil, and detain, beat, kill and imprison our people?” said one elder. “I just spoke with the father of a man killed. No one has called him to say his son is there. Should he have to go to Burkina himself and get his son’s body?”
While Burkinabe security forces are authorized to conduct cross-border operations, they are not, according to Malian Justice Ministry officials interviewed by Human Rights Watch, authorized to detain and question Malian residents in Burkina Faso. “The Burkina authorities do not have the authority to take people across our border for interrogation,” said a high-level official. “This would be arranged through a process of transfer or extradition.”
A 25-year-old farmer from the town of Kobou, seven kilometers from the Burkina Faso border, described what happened on June 9:
At about 9 a.m. I was in my field when I saw many vehicles full of soldiers. They were aggressive and started to beat me in my field, hitting me with their guns and a belt. They threw me in their vehicle with the others and took us to Dolga hamlet a few kilometers away. “Why are you working with the jihadists who kill us?” they screamed. They beat us there as well, but the terrible beatings happened at the moment of our arrest. Their medic stitched a few of us up. I was among the 30 who were freed the same day… but they took over 40 away to Burkina.
A 57-year-old farmer from Kobou village described the apparent death of a man named Bourema Hama Diallo:
They started whacking me on my back with belts from the moment they showed up at my farm. They threw me in the truck… it was a huge operation… when we got to Dolga I found nearly the whole male population there. Many were injured; Bourema among them – he’d been hit on his head and was bleeding a lot. He almost passed out before they put us in trucks and took us to Djibo, some to the police and some to the gendarmerie. I was one of 18 in a truck that went to the gendarmerie.
After arriving, they took off my blindfold and I saw that he [Bourema] was bad off. Seeing this the gendarmes said, “We need to take him to the clinic.” They had to carry him. I know he died because later that night the gendarme who guarded us said, “Two of your people died before arriving at the health center.” The second [man] wasn’t in my truck. I didn’t see the bodies after that, but I know Bourema’s father, and he has yet to see his son.
This article was first published by Human Rights Watch


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My office is tracking NPR's candidate coverage, online and on its morning and evening newsmagazines, in response to requests from listeners. From Sept. 11 through Sept. 24, there were 42 stories focused primarily on Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump, compared with 34 stories focused mostly on Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton. Libertarian candidate Gary Johnson was the main focus of one story during that period. Another 65 stories — or almost half of NPR's campaign coverage — looked at more than one candidate, or general election issues.
Clinton's pneumonia disclosure was the highlight of the first week of this tracking period, accounting for more than half of NPR's coverage of the candidate during the week. It was the first week (excluding convention coverage) since mid-June, when this office began tracking the newsroom's election reporting, that Clinton received more individualized coverage than her Republican opponent.
The tracking period also included an interview with Democratic vice presidential candidate Tim Kaine and an interview with former President Bill Clinton. (Neither Trump nor his running mate, Indiana Gov. Mike Pence, has yet granted NPR an interview.)
My office continues to hear from listeners about the perceived tone of the stories about both candidates, and the amount of time devoted to each of them. Linda Katz of Philadelphia, Pa., wrote with a specific concern about the amount of time afforded to covering Trump in NPR's newscasts. My office is not tracking the newscasts, but Mark Memmott, NPR's standards editor, did examine the week from Sept. 11 to Sept. 17 (the week of Clinton's pneumonia disclosure).
He found that the newscast coverage was fairly even. Of about 220 newscasts in that period, 53 contained a story about Clinton and not Trump, and 51 contained a story about Trump and not Clinton. A Clinton-centric story preceded a Trump-centric story in 49 of the newscasts, while a Trump-centric story preceded a Clinton-centric story in 44 newscasts. In 22 newscasts, a story about both candidates was either the only campaign story or preceded another about one of them.
Expressions of concern about the lack of coverage of the third-party candidates continue to come in. In addition to the single Johnson-focused piece — which ran in the week before the Debate Commission announced that he and Green Party candidate Jill Stein had not qualified for the debates — the two candidates were mentioned a few times in general election coverage. Independent conservative candidate Evan McMullin was mentioned in one general election article.
Mick Hannaway of Pasadena, Calif., wrote: "This is getting unbearable! Stop focusing on 2 presidential candidates. Gary Johnson and Jill Stein are running too. ... When there is an 'issues story', I'm begging you please to put the Libertarian and Green Party candidate into the issue."
Listeners and readers who have been asking for more issues-focused pieces were well served last week, thanks, in part, to the latest series of A Nation Engaged reports.
To single out a few, there were stories about Trump's tax plan, and the candidates' differing views on homegrown terrorism, combating rising crime rates (also here), boosting American economic mobility (also here and here) and energy policy.
Finally, I'd call attention to this guide to tonight's debate that tackled the issues in depth. And for those who are looking for real-time debate fact checking, NPR is planning something new online. Several NPR correspondents will be annotating a transcript of the debate as it happens at NPR.org. More details on NPR's debate plans can be found in this press release.
Intern Anna Mazarakis and editorial researcher Annie Johnson contributed to this report.

domain: news


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Polster Lieder is pleased to announce that Harley Blosser has recently been appointed as the Chair of Grantee Services Committee of the Friends of Arch Grants.
Arch Grants is a St. Louis-based organization that seeks to create a stronger and more vigorous entrepreneurial and start up community in St. Louis by helping new companies with funding and support with transitioning to downtown St. Louis and the St. Louis region.
Friends of Arch Grants is an Arch Grants collaborative organization made up of local professionals in the area. FOAG’s goal is to provide funding winners with professional and social support through events, workshops, and various resources. Through the help of a professional network FOAG hopes to encourage the continued success of start ups in St. Louis via helpful connections and a strong entrepreneurial culture.
Friends of Arch Grants has recently made changes to its leadership and structure, placing more of a focus on the Grantee Services and Events. Mr. Blosser’s appointment to Chair of Grantee Services will allow him to provide guidance and assistance to FOAG’s efforts to help the Grantees plant roots in St. Louis as they grow and develop.
Mr. Blosser is excited to be a part of Friends of Arch Grants and the work they are doing to develop a robust start up community in St. Louis. “I am honored to have this opportunity to assist new entrepreneurs succeed in St. Louis, and to work with others to build a strong entrepreneurial climate here”, said Mr. Blosser.
Mr. Blosser’s area of practice include all aspects of intellectual property, emerging technology and life sciences, patents, trademarks, copyrights, IP portfolio strategic management, licensing and litigation. He is a member of the Bar Association of Metropolitan St. Louis, and past Chair, Intellectual Property Law Section and has also served as President and Board Member for Volunteer Lawyers and Accountants for the Arts.

domain: geography


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Have you ever wondered why pound cake, one of the lightest cakes there is, is called a “pound cake?” Pound cake gets its name from the way it was made back in the 1700s. The original recipe called for one pound each of flour, butter, eggs, and sugar. It was easy to remember and it fed a lot of people. Over time, the recipe changed to make smaller cakes, but the ratios of ingredients remained the same. As time went on, however, people started adding ingredients, such as baking powder to make it lighter, orange zest for flavor, and even chocolate to make it decadent.
Pound cakes are usually baked in loaf pans, bundt pans, or sheet pans. Of course, we can make pound cakes without the butter or eggs. Check out The Green Monster Vegan Baking Guide and A Beginner’s Guide to Vegan Baking to learn how to substitute for dairy and eggs. If you need to bake gluten-free, that’s no problem – for you, we have The Ultimate Gluten-Free Vegan Baking Substitution Guide.
March 4th is #NationalPoundCakeDay – celebrate by making your own pound cake, Bundt cake, or marble cake. Let your creativity flow and make it your own with your favorite flavors. To inspire you, here are 14 recipes for cakes that are easy, healthy, and delicious.
You can have your pound cake and eat it, too, with these Mini Coconut Lime Pound Cakes with a Lime Glaze. The flavor of these dense, moist pound cakes is the perfect balance of sweet, citrus, and tropical. The sweet lime glaze adds a visually pleasing pattern as well as a pop of tart citrus flavor. Since they’re mini-sized, you don’t even have to share.
Lemon and lavender go together like peanut butter and jelly. These Mini Lemon Lavender Bundt Cakes are the perfect place for such a perfect combination. The cakes are so easy to make and they’re topped with a sweet lavender glaze. These cakes are so good, you may be tempted to eat two. That’s okay, they’re mini cakes.
Italian cream cake is traditionally built as a layer cake that’s stuffed full of nuts and coconut. This vegan Italian Cream Bundt Cake with Cream Cheese Frosting has a few variations. First, it’s made in a Bundt pan, which gives it its distinct shape. Then, it’s topped with a vegan cream cheese frosting that is rich, creamy, and decadent. Sometimes, it’s best to break traditions.
This Poppy Seed Clementine Bundt Cake is a healthy and satisfying dessert. Poppy seeds and sweet clementine oranges come together for a delicious flavor and texture combination. Naturally sweetened with maple syrup, this is the perfect dessert to follow any meal.
Cute, kitschy, old-fashioned Bundt pans take a perfectly tasty “normal” shaped cake and turn it into something fancy-pants like this Lemon Poppy Seed Cake. Lemon and poppy seeds are a match made in heaven and that’s made even better with the addition of blackberries. It’s topped with a luscious lemon glaze that is thick, rich, and looks so pretty oozing down the sides of the cake.
Monkey bread is a Bundt cake from the 1950s that’s like a giant, gooey, sticky-sweet cinnamon bun. In this Monkey Bread, aquafaba gives the cake a soft and addictive texture — you’ll really want to eat this cake with your hands. With the sweet icing glaze, you won’t be able to stop yourself from licking your fingers. Go ahead, we’re not looking.
The perfect cake can be eaten any time – as a dessert, as a snack with a cup of tea or coffee, and even for breakfast. This Peanut Butter Chocolate Marble Cake is that perfect cake. The peanut butter gives this classic cake recipe a sweet and buttery flavor that everyone loves.
Not only is this Chocolate Chai Marbled Cake vegan, but it’s also gluten-free. This cake is made decadent with cocoa powder, and it’s fragrant from the warm chai spices. It’s pretty to look at, but you better look fast because this cake is going to disappear quickly. You had better take a picture first.
This Chai-Spiced Pumpkin Bundt Cake is packed with flavor and healthy goodness. Made with whole wheat flour and pumpkin purée, this cake is dense but so moist. The chai spices add warmth that you can feel all the way down to your tummy. Top with powdered sugar, whipped cream, or a scoop of vanilla ice cream for a truly decadent dessert experience.
The only thing better than having a delicious cake is having a cake you can feel good about. This Healthy Banana Walnut Bundt Cake is made with wholesome ingredients, fresh fruit, and has no added fat. It’s moist from bananas and almond milk, which also add natural sweetness. Healthy never tasted so good.
This Cranberry Lemon Poundcake is sweet, tart, and so rich. Enjoy this recipe after dinner with a cup of tea!
Floral, fresh, and so decadent, this Lemon Lavender Pound Cake doesn’t even need frosting! If you’re looking to take your love for lavender to the next level, you’ll love this recipe!
This Carob Pound Cake With Ganache is chocolatey, rich, and almost like a brownie! But it’s not overwhelmingly sweet, which makes it perfect to enjoy for breakfast if you’re feeling indulgent.
This Grilled Pound Cake With Berries makes for the healthiest dessert or a sweet breakfast! Citrusy pound cake is grilled and then served with mashed and fresh berries, but you can try this with multiple pound cakes and fruit.
Whether you make a classic pound cake or add a twist to make bundt cake or marble cake, you’ll see that these delicious cakes are definitely a reason to celebrate. For whatever the celebration, we recommend downloading our Food Monster App, which is available for both Android and iPhone, and can also be found on Instagram and Facebook. The app has more than 10,000 plant-based, allergy-friendly recipes, and subscribers gain access to new recipes every day. Check it out!
Lead image source: Grilled Pound Cake With Berries

domain: food