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Here's our monthly newsletter from Goodreads—giving you the latest and greatest in our quest to connect people through reading!
Announcing Goodreads 2.0!
Goodreads gets a face-lift this month
, making it easier on the eyes, but more importantly, easier to use! In addition to some aesthetic tweaks, the redesign is wider (960 pixels), and new header navigation gives you faster access to all sections of the site. Looking for your next great read? Check out the new and improved explore page
Another upgrade is our new comment notification system. Now you can select instant, daily, or weekly digests for any discussion you are following, including group topics, review comments, and book topics anywhere on the site. Don't let the next hot topic pass you by!
Goodreads' Holiday Gift Guide
Readers are a finicky bunch, so the Goodreads team took great care to gather an array of unique gifts in every price range. Score some book lover's pajamas, a quirky book light shaped like a novel, or a sensuous leather-bound journal. Happy hunting!
More holiday gift guide items…
10 Questions for Malcolm Gladwell—Goodreads Exclusive
In 2000, a book about social epidemics, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference
, fulfilled its own destiny by spreading contagiously from reader to reader to become a bestseller. This feat placed New Yorker
writer Malcolm Gladwell
on a pop culture pedestal. His second book, Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking
, likewise delivered, and fans have been eagerly awaiting Gladwell's next big epiphany. Newly released, Outliers: The Story of Success
reveals what we all want to know: how to become the next Bill Gates. This month, Gladwell shares with us his prophesies—he's already forcasting that the recent U.S. presidential election will prove one of the biggest tipping points in his lifetime.
: What is your main source of ideas?
: Mostly things people tell me. The one thing I learned from all my years at The Washington Post
is how social reporting is. It is really about talking to people, having people tell you things. That will always be the most efficient and useful way of finding out new and interesting things. You have to expose yourself to as many interesting people as you can. There's no shortcut for that kind of process.
: What was your inspiration for Outliers
: It was conceived in a period in which CEOs were bringing down huge paychecks, patting themselves on the back, and arguing that they deserved it and that their success was of their own making. I was curious about that—is it true? Is it a fair assessment to say that highly successful people deserve all the credit for their achievement? From there, the thinking progressed, and I tried to re-complexify our understanding of how we get where we end up. I started with the lawyers chapter [Chapter 5], which looks at a group of people who have reached the very pinnacle of their profession. They were the first to tell me about all the extraordinary opportunities that came their way—that was very instructive and humbling. There was none of the self-serving clapping themselves on the back. The fact that they were discriminated against turned into their greatest opportunity. I interviewed one of the most powerful lawyers in the world, and he told me, "At the time, it was the worst thing in the world not to be able to get a job at a fancy law firm, but it's the greatest thing that ever happened in my life." It was a humble acknowledgment of how forces much larger than himself shaped his career. I really wanted to bring that point home.
: Is it possible for adults to change course and strive for success in a new field? Or is it best to start young?
: The thing that all these successful people share is dedication and obsessiveness for what they do. The chapter about 10,000 hours [Chapter 2] says that you will only reach a level of mastery if you are willing to devote essentially 10 years to a particular discipline. There's nothing special about when you devote those 10 years. Those 10 years can be between the ages of 40 and 50, or 60 and 70. It just so happens that many of us who achieve great things put in those 10 years early in life, but there's nothing special about youth. Youth is not necessary for the process; what's necessary is time and honest effort, which is heartening.
Read the full interview »
Movers & Shakers
Goodreads can tell you what's hot! These books have been racing up our most popular charts in the last month.
by Roberto Bolaño
Chilean exile Bolaño barely finished his final book before his death in 2003. Published posthumously, 2666
examines the human capacity for violence through a series of unsolved murders in Santa Teresa, a fictional U.S.-Mexico border town based on the real Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. Goodreads member Nathan
says, "2666 is a miracle, a monolith, an endlessly debatable modern epic that looks back at you when you look into it." And Conrad
says, "This book is pretty remarkable for being so easy to read. It's like drinking Campari and soda—you only notice when you try to stand up."
The Hour I First Believed
by Wally Lamb
After a 10-year wait, Lamb is back with his third novel, this time focusing on the struggles of a husband and wife who survived the Columbine High School shootings of 1999. Megan
says, "Wally Lamb creates characters who become real as they are revealed on the page. When thinking about the book between readings, it was like revisiting acquaintances I was getting to know intimately. There are twists and turns, history that is revealed and unraveled like the labyrinth that he alludes to in the novel."
by Kathi Appelt
"I never thought I'd get so caught up in a novel about an alligator, a snake, a mangy hound dog, and a couple of cats," says
. Earning comparisons to Watership Down
and The Mouse and His Child
, Appelt's animal story for young readers (but loved by adults too) follows the unlikely friendship of a cat and dog living in a Southern swamp. KT
continues, "It wells up from the murky depths of muddy backwaters, where one is either predator or prey, and where love and redemption are often fleeting."
Hurry Down Sunshine
by Michael Greenberg
A father's memoir about the summer he hospitalized his 15-year-old daughter and the impact of mental illness on his family. CMolieri
will make your heart bend with each turn of the page. Greenberg's experiences coming in and out of the ward are so eloquently described you can almost smell the disinfected linoleum floors." And Mary
says, "The reader is left reflecting on the line between sanity and insanity, brilliance, creativity, and who each of us really is."
by Nam Le
A debut collection of poignant stories set all over the globe. The author takes readers to Iran, Columbia, the U.S., Austrailia, Japan and on to a boat in the South China Sea. Nicholas
says, "Each story is a world so completely real and realized that it feels like a living, breathing being." And Pa
says, "Written in exquisite prose, The Boat
travels across time and space...providing vivid and at times harrowing snapshots of what it means to be human. Le is an extraordinary young writer."
Interview with John Grogan—Goodreads Exclusive
did not set out to write a "dog book." The title character in his debut memoir, Marley & Me
, may be a rambunctious Labrador Retriever, but Grogan aimed to tell an autobiographical story of how he and his wife adjusted to married life as newlyweds. Still, the canine character struck a chord with readers, keeping the book on the The New York Times
bestseller list more than a year. Now the film, starring Jennifer Aniston and Owen Wilson, is slated to drop this December. Grogan's second memoir, The Longest Trip Home
(enter now to win a copy »
), digs deeper into his past, starting in childhood and spanning 40 years of Grogan family history. He talks with Goodreads about life since Marley, why it pays to be a pack rat, and flirting with senior citizens.
: You had an unusual start as a writer: police reporting about violent crime in small-town Michigan. Did you always want to write a book?
: It was my dream back then actually. I was a young reporter just starting out, and I had the fire in my belly to write a book right out of college. At murder and arson sites I was thinking, "There's got to be some kind of a book in this!" I really had the book-writing bug from the start, but I didn't have a clear vision of what story I was meant to tell.
: The Longest Trip Home
is your second memoir. Was the second book easier to write than the first?
: The second book was more difficult for me to write for a couple of reasons. One, it's a more complicated story to tell; it takes place over 40 years instead of 13. And two, it involves a lot of people who are dear to my heart, so I was trying to be honest and also respectful. Consequently, I spent a lot of time thinking, hand wringing, and re-reading, whereas Marley & Me
just flowed out of me. For this one, I had 40 years of life experience, so I had to figure out what's relevant and what's not and how to arrange those experiences in a way that would get to the emotional truth. I put a lot more energy in this book. I'm actually prouder of this book as a piece of writing, and it is very close to my heart.
: You changed the names to protect the privacy of many people in the memoir. What kinds of reactions have you had from friends and family who are featured in the story?
: I made the decision that anyone who was a minor at the time of the telling deserved privacy. We all do some reckless things as kids, and we have a right to not have that pulled back in our face 40 years later. I've heard from friends along the way, and several of my teachers have come to book signings. I even talked with Mrs. Selahowski, the neighbor lady who I used to spy on when she was sunbathing. She's now an elderly woman who had no idea! It was one of those moments that are at once very embarrassing and also kind of sweet. Here's this woman in her 80s with a little reminder of how beautiful she was in the prime of her life. There have been a lot of moments of reconnection like that along my book tour.
Read the full interview »
First Reads—win prerelease books from Goodreads!
Be the first to read new books! Goodreads has tons of prerelease books and reading-themed goodies available for our members. All you have to do is sign up and cross your fingers!
View all prerelease books on First Reads »
"In Bed" with Laura Miller
Hardboiled Wonderland and the End of the World
by Haruki Murakami
"Almost any Murakami novel will do (The Wind-up Bird Chronicle is another good bet), but this one, I think, comes closest to unfolding the mystery at the heart of his entrancing, addictive fiction. The strange landscapes that Murakami's heroes explore—other worlds that are also inner worlds, often remind me of the Wood Between the Worlds from The Magician's Nephew."
by Neil Gaiman
"How do you translate the powerful motifs of European and British myth to America, a nation where the culture is historically shallow? By grafting them onto our own home-grown folklore: the tough-guy detective story and the Stephen King-style horror epic. A star-crossed ex-con named Shadow gets mixed up with a motley crew of decommissioned gods who are looking to make a comeback, led by the enigmatic Mr. Wednesday. You can figure out who
he is if you really try."
The Bloody Chamber
by Angela Carter
"Of all the contemporary fiction writers who incorporated fairy tales into their work, none did it better than Carter in this sumptuous collection of short stories. Carter understood that the essence of those old, old tales was not the happily ever after but the implacable and often arbitrary power of sex and death, over which only a stout heart and a cunning mind can ever hope to triumph."
by John Crowley
"Smokey Barnable falls in love with Daily Alice Drinkwater, whose extended family lives in a large, peculiar house north of New York City and has a past and certain connections they'd prefer to conceal. This novel is meandering and hypnotic, and while I was reading it I wasn't always entirely sure how much I liked it. Afterwards, I couldn't stop thinking about it, until the idea of it seemed to entwine itself around my imagination like ivy. Ineffable and unforgettable."
Jonathan Strange & Mr. Norrell
by Susanna Clarke
"In the early decades of an alternate 19th century, two rival magicians practice their craft against the background of the Napoleonic Wars. A potent cocktail combining the cool, ironic wit of Jane Austen with the heady imagery of Lewis, this is the sort of book that leaves some readers cold but strikes others as the very thing they've been waiting for all their lives and can never get quite enough of, the literary equivalent of enchanted Turkish Delight."
The Never-Ending Book Quiz
Think you have a mind like a steel trap? Play the The Never-Ending Book Quiz
and see how you stack up against your friends!
Interview with Dennis Lehane—Goodreads Exclusive
Don't tell Dennis Lehane
that he's a Hollywood kind of guy. Clint Eastwood and Ben Affleck may have transformed Lehane's books,
and Gone, Baby, Gone
films, and Martin Scorsese may have just wrapped filming on the upcoming Shutter Island
, but Lehane's a Boston man through and
through. This month the author pays homage to his East Coast roots with the publication of The Given Day
(enter now to win a copy »
), a historical epic set in post-World War I Boston that Goodreads member Joe
calls Lehane's War and Peace
. Lehane chatted with Goodreads about crazed baseball fans, the long-awaited return of his popular Kenzie-Gennaro crime series, and some of his favorite books.
: The Given Day
centers around the Boston Police Strike of 1919. What drew you to this event?
: It confounded me that the city I was born and raised in had once gone four months without a police force and that the first three days after they walked off the job were one big, long riot. To say that piqued my curiosity would be an understatement. I spent a year reading everything I could get my hands on about the time period. After that year, I realized I was becoming a little too enamored of the researching part, and so I put it away and got down to the actual writing of the book. Parallels [to events today] were something I tripped over during the writing of the book. Once they began appearing, they did so at such an alarming rate that it became clear my job would be to make sure I simply reported them, not editorialized on them.
: The story intricately weaves together two character (Luther and Denny) arcs across quite a range of true historical events. For such a complex structure, do you do a lot of pre-planning in advance, or do you let it flow and revise later?
: Luther walked into the novel on his own, and I had to trust that he'd eventually tell me why he was here. I never have a strong sense of my plots—I usually know something about what has to happen at the end, and in this case, I knew the end was the Boston Police Strike itself, but beyond that I'm just throwing spaghetti on the wall to see what sticks. If you work hard enough at this method, you get a real nice pasta dish, but you also spend a fair amount of time picking noodles off the floor and throwing them away. In the end, it's the only way I know how to do it.
: Your books often feature Boston, your hometown, and many Irish characters. How does your personal history as a first-generation Irish American influence your writing?
: My parents both came over on the boat when they were in their twenties. The Ireland my parents knew, which was the Ireland of farmers, is much more akin to the Ireland of the 19th century than it is to the 20th. So I grew up with a sense of a much larger, richer historical past than a lot of kids who were children of '70s/'80s Boston. I also grew up with a revolving cabal of Irish uncles and aunts who got together every weekend, rain or shine, and told stories of the old days. For a budding writer, how much more blessed could you be?
Read the full interview »
Poem of the Month
unscrew the moon
by Andrew Lundwall
strange stars plucked the bones of her piano
dying the same dream night after night
if love might could be taught to be
cellphone refugees' genuflecting lips
throw long o's of sweeter life preservers
lies to each glance foretold by eyelash tips
mounts of sweat that creak of compromise
forgetful togetherness crayoned on chest
blacklisted alibis swallow to drain to fertilize
hazel-eyed assassins disguised as buoys
bobbing on a feather-filled lake in fishnets
tread tongues along bottom learning disturbed
a pixilated fantasy of horizon bloods up swells
each shell confesses when crunched underfoot
of delusions of grandeur fake a chain unscrew moon
where pretend is promise it's best not to get
Read more poetry »
Jessica, Elizabeth, and the Goodreads Team


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|"Art Doesn't Help People - People Help People" by Herakut.|
Berlin is a prime destination on the bargain flight trail for now, and so its art scene is booming... for now. But that boom obviously can't last forever. The forces that attract the world to Berlin - cheap oil, low wages, and the low prices they create - are unsustainable. But so is the alternative: turning Berlin into a relentlessly gentrified enclave for the world's wealthy, where the prices are too high for artists and other people on low incomes to survive. The city needs a new model if it's going to hang onto what it has here, and with so many creative minds present, there is a brief window of opportunity for the art scene to help create that. Is the scene making the most of it? Or is it merely standing on the sidelines, painting pretty pictures to distract itself from the harsh realities that it faces?
Works by artists like Blu and Roa (above right) seem to reflect the uneasy balance that exists in cities like Berlin. Each artist employs stark imagery to expose the cruelty and absurdity underlying the Western economic machine. They seem to speak from inside and outside of the system simultaneously... like a cog that's suddenly become self-aware.
Vermibus (right) has taken that self-awareness a step further by actively sabotaging the messages sent by the advertising industry. He specifically targets beauty ads, sabotaging models who've been airbrushed to the point of artifice. You've probably seen his work and wondered if it was just another cynical ad campaign (or if those mushrooms were finally working). It's not (but they might be).
Another Berlin-based artist who speaks to that tendency to treat people as soulless commodities is Berlin-based Hito Steyerl. In her video, "How Not To Be Seen: A Fucking Didactic Educational" she makes a funny yet scarily-apt statement about the sense of invisibility underlying urban life. ("Be a woman over 50" she suggests in her video, as a way of achieving invisibility).
Many of Berlin's artists use art as a way of having a say in a social discourse that would otherwise limit their options to various forms of consumption. Their choice 'speak' in a different way leaves them out in the cold; in Berlin, many are surviving by the skin of their teeth, getting by on a mixture of self-employment contracts, Minijobs and the dole. This puts them at the mercy of city's employers, investors and bureaucrats. The only power that they really have is people power, and the power of expression, yet many seem content to merely sit back and wait for a patron to come along and offer them a chance to be heard and seen in a commercial gallery patronized by the elite. At events like the upcoming Berlin Art Week, "Attracting investment is one of [the] key aims" as if money is the only possible solution for an artist's woes. But maybe what they really need is for the system to 'spare them some social change', instead.
As Noam Chomsky says in Manufacturing Consent, "A decent society should maximize the possibilities for the fundamental human characteristic [of creativity] to be realized." We seem to be headed for a mostly-automated future, in which the majority jobs will necessarily be in creative and theoretical fields. There simply won't be much in the way of work that is productive, in the industrial sense of the word. Isn't it better to find a way to sustain people in those fields now, instead of crushing them in poverty to preserve an outdated paradigm for another day?
Berlin seems to offer a preview of how that future could look: superficially it functions, despite having a small productive sectors. It's intellectually rich, despite being physically poor. It is saturated with artists and idealists: street artists, installation artists, tattoo artists, interior designers and video artists. Many of the students here are studying in theoretical fields, and research and development is one of the city's key sectors. Together, these groups have renovated the city, rebuilding it from the ashes to fit the mould of their progressive imaginations. But that vision has yet to trickle up.
Over the past few years, Berlin's visionary residents have led popular movements against development projects (Mediaspree, Tempelhof) that would have fenced off vast areas of public land for the use of private investors. They have also agitated against rising rents and forced a rent cap to be put in place. The locals tend to vote the same way that they think too: the universal basic income, sustainable development, equality and privacy rights have all been championed by two of Berlin's most influential left-wing parties: the Greens (who are dominant in Friedrichshain, Kreuzberg and Prenzlauer Berg) and the Pirate Party (which took 8.9% of the vote in Berlin, compared to 1.4% nationally).
|'Drone Shadow' by James Bridle at 'Fire & Forget', KW Gallery|
But what if, instead of waiting for one of those investment windfalls to bypass the Senate and land in their studios, Berlin's art scene got together and tried to solve their collective problem through action? One group of people who have done this in Berlin is Mein Grundeinkommen. In addition to petitioning for the implementation of a universal basic income in Germany, Mein Grundeinkommen has crowd-funded the money to give one person a basic income for a year in order to show what life could be like, if the government spread its profits around more evenly.
|Center For Political Beauty's Wall-Sabotage Diagram|
Of course, the creative reality that Chomsky speaks of is out of reach for millions of other well-educated people in countries that have been torn apart by petty rivalries. Many of the refugees arriving in this city have been displaced from good jobs and homes by an over-zealous, Western arms trade that promotes war by making lethal weapons easily accessible. That arms trade was the subject of a recent exhibition at KW Gallery, called 'Fire and Forget'. It was named after the newer brand of war technologies that allow the user to kill without witnessing the deaths of the people he is lashing out at.
What future can the refugees/victims of these technologies hope for when they have no home base to go back to, much less ply their trades from? Artsy Berlin dissidents at the Center for Political Beauty regularly stage actions aimed at answering that question. Their stunts have included tearing down sections of the European anti-immigration barrier and exhuming bodies of drowned refugees for re-burial in Berlin, during meticulously staged (one could almost say "curated") actions that are engineered for maximum shock impact. Is it life imitating art or the other way around? They don't want you to know - just to act. More info about the group can be found on the group's website.
|Center for Political Beauty' attempts to auction off Chancellor Merkel|
In times like these, can any artist really afford to view reality with a sidelong glance, when they could be facing it head-on? It seems that merely hinting at the existence of larger pressures and struggles is no longer enough. Instead of staging another tasteful exhibition, maybe it's time that Berlin's arts community stages an assault on the outdated system that keeps them begging for change... be it financial, political, or social.

domain: artistic


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Howard Gardner’s Theory Of Multiple Intelligences Was First Published In 1983 In His Book Frames Of Mind.
Gardner believes that people can respond to environmental stimuli differently and that every average person has at least basic capabilities in each type of intelligence.
Still, everyone is better in some intelligence than others. Has more prominence; For example, a person can be a valuable writer because he is solid in terms of verbal intelligence, but due to weakness in spatial intelligence, the same person may not be able to find his way easily while driving on highways.
Every person’s success in life depends on the level of development of intelligence or intelligence that is needed for successful performance in his culture. The exciting thing about this intelligence is that you can increase the amount of each intelligence with practice.
In this article, we discuss Gardner’s visual-spatial intelligence.
If you haven’t taken Gardner’s multiple intelligence test yet, take it first from the link.
Definition of visual-spatial intelligence
This type of intelligence in you shows the ability and capacity to understand visual phenomena and the ability to reconstruct these images in mind. Despite having this intelligence, you tend to think in pictures, and you need to create a clear mental picture to get information.
You can also see shape, form, color, and texture with the “mind’s eye” and turn it into a tangible and objective image or figure in the art world. You have a good awareness of the dimensions and characteristics of the environment, and you have a good visualization.
Such ability allows physicists to visualize the world of stars and galaxies in their minds in a structured and multidimensional way, chemists imagine the visual space of molecules in their mind, or an artist, seeing some empty soda cans, can create an artwork made of Picture them in your mind and finally build it.
If you have visual-spatial intelligence, you can recognize colors and draw simple designs in the early stages. In the next step, you can realize the dimensions and depth of the space well, draw and paint, make sculptures and paint, and you are also able to rearrange scenes and objects.
In more advanced stages, you can create impressionistic and expressionistic works; You also engage in more complex visual-spatial activities such as playing chess.
Solutions to strengthen visual-spatial intelligence
You can use these solutions to strengthen visual-spatial intelligence :
- Look at the collections of famous photographers and ask yourself what makes them unique.
- Design Designing is one of the most appropriate ways to expand the visual-spatial space.
- Look at the map and the globe and pay attention to their relationship.
- Try to tell a story using only pictures or, on the contrary, draw images based on a novel.
- Think about how many models you can change the decoration of your home and draw different designs on paper.
- Look at clouds, buildings, and landscapes and try to see different shapes and outlines.
- Design a business card for yourself.
- Think about how you travel from one place to another and how you can give someone else the address of this move.
- Learn to draw or paint and scribble on paper.
- Try to use computer graphic programs (such as paint).
- Play visual-visual games (such as Rubik’s Cube, Mariage, etc.).
- Make a photo book of your favorite pictures in magazines and newspapers.
- Create 3D models for your creative ideas or other projects.
- Use more visual symbols (arrows, circles, stars, spirals, colors, and pictures) to take notes.
- Meet a mechanical engineer, architect, artist, or designer to see how you can use your spatial abilities.
- Start and finish 3D puzzles from different directions.


A 59-year-old Fort Lee woman accused of leaving her blind and deaf Boston Terrier on the side of the road near Teterboro Airport has been charged with animal cruelty.
Officials say, Tania Connelly, 59, was issued a summons to appear in court later this month, according to Roni Wildoner, chief of the Bergen County SPCA.
According to authorities, Connelly was in her red Nissan with another adult and a child about 4 p.m. on Saturday when she pulled over and left the dog on Industrial Avenue.
Officials say a driver behind Connelly took a picture of her car and the license plate and posted it on social media. A person who saw the post ultimately brought the dog to the animal shelter in Teterboro.
After she was issued a court summons, Connelly signed a surrender form so that the dog can be adopted before the case is resolved.
Police say Connelly is due to appear in Bergen County Superior Court in Hackensack on Sept. 20.
Anyone aware of animal cruelty or neglect call the SPCA at 201-573-8900 or visit bergenspca.org.


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The Wound Is Torn With Stitches That Get Worse With Age In Children?
Morning, I want to ask. My one-year-old child is clamping on the door and has a tear that is severe enough to get 5 stitches, it’s been 1 week the wound has been worse, what medicine or ointment is good for accelerating the regeneration of damaged tissue. ?
Thank you for the question on HealthReplies.com,
Tear cuts with sutures that are getting worse that you mean need to be explored further. Keep in mind the main complaints that arise and interfere with the wound area (pain that appears in the area of the wound, discharge from the wound, loose stitches, the wound looks swollen), the characteristics of the complaint (throbbing pain, discharge such as pus or blood, etc.) , other complaints that accompany (fever, wounds appear enlarged / widened, itching in the wound area, pain like burning in the wound area), a history of treatment that you have done to reduce this complaint.
In the process of wound healing, it should be noted that it takes time to go through several phases of wound healing, namely the inflammatory phase, fibroblastic phase, and wound maturation phase. In the inflammatory phase, the wound can cause pain, swelling, and cause interference with the move (depending on the size and location of the wound). Then the inflammatory reaction in the wound will start to subside, the tissue will begin to heal, merge, to form scar tissue.
In wound recovery, care must be taken to maintain the condition of the wound or the stitches remain clean and dry, avoid pulling the suture thread itself even though it can cause itching or discomfort, control the wound according to schedule, this needs to be maintained to avoid contamination and infection in the wound is experiencing healing, so that wound healing can take place properly. If the wound appears swollen, discharge such as pus, redness and pain, it is advisable to re-control related to further examination and management.
Hopefully this information can help you,

domain: medical


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One of the most valuable things I have learned over the last two years is to be okay with me. I have learned to accept myself, my personality and my hangups. God accepts me just as I am, hangups and all. He loves me just as I am, hangups and all. He accepts you just as you are and He loves you just as you are.
If He can love me and accept me just as I am, then I can love me and accept me just as I am.
I would encourage you to surround yourself with people who are okay with who you are, who don't try to manipulate or change you - people who encourage you when they need to and love you when you aren't being lovable.
If you aren't okay with you and if you don't like who you are, ask yourself why. If you are allowing people in your life who drag you down or who simply don't like you for who you are, ask yourself why.
What are you believing that keeps you in this place or with those kind of people? What do you not believe?
I firmly believe it is simply what we believe about ourselves that gets us into most of our messes - that and other people's and our bad choices.
Examine what you believe about yourself and others. This will be a lifetime examination, trust me.
It is okay to be okay with who you are! It is okay to surround yourself with people who believe in who you are! If you can be okay with you, you will save yourself a lot of heartache.
Believing in who I am,

domain: psychology


Check out Barkentine by Jane Lui on Amazon Music. Stream ad-free or purchase CD's and MP3s now on Barkentine by Lui, Jane () - Music. Listen to Barkentine on Spotify. Jane Lui · Album · · 12 songs. View credits, reviews, tracks and shop for the File release of "Barkentine" on Discogs. Listen to Barkentine Interlude by Jane Lui, 7 Shazams. Featured In. Album. Barkentine. Jane Lui. Top Songs By Jane Lui. Third Place Difference. 1. PREVIEW. West In Me. 2. PREVIEW. Hunter. 3. PREVIEW. Libra Armor. 4. PREVIEW. Barkentine Interlude. Artist: Jane Lui Title: Barkentine Product Type: COMPACT DISCS Tracks: 3rd Place Difference West in Me Hunter Libra Armor. Jane Lui Lyrics Third Place DifferenceLyrics West In MeLyrics HunterLyrics Libra ArmorLyrics Barkentine InterludeLyrics Snowboots In SummerLyrics. Title: Barkentine. Barkentine Interlude. Artist: Jane Lui. Format: CD. Label: CD Baby. © DirectToU LLC. Barkentine. Jane Lui. Released Back. Mahalia Breaks Down "I Wish I Missed My Ex". Rickey Thompson & Denzel Dion React To Viral Music Videos (Oliver.


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Wilsons Auctions Unreserved Government Auction takes place fortnightly, with a range of luxury and designer items going to the highest bidder at the fall of the gavel.
These items have been seized from criminals by our police force and government agency clients across the UK, Ireland and worldwide. Wilsons Auctions is proud of the work it carries out in relation to its government asset recovery work, which has seen it responsible for returning over £100 million back into the public purse in recent years. These auctions are available to online bidders through our LiveBid auction facility.
CLICK HERE to understand the auction process.
- Please read our Terms and Conditions before bidding on any Lot
- All purchasers are deemed to have satisfied themselves with Lots before bidding
- All Lots are "Sold As Seen" unless stated by the auctioneer
- All Lots are subject to a 20% Buyers Premium (unless stated otherwise)
- When bidding via Livebid, there is an Online Bidders Administration fee of £42 when a Lot is purchased
- Full payment is required within 24 hours after the auction
- Collections are to be no later than 48 hours after the auction, otherwise, storage charges will occur
- Please check each Lot for VAT Status as some Lots may include VAT
Register NOW for the auction to avoid disappointment!

domain: finance


text:
treespace is an R package for the comparison of phylogenetic trees. This web interface provides easy access to the resources implemented in the package.
The Help tab explains everything in more detail. Briefly:
Get started with the Tree landscape explorer tab. Here you can use the example datasets of Dengue fever trees or woodmice trees, or upload your own trees. You can visualise the relative distances between trees in 2D or 3D according to various metrics, and colour them by type (e.g. coloured by gene) or by statistical clustering methods.
View individual trees in the Tree viewer tab, including the overall median tree according to the Kendall Colijn metric, and a median tree per cluster if statistical clusters have been identified.
View collections of trees superimposed on each other in the densiTree viewer tab. This can give an idea of how similar or otherwise the trees are.
[statistical exploration of landscapes of phylogenetic trees]
treespace implements statistical tools for the exploration of sets of phylogenetic trees describing the evolutionary relationships between the same taxa. This web interface provides an easy access to the resources implemented in the package. Each tab is made of two panels: a sidebar used to choose inputs, analysis tools and aesthetics, and a main panel displaying results.
Tree landscape explorer
The Tree landscape explorer tab is where the whole tree space can be explored. Choose between a two- or three-dimensional plot to visualise the trees using Metric Multidimensional Scaling (MDS, a.k.a. Principal Coordinates Analysis, PCoA), which calculates the best reduced-spaced visualisation of the distances between trees. The sidebar contains the following sections:
treespace takes a list of phylogenetic trees as input. The user can choose between data distributed with the package, or provide input files. Two types of input files can be used:
R objects saved using the function save(x, file="x.RData") where 'x' is a list of trees of the class multiphylo (from the ape package. Accepted extensions are ".RData" and ".rda".
list of trees saved in a nexus file, e.g. using ape's function write.nexus(x, file="x.nex") in R.
Tree summary / metric: the method to be used to measure distances between tips of the trees. Choose from:
Kendall Colijn: the tree metric developed by Kendall & Colijn; used by default
Billera, Holmes, Vogtmann: the Billera, Holmes & Vogtmann tree metric (also known as the 'geodesic distance')
Robinson Foulds (unrooted): the Robinson Foulds tree metric. Note that this implementation of the metric (from the package phangorn) treats the trees as unrooted and uses the unweighted edge-count distance (Robinson Foulds 1981).
Tip-tip path distance (unrooted): metric by Steel and Penny which counts the number of internal nodes on the shortest path between each pair of tips. Along with its weighted version (below), this is also known as the tip distance, nodal distance, patristic distance and dissimilarity measure. Trees are treated as unrooted. (see ?nNodes in the package adephylo)
Tip-tip branch-length distance (unrooted): similar to the tip-tip path distance, but using the branch lengths instead of counting the edges. (see ?distTips in the package adephylo)
Abouheif test: the Abouheif test as presented in Pavoine et al. (2008) (see ?distTips in the package adephylo)
Sum of direct descendents: another test related to the Abouheif test (see ?distTips in the package adephylo)
Lambda: The value of lambda used in Kendall & Colijn's metric. Numbe

domain: biology


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The timing of this announcement isn’t too surprising since the CW upfront presentation is next week and casts are alway set in place in time for the upfronts, but Misha Collins as been confirmed to be a series regular again in season 10!
I know a lot of fans were worried about this and Misha himself was kept in the dark until recently. So, if there’s any kind of death of Castiel in the next two episodes, it’s not gonna stick. I do hope this means that Misha will be at the upfronts.
Congratulations Misha, we love you! What are your hopes for our favorite angel warrior in season 10?


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i scored a small box of HSS squares and rounds at a local auction..
some of them are marked "HSS"
some of them are marked "HSS-Co"
and some of them are marked "KK"
anyone have *ANY* idea what KK might be?
it looks just like HSS ... the grain
looks a little longer.. but thats the
only stretch i can make in describing
they're stamped with dimensions just
like the other HSS stock (10x10x200mm)
i'll be using these for grinding lathe tooling.


Anne Condon, University of Wisconsin
Faith Fich, University of Toronto
Greg N. Frederickson, Purdue University
Andrew V. Goldberg, NEC Research Institute
David S. Johnson, AT&T Bell Laboratories
Michael C. Loui, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Steven Mahaney, DIMACS
Prabhakar Raghavan, IBM Almaden Research Center
John Savage, Brown University
Alan Selman, SUNY at Buffalo
David B. Shmoys, Cornell University
Abstract. This report focuses on two core areas of theory of computing: discrete algorithms and computational complexity theory. The report reviews the purposes and goals of theoretical research, summarizes selected past and recent achievements, explains the importance of sustaining core research, and identifies promising opportunities for future research. Some research opportunities build bridges between theory of computing and other areas of computer science, and other science and engineering disciplines.
Categories and Subject Descriptors: F.0 [Theory of Computation]: General, F.1.0 [Computation by Abstract Devices]: General, F.2.2 [Analysis of Algorithms and Problem Complexity]: Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems.
General Terms: Algorithms, Experimentation, Theory, Verification
This report focuses on two core areas of theoretical computer science, namely, discrete algorithms and computational complexity theory. Other reports from the Strategic Directions workshop address theoretical research in computational geometry, in concurrency, in programming language semantics, and in formal methods.
Research in theory of computing began in the 1930s, when investigations by logicians produced computability theory. With the emergence of higher level languages in the 1950s, attention turned to the parsing and compiling of programs, leading to studies of automata and formal languages. During the 1960s and 1970s, researchers developed fundamental data structures and discrete algorithms, and the NP-completeness concept. All of these topics occupy a central place in computer science curricula, for they are essential for the education of computing professionals.
The scope of theory of computing has changed over the last sixty years, and it continues to change. Within the core areas of algorithms and complexity theory, research has branched into new directions. Section III.A summarizes several significant achievements of this research and explains the importance of sustaining core research in theory of computing.
Furthermore, concepts and techniques from theory of computing have been applied successfully to problems in other areas of computer science, and in other science and engineering disciplines. Examples appear in Section III.B. We hope that this report will encourage researchers outside theory of computing to collaborate with theoreticians on problems of mutual interest.
The performance of algorithms is assessed through both analysis and experimentation, which have complementary strengths and weaknesses. Asymptotic analysis, the study of algorithmic performance on large problem instances, helps explain the inherent complexity of a problem. Some simple algorithms have been shown to be efficient only through deep mathematical analysis. Algorithmic performance for a given application is often evaluated through experimentation on representative data sets.
Some fundamental laws are impossibility results that state limits on the power of computers. For example, in general, no algorithm can examine a program and its input and determine whether it will halt. No sorting algorithm uses fewer than $\log_2 (n!) = O(n \log n)$ comparisons in the worst case. No deterministic protocol for agreement among unreliable processors that tolerates $t$ failures requires fewer than $t+1$ rounds. Sometimes, lower bounds on computation time or storage space take the form of quantitative tradeoffs: if the space is limited, then the time must be large, and vice versa. Hash tables exhibit this tradeoff between space and time.
Although lower bounds on time have been established for some computational problems, there is a large class of problems, including many ubiquitous optimization problems, that appear to be difficult to solve exactly, but for which no nontrivial lower bounds are known: the NP-complete problems [Cook, 1971; Karp, 1972]. In essence, a problem is in the class P if its solution can be found efficiently, in polynomial time, and a problem is in the class NP if its solution can be verified efficiently. The NP-complete problems are the problems in NP that are the hardest to solve, as explained in more detail in Section III.A.2. The P vs. NP question asks whether P = NP, that is, whether problems whose solutions can be verified efficiently can a fortiori be solved efficiently.
More than a thousand computational problems, arising in many fields of science and engineering, are NP-complete [Garey and Johnson, 1979]. Experience over several decades indicates that efficient solutions for NP-complete problems are unlikely to exist. Consequently, proving a problem to be NP-complete is generally accepted as a proof of its difficulty. The difficulty of finding efficient solutions to NP-complete problems suggests seeking other methods, such as approximation algorithms and probabilistic algorithms, to solve the interesting instances of the problems as best one can. For example, scheduling jobs is a critical task in manufacturing, and the NP-completeness of many scheduling problems helps practitioners justify the implementation of suboptimal solutions.
For example, Karmarkar's theoretical results about his interior point algorithm for linear programming  did not attract much attention in the practical optimization community until he produced results suggesting that his algorithm was practical. This effort led to a flourishing of research, both theoretical and empirical, on interior point algorithms. Today, all major commercial linear programming packages contain interior point routines in addition to implementations of the traditional Simplex algorithm. Because of the widespread use of linear programming, the interior-point method has significantly influenced many areas of science and engineering.
Not all theoretical results can or must undergo empirical evaluation. Conceptual results, such as lower bounds, computability proofs, and reductions between problems, cannot be verified experimentally. Other results may be practical only in combination with future technological or theoretical developments.
Nevertheless, experimental work is important. It is an entirely appropriate activity for theoreticians with interests and talents in that direction. A deep theoretical understanding of an algorithm and its background can be crucial to understanding key implementation issues and interpreting the results of experiments. Some examples of recent experimental work by theoreticians are the DIMACS Implementation Challenges [Johnson and McGeoch, 1993], the LEDA project [Näher and Uhrig, 1996], implementations of algorithms for network optimization [Goldberg, 1994], and experimental work [Goudreau et al., 1995; Miller, 1993] on the BSP model [Valiant, 1990]. The recently introduced ACM Journal on Experimental Algorithmics provides an important forum for experimental work. Better coordination of experimental research on algorithms, introduction of carefully designed data sets for many fundamental problems, and formalization of standards for evaluation of experimental work on algorithms [Barr et al., 1995; McGeoch, 1996] bespeak the growing maturity of the area.
Unfettered research on fundamental questions has yielded surprising results. New notions of mathematical proof emerged from research on randomized algorithms for primality testing that may make mistakes. Later, interactive proofs, zero-knowledge proofs, and probabilistically checkable proofs (PCPs) were defined. Work on PCPs led directly to astonishing results on the existence of approximation algorithms for optimization problems on [Feige et al., 1996; Lund and Yannakakis, 1994], and to a spectacular approximation algorithm for the traveling salesman problem in the plane [Arora, 1996]. Studies of expressibility in logic led to the unexpected discovery that nondeterministic space classes are closed under complementation [Immerman, 1988; Szelepcsenyi, 1988]; this discovery was a major advance in understanding the power of nondeterminism, and a possible step toward resolving the P vs. NP question.
Theoretical research has also led to new applications and is often ahead of technology. Just as the Turing machine anticipated the first general purpose programmable computer, so, more recently, has theoretical research on security produced digital signatures for authentication and public-key encryption for privacy. These research contributions now support a growing, multi-billion dollar industry in computer security; see Section III.B.2.
It is essential to nurture and sustain research in the core areas of theory of computing. Because the goals of this research are long term, the payoff may not be apparent immediately. Thus, support for core theoretical research represents a long term investment for the common good.
In complexity theory, reductions between problems are used to establish the existence of computationally difficult problems. A problem $\Pi_0$ is NP-hard if every problem $\Pi$ in NP efficiently reduces to $\Pi_0$, in the sense that $\Pi$ can be solved by an algorithm that makes subroutine calls to an algorithm that solves $\Pi_0$. NP-hard problems need not belong to NP. A problem $\Pi_0$ is NP-complete if $\Pi_0$ is NP-hard and $\Pi_0$ is in NP. Theoreticians have studied other kinds of reductions between problems too. One might say that problem $\Pi_1$ reduces to problem $\Pi_2$ if each instance of $\Pi_1$ can be efficiently transformed into an instance of $\Pi_2$. Reductions of the former kind are called Turing reductions, and those of the latter kind are called many-one reductions. All problems that are known to be complete for NP under Turing reductions are already complete under many-one reductions; it remains an open problem whether this is true in general.
Complexity theory substantiates the security of modern cryptographic schemes, explaining why different representations of the same information--the original plaintext and the encrypted ciphertext--are not effectively the same. That is, complexity theory characterizes the difficulty of computational problems, and hence the difficulty of breaking a cryptosystem. Cracking a public-key cryptosystem [Diffie and Hellman, 1976] or related system would imply the existence of an efficient algorithm for a computational problem ``known'' to be intractable. Underlying all cryptosystems are the concepts of one-way functions and trapdoor functions [Impagliazzo, 1989; Yao, 1982].
In recent years, randomization has played an increasingly important role in computation [Motwani and Raghavan, 1995]. Frequently, algorithms with random choices provide efficient solutions to computational problems that are otherwise unavailable [Rabin, 1976]. Computational heuristics that use randomization--Monte Carlo methods--have been used for many years, but theoretical studies have placed randomized algorithms on sound intellectual footings: several definitions of randomness have been compared, and various kinds of errors have been distinguished [Gill, 1977]. The power and nature of randomization remain to be fully discovered.
The theory of average-case complexity is being developed [Gurevich, 1991; Levin, 1986; Wang, to appear] for hard computational problems. The goal is to determine whether they remain hard on average. It has been shown that some combinatorial problems are NP-complete with respect to reductions that preserve distributions. This work is laying a foundation for the classification of problems according to average-case complexity, analogous to the traditional classification according to worst-case complexity.
One of the original motivations for NP-completeness was to explain the apparent difficulty of making simple inferences in propositional logic: the sort of inferences required in artificial intelligence reasoning systems. The theory suggests that many logical tautologies have no short proof, which is a question of practical as well as profound mathematical and philosophical interest. For many proof systems used in practice, long proofs are required for some tautologies [Haken, 1985].
Many concrete computational models have been introduced to study these questions. For example, progress in proof systems has been made possible through the study of logic circuits. Logic circuits, although very simple, are rich enough to express Turing machine computations [Savage, 1972; Borodin, 1977]. Exponential lower bounds have been obtained for the sizes of constant-depth circuits for parity [Yao, 1985; Hastad, 1987]. The study of circuit size may help determine whether P is equal to NP [Boppana and Sipser, 1990].
Concrete computational models have been used to study specific performance issues. The pebble game [Paterson and Hewitt, 1970] and the branching program [Borodin and Cook, 1982] models provide settings for the concrete study of space-time tradeoffs in problems such as graph connectivity and matrix multiplication [Abrahamson, 1990]. The red-blue pebble game [Hong and Kung, 1981] captures the essential features of a two-level memory hierarchy and exhibits lower bounds on tradeoffs between I/O time and primary storage capacity. The VLSI model [Thompson, 1979] takes wire width into account and facilitates the study of tradeoffs between the area of a chip and its computation time.
Research on the nature and limits of computation is still in its infancy. Many challenging questions remain to be answered, including questions about randomization, average-case complexity, and lower bounds on performance for hard combinatorial problems. With the emergence of new computing paradigms, such as quantum computing, biological computing, and speed-of-light limited computation, new computational models are needed that require new methods of analysis to understand their computational power. In the future, the full spectrum of research in complexity theory will continue to be important. History has shown that we cannot predict where breakthroughs will appear.
Central contributions to computer science have included the explicit introduction of the concept of an algorithm and measures for algorithmic efficiency, such as worst-case asymptotic time complexity. The adversarial point of view implicit in worst-case analysis circumvents the pitfalls of unjustified assumptions about "typical behavior." Asymptotic analysis explains how solution techniques scale with the input size. Further, in combination, the speedups of faster algorithms and faster hardware multiply.
Combinatorial algorithms have broad impact, because combinatorial problems arise everywhere. The breathtaking growth of communications networks has reemphasized the importance of graph and network problems. In particular, network flow problems are enjoying a renaissance, exemplified by the practical scaling technique for minimum-cost flow [Goldberg and Tarjan, 1990] and by efficient combinatorial algorithms for the multicommodity flow problem [Leighton et al., 1991]. Many improved algorithms rely on ingenious data structure techniques, some of which (e.g., universal hashing methods) have been incorporated into commercial software. Techniques for incrementally updating solutions and for maintaining persistent data are being successfully developed, and the benefit of amortization and self-adjusting structures has been demonstrated [Sleator and Tarjan, 1985]. Techniques in the design of parallel and distributed algorithms are strongly influencing practical parallel computing. In addition, and most remarkably, knowledge of how to coordinate tasks in parallel has been used to design faster sequential algorithms [Megiddo, 1983].
For NP-hard problems, approximation algorithms provide practical solutions. Significant contributions include the characterization of worst-case ratio and the formulation of polynomial-time and fully polynomial-time approximation schemes. Recent advances include the primal-dual method for approximation algorithms [Goemans and Williamson, 1995] and polynomial-time approximation schemes for a variety of problems in the Euclidean plane [Arora, 1996].
On-line algorithms adapt a known paradigm, approximation algorithms, to a new class of problems, namely, problems for which information is received incrementally. One major contribution is the notion of competitive analysis [Karlin et al., 1988], and a celebrated achievement is the design of a competitive k-server algorithm [Koutsoupias and Papadimitriou, 1994].
Future directions are suggested by areas in which substantial contributions continue to be made. These areas include, but are not limited to, combinatorial algorithms, data structures, parallel and distributed algorithms, randomized algorithms, approximation algorithms, and on-line algorithms. Furthermore, just as the emergence of parallel and distributed computing systems prompted the development of parallel and distributed algorithms, new algorithmic paradigms will be inspired by emerging kinds of computing environments, such as real-time embedded systems, wireless networks, and nomadic computing. New techniques will be needed to systematically handle computational problems with noisy input data and flexible optimization criteria. New analytical concepts will help explain the the effectiveness of commonly used but poorly understood computational heuristics.
Because of space limitations, the following sections present only a sample of bridging opportunities, to indicate what might be possible.
Recent research on security has used all the tools of theoretical computer science: development of new models and definitions, design and analysis of algorithms, proofs of lower bounds and other inherent limitations on what can be achieved, and experimentation and implementation. (Stinson  gives a thorough introduction to the field.) Ideas from computational complexity have been used to formally define concepts such as fairness, hardness, signature, information, knowledge, commitment, and proof that are appropriate for electronic transactions. Efficient algorithms and protocols have been developed that use these formal concepts to solve real security problems. For example, in "discreet decision making," many parties reach a joint decision without forcing any individual to reveal all of the private information that he used to make it. Electronic voting is a special case of discreet decision making.
Finally, cryptography and security present a unique opportunity for theoretical computer science: The ``customers'' of cryptography and security work explicitly want proofs and are willing to pay for them [Brickell, 1996]. Although security requirements (e.g., privacy or authenticity) can be specified just as functional requirements (e.g., throughput or speed) can be specified, it is more difficult to test that a product meets security requirements than to test that it meets functional requirements. Because a testing team cannot know all of the characteristics of a potential adversary, it is essentially impossible to perform realistic, comprehensive simulations of attempts to compromise security. The only way to develop confidence that a product or service is secure is to state all assumptions precisely and to prove that these assumptions, together with the functional requirements of the product or service, imply that the security requirements are met.
With the spectacular growth in volume of on-line data--on file systems, in databases, and on the Internet--and the precipitous drop in storage costs, new applications that were hitherto considered too cumbersome become feasible. As the emphasis in database research shifts from systems to applications, so too will the focus of theoretical research shift to new applications in information management and decision support.
Businesses believe that there is massive latent information in data archived from past operations. For instance, a long-distance phone company might examine its historical call data to infer calling patterns. Based on these patterns, the company might offer a custom-calling plan to a group of customers. This activity is popularly known as data mining [Fayyad et al., 1996]. (See The Data Mine.) Data mining computations involve statistical clustering, classification, prediction, data compression, and learning. These computations require new graph and set-theoretic algorithms, approximation algorithms, and randomization. The sheer quantity of data demands asymptotically efficient algorithms.
Another active area of research is on-line analytic processing. Here, data in a (typically sparsely populated) multidimensional cube, extracted from relational data, are aggregated along various dimensions, and in categories within dimensions. Results from the hardness of approximation have been used to show the optimality of a class of greedy aggregation algorithms [Harinarayan et al., 1996].
The traditional approach to information retrieval in textual databases requires a lexical match between a user's request and phrases in a database's documents. In contrast, latent semantic indexing uses spectral methods to find higher-order semantic associations between requests and terms in documents [Deerwester et al., 1990].
Searching a library of images is now as routine as searching through text files [Faloutsos et al., 1994]. IBM's Query By Image Content project and MIT's Photoshop are two advanced image indexing systems. A fortiori, multimedia indexing presents difficult algorithmic challenges. The creation and management of multimedia content provide new opportunities for research in geometric algorithms, data structures, pattern matching, coding, data compression, and storage management.
Supplying video on demand in ATM networks, for example, requires good routing algorithms to take full advantage of the network capacity. One can model this routing problem as a type of multicommodity flow problem, in which commodities arrive over time with different bandwidth demands. Algorithms for flow problems have long been studied within a theoretical context. Starting with Shahrokhi and Matula , several papers have developed efficient algorithms for multicommodity flow problems (surveyed by Plotkin ). The initial work in this area was not motivated by applications to networking, and it had little immediate practical relevance. Nonetheless, theoretical results inspired the recent development of an ATM routing protocol [Gawlick et al., 1994], which is being used commercially by AT&T. Research on routing will continue to be important, as communication hardware technology continues to evolve. Furthermore, theoretical research will not only respond to the new technology, but may potentially influence the hardware of the next generation of networks.
The design of communication networks also presents rich algorithmic questions that benefit from a theoretical treatment. Through the work of Mihail et al. , theoretical investigations on performance guarantees of primal-dual approximation algorithms (surveyed by Goemans and Williamson ) have led to a powerful commercial product used in the design of telephone networks at Bellcore. Good algorithms are known only for relatively simple types of network design applications, and there are particularly challenging problems in the effective design of ISDN networks and networks for multimedia traffic.
Optimization algorithms are used in simulations of physical systems where each simulation step is a minimization problem, with minima corresponding to low-energy states of the system. Combinatorial optimization problems relevant to these applications include the max-flow/min-cut problem, the assignment problem, and the min-cost flow problem. Efficient algorithms and codes developed by computer scientists [Goldberg, 1994] have been essential for these applications. Algorithmic efficiency is crucial because the optimization problems are large, and many problems need to be solved during a simulation.
A classic computational method for studying models in statistical mechanics is to simulate a suitable Markov chain and observe it in equilibrium. Heretofore, the algorithms used in these simulations have lacked rigorous analyses. Recently, however, powerful tools for analyzing mixing rates of Markov chains, originally used in theoretical computer science, have led to the first rigorous analyses of simulation algorithms for several important models [Jerrum and Sinclair, 1993; Kenyon et al., 1996].
Threshold phenomena, introduced in discrete mathematics [Erdos and Renyi, 1960], and studied in theoretical computer science, are closely related to phase transitions in statistical physics. This analogy has led to many exciting developments, such as a deeper understanding of the critical behavior of percolation models [Borgs et al., 1996] and insight into the properties of noisy circuits [Evans, 1996].
Conversely, applications in statistical physics raise interesting algorithmic problems. For example, current state-of-the-art codes for the min-cut and assignment problems are memory-limited. To overcome memory limitations, distributed algorithms which use the memories of many computers need to be developed.
DNA Molecules and Proteins. DNA molecules are chains of chemical structures called nucleotides. Identifying and analyzing the sequences of nucleotides in the DNA molecules of humans (approximately 3 billion nucleotides in length) is the goal of the Human Genome Project. Sequencing machines today can handle DNA molecules of at most 1000 nucleotides. Therefore, biochemical processes are used to fragment large DNA molecules, clone the fragments, and obtain partial information about the sequences of nucleotides in these fragments.
After fragmentation, the task of obtaining useful data about the genome from this partial information is primarily computational. One example is the physical mapping problem, which is to determine the order in which "landmark" sequences appear in the original (unknown) DNA molecule, given partial information such as their presence in long, overlapping subsequences of the molecule [Karp, 1993]. Contributions of computer scientists to such tasks include NP-hardness results, approximation algorithms, development of new algorithms or heuristics, and new data structures [Pevzner and Waterman, 1995; Lander and Waterman, 1995].
As biotechnology changes, new computational problems arise. Combinatorial arrays of DNA molecules are now synthesized commercially by Affymetrix and others for use in new sequencing strategies (known as sequencing by hybridization) and disease diagnosis [Fodor et al., 1991]. Theoretical computer scientists are developing algorithmic strategies for the synthesis of such arrays [Pevzner and Lipshutz, 1994] and for using them in sequencing by hybridization [Margaritis and Skiena, 1995].
Proteins are chains of amino acids, of which there are 20 different types. In some proteins, the amino acid sequence folds to form an extremely compact three-dimensional structure, which is uniquely determined by the amino acid sequence. The protein folding problem is to predict this structure [Chan and Dill, 1993]. To date, computer scientists have proved NP-completeness results and designed approximation algorithms for restricted versions of the problem [Hart and Istrail, 1995], but the problem is far from solved.
DNA Computing. Adleman  used a novel method to solve a tiny instance of the directed traveling salesman problem, encoding paths through cities in strands of DNA molecules. In principle, currently available chemical processes for synthesis and manipulation of DNA can support associative memory and general computations in which information-carrying DNA strands are processed in parallel [Baum, 1995; Lipton, 1995]. A primary thrust of current research is to determine the realizable scale of DNA-based computations, when errors are inherent in the underlying chemical processes. This research has raised new mathematical and algorithmic research problems on reliable computations despite errors [Karp et al., 1996].
Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Design. The synthesis of molecules with special properties, such as enzymes and drugs, has traditionally been very expensive. A promising new approach called combinatorial chemistry is to create a library of molecules in vitro and to search this library for a molecule with the desired properties [Stemmer, 1995]. Optimization algorithms have been adapted to the problem of searching a large sequence space of proteins [Delagraph et al., 1993]. A strategy that involves successively fixing positions in a nucleotide sequence has recently yielded a nucleotide sequence that inhibits infection by the HIV virus in vitro [Wyatt et al., 1994].
Typical grants to researchers in theory of computing are smaller than in other areas of computer science and engineering, which may require special equipment, programmers, and technicians. Especially when research grants carry large overheads, some deans and department chairs improperly use the sizes of professors' research grants as the most important measure of the quality of their research. Hiring and promotion decisions should not be based primarily on money, but on scholarly contributions, evaluated through peer review.
Graduate students whose thesis research is in theory of computing need a deep and broad training in core theory to master a variety of techniques and to understand the connections between results in different areas of the field. They also need a broad education in other areas of computer science and engineering for three reasons: to understand the context of theoretical results, to be able to apply their expertise to practical problems, and to communicate effectively with future students, colleagues, and practitioners.
Conferences also support bridging activities. Plenary talks by prominent researchers publicize particular research questions. Conferences devoted to specific subject areas that include a broad spectrum of researchers encourage dialogue and interaction. Tutorials for nonspecialists and panel discussions are also helpful.
Electronic resources supplement traditional publication in conferences and journals. Within the theory of computing community, researchers regularly use electronic bibliographies of conference and journal papers, such as the Glimpse server and the Hypertext Bibliography Project. The Networked Computer Science Technical Report Library is another resource. Researchers in all areas of computing could benefit from these kinds of tools.
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text:
Data – and Migration, is Beautiful
Check out this interactive timeline by Natalia Bronshtein, which literally
displays immigration to the United States as a “flow.” Note the decline in the number of
immigrants stemming from the Immigration Act of 1924, and the subsequent
rise after the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.

domain: history