I'm back with more D-day news and this time the French are getting some love with a completely new set of defences.
My main source of inspiration for these defences is the Maginot Line of bunkers along France's border with Germany and Italy. The Maginot Line was built in the 1930s when tensions in Europe started to rise. It was the largest defensive network ever created and much of it still stands today. In order to represent the Maginot Line and give France a unique gameplay feature, their defences can be placed near each other to create indestructible walls that can only be removed by destroying the defensive structures. This give a French player the ability to create complex and unique base fortifications.
Click to enlarge
For animations, photographs and more information click on the images to visit their D-day wiki page.
The GFM Cloche was a heavily armoured machine gun post used on the French Maginot Line of defences. Over a thousand of them were built and were used on the roofs of the every bunker along the defensive line.
75mm AC Mle.39
The 75mm AC Mle.39 (aka 75mm TAZ 39) was an anti-tank weapon designed during the opening stages of world war 2, it was hoped that it would replace the ageing 75mm Mle.1897 field gun in the AT role but only a few prototypes where finished before the armistice and all development was stopped soon after. Like many AT weapons of that era it was a modification of an anti-aircraft weapon, the 75mm CA Mle.38. It was fitted on a new type of 3 legged carriage with the gun fitted on a rotating mount, giving it the ability to turn 360o without moving the carriage. The 75mm AC Mle.39 was also designed to take advantage of a new type of ammunition that was also being developed at that time by Edgar Brandt. This new round used a discarding sabot to fire a shell at increased speeds. As France began to fall Brandt evacuated to England where he continued his work, helping to develop an armour piercing discarding sabot round for the British 6pdr and 17pdr guns. Today the APDS round is used as the standard anti-tank round in all modern tanks.
The SS.11 was a French wire guided anti-tank missile designed in the early 1950s. It was a further development of the SS.10 which was a smaller missile primarily designed for use by infantry, the larger SS.11 was instead designed for use on tanks, aircraft and ships. It saw widespread use by NATO forces, as well as numerous other countries around the world and on many different vehicles. The most notable though is the Alouette II which with the SS.11 became the first ever anti-tank helicopter.
25mm CA Mle.40J
During the early 1930's Hotchkiss developed a new 25mm light anti-aircraft weapon, their attempts to sell the design to the French Army and Navy failed though, they instead preferred a 37mm design being developed by Schneider. They managed to find some interest on the export market from Romanian and Spain, Japan also bought a licence to produced it as the Type 96 25mm. With Hotchkiss's success on the export market and the delay of Schneider's 37mm weapon the French Army and Navy decided to also order the 25mm CA. By the time of the German invasion of France in 1940 only a limited amount of the 25mm CA where available, most were taken from the production batch originally meant for Romania. After the armistice limited production continued under the Vichy French and Romania finally received its weapons in 1943.
75mm CA Mle.38
The 75mm CA Mle.38 was a medium anti-aircraft weapon designed by Schneider. Work started in 1928 by modifying their famous 75mm Mle.1897 field gun on to an anti-aircraft mount, by the design was finished in 1932 and testing started. Schneider continued working on the design though and finish a new improved model in 1936, it entered service in 1938 and was used during the German invasion. The Swiss also bought several of them before the war, designated 75mm Flab Kan 38.
Bofors 40mm L/70
I covered the history of the Bofors 40mm L/70 in the last news post with the Japanese version. I wont repeat myself so if you didn't read that post you can click on the link above to go to D-day wiki page.
The 135mm Mle.32 was the main heavy artillery weapon used in the French Maginot Line of fortifications. A pair of them were normally placed within an armoured retractable turret on top of an ouvrage, some where also used in fixed mounts within the forts. The German plan for the invasion of France bypassed the majority of the Maginot Line, some small battles did take place though. During which the 135mm Mle.32 proved to be an effective weapon at defending against the German's advance. Several ouvrages and their 135mm Mle.32 weapons have been restored and are open as museums.
155mm Mle.50 was a French artillery gun design in 1950, it served as the main artillery weapon of the French army for over 30 years. Originally designed as a towed weapon it was also mounted on various tanks to create self propelled guns. Several other nations bought the 155mm Mle.50, the main ones being Switzerland and Israel, Sweden also bought a licence to produce the gun as the 15.5cm haubits F. Most countries have replaced it newer weapons but a few are still being use in Syrian today.
The Gate is used to allow allied units access to fortified areas while providing defence against enemies. The design is based on rolling anti-tank barriers used in the Maginot Line.


|Publication number||US7307395 B2|
|Application number||US 10/742,777|
|Publication date||11 Dec 2007|
|Filing date||23 Dec 2003|
|Priority date||15 Dec 1998|
|Also published as||DE69917485D1, DE69917485T2, EP1011184A1, EP1142077A1, EP1142077B1, US6772559, US20040138843, WO2000036725A1|
|Publication number||10742777, 742777, US 7307395 B2, US 7307395B2, US-B2-7307395, US7307395 B2, US7307395B2|
|Inventors||Mohamed Bouamra, Jésus Zaldua, Javier Vicandi, Jésus Iriondo|
|Original Assignee||Talltec Technologies Holdings S.A.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (23), Referenced by (50), Classifications (18), Legal Events (6)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/460,969 filed Dec. 15, 1999, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention concerns a method called a sequential method for controlling a sliding moving panel driven by an electric motor, wherein the signal originating from an optical fibre pressure sensor is exploited in a sequential manner to stop and reverse the operating direction of the driving motor in the event of a variation in said signal, and wherein the frequency measurement of the pulses generated by an encoding device is exploited to perform pre-detection of an obstacle and to determine the end of travel positions of the moving panel.
The invention also concerns a safety device for such a moving panel including means for detecting the presence of a foreign body braking said moving panel's movement and preventing it from closing completely.
The invention also concerns an optical fibre force sensor able to be used in particular in safety devices of the aforementioned type.
Finally, the object of the invention is to provide a method for calibrating the aforementioned direct and indirect detection means which allows the reliability of the operation of the sensor to be increased.
Automobile vehicles are increasingly fitted with electric windows, i.e. systems wherein the windows are driven so as to slide in the opening direction or the closing direction by an electric motor whose operation is controlled by the driver of the vehicle by means of a manual switch. Such systems have allowed substantial progress to be made as regards automobile safety, insofar as the driver can easily open or close the windows while continuing to pay attention to traffic conditions and to driving the vehicle. These systems have, however, significant problems as to reliability which are often linked to the appearance of current peaks when the motor driving the window is stopped too abruptly. It is known that any obstacle blocking the movement of the window generates current peaks in the motor which are generally damaging, particularly for certain components, such as the control relays or the switching transistors. Such peaks can appear, for example, when the driver continues to activate the switch which controls the operation of the driving motor when the window has already reached the closed position in which it is pressed against the door frame. Current peaks can also appear when a foreign body, for example an arm, is resting on the edge of the window and prevents the latter from moving upwards.
In order to overcome the aforementioned difficulties, a known solution consists in measuring the maximum level of the supply current provided to the driving motor, and blocking said current above a predetermined threshold. This measurement is generally performed across the terminals of a switching transistor whose resistance varies from one component to another and remains dependent upon the temperature. Other methods use precision resistors (current measurements) or Hall effect sensors (magnetic field measurements), but the cost price of such components is high.
Another control method, which is less expensive and more efficient, consists in detecting the pulses caused by the switching of the driving motor brushes. These pulses are superposed with the direct consumption current of the motor, and their frequency is proportional to the speed of the rotor. A technique of this type is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,870,333 in the name of the Sidosha Denki Kogyo company which proposes a method for controlling electric windows for automobile vehicles wherein the number of pulses generated by the operation of the electric motor driving the window is stored in a counter. When the number of pulses stored in the counter reaches a maximum predetermined value, the control device which operates the system concludes that the window has reached the fully open position and causes the driving motor to stop. Conversely, when the window moves up, the number of pulses stored in the counter is reduced by one unit per revolution of the driving motor. When this number becomes equal to zero, the system concludes that the window has reached the closed position in which it presses against the door frame, and again stops the driving motor.
The main drawback of the above system is that the speed at which the window rises is not constant and depends on numerous parameters such as the drive torque of the motor, the friction between the window and the door frame, the speed and trajectory of the vehicle, etc. Consequently, the position of the window cannot be calculated with sufficient accuracy for the moment at which the window is completely closed to be determined exactly. With such a method, one can at most determine an end of travel zone in which one knows that the window is close to the door frame. The driving motor can, consequently, be stopped on the command of the control device before the window is completely closed. Conversely, the window can continue to be supplied with current when the window is already completely closed, which generates current peaks which are damaging to the motor and the electronic control circuit. On the other hand, nothing in the Sidosha patent is provided for detecting, prior to pinching, an overload which would form an obstacle to the progress of window. Finally, nothing is provided for detecting the presence of a foreign body such as a child's hand, the thickness of which is equal to or less than the end of travel zone. Thus, during the automatic closing of moving panels, such as, in particular, an automobile vehicle window, one has to try to assure safety by preventing a foreign body such as, for example, an arm or a hand, being caught between said window and the door frame against which it has to be pressed. For this purpose, in the event that something is caught, a safety device stops the driving or reverses the direction of movement of the window. Among known safety devices, one solution consists in incorporating an electromagnetic wave guide, for example an optical fibre, inside the sealing gasket into which the window is guided. An emitter, for example a laser diode, injects a light signal at the end of the fibre. This signal propagates up to a receiver, for example a photodiode, placed at the other end of the fibre. In the event of an incident, the foreign body is driven by the window as it moves upwards towards the sealing gasket and exerts pressure on the optical fibre. By the effect of the pressure, the optical fibre is deformed, which causes a local modification in its radius of curvature. This modification in the fibre's radius of curvature causes significant losses, and consequently a drop in the amplitude of the optical signal picked up by the receiver. There results a drop in the amplitude of the electric signal transmitted by the receiver to a control circuit, which, in response to this drop, produces a stop or direction reversal signal for the motor driving the window.
A safety device associated with the sliding window of the door of an automobile vehicle is known from German Patent No. DE 44 16 803. This device includes a magnet arranged on the shaft of the electric motor driving the window with which is associated a Hall effect sensor. As a function of the signals transmitted by the Hall effect sensor, a microprocessor can determine that the window has reached its completely closed position. The microprocessor can also detect a reduction in the speed at which the window moves upwards due to the effect of the presence of a foreign body, and can command the reversal of the direction of movement of said window to avoid anything being caught therein. In addition to this indirect detection device, the safety device includes a direct detection device including a pressure sensor arranged in the door frame.
The main drawback of the above safety device lies in the fact that the indirect detection means continue to be used as obstacle detection means even when the window comes in proximity to its completely closed position. It has already been stated that the speed at which the window moves upwards is not constant and that it depends on numerous parameters. Thus, if because of measuring inaccuracies, the microprocessor does not indicate that the window is closed while the latter is in fact closed, said microprocessor will interpret this situation as a situation in which something is caught, and will command the driving motor to stop and reverse its working direction. It becomes impossible at this moment to close the window.
The safety devices of the type described hereinbefore which use optical fibre pressure sensors as obstacle detectors have numerous drawbacks both as regards their industrial manufacture and as regards their performance with the user. These safety devices must, in fact, be produced on a large scale to satisfy the demands of the market, such as the automobile market. This thus assumes a manufacturing method which is both simple and quick with inexpensive components and materials. The same is true for the test and calibration procedures which must be quick and which allow the direct and indirect detection means to keep their operating features over time. As will be seen in the following description, it is difficult, in such conditions, to obtain products with homogenous features.
A first problem is linked to the fact that it is difficult to be able to have available large quantities of low cost optical sources having features which have little scattering. This concerns in particular the power and transmission angle as well as the radiation spectrum of such sources.
A second problem is linked to the fact that the optical fibre used in the sensor has to be fixed to the optical source either by means of specific connectors or more simply by bonding. This requires several operations for preparing the ends of the fibre (stripping off the coating, breaking or polishing), centring the fibre with respect to the optical source, and finally fixing by means of quick setting resins. Large scale manufacture necessarily involves significant dispersion of the power injection output in the fibre, which affects the performance of the sensor.
As described hereinbefore, optical fibre sensors mostly work on the principle of losses induced by the variation in the radius of curvature of said fibre by the effect of pressure. The setting in place of the fibre and preparation of the sensitive part of the sensor thus necessarily introduce dispersion in the stresses in the optical fibre, which leads to dispersion in the performance of the sensors.
It can also be noted that the performance of the sensors greatly depends on the conditions in which they are used, and their environment. This is the case, for example, of automobile applications where the sensors have to operate within ambient temperature ranges comprised between −40° C. and +85° C. It is clear that, in such conditions, the features of certain components such as the optical source cannot remain constant (emission power and spectral field). The same is true for the power injection output in the fibre which greatly depends on the thermal properties of the materials used for the source-fibre connection.
The problem is all the more significant as regards the sensitive part of the sensor. Assuming that the optical fibre is not itself sensitive to temperature variations, the materials which are used as support and sheath, generally polymers, can undergo thermal stress, which results in pressure variations applied to the fibre. These effects, to which is added the intrinsic sensitivity of the optical fibre to the temperature, can cause variations of more than 80% in the output signal.
Finally, in addition to the problems linked to the conditions of use of the sensor, there are the inevitable variations in the features of the latter caused by normal wear of the materials and components.
The list of the aforementioned problems shows the difficulties which have to be overcome in order to be able to manufacture on a large scale and at a low cost optical fibre pressure sensors which can be used as obstacle detectors. Sensitivity to certain disturbances as well as wear phenomena mean that the original calibration cannot be kept. This results in problems of reliability and even, in certain cases, non operation of the safety devices using such sensors.
The object of the present invention is to overcome the aforementioned problems and drawbacks by providing a reliable safety device for driving and closing sliding panels electrically powered.
The invention thus concerns a sequential control method for a moving panel which is driven so as to slide in a frame by an electric motor, including the steps of:
Thus, when the window is closed, one can deduce that in the absence of the alarm signal, the window abuts against the door frame and that any risk of accident has been avoided. Conversely, in the case of the alarm signal, the reversal of the working direction of the driving motor is immediately commanded. As a result of these features, the sequential detection method according to the invention simultaneously allows personal safety to be increased and the electrical and electronic parts to be protected efficiently against current peaks.
According to another feature of the method of the invention, the frequency of the pulses caused by the rotation of the electric motor driving the panel is measured, and said motor is stopped or the working direction thereof is reversed when the frequency of said pulses becomes less than a predetermined frequency threshold.
According to another feature of the method, the presence of a foreign body capable of preventing the complete closing of the moving panel is detected using an optical fibre pressure sensor.
According to another feature of the method, one deducts from the measurement of the number of pulses caused by the rotation of the electric driving motor an indication of the travel of the moving panel from a previously known reference position, and one commands a speed deceleration ramp of the driving motor, when the moving panel reaches an end-of-travel zone.
According to another feature of the method, when the moving panel reaches the end-of-travel zone, the means used to measure the frequency of the pulses caused by the rotation of the electric motor are no longer used for detecting the presence of an obstacle capable of preventing the complete closing of the moving panel, but are only used for determining the position of said panel relative to the frame into which it slides.
According to another feature of the method, the reference position is the last calculated position of the moving panel prior to the stopping of the driving motor.
The measurement of the number of pulses caused by the rotation of the driving motor allows the travel of the moving panel to be calculated from a previously known reference position. In the case of an automobile vehicle, because of the inertial forces due to jerks, the effects of friction and slipping, the indirect determination of the position of the window has a certain error rate. This error rate is cumulative. Thus, after ten attempts at moving the window downwards and upwards, the cumulative space between the calculated position and the real position of said window is of the order of one to two centimeters. However, this error remains sufficiently reliable to allow an end-of-travel zone to be defined for the downward and upward movements of the window, a zone in which said window is in proximity to the door frame against which it has to be applied. The delay time due to the variation in current with respect to the rotational speed of the motor is advantageously used to limit current peaks and to protect the motor and its control unit efficiently.
The invention also concerns a method for controlling a moving panel driven so as to slide by an electric motor, characterised in that it consists in measuring the frequency of the pulses caused by the rotation of the electric motor driving the moving panel, and in stopping or reversing the working direction of said motor when the frequency of such pulses becomes less than a predetermined frequency threshold.
Since the frequency of the pulses is proportional to the rotational speed of the driving motor, it becomes possible to detect the presence of an obstacle braking the movement of the closing panel and preventing it from moving upwards. This is the case, for example, of the action of an arm placed on the edge of an automobile vehicle window. The comparison of this measured speed with a reference speed thus allows pre-detection of an obstacle and, in certain cases, prevents such obstacle being caught. It also allows the current peaks which are particularly damaging, especially for the driving motor electronic control circuit, to be considerably reduced.
The invention also concerns a safety device including means for detecting the presence of a foreign body braking the movement of a moving panel driven so as to slide by an electric motor and preventing it from closing, characterised in that said detection means are of the indirect type, based on the measurement of the frequency of the pulses caused by the rotation of the electric motor.
According to another feature of the invention, the aforementioned indirect type of detection means are associated with second means for directly detecting the presence of a foreign body, these means including a pressure sensor formed by an optical fibre associated with means for transmitting and receiving optical signals propagating within said fibre.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an optical fibre pressure sensor which can be used as an obstacle detector keeping its original calibration despite its sensitivity to physical disturbances such as the temperature and to the wear phenomena of the materials of which it is formed.
The invention therefore also concerns a method for calibrating an optical fibre pressure sensor used as an obstacle detector in a drive system for an electrically sliding moving panel, the sensor including an emitter supplied with electric power which injects a light signal into an optical fibre, the light signal propagating up to a receiver which transmits, in response to the light signal transmitted by the optical fibre, an electric signal to a control unit with a microcontroller and/or a microprocessor which analyses the data originating from said receiver and, in the event of an incident, allows the electric motor driving the moving panel to be stopped or the working direction thereof to be reversed, the method being characterised in that, during the periods in which it is observed that the motor driving the moving panel has stopped, the operating parameters of the pressure sensor are compared and corrected, taken in any environmental conditions, as a function of the same parameters of a standard sensor taken in known reference conditions stored in a non volatile memory which is accessible to the microcontroller and/or the microprocessor of the control unit.
As a result of these features, the pressure sensor calibration method begins as soon as the stopping of the motor driving the moving panel is observed. Preferably, the operating parameters of the sensor are measured and corrected repeatedly during the entire duration of the stopping time of said driving motor. During the motor operating periods, only the last corrections of the pressure sensor operating parameters stored in the memory are taken into account. The performances of the pressure sensor can thus be kept, despite wear phenomena and the existence of physical disturbances to which the sensor is sensitive.
According to a first implementation variant, the method of the invention includes the steps of:
According to a second implementation variant, the method of the invention includes the steps of:
According to another alternative implementation, the method of the invention includes the steps of:
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a pressure sensor which is simple and inexpensive to manufacture.
The invention also concerns a method for calibrating means for indirectly detecting the presence of a foreign body capable of preventing the complete closing of a moving panel driven so as to slide into a frame by an electric motor, these means allowing the detection of the electric pulses generated by the rotation of the motor and controlling the stopping, then the reversal of the working direction of said motor when the frequency of the pulses becomes less than a threshold frequency, this method being characterised in that it includes the steps of:
Other features and advantages of the present invention will appear more clearly upon reading the following description of an implementation example of the method according to the invention, this example being given purely by way of non-limiting illustration in conjunction with the annexed drawings, in which:
The present invention proceeds from the general inventive idea which consists in providing a sequential detection system in which the indirect detection means, based on measuring the frequency of the pulses caused by rotation of the electric driving motor, allow the electric and electronic elements to be efficiently protected from the current peaks which are particularly harmful to them, whereas the direct detection means, based on measuring the variation in a physical disturbance due to the effect of the presence of a foreign body preventing a moving panel from closing completely, allow personal safety to be increased considerably.
The present invention will be described with reference to an electric window lifter device fitted to an automobile vehicle. It goes without saying however that the present invention applies to all types of electrically controlled moving panels which slide such as an automobile vehicle sliding roof, the doors of an elevator, fire doors or other.
According to a first alternative embodiment shown in
According to a particularly advantageous feature of the invention, the electroluminescent diode and the photodiode are of the SMD (surface mount device) type, packaged in the same case which also accommodates the two ends of optical fibre 10 forming pressure sensor 20. The case further includes connecting means facilitating the mounting thereof on an electronic board.
According to a second alternative embodiment shown in
A power supply circuit 22 supplies optical source 12 with current. This current can be direct and/or variable periodically over time. According to a preferred feature of the invention, the current will be direct during the operating periods of driving motor 6, and of periodic rectangular shape during the idle periods. Circuit 22 also includes converth and amplification circuits for the currents derived from detector 14.
The safety device according to the invention also includes a control circuit 24 for driving motor 6. This control circuit 24 has a bridge type structure for the two-directional control of said motor 6. It may be formed entirely from a base of semiconductors or may include relays. The use of MOS type transistors allows the relays to be switched with a very low current, which extends the lifetime of the components. Another advantage lies in the fact that the same MOS component can be used as a current measuring element in order to limit the latter, to detect the ends of travel and to protect motor 6 from current peaks.
The above system is controlled by the aforementioned central unit 18. This central unit 18 includes a microcontroller and/or a microprocessor which processes the control, measuring and calibrating functions of pressure sensor 20 by means of computer algorithms and programmes contained in a non volatile memory accessible to said microcontroller. Central unit 18 has analogue-digital converting means for this purpose. The control by central unit 18 of the stopping and working states as well as the rotational direction of driving motor 6 is performed using control circuit 24. This latter measures and also transmits to central unit 18 the variations in the supply current of motor 6 in order to detect the end-of-travel positions of window 4 and to protect the electronic circuit against current peaks resulting therefrom, as will be described in detail hereinafter.
Central unit 18 also controls the state of inputs-outputs 26 originating from or intended for other internal or external elements of the system. It is known that current microcontrollers can control a large number of input-outputs which enables the system to interact with several control or monitoring centres. This gives the system great flexibility of use and adjustment as a function of the desired applications. Among the input-output commands, one can cite:
In accordance with a first aspect of the method according to the invention, the frequency of the pulses caused by the switching of brushes 28 of electric motor 6 driving window 4 is measured, and the driving of said window 4 is stopped when the pulse frequency is less than a predetermined frequency threshold. For this purpose, indirect type detection means are used, based on measuring the frequency of the pulses caused by the switching of brushes 28 of driving motor 6. As is seen in
According to a second aspect of the invention, central unit 18 counts the number of pulses caused by the switching of brushes 28 of driving motor 6 and deduces therefrom the position of window 4 from a rest position taken as reference. This reference position corresponds to the last calculated position of window 4 prior to the stopping of driving motor 6. Thus, when window 4 reaches an end-of-travel zone at a distance I from the top or bottom edge of frame 2 of door 1 into which window 4 slides, central unit 18 forms the means which allow a deceleration ramp for the speed of driving motor 6 to be programmed, and the power supply thereof to be cut off when the pulse frequency becomes substantially zero. Knowing that the variation in the supply current of motor 6 has a lag with respect to the rotational speed of said motor 6 with a time constant τ=L/R (where L is the inductance and R the resistance of driving motor 6), the control of a deceleration ramp and the stopping of motor 6 when the pulse frequency becomes substantially zero allows motor 6 and its control circuit 24 to be efficiently protected against current peaks.
The indirect method for determining the position of window 4 described above has however a drawback. When window 4 reaches its end-of-travel position and its driving motor 6 stops, it is not possible to determine whether this stopping is due to the fact that window 4 has abutted against frame 2 of door 1 into which it slides, or whether the stopping is due to the presence of a foreign body caught between the window 4 and the strut of said frame 2. This is why means for directly detecting the presence of a foreign body are used, these means including a pressure sensor 20 with an optical fibre 10 described hereinbefore. Thus, when window 4 is closed, one can deduce that in the absence of an alarm signal originating from pressure sensor 20, window 4 has abutted, at the end of its travel, against the strut of frame 2, and that any risk of an accident has been avoided. Conversely, if pressure sensor 20 generates an alarm signal, central unit 18 immediately commands the reversal of the working direction of driving motor 6.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a sequential detection system of the type described above operating in accordance with a sequential mode giving it intrinsic security.
For purposes of the invention, intrinsic security means the implementation of means and different operations which will allow central unit 18 to perform all the tests and adjustments enabling it to ensure that the direct and indirect detection means operate reliably and that the whole device according to the invention is given an increased level of safety. It is therefore necessary to provide periods of time in which central unit 18 will perform a certain number of test, adjustment and control operations in a sequential manner. Three distinct operation periods can be distinguished according to whether window 4 is idle, moving upwards or downwards.
During the period in which driving motor 6 of window 4 is idle, central unit 18 tests and calibrates the direct and indirect obstacle detection means. More precisely, the operations performed periodically or continuously during this first phase begin with a test of the overall proper working of the detection means. In the event of malfunction of one of the detection means, central unit 18 deactivates the faulty means. If a general failure of the detection means still exists, central unit 18 generates an alarm, for example a visual or acoustic alarm, for the attention of the user. The latter is thus informed that the electric window lifter system is operating in manual mode, and that he can no longer rely on the obstacle detection means according to the invention. He must thus pay more attention. If the overall proper working of the detection means is confirmed, central unit 18 then proceeds to correct the operating parameters of said detection means as a function of the modifications undergone by the safety device due to the effect of the evolution over time of the output of motor 6 and the transmission means, friction between window 4 and sealing gasket 8, climatic conditions or other factors.
During the phase in which window 4 rises and until it reaches the vicinity of the end-of-travel zone at a distance I from the top edge of frame 2 of door 1 into which said window 4 slides, the direct detection means generate an optical signal which travels across the top portion of said frame 2. This optical signal is picked up by receiver 14 then transmitted to central unit 18 which measures its intensity and compares it to a reference value defined during the idle phase of window 4. At the same time, the indirect detection means detect the pulses caused by the switching of brushes 28 of driving motor 6, then send these pulses to central unit 18 which calculates the frequency thereof and compares said calculated frequency to a threshold frequency defined during the idle phase of window 4. The measurement of the number of the aforementioned pulses also allows central unit 18 to calculate the position of window 4. Finally, central unit 18 commands the stopping then the reversal of the working direction of driving motor 6 in the event of non conformity of any one of the data transmitted by one of the two direct or indirect detection devices with the corresponding reference value.
During the phase in which window 4 rises to the end-of-travel position in which it abuts against the top portion of frame 2 of door 1 into which it slides, the direct detection means continue to play the same role as above. They generate an optical signal which travels across the top portion of frame 2 and which is transmitted via receiver 14 to central unit 18 which measures its intensity and compares it to a reference value defined during the idle phase of driving motor 6. In the event of non conformity of the data transmitted by the direct detection means with the corresponding reference value, central unit 18 commands the stopping and reversal of the working direction of driving motor 6. Conversely, the data provided by the indirect detection means are no longer used to detect the presence of an obstacle capable of preventing window 4 from closing completely. The indirect detection means detect the pulses caused by the switching of brushes 28 of driving motor 6, then send these pulses to central unit 18. Central unit 18 then calculates the frequency and the number of these pulses and deduces therefrom the speed and position parameters of window 4 whose values it compares to values defined during the idle phase of driving motor 6. Central unit 18 then commands a deceleration ramp for the rising speed of window 4 defined during the idle phase of driving motor 6 and cuts off the power supply thereto when the speed and position parameters each correspond to their reference value defined during the first phase.
Finally, the phase in which window 4 descends wherein the direct detection means are deactivated must be considered. As regards the indirect detection means, their function is to control the pulses and to measure the frequency of said pulses to calculate the speed and position parameters for window 4 and to compare them to values defined during the idle phase of driving motor 6. Central unit 18 causes the progression of window 4 to slow down in accordance with a deceleration ramp programmed during the first phase in which motor 6 is idle and cuts off the power supply to said motor 6 when the position and speed parameters respectively reach their reference values defined during said first phase.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a pressure sensor 20 which keeps its original performance capacities despite its sensitivity to physical disturbances such as the temperature and to the phenomena of wear of the materials of which it is formed. For this purpose, it is proposed, during the periods in which central unit 18 observes that driving motor 6 has stopped, that the operating parameters of pressure sensor 20, taken in any environmental conditions, are compared and corrected as a function of the same parameters of a standard sensor taken in known reference conditions stored in a non volatile memory accessible to the microcontroller of said central unit 18. Preferably, the operating parameters of pressure sensor 20 are measured and corrected repeatedly during the entire duration of the idle period of driving motor 6. When driving motor 6 restarts, only the last operating parameter corrections of pressure sensor 20 will be taken into account.
According to a first implementation variant, the method for calibrating pressure sensor 20 includes the steps of:
When emitter 12 is not being supplied with power, the output signal of pressure sensor 20 is not zero. The detection circuit of sensor 20 is generally formed of a photodetector 14 followed by an amplifier circuit including an operational amplifier. All photodetectors have a so-called dark currents depending on its technology, its polarisation current and the temperature. This current which fluctuates over time is amplified and contributes in part to the generation of a parasite offset voltage at the output. Moreover, all operational amplifiers have a non zero voltage offset and current signal, with a more or less significant drift according to the quality of the component and the temperature conditions. Unless very stable and thus very expensive components are used, it is preferable to measure these offset values periodically and to substract them by means of a computer programme stored in the microcontroller memory of central unit 18, in order to keep only the useful signal originating from pressure sensor 20. Once the offset signal has been substracted, in the absence of any pressure, the level of the signal of pressure sensor 20 has to be reset periodically to a reference level, so as to operate with a fixed trigger threshold. One can thus be rid of dispersions in the operating features of the components (source 12 and detector 14), the optical signal injecting conditions in fibre 10, and fluctuations therein linked to said fibre.
According to a second implementation variant, the method for calibrating pressure sensor 20 includes the steps of:
According to a preferred feature of the method of the invention, emitter 12 is supplied with power by means of a periodic rectangular current obtained by superposing on a constant current IO a small periodic variation ΔIO, so that the variation in the optical signal resulting therefrom can be considered linear.
For small applied pressures, the detected signal can be considered linear and be written in the form VS=IO GT where:
By measuring the variation ΔVS at the output of pressure sensor 20 following a small variation ΔIO in the polarisation current, and by performing the ratio of these two variables, a measurement of the function of the optical transfer of pressure sensor 20, and thus its sensitivity is obtained. Further, performing the operation VS′=VS (ΔVS/ΔVR) amounts to standardize the sensitivity of pressure sensor 20 taken in any environmental conditions with respect to the sensitivity of a standard sensor taken in reference conditions. The additional offset correction C such that C+VS′=VR allows the residual differences linked to dispersion of the features of the components and to their variations as a function of the environmental conditions to be compensated.
According to a third implementation variant, the calibration method according to the invention includes the steps of:
Preferably, emitter 12 is supplied with power by means of a periodic rectangular current obtained by superposing a small periodic variation ΔI0 on a direct current ΔI0.
This third calibration method requires a first calibration of pressure sensor 20 which allows the applied pressure to be calculated as a function of the voltage measured by means of a polynomial approximation of degree 3 or 4. This method allows simple corrections of the polynomial coefficients to be performed, or more elaborate corrections by means of specific algorithms.
According to yet another variant, the autocalibrating method can use the variable polarisation current and constant trigger threshold correction illustrated in
According to yet another variant, the calibration method can use the variable trigger threshold and fixed polarisation current correction which is illustrated by
On the basis of the methods described hereinbefore, it is thus possible to correct the operating parameters of pressure sensor 20 in two distinct ways, namely by correcting the polarisation current of emitter 12, or by correcting the alarm trigger threshold.
Thus, as shown in
The autocalibrating method can be extended to the indirect detection means of the system. Indeed, it has not been established that the indirect detection method is always reliable over time. It has to be expected that the output of driving motor 6 and the transmission elements will evolve over time. The same is true of the friction of window 4 on sealing gasket 8 which can evolve due to the effect of deformations in frame 2 of door 1. Likewise, one has to expect the movement of the window to change according to the speed of movement of the vehicle. Not taking into account these disturbance parameters could lead to a malfunction in the system. Monitoring and evaluating the level speed of window 4 in the zone where the movement thereof is substantially uniform, for example by the moving average speed method, could allow the calculation of the position of window 4, and the threshold frequency value for pre-detecting obstacles to be corrected.
Outside the window movement acceleration and deceleration phases, central unit 18 can also store in a table, for different positions of said window 4, the corresponding frequency of the pulses caused by the switching of brushes 28 of driving motor 6. The frequency measurement of these pulses informs central unit 18 as to the speed of movement of window 4 when it passes into a given position. This operation is renewed every time that window 4 rises again. Central unit 18 thus knows that a certain rising speed corresponds to a determined position of window 4. Central unit 18 will then compare, for each position of window 4, the measured pulse frequency to the frequency stored in the memory. It is possible that, due to the effect of ageing of the materials, particular climatic conditions (humidity, high temperatures or conversely particularly low temperatures) or other phenomena which can affect the output of the system, central unit 18 observes a certain difference between the measured frequency and the stored frequency. If this difference does not exceed a predetermined safety threshold, central unit 18 understands that a modification has occurred in the working of the system and will consequently correct the threshold frequency value for pre-detecting obstacles.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an optical fibre pressure sensor which is simple and inexpensive to manufacture. For this purpose, as is seen in
According to a variant which is also shown in
According to another alternative embodiment shown in
According to yet another alternative embodiment shown in
The spacing of jaws 50 or cavities 60 defines the microbending period. In order to obtain optimum sensitivity of the pressure sensor, the microbending period will be selected so as to obtain a strong coupling between the modes guided in the core of optical fibre 10 and the modes radiated by the sheath.
This optimum period depends on the optogeometrical features of the multimode optical fibre 10 used. If optical fibre 10 is of the step index type, the microbending period T has to satisfy the relationship:
For a graded index fibre, the optimum microbending period has to be a multiple value of period T given by the relationship:
Since pressure sensitivity is more significant in the case of graded index fibres, it is this type of fibre which will preferably be selected.
According to another feature of the invention, optical fibre 10 can be of the plastic type, entirely formed of polymer materials.
An embodiment of the indirect obstacle detection means was described with particular reference to
As is clear from
According to the present invention, an encoding disc 82 of small thickness is fixedly mounted to shaft 68 of driving motor 6 (see
Opto-coupling device 86 described above operates in the light beam transmission mode. One can also envisage making this opto-coupling device 86 operate in reflection mode. In such case, a plurality of reflective elements are deposited on one of the faces of encoding disc 82 at regular intervals from each other. Emitter 82 and receiver 90 are then placed side by side facing the reflective elements.
According to yet another embodiment, the indirect detection means are formed by a magnetic encoding device. For this purpose, magnetised elements of small dimensions are moulded inside a cylinder made of polymer material which is fixed to shaft 68 of driving motor 6. A magnetic field detector such as a Hall probe is placed in proximity to this cylinder. The rotation of motor 6 thus allows electric pulses to be generated whose number and frequency are respectively proportional to the position and speed of window 4.
It goes without saying that various variants and modifications fall within the scope of the present invention.
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|U.S. Classification||318/445, 318/443, 318/469, 318/466, 318/444, 318/449|
|International Classification||H02H7/085, G05B5/00, E05F15/00, G01L1/24|
|Cooperative Classification||E05F15/41, E05Y2900/55, E05F15/431, G01L1/242, H02H7/0851|
|European Classification||H02H7/085B, E05F15/00B6B2, G01L1/24B|
|4 Apr 2011||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: FIBERLAKE S.A., LUXEMBOURG
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:TALLTEC TECHNOLOGIES HOLDING S.A.;REEL/FRAME:026068/0720
Effective date: 20100716
|31 May 2011||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|16 Nov 2011||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: FIBERLAKE S.A., LUXEMBOURG
Free format text: CHANGE OF ADDRESS FOR ASSIGNEE;ASSIGNOR:FIBERLAKE S.A.;REEL/FRAME:027234/0645
Effective date: 20110523
|24 Jul 2015||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|11 Dec 2015||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|2 Feb 2016||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20151211


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Weeks of torrential rain have caused a spate of mud slides that have claimed more than 240 lives in the past month of unrelenting downpours.
In the latest tragedy only one member of a family of seven survived a mud fall in Paraty, a city to the south of hard-hit Rio de Janeiro
“We have more than 70 homeless families. We are providing shelters and renting hostels for these people,” said Paraty mayor Luciano Vidal.
“We were expecting the rain, we put out alerts, but unfortunately this house collapsed in the Ponta Negra neighbourhood. Only one of the children was saved.”
In just one day, Paraty received 322 millimetres of rain, the average for six months.
Rio de Janeiro has been drenched by the weeks-long extreme weather event, with landslides and flooding killing some 240 people in roughly one month in the northern Petropolis area, authorities said on March 23.
Mayor Vidal said mudslides blocked streets and isolated parts of his city, and entire neighbourhoods were without electricity in the colonial tourist destination onthe Atlantic coast.
The town declared a state of emergency as more rains were forecast.
The nearby town of Angra dos Reis, also a tourist destination, was also hit by heavy rainfall, and at least one child died in a landslide. Rescuers are searching for more than ten missing persons in that area, authorities said.


text:
French Sewn Flat Back Case Bound Book & Clamshell Book Box
with Guy Begbie
31th Oct and 1st Nov 2015
10am to 4.30pm
This two day workshop is designed for participants with or without bookbinding experience.
French Sewn Flat Back Case Bound Book
During the first day of the workshop, participants will have the opportunity to make and take home a cloth bound hardback French sewn multi section book.
This is a traditional classic book structure that is strong and durable; the section page spreads will lie flat when the book is opened.
This type of book construction can be applied universally to books of varying scales and formats, providing a professional binding finish and a neutral, elegant space to contain image/text content.
Clamshell Book Box
During the second day of the workshop, participants will have the opportunity to make and take home a Clamshell Book Box. This type of box structure provides a secure and elegant method of containing and displaying prints or housing books.
The box exterior is covered with book cloth, the interior is paper lined.
The contents of the box can be displayed with it laid flat and opened out. The box can be stored freestanding on a book shelf in an upright position.
All equipment and materials will be provided for the workshop.
Tutor: Guy Begbie
Guy Begbie is an interdisciplinary artist, bookbinder & university associate lecturer. As an artist, he makes book works influenced by a core interest in parallels between historical bookbinding structures & architectural forms. He works in a variety of media, that includes traditional bindery materials, drawing, painting, printmaking, sculptural casting and filmmaking. His work uses non-linear narrative to investigate the book in transition from 2D to 3D, alluding to spatial qualities in ancient & modern sites & buildings.

domain: library


text:
Asia Bizz: BHP Billiton All Set To Strengthen Its Bid Over Potash Corp, A Strong Move Against Rival Bidders
BHP Billiton is now strengthening its $39 billion bid over Potash corp, which is a significant move over its rival bidders. Billiton has stated that it is incurring a 50% jump in its revenue in the second half, and is a direct warning to its rivaling bidders for Potash Corp.
Billiton officials have said that their Balance Sheets and Cash Flow statements are showing very good signs of the company. They are looking straight ahead to acquire Potash. Potash Corp on the other hand had stated that they were also looking at alternative bidders and would also consider the options to get into a joint venture too.
Potash Chief Bill Doyle, has stated that they are expecting more than the price kept on the table, but for the moment they have not disclosed any price set by the other companies. Canada’s media has said that a potential bidder, Rio Tinto from Brazil is looking ahead for the acquisition along with a Chinese partner.

domain: economics


The Kingtoys foldable drone with WiFi and HD camera is the latest in drone technology. This drone is equipped with fully-featured App control. Since this drone has a foldable and flexible structural design it is convenient and compact to take wherever you go.
Foldable Drone with WiFi and HD Camera Features
- One Key to Fold with the protective pincer-shaped propeller guards;
- 720P HD camera + Auto Beauty Mode intended for flawless selfies;
- Altitude Hold enabled by the built-in barometer for hovering steadily;
- Headless Mode allows you to pilot the drone regardless of the front; and
- G-sensor Mode makes the UAV follow the movement of your phone.
Foldable Drone with WiFi and HD Camera Description
The exterior framework of this drone has a simple and aesthetic look. The foldable arms make it compact and lightweight for storage and portability. The drone comes equipped with a 720p HD camera to take photos and videos while flying.
Now you can bring a new perspective to your photos and videos from the air. The images and videos can be listed in both the app and mobile album system. With high performance HD camera, users can shoot gorgeous images with ease anytime they feel inspired.
What we Liked Most about the Foldable Drone with WiFi and HD Camera
We like that this drone is easy and fun to fly once you get use to the controls on the app. We also like that the images and videos are a good quality and it is small enough to take anywhere.
What we Did Not Like about the Foldable Drone with WiFi and HD Camera
It is a little hard to fly at first using the phone rather than a real controller. However, the more you practice flying it, the easier it becomes. There is a few second lag time when you fly this drone but your can easily overcome the lag issue.
Foldable Drone with WiFi and HD Camera Information link: Kingtoys Quadcopter Drone
More about the Foldable Drone with WiFi and HD Camera
You just need to press the button at the rear, and you will be able to unfold or fold the two halves, transforming the drone into a different shape.
You can take great images with the 720P HD camera and get each aerial selfie immediately.
Additionally, the G-sensor Mode simplifies the operation to a greater extent, allowing the drone to move as you move your smartphone.
The LED lighting makes night flying a better and more fun experience.
The built-in position system and gravity sensor memorizes the previous position so you simply click a button to fly the drone back.
- Size: 17 x 15 x 2.7cm ( unfolded ), 15 x 9.6 x 3.8cm ( folded )
- Diagonal length: 18.7cm ( unfolded )