The Fiat G.55 Centauro (Italian: "Centaur") was a single-engine single-seat World War II fighter aircraft used by the Regia Aeronautica and the Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana in 1943–1945. It was designed and built in Turin by Fiat.
During its short operational service, mostly under the Repubblica Sociale Italiana insignia, after the 8 September 1943 armistice, this powerful, robust and fast aircraft proved itself to be an excellent interceptor at high altitude. In 1944, over Northern Italy, the Centauro clashed with British Supermarine Spitfire, P-51 Mustang, P-47 Thunderbolt and P-38 Lightning, proving to be no easy adversary.
This product includes two sheets in a JPG, SVG, PDF, PNG, EPS, AI formats:
- Sheet 1 includes exterior, engine, cockpit and other parts in a 1/72 scale, with metric dimensions. Some parts are shown in other scales (1/48 mainly) for clarity.
- Sheet 2 is an overview of the different variants of the 210, with different cross sections of parts at a 1/48 scale.


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Ein Forum erstellen : let the music take control! italodance - dance - trance - house
A fun, friendly place to discuss just about everything.
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Your home for your Country Music wishes.
The one and only Sean Paul fan board where you can get ANYTHING! Everything is here!
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It is often believed and taught that from about 300 BCE to 300 CE the Roman Empire was the greatest imperial power in the world and that it was the social, economic, and political center of world. This was also the period of the Chinese Han Dynasty, which was an equal, if not more, powerful empire in all aspects. The similarities of the implementation, spread, and establishment of the Han and Roman empires’ authority is what made them both successful and dominant in gaining, maintaining, and exercising the political authority they both possessed in the pre-modern world. BOTH EMPIRES WERE SUCCESSFUL BECAUSE OF THEIR USE OF MILITARY FORCE TO CONQUER, BUT BEYOND THAT THEY ESTABLISHED LAW AND ORDER BY EITHER SPREADING THEIR LAWS AND IDEALS …show more content…
The Han did not directly use force to unify the peoples of China, but the rulers of this dynasty instead took advantage of what was accomplished by its forerunner the Qin Dynasty. The Qin fought to unify the warring states of China underneath a central government before the Han emerged upon the scene of the dying Qin authority. The short lived Qin Dynasty fell in 207 BCE, preparing the way for the Han Empire to arise quickly in 206 BCE. Brute force was used only to defeat those competing to assume the authoritative mantle of China. Force implemented gained dominance, but maintenance of political authority of the Han was innate of humane rule. Like the Han the Roman Empire has its beginning rooted in violence. In disgracing the Spartan system of political and economic affairs underneath the leadership of Lycurgus, Polybius reveals that the Romans’ efforts to control the supplies and resources of conquered states allowed them to bring other regions under their rule. Each empire came to have vast regions subject to an emperor because of the use of military force, but maintaining authority took more than each imperial power brandishing their weapons towards the …show more content…
Confucianism had a vital role in how the Han was able to maintain political authority for four centuries. Although the early Han rulers adopted from the Qin the harsh enforcement of law and consequences, the reign of the Han Dynasty was moral and practical. Lu Jia wrote about how the Qin failed to rule humanely placing fear of the law in those under rule. Lu Jia compared the Han to the Qin writing, “One who is rich in virtue has far-flung influence; one who is ample in brute strength may be merely overbearing,” and in the Xinyu he blames the absence of disorder on human and righteous rule. The people of China grew weary of tyranny and rebellion struck the region resulting in the Shi Huangdi dying with China in a period of warring states and his successors giving in to Han rule. The Chinese people gave the Han Dynasty a chance and the people’s respect for the Han authority was given through a change in imperial polity and ideology to humane and righteous
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The Sui and Tang dynasties took over as some of the most glorious periods in Chinese history. Rome was supplementary more disruptive than the collapse of Hna China. Due to Rome being incredibly drastic, the civilization left only the memory of the greatest in Western tradition. Another difference arises from the base of the civilizations collapsing. Rome was “human symptom” based; on the tombstones of Roman citizens were phrases suggesting the spread of downfall and defeat that provided a despondency of the afterlife (contributing to the decay of religion mentioned in the previous paragraph).
The empires of the classical era have many similar characteristics, but they also had many defining qualities. For example, Imperial Rome (31 B.C.E.-476 C.E.) and Han China (206 B.C.E-220 C.E.) have utilized their methods of political control in various ways. These two empires had similar methods of political control concerning defense. Other methods of political control were different in the sense of how they conducted their society within the empires. Methods of political control in imperial rome and Han China were similar in the sense that both empire defense systems were weak and fragmented which later led to the collapse of central governments.
For territories of their magnitude, Han China and Rome were well-structured empires that maintained order. Laws and regulations, applying to all people, were established to form a controlled state. Han China adopted the philosophy of legalism, which enforced the concept of harsh punishments
It says in TCI that the Han made improvements on the Chinese governments and they softened the harsh rules and brought back Confucianism into that government. It says in the text “The government of China during this time functioned as a bureaucracy. A bureaucracy is a large organization that operates using a fixed set of rules and conditions.” this shows that the government changed because of the Hans and for that better, with a bureaucracy it was strong and effective. During this time it says in the text that “They had many responsibilities, including overseeing the maintenance of roads and canals.”
The Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty of China were two of the largest empires of the Ancient world. The Roman Empire lasted from 31 B.C. and fell to the German Goths in A.D. 476, for a total of 507 years and Ancient Chinese empire lasted from 27 B.C. to A.D 476, for a total of 503 years. In the Roman Empire, as well as the Han Dynasty, there were similarities. Some of the ways that they were the same are women did not have much freedom, also they had strong militaries, both had sophisticated bureaucracy, and also had a wealthy contested government.
When comparing ancient civilizations, there are many things to consider. Among them are administrative systems, geography, religion, and social division. Social division and the separation of classes can affect the empire. Rome and the Han Dynasty in China were two ancient societies that flourished around the same time period, the Roman empire lasting from 509 BC to 476 AD, and the Han civilization falling into that time period from around 206 BC to 220 AD. Both of them faced the issue of social stratification, but they dealt with the situation differently.
The Han Dynasty in China and the Roman Empire shared many similarities and differences when it came to political rule and the nature of their political authority. The most significant difference between the two is how the Han dynasty enacted policies that were shaped to counter the wrongdoings of the previous Qin dynasty, whereas the Roman Empire enacted policies shaped to create and promote peace and stability. The difference in the two empire’s coming to power was to account for their variance in political rule. After the Qin dynasty, the Han ruled China for four centuries, enacting numerous political changes and governing one of the most efficacious dynasties in Chinese history.
The Qin and Han employed different philosophies on how to run their dynasties. The Qin used controlling Legalistic ideas while the Han used the relationship building Confucianism. The Qin and Han had a different relationship with outsiders because the Qin preferred to keep foreigners out while the Han wanted to build a relationship with them. The Qin and the Han each contributed to the growth of China’s culture and expansion. The developments in trade, foreign relations, and building expansive building projects in the Qin and Han Dynasties effected the design of every dynasty
In various ways, Han China and Imperial Rome were politically similar yet also had their pair of differences. Two very well-known classical empires, both had highly advanced political systems for their time; Han China, lasted from 206 B.C.E to 220 C.E, and Imperial Rome, lasted from 31 B.C.E to 476 C.E. Many think these two empires where built with no previous influence, however; the Roman Empire had retained many aspects from the Roman Republic, and Han China from the Qin Dynasty. During their peaks, they controlled the majority of the world 's population because of their constant expansion of conquered lands, while their structure of administration and rule influenced many empires and future societies around the world. Aspects such as these, ultimately, led these two empires to be, arguably, the most influential societies in the world; as their legacies still live on today.
During the Classical era, civilizations around the world had to develop and perfect their own methods of governing their empires. Two of the largest empires at the time were Han China as well as the Imperial Roman Empire. As they created their own ways of running a kingdom, they began to create ideas that were comparable, but also had ideas that were contradictry. Both of these kingdons were focased on expansion of their boarders and their culture. These empires had an agricultural base that was the building blocks for their power.
The Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty of China were two of the largest empires of the Ancient world. The Roman Empire lasted from 27B.C. and fell in 476 the to German Barbarians, 298 The Ancient Han Chinese empire lasted from 206 to 220 (p.11). The Rome Empire and the Han Dynasty of China both kept a lot of records and many survive to us today. Both Empires also used a census to monitor people movement and record tax information. Both the Han Dynasty and rome relied heavily on income from taxes to pay for their military and public works
During the era of classical societies, the Han and Roman empires were two vast cosmopolitan societies which dominated regions all throughout Eurasia. In regards to the fall of the Han and Roman empires, both were similar in that they fell victim to internal government decay, but different in that Rome fell to foreign invasions, while Han suffered from rebellions of their own people. The Han and Roman empires were similar in their fall in that they both suffered from internal decay, specifically of their governments. In the Han empire, land distribution problems that were originally sought to be fixed by the “Socialist emperor” Wang Mang allowed large landowners to become even more influential than they previously were.
This division produced political maturity within the regions of East Asia. In 589, the Sui dynasty was established; this dynasty's goal was to reunite China with the other regions. As a result, the Chinese were then able to trade with other regions which made them become a successful model later on. After achieving a long history of success, China’s cultural methods greatly influenced Japan, Korea, and also acted as a good example for many other countries in the world. China influenced Japan and Korea through religion, art, government, architecture, and much more.
Qin Shi Huangdi and Caesar Augustus’s domination of multiple empires during their different lifetimes is what lead to them gaining the title of the first emperor of their empires. With peace finally brought to their territories, they gained supreme power over all. Their commitment to honoring their title showed by the way they appealed to the people. But, having great power was a substantial responsibility. They constantly had to show dedication to their empires, so the people never doubted why they were in power.

domain: library


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|PTypes - Personality Types
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Personality disorder is a matter of false judgments of value. Listed below are the false value judgments that are at the root of Schizoid Personality Disorder.
|to be alone
||close relationships and being part of a family
||neither desires nor enjoys close relationships, including being part of a family
|solitude and solitary activities
||lack of solitude; having to do things with others
||almost always choose solitary activities
||sexual experiences with others
||has little if any interest in having sexual experiences with another person
||pleasure and pain
||takes pleasure in few activities
||intimacy, friendship, and confiding in others
||lacks close friends or confidants other than first degree relatives
|to be unaffected and uninfluenced
||praise and criticism
||appears indifferent to the praise or criticism of others
|to suppress emotion
||expression of emotion and feeling
||shows emotional coldness, detachment, or flattened affectivity
The Disease Perspective
Proposed Revision | APA DSM-5
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, pg. 641) describes Schizoid Personality Disorder as a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as
indicated by four (or more) of the following:
- neither desires nor enjoys close relationships, including being part of a family;
- almost always chooses solitary activities;
- has little, if any, interest in having sexual experiences with another person;
- takes pleasure in few, if any, activities;
- lacks close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives;
- appears indifferent to the praise or criticism of others;
- shows emotional coldness, detachment, or flattened affectivity.
The Dimensional Perspective
Here is a hypothetical profile, in terms of the five-factor model of personality, for Schizoid Personality Disorder (speculatively constructed from McCrae, 1994, pg. 306):
- High Neuroticism
- Chronic negative affects, including anxiety, fearfulness, tension, irritability, anger, dejection, hopelessness, guilt, shame; difficulty in inhibiting impulses: for example, to eat, drink, or spend money; irrational beliefs: for example, unrealistic expectations, perfectionistic demands on self, unwarranted pessimism; unfounded somatic concerns; helplessness and dependence on others for emotional support and decision making.
- Low Extraversion
- Social isolation, interpersonal detachment, and lack of support networks; flattened affect; lack of joy and zest for life; reluctance to assert self or assume leadership roles, even when qualified; social inhibition and shyness.
- High Openness
- Preoccupation with fantasy and daydreaming; lack of practicality; eccentric thinking (e.g., belief in ghosts, reincarnation, UFOs); diffuse identity and changing goals: for example, joining religious cult; susceptibility to nightmares and states of altered consciousness; social rebelliousness and nonconformity that can interfere with social or vocational advancement.
- Low Agreeableness
- Cynicism and paranoid thinking; inability to trust even friends or family; quarrelsomeness; too ready to pick fights; exploitive and manipulative; lying; rude and inconsiderate manner alienates friends, limits social support; lack of respect for social conventions can lead to troubles with the law; inflated and grandiose sense of self; arrogance.
- Low Conscientiousness
- Underachievement: not fulfilling intellectual or artistic potential; poor academic performance relative to ability; disregard of rules and responsibilities can lead to trouble with the law; unable to discipline self (e.g., stick to diet, exercise plan) even when required for medical reasons; personal and occupational aimlessness.
Emotional coolness or aloofness (absence of warm, tender feelings for others), constricted affect, indifference to praise or criticism or to the feelings of others, anhedonia, shyness, distrust, introversion, discomfort with intimacy, loneliness, anxieties concerning the mother-child symbiosis and other close relationships, feelings of utter unworthiness--but also of superiority, self-consciousness and feeling ill at ease with people, oversensitivity, destructive feelings, painful feelings, overwhelming anxiety (or even psychosis), emotional distance, intense loneliness, inordinate guilt over masturbation, fear of going crazy, sensitivity to slights (Stone, pp. 2712-2717).
Anhedonia, aversiveness, or introversion; social anxiety; depression (Gunderson & Philips, pg. 1445).
Character Weaknesses and Vices*
- prefers to be alone
- prefers solitary activities
- emotionally constricted
- indifferent to sex
- no close friends*
- indifferent to opinion
* Derived from Michael Stone's (pg. 22) list of the "personality traits" of DSM-III-R Schizoid Personality Disorder. Descriptors marked with an asterisk, he says, are not true personality traits.
The Behavior Perspective
Want to avoid interpersonal relationships because others are intrusive and unrewarding (Beck & Freeman, pg. 120).
Detachment from social relationships, avoidance of opportunities for intimacy and close relationships, spending most of their time alone, almost always choosing solitary activities or hobbies, prefering mechanical or abstract tasks, showing little interest in having sexual experiences with another person, maintaining an indifference to the approval and criticism or others, not responding appropriately to social cues.
Difficulty expressing anger, lack of direction and goals, reacting passively to adverse circumstances, difficulty responding appropriately to important life events, lack of social skills, lack of desire for sexual experiences, forming few friendships, dating infrequently, often not marrying, occupational functioning often impaired (American Psychiatric Association, pp. 694-695).
Brief psychotic episodes, Delusional Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, Schizophrenia (American Psychiatric Association, pg. 695).
Dysthymic Disorder, Social Phobia, Agoraphobia (Gunderson & Philips, pg. 1445).
The Life Story Perspective
"Retrospective assessment suggests that patients with schizoid personality disorder often have histories of grossly inadequate, cold, or neglectful early parenting, which often began early in life. Psychodynamic theories suggest that these traumatic experiences create an expectation that relationships will not be gratifying and a subsequent defensive withdrawal from others" (Gunderson & Philips, pg. 1445).
"A child born with an introverted, shy temperament may be constitutionally predisposed to developing this disorder, especially if the earliest parenting is cold, neglectful, insensitive, or hostile to the infant's disposition. Some psychodynamic theorists believe that individuals with this disorder remain completely unattached to people because they gave up early on any hope of gratification from others. Following their inborn temperamental style, perhaps they adapted to their unsatisfying environment by turning inward, away from any attachment to anyone" (Oldham, pp. 291-92).
Intrusive mothering, detached fathering.
Basic Belief: I need plenty of space. [Strategy]: Isolation (Beck, Freeman & associates, pg. 26).
The "idealized self is made up of beliefs about how we should feel, think, or act" (Tamney, pg. 32).
In Cognitive Therapy of Personality Disorders, Aaron T. Beck, Arthur Freeman, and associates (1990) list typical beliefs associated with each specific personality disorder. According to my view, the beliefs and attitudes rationalize and reinforce the idealized image and the compulsive attachments and aversions. They are analogous to Karen Horney's "shoulds" and "neurotic claims." Here are the typical beliefs that they have listed (pg. 362) for Schizoid Personality Disorder:
- It doesn't matter what other people think of me.
- It is important for me to be free and independent of others.
- I enjoy doing things more by myself than with other people.
- In many situations, I am better off to be left alone.
- I am not influenced by others in what I decide to do.
- Intimate relations with other people are not important to me.
- I set my own standards and goals for myself.
- My privacy is much more important to me than closeness to people.
- What other people think doesn't matter to me.
- I can manage things on my own without anybody's help.
- It's better to be alone than to feel "stuck" with other people.
- I shouldn't confide in others.
- I can use other people for my own purposes as long as I don't get involved.
- Relationships are messy and interfere with freedom (362).
- Relationships are problematic.
- Life is less complicated without other people.
- I am empty inside.
- It is better for me to keep my distance and maintain a low profile.
- I am a social misfit.
- Life is bland and unfulfilling.
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV. 4th ed. Washington: Author.
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV. 4th ed., text revision. Washington: Author.
Beck, Aaron T. and Freeman, Arthur M. and Associates (1990). Cognitive Therapy of Personality Disorders. New York : Guilford Press.
Beck, Aaron T. and Freeman, Arthur M. and Associates (2003). Cognitive Therapy of Personality Disorders, 2nd ed. New York : Guilford Press.
Cooper, Terry D. (2003). Sin, Pride, and Self-Acceptance: The Problem of Identity in Theology and Psychology. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.
Gunderson, John G. and Philips, Katherine A. (1995). Personality Disorders. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry/VI, Vol. 2.
Eds. Harold I. Kaplan and Benjamin J. Sadock. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
McCrae, Robert R. (1994). "A Reformulation of Axis II: Personality and Personality-Related Problems." Costa, Paul T., Jr., Widiger, Thomas A., editors. Personality Disorders and the Five-Factor Model of Personality. Washington, D.C.: The American Psychological Association.
Stone, Michael H. (1989). Personality Disorders: Schizoid Personality Disorder. Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders, Vol. 3.
American Psychiatric Association. Task Force on Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders. Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Association.
Stone, Michael H. (1993). Abnormalities of personality: within and beyond the realm of treatment. New York: W.W. Norton.
Tamney, Joseph B. (2002). The Resilience of Conservative Religion. New York: Cambridge UP.

domain: psychology


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Species Alphitophagus bifasciatus - Two-banded Fungus Beetle
False darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Melandryidae) and allies of the Atlantic Maritime EcozoneBy Majka C.G., Pollock D.A.
NRC Research Press. Ottawa, Ontario, 2010
In: Assessment of Species Diversity in the Atlantic Maritime Ecozone. Edited by: McAlpine D.F., and Smith I.M. NRC Research Press. Ottawa, Ontario. pp 453-463.
The chapter treats Melandryidae, Tetratomidae, Scraptidae, and Synchroidae.
A contribution to the phylogeny of the Ciidae and its relationships with other Cucujoid and Tenebrionoid beetlesBy Buder, G., C. Grossmann, A. Hundsdoerfer & K.-D. Klass
Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny, 66(2): 165–190, 2008
Phylogeny and classification of Cucujoidea and the recognition of a new superfamily Coccinelloidea (Coleoptera: Cucujiformia)By Robertson J.A., Ślipiński A., Moulton M., Shockley F.W., Giorgi A., Lord N.P., McKenna D.D., Tomaszewska W., Forrester J. ...
Syst. Entomol. doi: 10.1111/syen.12138, 2015
Review of the American Corylophidae, Cryptophagidae, Tritomidae and Dermestidae, with Other StudiesBy T. L. Casey
New York Entomological Society, 1900
Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 8
(2): 51-172, 1900
Abundance of herbivores on six milkweed species in Illinois.By Price, P.W. & M.F. Willson.
American Midland Naturalist 101(1): 76–86., 1979
Price, P.W. & M.F. Willson. 1979. Abundance of herbivores on six milkweed species in Illinois. American Midland Naturalist 101(1): 76–86.
To aid the understanding of the role of insect herbivores as selective agents in the evolution of their host plants a survey of herbivore abundance and impact was undertaken in central Illinois on the six milkweed species: Asclepias incarnata, A. sullivantii, A. syriaca, A. verticillata, A. amplexicaulis
, and A. tuberosa
. These species occur in this order on a moisture gradient from wet to dry soil conditions. This survey revealed that 12 species occurred at an abundance of at least one individual per 100 host stems in 1 plot-year on one host species: Oncopeltus fasciatus*, Lygaeus kalmii*, Aphis nerii*, Labidomera clivicollis*, Tetraopes tetrophthalmus*, T. femoratus, T. quinquemaculatus, Rhyssomatus lineaticollis*, Danaus plexippus, Cycnia tenera*, Euchaetias egle
and a leafminer. All but L. kalmii
are specific to milkweeds in Illinois. Seven of these species, marked with asterisks, were abundant enough to act as major selective forces on the life history patterns of the milkweed species, populations and clones concerned.

domain: literature


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Holiday houses, villas with pool Pula
Holiday houses with pool and luxury villas offer accommodation for an unforgettable vacation for those seeking excellence and a special experience. Each one of the luxury villas tells its own fascinating story for a unique and wonderful experience. In our offer holiday houses Pula you will find ideal accommodations for families or a group of friends for a relaxing holiday, shared moments, different activities or perhaps even to discover something new. Each individual holiday home, villa with pool, has its own character and personality and allows you to experience your holiday in a special way. Personality and uniqueness is reflected in quality, beauty, details, wellness content and other services. The villas with pool and holiday homes which we offer in Pula are modern and luxurious, to make your stay as pleasant as possible. Pula is a holiday destination that allows you to discover historical monuments and learn about other traditions and cultural values. Give yourself the pleasure of gastronomic specialties and delicacies out in a country known for its fine wines and olive oil of exceptional quality. Luxury villas with private pool, modern holiday houses with traditional details or rural holiday homes in authentic surroundings with beautiful panorama, allow you to enjoy life in its simplicity, in an environment full of peace and quiet. This pleasant environment, unique and beautiful nature and comfortable accommodation will give your stay in Pula the comfort and luxury you are looking for! Search and select your ideal holiday destination, your ideal holiday home with pool or luxury villa...
Pula is a city situated on the south-western end of the Istrian peninsula and on the interior part of the bay where the islands of St. Katharine, St. Andrew and Uljanik lie and surrounded by three harbour pools.
Because of its size and capacity, Pula is the largest and most important harbour in Istria. Its well-protected bay is also one of the best natural harbours on the Adriatic coast. The city contains two marinas where nautical tourism is becoming more and more popular.
Pula is also considered the city of culture, concerts and film. Many events take place in Pula's amphitheatre (Arena) during the summer months and guarantee a fun and exciting holiday.
The heart of Pula is filled with historical monuments such as the Arena, the shrine of Augustus, Zlatna and Dvojna vrata (the Golden and Double door) and the fortress of Kastel.
Pula offers many amenities that make for a great vacation. Along with its well-equipped hotels, apartments, rooms and private villas, guests can enjoy activities such as sports, recreation, entertainment programs, and terraces with live music, discos, casinos, inns and restaurants as well as many organised excursions. Hotels and apartments are spread out throughout and around the city of Pula. Pula is known for its many first class restaurants which are some of the best in Croatia. Fishing plays a big part in tourism in Pula so you can be sure that only the freshest and finest of fish and seafood specialties are served in the restaurant of your choice. Many tourist facilities are located outside of the city. Beaches stretch along 100km of the beautiful and indented coastline and guests can choose from a wide range of swimming spots.
Just outside of the city centre, we recommend the swimming spots of Stoja, Verudela and Lungo Mare.
Pula is the perfect place to enjoy a fun-filled relaxing holiday with great food amongst great friends.

domain: geography


text:
An ostracode fauna is described from lacustrine sediments of the Hettangian, Lower Jurassic, Whitmore Point Member of the Moenave Formation. The Moenave is well known for its rich, Late Triassic?–Early Jurassic fossil record, which includes fossil fishes, stromatolites, ostracodes, spinicaudatans, and a diverse ichnofauna of invertebrates and vertebrates. Four ostracode species, all belonging to the suborder Darwinulocopina, were recovered from these sediments: Suchonellina globosa, S. stricta, Whipplella? sp. 1, and W.? sp. 2. The diversity and composition of the Whitmore Point Member ostracode fauna agree with previous interpretations about Lake Dixie and nearby paleoenvironments as shallow lakes inhabited by darwinulocopine species that survived the effects of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province and the subsequent end-Triassic extinction and quickly recolonized these areas, thanks to asexual reproduction by parthenogenesis. The Lake Dixie region, in its geographical isolation, could represent the last episode of darwinulocopine dominance in nonmarine environments before the Late Jurassic diversification of the cypridocopine/cytherocopine modern ostracodes.
The present work identifies and redescribes some of the species of an ostracode fauna that was recovered from sediments of the Hettangian, Lower Jurassic, Whitmore Point Member, Moenave Formation, Glen Canyon Group. We extend the scientific knowledge of ostracode diversity from this formation by addressing their taxonomy, along with major diversification trends of the ostracode suborder Darwinulocopina Sohn, 1988 (darwinulocopines) during the early Mesozoic. The Moenave Formation (Fig. 1) extends from southwestern Utah State into northwestern Arizona State, USA, and consists of sediments deposited under fluvial-lacustrine environments (Tanner and Lucas, 2007). Its fossil record is well documented, comprising numerous and diverse fossil fishes (nonmarine sharks, semionotids, ‘palaeoniscoids,’ coelacanths, and lungfishes), stromatolites, ostracodes, spinicaudatans, and a diverse ichnofauna of invertebrates and vertebrates (Milner and Kirkland, 2006; Milner et al., 2012; Kirkland et al., 2002, 2014), which were most recently summarized by Harris and Milner (2015).
According to Schudack (2006), the ostracode fauna of the Moenave Formation comprises a restricted number of poorly known species of darwinulocopines (genus Darwinula Brady and Robertson in Jones, 1885) and an indeterminate genus of cypridocopines (suborder Cypridocopina Jones in Chapman, 1901). In contrast, the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation, which is widespread through the midwestern USA, presents a diverse fauna of early nonmarine cytherocopines (suborder Cytherocopina Gründel, 1967, e.g., Timiriasevia Mandelstam, 1947, and Theriosynoecum Branson, 1936). The Morrison is the earliest unit in which cytherocopines and cypridocopines became dominant in US nonmarine faunas, while still associated with the remaining darwinulocopines (Schudack et al., 1998). The faunal composition of the Moenave and Morrison formations is in accordance with major evolutionary trends of these three taxa during the late Paleozoic–early Mesozoic (Whatley, 1988; Sames and Horne, 2012).
The Triassic-Jurassic transition is marked by the end-Triassic extinction event (ETE), one of the five major extinctions in Earth history (Beerling and Berner, 2002). There are several interpretations of the lithologic position of the ETE in the Glen Canyon Group, ranging from the contact between the Moenave and Kayenta formations (Milner et al., 2012; Kirkland et al., 2014) to the transition from the Dinosaur Canyon Member to the Whitmore Point Member of the Moenave Formation (Lucas et al., 2011). However, recent chemostratigraphic and detrital zircon studies suggest that the ETE occurred in the lower Dinosaur Canyon Member (Suarez et al., 2017). Considering the evolutionary trend toward drastically diminished diversity of the darwinulocopines at the end of the Triassic, the sediments of the Moenave Formation are very important to the understanding of nonmarine ostracode evolution at a time when the cypridocopines and cytherocopines were supposedly starting to compete for ecological niches with the more ancient darwinulocopines (Sohn, 1988; Whatley, 1988; Horne, 2003).
The Moenave Formation is the lowermost unit of the Glen Canyon Group in southwestern Utah and northwestern Arizona (Lucas et al., 2011). It was deposited in a retro-arc basin known as the Zuni Sag (Blakey, 1994; Kirkland and Milner, 2006; Milner et al., 2012; Kirkland et al., 2014), formed on the western edge of the North American craton as a result of its collision with the Cordilleran magmatic arc system that would give rise to the Nevadan orogeny (Renne and Turrin, 1987; Tanner and Lucas, 2009). The basal contact of the Moenave with the underlying Chinle Formation is an abrupt erosive contact in which the conglomerate at the top of the latter is locally eroded (Martz et al., 2017). The overlying Springdale Sandstone Member of the Kayenta Formation also erodes into the top of the Moenave (Lucas and Tanner, 2006).
The Moenave Formation is composed of sediments deposited in a mosaic of fluvial, lacustrine, and eolian subenvironments. The Wingate Sandstone Member of the Kayenta Formation—an eolian, sandstone erg sequence—interfingers with the Moenave in the northeastern part of its outcrop belt (Blakey, 1994; Tanner and Lucas, 2007; Blakey and Rainey, 2008). Stratigraphic nomenclature currently in use subdivides the Moenave Formation into the Dinosaur Canyon and Whitmore Point members (Fig. 2), in ascending order (Biek et al., 2009, 2010). The Dinosaur Canyon Member is a succession of fluvial sandstones and mudstones that become increasingly eolian eastward and represent a northwest-trending alluvial system (Kirkland and Milner, 2006; Lucas and Tanner, 2007). The Whitmore Point Member sediments were deposited in and along the margins of an extensive lake system—Lake Dixie (Fig. 3)—during a wet climatic interval when an inland delta on the northern end of the Zuni Sag became flooded (Milner et al., 2012).
The upper contact of the Dinosaur Canyon Member with the Whitmore Point Member in southwestern Utah is often placed at the base of a pale green-gray, sometimes stromatolitic limestone unit that is partially replaced by red chert (Wilson, 1967; Kirkland and Milner, 2006; Milner et al., 2012; Kirkland et al., 2014). Associated with this transition, tracks of the crocodylomorph Batrachopus Hitchcock, 1845 and the dinosaurians Eubrontes Hitchcock, 1845 and Anomoepus Hitchcock, 1848 are thought to be a biostratigraphic indicator of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in the lower–middle part of the Dinosaur Canyon (Olsen et al., 2002; Lucas and Tanner, 2007). In the Olsen Canyon area, these track types first appear near the middle of the Dinosaur Canyon (Milner et al., 2012; Kirkland et al., 2014). Recent carbon isotope chemostratigraphy, detrital zircon geochronology, and a reassessment of the magnetostratigraphy of Donohoo-Hurley et al. (2010) suggests that the ETE is associated with these levels, whereas the Triassic-Jurassic boundary occurs in the upper Dinosaur Canyon to lower Whitmore Point members (Suarez et al., 2017).
Sections of the Moenave Formation studied in the present work include those at St. George Discovery Site at Johnson Farm (SGDS) (37°06'05''N, 113°32'08''W) and Olsen Canyon (37°01'02''N, 113°23'22''W), near the city of St. George, Washington County, Utah, and Potter Canyon (36°52'44.4''N, 112°50'31.2''W), Mohave County, Arizona. A full description of the SGDS and Potter Canyon sites was provided by Kirkland et al. (2014). A description of the Olsen Canyon section is provided in Supplemental Data 1 of the present work.
Materials and methods
Samples collected at field sites (Fig. 4) were prepared at the Center for Integrative Geosciences of UConn, following the methodology of Antonietto et al. (2015, 2016). These samples were disaggregated with 50 mL of 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in a 1 L tall glass beaker for ~48 h. After disaggregation, 25–50 mL of absolute ethanol was added to each sample/H2O2 solution to interrupt the reaction. The resulting mixtures were individually washed with tap water into 250 mL beakers and dried in a Thermo Fisher Isotemp® 630F furnace at 70ºC. Sediments were then separated using a set of 600, 200, 150 and 75 μm TylerTM sieves and the ostracodes were removed under an Olympus S230 stereoscopic microscope.
Carapaces and valves of the identified species were photographed at the Old World Archaeobotany Laboratory of the University of Connecticut (UConn) Anthropology Department, Mansfield, USA. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) used was a JCM-6000PLUS NeoScope Benchtop, at low-vacuum mode and 10kV filament voltage, with no contrast-enhancing coating. Additional images of rock samples preserving ostracode extinction levels were taken with a Macropod Pro 3D device coupled with Zerene Stacker ‘focus stacking’ software. Specimens were measured with Adobe Acrobat Pro software, by converting photographs into portable document format (PDF) files and then using the software measuring tool. Abbreviations used in the text include: H = height; L = length, W = width.
Repositories and institutional abbreviations
The materials photographed for this study (13 specimens of four species from two families) are housed in the collections of the Natural History Museum of Utah (NHMU) in Salt Lake City, USA, under the prefix UMNH (Utah Natural History Museum, former name of the NHMU), combined with the second prefix IP (invertebrate paleospecimens and localities) and numbers 5292−5304. Samples collected at the SGDS are housed at the SGDS museum (Washington County, Utah), whereas those from Olsen and Potter canyons are currently at the Center for Integrative Geosciences, UConn. Other repositories include The Natural History Museum, London (BMNH).
The classification above family level used herein follows Liebau (2005). The taxonomy of lower ranks is based on Molostovskaya (2000), although with reservations that will be further discussed in this paper. Morphological terminology is that used by Moore (1961). Four species recovered from the present samples are listed below. Two were left in open nomenclature, Whipplella? sp. 1 and W.? sp. 2, whereas the other two were identified as Suchonellina globosa (Jones, 1862) and S. stricta (Jones, 1894). These species were previously assigned to the genus Darwinula, but are herein transferred to Suchonellina Spizharsky, 1937. The type species of Suchonellina, S. inornata Molostovskaya, 1980, is properly established.
Current status of the taxonomy of fossil and living darwinulocopines
Previous studies on Paleozoic ostracodes (Spizharsky, 1937; Mandelstam, 1956; Belousova, 1961; Molostovskaya, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1990, 1996; Kashevarova and Neustrueva, 1982; Kukhtinov, 1985) described several families and genera to accommodate the diversity of darwinulocopines in strata from eastern European Russia. These classification systems relied heavily on features such as the number and format of the individual scars on the central muscle scar field. Other characters utilized were mostly related to the general layout of the carapace, such as the shapes of the dorsal and ventral margins, overlap of the valves along their free margin, the magnitude of the cardinal angles and overall shape of the carapace in dorsal view.
While reviewing Recent and Mesozoic darwinulocopines from Scotland, Wakefield (1996) demonstrated how highly variable central muscle scars could be, even within darwinulocopine species, i.e., Darwinula stevensoni (Brady and Robertson, 1870) and D. cicatricosa Wakefield, 1994. This variability, along with those of the shape of dorsal and ventral margins, layout in dorsal view and the magnitude of the cardinal angles, were also observed at the generic level by Rossetti and Martens (1998) while reviewing species of Darwinula, Alicenula Rossetti and Martens, 1998, Penthesilenula Rossetti and Martens, 1998, and Vestalenula Rossetti and Martens, 1998. To separate genera, these authors relied on carapace length/height/width (size) ratios and the presence, shape, and position of marginal teeth on the internal surface and keels along the free margin of the valves, but most of all on an analysis of soft parts.
Until now, no attempts have been carried out to integrate taxonomic approaches for fossil and living darwinulocopine species. Aside from carapace size ratios, the presence of morphological characters such as marginal inner teeth, keels along the free margin, and, obviously, soft parts has never been evaluated in fossil taxa. At the same time, there is no assessment of the rates of overlap of the valves along their free margins for the Recent taxa. A wide morphological analysis of key specimens from several families and superfamilies, especially those from the Paleozoic and Cenozoic, will lead to improvements on that topic. Such effort, however, is not in the scope of the present work.
Subclass Ostracoda Latreille, 1802
Superorder Podocopomorpha Kozur, 1972
Order Podocopida Sars, 1866
Suborder Darwinulocopina Sohn, 1988
Superfamily Darwinuloidea Brady and Norman, 1889
Family Darwinulidae Brady and Norman, 1889
Genus Suchonellina Spizharsky, 1937
Suchonellina inornata Molostovskaya, 1980, by subsequent designation (herein).
The type species for Suchonellina was not assigned in the original description of the genus (Spikharsky, 1937), something that was tentatively corrected by Benson et al. (1961), who identified Cythere (Cytherella?) inornata McCoy in King, 1850 as Suchonellina cf. S. inornata Spikharsky, 1937. However, it was unnoticed to them that T.N. Spizharsky named this species assuming that it was similar to but not the same as Cythere (Cytherella?) inornata (hence the ‘cf.’, or conferre, from the Latin = compare to). Considering that Cythere (Cytherella?) inornata and S. inornata are not the same species, and that the binomial name S. inornata was first coined as such by Molostovskaya (1980), the present authors establish S. inornata as the type species of Suchonellina.
Suchonellina globosa (Jones, 1862)
1894 Darwinula globosa; Jones, p. 163, pl. 9, figs. 3, 4a, b.
non 1894 Darwinula globosa var. strictaJones, p. 164, pl. 9, fig. 5.
1951 Darwinula sp. (803); Wicher, p. 757, pl. 1, fig. 17a, b.
?1962 Darwinula (102); Christensen, p. 94, pl. 3, fig. 3a–g.
non 1963 Darwinula globosa; Dadlez and Kopik, p. 163, pl. 1, fig. 9.
?1979 Darwinula spp.; Sohn and Chatterjee, p. 584, pl. 1, fig. 6, pl. 2, figs. 1–3, 5–9, 14–16.
1983 Darwinula longovata Wei; Wei et al., p. 172, pl. 53, fig. 6D, R.
1984 Darwinula longovata; Wei, p. 350, pl. 2, figs. 14–17.
1987 Darwinula sp.; Kietzke, p. 123, fig. 2J–N.
2002 Darwinula maanshanensis Hou; Hou et al., p. 753, pl. 303, figs. 1–4.
2006 Darwinula sp.; Schudack, p. 428, fig. 2A–F.
BMNH I 6086, designated by Anderson (1964).
Rhaetian, Upper Triassic, Inner Moray Firth Basin, Linksfield, Elgin, Morayshire County, Scotland, UK (type locality) (Jones, 1862, 1894; Anderson, 1964). Upper Triassic, Wayaobu Formation, Shaanxi Province (Xu, 1988); Lower Jurassic, Ziliujing Formation, Sichuan Province, and Xialufeng Formation, Yunnan Province, China (Wei et al., 1983; Wei, 1984; Hou et al., 2002). Lower Rhaetian, Upper Triassic, Germany (Wicher, 1951). Lower Rhaetian, ‘Zbąszynecka Series,’ Upper Triassic, Poland (Dadlez and Kopik, 1963). Upper Triassic, Upper Shale and Redonda members, Chinle Formation, and Sloan Canyon Formation, New Mexico, USA (Kietzke, 1987). Sinemurian to Toarcian, Lower Jurassic, Kayenta Formation, Glenn Canyon Group, Arizona, USA (Kietzke and Lucas, 1995). In the present work, extended to the Hettangian stage, Lower Jurassic, Whitmore Point Member, Moenave Formation, Arizona and Utah, USA.
Carapaces: UMNH.IP 5303 (adult; 0.88 mm L, 0.40 mm H, 0.35 mm W), UMNH.IP 5293 (adult; 0.94 mm L, 0.47 mm H, 0.39 mm W), UMNH.IP 5301 (A-1 juvenile?; 0.80 mm L, 0.41 mm H, 0.34 mm W), UMNH.IP 5292 (A-2 juvenile; 0.67 mm L, 0.35 mm H, 0.25 mm W), UMNH.IP 5302 (A-3 juvenile; 0.63 mm L, 0.31 mm H, 0.20 mm W), and UMNH.IP 5304 (A-4 juvenile; 0.50 mm L, 0.27 mm H, 0.17 mm W). Valves: UMNH.IP 5296 (adult, left; 0.95 mm L, 0.49 mm H, 0.24 mm W) and UMNH.IP 5297 (adult?, right; 0.84 mm L, 0.43 mm H, 0.18 mm W).
The diagnosis of this species follows Jones (1862) and Anderson (1964). The original proposal of the species, however, is from Duff (1842), although it was not formally described or illustrated in that monograph. Its generic placement was changed to Suchonellina, as proposed by Spizharsky (1937) to accommodate Permo-Triassic darwinulocopine species from Russia. According to Rossetti and Martens (1998), the genus Darwinula presents different valve overlap and general carapace size ratios in comparison to S. globosa. Other than that, some morphological characters attributed to Suchonellina by Molostovskaya (1990) seem to be observable in specimens of the present work: (1) in dorsal view, it is hinted that their hinge displays an arrangement of two marginal, enlarged protuberances separated by a sulcus in the right valve, and (2) the frontal view indicates a shifting upward of the right valve along the overlapping in the ventral margin. Darwinula maanshanensis Hou in Hou et al. (2002) (nom. nov. for the homonym D. longovata Wei in Wei, Li, and Jiang, 1983) also displays the aforementioned morphological characters and is herein synonymized with S. globosa. Specimens of ‘S. globosa’ were misfigured by Dadlez and Kopik (1963) as Notocythere media excelsa Will, 1953, and vice versa. Specimens identified as A-2 juveniles of D. sarytirmenensis Sharapova in Mandelstam, 1947 (misspelled as ‘Darwinula sarytirmensis’) by Kieztke and Lucas (1995) are actually adult individuals of S. globosa, based on the presence of a posterior brood pouch, clearly apparent in dorsal view. Synonymy with the present species is tentative for: (1) Darwinula (102) of Christensen (1962), because it is a similar, but slightly smaller, species; and (2) Darwinula spp. of Sohn and Chatterjee (1979) and (3) D. liulingchuanensis Zhong, 1964 of Wei et al. (1983), due to poor preservation of specimens affecting general layout observations. The size ratios between instars of S. globosa is like that found between ontogenetic stages of D. stevensoni and Vestalenula sp. by Smith and Kamiya (2008). However, Smith et al. (2006) noted that adult males of V. cornelia Smith, Kamiya, and Horne, 2006 are also similar in size ratios to A-1 juveniles. Therefore the present authors, while figuring some of the instars of S. globosa, attributed a doubtful identification to specimens identified as A-1 juveniles.
Suchonellina stricta (Jones, 1894)
?1963 Darwinula liassica; Dadlez and Kopik, p. 138, pl. 1, fig. 8.
1983 Darwinula xinpingensis Jiang; Wei et al., p. 176, pl. 54, fig. 6D, R.
?1989a Gerdalia sp.; Kietzke, p. 186, fig. 4F.
1991 Gerdalia sp.; Kietzke and Lucas, p. 193, fig. 3A.
1999 Gerdalia sp.; Swain, p. 168, pl. 17, figs. 43, 44.
2002 Darwinula xinpingensis; Hou et al., p. 773, pl. 310, figs. 7, 8.
BMNH I 6089, designated by Anderson (1964).
Rhaetian, Upper Triassic, Penarth Group, Pylle hill, Bristol, Bristol County, England, UK (type locality); also at Glamorgan, Gloucestershire, Shropshire, and Warwickshire counties (Jones, 1894; Anderson, 1964). Rhaetian, Upper Triassic, Inner Moray Firth Basin, Linksfield, Elgin, Morayshire, Scotland, UK (Jones, 1894). Upper Triassic, Baijizu Formation, Yunnan, China (Ye et al., 1977). Uppermost Triassic, Shezi Formation, Yunnan, China (Wei et al., 1983). Carnian, Upper Triassic, Tecovas Formation, Texas, USA (Kieztke and Lucas, 1991). In the present work, extended to the Hettangian, Lower Jurassic, Whitmore Point Member, Moenave Formation, Arizona and Utah, USA.
Carapaces: UMNH.IP 5299 (adult; 0.91 mm L, 0.41 mm H, 0.30 mm W), UMNH.IP 5300 (adult; 0.84 mm L, 0.38 mm H, 0.31 mm W). Valves: UMNH.IP 5298 (incomplete A-2 juvenile?, left; 0.34 mm H, 0.13 mm W).
For a discussion on the generic placement of this species in Suchonellina, see the Remarks section under S. globosa (above). The diagnosis of S. stricta follows Jones (1894) and Anderson (1964). The original proposal of the species, however, is from Brodie (1843), although the species was not formally described or illustrated in that monograph. Due to major morphological similarity between the type specimens of S. stricta and Darwinula xinpingensis Jiang in Wei et al. (1983), these are herein synonymized, as also are specimens of D. cf. D. liassica of Ye et al. (1977). Synonymy with the present species is tentative for: (1) D. liassica of Dadlez and Kopik (1963), because no size measurements for the illustrated specimens were given; and (2) Gerdalia sp. of Kietzke (1989a), also figured by Swain (1999), for having a very similar, but not equal, general layout.
Superfamily Darwinuloidoidea Molostovskaya, 1979
Family Darwinuloididae Molostovskaya, 1979
Genus Whipplella Holland, 1934
Whipplella cuneiformis Holland, 1934.
Whipplella? sp. 1
?2006 Cypridoidea indet.; Schudack, p. 428, fig. 2H.
Hettangian, Lower Jurassic, Whitmore Point Member, Moenave Formation, Arizona and Utah, USA.
UMNH.IP 5294, valve (0.79 mm L, 0.42 mm H, 0.18 mm W).
The generic diagnosis follows Holland (1934) and Kukhtinov (2004). The single specimen of Whipplella? sp. 1 is badly preserved, which allows only a tentative placement in the genus Whipplella, based on the general shape of the valves in lateral and dorsal view. Whipplella? sp. 1 and Cypridoidea indet. by Schudack (2006) could be the same species, but the specimens of the latter are badly preserved, and the attribution is at best doubtful.
Whipplella? sp. 2
Hettangian, Lower Jurassic, Whitmore Point Member, Moenave Formation, Arizona and Utah, USA.
UMNH.IP 5295, valve (0.90 mm L, 0.49 mm H, 0.16 mm W).
Results and discussion
In the present taxonomic review, four ostracode species were identified from sediments of the Whitmore Point Member, deposited in and along the margins of a lacustrine environment, referred throughout the region as Lake Dixie, and associated/interbedded mudflat environments during the earliest Jurassic. The composition and stratigraphic position of this ostracode fauna makes it an interesting case to understand the demise of darwinulocopines as the main nonmarine ostracodes, both in terms of abundance and diversity, during early to middle Mesozoic times.
Evolutionary history of late Paleozoic–early Mesozoic darwinulocopines
Darwinulocopines are known in the fossil record since the late Paleozoic (Carbonel et al., 1988). The group flourished during the Carboniferous–Triassic, an interval from which the majority of darwinulocopine families, genera, and species has been so far described. During that time, the group presented greater morphologic variety (Wang, 1980; Kashevarova and Neustrueva, 1982; Sohn, 1987; Molostovskaya, 1990) than shown by darwinulocopine flocks in earlier strata. Nonmarine faunas of the Carboniferous–Triassic also contained forms likely more closely related to the Carbonitidae Sohn, 1985 and Geisinidae Sohn in Benson et al., 1961 of the suborder Metacopina Sylvester-Bradley in Benson et al., 1961 (Martens et al., 1998; Tibert et al., 2013). Cytherocopines were also present in these environments, especially during the Permian, represented by orders such as the Permianoidea Sharapova in Schneider, 1948 and the Cytheroidea Baird, 1850 (Kashevarova, 1990).
Late Permian darwinulocopines were highly diverse in terms of morphology and taxa, and three superfamilies are present in the fossil record (Darwinuloidea, Suchonelloidea Mishina, 1972, and Darwinuloidoidea), each with its distinctive evolutionary history. They inhabited large, shallow lakes in which the variety of habitats was favorable to high diversity (Neustrueva, 1990). This apparently coincided with the presence of sexuality in at least some groups in this lineage, and Permian darwinulocopines commonly exhibited sexual dimorphism (Sohn, 1988; Molostovskaya, 2000). On the other hand, all modern darwinulocopines, except possibly one species (Smith et al., 2006), are exclusively parthenogenetic, and have apparently been so since late in the Mesozoic (Schön et al., 2009).
The Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) extinction event greatly reduced darwinulocopine diversity in nonmarine environments in ways similar to those observed in marine ones (Jin et al., 2000; Liu et al., 2010; Forel, 2013). It is still poorly known how these nonmarine faunas rebounded from such event during the Triassic, as they would soon be hit by another major extinction event, the ETE, which was probably caused by a disruption in the global carbon cycle due to emplacement of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) (Beerling and Berner, 2002). The Upper Triassic also possibly witnessed the origin of the cytherocopine family Limnocytheridae Klie, 1938, which would become widespread in the Upper Jurassic−lower Cretaceous (Zhong, 1964; Zheng, 1976; Fang and Xu, 1978). The diversity of these faunas was maintained during the Lower Jurassic (Wakefield, 1994; Ballent and Díaz, 2012), only to be halved by the remainder of the period, before the explosive radiation of nonmarine cypridocopines, notably of the family Cyprideidae Bosquet, 1852, and the limnocytherids in the Middle–Late Jurassic (Whatley, 1988; Sames and Horne, 2012).
Proposed scenarios for the widespread dispersal of nonmarine darwinulocopines in the late Paleozoic range from transportation by early tetrapods, either in wet mud adhering to their feet or in the intestines of aquatic plant-feeding animals, to humid winds in warm, subtropical environments, considering that monsoons and hurricanes can carry wet particles for long distances (Lethiers and Damotte, 1993; Horne, 2003). Evidence suggests that darwinulocopines were also tolerant of stressed environments such as shallow, warm, hypersaline lagoons and saline lakes (Gramann, 1971; McKenzie, 1981; Molostovskaya, 2000). Certain morphophysiological traits that enabled their rapid spread through these and other habitats were present in darwinulocopine nonmarine faunas since at least the Permian (retaining eggs and juveniles in brood pouches) (Molostovskaya, 1990; Neustrueva, 1990) or the Early Jurassic (asexual reproduction by parthenogenesis). The record of parthenogenesis in darwinulocopines is a particularly remarkable one; despite being common in nonmarine ostracodes from several ages, it has not been the sole mechanism of reproduction in any other group for so long in the fossil record (Butlin et al., 1998; Martens et al., 1998; Schön et al., 2009). Exactly how long, however, is still a topic of discussion, although it is currently estimated to have persisted since 208 Ma ago (Martens et al., 2003).
Lake Dixie as the ‘Last Hurrah of the Reigning Darwinulocopines’
The strata of the Whitmore Point Member were deposited in Lake Dixie, soon after the ETE and the establishment of CAMP. The ostracode fossil record of this unit is marked by several mass mortality events, as evidenced by strata in the Olsen Canyon containing numerous, piled-up ostracode carapaces and valves that were deposited during what might be an up-and-down trend in local carbon isotope records (Suarez et al., 2017) (Fig. 6). These values are like those observed during the P-Tr extinction event, which was also associated with volcanic activity on a large igneous province in Siberia, Russia (Korte and Kozur, 2010).
Several horizons preserving mud cracks, triclinic sulfate crystal casts and algal mats indicate that Lake Dixie, although large, was relatively shallow, with sporadically fluctuating base levels (Kirkland and Milner, 2006; Kirkland et al., 2014). Sandstones with dinosaur tracks at the SGDS are interpreted as the shoreline area of the lake, and salt crystals were formed in the sediment of these shores during times of drought (Kirkland et al., 2002; Milner et al., 2006). Lake Dixie was bounded southeastward by coastal and fluvial deposits of the upper Dinosaur Canyon Member, and further east by the eolian, sand-dune desert deposits known as the Wingate Sandstone (Blakey, 1994). Westward it was limited by the first stages of what would become the Nevadan orogeny by the end of the Jurassic (Renne and Turrin, 1987).
The diversity and composition of the Whitmore Point Member ostracode fauna agree with previous interpretations of the paleoenvironments of Lake Dixie. After the ETE, a very diversity-depleted fauna populated the member, comprising few species, one of which (Suchonellina globosa) was dominant in all of the currently analyzed samples containing sizable ostracode faunas. The majority of specimens recorded in the present work are females, and the very few that could be males are also interpretable as A-1 juveniles, according to the morphological parameters of Martens et al. (2003).
Similar faunas, both in terms of diversity and population composition, were also found in several formations that are coeval to the Moenave in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas (Kietzke, 1987, 1989a, b; Kietzke and Lucas, 1991, 1995; Lucas and Kietzke, 1993). Lake Dixie was a shallow, occasionally saline lake, located at the center of a network of similar paleoenvironments in the southwestern USA. Along these regions, depauperated darwinulocopine faunas mostly had to overcome the effects of CAMP by deploying metabolic, but more probably reproductive (parthenogenesis), strategies that allowed them to occupy previously stressed environments after their recovery.
Four ostracode species of darwinulocopines were recovered from sediments of the Hettangian, Lower Jurassic, Whitmore Point Member of the Moenave Formation. These sediments were deposited in and along the margins of Lake Dixie and associated/interbedded mudflat environments in the counties of Washington and Mohave, Utah and Arizona, USA. The diversity and composition of the Whitmore Point Member ostracode fauna agree with previous interpretations of Lake Dixie as a paleoenvironment where depauperated darwinulocopine faunas survived by deploying parthenogenesis as a strategy to recolonize stressed environments soon after their recovery from the establishment of CAMP and subsequent ETE.
The darwinulocopine ostracodes had their origin in the late Paleozoic, but were significantly decimated by the P-Tr extinction event and the ETE, never having re-established similar diversities since these extinctions. Lake Dixie has one of the earliest records so far known of an exclusively darwinulocopine fauna, and could represent the last episode of darwinulocopine dominance in nonmarine environments before the Late Jurassic−Early Cretaceous diversification of the modern cypridocopine/cytherocopine ostracodefaunas. It is possible that the geographic isolation of Lake Dixie, and perhaps other nearby lakes, behind the Wingate Erg desert and the early stages of the Nevadan orogeny played a major role in isolating these environments from the explosive radiation of the cypridocopines and cytherocopines that ended the ‘Last Hurrah of the Reigning Darwinulocopines.’
The authors wish to first acknowledge the late N.E. Tibert (1996–2015) for his efforts on the research of ostracode samples throughout the terrestrial Mesozoic sequences of Utah, which served as an important basis for the present work. We thank A. Smith (Department of Anthropology, UConn) for use of the SEM in taking the photographs for the present work. Also many thanks go to M. Suarez (Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio) for support of field trips to Potter and Olsen canyons. LSA acknowledges J. Krishna for assistance with the cataloging of specimens deposited at NHMU. CAS wishes to thank G. McDonald and R. Hunt-Foster (Bureau of Land Management, Washington, D.C., USA) for support in obtaining field permit #UT16-017S, which allowed for collection of samples in the Olsen Canyon area.
Accessibility of supplemental data
Data are available from the Dryad Digital Repository: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.sh45f


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Kim Potter Dog Training stands out as a reputable dog training center boasting a seasoned dog behaviorist. Kim Potter, a professional dog trainer and behaviorist with over 25 years of expertise, specializes in tailoring one-on-one dog training sessions to your home and preferred walking areas. Proficient with all breeds, including challenging ones like Staffy Crosses and Bull Breeds, she excels in addressing complex behavioral issues. Employing touch, voice, and body language, Kim ensures a calm, consistent approach for effective communication with your dog. Services offered by Kim Potter Dog Training encompass puppy training, tackling concerns such as dog aggression, house training, jumping up, barking, lead walking, recall, separation anxiety, running off, and integration with family members and other pets. Their home visits extend across Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Thames Valley, and London.
• Free Telephone Advice.
Serving Locations: Berkshire, Thames Valley, Oxfordshire & London

domain: pet


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Payments Using Your Debit/Credit Card
Autotruck is now set up to receive payments on your loans by credit card or debit card. We will accept payments from VISA, MasterCard or American Express. Once you have entered your card information and have received a confirmation, Autotruck will apply your funds to your loan on the next business day. It's an easy and convenient way to make a payment.
We offer two methods to make your payment:
1. You may click Here to enter the information for a $3 fee
2. You may call the Credit Union and we will enter the information for a $10 feeGo to main navigation

domain: economics


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A march against a council tax rise by a group which has amassed more than 6,000 followers is set to go ahead today.
The first will be held on Saturday, February 22, with the second on Thursday, February 27, and both will take place outside the council's new Coed Pella offices in Colwyn Bay.
Mr Ayling, a builder, said he understands the council's budgets are being squeezed but is fed up of perceived wastage of council tax payers' cash.
He said: "One night I paid the council tax bill - I pay monthly with a card - and I'm paying 200-odd quid a month.
"I don't even get bins emptied any more as I live in Deganwy and I got sick of them getting blown all over the place. I pay a private company to collect waste once a month.
"There's council waste of public finances everywhere I look."
The building, leased for decades under the agreement with what is believed to be a 15-year break clause, was supposed to house HGV machinery for the council - but the floors couldn't take the weight.
The original company who owned the site went bust and the new landlord agreed a stop on rent from June 2018 until the matter was resolved. Conwy is also attempting to claw back more than £234,000 in rates because the site hasn't been used.
Mr Ayling said the council's new offices at Coed Pella are also a waste of money, costing £58m all told.
Council leader Sam Rowlands said: "When you look at Coed Pella over the lifetime of the building - it's like when you look at the cost of your house.
"It may cost £100,000 but, over the lifetime of the mortgage, it might actually cost you £180,000. Nobody says it cost 180% of the value."
On the Mochdre issue, Cllr Rowlands said: "I'm not going to argue about Mochdre. We are doing everything we can to resolve the issues there.
"But our budget is over £200m. The issues at Mochdre have cost us an average £200,000 a year - 0.1% of our annual budget. What business is not doing 0.1% wrong?
"I love the fact that we live in a country where people can voice their concerns, but I would ask they take the time to read the information that's available regarding our financial situation."

domain: politics


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Since ancient times, women have been using the same old products and techniques to manage mother nature’s monthly visit. We may be living in the noughties, but up until now our approach to female menstruation has been very firmly rooted in the Neanderthal Age. With a few brave exceptions (think Bodyform Responds: The Truth and The Camp Gyno), most advertising campaigns still force us to endure blue, Fairy liquid style solutions, even in 2016.
Thankfully though, we are entering into a new era where attitudes towards feminine hygiene products are shifting and the tampons of the future look set to detect and treat deadly diseases such as ovarian cancer and HIV. This smart move is all thanks (unsurprisingly) to a woman.
In 2014, an engineer at Harvard named Ridhi Tariyal was thinking of ways to collect blood painlessly when she stumbled across a solution that was automatically accessible to half of the world’s population each month. Her idea had enormous implications, not least because it had evaded mankind for centuries, so Tariyal set about patenting a method for collecting menstrual flow and turning it into medical samples with her business partner, Stephen Gire.
What started out as an investigation in obtaining pain free blood samples, soon snowballed into something much bigger when the duo realised that menstrual flow contains so more than just blood; it is also rich with cells shed by the ovaries and uterus. And those cells, paired with genomics tools have the potential to open up a window on women’s bodies never before seen, giving early warning signs of cancer and reproductive diseases.
Ridhi Tariyal and Stephen Gire
Tariyal’s idea came to her naturally because of her gender. Throughout the development process she didn’t have to imagine using her device; she beta tested it.
Off the back of her discovery, a team of bioengineers at the University of Washington have been conducting clinical trials to create tampon-like devices that deliver HIV preventing medication. In an initial trial, researchers combined dissolving fibers with an HIV drug called Maraviroc. The fibers dissolve within minutes of coming into contact with moisture and it’s at this point the medication is released.
And the possibility of using tampons to discover ovarian cancer, (a cancer which is notoriously hard to detect in its early stages) is also looking promising. A recent small study looked at women already diagnosed with the cancer and used DNA deep sequencing to analyse their tampon samples. They discovered mutated DNA tumor cells were present in the tampons used by 60% of the women, longer term this could be one of the quickest and safest monthly diagnostic tests.
In other (tech tampon) news, my.flow have developed a Bluetooth connected tampon which will, they say, do away with ‘menstruation mortification’ for good. Proving that the Internet of Things knows no boundaries, this new smart tampon has an extra-long string connected to a Bluetooth enabled monitor that sends a notification to your phone when it's time for a change.
Whilst the latter may seem a step too far over using general, common sense there’s no denying that technological advancements in tampon technology are showing promise. Diagnosing and curing potentially fatal diseases through tampon tech is looking like a very real possibility.

domain: news


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Denver (AP) Colorado lawmakers say and other large corporations are evading taxes on real estate profits.
They unveiled a bill Tuesday that would require companies to declare questionable transactions on their corporate tax returns.
A new federal tax law allows small investors to pool their resources to participate in real estate markets that otherwise would require large amounts of capital, providing tax breaks. Lawmakers say Wal-Mart is evading taxes by owning a majority of the
Daphne Moore, corporate communications director for Wal-Mart, said they are lawful arrangements and they have been known to state departments of revenue for many years.
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or firstname.lastname@example.org.

domain: finance


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Researchers at the University of Bath’s Department of Psychology are on the lookout for local volunteers to help with a new study looking into the effects of chronic pain on our bodies.
Chronic pain is pain that has been experienced most days for at least three months.
Often suffers experience extreme sensations in their limbs – sometimes this is caused by a previous injury, whereas other times there is no obvious cause.
As a particularly debilitating condition, yet with little known about how it develops, the researchers for this study want to look at the way information processing differs between people with and without chronic pain.
For the study they need both people who have chronic pain symptoms as well as people who have no symptoms.
To be eligible, you should have no history of epilepsy or neurological injury. The research takes place at the University of Bath and takes 3 to 4 hours.
Lead researcher Dr Antonia Ten Brink from the Department of Psychology explained: “Chronic pain occurs in 20% of the population and it can challenge emotional and physical well-being.
“There are many chronic pain conditions for which there is no clear physical cause. In this study we want to find out more about the underlying causes for chronic pain conditions, which could help us in the development of new treatments.”
To take part, Email Antonia on firstname.lastname@example.org; or to find out more, visit: https://www.bath.ac.uk/campaigns/help-us-understand-the-mechanisms-of-chronic-pain/.


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Marjorie received a loan from Daniel to build a handicraft business to support her remote community in the Trobriand Islands, Papua New Guinea.
Kiva Lending Team: The Cantstoppables
A group of like-minded zanies with big hearts.
1 messages. Request to join the team to get in on the action!
Have feedback on lending teams? Click here.


Earlier on Thursday night, UNO Mohammad Kaisar called the journalist Saidul Farhad over phone and verbally abused him for publishing a report over the Ashrayan Project aiming to shelter homeless people.
An audio of the phone call went viral on Social media, sparking uproar against the UNO from all quarters. A day after the incident, Friday, a meeting – where both attended – was held at Hilldown Circuit House conference room in Cox’s Bazar at the initiative of deputy commissioner Md Mamunur Rashid.
Senior lawyer Kurshid Alam Khan brought the issue to the HC's attention. The state was asked to inform the HC over the steps taken in this incident.
HC said, the language he used is reprehensible and unacceptable. No one can speak in such a way except a ‘wrongheaded person’. The language he used cannot be any language at all. The UNO offered an apology and he admitted that his remarks were not acceptable.
Terming journalists the mirror of society, the court said if they commit any crime, there is a press council [to take steps]. None can speak in such a way, and take the law into their own hands.
Lauding the initiative of the prime minister over providing shelters to the homeless, the court said the language used cannot be accepted in any way. The court asked the deputy attorney general AKM Amin Uddin to inform the court after knowing what measures were taken over the issue.


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Twitter updated its S-1 prospectus today and told the world it will be listing on the New York Stock Exchange, not the NASDAQ. In addition, the company confirmed that it would list under the symbol TWTR.
Social media rival Facebook, of course, listed on the NASDAQ, as have many other tech companies.
It’s unlikely that Facebook’s initial stock issues, including a glitchy first day of trading, affected Twitter’s decision to go with the NYSE, but the company may just want to be on a different exchange than its biggest rival.
NASDAQ’s stock fell slightly on the news.
Twitter also updated a few of its numbers in the new filing.
Perhaps the most significant is that active users has now hit 232 million, up from the 218 million first reported in initial versions of the prospectus. That’s a big deal, because Twitter’s flattening growth — and massively international userbase — has been a potentially cautionary note for investors.
Twitter says it had 48 billion tweet impressions in the third quarter, up from 30 billion in Q2, which is also a growth signal.
However, the company also updated its total accumulated deficit to date, which has hit $483.2 million as of September 30, 2013. The number in Twitter’s previous version of its S-1 was only $418.6 million, a massive change of $65 million. That could indicate significant spending to pimp the numbers in preparation for its IPO as well as reflecting multiple recent acquisitions, including MoPub. Revenue is also up, but not nearly as significantly, and Twitter has been forced to warn that its revenue growth rate “will slow in the future as a result of a variety of factors, including the gradual slow down in the growth rate of our user base.”
The company’s costs will likely slow down as well, at least as a percentage of revenue, as it transitions to a more mature company. But not all the big expenses are behind it:
“In addition, we entered into amendments to certain lease agreements in 2013 to expand the capacity of existing data center facilities through 2020, and increased our total commitments under such leases to $230.3 million,” the company says in the new S-1.
In related news, CNBC reported that the company’s road show, in which it will present itself to potential investors, is expected to start on October 25. The company has already accidentally revealed its intended IPO date: November 15.


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Appreciating Abstract Portraits and Their Particular Aesthetics
Oct 3, 2016
Abstract portrait artists confront peculiar challenges. When we see faces in everything; that is called pareidolia. When we see everything in faces; that is called empathy. Abstract portraits inhabit a space somewhere between the two, and their artists must contend simultaneously with both. In some ways, the natural habit humans have of perceiving familiar visual patterns everywhere, regardless of whether they are actually there, can benefit the makers of abstract portraits. They need barely reference the human face or figure at all in order to evoke the sense of it. But the obsession for looking for faces and figures in an abstract image can also distract viewers from considering the other aspects of a work of art. Similarly, abstract portrait painters might benefit from the natural tendency viewers have to empathize whenever they perceive, even faintly, the image of a recognizable other. Whatever sensibilities an empathetic viewer bestows upon an image might work in favor of the concept of the work. But empathy can also interfere with understanding. Recognition of a familiar face or figure in a work of art could cause personal prejudices, generalizations and trepidation to arise in the mind of a viewer, which could undermine and convolute whatever ideas the artist originally had in mind.
Defining Abstract Portraits
In the 16th Century, Italians developed a hierarchy of what subjects were most respectable for a work of art. The most respectable subject matter was considered to be the historical scene, which usually ended up being some kind of mythological or religious episode. The second most respectable subject matter was the portrait. In a classical sense, a portrait was usually defined as the image of a human, most often depicted from the head to about the middle of the torso. But it need not only be that. A portrait can also depict the entire body, or just the face. And it need not only be an image of a human. It can be an image of any being, human, animal, fictional, mythical, spiritual, or any combination thereof.
To be considered an abstract portrait, an artwork must incorporate two faculties: first, it must utilize the concept of portraiture in some way; and second it must be abstract, meaning it must deal with the realm of ideas, or at least avoid a purely objective or representational approach to reality. What it does not have to be is one particular medium or discipline. An abstract portrait can be a drawing or a painting, or there can also be abstract portrait photography, abstract portrait sculpture, abstract portrait installation, abstract portrait performance art, etc. Any abstract aesthetic phenomenon that incorporates the figure of any being, real, imaginary, or any combination thereof, could be considered an abstract portrait.
Joan Miro - Head of a Woman, 1938. Oil on canvas. 18 x 21 5/8 in. (45.72 x 54.93 cm) © Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris
From an interpretive standpoint, what can be most difficult, and sometimes most controversial, about appreciating abstract portraits is that they are inherently personal. Social Constructivism postulates that everything we understand about life grows out of our experiences, and that all of our instructive experiences grow out of social interactions. In a psychological sense, one creature staring at an image of another creature is a social interaction. A viewer interacting with a room full of abstract portraits constitutes a community.
What is difficult about the personal nature of abstract portraits is that they invite contemplations far deeper and more profound than what might be invited by other types of abstract art. For example, an abstract geometric sculpture or an entirely abstract composition such as a color field painting or a monochrome could be interacted with solely according to its formal qualities, or its symbolic qualities, or its interpretive or contemplative qualities. But in addition to all of those elements, abstract portraits also force viewers to interact with themselves.
Frank Auerbach - Head of JYM ll, 1984-85. Oil on canvas. 660 x 610 mm. Private collection. © Frank Auerbach
The main challenge therefore of appreciating abstract portraits is to overcome inherent biases. When a viewer looks at a representational portrait, one that has been constructed to mimic reality as closely as possible, the mere fact of recognition assists the viewer to hold the image in a respectful light. A sense of artistic and pictorial mastery demands that the being represented in the portrait deserves special and complete consideration. But abstract portraits invite strange generalizations. One arena where this is obvious is with abstract portraits of already marginalized populations. Consider, for example, abstract portraits of women.
Two of the most famous abstract portrait painters are Pablo Picasso and Willem de Kooning. Together they painted hundreds of abstract portraits. Many of the most famous abstract portraits Picasso painted were of women, such as his famous Woman Weeping. But his most controversial was an abstract portrait painting of his mistress Marie-Thérèse Walter, called The Dream. The painting is controversial because people think they see a phallus in the head of the figure. They interpret it therefore as an erotic painting. But is that just pareidolia? Or is it empathy? Or is it a voyeuristic preoccupation with the relationship Picasso had with the model? The fact that the painting is abstracted opens the door to interpretive leaps that allow inherent biases to come through. Does the painting truly show us something about Picasso and his mistress? Or does it show us something about ourselves?
The Women of de Kooning
A similar phenomenon occurs when people look at the abstract portraits Willem de Kooning painted of women. When other abstract de Kooning paintings are discussed, the qualities most commonly addressed are their gestural quality, their vibrant energy, their distinct brush marks, their distinctive palette, and the tension and passion conveyed through their expressive compositions. His purely abstract compositions are referred to as complex, intricate and powerful. His abstract landscapes are referred to as sublime.
But a much different vocabulary is used when referencing the abstract portraits de Kooning painted of women. Common adjectives used by viewers, especially critics, to describe these paintings are more along the lines of hostile, angry, violent, mad, misogynistic and insane. De Kooning noted that when he painted his portraits of women, he was hoping they would be perceived as simply being unique, and possibly humorous. He was attempting to convey in his own style the female form, in a classical and yet modern and abstracted manner, unlike anyone had done before. So what is it about the portraiture in these paintings that brings out such anthropomorphic remarks? Did de Kooning put those thoughts in the painting or did we?
Willem de Kooning - Woman I, 1950–2. Oil on canvas. 192.7 x 147.3 cm. © 2018 The Willem de Kooning Foundation / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York (Left) / Willem de Kooning - Willem Woman, 1949. Oil, enamel, and charcoal on canvas. 152.4 x 121.6 cm. Private Collection. © 2018 The Willem de Kooning Foundation / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York (Right)
Seeing Abstract Portrait Painters in Their Paintings
Instead of bring our own prejudices into play about the underlying meaning that exists in these paintings, another way to appreciate abstract portraits is to interpret the ways they communicate the thinking of the artist who painted them. For example, the abstract portraits of Paul Klee demonstrate the interest this painter had in color, form and harmonious compositions. They communicate his search for the geometric essence of nature, and the balance he sought to capture in his art.
Likewise, by looking at the abstract portraits of Robert Delaunay, we can see his evolution from a figurative painter into an abstractionist. Early portraits such as that he painted in 1906 of his friend Jean Metzinger can be appreciated for their advanced use of Divisionism. This painting captures the fascination Delaunay had with color, and the various abstract visual effects rendered when different colors were placed next to each other on a surface. It also communicates his search to flatten the picture plane and give equal attention to all parts of the image.
Paul Klee - Senecio, 1922. Oil on canvas. 40 cm x 38 cm. Kunstmuseum Basel, Basel, Scala / Art Resource, NY © ARS, NY (Left) / Robert Delaunay - Portrait de Jean Metzinger, 1906. Oil on canvas. 55 x 43 cm (Right)
What Abstract Portrait Photography Teaches
The most direct way to appreciate abstract portraits is to simply follow the path of the ideas they inspire. Ideas are central to abstract portrait photography. In the photograph Noire et Blanche by Man Ray, we see the face of a female human model posed beside a wooden mask. The face and the mask have a similar shape, and both share a common expression. Despite showing us objective reality, this image questions whether a photograph can show us what is real, by challenging the truth of our own visage. It is asking the viewer, “Which one is the mask?”
Far different, but also grounded in ideas, is the double image portrait photograph of Marcel Duchamp taken by Victor Obsatz in 1953. It shows an image of a contemplative Duchamp staring out the window, and superimposed above it a grinning, joyous Duchamp staring back at us. It shows us the serious thinker and the playful, satirical joker, both of which this artist embodied. This photograph teaches us how to appreciate all abstract portraits; as images that combine realities, as visions of worlds within worlds. They show us an image of ourselves, and also hint that there is more to us than we know.
Featured image: Salvador Dalí - Galatea of the Spheres, 1952. Oil on canvas. Dalí Theatre and Museum, Figueres, Spain. © Salvador Dalí, Fundació Gala-Salvador Dalí, Figueres, 2018.
All images used for illustrative purposes only
By Phillip Barcio

domain: artistic


New York News
Minivan crashes into Queens house
QUEENS (WABC) -- Police are looking for the driver of a minivan who crashed into a house in Queens.
Police say the driver hit a car on Woodhaven Boulevard and Union Turnpike Sunday afternoon.
Investigators say he then took off and lost control of his vehicle, slamming into a house a few blocks away.
The driver then ran away from the scene.
No one inside the house was hurt.
The man who was driving the car that was hit, and his 13-year-old passenger were taken to the hospital with minor injuries.
CLICK HERE to see pictures from the scene.
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text:
“Siberian Historical Research” (SHR) has been initiated in 2013 (by that time as a biannual journal) by the Faculty of History of the Tomsk State University, Russia. Starting 2014, an updated version of the journal is published which presupposes not only its updated design but also the renewed composition of the Editorial Board, themes, genres and principles of selecting texts for publication, as well as frequency of issuance.
The SHR aims to have and will facilitate a lively dialogue between representatives of different branches of the humanities-based knowledge. The journal publishes research for the most part based on Siberian – in the broadest sense of the term – materials. However, we do not limit ourselves to the region of Siberia and thus, papers of theoretical nature, based on extensive comparative materials, are also welcome. Siberia as a postcolonial, postimperial and postsocialist territory is a region of great interest allowing for the comparative analysis of past and current local processes and those taking place in the arctic and subarctic regions worldwide, on the African continent, in Eastern Europe, Latin America and the Asia Pacific region. We hope to become a platform for fresh bright research with the underlying comparative analysis of materials covering wider geographical areas.
The journal publishes texts – research papers, overviews, and reviews – in Russian, however, the international Editorial Board accepts for consideration texts in main European languages and is ready to assist authors (for free) in case they are unable to ensure on their own high-quality translation of those into Russian.
Starting 2014 the SHR journal appears quarterly with free online access at: http://journals.tsu.ru/siberia/en/
The editorial board of SHR sees the main audience of the journal in academics, PhD students, students at bachelor and master levels, and in broader audience interested in Siberian history and culture(s) as well.
Journal is indexed by
Russian Science Citation Index (RINTS/ elibrary.ru), Index Copernicus


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Is there something you can't stop thinking about? Does it start to get under your skin? Regardless of what it may be, following these steps will help you deal with thinking obsessively about something.
1Seek professional help. The safest and easiest way to get rid of an obsession is to talk about it with a psychologist or counselor. Don't be ashamed to go to one; it doesn't mean you're insane, you just have a problem you need help with; it's something perfectly normal. The counselor will understand what's actually going on with you, go to the bottom of it and give you some good advice on how to get through it. It's a process of self-discovering and self-understanding.Ad
2Do something that doesn't require thinking. Doodle, play Solitaire, listen to music, dance- your mind will focus on these little things and you'll stop thinking about your obsession.
3Understand why is this so important to you that you can't stop thinking about it. If it's really something that matters, pay as much attention to it as needed; for example, if you're worried about an exam and do nothing but study and stress over it, don't stop studying; just don't pay more attention to it than you'd need- especially when talking about an exam, relaxation is as important as studying. If it's an irrational, harmful obsession, like hatred for something/somebody, it's crucial that you solve your issues before it takes over your life. Understand that you are the one whom it harms in the first place; not other people.
- If your obsessive thoughts are feelings of guilt, do something that eases this burden. Apologize to the person you've mistaken to, confess to a priest if you are Orthodox or Catholic, go to the person's tomb if they're no longer alive, or do something good to compensate the bad thing you've done (for example, volunteering or donating money for charity).
4Be more relaxed and optimistic. Nothing on this world deserves getting all of your attention, no matter how important it may be. Things often work out by themselves; you don't need to be so stressed about them. Especially if your constant worry is about something that's not up to you, for example a family member's disease or world peace, there's no need to worry about it so much.
5Talk to someone that knows you well and you're close to. Sometimes a friend or a family member understands you better than a psychologist, simply because they know you so well.
6Improve something about yourself. Find a reason to be confident. People who are OK with themselves don't have such issues. Try learning to do something you've always wanted to know; for example, studying a foreign language or taking drawing lessons.
7Illustrate what you feel. Now that we're talking about drawing, it's a good way to express your feelings without saying a word; just draw whatever crosses your head. It doesn't matter if you're good at it; just doing it is helpful enough.
8Keep a diary. Writing down how you feel is also a healthy method to express an emotion. It's also important in keeping track of your thoughts. Whenever you have a day when you haven't thought about that something so much, note this in your diary. It reminds you that you can defeat your obsession.Ad
We could really use your help!
- Don't despair. No matter how difficult it may be, committing suicide must never be an option. Life is wonderful; just because some thoughts haunt you, you shouldn't kill yourself. Problems find their solution, but nobody can get you back among the living if you kill yourself.
Categories: Emotional Conditions
In other languages:
Español: lidiar con una preocupación mental obsesiva, Português: Lidar com uma Preocupação Mental Obsessiva, Русский: справиться с неврозом и навязчивыми состояниями, Italiano: Affrontare una Preoccupazione Mentale Ossessiva
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 49,317 times.


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The Luminescence of Asian Cinema
As is well known, most film festivals in the world face the deep tensions between commerce and art, the worthy and glamour as well as the culture of pleasure and business in defining their programs. Some festivals attempt to resolve those tensions by prioritizing one over another, while others maintain those tensions in a creative and productive way. Until its 18th edition, the Jogja-NETPAC Asian Film Festival (JAFF) is deeply aware of those tensions and attempts to remain grounded without losing its own identity.
Against this backdrop, the temptation of world premiere in famous global film festivals often lures Asian filmmakers. This is because first-hand experience of a world premier is the premium value offered by the festival experience. The majority of festivals stipulate as selection criteria that the film must be national premiere in that country. Not surprisingly, a film scholar, Janet Harbord, in her book Film Cultures (2002) wrote, “Festivals effectively enclave a film, seal it off from general release and, further, restrict its circulation among and between festivals.”
JAFF did not consider the world premiere as the main criteria in selecting Asian films, but rather acknowledging and respecting the multitude of film origins and its cultures. It is always a great pleasure for JAFF to encounter an unusual work, discover emerging filmmakers or witness the surprise resurrection of a film director. Therefore, this year we chose ‘Luminescence’ as our festival theme which highlights the importance of having a more inclusive perspective in looking at Asian cinema from different origins. Like luminescence in the natural world, the distinctive light of Asian cinema arises from its own characteristics, rather than being constructed by an external force.
Furthermore, the notion of luminescence indicates a new hope that the future of Asian cinema might not arise from the dominant centres that we familiar with, but rather coming from unexpected places where distinctiveness is preserved and valued. So let us be a witness of the brightest future of Asian cinema. Happy watching!


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BELLY DANCE CLASSES
Finding local Belly Dance Classes near you is a breeze with our new dance class finder. All the classes you can search for are run by highly skilled and practiced belly dancers.
Belly dancing is a traditional west asian dance and is the perfect excuse to get dressed up in the exquisite outfits that the woman are known for wearing.
The physicality of belly dance classes also provide a great and enjoyable work out. Feel empowered and have fun in this mainly women only dance classes!!
The majority of belly dances focus on the hip and pelvic area and it is a non impact, weight bearing exercise that is suitable for people of all ages. So why not search through to find a belly dance class to match your ability level.
Start out in a group of beginners and learn the basics of core muscle control in this sexy dance. When you're ready, move onto advanced belly dance classes, where you will incorporate props and more complex moves to your routine.
These belly dance classes are intense, fun and sassy, so shimmy over to the search form and find belly dance classes near you! Also, please be aware that some of our instructors may have special offers in which a free beginners introductory belly dance class may be available.
Use this belly dance directory to find a local belly dance teacher or belly dance school.


Bechtel, which designed the plant, helped BGIT carry out the repairs including redesigning the control system.
Under a deal signed with STEG in 1995, BGIT was committed to sell 4.
BGIT is Tunisia's main explorer for gas, having found the Hasdrubal gas/condensate field in 1994.
has pledged to raise the volume to more than 350 MCF/day from 2007 or before.
Under a contract signed with STEG in 1995, BGIT was committed to supply 4.
BGIT had refused to develop Hasdrubal since 1996 because it first wanted a better E&P regime for the Amilcar block and a better pricing formula for the gas.
BGIT, which has been the leading lobbyist for the new system for many years, has said it would like to see tax relief on 30% of profits reinvested in Tunisia.
BGIT, the biggest foreign investor in Tunisia, was the main company to benefit from the new law.
Bechtel of the US, which designed the plant, helped BGIT carry out the repairs, including redesigning the control system.
In addition, BGIT is exporting LPG directly from Miskar.