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text:
|Publication number||US5534445 A|
|Application number||US 08/447,926|
|Publication date||Jul 9, 1996|
|Filing date||May 23, 1995|
|Priority date||Jan 30, 1991|
|Also published as||CA2100065A1, DE69228868D1, EP0569470A1, EP0569470B1, WO1992014268A1|
|Publication number||08447926, 447926, US 5534445 A, US 5534445A, US-A-5534445, US5534445 A, US5534445A|
|Inventors||Nang T. Tran, Michael P. Keyes|
|Original Assignee||Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (21), Non-Patent Citations (22), Referenced by (46), Classifications (19), Legal Events (4)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/978,184 filed Nov. 17, 1992, now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/648,529, filed Jan. 30, 1991, now abandoned.
The present invention relates to polysilicon thin film transistors, and in particular, it relates to those thin film transistors that are suitable for use in fabricating radiation sensors and flat panel displays.
Field Effect Thin Film Transistors (TFTs) fabricated from polysilicon are becoming important due to their potential for use in sensors and flat panel displays. Polysilicon is becoming a material of choice since TFTs fabricated from polysilicon offer high mobility and stable operation.
However, grain boundaries in polysilicon TFTs exert considerable influence on TFT characteristics such as degradation of carrier transport. Polysilicon TFTs have an anomalous leakage current which decreases the ON/OFF current ratio of the drain current. One source of leakage current is the leakage current produced by grain-boundary defects. Trap states at the grain boundaries result in a localized potential barrier being formed for passage of carriers from grain to grain. Therefore, reducing the trap state density becomes increasingly important since it has been suggested that decreasing the grain boundary trap state density can reduce the leakage current and enhance mobility.
Hydrogen passivation is one known method for reducing grain boundary trap density and improving the performance of polysilicon TFTs. Kamins et al, "Hydrogenation of Transistors Fabricated in Polycrystalline-Silicon Films" IEEE Electron Device Letters, Volume EDL-1, No. 8, pgs. 159-161 (August 1980) discussed the effect of subjecting a completed polysilicon thin film transistor to a hydrogen-nitrogen plasma in a planar plasma reactor. The plasma creates an active species of hydrogen which can then migrate into the polysilicon film, passivating the grain boundary states. After hydrogenation, field effect mobility increased by more than a factor of 10 from 2.6 to 34 cm2 /V-sec. Proano et al, "Fabrication and Properties of Single, Double, and Triple Gate Polycrystalline-Silicon Thin Film Transistors", Proc. of Materials Research Society Symposium, Vol. 106, pgs. 317-322 (1988), discussed the effect of plasma hydrogenation of polysilicon TFTs. The hydrogenation was performed in a hydrogen-nitrogen atmosphere at 300° C. for up to 30 minutes. It was found that drain-source OFF current was reduced from 5×10-10 A to 1×10-12 A.
Takashi et al, "High-Performance Poly-Si TFT's With ECR-Plasma Hydrogen Passivation", IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 36, No. 3, pgs. 529-553 (March 1989), describe hydrogenation carried out in an electron cyclotron resonance reactor on polysilicon TFTs. A small grain polysilicon film (average grain size approximately 40 nm) was deposited on a quartz substrate at a thickness of 0.3 μm by low pressure chemical vapor deposition at 625° C. Recrystallization using CW-Ar laser annealing was performed on the polysilicon film to obtain large grains. A standard MOS transistor fabrication process was used to form the polysilicon TFTs. Gate oxide film was obtained by thermal-oxidation of polysilicon at 1,000° C. in dry oxygen with a thickness of the oxide film at 0.1 μm. At the gate electrode, a 0.3 μm thick polysilicon layer was deposited by low pressure chemical vapor deposition and patterned. After deposition of the polysilicon layer, the source and drain regions were opened. A phosphosilicate glass (PSG) was deposited and annealed at 900° C. for one hour in nitrogen to form n+ regions. The PSG film was removed and aluminum film deposited and patterned. The TFTs were then annealed in a hydrogen atmosphere at 400° C. The TFTs were treated in a hydrogen plasma with ECR-plasma apparatus at 300° C. A magnetron was used to generate microwaves at a frequency of 2.5 GHz through a rectangular wave guide into the plasma chamber. Argon was introduced into the plasma chamber at 15 sccm and hydrogen was introduced into the specimen chamber also at 15 sccm. Treatment was performed at 600 W for 30 minutes. After annealing, the carrier mobility was found to have increased from 33.7 cm2 /V. sec. to 151.0 cm2 /V. sec. It was also observed that the leakage current of the ECR hydrogen plasma treated TFTs was lower than that in the TFT without hydrogen passivation.
Pollack et al, "Hydrogen Passivation of Polysilicon MOSFET's From a Plasma Nitride Source", IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. EDL-5, No. 11, pgs. 468-470 (November 1984) studied the effects of hydrogen passivation of polysilicon TFTs using a plasma silicon nitride source. The hydrogen passivation was performed as an extra step with the hydrogen from silicon nitride source being driven into the polysilicon by annealing in nitrogen at 450° C. A silicon nitride layer was plasma-deposited on the polysilicon TFT. The silicon nitride layer has sufficient hydrogen, typically greater than 1022 cm-3, such that the layer constitutes an ideal diffusion source for atomic hydrogen. Annealing was performed at 450° C. to hydrogen passivate the polysilicon grain boundaries.
Faughnan et al, "A Study of Hydrogen Passivation of Grain Boundaries and Polysilicon Thin-Film Transistors", IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 36, No. 1, pgs. 101-107 (January 1989) discussed the effect of hydrogen passivation of grain boundaries on the leakage current of polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistors. Hydrogen passivation was carried out either by annealing the TFTs in a forming gas (5% hydrogen+95% ammonia) at 600° C., 700° C., and 800° C., or by annealing in ammonia gas at 800° C. followed by depositing a 60 nm layer of silicon nitride. Some wafers received further annealing in the forming gas at 500° C. No further heat treatment was performed after the passivation step. Leakage current was found to be reduced but it was thought that the silicon nitride layer was too thin to play a role. It should be noted that the silicon nitride that was deposited in the study by Faughnan et al was deposited at 800° C. At such a high temperature, hydrogen tends to be driven out of the deposited layer making the silicon nitride layer not a good hydrogen source.
The Meakin et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,880,753 describes a process for manufacturing a polysilicon TFT. The Troxell et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,851,363, the Nakagawa et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,766,477, the Pennell et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,751,196, and the Japanese published application 61-046069 describe the use of silicon nitride layers as insulating layers or surface protective layers against oxidation or moisture in TFTs.
In each of the above-mentioned examples optimizing the conditions to produce consistently high quality polysilicon TFTs has been difficult. For example, in hydrogen passivation of grain boundaries using an atomic hydrogen-containing layer such as silicon nitride films, the properties of the film are critical for obtaining effective and consistent hydrogen passivation of the grain boundaries. Furthermore, diffusion of the hydrogen from the silicon nitride layer occurs at deposition temperatures above 500° C. See for instance Fritzsche, "Heterogeneities and Surface Effects in Glow Discharge Deposited Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Films", Thin Solid Films, Vol. 90, pgs. 119-129 (1982); Biegelsen et al, "Hydrogen Evolution and Defect Creation in Amorphous Si:H Alloys", Physical Review B, Vol. 20, No. 12, pgs. 4839-4846 (Dec. 15, 1979).
The present invention includes a process for making a thin film transistor by both hydrogen passivating the thin film transistor and depositing a layer of an atomic hydrogen-containing substance. The hydrogen passivation may either proceed or follow the deposition of the atomic hydrogen-containing substance on the TFT. The process of the present invention provides for a more consistent hydrogen passivation of the grain boundaries of the polysilicon of the TFT.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a thin film transistor used in the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a graphical view illustrating the transfer characteristics of a polysilicon TFT after plasma hydrogenation.
FIG. 3 is a graphical view illustrating the transfer characteristics of a TFT of the present invention after plasma hydrogenation and plasma deposited silicon nitride.
FIG. 4 is a graphical view illustrating the transfer characteristics of polysilicon TFT after plasma hydrogenation and deposition of a silicon nitride layer of the present invention with the TFT being incorporated with an amorphous silicon diode array forming a completed integrated detector.
The process of the present invention produces a polysilicon thin film transistor (TFT) with very low leakage currents and high sensitivity that is suitable for use in solid state radiation sensors, and particularly sensors designed for imaging and medical radiography. The method of the present invention provides for hydrogen passivation of polysilicon grain boundaries in a reproducible manner that is much easier to control and is much more production oriented than the methods of the prior art.
By using both plasma hydrogenation and plasma deposition of a layer of an atomic hydrogen containing substance, more consistent hydrogen passivation of the polysilicon is achieved, along with a leakage current as low as 10-13 A. The hydrogenation may either proceed or follow the deposition of the layer of the atomic hydrogen-containing substance. The hydrogen-containing substance includes substances such as silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silicon oxide nitride, and silicon carbide, which are deposited in the final stages of fabricating the TFT. Other substances than those listed are also includable within the present invention as long as the substance is a good hydrogen source that is the substance contains 1019 to 1022 atoms/cm3. It is believed that a good hydrogen source further reduces the trap state density of the grain boundaries of the polysilicon and therefore reduces the leakage current of the polysilicon TFT.
A preferred substance is hydrogenated silicon nitride. The hydrogenation can be carried out by either hydrogen ion implantation followed by plasma deposition. Such a procedure has the advantage that a final annealing step is not needed.
A schematic diagram of the structure of a polysilicon TFT of the present invention is generally indicated at 10 in FIG. 1. A substrate such as a single crystal silicon wafer is coated with a thin insulating layer 14 of silicon dioxide at approximately 1 μm using thermal oxidation techniques.
An undoped amorphous silicon film 16 of approximately 1,500 Å is deposited at 550° C. on the silicon dioxide layer 14 by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). The silicon coated wafer is then annealed typically at 620° C. in nitrogen for approximately 24 to 36 hours to form a polysilicon film with a grain size in the range of 600 Å to 5,000 Å. Amorphous silicon film can also be made at 200° C. to 300° C. using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The film is then annealed in a furnace at 620° C. for 24 to 36 hours or by rapid thermal annealing for 5 to 20 minutes to form polysilicon film. As an option, E-beam annealing can also be used to form polysilicon film.
The polysilicon film 14 is then patterned into islands. A silicon dioxide layer used as the gate dielectric is thermally grown on the polysilicon thin layer 16 to a thickness of approximately 1,000 Å.
A polysilicon layer 28 of approximately 3,500 Å thick is then deposited on the layer 16 by LPCVD. The layer 28 is then patterned and a source area 20, drain area 22, and polysilicon gate are doped with phosphorous to a level of approximately 1015 /cm2 to obtain n-type characteristics, using ion implantation technique.
Contact holes are etched through the oxide over the source and drain areas 20 and 22. As an option, contact holes through the oxide can also be etched before ion implantation. Aluminum is deposited to provide a source contact 24, a drain contact 26, and gate contact 30 for the respective source and drain and gate areas using a lift-off procedure. The aluminum is later used as a blocking mask for reactive ion etching of a subsequently applied silicon nitride layer.
The now formed TFT is annealed at approximately 400° C. in a forming gas of hydrogen and nitrogen at a ratio of 15:85. The annealing step is common practice in the art to improve the aluminum contact of the drain, source, and gate electrodes.
Hydrogen plasma hydrogenation is then performed at a temperature in the approximate range of 150° C. to 400° C., preferably at a temperature of approximately 300° C., for a time in the range of 30 minutes to 4 hours. A radio frequency power density in the range of 0.5 W/cm2 to 20 W/cm2 is used. The reactant gas may be hydrogen or a mixture of hydrogen with nitrogen or with inert gases such as argon and helium. Alternatively, the plasma hydrogenation may be carried out in an electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition system (ECRCVD).
The deposition of the atomic hydrogen-containing layer may be performed by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of for example, silicon nitride. The plasma power is derived either from a radio frequency supply or from electron cyclotron resonance. A suitable atomic hydrogen-containing layer is of a thickness in the range of 1,000 Å to 5,000 Å deposited from a silane/ammonia/nitrogen gas mixture at a pressure of approximately 1 Torr and a temperature in the range of approximately 150° C. to 450° C., preferably in the range of 200° C. to 400° C.
The hydrogenated silicon nitride layer acts as high concentration diffusion source of atomic hydrogen. Other substances suitable for the atomic hydrogen-containing layer include silicon oxide, silicon carbide, combinations of silicon nitride and silicon oxide, silicon oxide nitride, and other silicon based layers.
The plasma hydrogenation and the succeeding deposition of the atomic hydrogen-containing layer may be carried out in one vacuum pumpdown or may be separated into two vacuum pumpdowns with any interim time period at atmospheric pressure in between the pumpdowns. As can easily be understood, such a procedure provides great latitude in production techniques of the TFT of the present invention.
Polysilicon used in the present invention can be made at a temperature in the range of 550° C. to 620° C. Silicon fabricated at or below 550° C. is amorphous, but can be transformed into polysilicon by annealing at 620° C. for a period of time in the range of 24 to 36 hours, or by rapid thermal annealing, E-beam annealing or by laser annealing. As discussed previously above, the substrate used was a silicon wafer. However, a quartz substrate can also be used and when the process temperature is reduced below 800° C., a glass substrate is also a good candidate.
The improved polysilicon TFTs of the present invention that have been hydrogen passivated, have a leakage current of approximately 10-13 A. Sensitivity was measured in the range of 5-40 μA/volt, and a preferred range of 30-38 μA/volt shows improvement by a factor in the range of 5 to 8 over the sensitivity of plasma hydrogenated polysilicon TFTs before SiNx coating. The ON (maximum)/OFF (minimum) current ratio was found to be 109.
The following examples are for illustrative purposes and are not to be considered as limiting the present invention.
A one micron layer of silicon oxide was grown for insulation on three-inch silicon wafers. Next, undoped polysilicon film of approximately 1,500 Å thick was deposited at 560° C. with SiH4 at 160 mTorr and 28 sccm, using low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). The wafers were then annealed in a nitrogen atmosphere of approximately 1.5 Torr at 620° C. for 24 hours. The resulting grain size of the polysilicon film was approximately 500 Å to 700 Å. The polysilicon film was then patterned into islands using microlithographic methods, and approximately 1,000 Å gate oxide was thermally grown on the polysilicon film at approximately 1,150° C. in an oxygen atmosphere. A polysilicon layer of approximately 3,500 Å thick was then deposited using LPCVD for the gate and patterned with deposition conditions of 28 sccm, 180 mTorr at 620° C. 1015 /cm2 phosphorous was implanted to dope the source, drain, and gate areas. The dopant was activated during a 30 minute nitrogen annealing step at approximately 1,050° C.
Contact holes were then etched through the gate oxide over the source and drain and aluminum deposited for contacts using a lift-off procedure. Aluminum was also deposited as a contact for the gate electrode which is also subsequently used as a blocking mask for the reactive ion etching of the subsequently formed silicon nitride layer.
The now formed TFT was then annealed in a forming gas of approximately 15% hydrogen and 85% nitrogen at 400° C. for 30 minutes. After annealing, the TFT was hydrogenated in a hydrogen plasma of approximately 50% hydrogen at 50% nitrogen under a total pressure of 550 mTorr for 30 minutes at 300° C. using a power density of 1.15 W/cm2. The hydrogenated devices were then coated with 3,000 Å of silicon nitride using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and then patterned using reactive ion etching. In the deposition, the SiH4 /N2 ratio was 1/7, and the NH3 /N2 ratio was 1/4. The total pressure used was 1 Torr, and the power density was 0.35 W/cm2 at a temperature of 300° C.
FIG. 2 illustrates transfer characteristics of polysilicon TFT after plasma hydrogenation while FIG. 3 illustrates transfer characteristics of polysilicon TFT after plasma hydrogenation and plasma deposited SiNx. As can be seen by comparing FIGS. 2 and 3, it was discovered that the leakage current was improved by a factor of 10 when adding the silicon nitride layer from 8×10-12 A down to 1×10-13 A. Also the sensitivity of the polysilicon TFTs was increased from 5-8 μA/volt to 30-35 μA/volt.
Polysilicon TFTs produced by the technique described in Example 1 were bonded to a-Si:H photodiodes in a 1×32 array configuration to produce a hybrid structure. Approximately 3,000 Å of silicon nitride was coated using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition under the same conditions as described in Example 1. The silicon nitride coating was then followed by approximately 3,000 Å of E-beam deposition of aluminum for formation of a contact pad for contacting the a-Si:H photodiodes. The addition of the silicon nitride layer improved the leakage current from 5×10-12 A to 2×10-13 A. In addition, the sensitivity of the polysilicon TFT was increased from 8 μA with plasma hydrogenation to 37 μA with plasma hydrogenation and silicon nitride layer.
Using the technique described in Example 1 to produce polysilicon TFTs in a photodiode/TFTs solid state radiation detector, measurements were taken after the step of depositing the amorphous silicon photodiode array to complete the radiation detector. In this detector, amorphous silicon photodiode array was stacked on top of the polysilicon TFTs. A leakage current of 8 μA/volt in TFTs was found. This improved leakage current indicates that fabrication steps in producing the amorphous silicon photodiodes did not degrade the performance of TFTs. It is believed that such an improved result is due to the deposition temperatures used to produce all the layers of the amorphous silicon photodiodes, the temperatures being below 300° C., which is low enough not to drive out hydrogen.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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|U.S. Classification||438/162, 438/166, 257/E21.413, 257/E21.212, 257/E29.293|
|International Classification||H01L21/265, H01L21/20, H01L29/78, H01L21/324, H01L29/786, H01L21/30, H01L21/336|
|Cooperative Classification||H01L2924/0002, H01L21/3003, H01L29/66757, H01L29/78675|
|European Classification||H01L29/66M6T6F15A2, H01L29/786E4C2, H01L21/30H|
|Jan 3, 2000||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 28, 2004||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Jul 9, 2004||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Sep 7, 2004||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20040709

domain: chemistry


After winning the title of the reality show Bigg Boss 10, Manveer Gurjar got surrounded by a hell lot of controversies. The common man who hails from Noida was claimed as being married. Not only this the reports claim that the Gurjar boy even has a three-year-old daughter named ‘Vibisha’.
Now, the host of the reality shows Salman Khan has reacted on the whole controversy and his reaction will surely surprise you. According to a report, “Salman was pretty unfazed when he was informed about Manveer’s wedding news. He was neither surprised nor shocked, instead, it seemed as if he already knew about it or probably just didn’t wanna pay any heed to it.”
Well, all of this began when some videos and pictures of Manveer dressed as a groom went viral on the internet. Everyone started questioning his married status as the videos and pictures claimed that Manveer was married. His mother, however, opened up on the matter and rubbished all such rumors and said, “My son is not yet married. The media reports are fake. Will you believe any random news? He will he marry with great fanfare.”
Talking about Salman’s reaction on the matter we feel that something is definitely fishy.


text:
Sarkozy Embraces NATO, and Bigger Role for France
BRUSSELS — The French, who never really left, are expected to rejoin NATO as full members at the alliance’s 60th anniversary summit meeting next month.
The decision, still to be formalized by President Nicolas Sarkozy, has stirred a predictable political debate in France, but it is being welcomed by Washington and France’s European allies.
The full reintegration of France into the command structure of NATO will have little practical impact; France has long contributed money and is the fourth largest contributor of troops. But the decision to rejoin as a full partner carries enormous political and psychological weight, NATO officials and experts say.
It could promise an effective end to an argument that has lasted decades, led by France, about Europe acting as a “counterweight” to the United States in military affairs.
Herman Schaper, the Dutch ambassador to NATO, said that other Europeans “were always pushed into taking a European approach or the U.S. approach — to choose between being ‘Atlanticist’ or ‘European.’ ” It was “a fake debate, but it worked through the alliance in many ways,” he said. “Now it’s over.”
For too long, Mr. Schaper said, “problems became theological and not practical, and now we’re being more pragmatic” in decision-making. “I see it as a huge step forward the French are taking because of its impact on other countries, and it closes this long debate.”
The American ambassador to NATO, Kurt Volker, noted that Washington, too, had moved toward embracing a European security and defense identity within NATO — with European-led tasks like the policing of Kosovo — and wanted a more muscular European role, not the reverse. “Sarkozy argues that France is being reintegrated into a transformed NATO, and I believe that’s true,” he said. France’s decision, he added, “underscores that NATO is a European institution, and it means that this ‘counterweight’ argument is dead.”
Even under President Obama, there will still be serious arguments between the United States and its allies, on such issues as Afghanistan and how to deal with Russia and the NATO candidacies of Ukraine and Georgia.
In many ways, NATO has been drifting since its post-cold-war enlargement, taking on major commitments like Afghanistan without a serious debate over the alliance’s strategy and purpose. But those arguments can now take place within an alliance where France has a full voice, and where Washington is less skeptical of Paris’s intentions.
Mr. Sarkozy made closer ties and reintegration with NATO a part of his presidential campaign in 2007. Last month, at a conference in Munich, he repeated his determination to strengthen links with NATO despite opposition at home. He argues that France exercises the most influence within larger institutions like the European Union, NATO and the United Nations Security Council when it participates fully, and that its influence with Washington has gone up as the tension and rhetoric have gone down.
“It’s absurd to have troops in the field and not be part of the integrated military command,” said a senior French official, asking for anonymity because of the domestic political debate. “We are a major contributor to NATO in money and troops; at one point France led alliance forces in Kosovo and in Kabul, and we’re proud of that. If we send troops, isn’t it better to have some generals participating?”
Washington may not always like the European aversion to war — as displayed in the reluctance of most NATO members to send more troops to Afghanistan. But France, like Britain, is a European country that fights. It has a serious military establishment, including nuclear arms, and an expeditionary tradition.
France’s return is likely to mean it gets two commands: the Allied Command Transformation project in Virginia, examining a more modern alliance, and the regional command headquarters in Lisbon, which is in charge of NATO’s rapid response force. Paris will take part in all military planning, and French officers will be integrated into NATO’s command structures.
The NATO summit meeting itself, true to the symbolism of a new postwar Europe, will be hosted by Germany and France. But much of the business of the meeting will be done in France, in Strasbourg, itself a symbol of more than 60 years of peace among Europe’s great powers.
Still, Mr. Sarkozy’s decision to rejoin NATO has prompted a political debate in France over the nature of its influence in a multipolar world and its degree of intimacy with Washington. The decision has caused some unease in the more Gaullist wing of his own center-right party — it was Charles de Gaulle, after all, who in 1966 pulled France out of the military command, and kicked American bases out of France and NATO headquarters out of Paris in an effort to preserve French policy independence.
But the critics are a minority, and Mr. Sarkozy’s control over his party is unchallenged.
De Gaulle made his decision with little consultation, informing the American president in a letter, and then the Parliament. At the time, the precursor of today’s Socialist Party brought a censure motion against de Gaulle for pulling out of NATO. “Unleashed nationalism will bring us neither grandeur nor independence,” said Gaston Deferre, a powerful Socialist legislator at the time.
Today, by contrast, the Socialist Party is fiercely critical of Mr. Sarkozy’s decision to reintegrate. A former presidential candidate, Ségolène Royal, said, “France is sending a signal of withdrawal into the Western sphere.”
“Do we not risk closing ourselves off in a defensive logic of the past while the world is drastically shifting?” she asked.
Lionel Jospin, a former prime minister, called a return “a deep change of our defense posture,” saying France would lose freedom of action. “It’s the autonomy of our armies and our chiefs of staff that guarantees us the possibility of building a European defense, in relation to NATO but without being subject to it,” Mr. Jospin said.
But Mr. Sarkozy, who is expected to give a speech on NATO in the next week or so, before a parliamentary debate scheduled for March 17, has argued that France’s full participation in NATO will mean a stronger voice for Europe and European defense. Michèle Alliot-Marie, the interior minister and a former defense minister, said that “by participating in all structures, it becomes possible to exert real influence, not only in decision-making, but also and especially in the running of operations.”
NATO’s transformation is under way in a post-cold-war world, Ms. Alliot-Marie argued, and within NATO, “France will have the capacity to truly influence this transformation.”
As an indication of the kind of transformation needed, four American research centers have collaborated on a study, “Alliance Reborn: An Atlantic Compact for the 21st Century,” that emphasizes the need to refashion NATO when it is at its most active around the world, but also when its strategic doctrine is outdated and domestic constituencies, especially in Europe, fail to see its relevance.
One thing has not changed, however — the prerogative of the French president to make foreign policy. Reintegration into NATO will be debated in Parliament. But Mr. Sarkozy, not the Parliament, will decide.

domain: news


text:
The less-famous older sister of actor Jake Gyllenhaal hasn’t been in as many “prestige” films as her brother but Maggie Gyllenhaal is no acting slouch. She has something that Jake doesn’t have — a Golden Globe, which she won in 2014 for her role in the British TV miniseries, THE HONOURABLE WOMAN. With her latest film, THE KINDERGARTEN TEACHER, which she co-produced, Maggie proves that she deserves as much attention as her brother.
Directed by Sarah Colangelo (LITTLE ACCIDENTS), who also wrote the screenplay based on the 2014 Israeli film of the same name (HAGANENET) by Nadav Lapid, THE KINDERGARTEN TEACHER tells the story of Lisa Spinelli (played by Gyllenhaal), a kindergarten teacher in New York who becomes obsessed with one of her young students when she believes that the boy is a child prodigy. Lisa lives a rather empty existence, going to work Monday to Friday at her underfunded school on Staten Island. She’s safe in her marriage to Grant (Michael Chernus), but if there ever were any sparks in their relationship, they went out years ago. Her two teenage kids give her equal dissatisfaction as they are more interested in being online than being present at the dinner table. Once a week she attends a poetry writing class at a local college and that gives her some pleasure, but her writing is dismissed by her fellow classmates who are very competitive. Everything changes when she notices 5-year-old Jimmy (Parker Sevak) rattle off a poem that’s far deeper and far more original than anything she ever came up with. She quickly jots down the poem and presents it in her class as her own work. Everyone in the class is impressed that Lisa has finally found her voice but none more so than her hunky teacher, Simon (Gael García Bernal, NERUDA; COCO), who now sees her in a new light. With that, Lisa encourages Jimmy to create more poems. But for the little boy, poetry isn’t something that he even thinks about. The words just come when they come. Afraid that Jimmy’s talent will go to waste, Lisa reaches out to the boy’s father but the man only wants his son to have a normal life. Lisa, however, feels Jimmy is destined for more and she decides to take matters into her own hands, blurring the line between what’s good for the boy and what’s good for her.
THE KINDERGARTEN TEACHER is a slow burning film that has the potential to be a psychological thriller but never quite gets there, and rightly so. Lisa is a flawed character – a sad case who is never mean and never dangerous. She represents so many women her age and older who may have had dreams of something more but then life got in the way. It’s easy to feel sorry for her because her emotional gas tank is running on fumes and she sees Jimmy as the fuel she needs to find that connection that has been missing in her life. Her own kids certainly aren’t going to do that for her and she knows it. But each step she takes on this journey pushes the boundaries of what is acceptable behaviour and what is not until she clearly crosses that line that you’re not supposed to cross. Lisa’s behaviour is reminiscent of that of Joyce Mitchell’s, the prison worker who helped two men break out of a correctional facility in upstate New York a few years ago.
Here, Gyllenhaal is fabulous in her portrayal of Lisa. Through her, we see that Lisa is a good person and a good teacher, and that’s what makes Lisa’s initial choices later on understandable. She’s not crazy but life’s circumstances lead her behaviour to spin out of control. Gyllenhaal captures to perfection all these shades of Lisa’s character and it wouldn’t surprise me if she gets an Oscar nomination for her performance.
THE KINDERGARTEN TEACHER premiered at Sundance back in January where it nabbed the award for Best Directing: U.S. Dramatic. It’s finally opening in Hong Kong this week though it’s been available on Netflix for a few months now. It’s well worth watching!
Watch the review recorded on Facebook Live on Thursday, December 13th at 8:30 am HK time!
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4 thoughts on “Movie Review: The Kindergarten Teacher”

domain: entertainment


text:
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If you’re new to slots, consider practicing by playing a slot demo first. This is a great way to practice the game before you play it for real money. This way, you’ll get a feel for the controls and how they affect your winnings. There’s no need to make a huge deposit before you try out a slot game. Practice makes perfect, and practice is the key to winning. You can also try out your new skills with a free slot game demo, which will let you play a few different games and earn money.
You can also choose from five-reel and three-reel slots. Each one will give you a different experience and payout. If you prefer a traditional 3-reel slot, you’ll want to stick to a traditional three-reel slot. Besides being more convenient, this type of slot usually pays out much more than a three-reel slot. The game is also available in a wide variety of themes.
For beginners, the best slot games to start with are easy and simple games like a free online slot game. You don’t need to play a game for hours, just press a button and watch your results. Free online slot games will teach you the basics of slot games so that you can play them in your own online casino. Once you’ve mastered the basics of playing slots, you can move on to the more complex ones. These games will help you win even more money.
While you’re playing the game, don’t forget to read the terms and conditions for your account. You’ll need to make a deposit before you can withdraw any money. You can also withdraw your winnings after you win a game. If you’re not sure about how to withdraw your winnings, make sure you read the terms and conditions of the online casino before depositing any money. You can even read about the benefits of live casino games.

domain: game


text:
I wonder how many of us had a close group of friends when we were in high school and college, and thought that our bonds were so strong that we would be in contact for a lifetime? Then I wonder how many of us truly have kept up relationships that have been distanced by the passage of time or too many miles between friends?
Lifelong friendship is the basis of Jane Green’s newest paperback Second Chances. Holly, Saffron, Paul, Tom, and Olivia were friends in high school, and really thought that they’d be friends for the rest of their lives, but as so often happens they grew apart. Each went on to live a life different from the others. Tom and Saffron living in America pursuing separate dreams, Holly marrying and being a mother. Paul, who married a Swedish beauty, is stressing over fertility treatments, and renovation of a country home. Olivia has just ended a long live in relationship and believes that she is content to live alone and just work at the animal shelter for the rest of her life.
When Tom is killed in a terrorist attack the old friends naturally reach out to one another for comfort. What they end up finding is that the bonds of friendship that were established years ago weren’t broken, but merely stretched, and as they reminisce about their beloved friend they find themselves being drawn back into their circle and more willing to work at the friendships that were established so long ago.
As so often happens when tragedy strikes the characters in Second Chances reevaluate their lives and attempt to decide what is important to them, and have they really lived their lives as they had imagined they would back when they were teens.
When you have so many characters in a story it is often difficult to fully give each one their own moment to shine and have their story told to a reader’s satisfaction. Ms. Green wove each story so tightly together that the thread was easy to follow, and no gaps were left. Each character is allowed to shine, and while I felt that the focus of Second Chances was on Holly perhaps as you read you’ll decide that the focus is on a different character, that’s how smoothly their stories intertwine.
Second Chances was my first novel by this talented author, but I know it won’t be my last.

domain: artistic


text:
Our apartment is located in one of the best districts of Valencia, where architecture and nightlife come together and result in a lively and bustling area.
The place is very cosy with tiled floors, high ceilings and a chic, attractive decor. It has all the facilities for a perfect stay.
In addition, from the beautiful façade buildings you will be able to see Ruzafa, the city’s most popular area.
Restaurants, bars, going for a stroll or riding a bike up and down Calle Cadiz is on your doorstep.
1st room: 1 double bed with air conditioning, ceiling fan, clothes drawer and a desk.
2nd room: 1 double bed, a ceiling fan, closet and a desk.
The kitchen is fully equipped with a stove, oven, microwave, washing machine and fridge. Plus cutlery, plates, pots and pans.
There is a living-room with 2 sofas and a TV plus an extra eating area directly by the window.
- From 11 pm to 7 am
Upon arrival and departure, also available via telephone or e-mail.
I'm a very happy, open minded and bubbly person. I'm a sports enthusiast and I love to cook, I also enjoy spending time with my friends and family.

domain: travel


Inventory Unit Detail
2018 KTM EXC 250 F
Fill an agile, state-of-the-art chassis with an engine delivering class-leading power and torque. Then dress it with top class components, ensuring that the new 4-stroke maintains its edge over the competition. The result is a READY TO RACE dual sport suitable for amateur explorers, while still satisfying the pros. Eat that, adversaries.
- Bodywork: KTM R&D, KISKA Design and the factory racers had their say in shaping the plastics with one goal: complete harmony between rider and bike. Perfect ergonomics and contact points provide maximum comfort in movement on the EXC-F. The I-beam structures of the front and rear fenders guarantee maximum stability and a low weight thanks to well thought-out construction and mounting. They also stay cleaner for longer. Clever brake hose routing on the front number plate prevents wear and tear.
- Graphics: New graphics convey the READY TO RACE character of the 2018 KTM EXC-F model line.
- Engine: The light and compact KTM 250 EXC-F engine delivers class-leading torque and power over the entire rev range. The architecture with an optimized shaft configuration makes for excellent mass centralization and effortless rideability, at only 60.8 pounds. And that’s including the comfort of an E-starter. The power curve reaches for the sky over the entire length of the rev range, begging for another gear at 12,800rpm. This makes the new KTM 250 EXC-F brilliantly suited to both amateur riders as to pros at the peak of their ability.
- Cylinder head: The centerpiece of the compact DOHC engine is this cutting-edge cylinder head. It features light, dual overhead camshafts with friction-optimized cam followers boasting a hard DLC coating. Four lightweight titanium valves and high-flow ports maximize the flow rate for an optimal power band and outstanding performance across the seemingly endless rev range of 12,800rpm. Two lateral stays allow an efficient fixation of the engine to the frame and reduce vibration.
- Crankshaft: The KTM 250 EXC-F’s crankshaft utilizes a short connecting rod, making for an overall compact and lightweight engine with a snappy power delivery. A plain big (bottom) end bearing with two force-fitted bearing shells runs directly on the crank pin. This design is a must for the extremely high engine speeds and the unrivaled power of this 250cc engine while also enhancing the engine’s durability for long crankshaft service intervals
- E-Starter: The KTM 250 EXC-F is fitted with a unique E-starter as standard, which is a clear advantage when it comes to crunch time in the heat of battle. A strong starter motor made by Mitsuba will fire time and time again at the push of a button. Even under extreme conditions, thanks to its more heat resistant O-ring.
- Crankcases and engine covers: The design of the die-cast engine crankcases allows for a centralized shaft configuration, moving the crankshaft close to the bike’s center of gravity. This means quick and agile handling. The engine covers feature an advanced surface structure to reduce the wear caused by the rider’s boots.
- Transmission: The engine is fitted with a precise 6-speed Enduro transmission, with solid shift engagement thanks to a special low-friction coating on the shift forks. An advanced ´No Dirt´ gear shift lever design prevents mud or dirt build-up in the joint for trouble-free rides. For 2018, the transmission shaft gets a new bearing that has a bigger overlap in the cases. This means reliability even under extremely hard conditions.
- Engine management system: The state-of-the-art Keihin engine management system with electronic fuel injection features a 42mm throttle body. Thanks to its unique injector position, the engine’s response gives a whole new meaning to the word ‘instantaneous’. Separate circuits for cold-starting and idle make on-site adjustments easy. Push the throttle back when the engine is warmed up and the cold start mode disengages.
- Clutch: The KTM 250 EXC-F employs the KTM-developed DDS clutch (damped diaphragm steel) with a wear-free steel basket and extremely heat resistant clutch plates and new, nitrated steel liners. This clever design employs a diaphragm spring instead of the usual coil springs, making for considerably easier clutch action. A diaphragm spring also leaves sufficient space for a damping system to be integrated into the clutch hub. The goal is traction, but durability is as well. Light operation and telepathic amounts of control are standard with this hydraulic Brembo actuated clutch.
- Balancer shaft: To balance the mass forces, the engine uses a multifunctional balancer shaft that also drives the water pump and timing chain.
- Cylinder and piston: Inside the cylinder, with a bore of 78mm, thumps a reliable box-type piston made by CP. Its crown geometry is adapted perfectly to the high-compression combustion chamber (12.8:1), where its rigid structure and low weight maximize performance. Thanks to low oscillating masses, the engine revs freely with plenty of power.
- Frame: The high-tech, lightweight chrome-moly steel frame has a knack for easy handling, outlandish rideability, precise cornering and excellent stability. You can also count on high torsional rigidity and low longitudinal stiffness. This results in better absorption of the energy created from the front and rear suspension, sucking up jumps and bumps. In short: more comfort and less rider fatigue. Laterally attached, lightweight aluminum engine head stays (the connection between cylinder head and frame) contribute to precise cornering and a reduced vibration level. The engineers could pull off all that, while keeping their frame 2.2 pounds lighter than that of the lightest competitor on the market. In addition, it is easier to maintain, easier to work on and supplies more space for the tank and other components. The bike also features an extra-light subframe made of strong and light aluminum which tips the scales at less than 2 pounds.
- Footpegs: Sophisticated ´No Dirt´ footpegs prevent jamming up of the pegs, even when digging in deep ruts. The pegs on the EXC models are 6mm higher than the ones used on SX models, which benefits ground clearance. But you can swap them at will.
- Swingarm: This state-of-the-art swingarm allows for an optimized mounting position of the PDS shock absorber, providing more progressive action. Furthermore, the cast aluminum design guarantees lower weight and a perfect flex behavior. The single-component casting process also eliminates any inconsistencies and weak points.
- Rear suspension: The WP Xplor PDS is a newly developed shock absorber. The PDS is a KTM trademark feature where the shock absorber is directly connected to the upper side of the swingarm. This setup boasts the best possible mounting geometry and provides amazingly progressive damping. The shock absorber is mounted close to the centerline, which means nearly symmetrical loads for the swingarm and frame and more space for the exhaust system. A second piston works together with a closed cup (instead of a needle) towards the end of the stroke and is supported by a progressive shock spring for exceptional bottoming resistance. Various machined and anodized components and a distinctive WP color trim make this a valuable, high-end product compared to the less refined shock absorbers of the competition.
- Front suspension: The WP Xplor 48 upside-down fork is a split fork developed by WP in close collaboration with KTM. It is fitted with a spring on both sides but features separated functions for each fork leg: compression damping is fitted on the left side, while rebound is on the right. So the forks can easily be adjusted with the twist of a dial on the top of the forks. New outer fork tubes and a reworked setting make for more sensitivity, improved damping behavior and a reduced weight. In addition, a sealed hydro-stop guarantees excellent resistance to bottoming-out. Due to high-quality materials and a state-of-the-art production process, the new WP Xplor 48 fork – with approx. 300mm of travel – has outstanding response and damping characteristics. A comfortable preload adjuster (standard for SIX DAYS models, retro-fittable for standard models) allows for a simple spring preload setting in three steps without tools (standard, +3mm, +6mm).
- Brakes: You can’t brake any harder, better, faster or stronger. High-tech Brembo calipers are combined with lightweight Wave brake discs. The steel-flex front brake hose has efficient protection and there’s an integrated channel for the speedometer cable. First you outrun them, then you outbrake them.
- Handlebar: KTM engineers know how to handle handlebars. This tapered unit, made of high-strength aluminum by NEKEN, features a throttle assembly with a robust aluminum body and easy free-play adjustment. An ODI volcanized grip sits on the right, while on the left side of the bar a comfortable ODI lock-on grip requires no glue or wire to secure it. You can retrofit two interchangeable throttle cams, for different response characteristics to suit your specific needs.
- Triple clamp: The EXC-Fs are fitted with forged triple clamps with an offset of 22mm, ensuring a solid grip of the fork and precise handling. The handlebar is adjustable forwards and backwards over 4 positions, so the EXC-F will fit you like your favorite gloves.
- Air filter box: The air filter box design offers maximum protection of the air filter against soiling, while ensuring maximum airflow in a quiet way. The large Twin Air filter is mounted in a stiff cage, which at the same time holds the system in place. This design is so simple; you can pop a fresh one in with a face full of mud – without tools and in seconds.
- Fuel tank: The lightweight polyethylene tank has a capacity of 2.25 gallons. You will always be able to see how much fuel remains at a glance, thanks to the see-through plastic. By pushing the orange release button in the center of the fuel tank cap, the bayonet mechanism makes refueling quick and easy. It is fitted with an integrated fuel pump system and a fuel level sensor. Additionally, the fuel line features a 90° connector to the tank for better protection against damage.
- Exhaust system: Noise limits are a real challenge for every manufacturer. Therefore, KTM has put a lot of effort into the development of its exhaust systems. All 4-strokes are fitted with a short high-end aluminum muffler, mounted as close to the engine as possible. This means more power, extra mass centralization and better rideability. An advanced internal design reduces the noise sufficiently to sit safely below the noise limit, while still providing the engine response and performance that is expected from a KTM.
- Wheels: The EXC-F’s wheels feature lightweight, CNC machined hubs and high-end Giant rims guaranteeing maximum stability at minimum weight. The wheels are fitted with Continental TKC 80 tires – perfect for surefooted performance off-road and stability on-road.
- Cooling system: KTM’s proven cooling system routes the coolant from the cylinder head through the frame triangle, directly to aluminum radiators made by WP. Thanks to flow optimized internal circulation and CFD-calculated ventilation, the system is superbly efficient. In addition, new radiator protections improve heat dissipation. Especially in the mud. They are also integrated into the front part of the shrouds to protect the radiators in a crash.
- Battery & Wiring harness: A strong lithium ion battery breathes life into the engine and contributes to low vehicle weight. The lightweight battery and wiring harness are centralized in a compartment above the air filter box, allowing the mechanic to remove the subframe without removing the electronics. A happy mechanic is a good mechanic.
- Design: 1-cylinder, 4-stroke engine
- Displacement: 249.91 cm³
- Bore: 78 mm
- Stroke: 52.3 mm
- Starter: Electric starter
- Transmission: 6-speed
- Primary drive: 24:73
- Secondary gear ratio: 14:49
- Clutch: Wet, DDS multi-disc clutch, Brembo hydraulics
- EMS: Keihin EMS
- Frame design: Chrome-molybdenum steel central-tube frame
- Rear suspension: WP Xplor PDS shock absorber
- Suspension travel (front): 11.81 in.
- Front brake: Disc brake
- Rear brake: Disc brake
- Front brake disc diameter: 260 mm
- Rear brake disc diameter: 220 mm
- Steering head angle: 63.5 deg.
- Seat height: 37.8 in.
- Weight READY TO RACE (pound) (without fuel): 235.89 lb.
- Suspension travel (rear): 12.2 in.
- Tank capacity (approx.): 2.25 US gal.
- Engine Type
- 1-cylinder, 4-stroke engine
- 249.91 cm³
- Bore and Stroke
- 78 x 52.3 mm
- Rear Suspension
- WP Xplor PDS shock absorber
- Front Brakes
- Disc brake
- Rear Brakes
- Disc brake
- Seat Height
- 37.8 in.
- Fuel Capacity
- 2.25 US gal.
- Dry Weight
- 235.89 lb.


text:
Honey, we need to talk about Site C
Giant dam for fracking companies could double your Hydro bill
The Site C dam was supposed to be a gift from B.C. taxpayers to international fracking companies. We would supply them with cheap electricity, they would blast methane gas out of underground shale rock in the province’s northeast. We would get jobs and revenue, they would export ships full of fracked gas to burn in power plants overseas. But the whole plan is falling apart.
The original budget for BC Hydro’s megadam on the Peace River was $6.6 billion. After years of missed deadlines and geological challenges, the cost rose to $12 billion. Now things have deteriorated so badly that BC Hydro won’t put a price tag on Site C. Or say if it can even be completed.
In a province that already gives a billion dollars a year to oil and gas companies, Site C towers above all other fossil fuel subsidies. Experts say pushing it forward will jack up Hydro bills for decades to come. Instead, we should cancel this troubled project – and invest those billions in switching off fossil fuels and building renewable energy projects in communities all across B.C.
When you’re in a hole, stop digging
Former Premier Christy Clark was clear about the dam’s purpose way back in 2013, when she told Global News: “You can’t power up these huge [fracked gas] facilities without more power, so BC Hydro’s going to have to build Site C.” Last month Premier John Horgan sold it as a way to reduce the climate impact of extracting and burning fracked gas. “Electrifying the gas fields, for example, takes pressure off the emissions that would come from the liquefaction process,” Horgan said.
But at what cost? BC Hydro won’t say. Horgan has tasked a former deputy finance minister, Peter Milburn, with investigating the problems at the dam site and estimating what it will cost to keep going. Whatever the number, it’s clear it’s going to be bad.
When you find yourself in a hole, the first step is to stop digging. And in 2020 that means saving precious public money for the people of B.C., not giving it to giant international oil and gas companies. Whether those subsidies come in the form of tax breaks, cash or infrastructure like Site C, the money comes out of the pockets of everyday British Columbians.
If we’re serious about fighting climate change and saving public money, we need to stop subsidizing fracking and pipelines with our tax dollars. And if we want to stop Hydro bills from rising for every household and small business in British Columbia, we need an exit strategy on Site C.
Hydro bills could double
This megaproject is a looming financial nightmare for British Columbians. The Crown corporation in charge, BC Hydro, is already carrying $23.3 billion of debt. At the beginning of the pandemic, it lost another billion dollars betting on interest rates. As B.C. Attorney General David Eby said about ICBC, BC Hydro is a financial dumpster fire.
Our Hydro bills are already going up. We don’t know how much Site C will add because BC Hydro refuses to estimate the project cost. But experts have said in the past BC Hydro would have to double your bill to get back to fiscal health. That would be a disaster, especially for low-income households that already spend too much of their monthly budget keeping the lights on and staying warm.
B.C. will need clean power as we replace vehicles, gas furnaces and stoves with electric versions. The good news is we can generate it using wind and solar technology for way less money than it would cost to finish the dam. The bad news is politicians hate admitting when they’re wrong. But as more information trickles out, they may have no choice. Soon, the B.C. public will learn more about problems deep underground. Problems that engineers warned about, years before construction began.
Like building on a bar of soap
The dam is supposed to straddle the Peace River near the city of Fort St. John in Northeast B.C. If you’ve ever seen a picture of the design, it’s a very unusual “L” shape. That’s because the banks aren’t strong enough to hold a dam going straight across. And it turns out, they may not be strong enough to hold a dam at all.
The ground under the dam is made up of many layers of sediment – organic material that sank millions of years ago to the bottom of an ancient lake. That shale rock is what contains coal, oil and gas. It’s not very stable. The layers can slip and slide under pressure, whether from the weight of a huge dam, or toxic chemicals pumped into the ground at nearby fracking sites.
Ten thousand earthquakes jiggled the ground near the dam in 2017 and 2018 – the biggest one strong enough that workers had to be evacuated from the construction site. A 400-metre-long “tension crack” opened up on one bank of the river, which had to be patched at huge additional expense. A major landslide forced the evacuation of a nearby town in 2018. Now, the foundations of the dam itself appear to be sliding.
This creates an obvious safety hazard if the dam’s reservoir were ever filled. Even if expensive engineering fixes went ahead and the massive concrete structure could be anchored in place, how long would it hold back an 83 kilometre-long artificial lake? How strong will the fracking earthquakes get? Are we willing to gamble with people’s lives downstream to find out?
Every day we wait costs more
The right move is to pause, take a deep breath and stop throwing good money after bad. BC Hydro should apologize to the farmers whose land they expropriated, and avoid a costly court battle with the West Moberly First Nations over obvious violations of their treaty rights. We should pay the workers building the dam to remediate the site. And the rest of the money we should save for other projects.
Communities all over the province have energy efficiency and local power projects that could be shovel-ready in months, generating jobs, investment and clean renewable energy in rural B.C. Solar farms in Alberta are now being built for about $1 million per megawatt of capacity. In other words, we could equal the capacity of the Site C dam for as little as $1.1 billion, rather than 11 or 12 or 20 billion dollars.
Of course the sun doesn’t shine and the wind doesn’t blow around the clock. That’s why BC Hydro would have to use its existing reservoirs as giant batteries to store energy, then fire up the turbines when solar, wind and other sources need a boost. On a technical level it’s totally feasible. The same can’t be said for the Site C dam.
Why didn’t Dogwood tackle Site C earlier?
While our allies fought old-growth clearcutting, species extinction, unaccountable mining companies, fracking, gas terminals, Site C and other crucial battles, Dogwood focused on stopping crude oil tankers on the B.C. coast. We knew if we spread ourselves too thin, our work would suffer. So while we’ve been critical of Site C in more than 300 articles since 2005, most of our resources went to the No Tankers campaign.
Together our movement finally defeated the Enbridge Northern Gateway project in 2016. We thought we had won again in 2018 when Texas-based Kinder Morgan threw in the towel on the Trans Mountain oil tanker expansion. But Trudeau bought the project with billions in public money, fundamentally changing the climate battle in B.C. and Canada.
As private investors walk away from oil and gas projects, governments are filling the gap with public money. Meanwhile, our country is facing a climate emergency, a pandemic and now a global recession. Many Indigenous communities still don’t have clean drinking water. It’s wrong to burn billions of taxpayer dollars trying to grow the oil sands. And it’s wrong for our provincial government to use public money to prop up fracking and pipelines in B.C.
Site C is part of that problem. The NDP had a chance to cancel the dam in 2017. They decided to keep going. They’re fulfilling Christy Clark’s pipe dream of a fracked gas export industry — even though the gas bubble has burst, the economics no longer add up and B.C. has to pay five times more in subsidies than we get back in royalties just to keep these projects on the rails.
The Horgan government told taxpayers we’d already spent so much money on the dam, it was “past the point of no return”. But that’s not true if the project can never be safely completed. It’s painful to realize you wasted several billions dollars trying to pour concrete on top of sliding mud. But now the only smart move is to stop. Let’s save the rest of the money and spend it on local stimulus projects. We’ve compiled 33 of your best ideas here.
A critical opportunity
Once our elected MLAs are sworn in, British Columbians need to question them hard on their support for oil and gas expansion at this moment in history. In particular we need to ask why, after promising to make life more affordable, the NDP government is burning cash on a doomed project that will drive up our Hydro bills for decades to come.
As problems at the dam site get worse, somebody is going to have to put a number on how much this whole mess will cost. That’s our moment to push Premier Horgan to change course. If he refuses, I believe this half-finished dam on the Peace River will become his political tombstone. But if he’s willing to admit he was wrong, new possibilities open up.
Cancelling Site C, B.C.’s biggest oil and gas subsidy, would be a huge step in the right direction. It would prevent a major rate hike at BC Hydro and deal a blow to international fracking companies. It could also open the door to energy conservation retrofits and Indigenous-led clean power projects BC Hydro has refused to invest in until now.
It’s never too late to do the right thing.

domain: finance


text:
Which nations have been concerned within the creation of the UDHR?
Members of the Commission who contributed considerably to the creation of the Declaration included Canadian John Peters Humphrey of the United Nations Secretariat, Eleanor Roosevelt of the United States (who chaired the Drafting Committee), Ren茅 Cassin of France, Charles Malik of Lebanon, P. C. Chang of Republic of …
What does an activist do?
Overview. Social activists work to facilitate, information, or impede adjustments in authorities or enterprise insurance policies and affect the actions of people and teams. They construct connections amongst teams and communities and disseminate statistics on particular points to create consciousness and affect social change.
What is a non activist?
Filters. One who just isn’t an activist.
What is activist management?
An activist is an individual who works to alter a neighborhood, aiming to make it a greater place. To be a potent efficient chief or activist, an individual ought to have the ability to lead others, be devoted to a trigger and have the ability to persuade or affect others in a neighborhood to trust within the trigger.
What is social change management?
Established in 1994, the Social Change Model (SCM) of Leadership Development approaches management as a purposeful, collaborative, values-based course of that leads to optimistic social change. The Model was constructed upon the next assumptions: Leadership is socially accountable; it impacts change on behalf of others.
Who is a neighborhood activist?
Community Activist. A member of a neighborhood who’s voluntarily working with others from that neighborhood to. obtain frequent goals (Delivering Change) Someone who takes particular person motion or motion with others in a neighborhood, in a deliberate manner.
What are some actions activist take?
Take Action: Common Methods of Student Activism
- Internet Activism.

domain: sociology


The MR/T (Mid-Range Tactical) scope is designed to cover tactical situations from 50 to 700 yards because it's gave them everything you would. This is not limited to AR-style firearms.match a Leupold Mark 4 MR/T up with your Remington 700, Winchester Model 70, Ruger 77, Savage 110 or other favorite rifle, for a serious boost in performance and accuracy.
- The Index Matched Lens System delivers superior resolution from edge to edge of the visual field, along with peak image brightness and optimal contrast - 1/4 MOA click windage and elevation adjustments - Flip-open lens covers are standard issue with each Mark 4 MR/T riflescope - Rugged and absolutely waterproof, MR/T riflescopes meet all Leupold Mark 4 performance standards
- Magnification: 1.5-5x - Objective Diameter: 20mm - Main Tube Diameter: 1" - Reticle: Special Purpose Reticle - Eye Relief 1.5: 4.4" and 5x: 3.6" - Objective Lens Diameter: .8" - Maximum Adjustment at 100 Yards: 120" - Field of View 1.5x: 65.7 ft at 100 Yards and 5x: 23.9 ft at 100 Yards - Length: 9.3" - Weight: 9.7 oz - Finish: Matte Black
A leader is the man who has the ability to get other people to do what they don't want to do, and like it.
- Harry S. Truman
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text:
Seed is the foundation of crop agriculture and represents the primary source of food for the earth’s nearly 7.5 billion residents (http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/).
Seed has been a part of the Commons for virtually all of our 10,000-year agricultural history. So, who controls seed is tremendously important. Only in recent decades has corporate ownership pirated seed ownership away from the people.
A growing movement is offering a different vision and placing seed back into the Commons. Jim
“For Carol Deppe, an Oregon plant breeder and OSSI board member, there’s another component to breeding that’s important. ‘When you breed a variety, you breed your own values right into the variety,’ she says. ‘If you believe in huge agribusiness farms with monocultures that are managed with massive doses of herbicides, then you breed your concept of what agriculture should be like into that variety. I do exactly the opposite.’
“While a handful of medium-sized companies (those with international markets but smaller than, say, Monsanto) hold patents, most smaller seed companies are able to survive without patenting — they either are opposed to the practice, have decided the process is too costly to be worthwhile, or both.”

domain: agronomy