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Degradable plastic composition
A plastic composition degradable under the influence of weather or light, comprising a plastic material and finely divided titanium dioxide with a specific surface of more than about 20 m.sup.2 /g. Preferably the titanium dioxide is obtained by hydrolyzing titanium sulfate in aqueous solution, has a predominantly anatase structure, a lightening power of less than about 400, a specific surface of about 60 to 400 m.sup.2 /g and is present in about 0.5 to 5% by weight of the composition, and the plastic material is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamides and ABS-polymers.
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It is desirable to have short-lived, degradable plastics for certain applications, for example for packaging materials, drinking cups, etc., which are not always properly dumped or incinerated in the required manner.
It is known that photodegradable plastics can be produced by adding additives which accelerate degradation such as, for example, metal compounds of the Fe-N, N-dialkyl dithiocarbamate type, as described in German Offenlegungsschrift No. 2,136,704, or carbonyl compounds such as benzophenones, arylalkyl ketones, anthraquinones, etc. (German Offenlegungsschrift No. 2,133,896).
These additives are dissolved in the polymers and may be extracted by virtue of their low molecular weights. Some or all of the photodegradability can be lost as a result of extraction of the additives. In addition, problems can arise in cases where plastics containing additives which promote photodegradation are used for the packaging of foodstuffs. Additives which migrate into the foods can affect their flavor and aroma. Toxicological problems necessitate particularly intensive testing and can restrict or preclude the use of additives of this kind for plastics intended for use in the food sector.
Another method of producing photodegradable plastics is described, for example, in German Offenlegungsschrift No. 2,206,806 and results in an incorporation of photosensitive groups in the corresponding polymer. If it is desired to produce photodegradability by incorporating reactive groups in the polymer, the polymer has to be modified during the actual production of the plastic material by polymerizing into it special comonomers containing photosensitive groups. This complicates production of the degradable plastic material. In addition, this method cannot be generally applied since it is necessary to determine from one case to another whether the required monomers can, in fact, be copolymerized at all.
German Offenlegungsschrift No. 2,250,885 relates to plastic products degradable in the open, consisting of a hydrocarbon resin and so-called promoters, generally inorganic particles with a large specific surface, such as silica for example. At least 65% of the hydrocarbon resins consist of the polymerized monomeric units of propylene, butene, pentene or hexene, and are homopolymers of one of these monomers, interpolymers of two or more of these monomers or interpolymers of one or more of these monomers with up to 35% of ethylene. One disadvantage of these known degradable plastic products is that they are limited to a particular hydrocarbon resin system.
The object of the present invention is to provide by a simple process plastic compositions which will degrade under the effect of weather and/or light without any need for the presence of a special resin system.
Accordingly, the present invention relates to plastic compositions, optionally containing standard additives, which will degrade under the effect of weather and/or light and which contain a plastic material and finely divided titanium dioxide with a specific surface of more than about 20 m.sup.2 /g.
The invention also relates to a process for producing plastic compositions, optionally containing standard additives, which will degrade under the effect of weather and/or light, distinguished by the fact that finely divided titanium dioxide with a specific surface of more than about 20 m.sup.2 /g is worked into plastics at temperatures in the range of about 100.degree. C to 350.degree. C over a mixing period ranging from about 1 minute to 30 minutes.
Suitable plastic materials include any of the usual plastics obtained by polymerization, polycondensation or polyaddition, thermoplasts being preferred. Reference is made to the homopolymers and/or copolymers of olefins, dienes and vinyl monomers such as, for example, ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene, styrene, .alpha.-methyl styrene, (meth)acrylic acid, (meth) acrylates such as methyl, ethyl and butyl (meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylamide, (meth) acrylonitrile, vinylacetate, vinyl propionate, methyl and ethyl vinyl ether, methyl vinyl ketone, methyl isopropenyl ketone, vinyl chlodride, vinylidene chloride, maleic acid anhydride, maleic acid and fumaric acid. Reference is also made to polyamides such as nylon-66 and nylon-6, polyesters, polyurethanes and ABS-polymers. It is preferred to use polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamides or ABS-polymers. Polyethylene and ethylenevinyl acetate copolymers are particularly preferred.
Very small TiO.sub.2 particles (hereinafter referred to as degradation types) with a correspondingly large specific surface are suitable for the rapid degradation of plastics. The crystallite sizes as determined by X-ray photography show an average particle size of about 50 to 1500 A with a specific surface of more than about 20 m.sup.2 /g and preferably more than about 40 m.sup.2 /g. TiO.sub.2 with a specific surface of about 60 m.sup.2 /g to 400 m.sup.2 /g is particularly suitable.
The degradation types suitable for the degradation of plastics may be further characterized on the basis of X-ray diffractograms which show the anatase phase predominates, although a few, widely scattered X-ray reflexes occur in some cases. This low crystallinity is desirable, although not absolutely essential, for an intensified degrading effect in organic plastic compositions.
Degradation types of the kind in question may be produced by known methods. The most common and simple method is the hydrolysis of chlorides, sulfates or esters of titanium, and the reaction of alkali metal titanates with acids. Particle size can be specifically adjusted in dependence upon the temperature at which the hydrolyzate is dried or tempered. The process described above gives finely divided TiO.sub.2 particles which, after drying or tempering at temperatures below 800.degree. C, are suitable for degrading plastics under the effect of weather and/or light.
The degradation particles can also be defined with respect to TiO.sub.2 pigments through their lightening power. TiO.sub.2 pigments are optimized by suitably selecting production conditions in such a way that they have maximum lightening power according to DIN 53 192 of more than 600 and preferably more than 750. By contrast, degradation types have a lightening power (LP) of less than about 500 and preferably less than about 400. The lightening power of the degradation particles diminishes or remains intact with increasing dispersion. This behavior is not consistent with experience that has been gained in the field of TiO.sub.2 pigments, because the lightening power of pigments increases with increasing dispersion.
The purity of the TiO.sub.2 -particles used is not critical and fluctuates over a wide range, depending upon the particular process used for their production. Thus, the TiO.sub.2 particles may contain considerable proportions of water, sulfate or chloride ions. It is immaterial to the application in plastics in accordance with the invention whether the water is present in adsorbed or chemically bound form, providing no water is released during incorporation of the TiO.sub.2 particle which would adversely affect production of the plastics compositions according to the invention. Accordingly, the TiO.sub.2 particles are freed from non-bound or readily eliminated water at temperatures above 100.degree. C, and at the same time also lose some of the free acid which they may possibly still contain from their production. These drying and water-removing temperatures, which should be above the processing temperature applied during production of the degradable plastic material, also influence the particle size of the TiO.sub.2 particles. Specific surface decreases with increasing temperature and drying time. TiO.sub.2 hydrolyzates formed during the hydrolysis of titanium sulfate from which water was removed at 200.degree. C subsequently showed crystallite sizes of 155 A and a specific surface according to BET of 113 m.sup.2 /g. After 2 hours at 600.degree. C, the specific surface falls to 39 m.sup.2 /g and, at the same time, there is an increase in the size of the crystallites to 350 A. Both products consist of more than 85% of TiO.sub.2 and are suitable for the production of degradable plastic compositions. Like the quantity of water present in the TiO.sub.2, the content of chloride and sulfate ions is not a critical factor either. Thus, the degradation types according to the invention is finely divided form with large specific surfaces and a sulfate content corresponding to up to about 3% by weight of sulfur and a chloride content up to about 5% by weight, are eminently suitable for incorporation into plastics in accordance with the invention. This minimal influence of impurities simplifies production of the finely divided TiO.sub.2 particles and makes all known processes for producing TiO.sub.2 hydrolyzates suitable.
The degradation types are added to the thermoplastic plastics in such quantities that the resulting plastic compositions are able to undergo accelerated degradation and show the usual processing and service properties. The content of degradation types in the plastic compositions according to the invention amounts to between about 0.1 and 60% by weight, preferably to between about 0.3 and 30% by weight and, with particular preference, to between about 0.5 and 5% by weight. Mixtures of various degradation types may also be used in order to obtain particular degradation properties. Since the degradation types are virtually devoid of pigment properties, especially lightening power, and since the plastic compositions according to the invention therefore give more transparent shaped articles, e.g. films, moldings, etc., with a lower degree of whiteness than plastic compositions produced with conventional white pigments, it may be advisable to use combinations of one or more degradation types with conventional white or colored pigments. In this case, the plastic compositions obtained are both degradable and have the usual color and whiteness coupled with the usual concealed coloring. The white or colored pigments may be used in quantities of about 0.5 to 40% by weight, based on the plastic composition.
Mixtures consisting of the degradation types and the usual thermoplastic plastics may also be prepared by the master batch method. In this method, a master batch containing about 5 to 75% by weight and preferably about 20 to 50% by weight of degradation types is initially prepared. In order to obtain the end product, the master batch is diluted, for example by extrusion, with the thermoplastic plastic which has already been used for producing the master batch and which is uniformly compatible with it, in the quantity required for the desired degradation type content.
Incorporation of the degradation types into the particular thermoplastic material for producing a master batch containing degradation types or a plastic composition according to the invention containing degradation types, may be carried out by mixing, for example extrusion, kneading or rolling, in the machines normally used for this purpose under the conditions normally applied for the particular type of thermoplastic plastic material used. Thus, mixing is carried out over a period ranging from about 1 minute to 30 minutes at temperatures in the range from about 100.degree. to 350.degree. C Double-screw extruders have proved to be particularly suitable for incorporating the degradation types.
Other substances which promote photodegradation, for example metal complexes (German DOS 2,136,704) are aromatic carbonyl compounds (German DOS 2,133,896), may optionally be added to the plastic compositions according to the invention.
In addition, conventional additives such as blowing agents, pigments or fillers, antistatics, lubricants or other auxiliaries, may be added to the plastic compositions according to the invention. Like all thermoplastics, they may be processed by known methods into molding, films, filaments or fibers, using the usual machines.
The invention is illustrated by the following Examples.EXAMPLE 1
A 20% TiO.sub.2 master batch was obtained from a TiO.sub.2 with a specific surface of 84 m.sup.2 /g and a high-pressure polyethylene (ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer, melt index 1.4 - 1.8 g/10 mins., equivalent density 0.922 g/cc) by extrusion twice in a double-screw extruder at a temperature of 180.degree. C. An approximately 50 .mu. thick film with a TiO.sub.2 degradation type content of 1.5% was then blown in a film-blowing machine.
The film was subjected to artificial weathering in the Xenon test (light-dark cycle 1 : 1, i.e. 100 Weather-O-Meter hours 50 hours exposure to light). At the same time, a film of this polyethylene without the TiO.sub.2 degradation type added to it was subjected to the same test in a comparison experiment.
The degradation of the films was assessed by measuring their elongation at break and their tensile strength in the longitudinal direction. The results are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 ______________________________________ TiO.sub.2 - Tensile degradation types strength specific proportion Weather- Elongation T surface in the film O-Meter at break Mega- Test m.sup.2 /g % hours % Pascal ______________________________________ 1 -- 0.0 0 250 -- 100 260 -- 400 260 -- 1000 250 -- 2 84 1.5 0 240 21.1 50 210 19.0 100 130 13.2 200 60 9.5 400 cannot be cannot be measured measured ______________________________________EXAMPLE 2
Products with TiO.sub.2 degradation type contents of 1.5% were obtained from various TiO.sub.2 degradation types with different specific surfaces, which in some cases had also been organically after-treated, and the high-pressure polyethylene of Example 1 by extrusion twice in a double-screw extruder at a temperature of 180.degree. C. Approximately 300 .mu. thick films were then produced from those products.
The films were subjected to artificial weathering in the Xenon test (Atlas Weather-O-Meter, 600 W lamp, spraying cycle 102 : 18). At the same time, a film of this polyethylene without any TiO.sub.2 degradation type added to it was subjected to the same test in a comparison experiment.
The degradation of the films was assessed by measuring elongation at break and tensile strength. The results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 ______________________________________ TiO.sub.2 - Tensile degradation types strength specific proportion Weather- Elongation T surface om the film O-Meter at break Mega- Test m.sup.2 /g % hours % Pascal ______________________________________ 1 -- 0.0 0 821 15.5 100 830 13.9 190 -- -- 350 754 15.2 511 724 13.7 700 533 11.6 1000 358 10.8 2 113 1.5 0 681 13.0 100 494 12.1 190 -- 10.1 350 137 8.6 511 73 8.2 700 64 7.9 3 84 1.5 0 586 12.2 100 571 -- 190 342 10.3 350 101 9.1 511 80 8.3 700 59 8.1 4 40 1.5 0 619 13.5 100 544 13.1 190 -- 12.3 350 233 9.2 511 71 8.4 700 52 8.4 5 108 1.5 0 738 13.0 100 662 -- 190 413 10.0 350 242 8.8 511 73 8.0 700 67 7.8 6 108 1.5 0 700 13.1 100 609 13.5 190 -- -- 350 190 19.1 511 88 8.4 700 73 8.3 7 114 1.5 0 622 13.0 100 -- 12.7 190 511 12.5 350 155 9.0 511 99 8.3 700 60 8.0 8 115 1.5 0 714 13.2 100 -- -- 190 477 11.9 350 151 8.7 511 88 8.2 700 72 8.1 9 115 1.5 0 751 13.7 100 662 14.0 190 632 -- 350 118 8.9 511 50 7.6 700 64 18.1 10 160 1.5 0 655 13.3 100 546 11.7 190 482 11.6 350 100 8.7 511 49 8.2 700 34 8.2 ______________________________________EXAMPLE 3
A TiO.sub.2 -sludge of anatase structure obtained by hydrolyzing titanium sulfate solution was neutralized with sodium hydroxide, washed out and dried at a temperature of 300.degree. C. The plastic-degrading particles obtained in accordance with the invention have a crystallite size of about 190 A (determined X-ray photographically from the (101)-reflex) and a specific surface according to BET of 84 m.sup.2 /g. At 195, the lightening power of the particles according to DIN 53 192 was considerably below the value of 600 characteristic of anatase pigments. The ignition residue after 2 hours at 900.degree. C amounted to 95.4%.
Two films, approximately 35 .mu.m thick and approximately 200 .mu.m thick, were blown in accordance with Example 1 using these finely divided TiO.sub.2 particles and polyethylene. The TiO.sub.2 content amounted to 1.5% by weight. A 290 .mu.m thick pigment-free film was produced for comparison and subjected to artificial weathering together with the other two blown films. To this end, pieces were cut from each film and, after their surface had been determined, were weathered in an Atlas arc Weather-O-Meter with Correx D-filters. The spraying cycle was 17 : 3, i.e. dry periods lasting 17 minutes alternated with spraying periods lasting 3 minutes.
Degradation of the polyethylene films was followed gravimetrically and is shown in Table 2 as a function of the weathering time.
The results of measurement were converted to a surface area of 100 cm.sup.2 in order to obtain comparable values.
Table 3 ______________________________________ Gravimetrically determined degradation of polyethylene films ______________________________________ Weather-O- Weight loss (mg) per 100 cm.sup.2 of film surface ______________________________________ Meter unpigmented 1.5 % by weight of TiO.sub.2 ______________________________________ hours 290 .mu.m thick 35 .mu.m thick 200 .mu.m thick ______________________________________ 20 0.00 12.38 18.29 40 -0.80 21.80 35.84 80 -0.96 39.79 70.66 120 -0.96 56.83 107.54 160 -0.96 73.12 143.91 200 -0.71 90.79 183.68 ______________________________________
It can be seen that this test is a good measure of the degradation of the plastic material under the influence of weather. The greater degradation of the 200 .mu.m thick film is probably attributable to the greater absorption of the thicker film. By contrast, the unpigmented film not only undergoes no loss of weight throughout the entire weathering period, but also becomes heavier, probably due to swelling and surface absorption or incorporation.EXAMPLE 4
TiO.sub.2 hydrolyzate in the form of a 20% suspension was neutralized with sodium hydroxide and washed free from salt. Subsequent drying or tempering at different temperatures and over periods of various length produced a number of finely divided TiO.sub.2 degradation particles of anatase structure which are shown in Table 4. The specific surfaces decreased with increasing treatment temperature.
Table 4 ______________________________________ Degradation particles of different specific surface ______________________________________ specific Dry conditions surface crystallite size Example time (h) temp. (.degree. C) m.sup.2 /g (A) ______________________________________ 4 a 44 200 113 155 4 b 21 300 84 190 4 c 4 400 61 245 4 d 4 500 40 325 4 e 2 600 39 350 4 f 2 700 26 590 4 g 2 800 11.4 1250 ______________________________________
These finely divided degradation types were used for the degradation of polyvinyl chloride. The PVC-films were produced by dissolving Vinylite, a mixture of 91% of PVC, 3% of polyvinyl acetate and 6% of polyvinyl alcohol, in butyl acetate. The finely divided TiO.sub.2 was dispersed into this solution in a planetary mill, and an approximately 50 .mu.m thick film was produced in a lacquer centrifuge. After drying at room temperature, a suitable piece of film measuring 4.2 .times. 12.5 cm was cut out and subjected to weathering in a Weather-O-Meter in accordance with Example 3.
The reduction in weight of the PVC-films filled with 15% by weight of TiO.sub.2 as a function of the weathering time is set out in Table 5. The weight loss, based on 100 cm.sup.2 of film surface, shows that finely divided TiO.sub.2 hydrolyzates of this kind are able to degrade PVC. TiO.sub.2 particles with a specific surface of less than 20 m.sup.2 /g are far less active and are no longer suitable for rapid degradation of the plastic material.
Table 5 ______________________________________ Gravimetrically determined degradation of PVC films ______________________________________ Weather-O- Meter Pigments according to Table 4 ______________________________________ hours 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 4g ______________________________________ 20 8.4 9.7 13.7 18.1 20.0 17.3 8.7 40 20.2 24.4 32.0 39.0 42.1 37.8 19.4 60 39.2 42.8 49.0 62.7 65.6 60.6 32.2 80 54.1 59.0 74.1 85.0 86.1 81.6 45.0 100 70.5 78.3 92.6 106.0 109.8 101.6 55.8 ______________________________________EXAMPLE 5
A TiCl.sub.4 hydrolyzate was washed and carefully dried for 12 hours at 130.degree. C. The specific surface amounted to 152 m.sup.2 /g and the ignition residue after 2 hours at 900.degree. C was 87.0% by weight. Incorporation into alkyd resin lacquer films was carried out in accordance with Example 4 by grinding a binder, degradation type and solvent in a planetary mill, followed by film formation in a lacquer centrifuge. The alkyd resin layers were filled with 15% by weight of TiO.sub.2. Testing was carried out gravimetrically in accordance with Examples 3 and 4. The results are set out in Table 6. The tests in alkyd resin films were preferred because greater differentiation between the test specimens was possible.EXAMPLE 6
TiO.sub.2 hydrolyzate sludge from the hydrolysis of titanium sulfate solutions was carefully dried at 130.degree. C to give a particularly finely divided degradation type with a specific surface of 245 m.sup.2 /g. The ignition residue after 2 hours at 900.degree. C amounted to only 86.9% by weight and was indicative of a considerable content of SO.sub.4.sup.2- -ions and the presence of water attached to or incorporated in the surface. The S-content was found by analysis to amount to 2.6% by weight. The results of weathering tests on the alkyd resin are set out in Table 6 under the heading Example 6 a. Before drying, the same TiO.sub.2 -sludge was neutralized, washed free from salts and dried at 250.degree. C. Thereafter the specific surface amounted to 114 m.sup.2 /g while at 96.1% the ignition residue was extremely high for the degradation types according to the invention, above all when the low drying temperature was taken into consideration. The analytically determined S-content amounted to only 0.5% by weight.
Incorporation into alkyd resin lacquer film and testing after weathering in accordance with Examples 3 and 4 produced the results set out in Table 6 under the heading 6b.
Table 6 ______________________________________ Gravimetric degradation of alkyd resin films in mg, based on 100 cm.sup.2 of film surface ______________________________________ Weather-O- Meter hours Example 5 6a 6b 7 ______________________________________ 20 7.75 16.75 27.69 18.52 40 11.24 38.22 60.77 39.82 60 15.50 -- 92.84 65.62 80 23.02 98.52 131.24 92.37 120 38.87 146.45 188.99 138.17 ______________________________________EXAMPLE 7
A TiO.sub.2 -hydrolyzate from a Ti-sulfate solution was bleached, washed and spray-dried. Incorporation in accordance with Example 3 or 4 after stream-jet grinding produces the gravimetrically determined degradation of the alkyd resin films shown in Table 6.EXAMPLE 8
A TiCl.sub.4 hydrolyzate produced in accordance with Example 5 and a TiO.sub.2 -hydrolyzate from Ti-sulfate solution corresponding to Example 4ewere tested in polyethylene together with a commercially available TiO.sub.2 -flame hydrolyzate with a specific surface of 50 m.sup.2 /g, identified hereinbelow as P 25.
To this end, quantities of 1.5% by weight of TiO.sub.2 were worked into the polyethylene in a double-screw extruder, and approximately 420 .mu.m thick films were subsequently produced from the polyethylene. Weathering was carried out in a Weather-O-Meter in accordance with Example 3. Degradation of the polyethylene films was determined gravimetrically as a function of the weathering time, and is shown in Table 7.
Table 7 ______________________________________ Gravimetric degradation of polyethylene films in mg, based on 100 cm.sup.2 of film surface (pigmenting) level 1.5 % by weight) ______________________________________ Weather-O- Meter TiO.sub.2 TiO.sub.2 hours unpigmented P25 Example 5 Example 4e ______________________________________ 20 1.6 4.7 6.4 10.3 40 1.1 9.1 16.0 20.8 68 1.1 9.7 19.1 28.9 100 1.3 16.9 29.5 50.0 160 0.9 20.7 39.7 71.1 180 0.1 24.7 48.8 90.0 220 0.4 28.0 57.5 106.8 240 1.2 29.3 60.9 115.7 300 2.4 30.9 72.4 140.4 340 3.1 32.1 79.1 154.7 ______________________________________
It will be appreciated that the instant specification and examples are set forth by way of illustration and not limitation, and that various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
1. A plastic composition degradable under the influence of weather or light, cimprising a plastic material and about 0.1 to 60% by weight of the composition of finely divided titanium dioxide with a specific surface of more than about 20 m.sup.2 /g, the titanium dioxide having been obtained by hydrolyzing a titanium compound in aqueous solution.
2. A degradable plastic composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the titanium dioxide has a predominately anatase structure.
3. A degradable plastic composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the titanium dioxide has a lightening power of less than about 500.
4. A degradable plastic composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plastic material is selected from the group consisting of homopolymers and copolymers of olefins, dienes and vinyl monomers, polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes and ABS-polymers.
5. A degradable plastic composition as claimed in claim 4, wherein the titanium dioxide is obtained by hydrolyzing titanium sulfate in aqueous solution, has a predominantly anatase structure, a lightening power of less than about 400, a specific surface of more than about 40 m.sup.2 /g and is present in about 0.3 to 30% by weight of the composition.
6. A degradable plastic composition as claimed in claim 5, wherein the titanium dioxide has a specific surface of about 60 to 400 m.sup.2 /g and is present in about 0.5 to 5% by weight of the composition, and the plastic material is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamides and ABS-polymers.
7. A degradable plastic composition as claimed in claim 1, in the form of a shaped article.
8. A degradable plastic composition as claimed in claim 6, in the form of a film or molded article.
|3847852||November 1974||White et al.|
- "Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology" by Kirk-Othmer, vol. 20, pp. 397-398, Apr. 1970. "Polymer Preprints", vol. 13, No. 2, 7/15/1972, p. 627, Scott. "Plastics Technology", vol. 9, No. 11, pp. 45-48, Martinovich.
Filed: Jul 18, 1975
Date of Patent: Feb 14, 1978
Assignee: Bayer Aktiengesellschaft (Leverkusen)
Inventors: Heinz-Peter Hemmerich (Krefeld), Gerhard Winter (Krefeld), Hans J. Rosenkranz (Krefeld), Peter Woditsch (Krefeld)
Primary Examiner: Eugene C. Rzucidlo
Law Firm: Burgess, Dinklage & Sprung
Application Number: 5/597,269
International Classification: C08J 320;

domain: chemistry


text:
Talented Year 10/11 Create School Prospectus Videos
Year 10 and 11 have created their own School Prospectus’ using images they shot themselves.
The talented students added the photos and wrote their own scripts to go with it![clear-float]
The prospectus’ aim to give parents a feel of what Westcroft is all about. You can check them out below.
Enjoy the tour!

domain: artistic


text:
“sunny” balwani and elizabeth holmes were recently involved in a criminal case. balwani was sentenced to nearly 13 years in prison and holmes was sentenced to over 11 years in prison for their involvement in the failed blood-testing start-up. both were found guilty of fraud and conspiracy to commit wire fraud. the criminal proceedings took place this year, with prosecutors recommending that balwani pay $804m in restitution.
Blood-testing start-up was launched by holmes after she dropped out of stanford university at age 19. the company claimed that it could diagnose illnesses with a few drops of blood from a finger prick, which was done with the edison machine. this technology caused the company’s value to skyrocket and attracted the attention of high-profile figures such as henry kissinger, rupert murdoch, and larry ellison.
Fraud committed by holmes and balwani was done by deceiving investors and falsely claiming that the technology could diagnose cancer, diabetes and other medical conditions from a finger prick. the downfall of the company has been documented in various series, podcasts, and a book by former wall street journal reporter john carreyrou. balwani’s lawyers argued that he did not have final decision-making power over the company’s strategy, but he was still found guilty of the charges.

domain: news


Thank you for visiting our booth at PTXPO!
We enjoyed meeting with you at the booth and presenting our approach to venting molds. This was a busy show! If we missed connecting with you, please contact us to learn more about preventing defects.
At Molder’s World, our goal is to provide the technical expertise and materials to help p you produce better plastic products at less cost.
Vortex® self-venting mold steel and inserts eliminate trapped gas which results in the production of higher quality parts.
Let us know how we can assist you with reducing defects that come from trapped gas, short shots, and flashing while lowering gloss levels.


The ABA’s policy-making House of Delegates, meeting on Feb. 6, also voted in Resolution 111 to urge all entities that administer, score, or report the results of a law school admission test to establish procedures to ensure that the application process, the scoring of the test, and the reporting of test scores is consistent for all applicants and does not differentiate on the basis that an applicant received an accommodation for a disability.
The resolution also calls on all entities that administer a law school admission test to:
- Make readily accessible to applicants the policies, guidelines, and administrative procedures used for granting accommodations requested by those with disabilities;
- Give notice to applicants, within a reasonable period of time, whether or not requested accommodations have been granted; and
- Provide a fair process for timely reconsideration of the denial of requested accommodations.
With nearly 400,000 members, the American Bar Association is the world’s largest voluntary professional membership organization. As the national voice of the legal profession, the ABA works to improve the administration of justice, promotes programs that assist lawyers and judges in their work, accredits law schools, provides continuing legal education, and works to build public understanding around the world of the importance of the rule of law.
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A fast and accurate algometer based on an instrumented pincher as an alternative to the Randall-Selitto test: This new analgesia meter developed by Bioseb following Luis-Delgado et al. (2005) allows accurate nociceptive tests to measure mechanical pain threshold on rat or mouse limbs with minimal constraint.
Bioseb's 'Rodent Pincher' algometer allows calibrated forceps to induce quantifiable mechanical stimulation in the animal (rats or mice) on a linear scale. The most suitable protocol was experimented by determining the effects of 3 repetitive measurements on the 2 hindpaws, respectively over long-term (9 days), mid-term (1 day) and short-term (2 hours). It was primarily developed as an analgesimeter/algometer (analgesia measurement instrument) for nociceptive tests. In this specific use, the Rodents Pincher not only represents an alternative to the 'RANDALL & SELITTO' test - but also presents the following advantages when compared to the classical test:
• More ethical handling, less stressful for the animal (rat or mouse) resulting in less variable measurements
• Faster measurement, less traumatic for the tissues
• Digital measurement with metrological traceability
Furthermore, this pincher-based analgesia meter can also be used for other applications that require a controlled force or pressures values, for example :
• Sensitivity recovery after nerve crush: pinching is applied at several places over the paw to see the sensitivity recovery
• Mechanical injuries for thrombotic models
• Mechanical stimulation for in vivo electrophysiological recordings using the possibility to trigger recording on force thresholds
Comparative studies (including comparative tests with the Randall & Sellito analgesimeter) have demonstrated the accuracy of this pincher-based algometer for easy, fast and reproducible measurement of mechanical pain threshold on rat limbs. Moreover, it allowed to perform rat analagesia testing with minimal constraint, which reduces data variability.
One of these experimental research works was carried out by the team of Prof. Poisbeau in the 'Nociception & Pain' department of the 'Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives' (Université Louis pasteur) in Strasbourg.
This work was described in two articles published in December 2005 in international reviews with a controlling committee:
• Validation method :
Calibrated Forceps: A Sensitive and Reliable Tool for Pain and Analgesia Studies, by Luis-Delgado et al. in The Journal of pain, December 2005
• Scientific work :
Inflammatory Pain Upregulates Spinal Inhibition via Endogenous Neurosteroid Production, by P. Poisbeau et al. in The Journal of neuroscience, December 2005
The pressure is applied in the 'inter-digital' region. When used on the rat the pressure can also be applied to the tail. The instrument displays the force (in grams, newton, oz, lbs) at which the animal reacts and reports the nociception threshold.
Individual pain threshold measurements (up to 100) are stored in the internal memory, and can be downloaded post experiment. Recently an embedded statistical computation has been included in the electronic device of the algometer. This is a very useful feature that as been very well received and used by users of large numbers of tests. The display shows in real time the mean, standard deviation and variation coefficient from groups of animals (rats or mice). This feature also allows the user to cancel any analgesia test incorrectly performed.
• Our optional BIO-CIS2 software for Windows sends directly the displayed values in an Excel (MS) sheet. This allows the user direct access to a ready report and options for further analysis, without any re-copy error. Supplied with an RS232 cable.
• External pod to display a led light or produce a sound when reaching a preset threshold of force.
• Analog output and cable
• TTL output
• Additional sensor tests : our Electronic Von Frey probe, Small Animal Algometer come with their own calibration modules that are recognized by the electronic unit.
• Bench control unit (batteries and main power supply)
• One rat or mice pincher, capacity 2000 grs
• Carrying case
• Footswitch for zeroing the force and having the hands 'free'
• RS232 output
• User manual
New system! AlgoKit
INVOLVING PAIN MEASUREMENT ON RODENTS
MULTIPLE PROBES, ONE CONTROL UNIT AND SOFTWARE APPLICATION
You may consider our new ALGOKIT package to expand the scope of your possibilities. In order to offer an answer to all your requests regarding different situations of pain measurement, Bioseb is proud to present an innovative, complete solution combining our Static Weight Bearing, including its state-of-the art touchscreen, color console, with up to 3 sensors to be chosen among our Electronic Von Frey, Rodent Pincher and Small animal Algometer, all connected to one unique Control Unit.
• Flexible instrument when a quantitative sensory testing (QST) is needed
• Compatible with our BIO-CIS2 software to improve repeatability in nociceptive testing
- Data output
- RS232 for PC
- Number of animals
- Individual rat or mouse (2 different pinchers)
- Power supply
- Battery powered, this instrument is autonomous. Possibility of using a 220V/110V 50hz/60hz adapter
- 0 to 2000 grams
- 0.1 gram or 0.001 N


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Norwegian composer and curator, important figure in Norway’s musical life as artistic director of contemporary music festivals: Ultima in Oslo, The Nordic Music Days, and Happy Days Sound Festival. Currently he is head of development at the Oslo Philharmonic and chairs the Norwegian Arts Council.
His works have been performed at festivals including Donaueschinger Musiktage, Maerzmusik, Gaudeamus Music Week, Huddersfield, and Ultima. His commissions include pieces for SWR Symphony orchestra, Ensemble Modern, Neue Vocalsolisten Stuttgart, and Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra. He is a regular lecturer at the International Summer Courses for New Music in Darmstadt.
Selected works: Nudes 1.1 for mezzo-soprano (1996), Diksjon 9 for soprano and guitar (1996), Nudes 2.0, electronic work (1997), Nudes 3.1b for oboe, guitar, celesta, piano and two percussion (1997), Langsam for flute, viola and percussion (1999), Lumières, éspace et vertes for saxophone, accordion and contrabass (2000), Voices to Voices, Lip to Lip for chamber ensemble (2000), In memory of: (Subjects) for violin and guitar (2001), Concept of Sorrow and Dangers for saxophone and ensemble (2001), Passage – Silence and Light Triptych for chamber ensemble (2002), Six Portraits for six singers and video (2002), Lullaby for the Last Ninja for recorder quartet, CD player and percussion (2003), Requiem for Ante for recorder quartet, CD player and percussion (2003), Norwegian Archives for chamber orchestra and electronics (2005), Syv studies i sevpålagt tristesse for electronics (2005), Nr. 610 for sinfonietta and electronics (2006), Tveitt Fragments for strings (2006), Funeral March over Edvard Grieg for small orchestra (2007), Hymn for double bass (2007), Lyric Structure for chamber orchestra and electronics (2008), Johannesburg Hymns for ensemble (2009), The Artist’s Despair Before the Grandeur of Ancient Ruins for symphony orchestra (2010), The Neue Vocalsolisten Notebook for Neue Vocalsolisten Stuttgart (2011), To Zeitblom for Hardanger fiddle and orchestra (2012), Diabelli Cadenza for piano (2015), Harmonium Repertoire for ensemble (2016), 3 Transfigurationsfor string quartet (2017), Lament for choir, percussion and electronics (2017), Strauss Fragments for orchestra (2020), Gestern for orchestra (2021), stage music and electronics.


AN e-sports game player from this Mexico town, Pampanga bagged a gold medal during the Southeast Asian Games held in Hanoi, Vietnam.
Lee Howard “Owl” Gonzales, a resident of Barangay Buenavista, is part of Team Sibol, which won against an Indonesian team in the e-sports game Mobile Legends: Bang Bang with a score of 3-1.
Mayor Teddy Tumang of this town recognized the excellence of Gonzales in the rising sports game during the Monday flag-raising ceremony.
Tumang awarded a certificate of recognition and P50,000 cash incentive to Gonzales as gratitude for bringing pride to their municipality and the country.
Tumang, meanwhile, urged Mexicano youth to continue striving for their dreams and become inspiration to others soon. (With Ian Ocampo Flora)
MEXICANO PRIDE. Mayor Teddy Tumang awards a certificate of recognition and P50,000 cash incentive to Barangay Buenavista, Mexico resident Lee Howard “Owl” Gonzales (C) who won a gold medal during the 31st Southeast Asian Games. Joining them are Gonzales’ parents and Barangay Buenavista Council. (Contributed photo)
June 02, 2022
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One of the most recent examples of PCs leaving its image of the big beige box is the HTPC (Home Theater Personal Computer), which is essentially a computer dedicated to manage living room entertainment.
The form factor for a HTPC is somewhat of a concern, as a standard ATX system is obviously going to be too large. For those building an affordable HTPC, the microATX format makes the most sense, but there are however even smaller, less conventional motherboard formats available. Enter the Mini-ITX form-factor, measuring just 17x17cm (versus microATX's 24x24). This format was created by VIA Technologies in 2001, and was designed to be passively cooled using low power consumption chipset architectures.
Almost 6 years later however, the Mini-ITX has failed to crack the mainstream market for a few reasons... but my dream of owning a powerful Mini-ITX computer is still alive thanks to motherboard maker Albatron. They have taken a 17cm x 17cm piece of PCB board and slapped a Socket 754 connector onto it, four SATA300 ports, support for eight USB 2.0 ports, dual LAN controllers including a Gigabit LAN port along with many other essential features. Utilizing the Nvidia GeForce 6150 chipset allows the Albatron KI51PV-754 to support VGA and DVI out. Unfortunately, there are some obvious limitations to the KI51PV-754 such as its processor, memory and add-in graphics card support. Furthermore, the KI51PV-754 is also very expensive, retailing for an incredible $310. We will find out if the KI51PV-754 can overcome these issues.
Read the complete review here.
Please post your feedback and comments about this article at:

domain: design


The Louboutin heels caressing Beyonce tootsies here are the most delicious thing we’ve encountered all day – and we ate chocolate hearts earlier (courtesy of a certain male in the office, whose wife has developed an allergy to chocolate as a late Valentine’s present).
The bright turquoise loveliness, the red soles, the height of the slender stiletto, the architectural elegance – they truly are works of art.
Beyonce should be careful though, walking around with her gaze fixed on her feet could have terrible consequences. She might walk into a lamppost (do they have those in America?), fall to the floor concussed and then we might steal her pretties away forever (assuming we weren’t in London and happened to be following Beyonce down the street at the time and her bodyguard was looking the other way, but you know.)


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ST. LUCIE COUNTY, FL – St. Lucie Public Schools (SLPS) invites fathers and male caregivers to come back to school! On Wednesday, September 26, a movement across the state of Florida will be put into motion whereby fathers and male caregivers are encouraged to bring their child to school, sign a pledge of involvement, and demonstrate the value of being involved in their child’s education — Dads Take Your Child to School Day.
Dr. Kevin Perry leads the effort for SLPS, and he explained, “The movement in SLPS has grown significantly over the last three years, and we look forward to setting new participation milestones this year.” A father who actively participates in the educational and social developmental life of a child is invaluable and irreplaceable. Statistics from the National Fatherhood Initiative show when fathers and men are regularly and substantially involved in the education and social development of children, those children have higher standardized test scores, higher grade point averages, higher attendance rates and higher graduation rates. Those children also have lower rates of suspension, expulsion and arrest. As one goes up, the other goes down. When you accentuate and improve the positive, you decrease or eliminate the negative.
While there is no magic solution to solve the concerns faced by educators today, getting fathers highly engaged is a huge step in the right direction. Dads, Take Your Child to School Day is an opportunity for all men to show their commitment to the educational lives of children. It also marks the beginning of a year-long commitment by men. For this reason, the movement is an influential and celebrated event.
Last year, approximately 3,000 fathers and male caregivers participated in activities in SLPS. This special event in honor of dads and their support of the educational process is implemented as a MOVEMENT, not just a MOMENT! Schools will continue to have a series of father centered activities throughout the school year.
About St. Lucie Public Schools
St. Lucie Public Schools (SLPS) proudly serves students as the highest-ranking District on the Treasure Coast and fifth in Florida with a graduation rate of 90.1 percent. As a B rated District, there are no failing schools, and SLPS is ranked among the top one-third of Florida’s districts for student achievement. The District also has the distinction of being recognized as one of St. Lucie County’s Best Places to Work. The mission of SLPS is to ensure all students graduate from safe and caring schools equipped with the knowledge, skills and desire to succeed. For more information, visit http://www.stlucieschools.org.


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Proteins are large organic compounds that are an integral part of any individual's nutritional necessities. They are essential for the regular functioning of your body's cells. Proteins assist in mass building and growth of muscles, help preserve healthful eyes and vision as well as help keep the resistance system working correctly.
Since kids continue to develop, they need to make it a point to consume enough protein to make sure that their growth is unimpaired. Consuming protein is also especially essential for maintenance and repair in adults.
Proteins help repair damage done to the human body as well as reduce the effects of everyday wear and tear. Although grownups' bodies are completely developed, it is still essential they get their recommended daily intake of protein to make certain their bodies do not suffer sustained damage.
Here is what happens when you triple your protein intake. The first thing that happens is that you start to feel less hungry. Protein takes a long time to digest. That is why you do not feel hungry for a long period of time. Hence, you do not end up with munching on the wrong type of foods from time to time.
Research has proved that if you triple your protein intake you will end up becoming leaner as firstly, you do not end up eating food in between meals as you feel less hungry and secondly, since your plate is full of proteins now, you end up eating very little carbohydrates.
Research has linked the increased intake of protein with both a temporary boost in metabolic process as well as a suppressed appetite. Both of these effects may help you with your weight reduction efforts. If you wish to shed weight and burn off fat, make sure not to neglect protein.
An increase in protein intake helps you to stay more energized, alert and active throughout the day. It also makes you feel less bloated. You also do not feel sleepy like you do when you end up eating a lot of carbohydrates.

domain: medical


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Privilege (1967) was a Comedy - Drama Film directed by Peter Watkins and produced by Albert Finney, John Heyman, Peter Watkins and Timothy Burrill.
book: Crime of Privilege (2013) by Walter WalkerBy John Grant on Jul 14, 2018 From Noirish
A roman a clef, a mystery story, a legal thriller, a travelogue? Crime of Privilege doesn’t really fit fairly and squarely into any of these genres, although it has aspects of them all — and, indeed, more. What it is is one of the most engrossing, involving novels I’ve read all yea... Read full article
See all Privilege articles
Eric Burdon claimed that he had been cast as Steve Shorter at the time.
Paul Jones was an atheist at the time of making this film which is set in a fictional UK controlled by a Christian dictatorship. Ironically Jones became a born again Christian in the mid 1980s.
read more facts about Privilege...

domain: entertainment


Colorado Attorney General Cynthia H. Coffman Issues Adjudicatory Opinion Approving the “PACE” Conversion of InnovAge to a For-Profit Business
DENVER – Colorado Attorney General Cynthia H. Coffman, after public comment and careful review, issues the following statement concerning the conversion of InnovAge to a for-profit entity:
“Today's opinion approving, with considerable modification, InnovAge’s proposal to convert from a nonprofit to a for-profit company is the result of an exhaustive review conducted by my Office. This effort is the first of its kind in the nation and I believe the careful legal and public scrutiny will set the standard for PACE conversions nationwide,” said Colorado Attorney General Cynthia H. Coffman. “The opinion satisfies my Office’s longstanding duty to protect Colorado’s charitable assets and also my statutory duty to review PACE conversions.”
Please find the Attorney General’s adjudicatory InnovAge decision attached. Materials underlying the Attorney General’s review, including InnovAge’s conversion plan and public comment, can be found on the Department of Law’s website at http://coag.gov/node/1842.
# # #


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A 37-year-old woman involved in a Phase II clinical trial of theexperimental hepatitis B drug fialuridine (FIAU) who receiveda liver transplant on July 9 and was in RfairS condition as ofMonday was downgraded to RcriticalS condition on Wednesday.
According to a spokeswoman for the University of Virginia, hercondition was worsening. Another FIAU trial patient, a 63-year-old man who received a liver transplant on July 19, wasalso downgraded from RseriousS to Rcritical.S
In addition, a patient who had been under observation at theNational Institutes of Health (NIH) clinical center in Bethesda,Md., was transferred to the University of Pittsburgh (UOP) onWednesday. UOP is equipped with liver transplant facilities.According to NIH spokeswoman Elizabeth Singer, thetransferred patientUs condition is assumed to be worsening.
Of the 10 FIAU trial patients treated at the NIH who receivedthe drug for 67 to 90 days, three have died from liver failureand intractable lactic acidosis (toxicities believed to be directlyrelated to FIAU), two are now in critical condition after livertransplants, one is being treated at transplant-equipped EmoryUniversity, one is at UOP, and three have been discharged fromNIH care but are still being monitored twice a week.
RThe more time that goes by without serious adverse events,the better off these patients appear to be,S said Singer. RWekeep hoping that this will be the limit.S -- Lisa Piercey
(c) 1997 American Health Consultants. All rights reserved.


The core R&D personnel have many years of experience in the industry, deeply explore the needs of users, and combined with the development of the industry, can quickly develop a suitabl
With a number of certification qualifications and 10+ equipment testing procedures, Chengxin Machinery has been focusing on the quality control of bag making
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Has provided hundreds of companies with solutions for bag making machines, and large companies have formulated product suppliers. Rich experience, technology research and
Established in Shanghai where is a center of China financial, trade, shipping, fashion and the birthplace of bag-making machine, UNIMATEK(SHANGHAI) Machinery Co., Ltd (UNIMATEK) is the most professional packaging machines manufacturer, which makes the top-ranking packaging equipments and the best technical solution for flexible packaging company all over the world.
In the past several years of development, UNIMATEK has been improving the technology capacity, upgrading the quality system, developing excellent new and different machines such as high-speed three-side-seal bag making machine, high-speed center-seal bag making machine, multi-functional bag making machine, bag-in-box bag making machine, eight-side-seal bag making machine, also custom-made machines based on customer’s requirements. UNIMATEK wins the recognition of domestic and foreign markets by professional technical team, new products, excellent quality, and dedicated service.More >>
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Hi and a warm welcome to my blog. My little place in the cyber crafting world.
I'm Elaine and I'm 42 years old and married to the most amazing man I could wish for. My passion is all forms of crafting and I'm extremely lucky to be on the design teams for Leonie Pujol and Toni of Darroch at stamps by me limited . I also do a bit of demo work for stix2 anything and I love it.
I've recently retrained after being made redundant to become a Teaching Assistant which is a very rewarding job. Well I hope you like what you see on my blog. I'm always grateful for people taking a peek and leaving messages x
Hello and a big warm welcome to my blog. Hope everyone is well, I have not long returned from a 5 day break in Rome. It was our first time ever to Italy and it's been on my list of places to go for years. We were totally blown away. We walked and walked for miles and saw all the sights.... but trust us to go when there is a heatwave ! 40/41 degrees was soooo hot !
It was a truly fabulous trip and I really need to see other parts of Italy !
Anyway here's a quick card I made using some stamps by me products and stix2 card.


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All about aviation related museums, worldwide ordered by country.
World Wide Aviation Museums, Air Parks, Aviation Theme Parks, Gate Guards, Classic Fighters, Vintage Aircraft, Aerospace Museums, Collection Lists, Photo Gallery’s, Flags and Military roundels.
We provide information about the museums collection, locations, prizes and as much photo’s as we can find or make ourselves. Some of our visitors offer to provide us with photo’s of museums they visited, if you have photo’s we could use please contact us by using the contact form.
Thanks for your visit and enjoy the site.
1.290 aviation museums on this website.
Hubschraubermuseum Buckeburg, Germany
Space Center Houston Houston, TX USA
San Diego Air & Space Museum San Diego, CA USA
Republic of China Air Force Museum Gangshan District, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
Bournemouth Aviation Museum Christchurch, United Kingdom
Bioparque de Convivencias Tizayocan Tizayuca, Mexico
Thai National Memorial อนุสรณ์สถานแห่งชาติ Bangkok, Thailand
Stonehenge Air Museum Fortine, MT USA
Military Aviation Museum of Angola Luanda IAP, Angola
North Cascades Vintage Aircraft Museum Concrete, WA USA
Flugplatzmuseum Gütersloh Gütersloh, Germany
Lockheed L1049H Super Constellations CF-NAL & CF-NAM – Aeroporto Internacional de São Tomé
Fokker F.27-200 Friendship D6-CAI – Moroni- Prince Said Ibrahim IAP, Comoros
Парк Победы / Victory Park Kazan, Tartarstan, Russia
Boeing NB-52B Stratofortress 52-0008 Edwards AFB North Gate, CA USA
if you have any picture of an aviation museum, please share it with us

domain: history


Population dynamics is a fundamental concept in animal biology, ecology, and conservation. It explores the interactions between individuals within a population, as well as their relationship with the environment. Understanding population dynamics is crucial for predicting species’ responses to environmental changes and developing effective conservation strategies.
For instance, consider the case of the gray wolf (Canis lupus) population in Yellowstone National Park. In the mid-1990s, this iconic predator was reintroduced into the park after being extirpated for nearly 70 years. The reintroduction had far-reaching effects on the ecosystem’s dynamics. As wolves returned to their natural habitat, they controlled elk populations by preying upon them. This predation pressure not only influenced elk behavior but also led to vegetation recovery and subsequent changes in other wildlife communities. Such intricate connections highlight how population dynamics shape ecological processes at both local and global scales.
The study of population dynamics encompasses various aspects such as birth rates, death rates, immigration, emigration, dispersal patterns, reproductive strategies, and interactions among different species or individuals within a single species. By examining these factors over time and across spatial scales, researchers gain insights into key processes that influence population size and composition. Moreover, understanding population dynamics aids in identifying threats faced by …populations and developing effective conservation measures to mitigate those threats. For example, if a population is experiencing a decline in birth rates or an increase in mortality due to factors such as habitat loss, pollution, or disease, understanding the underlying dynamics can help researchers identify potential interventions. This might involve implementing habitat restoration projects, reducing pollution levels, or implementing measures to prevent the spread of diseases.
Additionally, studying population dynamics can help determine sustainable harvest levels for species that are economically important. By understanding factors such as reproductive rates and natural mortality rates, scientists can estimate how many individuals can be harvested from a population without causing long-term declines.
Population dynamics also plays a crucial role in predicting and managing invasive species. Invasive species often have rapid population growth rates and can outcompete native species for resources, leading to ecological imbalances. By studying their population dynamics, researchers can develop strategies to control invasions and minimize their impact on native ecosystems.
Overall, understanding population dynamics is vital for making informed decisions about resource management, conservation efforts, and biodiversity preservation. By studying the intricacies of how populations change over time and interact with their environment, scientists can better understand the complexities of our natural world and work towards its sustainable future.
Population dynamics in animal populations
Population dynamics is a fundamental concept in the field of animal biology, ecology, and conservation. It refers to the study of how populations of animals change over time in terms of their size, structure, and distribution. Understanding population dynamics is crucial for gaining insights into various ecological processes and developing effective strategies for wildlife management and conservation.
To illustrate the significance of population dynamics, let us consider the case of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. This iconic species has been subjected to multiple stressors including habitat loss, poaching for ivory trade, and human-wildlife conflict. By studying the population dynamics of African elephants in this region, researchers have been able to assess the impacts of these factors on their population growth rate, age structure, and spatial distribution.
There are several key concepts that underpin our understanding of population dynamics:
- Birthrate and death rate: The balance between birthrate (natality) and death rate (mortality) determines whether a population grows or declines over time.
- Immigration and emigration: The movement of individuals into (immigration) or out of (emigration) a population can greatly influence its overall size.
- Age structure: The proportion of individuals within different age classes within a population provides important information about reproductive potential and mortality rates.
- Density-dependent regulation: As populations reach higher densities, competition for resources may increase which can lead to decreased birthrates or increased death rates.
- Population dynamics allows scientists to understand how animal populations change over time
- Studying population dynamics aids in assessing the impacts of stressors on specific species
- Key concepts include birthrate and death rate, immigration and emigration, age structure, and density-dependent regulation
- Understanding these concepts helps develop effective strategies for wildlife management
|Birthrate and death rate||Balance between birthrate (natality) and death rate (mortality) determines population growth or decline||Crucial for assessing overall population trends|
|Immigration and emigration||Movement of individuals into (immigration) or out of (emigration) a population||Influences changes in population size|
|Age structure||Proportion of individuals within different age classes in a population||Provides insights into reproductive potential and mortality rates|
|Density-dependent regulation||Competition for resources increases as populations reach higher densities, affecting birthrates and death rates||Helps understand how environmental factors influence population dynamics|
In summary, the first section has provided an overview of what population dynamics entails in animal biology, ecology, and conservation. By highlighting the example of African elephants in Amboseli National Park, it emphasizes the practical importance of studying population dynamics. The subsequent section will delve further into the various factors that influence these dynamics without explicitly stating “step”.
Factors influencing population dynamics
Population Dynamics: Animal Biology, Ecology, and Conservation
In the previous section, we explored the concept of population dynamics in animal populations. Now, let us delve deeper into the various factors that influence these dynamics and shape the overall trajectory of animal populations.
To illustrate this point, consider a hypothetical example involving a population of deer in a forested region. As human development encroaches upon their habitat, the availability of suitable food sources diminishes, leading to increased competition among individuals within the population. This heightened competition results in reduced reproductive success and survival rates for the deer, ultimately causing a decline in their numbers.
Several key factors contribute to population dynamics in animals:
Habitat Loss and Fragmentation:
- Destruction or alteration of natural habitats reduces available resources and disrupts ecological processes.
- Fragmentation isolates populations, limiting gene flow and increasing vulnerability to local extinctions.
- The presence of predators can significantly impact prey species by regulating their numbers through predation pressure.
- Predator-prey interactions play a crucial role in shaping population dynamics and maintaining ecosystem balance.
- Epidemics can have devastating effects on animal populations by rapidly spreading through dense communities.
- Disease outbreaks often lead to increased mortality rates and decreased reproductive output.
- Alterations in climate patterns affect resource availability, breeding seasons, migration routes, and hibernation cycles.
- Animals may struggle to adapt quickly enough to changing conditions, resulting in population declines or range shifts.
Emphasizing the urgent need for conservation efforts is essential when discussing these factors influencing population dynamics:
|Loss of biodiversity||Erosion of ecosystems’ resilience||Disruption of trophic cascades|
|Decline in ecosystem services||Negative impacts on human well-being|
Understanding and addressing the complexities of population dynamics is crucial for effective conservation strategies. By recognizing the interconnectedness of these factors, scientists, policymakers, and communities can work together to mitigate threats and promote sustainable practices that safeguard our planet’s biodiversity.
Transitioning into the subsequent section on “Population growth and decline,” we now turn our attention to exploring specific mechanisms through which animal populations fluctuate over time.
Population growth and decline
Section H2: Population Dynamics and Environmental Factors
The population dynamics of animal species are influenced by a multitude of factors within their environment. Understanding these factors is crucial for comprehending the intricate relationship between animals, ecology, and conservation efforts. One example that highlights the significance of environmental factors in population dynamics is the case study of a coral reef ecosystem.
In this complex marine system, various factors interact to shape the populations of different organisms. The availability of food sources plays a vital role in determining population size. For instance, if there is an abundance of planktonic organisms due to favorable oceanographic conditions, it can lead to increased food availability for filter-feeding fish species such as parrotfish. This surge in food resources could result in population growth within the parrotfish community.
Several key environmental factors contribute to shaping population dynamics across different ecosystems:
- Climate change: Altered temperature patterns and shifts in precipitation regimes can disrupt ecological processes and impact species survival.
- Habitat destruction: Destruction or degradation of habitats reduces available resources and leads to declines in populations dependent on those habitats.
- Invasive species: Introduction of non-native species can have detrimental effects on native fauna, leading to declines or extinctions.
- Pollution: Contamination from pollutants like pesticides or heavy metals can negatively affect reproduction, development, and overall health of individuals.
These examples illustrate how environmental changes directly influence population dynamics. To gain a comprehensive understanding, scientists often employ mathematical models and empirical data analysis to quantify the magnitude and directionality of these impacts.
In order to effectively conserve animal populations threatened by various environmental stresses, it is essential to comprehend not only the drivers behind their decline but also potential strategies for mitigating negative impacts. The following table provides examples of conservation measures aimed at addressing specific threats faced by vulnerable wildlife populations:
|Overhunting||Enforcing strict hunting regulations|
|Habitat loss||Establishing protected areas and wildlife corridors|
|Invasive species||Implementing monitoring and control programs|
|Pollution||Promoting sustainable practices in industries|
By implementing these conservation measures, we can work towards safeguarding animal populations and preserving the delicate balance of ecosystems.
Understanding the factors that influence population dynamics is just one aspect of comprehending the intricacies of animal biology, ecology, and conservation. Equally important are the mechanisms involved in regulating population sizes within a given environment. By exploring these regulatory processes, we can gain deeper insights into how animal populations respond to changing conditions and adapt for their survival.
Population regulation mechanisms
Building upon the understanding of population growth and decline, this section delves into the intricate mechanisms responsible for regulating populations. By examining these regulatory processes, we can gain insights into how animal species adapt to their environments and inform conservation efforts.
Population Regulation Mechanisms
In order to maintain a stable population size, various factors come into play that influence birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns. One example illustrating these regulation mechanisms is the interaction between predators and prey within an ecosystem. For instance, in a hypothetical scenario involving wolves and deer, as the wolf population increases due to abundant food resources, predation on deer intensifies. Consequently, the increased predation leads to a decline in deer numbers over time as their survival rate decreases.
To better comprehend the dynamics of population regulation, it is essential to consider ecological factors that contribute to maintaining equilibrium. These include:
- Resource availability: The abundance or scarcity of crucial resources such as food, water, shelter, and nesting sites directly affects birth rates and overall population health.
- Competition: Interspecific competition arises when different animal species vie for limited resources within an ecosystem. This competitive pressure influences both birth rates through reduced reproductive success and death rates through heightened risk of starvation or injury.
- Disease and parasites: Pathogens can significantly impact population viability by spreading among individuals within a community. Outbreaks of diseases or infestations by parasites may lead to high mortality rates and subsequently reduce population sizes.
- Climate fluctuations: Environmental factors like temperature shifts or alterations in precipitation patterns have far-reaching consequences on species’ ability to survive and reproduce successfully.
Table: Impactful Factors Influencing Population Dynamics
|Resource Availability||Determines access to vital necessities||Limited availability hinders reproduction|
|Competition||Reduces reproductive success||Increased competition lowers birth rates|
|Disease/Parasites||Causes high mortality rates||Outbreaks lead to population decline|
|Climate Fluctuations||Affects survival and reproduction||Temperature changes disrupt breeding cycles|
Understanding the intricate balance between these factors is crucial for effective conservation strategies aimed at preserving vulnerable animal populations. By recognizing the mechanisms that regulate population sizes, researchers can develop targeted interventions to mitigate negative impacts and promote sustainability.
These insights into population regulation lay the foundation for exploring the implications of these dynamics in relation to conservation efforts. In the subsequent section, we will delve deeper into how understanding population dynamics informs our approach to protecting and conserving endangered species.
Implications of population dynamics for conservation
Population regulation mechanisms play a crucial role in understanding the dynamics of animal populations and their implications for conservation efforts. By examining these mechanisms, scientists can gain valuable insights into the factors that influence population size and structure. This section will explore some key aspects of population regulation, including density-dependent and density-independent processes.
One real-life example illustrating density-dependent regulation is the case of the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) in North America. These hares exhibit cyclic fluctuations in population abundance due to interactions with predators such as lynx (Lynx canadensis). When hare numbers are high, predation pressure increases, leading to a decline in population size. As prey becomes scarce, predator numbers also decrease, allowing the hare population to recover and start the cycle anew.
Understanding population regulation involves considering various factors that affect birth and death rates within a population. Some important points to consider include:
- Resource availability: Limited resources can constrain population growth by reducing reproductive success or increasing mortality rates.
- Disease outbreaks: Epidemics can cause significant declines in population size if individuals are susceptible and transmission rates are high.
- Environmental disturbances: Natural disasters or human activities can have profound impacts on populations, disrupting essential habitats or causing direct mortality.
- Intrinsic factors: Age structure, genetic diversity, and social behavior can all influence how populations respond to external pressures.
To further illustrate these concepts, consider Table 1 below depicting different scenarios of population regulation:
Table 1: Scenarios of Population Regulation
|Scenario||Population Size||Birth Rate||Death Rate|
This table highlights how variations in birth and death rates contribute to changes in population size over time. It serves as a visual representation of the dynamic nature of population regulation and its implications for conservation efforts.
Understanding population dynamics and their regulatory mechanisms is vital for designing effective strategies to manage animal populations. In the subsequent section, we will explore various approaches used in conservation biology to ensure sustainable management practices that promote long-term population viability and biodiversity preservation. By implementing these strategies, scientists can work towards maintaining healthy ecosystems and safeguarding vulnerable species from extinction.
Strategies for managing animal populations
Building upon the understanding of population dynamics, it is crucial to recognize how these principles can directly impact conservation strategies. By considering the implications of population dynamics, we can develop effective approaches for managing animal populations and promoting their long-term survival.
Real Example: Take, for instance, the case study conducted on a declining tiger population in Southeast Asia. This study revealed that habitat fragmentation and illegal poaching were major factors contributing to the decline. The findings emphasized the need for targeted conservation efforts aimed at preserving large contiguous habitats and implementing strict anti-poaching measures.
The implications of population dynamics for conservation strategies are multifaceted. To address these challenges effectively, several key considerations should be taken into account:
- Habitat Protection: Protecting and restoring natural habitats is essential for supporting healthy populations. Implementing policies that safeguard critical ecosystems can help reduce habitat loss due to human activities such as deforestation or urbanization.
- Genetic Diversity: Maintaining genetic diversity within populations promotes resilience against environmental changes and diseases. Conservation programs must prioritize breeding initiatives that minimize inbreeding and preserve gene flow among fragmented populations.
- Population Monitoring: Regular monitoring allows us to assess population trends accurately, identify potential threats early on, and measure the effectiveness of conservation interventions.
- Community Engagement: Engaging local communities in conservation efforts fosters a sense of ownership and empowers individuals to actively participate in protecting wildlife habitats.
To further illustrate the significance of these considerations, let’s examine a comparative analysis:
|Consideration||Positive Impact||Negative Consequences|
|Habitat Protection||Preserves biodiversity hotspots||Loss of ecosystem services|
|Genetic Diversity||Enhances species adaptability||Increases vulnerability to diseases|
|Population Monitoring||Facilitates evidence-based decision-making||High costs and logistical challenges|
|Community Engagement||Promotes sustainable practices||Potential conflicts between stakeholders|
By acknowledging the implications of population dynamics, we can develop conservation strategies that address these considerations effectively. Incorporating habitat protection, maintaining genetic diversity, implementing regular monitoring programs, and engaging local communities are crucial steps towards ensuring the long-term survival of animal populations.
In light of these insights, it is evident that a comprehensive approach encompassing various aspects of population dynamics is essential for successful wildlife conservation. By understanding how ecological factors interact with human activities, we can design interventions that mitigate threats to animal populations and promote their preservation in an increasingly interconnected world.


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Order Pink Lady Apples near Queens by Briermere Farms
- Pink Lady apples have a pinkish / reddish skin with some green mixed in, and the white flesh is very crisp and juicy with a tart and slightly sweet flavor. These apples are great for snacking or cooking.
- Our Pink Lady apples are grown on the famous Briermere Farms on Long Island
- Sold in a bag that weighs approximately 2.5 lbs (5 apples)

domain: agronomy


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The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may change the incidence of, and the risk and prognostic factors for, invasive pneumococcal disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
We prospectively studied 142 episodes of pneumococcal bacteremia in 122 HIV-infected adults. Eighty-five episodes occurred in the pre-HAART era (1986-1996) and 57 in the HAART era (1997-2002). A case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors for pneumococcal bacteremia in the HAART era.
The incidence of pneumococcal bacteremia dropped from 24.1 episodes per 1000 patient-years in the pre-HAART era to 8.2 episodes per 1000 patient-years in the HAART era (P = .01). Compared with patients in the pre-HAART era, patients in the HAART era had more associated comorbidity (42% vs 26%; P = .04), fewer recurrences of bacteremia (4% vs 15%; P = .04), and a higher 30-day mortality rate (26% vs 8%; P=.004). High antibiotic resistance rates were observed in both periods. By multivariate analysis, the major risk factors for pneumococcal bacteremia in the HAART era were associated comorbidity (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.36), alcohol abuse (adjusted OR, 5.28), prior hospitalization (adjusted OR, 3.38), current smoking (adjusted OR, 5.19), and CD4 cell count lower than 100 cells/μL (adjusted OR, 2.38); while use of HAART (adjusted OR, 0.37) and pneumococcal vaccine (adjusted OR, 0.39) were protective factors.
The widespread use of HAART and pneumococcal vaccine may decrease the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in HIV-infected patients. Risk factors and prognosis of pneumococcal bacteremia in the HAART era are more similar to those reported in non–HIV-infected individuals.


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Does Amazon Accept Prepaid Cards?
Does Amazon Accept Prepaid Cards? (Visa, Master Card + Amex)
Because they don’t have a bank account, prepaid cards are very popular. Instead, money must be loaded onto the cards in advance, making them a great option for gifts or keeping spending under control.
Amazon to Accept Prepaid Cards in 2022
Amazon.com allows you to use prepaid Visa Mastercards, American Express Cards, and Mastercards. Amazon will accept prepaid cards. Prepaid cards may be used to purchase millions of products on Amazon.com with no restrictions.
Amazon will accept prepaid Visa
A prepaid Visa Card can be used to purchase anything on Amazon.
Amazon offers hundreds of product categories, and an ever-changing assortment. It is one of our most favorite places to get prepaid Visa card.
The e-commerce retail approaches prepaid Visa much like it does actual credit/debit cards.
Before the card can be added to Amazon, you will need to verify the details (e.g. card number and expiry) before it can be used for finalizing orders.
Amazon accepts prepaid Visa cards as well as the Amazon Rewards Visa Signature Card.
Amazon, as the official credit partner for Amazon cards makes it logical that Amazon also takes prepaid Visa cards.
Does Amazon Accept Prepaid Mastercards?
Amazon Accepts Prepaid Mastercards for Payment.
To use a prepaid Mastercard on Amazon, just log into your account and add the card under your payment methods, including the card number and expiration date.
You can complete your Amazon purchase by selecting the Mastercard Prepaid at checkout
Amazon accepts these Mastercards almost the same way as any other Mastercards. However, they do not accept prepaid or credit cards in the transaction.
Prepaid Mastercards can be used to purchase all Amazon products, provided you have sufficient money to pay for the order.
Amazon takes prepaid American Express cards
American Express round out the top three credit cards companies Amazon supports for pre-paid card payments.
Visa Mastercard, American Express or Visa Visa Prepaid Cards are eligible for the same credit and debit cards as standard credit cards.
Amex cards can be used to purchase thousands of items from each category. Amazon allows you to buy as many items as you like with your prepaid Amex card.
Simply select the prepaid option to make your purchase and start the fulfillment process.
Amazon prepaid cards are easy to use and available everywhere. Prepaid Visa Mastercard and American Express cards are available at most major retailers. These cards make great gifts.
This payment option is accepted by Amazon as long as it’s valid and funds are available.
Can You Use Prepaid Discover Cards On Amazon?
Amazon is the only company that doesn’t allow prepaid card payments for Discover, out of four credit card giants in America.
Although Discover credit and debit cards may be used to make all Amazon purchases, just like Visa, Mastercard or American Express cards, prepaid Discover cards cannot currently be listed as an accepted payment option.
Prepaid Discover cards can be used in other places, like Target.
Amazon will list any changes to its payment policies that are made in the future for prepaid Discover Cards on their official Amazon page.
Amazon Restrictions for Prepaid Cards:
Amazon makes shopping with prepaid cards easy, however there are some things you need to remember when purchasing millions of items online.
Amazon does not offer prepaid Visa Mastercard or American Express cards that allow you to enter the 3-digit CVV code at the back.
The code may be required by the issuing bank to prevent payments from being processed. Also, these cards can not be used in conjunction with credit cards.
Amazon has also noted that banks might require prepaid accounts to be registered with the billing address and name. Additionally, a $1 authorization must be obtained to make sure the payment method works.
However, the authorization is not subject to a charge. Some banks will hold authorized funds until their expiration date as an ineligible transaction.
So, until your first successful payment is processed on Amazon, it may not be possible to purchase an additional dollar if you have a linked prepaid account with a bank.
Remember that the restrictions mentioned above only pertain to certain prepaid card types. Amazon also offers seamless payment with the most widely used prepaid credit cards.
Amazon won’t process your Amazon order if there’s a problem with your Amazon prepaid account. Be assured that you’ll be informed so you have an alternative payment option.
Amazon Gift Cards are Prepaid
One last thing to remember about prepaid payments on Amazon is that you can top up your gift card balance or use Amazon Cash to keep spending under control.
Amazon Balance, and Amazon Gift Card are both prepaid. These cards will be especially helpful for people who have to adhere to budgets or avoid spending too much.
Amazon Balance, once loaded, can serve as a prepaid payment method. You can then use it across all Amazon orders.
Amazon has a variety of prepaid options available, so it doesn’t matter if you got an Amazon gift card or wish to increase the cash value of your Amazon account by shopping at participating retailers.
Amazon also outlines its prepaid card and reloading options online, as there are several different ways to boost your Amazon Balance for prepaid peace of mind.
You can read our other posts to find out more about whether Amazon accepts Care Credit and if Amazon accepts coupons. We also explain how Amazon gift cards work.
Amazon has a lot to offer prepaid cards that have cash preloaded. American Express and Mastercard are all accepted at the top e-commerce website.
Amazon Cash can be used in place of major credit and debit cards. Amazon allows you to shop online with no stress by accepting prepaid credit cards for millions household and tech products.
.Does Amazon Accept Prepaid Cards? (Visa, Master Card + Amex)

domain: finance


Special Educational Needs
Our SENCo is Sue Neighbour and she can be contacted by emailing firstname.lastname@example.org
You may alo find some useful information on the Local Offer website. The Local Offer team publishes information on this website about services available for children and young people (aged 0 to 25) with special educational needs and disabilities in Northamptonshire.
You can view the website here:


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Ferrari has named Callum Ilott as a reserve driver for the Scuderia in 2021.
The announcement was made at Tuesday's Young Driver Test in which the British youngster was appearing for Alfa Romeo, finishing 8th on the timesheets
22-year-old Ilott finished runner-up to fellow Ferrari Academy driver, Mick Schumacher in this year's F2 championship, falling short by 14 points despite three wins.
The youngster progressed to F2 via the usual route, the F3 European Championship with Carlin, Van Amersfoort Racing and Prema, then GP3, finishing 3rd in the 2018 championship with ART. In 2019 he moved up to F2 with Charouz before switching to UNI-Virtuosi.
Having been recruited to the Red Bull Junior Team in 2015 he was subsequently dropped, and was subsequently recruited to the Ferrari Driver Academy after finishing fourth in the 2017 European F3 Championship.
"I am very pleased to be joining Scuderia Ferrari as its test driver from next year," said Ilott. "I look forward to contributing to the work the team does on and off track, and to all of the new things I can learn by taking on this exciting new challenge. I will give my all to do a good job and gain as much experience as possible to continue making progress as a driver.
"I would like to thank the Ferrari Driver Academy and Scuderia Ferrari for this great opportunity and their support. It has been an honour to be part of their programme for the past three years and I am pleased to continue our journey together."
Check out our gallery from the test, here.

domain: sports


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The National Seeds Corporation (NSC) will provide certified jute seeds to farmers in the state in order to improve crop quality, said Union Textiles Minister Smriti Irani.
Speaking at an interactive session with the members of Merchants’ Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Kolkata on Thursday, Irani said, “NSC will supply these certified seeds to the jute farmers in the state through different central and state government agencies. Use of certified seeds will naturally improve the crop quality, which in turn will help jute traders to go for enhanced diversification of jute products.”
According to her, the diversification of jute products will help jute mill owners reduce their dependence on the government under the Jute Packaging Materials (Compulsory use in Packaging Commodities) Act, 1987, which mandates packing of 90 per cent of food grains and 20 per cent of sugar in jute bags.
According to the Union minister, West Bengal has all the potential to become the largest exporter of diversified jute products. “The only thing that is necessary is to stop dependence on JMP Act and go for diversification of jute products,” she said.


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Beds & Baths
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