This is the story of the successful release of captive dolphins in Korea who later became moms in the wild. Sampal, Chunsam, and Boksoon were captive indo-pacific bottlenose dolphins at an entertainment park in Korea. They were released off of Jeju Island between 2013 and 2015. The three babies were born in April 2016, August 2016, and August 2018. Find out more about their incredible journey in this post.
Eleven dolphins were illegally caught and sold to an entertainment park in Korea
Between 2009 and 2010, fishers stole eleven dolphins out of the pod of indo-pacific bottlenose dolphins that lives around Jeju Islands (120+ individuals). They then sold the dolphins to Jeju’s Pacific Land theme park. We could not find much information on what happened exactly, but we know that only five out of the eleven dolphins survived.
Trial and release efforts
Following a public and NGO (including the Korean Animal Welfare Association) outcry, a trial started to decide the fate of the five remaining dolphins. In March 2013, the supreme court ruled in favor of the captive dolphins’ release from Jeju’s Pacific Land park. Additionally, both the president and director of the park went to prison for 8 months and had to pay a ~USD10,000 fine. It was the first case of its kind in Korea. Then, the mayor of Seoul also decided to release Jedol, a male dolphin from Seoul Grand Zoo, after discovering the dolphin came from Jeju’s Pacific Land park. Indeed, Jedol, too, had been caught illegally.
Chunsam and Sampal’s release
After mobilizing almost a million USD, both the mayor of Seoul and the Korean Welfare Association started the ambitious release project. Chunsam and Sampal were held at Jeju’s Pacific Land theme park. They were the first dolphins, along with Jedol from the Seoul Grand Zoo, to swim free. The theme park released them in July 2013. Unfortunately, the entertainment park could not free all five dolphins at the time because both Boksoon and Taesan were too ill to survive in the wild.
For the fun little anecdote, Sampal escaped her sea pen before the dolphins were officially set free! What a rebel!
Boksoon and Taesan, a male indo-pacific bottlenose dolphin, followed the other dolphins to the sea in July 2015; two years later. The team in charge of their release first put them in sea pens, which are like closed pools in the sea. This step ensures the dolphins gradually adapt to their natural habitat. It only took two months for the two dolphins to adapt to the sea. After they were set free, they returned to their pod.
Baby boom in Korean waters
The good news does not stop here. After their successful reintroduction into their natural habitat, the three females had babies in their new environment! Sampal was the first dolphin to give birth to her baby in April 2016. She was quickly followed by Chunsam, who gave birth in August 2016. Boksoon was the last female in the captive group to have her baby in August 2018. This wonderful news shows that releasing dolphins into their environment can be successful if done correctly! The five ex-captive dolphins (three females and two males) have now fully integrated the pod and live like their relatives, free at last! Sampal and Chunsam, who were already close in captivity, and had their babies four months apart, are still close in their new home.
Why stop at five dolphins?
There are approximately 3000 captive dolphins around the world. However, not all of them can survive a release either because they have been injured or have spent too long in captivity. So what if we released all the ones that could survive in the wild? Would not that be great? What are your thoughts? Let us know in the comment section.
Sources and further reading:
- National Geographic post
- Super cool article by Jeju Weekly that tells you how the dolphins were reintroduced in their natural habitat
Did you like this post on captive dolphins release? Check out our content on Hvaldimir, the ex-captive beluga whale now swimming freely in Northern Norway:


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Top Fundraisers1 - Greater Vancouver Food Bank ($3,305.00)
2 - Purdey Mak ($180.00)
3 - Telus CSD LS ($75.00)
4 - Holly Keyes ($75.00)
5 - Frey Creative ($20.00)
6 - Mint Marketing ($10.00)
7 - Jason Rikard ($5.00)
8 - Globalme ($0.00)
9 - Dayna Dobrowolski ($0.00)
Be our Valentine!
Welcome to the Greater Vancouver Food Bank's 2nd Annual Valentine's Virtual Food Drive!
Care for those in our community who struggle. The GVFB helps 26,500
people each week through 13 distribution locations and partnerships with close to 100 community agencies.
Give Food. Fresh, nutritious food makes everyone feel good! The GVFB distributes 4.1 million pounds of food each year.
Give Now. For every $1 you donate we can purchase $3 of good, healthy food. Now that’s sweet!
Our Valentine's Virtual Food Drive is a simple, fun and secure way to make a lasting difference. It's easy to get involved! Here's what you do:
- Set up your Valentine's Virtual Food Drive -OR- Login to the Participant Centre if you have hosted a Virtual Food Drive with us before.
- Personalize your page with your message and image.
- Send an invitation to family, friends & co-workers to go shopping.
That's it! You're ready to help make our second annual Valentine's Virtual Food Drive a great success. Thank you for being our Valentine!
# # #
Here's what campaign participants say:
I was shocked at how much money the Virtual Food Drive generated in a very short period of time. Donations started to come in within minutes of sending out the email to staff, friends and family. This was so much faster and easier than collecting money in an envelope or collecting food in a box by my desk.
~Stephen Deedes-Vincke, Telus
The virtual food Drive is a cool, interactive way to do fundraising. It's so different from all the other fundraising campaigns we have run. It's very visual and lets you shop online picking and choosing the items you want to buy. Our employees have told us they are so happy we started a Virtual Food Drive for them to participate in. It's fun and easy!
~Nisha Agrawal, Bentall Kennedy

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Sorry this item has been sold and is no longer available. Don't worry, we have plenty other used airsoft items on the marketplace to chose from!
PDW Kings Arms
PDW Kings Arms 9mm ACETECH AT1000 Tracer
Used in 2 Airsoft games before lockdowns. Brilliant condition.
Very sad to let it go but need the money.
I shortened the inner barrel slightly to accommodate the tracer. Works like a charm. I bought the wrong foregrip initially but including it in the box anyway. I also got a lens protector attachment but never got around to attaching it for the 3rd game.
Pick up only please.
King Arms PDW SBR SD Assault Rifle, Black
Acetech AT1000 tracer with batteries (packed separately as shown)
Spike Tactical Reflex Red Green Dot Sight Scope
LiPo 7.4V rechargeable battery pack
LE-3 LE-3 LiPo / LiFe Balance Charger
NUPROL Mount Lens Protection
FMA TD Vertical Short KeyMod Grip
CYMA 130rnd Magazine Mid-Cap for SMG-5 x2
CYMA SMG-5 Magazine Clip
some extra batteries
9/10ths full tracer BBs
- Category: Assault Rifles
- Location: Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire
- Condition: Used
- FPS: 330*
* All FPS figures are approximate as temperature, gas, manufacturing changes can all affect the FPS.

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9 month old female kitten and 5 year old female cat, both need good homes. Moving and can’t keep them
Contact Dee at 319-548-1100
Filed under: ClassifiedsKeywords: cats, Give Away
Do you think that you would be a good President of the US?
call: (319) 653-2113

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It’s important that you don’t leave her sitting in a wet or dirty nappy for too long. This is because her wee, and the bacteria in her poo, may make her skin sore and lead to nappy rash.
Is it OK to leave baby in poopy diaper?
It won’t harm your baby if they have to wait a bit longer for a change, even if it turns out to be a poop. Don’t torture yourself about it—it really is OK to wait.
How long can a baby sit in a dirty nappy?
As soon as possible after they’ve done a poop
You’ll know your baby best but as a guide, changing them after every feed, and as soon as possible after they’ve done a poo is best. Once your little one can sleep through the night, well-padded nappies should last 12 hours.
Should I change a poopy diaper if baby is sleeping?
“If you hear or smell stool while your baby is asleep, you’ll want to change the diaper soon, but that does not need to be immediately,” Dr. Arunima Agarwal, MD, a board-certified pediatrician explains to Romper. “If you think they’ll wake up soon, then it’s okay to wait a little while.
Is it necessary to change diaper after poop?
Though diaper changes may be less frequent now, continue to check his diaper every few hours to ensure he’s not too wet. Always change him after he’s had a bowel movement. A diaper change is required with every soiled diaper to prevent skin irritation, especially when babies become more active and mobile.
How long can you leave a nappy on at night?
Typically designed to wear up to 12 hours at a time (wishful thinking!), night time nappies are extra large, extra absorbent, and extra friendly to exhausted parents! These nappies are normally made of blanket-like material and also promote airflow, making them super comfortable for extended wear.
How quickly should I change a dirty nappy?
When to change a nappy
Changing your baby’s nappy as soon as possible after they’ve done a wee or poo will help prevent nappy rash. Young babies may need changing as many as 10 or 12 times a day, while older babies need to be changed around 6 to 8 times.
How many dirty nappies should a 3 day old baby have?
Each baby is different, but you can probably expect at least six wet nappies and at least two poopy nappies a day. If you notice your newborn baby hasn’t had a poopy nappy within 24 hours, this might be a sign of constipation. Babies that are formula fed are more likely to be constipated.
How many dirty nappies should a 7 week old have?
In the first 4-6 weeks your baby should have 6-8 heavy wet nappies and at least 2 dirty nappies with soft runny yellow stools in a 24 hour period. After 4-6 weeks as breastfeeding is more established you may find the stool output changes as breastfed babies can go a few days without passing a stool.
What if baby poops during sleep training?
What if my baby has pooped during a nap or while sleeping at night? If you’re completing one of your check-ins and can smell a full diaper go ahead and quickly change the diaper and put your baby immediately back into his/her crib.
When should we start tummy time?
When To Start Tummy Time With Baby
The American Academy of Pediatrics says parents can start tummy time as early as their first day home from the hospital. Start practicing tummy time 2-3 times each day for about 3-5 minutes each time, and gradually increase tummy time as baby gets stronger and more comfortable.

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Blog writing is not something very uncommon these days. You might already know what a blog is, but if you are unsure how a blog works or how to start a blog, then this online guide is perfect for you. A blog can be of many types; travel blogs, educational blogs, daily lifestyle blogs, and many more; if you can correctly open and keep your blogs up to date, you can earn some good money from your blog. Hence, when you start searching on the internet on how to start a blog, It can be pretty hectic work to find all the required information. So, I decided to compile up all the information together and prepare this guide for you. Hold your horses and read this whole guide, and in no time, you will be ready to start your blog.
Purpose of your blog
Before you jump to the steps required to make a perfect blog, specify your primary purpose of creating a blog. Blogs can be a great way to practice and improve your creative writing skills, or you can just simply use a blog to make some good connections with others in the same field of your blogging, or in more simple turns; if you play your cards correctly, you can even earn a right amount of money. It is essential for you first to understand the primary purpose of your blogging and whether you are ready to work for it. Hence, if you have made your mind that you are prepared for the hard work, then we can jump to the part where I will teach you how to start a blog.
Starting your own blog
I will break the process of creating a blog into simple eight steps, including creating a blog on WordPress.
Step 1: The Ideal Niche for your blog
The first and foremost step of starting a blog is to choose the perfect niche, which in simple terms, is the topic you will be writing about in your blog. It is always essential to understand your readers well to find the perfect niche. The accomplishment of your blog relies upon how well you can follow your readers; you have to find out who will be the readers of your blogs and what they want to read. To choose the ideal niche, you should always go for the topic that suits and interests you more. If you chose a topic you are passionate about; it will help you set up your content in the blog more beautifully and attract more readers. Niche blogging basically works with the principle of advertising for a specific sector, and niche sites are always easy to monetize and earn money through different ads, affiliate marketing, and many more.
Step 2: Finding the best platform for blogging
You will generally find two types of blog management tools for your blogging site; Self-hosted and free. You need to choose the best platform that matches your requirements more profoundly. Down below, I will discuss both platforms in detail. However, it is recommended to use self-hosted platforms to make your work of setting up a blog much more comfortable.
If you choose the self-hosted, you will have full access to your blog, and you can edit and modify your blog according to your needs without any restrictions. With a self-hosted service, you can use your own domain and web hosting, provider. So, spend a few bucks and get full access to your blog. The market is filled with many different self-hosted platforms, but if you ask about my opinion, I will suggest that you use WordPress.org; it is one of the most renowned self-hosting platforms for bloggers.
If you are just a beginner in the blogging arena and is in short of cash, then the best option for you is to use free hosting services like Blogger, Tumblr, and many more. These free services come with serious disadvantages; they will control your blog with their own restrictions and will limit your ads according to their choice. So, it is always preferred that you go for the self-hosted options.
Step 3: Getting a Domain name
You might want to choose a unique address by which your readers can easily find your blog on the internet. To do this, you need to pick a domain name, and this name will be unique to your blog, and no one else can have the same domain name until you keep paying the yearly fee for the domain. On average, you have to pay approximately 10-30 dollars for a domain name yearly. You also got an option to choose the domain name from like for example, “dot-net” or “dot-com” and many more. However, I will suggest you go for a “dot-com.”
Step 4: Choosing a web hosting provider
You read the title right; to start a blog, you need to find the right web hosting provider. These web hosting providers will relieve you from the hard work and do it themselves. They will make sure that your blog is always up to date and available to potential readers. Web hosting providers will be responsible for the proper performance and functionality of your blog.
Well, choosing a reliable web hosting provider can be a painful task. Since I have decided to make this a complete guide on how to start a blog, I will be sharing with you the most reliable provider that I use, and that is “SiteGround.” Siteground is in the market for very long now, and there are very few complaints regarding them until now, and it works very well with WordPress.org.
Step 5: Setting up your WordPress blog with SiteGround
Here I will briefly describe how you can set up your WordPress blog with SiteGround.
- Visit the SiteGround website and choose your most preferred hosting plans. You will have three basic hosting plans, choose the one that best suits your requirements.
- Choose your domain name, SitegGround will allow you to register for a domain name through name (which I highly suggest). However, you can also transfer your previously bought domain name.
- Fill up all the forms with your full information. Make sure to input all the correct info in this section.
- Fixed the length of your plan, like how long you want the initial plan to continue. You can also add extra services for some extra cash.
- Your account is now created; you will now go ahead with the account setup option.
- After you are done with the account setup wizard. You will choose your blog niche type and the platform you are going to use your blog for; for example, here I am working with a WordPress blog, so we are going to choose that.
- Provide your login information and set up the web template that you like, and with SiteGround, you will get a free web design template. And after you are done choosing the template. Your account is entirely ready; now, you can log in and start to unleash the writer inside of you, time to start blogging.
Step 6: Choosing the right theme
Regardless of the fact, which web hosting services you use, you must choose the perfect theme for your blog. No one likes a dull and gloomy blog, so if you can select the correct eye-catchy theme, you will surely catch more reader’s interest. A WordPress blog with a good theme will always gain you more readers, and hence you will earn more money.
When it comes to the theme, you can either use free themes or premium paid themes. WordPress.org has access to over 3000 free themes; you will also find many free themes on SiteGround.
Step 7: Preparing your blog
You are not yet done, hold your horses. Leaving your blog empty isn’t going to gain you, readers. After you are done setting up your blog, it is time to start writing in your blog and fill your blog with quality content. Make sure that the contents are useful to the readers reading it, and this will encourage them to come back again to your blog.
Always try to create content that is directly linked with the niche you have created your blog for. Adding useful photos, videos will always attract more crowd to your blog. Your content should always be created in such a way that it interacts with the readers.
Step 8: Promoting your blog
- Social Media Marketing
Creating a blog is not enough; you need to start promoting your blog. The best way is to promote through social media like Facebook and Instagram. You can take the help of google ads and boosting to promote your blog so that it reaches your future targeted audience.
- Connect to search engines
The second most effective way of promoting your blog is by submitting your blog URL to the search engine. This isn’t that tough as it sounds like. You just need to sign in to your Google account, and then you can find an option written as submit your URL in Webmaster Tools. You can also submit your blog to other search engines like Bing and many others like this.
- Bookmarking sites
You must have heard about sites like Reddit, Scoop. These are a few of the famous bookmarking sites. Bookmarking sites will help you gain more readers who are looking for something that is related to your niche.
Additional Money–making tips
The main purpose of your blogging might be to earn money, and why not? You will be investing quite a lot of money on your blog, including hours and hours of hard work. So, it isn’t silly to think about the returns you will be getting. There are various ways that you can use to make money through your blog.
You can include affiliate links of different products in your blogs (you can even write about them to promote the products). So, when one of your readers buys anything following the affiliate links, you will earn a commission. The more visitors you have in your blog, the higher the percentage of chance you have to earn money.
Creating and posting ads on your blog
You can easily run ads of all types regardless of the fact that what type of niche you are working with. With ads running on your blog, you can easily earn money without much hard work.
Selling own products and guides.
You can also use your blog to sell and promote your products, and selling products through blogs helps increase sales. You can also create different types of technical guides and eBooks and sell them on your blogs. If your readers are interested and impressed by your content, then these guides will sell in no time.
Frequently Asked Questions
After reading this guide on how to start a blog, it is apparent that you might have some questions. Down below, I will be discussing a few of the most commonly asked questions.
1. Can I Start a blog for free?
Answer: As I have mentioned above that yes, you can start a blog for free using free platforms like Tumblr and Blogger, but these come with some serious restrictions. So, it is always advisable to use the paid hosting services to make your blog a useful one.
2. Can I write about different types of niches for my blog?
Answer: Yes, you can write about different types of niches if you want to. However, it is best to write about one or two specific types of niches so that your content is more specialized and developed. You surely don’t want to be “master of all trades, jack of nothing.”
3. How much money do I need to start a blog?
Answer: Well, it doesn’t cost that much to start a basic blog. If you use the SiteGround Hosting service, it will only cost you ^.99 dollars per month to host your WordPress blog.
I wrote this guide intending to give all of you out there, a clear idea of how to start a blog. If you read and understand this guide clearly, you should have no problem by now with starting a blog for yourself. Regardless of the fact whether you wish to create a free blog or a paid one, I have entirely discussed both of the sectors. Now it is your time to decide which better suits your preferences and start with your own blog.


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Agendas for Change
Reassessing the Cultural Legacy
Edited by Yolanda Aixelà-Cabré
This book studies the Afro-European and Euro-African past and present from an interdisciplinary and comparative perspective. It addresses Africa as a whole, eschewing historical divisions between North and Sub-Saharan Africa. Its content exemplifies the extent to which the histories of Europe and Africa are intertwined, and the way European sources are usually privileged in the writing of historical accounts of cross-cultural encounters. Using post/decolonial studies, the authors' point of view is based on anthropology, history, ethnomusicology, and film and literary studies. The authors argue that mutual experiences and imaginations have affected how cultural heritage and legacy are conceived and thought of, as well as memories and sociopolitical experiences. The aim is to establish and encourage a broader knowledge of Africa–Europe and Europe–Africa encounters, incorporating case studies of Euro-African and Afro-European legacies. The final goal is to favour a more relational point of view by comparing Euro-African and Afro-European realities.
Experiments in Rhetorical Performance
Kimberly Eckel Beasley and James P. Beasley
Dramatism and Musical Theater: Experiments in Rhetorical Performance is an innovative workbook for both students and teachers in advanced communication performance. Meeting at the nexus of English composition, advanced rhetoric, theater, music, and drama, this book utilizes Kenneth Burke's method of dramatism to discover the motives inherent in performance practices, whether they be in the classroom or on the stage. In this book Kimberly Eckel Beasley and James P. Beasley take the five corners of the dramatistic pentad (act, scene, agent, agency, and purpose) and demonstrate their utilization in performance analysis. The authors then correlate those performance practices with the production of five contemporary musicals: Little Women, Aida, Street Scene, Into the Woods, and Children of Eden in order to emphasize the use of the dramatistic pentad in character, scene, and staging direction. By doing so, the book highlights dramatism as a performance practice necessary for effective participation in artistic communities.
Dramatism and Musical Theater: Experiments in Rhetorical Performance is also an indispensable guide for teachers and directors to successfully navigate the challenges of collegiate theatrical production.
Africa and the Globalized World
Edited by Abdul Karim Bangura
The impetus for this book emerged from our belief that as Africans across the globe are confronted with a myriad of challenges that have been birthed by globalization (i.e. the process of going to a more interconnected world by diminishing the world’s social dimension and expansion of overall global consciousness), they must turn to their own ideas for solutions. While many books exist on individual African Isms, such as Afrocentrism, Nasserism, and Pan-Africanism, none exists that has looked at a series of these Isms together. This book is the first to do so and, thus, its justification. Consequently, through this edited volume, we address the applicability of different African Isms to various issues, particularly current issues, on the continent of Africa. Each chapter provides a theoretical framework and topics or issues concerning African people of the continent. It is therefore an innovative scholarly work as no other work has examined these Isms in this manner. Thus, the ideas are quite appealing. Reexamining and applying each of the African Ism in order to challenge Eurocentric myth and reality in current African political, economic, cultural and social matters is quite logical and clear.
A Lifespan Communication Sourcebook
Edited by Thomas J. Socha and Narissra Maria Punyanunt-Carter
Communication Begins with Children: A Lifespan Communication Sourcebook seeks to transform the field of communication, arguing that the field must stop neglecting and segregating children and instead adopt an age-inclusive lifespan approach that fully includes and fully considers children in all communication theorizing, research and education from infancy and throughout the human lifespan. One-size-fits-all, adult-centric communication theorizing, researching, and educating is inadequate and harms the communication field’s potential as a social force for positive change for all communicators. The volume contains four sections (Foundations, Relational Communication Development, Digital Communication Development, and Navigating Developmental Communication Challenges) that showcase state-of-the-art chapters about the history of children’s relational and digital communication studies, methods used to study children’s communication, media literacy development, communication and children’s health, and much more. A must read for all communication researchers, educators, and students and an important addition to advanced and graduate level human and digital communication courses.
How Communicating Aligns Minds
Jessica Gasiorek and R. Kelly Aune
What, exactly, is understanding? And how do people create, maintain, and manipulate states of understanding via communication? This book addresses these questions, drawing on interdisciplinary scholarship in cognitive science, communication, psychology, and pragmatics. Rejecting classic descriptions of communication as "sending and receiving messages," this book proposes a novel perspective that depicts communication as a process in which interactants construct, test, and refine mental modes of a joint experience on the basis of the meme states (mental representations) activated by stimuli in social interactions. It explains how this process, when successful, results in interactants' mental models aligning, or becoming entrained—in other words, in creating a state of understanding. This framework is grounded in a set of foundational observations about evolved human cognition that highlight people's intrinsic social orientation, predisposition toward efficiency, and use of predictive interference-making. These principles are also used to explain how codified systems ("codes") emerge in extended or repeated interactions in which people endeavor to create understanding. Integrating and synthesizing research across disciplines, this book offers communication scholars and students a theoretical framework that will transform the way they see understanding, communication, and social connection.
A Hypertextual Commentary
This monograph demonstrates that the book of Deuteronomy is a result of highly creative, hypertextual reworking of the book of Ezekiel. Likewise, it shows that the books of Joshua–Judges, taken together, are a result of one, highly creative, hypertextual reworking of the book of Deuteronomy. In both cases, the detailed reworking consists of almost 700 strictly sequentially organized thematic, and at times also linguistic correspondences. The strictly sequential, hypertextual dependence on the earlier works explains numerous surprising features of Deuteronomy and Joshua–Judges. This critical analysis of Deuteronomy and Joshua–Judges sheds entirely new light on the question of the origin of the Pentateuch and the whole Israelite Heptateuch Genesis–Judges.
Band 1: Theoriebildung
Edited by Axel Grimm
Die Didaktik der beruflichen Fachrichtung Informationstechnik/Informatik steht historisch, berufswissenschaftlich und ordnungspolitisch in einem Spannungsverhältnis. Eine auch nur in Ansätzen geschlossene Theoriebildung zu einer Didaktik der Informationstechnik liegt nicht vor. Ausgehend von diesem Desiderat soll mit dieser Veröffentlichung eine erste Lücke geschlossen werden. Ziel dieses Buches ist es, Gegenstandsbereiche vorzustellen, die für eine Theoriebildung einer Didaktik der beruflichen Fachrichtung Informationstechnik/Informatik von Bedeutung sind. Dazu sind Beiträge eingeholt worden, die eine theoretische Einordnung auf verschiedenen Analyseebenen ermöglichen. Band 1 „Theoriebildung" schafft somit ein erstes Fundament, das im Weiteren ausgebaut werden wird. Ziel ist es, der beruflichen Fachrichtung Informationstechnik/Informatik und deren Didaktik ein eigenständiges Profil zu geben, damit sie sich gegenüber dem Status quo emanzipieren kann.
El enfoque PETaL
Elena Gómez Parra
La educación infantil de calidad se erige en la base de la sociedad del siglo XXI, cuyo signo de identidad más evidente es el cambio incesante. El lugar que ocupan las lenguas y la cultura en cualquier paradigma educativo es, sin duda, prevalente, y la ciencia concluye que el constructo lingüístico constituye el núcleo de la esencia humana. La lengua nos ofrece la identidad que nos diferencia del resto de las especies del planeta y la cultura va inextricablemente unida a ella, dotándola de complejos significados y posibilitando la transmisión de valores, creencias, actitudes y conductas de una comunidad.
El lector encontrará en este volumen un nuevo enfoque en educación bilingüe para la infancia, que aúna un sólido bagaje teórico (alojado en el Bloque I de esta obra). El enfoque PETaL (Play, Education, Toys and Languages) se caracteriza por su flexibilidad para adaptarse a distintos entornos culturales, porque solo así cobra sentido. Su objetivo es educar al niño de este siglo para que sea capaz de desarrollarse en (y promover) una sociedad diversa, plural y cambiante.

domain: library


South Carolina shooting survivors discuss forgiveness at Quinnipiac
HAMDEN — University members and the public came together Friday to hear from three people whose capacity for healing has been through the ultimate test.
The survivors and family members of those who died in the mass shooting at a South Carolina church three years ago spoke at Quinnipiac University’s Center for Religion about finding forgiveness for the man who killed their friends and family members.
In 2015, white supremacist Dylann Roof, then 21, killed nine African Americans when he open fired on a Bible study in the historic Mother Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, S.C. He was convicted last year of 33 federal crimes, including hate crimes and obstruction of religion, for which he was given the death penalty.
“Forgiveness means pretty much getting myself off the hook and it has nothing to do with the person that you’re forgiving, because your forgiving that person really helps you find peace with yourself and find peace with God,” said the Rev. Anthony Thompson, whose newly-ordained wife, Myra Thompson, was leading a Bible study at the church when she was killed. “It frees you from any kind of anger or hatred or anything you’ve been harboring, especially against the person who may have done the wrong, in this case Dylann Roof.”
Thompson spoke about how he came to forgive Roof in the moment he confronted his wife’s killer at Roof’s bond hearing. That’s where he told Roof he and his family forgave him and that Roof needed to repent and confess to God.
“I have no ill feelings about him, no anger or hatred,” Thompson said. “Forgiving him was about so he would have no control in my life or my children’s lives, or have any hold on us whatsoever. Forgiveness is peace, really.”
“This event allows us to explore a variety issues that we in contemporary society face — domestic terrorism and the role religion can play at a deep level,” said Executive Director of University Religious Life the Rev. Jordan Lenaghan. “They’re talking about how drawing on religious faith they were able to forgive a heinous violent action against their families.”
A mass shooting is one in which at least four people are killed or injured. This year, 247 mass-shooting incidents have occurred across the country, according to data from the Gun Violence Archive, including one as recent as Thursday in Cincinnati, where three people were killed and two were hospitalized by a man who went on a shooting rampage at the Fifth Third Center.
Polly Sheppard was in the church the night of the shooting, but she said God spared her life.
“I remember the shots being fired,” she said. “I heard a loud voice shouting of course if was Felicia Sanders saying, “Miss Polly get down, he’s shooting everyone.” And for that I will forever be grateful. Through the grace of God she saved our lives. As I was under the table he approached me and said ‘Did I shoot you yet?’ Then he said ‘I’m not going to shoot you. I’m going to leave you to tell the story.’ Some say the killer spared my life. I don’t accept that. He didn’t let me live. God let me live. He (Roof) will never get that credit from me.”
Sheppard recalled how the event unfolded that night and how her faith helped her find forgiveness in her heart for what happened to her and her community.
“I didn’t need confrontation with Roof,” she said. “What I really focused on was what my faith taught me, and that’s you have to forgive others in order for you to be forgiven. We’ve all been in different situations and messes and God forgave us. You have to in turn forgive who trespasses against you. That’s the only way you can heal. That’s the healing process.”
Sheppard said forgiveness is not about letting the person who did wrong off the hook, but allowing herself to let go of the anger she was carrying.
“It gives you that peace of mind and you can actually deal and go forward and feel good about going forward because Dylann is going forward, but if you stay there and harbor all those bad feelings it actually messes you up.”
Rose Simmons, whose father, the Rev. Dr. Daniel Lee Simmons Sr., was killed in the church, said she forgave Roof the moment she saw him on the news, before she knew he had killed her father, but when she learned about it, her forgiveness didn’t change. It was something she had been practicing, which her father taught her.
“Forgiveness is for your peace and your peace of mind,” Simmons said. “When you come to a situation where you must forgive and you don’t, then it will rob you of that peace and process to move on.”
When she finally confronted Roof, she was able to extend her hand in friendship the way her father and other victims did when they welcomed Roof into the bible study as a stranger. She urged the crowd to practice forgiveness because it’s inside everyone.
“A lot of people speak of Dylann Roof because he was the perpetrator of this crime, but there were nine victims and I urge people to learn their names and to remember their lives,” she said.
The victims included Clementa C. Pinckney, Cynthia Marie Graham Hurd, Susie Jackson, Ethel Lee Lance, Depayne Middleton-Doctor, Tywanza Sanders and Sharonda Coleman-Singleton.
“I have finally found my voice to ensure we never forget the largest mass murder of African Americans in a church in our time,” Sheppard said.


- 6 speed manual gearbox now available on 2.2 HDi diesel models
- Euro NCAP five-star crash protection rating
- Improved fuel economy and reduction in CO2 emissions
Sales of Peugeot’s 807 people carrier since its launch in January 2003 has exceeded all company expectations with a record 3,232 registrations. The introduction of the 6 speed gearbox and strong consumer offers, such as 0% finance over 4 years, can only maintain this momentum.
The award of five-stars by Euro NCAP, the highest possible crash protection rating recognises the comprehensive active and passive safety systems of the 807. The standard fitment of Electronic Stability Program (ESP) on all HDi diesel models ensures 807 is a safe place for families when they’re on the move.
807 Executive and Executive SE 2.2 Hdi versions also now benefit from the fitment of 16" Largo alloy wheels as standard equipment, to replace the current 15" alloy wheels.
The 6 speed manual gearbox fitted to the 807 is also fitted to Peugeot’s 607 executive saloon and will be fitted to the new 407 model to be launched in May 2004.
The improved specification is available at the same price as the outgoing model, with prices for the 807 2.2 litre HDi 6 speed starting from £20,800 for the 2.2 litre HDi diesel GLX version, to £25,060 for the Executive SE 2.2 HDi.Published 26 February 2004


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Deadman Standing 2018
The true story of a recently widowered lawman who befriends a boy dying of tuberculosis and a madam of the local brothel while their town is being politically and violently overtaken by a gang of reckless cattlemen from Texas.
In Their Skin 2012
A couple and their young son retreat to their woodland vacation home, only to face sinister neighbors who intend to kill them and steal their identities.
Things Lost Fire 2007
A recent widow invites her husband's troubled best friend to live with her and her two children. As he gradually turns his life around, he helps the family cope and confront their loss.
Imaginaerum tells the story of an elderly composer, Tom, who suffers from severe dementia. As he has had the disease for years and has regressed into childhood, he remembers practically nothing from his adult life. His music, friends, all his past including the memory of his daughter are a blur in his fragile mind. All he has left is the ...
Forced to move to a boring backwater town, a teenager embarks on affairs with a teacher and a stoner classmate.
When a boy’s video to a female star goes viral, it scores him a date with his celebrity crush to the prom. Complications arise when the famous starlet falls for the boy’s small-town teacher.
Trick ‘r Treat
Four interwoven stories that occur on Halloween: an everyday high school principal has a secret life as a serial killer; a college virgin might have just met the one guy for her; a group of teenagers pull a mean prank; a bitter old recluse receives an uninvited guest.

domain: entertainment


text:
A Good Read (If You're Over Thirty)
If you grew up in the '80's, Ernest Cline's sci-fi novel Ready Player One is so entertaining and satisfying that it feels like a guilty pleasure . . . it's set in the nearish future and things are predictably bleak and apocalyptic, but the masses find sanctuary in a massively multiplayer online virtual reality simulation called OASIS, which was created by the '80's nerd culture fanatic James Halliday; when Halliday died, he left a posthumous easter egg quest in the game-- and the winner would take control of his company, the game, and the incredibly vast fortunes that he amassed over his life (Halliday is a Steve Jobs/ Bill Gates hybrid) and the story follows Wade, the narrator, as he navigates the quest (and the violent repercussions of his success in reality) but the fun of the book is in the references and allusions: Joust, Zork, Pac-Man, Tempest, TRS-80,War Games, Star Wars, Bladerunner, John Hughes, Dungeons and Dragons, vintage Japanese TV and film, etcetera, etcetera . . . Cline packs in the '80's references on every page, from the obvious to the obscure; I'm not sure if the novel would be entertaining to anyone who wasn't a nerd in the '80's, but if you did grow up then, and know what a dodecahedron is, then read it.


Already for a long time practicing the underwater world to man a special fascination. Is it still an area of life, which he can not control and in which he himself is not viable. Fish and many other organisms such as crabs and shrimps, corals and amphibians have developed this habitat for themselves.
Therefore, it is well understood that one this habitat with the establishment of an aquarium wants to bring into the living room. To observe the behavior or just as a meditative piece of furniture.
Anyone who wants to set up an aquarium, is based on the best of nature and the almost countless different natural habitats. But who has not directly this way, can bring countless inspiration to get started in the hunting or as old-serving aquarists also by means of the presented device Examples of aquariums, who wants to change, for example on cichlids or want to keep other species in its aquarium , with whom he could not collect aquaristic experience so far.
In the aquarium hobby interesting habitats are divided into these main areas: Africa, America, Asia and Australia and saltwater. In addition, the Wirbellosenaquaristik and Aquascaping have established in recent years. Of course, here also classical community tank are introduced, which are often seen as an entry pool, but usually have a different focus, namely the decorative possible placement of ornamental fish in the taste of the owner appropriate aquarium.
Special attention is also the plants used in the aquarium, as the Tiger Lotus, mosses and other decorative materials. Wood (Moorkien, bog oak, mangrove, savannah wood, Mopani or bamboo) and stones (hole stone) are the natural habitat and nearby furnishings for an aquarium. Also possible are artificial decorative materials such as 3D rear panels for aquariums.


text:
Girl in White Cotton
Author: Avni Doshi
Antara has always had trouble understanding her mother Tara’s decisions – leaving her marriage to follow a guru, living on the streets like a beggar and shacking up with an unknown artist, turning her nose up at society’s expectations. But when Antara learns that her mother has been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease, she searches for a way to make peace with their shared past, a past that still haunts them both.
Reliving her childhood in the Indian city of Poona in the 1980s, Catholic boarding school in the ghats of Maharashtra and her journey as a young artist in Mumbai, Antara comes up against her own fears and neuroses, realizing she might not be so different than Tara after all.
Girl in White Cotton is a journey into the shifting of memory and the subjective nature of truth, tracing the fragile line between familial devotion and betrayal. A powerful, startling debut, Avni Doshi’s novel will make you wonder and wince.
ENGLISH (Indian subcontinent) | 4th Estate / HarperCollins


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Make A Statement
Every project is unique in its own way. Deciding on design-build technology furniture is the perfect opportunity for your customers to set themselves apart. Regardless of whether a project architect or interior designer is involved, utilizing a design-build approach provides the client with creative control over their final product. Our experienced team can implement requirements specific to each job.
Whether the project is new construction, a renovation, or a refresh, every design starts with a clear understanding of the functionality requirements, aesthetic preferences, budget constraints, user experience, install schedule, and technology needs. This coordination results in an appropriately designed, fully assembled product ready for AV integration once delivered. Spending time putting together or modifying furniture in the field is inefficient, wasting time and money, resulting in higher costs on the back end.
Don’t Just Settle
Why settle on a stock solution that doesn’t meet the customer’s expectations? Designing technology furniture that caters to your customer’s needs results in a long-lasting, reliable product, and it also strengthens the relationship between you and your client.
Marshall Furniture is the industry leader in design-build Integration-Friendly Furniture®, providing high-quality presentation technology furniture tailor-made to AV and architectural requirements. Learn more about Marshall Furniture here.

domain: design


Redding >> The Lady Spartans completed a three-game sweep of Shasta Friday to extend their win streak to 18 games.
Tayler Zazueta and Alyssa Hethcoat both homered during Red Bluff”s 3-2 win.
Stefanie Brunello had a double and drove in the other run for Red Bluff, which improved to 26-6 overall and 6-3 in Sac River League play.
Zazueta, who has four home runs in her last three games, also had a double Friday.
Hailee Nicholls, Hethcoat and Brunello also had two-hit performances.
Nicholls went the distance on the mound to earn the win.
Red Bluff finishes the regular season with a three-game set against Foothill, beginning with a doubleheader in Palo Cedro 3 p.m. Tuesday. The Lady Spartans host the Cougars 4 p.m. Thursday.
Yreka 5, Corning 4 >> The Lady Miners got the winning run in the bottom of the seventh inning to beat visiting Corning Friday.
Kaitlin Cox stole four bases in the loss as the Lady Cardinals combined to steal eight in the game.
Sophia Oliverez swiped a pair of bags.
Baylie Fryar had two hits for Corning, which dropped to 19-13 overall and 5-4 in the Northern Athletic League.
Oliverez and Fryar each had a RBI.
Corning closes the regular season with a set against Central Valley, beginning with a 4 p.m. doubleheader at home Tuesday.
Liberty Christian 18, Los Molinos 11 >> The visiting Lady Patriots beat Los Molinos to end the regular season Friday.
The Lady Bulldogs finished the Five Star League season at 1-9 and were 1-18 on the season.


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Days after Trinamool Congress leader and Krishnaganj MLA Satyajit Biswas was killed, his family members have alleged that a man who lived near the leader’s home and is a BJP worker may be behind the heinous crim
Days after Trinamool Congress leader and Krishnaganj MLA Satyajit Biswas was killed, his family members have alleged that a man who lived near the leader’s home and is a BJP worker may be behind the heinous crime, Indian Express reported. Abhijit Pundari, the alleged assailant, is on the run while two others, Kartil Mondal and Sujit Mondal, have been nabbed by the police. The two allegedly have links with the BJP. Police said a countrymade handgun has also been recovered from the site.
As per the report, the police have also received a complaint against BJP leader Mukul Roy but have refused to confirm whether Roy had been named in the FIR along with Pundari and two others.
Denying his involvement, Roy said that he has sent a legal notice to TMC for making such allegations. BJP has also alleged that the murder was due to infighting in the BJP. The 35-year old Biswas was shot at from close range soon after he inaugurated a cultural programme near his home in Phulbari.
“Everyone saw Abhijit standing behind Satyajit as he sat in front of the stage and spoke with local people after inaugurating the cultural programme along with several district TMC leaders. Abhijit took out a handgun and shot Satyajit at point blank range,” Prakash Haldar, Biswas’s uncle-in-law, was quoted by Indian Express as saying. After the murder, a group of locals reportedly ransacked Pundari’s home
Ratan Biswas, a witness told the paper, “We were all there and saw what happened. We were stunned. Some people tried to catch him, but he had a handgun, and managed to run away.”
West Bengal Police has asked the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) to take up the case. The IG, CID, Ajay Kumar visited the site of the crime on Saturday.

domain: news


Coronavirus outbreak: Bank of Baroda to not charge customers for digital transactions for three months
State-owned lending major Bank of Baroda (BoB) on Thursday has announced zero charges on digital transactions for three months amid Covid-19 outbreak
State-owned lending major Bank of Baroda (BoB) on Thursday has announced zero charges on digital transactions for three months amid Covid-19 outbreak.
"To this effect, Bank of Baroda has rolled out ‘Stay Safe...Bank Safe...’ initiative to encourage more customers to bank digitally and equipping them to avail the bank’s services from a remote location, without visiting the bank branch," the bank said in a press release.
Vikramaditya Singh Khichi, executive director, Bank of Baroda said, "‘At Bank of Baroda, it has always been our aim to innovate and offer cutting-edge products for customers across segments. In the wake of the Covid-19 outbreak, Bank of Baroda would like to assure its customers of enhanced banking experience, as they avail the bank's services from remote locations. 'Khushiyon Ka Remote Control,' is a major step taken by the Bank in its endeavours to drive consumers towards a digital ecosystem, in times like these.
The “strong” recommendation replaces previous conditional recommendations for their use and is based on emerging evidence from laboratory studies that these drugs are not likely to work against currently circulating variants, such as Omicron
A wide range of symptoms, including brain fog, fatigue, coughing, and shortness of breath, are associated with long COVID and may be caused by harm to or dysfunction of various organ systems. Read more.
The active cases comprises 0.10 per cent of the total infections, while the national COVID-19 recovery rate has increased to 98.72 per cent, the health ministry said


With spring once again at our doorsteps, so comes the desire to soak up warm air and sun.
However, increased time outdoors also poses potential risks for interaction with wild animals.
So far in 2023 there have been no reported cases of rabies in Bucks County wildlife. In comparison, during 2022 the Bucks County Health Department reported 6 cases.
Rabies is an endemic virus and has always been reported in Pennsylvania. The deadly viral disease affects mammals and is most often transmitted through the bite of an infected animal.
It is important to stay vigilant and know the signs and take precautions when around animals - both wild and domestic – during the spring and summer.
The virus invades the central nervous system, causing a variety of symptoms in humans such as fever, headache, fatigue and muscle aches. Death caused by the virus is rare in the United States if treatment is received quickly following a bite or scratch by a rabid animal.
In animals, rabies is categorized in two forms: furious and paralytic. Furious rabies includes aggression, unnatural daytime activity by nocturnal species, as well as frothing and biting. With paralytic rabies, the animal might appear tame at first but will display lack of coordination, weakness in hind limbs, and may potentially drool with an open mouth.
Animals that hold the highest risk for rabies transmissions include foxes, raccoons, bats, skunks and feral cats. The Health Department cautions all residents to refrain from contact with these high-risk animals regardless of an animal’s behavior or appearance.
In the event one is bitten or exposed to either the animal's saliva or secretions, the individual should seek immediate medical attention, as well as notify the Bucks County Health Department at 215-345-3318.
The Health Department also offers the following important rabies recommendations:
For additional information pertaining to rabies awareness and other public health threats, please contact the Bucks County Health Department at 215-345-3318, or visit the department's rabies information page at buckscounty.org.
Media Contact: James O’Malley, 215-348-6414, [email protected]


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These two cabins at Sourdough Roadhouse date back to its early Valdez-Fairbanks Trail days Margaret Murie, in her book, Two in the Far North, said that all the best roadhouses had a “Ma” to...
Help preserve the stories of Alaska's historic sites.
The Colorblind Artist
- Art show at Wasilla Museum in September – “Ramblings through Mat-Su history”
- Alaska Nellie was an Alaska legend
- Railroads played important part in the development of Lake Kenai’s eastern shore
- Merrill Field serves Anchorage aviators for over 90 years
- The long history of the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner

domain: history


Drylands cover 40% of the global terrestrial surface and provide important ecosystem services. While drylands as a whole are expected to increase in extent and aridity in coming decades, temperature and precipitation forecasts vary by latitude and geographic region suggesting different trajectories for tropical, subtropical, and temperate drylands. Uncertainty in the future of tropical and subtropical drylands is well constrained, whereas soil moisture and ecological droughts, which drive vegetation productivity and composition, remain poorly understood in temperate drylands. Here we show that, over the twenty first century, temperate drylands may contract by a third, primarily converting to subtropical drylands, and that deep soil layers could be increasingly dry during the growing season. These changes imply major shifts in vegetation and ecosystem service delivery. Our results illustrate the importance of appropriate drought measures and, as a global study that focuses on temperate drylands, highlight a distinct fate for these highly populated areas.
Global climate models (GCMs) project consistent increases of climatological aridity for the twenty first century1,2,3,4,5. Yet, GCM projections of meteorological droughts are uncertain and suggest robust increases in some but not all regions6,7. This uncertainty could have particularly strong consequences for dryland regions5,8, which are already limited by water9,10. Drylands may respond to climate change in their distribution, driven by aridity, or in ecosystem structure, function, and composition, driven by ecohydrological processes. Global drylands expanded over the twentieth century by 4–8%2,3 and represent currently c. 40% of the global terrestrial surface (refs 2, 5). Despite observations of increasing overall aridity, forecasts of extreme drought events in the second half of the twentieth century remain uncertain1,4,10,11. Model projections largely agree, however, that drylands will likely continue to expand during the twenty first century1,2,3,5,10 due to increases in evaporative demand and a global hydrological cycle with longer and more severe dry periods10,12,13. A net expansion of drylands may reduce ecosystem services and impact human livelihoods14 through water scarcity15,16, vegetation die-offs17 and land degradation18 all of which are exacerbated by human land use19. The projected global trend towards increased aridity is largely robust to variation among models and data sources, even though potential evapotranspiration by itself is unsuitable for understanding drying trends11,20,21. However, global temperature and precipitation projections vary geographically and latitudinally1,10 suggesting different outcomes for tropical and subtropical (hereafter subtropical) drylands versus temperate drylands at mid-latitudes5. Of particular concern for dryland ecosystems, trends in meteorological drought and soil moisture are highly uncertain and generally model dependent6,7.
This uncertainty is especially complicated for soil moisture availability, which is dictated by the combination of weather, vegetation, soil and landscape attributes. In dryland ecosystems, soil moisture controls most ecosystem processes8,22. Reduced primary productivity occurs primarily during periods of reduced soil moisture and not directly to an absence of precipitation8,22,23. Conditions that diminish harvest yields due to below-normal levels of soil moisture, particularly during the growing period, have traditionally been called agricultural drought (in contrast, for example, to meteorological drought which is a period of below-normal precipitation8). The notion of reduced soil moisture has been extended to ecosystems and is referred to as ecological drought8. Ecological drought is commonly described as a ‘prolonged and widespread deficit in naturally available water supplies […] that create multiple stresses across ecosystems’ (US Geological Survey, US Climate Science Centers and the Science for Nature and People Partnership) and has recently garnered widespread attention as one of the topics defining twenty first century climate change14. Because of the complexity of the water cycle, soil moisture and ecological drought projections show large uncertainties among GCMs1,3,6,7. Soil moisture projections and drying trends are better constrained in subtropical drylands because these are closely linked to the well-represented Hadley Circulation1. Much of the existing research on climate change impacts to drylands has focused on climatic aridity and meteorological droughts, or has been restricted to subtropical drylands. As a result, much less is known about impacts of climate change on soil moisture and ecological droughts, and in particular in temperate drylands.
Vegetation responds to and influences soil moisture through transpiration, interception, shading, and hydraulic redistribution8. Despite adaptations of dryland vegetation to ambient aridity levels8,24, responses to increased droughts and warming under climate change remain difficult to constrain. Potential outcomes include plant functional type shifts18,25, woody plant mortality17 and encroachment26, and resistance of some vegetation types24. These vegetation responses vary among plant functional types and depend on seasonal and soil depth dynamics of soil moisture in addition to climate8,22,27. Three plant functional types—shrubs, C3 grasses and C4 grasses—most frequently dominate temperate dryland vegetation. While all types use shallow soil moisture, shrubs can use water from greater depths8,22. Shifts in the relative dominance of plant functional types, particularly those involving woody species, can impact ecosystem water balance by altering water uptake and evapotranspiration26. Woody plant encroachment has been a concern in grass-dominated drylands worldwide during the twentieth century and is projected to increase under climate change26. Changes in vegetation in response to changes in soil moisture may impact ecosystem services in temperate dryland ecosystems globally.
We applied a two-tiered approach to assess consequences of climate change for global temperate, arid and semiarid drylands. First, we quantified zones of contraction, expansion and stability of the distribution of five temperate dryland regions. Second, we estimated impacts of climate change on seasonal and depth patterns of ecological drought, and their consequences for plant water uptake using SOILWAT28,29, an ecosystem water balance simulation model. SOILWAT utilizes site-specific soils and weather data (here we evaluated spatially and temporally downscaled output from 16 GCMs driven by an intermediate and a high emissions scenario), and SOILWAT soil moisture outputs compare very favourably with GCM estimates (see Methods). Furthermore, SOILWAT provides high temporal resolution (daily) information about ecosystem water balance and plant available moisture that reflects the influence of site-specific soil conditions.
Here we illustrate that GCMs for the late twenty first century project a net loss of c. 15% (following the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 (ref. 1)) to 30% (following RCP8.5) of current temperate dryland extent due to climatic changes. We show that the duration of ecological droughts during growing periods may substantially increase, especially in deeper (>20 cm) soils. Water uptake by vegetation under future climate could be increasingly reliant on surface soil moisture, favouring shallow-rooted over deep-rooted vegetation, which contrasts with previous projections of increasing dryland woody encroachment26. Plant water uptake patterns within and among regions are projected to become more similar, suggesting a homogenization of niche spaces and vegetation composition. Our findings emphasize contrasting spatial trajectories between subtropical and temperate drylands and highlight the need to assess seasonal as well as spatial patterns of soil moisture dynamics to understand factors that shape the future of temperate drylands and the services they provide.
Spatial response of temperate drylands to climate change
The extent of temperate drylands under current climate is 8.3 × 106 km2 based on aridity, climate zone, and mean annual temperature (MAT) (Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 1). This corresponds to c. 5.6% of the global terrestrial surface and to 20–30%, varying by published estimates2,5, of all arid and semiarid areas globally. Changes in aridity, climate zone, and mean annual temperature projected by GCMs will alter the future distribution of temperate drylands, which we defined here climatologically2. By the end of this century, climate change could lead to a net contraction of temperate drylands of up to 2.4 × 106 km2 (1.2–3.3 × 106 km2 among 16 GCMs following RCP8.5) with considerable variation among regions (Fig. 1 and Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 2). RCP8.5 represents a ‘business as usual’ scenario, that is, no mitigation to curb climate change, which will not occur if the Paris agreement30 to keep the global mean temperature ‘well below 2 ° C above pre-industrial levels’ is implemented. All results for the intermediate emissions scenario RCP4.5, which assumes a stabilization of emissions without overshoot, are given in Supplementary Figs 1–10 and Supplementary Tables 1–3, 5, 7, and 10, but are qualitatively similar. While other studies indicate that drylands in total may increase by 5–23% globally2,5, that general statement masks our result that temperate drylands may contract while subtropical drylands expand. We found that a median of 36% (24–51% among GCMs) of current temperate drylands would be converted under the considered scenario mainly to warmer subtropical drylands (Supplementary Table 3). An area equal to 9% (6–20%) of the current extent would be added in the future as temperate drylands, primarily because of increased aridity in currently sub-humid areas (Supplementary Table 3). Our assessment of contracting, stable, and expanding zones among GCMs showed consistency in four regions (32–80% agreement), but not in North America (19%; Fig. 1b–f insets).
Duration and distribution of ecological droughts
Ecological droughts during growing periods, which we estimated as the longest snow-free, frost-free period when soil water potential was continuously <−3.0 MPa, could last longer under projected future scenarios (Fig. 2). Our model, driven by soil data and climate inputs from 16 GCMs, projected increasing drought periods in every temperate dryland region, except for parts of Asia, that are not projected to shift in distribution under climate change (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Tables 4–5). Ecological droughts may become longer over 65% (31–96% among GCMs) of the area of temperate drylands in surface soil layers (0–20 cm) and 85% (68–97%) in deeper layers (>20 cm). This increase in growing season droughts coincided with a reduction of the warm/wet season overlap due to increasing cold-season precipitation (Supplementary Figs 2–6 and Supplementary Tables 6–7). Increasing ecological drought, particularly during the warm and dry season13, is consistent with other evaluations1,2,3,4, and will have consequences for dryland vegetation, including elevated plant mortality, more frequent wildfires, and shifts in plant functional types8,17,19,22,23. East Asia is the only region with projections that consistently diverged from the trend of increasing ecological drought, which is consistent with previous studies1. This may be related to East Asia being the only region with a positive warm/wet season overlap (Supplementary Fig. 5). Ecological droughts in East Asia may become shorter instead of longer in over 43% (surface layers) and 26% (deeper layers) of the region.
The projected intensification of ecological droughts is more pronounced for deep layers (+10%, 0–20%, corresponding to +18 days, 8–38 days, longer dry periods) than surface layers (0%, −12 to 30%; +2.6 days, −7 to 17 days) particularly for contracting and expanding zones. This result was surprising since increased cold-season precipitation might be expected to enhance available soil moisture at depth due to reduced evaporative competition for percolating soil moisture8,22. As a consequence of differential drying of deep versus surface soil layers, future vegetation was projected to extract more water from shallow rather than deeper layers. Our simulations suggest that overall the importance of transpiration from shallow layers increases under climate change, that is, the proportion of total transpiration that derives from deep layers decreases (Fig. 3 and Supplementary Tables 4–5). We estimated the proportion of transpired water derived from deep soil layers to decrease by a median of 8% (4–12%) for South America, 2% (−2 to 7%) for Central and Western Asia, 11% (7–15%) for the Western Mediterranean basin, and 5% (−1 to 9%) for North America. The exception was again East Asia where we estimated increased water uptake (2%, −2 to 5%) from deep soil layers (Supplementary Fig. 7 and Supplementary Tables 4–5). Our simulation results suggest also that transpiration from shallow layers may increase in the median case in most regions. Median decreases occur in the Western Mediterranean basin and the expanding zone of South America. In addition, our results also indicate a heterogeneous pattern where the overall regional trends are interrupted at smaller spatial scales (Supplementary Fig. 8 and Supplementary Tables 4–5). This heterogeneous pattern of the geographic distribution of increases and decreases is more prominent for transpiration derived from soil moisture at deep soil layers (Supplementary Fig. 9 and Supplementary Tables 4–5). Among regions and within some regions (specifically East Asia, South America and the Western Mediterranean), we found a negative relationship between the projected change in the proportion of transpiration derived from deep soil moisture and the current value (Fig. 4). This negative relationship indicates a homogenization of plant water uptake among soil layers implying a reduction of niche spaces, associated plant functional types, and biodiversity8,22 within temperate drylands as a whole and within those regions that display the negative relationship (Fig. 4).
Net reductions in the area of temperate drylands occurred in our projections following an intermediate and a high-emission scenario across all five temperate dryland regions and illustrate the different impact of climate change on the distribution of temperate versus subtropical drylands. The latter are projected to expand due to conversions from temperate to subtropical climate in addition to increased aridity in currently sub-humid subtropical regions1,3,5,10. Consequences for vegetation of a shift from temperate to subtropical drylands include loss of temperature-controlled seasonal cycle, phenological shifts, increases in frost-intolerant species and dominance of C4 over C3 grasses. Furthermore, impacts on ecosystem services could have large consequences for human well-being: aggressive human diseases, including dengue and schistosomiasis31, as well as mound-building termites32, occur in subtropical climates and could expand as temperate drylands warm, whereas cool season crops such as wheat and potato would no longer be economically viable33.
Our findings suggest large and regionally variable shifts in the distribution of temperate drylands under a changing climate, and highlight the complex interplay between seasonal soil water resources and intensified ecological droughts during the growing season that differ with soil depth. While increased water availability at depth would be expected with more cold-season precipitation (favouring woody and deep-rooted species8,22), our results suggest instead a soil moisture regime that is increasingly dominated by longer ecological droughts particularly at depth and by available water restricted to surface soils (favouring shallow-rooted herbaceous species8,22) and the cool season (favouring winter annuals, including invasive grasses34). Increasing water scarcity in deep soils is relevant for ecosystem function because soil moisture at depth is an important resource for deep-rooted woody species as drought proceeds27. This indicates, for instance, that expected future increases of woody plant encroachment26 may not be generalizable across all drylands. Our study emphasizes the need to differentiate among drylands and describes intensifications of seasonal and soil depth patterns of drought that could affect temperate dryland plant communities and the services they provide, including water resources, wildlife habitat, soil conservation, agriculture and carbon storage.
We identified temperate drylands using three criteria: mean annual temperature (MAT), the Trewartha climate classification scheme35, and the FAO/UNEP aridity index (AI) (ref. 36). In addition, we restricted the analysis to areas with soils of less than 90% sand content. We classified temperate areas if MAT>0 ° C and Trewartha climate group was category D, that is, the number of months with mean temperatures ≥10 ° C is ≥4 but <8. We included areas as drylands if 0.05≤AI<0.5, that is, arid and semiarid types excluding hyper-arid37. AI was calculated as MAP/PET, where PET is potential evapotranspiration and MAP is the mean annual precipitation37, particularly, this index is equivalent to the inverse aridity index of the Budyko framework20. Because our classification is climate dependent, we determined the study area under current climate and for each future climate scenario.
We applied a geographic raster with 0.3125° square cells, so that exactly one cell centre of the NCEP/CFSR T382 Gaussian grid38 fell in each of our cells. Our raster contained 1,152 × 576 cells and had its origin at 90° S and 179.84375° W. We made an initial generous estimate due to lack of complete knowledge about which cells may be identified as temperate drylands. From the total possible 663,552 cells in the raster, we included 20,021 cells for running simulations. After completing simulation runs, we determined that 12,638 out of the 20,021 raster cells classified as temperate drylands under either current climate or at least one future scenario. We considered only this subset of cells for further analysis.
We grouped the 12,638 raster cells in six geographic regions (Fig. 1) based on the UN geoscheme (United Nations Statistics Division: Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings; available at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm; accessed on 4 Feb 2014). ‘South America’ (<15° N &>25° W); ‘Southern Africa’ (<0° N & (>0 &<55)° E)—we omitted Southern Africa from further analysis because only one cell under a few climate conditions was identified as temperate dryland; ‘Eastern Asia’ including the eastern portion of Southern Asia (along border of Afghanistan/Pakistan except area around city of Quetta) and the eastern portion of Eastern Europe (>87° E starting about at the border point of Russia, Kazakhstan, and China); ‘Western and Central Asia’ including the western portion of Southern Asia (along border of Afghanistan/Pakistan plus area around city of Quetta) and western portion of Eastern Europe (<87° E); ‘Western Mediterranean basin’ (W of the Dinaric and Pindus Mountains) including Europe and Northern Africa, but excluding Eastern Europe (>0° N and (<25° W and <14° E); ‘North America’ (>25° N and >50° W).
We utilized SOILWAT, a daily time step, multiple soil layer, process-based, simulation model of ecosystem water balance28,29,39. SOILWAT has been applied and validated in dryland ecosystems including temperate grasslands28,40, temperate shrub-dominated ecosystems29 and temperate dry-domain forests41. Inputs to SOILWAT include daily weather conditions (mean daily maximum and minimum temperature and daily precipitation), mean monthly climate conditions (mean monthly relative humidity, wind speed and cloud cover), latitude, elevation, vegetation (mean monthly live, standing and litter biomass, active root depth profile) and soil properties (texture of each soil layer). SOILWAT estimates processes for each functional plant group including interception by vegetation and litter, evaporation of intercepted water, transpiration and hydraulic redistribution from each soil layer. Transpiration and evaporation are estimated by limiting potential rates with stress functions of soil water potential, atmospheric demand, seasonal leaf area, rooting distribution, vegetation-specific critical soil moisture values of water extraction and shading of canopy and litter41. This is an approach comparable to the modified Jarvis–Stewart model42,43. SOILWAT estimates hydrological processes including partitioning of precipitation into snowfall and rain, snow accumulation, melt and loss, infiltration into the soil profile, percolation for each soil layer, bare soil evaporation and deep drainage29,39. PET is calculated using the Sellers’ formulation44 of Penman45 which incorporates day length effects. Because estimations of PET with Penman-based equations using data from NCEP/CFSR tend to under-estimate PET in dry regions46, we corrected our PET estimates by multiplication with 1.2 based on a comparison with PET values for 1961–1990 (FAO global map of monthly reference evapotranspiration—10′; available at http://www.fao.org/; accessed on 24 Oct 2012)
Our simulation experiment consisted of a total of 20,020 cells, which we subjected to present climate and two RCPs (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) and the resulting climate projections of 16 global circulation models. We executed this experiment on Yellowstone at the National Center for Atmospheric Research-Wyoming Supercomputing Center47 and Advanced Research Computing Center’s Mount Moran/Bighorn facilities at the University of Wyoming.
Input data for weather conditions and climate scenarios
We used NCEP/CFSR products38 on a T382 Gaussian grid (resolution of ∼0.312° × ∼0.312°) to simulate current climate conditions (1979–2010; Supplementary Figs 2–6 and Supplementary Tables 6–7). Specifically, we extracted daily maximum and minimum temperature (2 m above ground) and precipitation from the 6-hourly data sets (ds093.0 and ds093.1 (ref. 48)). We also extracted relative humidity (2 m above ground), u- and v-wind speed components (10 m above ground), and total cloud cover, which we converted to sky cover via sunshine per cent49 from the monthly data set (ds093.2 (ref. 48)) and calculated mean monthly values.
We extracted for the centre of each cell 32 projected future climate conditions as monthly time-series for 2069–2099 from 1/2° downscaled and bias-corrected products of the fifth phase of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project50 (CMIP5) of 16 global circulation models (GCMs) for two RCPs51, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, from the ‘Downscaled CMIP3 and CMIP5 Climate and Hydrology Projections’ archive52 at http://gdo-dcp.ucllnl.org/downscaled_cmip_projections/ (data accessed on 4 Feb 2014). We combined historical daily data (NCEP/CFSR) with monthly GCM projections of historical and future conditions with a hybrid-delta downscaling approach to obtain future daily forcing53,54. We selected 16 GCMs from all those that participated in CMIP5 that represented the most independent and best performing subset of GCMs55 (Supplementary Table 8).
Changes in annual precipitation across temperate drylands showed an overall median increase of +48 mm yr−1 (−13 to 91 mm yr−1); however, there was important variation among regions (−39 mm yr−1 for South America to +58 mm yr−1 for Western and Central Asia) as well as within regions (Supplementary Fig. 2 and Supplementary Tables 6–7). MAT increased consistently across GCMs by +5.2 ° C (3.4–7.3 ° C) for all regions except South America, which experienced the lowest increases of +3.1 ° C (Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supplementary Tables 6–7). PET increased similarly consistent with an overall median of +151 mm yr−1 (94–209 mm yr−1; Supplementary Fig. 4 and Supplementary Tables 6–7). The typical precipitation regime under current conditions was dominated by cold-season precipitation except for Eastern Asia, which showed consistent warm-season precipitation. Winter precipitation is the sum of mean monthly precipitation of December, January and February on the northern hemisphere, and the sum of mean monthly precipitation of June, July and August on the southern hemisphere. Wet/warm-season overlap is the mean annual Pearson correlation coefficient between mean monthly temperature (° C) and monthly precipitation (mm). +1 indicates a perfect match between the warm and wet season; −1 indicates a perfect match between the cold and the wet season. Median changes in the overlap of the wet/warm-season were for each region (except South America) and overall mostly small with a trend towards less wet/warm-overlap by −0.019 (−0.064 to 0.045), but varied within regions and among GCMs from more wet/cold- to more wet/warm-season overlap (Supplementary Figs 5–6 and Supplementary Tables 6–7).
Input data for soil characterization
Soil texture data were derived from the ISRIC-WISE global soil data set56 at 5 arc-min spatial resolution and at 20 cm depth intervals up to 1 m. We split the 0–20 cm layer into two 10 cm deep layers to improve the representation of surface soil processes and account for ISRIC-WISE cells of 10 cm depth (lithosols). We calculated sand and clay content for each layer and cell as area-weighted averages of soil map units and soil types. Soil depth was based on the ISRIC-WISE data set unless the soil was deeper that 1 m, in which case depth was estimated as 95% of the maximum root depth with 50 cm depth intervals57 and soil texture was assumed to be the same as the deepest ISRIC-WISE layer. We calculated elevation for each raster cell as area-weighted median based on a 30-arcsec global elevation data set58.
Model representation of vegetation
We assumed that a potential vegetation characterized by three functional groups, shrubs, C3 grasses and C4 grasses, sufficiently described ecohydrological processes including transpiration, water extraction by roots, timing of water use (phenology) and hydraulic redistribution. Potential vegetation composition of the three functional groups, mean monthly biomass, litter and phenology were based on climate relationships and calculated for each cell and climate condition (detailed description in Bradford et al.59). Vegetation composition estimates were based on Paruelo and Lauenroth60 with an adjustment for the C4 grass component based on Teeri et al.61 Cell- and climate condition-specific precipitation modulated mean monthly above ground total, live and litter biomass and temperature-modulated growing season timing and length for each functional group. Rooting depth distribution for each functional group was based on a reanalysis of a global root data set62 using equations by Jackson et al.63 for our study area.
Our simulation model made the simplifying assumption that net, ecosystem-scale water-use efficiency and net primary productivity do not respond to increasing atmospheric CO2-concentration. This assumption may under-estimate the effects on soil drying11,15,21; yet several studies find a negative net effect of elevated CO2 on soil moisture in dry ecosystems64,65 and in combination with nutrient limitation66,67. Increases in leaf-level water-use efficiency may lead to a positive response in biomass and transpiration in water-limited systems (as opposed to energy-limited systems) and thus, potentially, to a decrease in soil moisture over the long run64,65,68. Several major issues remain to be addressed for an accurate representation of responses and their interactions to increasing CO2-concentration at ecosystem scales in models69,70,71 before these simulation models will be able to represent the full range of experimental and historical observations68,72,73,74,75. The importance of these uncertainties is illustrated by the large range of reported values from observations and experiments. These indicate that responses to elevated CO2-concentration of ecosystem water-use efficiency may range from 0 to +120%, of transpiration from −14 to +11%, of productivity from 0 to 40%, and of soil moisture from −20 to +10%. While the physiological response to CO2-concentration of photosynthesis and leave-level water-use efficiency are reasonably understood67,76, our ability to predict net impacts at the ecosystem-scale has been described as ‘very low’76.
Analysis of response variables
Each SOILWAT simulation run produced daily output for each process and water compartment for the 31-year simulation period discarding the first year as spin-up (see ‘Simulation framework’). On the basis of the daily data, we calculated derived response variables (see next paragraph) and then aggregated temporally across 31 years by mean and standard deviation. We calculated these derived and aggregated variables for the current climate condition and for 16 GCMs under two RCPs. We captured the variation among GCMs for each RCP by agreement level of temperate dryland classification and by the selection of study area cells for the aggregation of response variable values (details in ‘Variation of response variables’). Because our simulation experiment was deterministic, we estimated effect sizes and performed an evaluation of simulation results, but no statistical hypothesis testing77. We used R version 3.1.2 (ref. 78) for all analyses and for creating figures; we used the R package ‘maps’ version 3.0.2 to add country borders to figures of geographic data.
We chose two derived response variables to capture ecohydrological constraints on potential vegetation. We estimated the mean annual duration of continuous ecological droughts during growing periods for surface soil layers of 0–20 cm depth (DDGP0) and for deep soil layers>20 cm depth (DDGP20) as the longest snow-free, frost-free period when soil water potential (SWP)<−3.0 MPa continuously. We estimated mean annual proportion of transpiration derived from deep soil moisture (>20 cm depth; T20/T) as the ratio of transpiration resulting from water uptake from deep soil layers (T20) to transpiration resulting from water uptake from all soil layers (T).
Variation of response variables
We allowed for variation among raster cells within regions, variation among regions, variation among RCPs, and variation among GCMs. Here, we reported results under RCP8.5, which is closely tracked by recent greenhouse gas emissions79. However, RCP8.5 represents a ‘business as usual’ scenario without mitigation; if the Paris agreement30 to keep the global mean temperature ‘well below 2 ° C above pre-industrial levels’ is implemented, results under RCP4.5 (Supplementary Information) or RCP2.6 (not simulated) could be more realistic. In the article, we focus on variation among regions and among GCMs (note: overall variation among RCP was for precipitation-related variables as large as variation among GCMs, Supplementary Table 9). The variation among GCMs arose due to spatial variation of extent and location of our study area (temperate drylands are defined as a function of climate) and due to within-cell variation in forcing from the 16 GCMs.
We estimated level of spatial agreement by counting GCMs that classified a cell as temperate dryland. We identified three shifting zones for each GCM: the contracting zone comprises cells with a temperate dryland under current, but not under future climate condition; the stable zone comprises cells with a temperate dryland under current and future conditions; the expanding zone comprises cells with a temperate dryland under future, but not current conditions. We calculated summaries by region and shifting zone in two steps to simultaneously account for both aspects of variation among GCMs, that is, the within-cell and the spatial components. We first calculated for each GCM the target summary statistic among those cells that are part of a zone and region. In a second step, we calculated the median value among the 16 GCM summary values and used the minimum–maximum GCM range as indicator of among GCM variation. We determined for each shift the contribution of each defining factor and determined whether a cell changed the climate classification between temperate and boreal35 (1–3 months with mean temperature≥10 ° C), subtropical35 (≥8 months with mean temperature ≥10 ° C) or tropical35 (12 months with mean temperature≥18 ° C), and whether a cell changed the aridity classification36.
We estimated the relative contributions of cells, regions, shifting zones, GCMs, and RCPs to the variation of two groups of variables: climate inputs/drivers (MAT, MAP, AI, PET, wet/warm-season overlap) and the derived ecohydrological response variables. We calculated the uniquely attributable variation based on additive elements by Whittaker80,81 as percentage of the total variation for each variable for the extent of the study area for each climate condition. We partitioned the variation for the absolute variable values under each climate condition and as difference between future and current conditions. Absolute values indicated that most of the variation was attributable to among-cell variation (mean±1 s.d. are 68±30% for climate drivers, and 63±19% for response variables) and most of the rest to among-region variation (Supplementary Table 9). Variation attributable to among-GCM and among-RCP variation were of similar size, but only relevant for differences between future and current conditions (20±11% and 22±27% for climate drivers, and 9±5% and 7±12% for response variables). The large variation among climate drivers for the attribution of RCP arose because MAT and PET were primarily driven by variation in RCP whereas other drivers (MAP, AI, wet/warm-season overlap) showed larger variation among GCMs.
Comparison of SOILWAT results with other approaches
We compared projections of GCMs against SOILWAT output of mean monthly soil moisture. The variable ‘mrso’ (total soil moisture content) was extracted for seven GCMs under historical and future (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) scenarios from non-downscaled data from the ESGF node https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/. We calculated normalized mean monthly values for the periods of 1980–2005 and 2070–2099 for each of our simulated raster cells and compared agreement with equivalent soil moisture values from SOILWAT output. We estimated agreement between models with Duveiller’s λ, which is the best performing symmetric agreement index82. λ ranges between 0 and 1 where 0 indicates no agreement and 1 is perfect agreement. λ is proportional to Pearson’s correlation index and accounts for systematic and unsystematic bias.
The comparison is favourable with an overall agreement level for the historical time period of 0.89±0.07 (mean±s.d. among 7 GCM-SOILWAT comparisons) as well as for the future time period under RCP8.5 of 0.92±0.04 (Supplementary Fig. 10 and Supplementary Table 10). Regional agreement is mostly similarly high. GCM-SOILWAT agreement, however, was low for Eastern Asia in the historic time period with 0.37±0.21, which increased to 0.67±0.09 for the future period under the RCP8.5 scenario. Our simulations for the historic time period were run with observation-based weather data, whereas the GCM output represents hindcasts. For the future time periods, the representation of climate conditions for our simulations were based on GCM output. Thus, we expected a higher agreement between our simulation results and those from GCMs for the future time periods than for the historic period. Freedman et al.83 compared GRACE satellite observations of terrestrial water storage with GCM predictions for 2003–2012 for the Mississippi River Basin and found good agreement in overall aggregated values, but considerable GCM deviations spatially and in water flux partitioning. In a similar exercise, Wu et al.13 compared GRACE data to GCM predictions to select GCMs for a hydrological impact assessment and found noticeable variation among GCM soil moisture predictions including GCMs with cycles that do not match the seasonal variation. It is not surprising that we found modest deviations between SOILWAT and GCM soil moisture values as well (Supplementary Fig. 10 and Supplementary Table 10), particularly across Eastern Asia, which is a region where several GCMs demonstrate difficulties in representing the monsoonal precipitation regime84.
We compared SOILWAT output to the demand-supply relationship of water availability in the Budyko framework. We fitted annual output of SOILWAT for F=Eactual / P, that is, the ratio of actual evapotranspiration (AET=Eactual, mm) to annual precipitation (MAP=P, mm), against the Budyko aridity index AIb=1/AIUNEP, that is, the ratio of potential evapotranspiration (PET=Epotential, mm) to annual precipitation36. We used Fuh’s equation to represent the Budyko curve, that is, F=1+AIb−(1+AIbω)1/ω (ref. 85); while AIb describes the prevailing climatic conditions, ω can be interpreted as the combined influence on water availability of all other factors such as vegetation, soil and seasonality86. We estimated ω for each region based on mean annual SOILWAT output of AET and PET by numerically minimizing the sum of the squared differences between F and 1+AIb−(1+AIbω)1/ω (refs 86, 87) across simulated cells.
The resulting Budyko curves agree well with SOILWAT output that was aggregated without functional constraints, for example, when summarized by locally weighted polynomial regression lines (Supplementary Fig. 10). We find this favourable agreement with the Budyko framework despite the fact that our estimates of ω are not precise because we used mean annual values (that is, spatial instead of temporal variation) and because our simulations included only temperate drylands, for example, cells with AIb<2 are mostly not included (but would contain most of the information of the shape of the curves). This comparison confirms that that actual evapotranspiration in dry regions is limited not primarily by potential evapotranspiration rates, but by other factors including seasonal soil moisture, soil conditions, and vegetation20,39. Understanding climate change impacts in dryland regions, thus, requires models such as SOILWAT, which simulate these ‘other’ factors in detail and which do not rely on an aridity index as model driver11,20,21.
The source code of SOILWAT v0.1.0-gtd is available from our github repository as R package https://github.com/Burke-Lauenroth-Lab/Rsoilwat and the code to run this simulation experiment as R script v0.1.0-gtd from https://github.com/Burke-Lauenroth-Lab/SoilWat_R_Wrapper. The R scripts used to analyse the simulation output are available from https://github.com/drschlaep/GTD_vulnerability.
The data (simulation outputs) that support the findings of this study are available from the John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis ( https://doi.org/10.5066/F7930RB1).
How to cite this article: Schlaepfer, D. R. et al. Climate change reduces extent of temperate drylands and intensifies drought in deep soils. Nat. Commun. 8, 14196 doi: 10.1038/ncomms14196 (2017).
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This work was conducted as a part of the Climate Change and Ecohydrology in Temperate Dryland Ecosystems: A Global Assessment working group supported by the John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis, funded by the US Geological Survey. We thank the University of Wyoming for additional funding and computational resources. We thank Ryan Murphy for help with programming and data management. We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme’s Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and we thank the climate modeling groups (listed in Supplementary Table 8) for producing and making available their model output. For CMIP the U.S. Department of Energy’s Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison provides coordinating support and led development of software infrastructure in partnership with the Global Organization for Earth System Science Portals. The use of any trade, product or firm name is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government.