text:
“industrial importance of thiobacillus ferroxidans”
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM
TOPIC- “INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE OF
Roll no. RP8003B15
1. Introduction about Thiobacillus ferroxidans.
2. Why this bacteria is having industrial importance?
3. Industrial importance:
Treatment of leather industry wastewater by aerobic biological and Fenton oxidation process
Modeling and analysis of biooxidation of gold bearing pyrite-arsenopyrite concentrates by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
Suppression of pyrite oxidation by iron 8- hydroxyquinoline
Selective Adhesion of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans to Pyrite:
Role of Ferrous Ions in Synthetic Cobaltous Sulfide Leaching of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans involved in the biohydrometallurgical extraction processes
The role of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in the bacterial leaching of zinc sulphid
The role of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in the bacterial leaching of zinc sulphide
Bacterial leaching OXIDATION OF SULPHIDIC MINERALS:
Novel mineral processing by flotation using Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
4. Scope of Thiobacillus ferroxidans for further research.
Introduction about Thiobacillus ferroxidans :
The genus Thiobacillus is also known under the name of Acidithiobacillus.
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans are airborne bacteria.
This genus is thermophilic, preferring temperatures of 45-50 degrees Celsius.
In addition, this is an acidophilic genus, preferring a pH of 1.5 to 2.5.
A few species only grow in a neutral pH.
Thiobacillus are strictly aerobic bacteria. All species are respiratory organisms.
Thiobacillus are obligate autotrophic organisms, meaning they require inorganic molecules as an electron donor and inorganic carbon (such as carbon dioxide) as a source.
They obtain nutrients by oxidizing iron and sulfur with O2.
Thiobacillus do not form spores; they are Gram-negative Proteobacteria.
Their life cycle is typical of bacteria, with reproduction by cell fission.
Thiobacillus are colorless, rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria with polar flagella.
They possess an iron oxidase, which allows them to metabolize metal ions such as ferrous iron.
Fe2+ + 1/2 O2 + 2H+ --> Fe3+ + H2O
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans is the most common type of bacteria in mine waste piles.
This organism is acidophilic (acid loving), and increases the rate of pyrite oxidation in mine tailings piles and coal deposits.
It oxidizes iron and inorganic sulfur compounds.
The oxidation process can be harmful, as it produces sulfuric acid, which is a major pollutant.
However, it can also be beneficial in recovering materials such as copper and uranium.
It has been suggested that T. ferrooxidans forms a symbiotic relationship with members of the genus Acidiphilium, a bacterial capable of iron reduction.
Other species of Thiobacillus grow in water and sediment; there is both freshwater and marine strain.
A colony of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The reddish color is the result of iron production.
Why this bacteria is having industrial importance?
Sulfur-binding protein of flagella of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.
The sulfur-binding protein of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 23270 was investigated
. The protein composition of the bacterium's cell surface changed according to the culture substrate.
Sulfur-grown cells showed greater adhesion to sulfur than iron-grown cells
The sulfur-grown cells synthesized a 40-kDa surface protein which was not synthesized by iron-grown cells.
The 40-kDa protein had thiol groups and strongly adhered to elemental sulfur powder.
However, adhesion was disturbed by 2-mercaptoethanol, which broke the disulfide bond.
The thiol groups of the 40-kDa protein formed a disulfide bond with elemental sulfur and mediated the strong adhesion between T. ferrooxidans cells and elemental sulfur.
The 40-kDa protein was located on the flagella. The location of the protein would make it possible for cells to be in closer contact with the surface of elemental sulfur powder .
1. Treatment of leather industry wastewater by aerobic biological and Fenton oxidation process.
Degradation of leather industry wastewater by sole aerobic treatment
incorporating Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Fenton's reagents, and
combined treatment was investigated in this study.
The sole treatment by Fenton's oxidation involving the introduction
of 6g FeSO(4) and 266 g H(2)O(2) in a liter of wastewater at pH of
3.5 and 30 degrees C for 30 min at batch conditions and T.
ferrooxidans alone showed maximum reduction to an extent of 77, 80,
85, 52, 89, in 21 d treatment at pH 2.5, FeSO(4) 16 g/L and
temperature of 30 degrees C.
The combined treatment at batch conditions involving 30 min
chemical treatment by Fenton's oxidation followed by 72 h
biochemical treatment by T. ferrooxidans at batch conditions gave rise
up to 93%, 98%, 72%, 62% and 100% removal efficiencies of COD,
BOD, sulfide, chromium and color at pH of 2.5 and 30 degrees C.
Decrease in photo absorption of the Fenton's reagent treated samples,
as compared to the banks, at 280, 350 and 470 nm wave lengths was
observed. This may be the key factor for stimulating the
biodegradation by T. ferrooxidans.
2. Modeling and analysis of biooxidation of gold bearing pyrite-arsenopyrite concentrates by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.
The results of modeling the biooxidation of a mixed sulfidic
concentrate by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans is reported here.
A kinetic model, which accounts for the dissolution of sulfide matrix
due to both bacterial attachment onto the mineral surface and indirect
leaching, has been proposed..
The bacterial balance accounts for its growth, both on solid substrate
and in solution, and for the attachment to and detachment from the
This model was tested in both laboratory scale batch and continuous
A further analysis of the model was carried out to predict the
conditions for efficient biooxidation.
Studies on the effect of residence time and pulp density on steady-
state behavior showed that there is a critical residence time and pulp
density below which washout conditions occur.
Operation at pulp densities lower than 5% and residence times lower
than 72 h was found unfavorable for efficient leaching.
3. Suppression of pyrite oxidation by iron 8- hydroxyquinoline.
One of the important approaches to prevent pyrite (FeS(2)) oxidation and subsequent formation of acid mine drainage (AMD) is to create a surface coating on pyrite.
A coating of iron 8-hydroxyquinoline was formed by leaching pyrite with a 0.10 M H(2)O(2)/0.0034 M 8-hydroxyquinoline solution;
The results showed that iron 8-hydroxyquinoline coating could significantly suppress further pyrite oxidation by both chemical (H(2)O(2)) and biological ( e.g., Thiobacillus ferrooxidans) processes
At pH from 3.0 to 5.0 and temperature from 10-40 degrees C, the amount of SO(4)(2-) leached out by 0.10 M H(2)O(2) from the coated pyrite samples was 54.8-70.1% less than that from the uncoated controls.
Thus, the coating decreased the leachability of pyrite by 97% in the inoculated systems. In comparison to the more widely studied iron phosphate coating, the advantage of iron 8-hydroxyquinoline coating was that it inhibited both chemical and biological pyrite oxidation, whereas iron phosphate coating could only inhibit chemical pyrite oxidation.
4. Selective Adhesion of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans to Pyrite: Bacterial adhesion to mineral surfaces plays an important role not
only in bacterial survival in natural ecosystems, but also in mining industry applications
Selective adhesion was investigated with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans by using four minerals, pyrite, quartz, chalcopyrite, and galena.
Escherichia coli was used as a control bacterium.
Contact angles were used as indicators of hydrophobicity, which was an important factor in the interaction between minerals and bacteria.
The contact angle of E. coli in a 0.5% sodium chloride solution was 31 degrees , and the contact angle of T. ferrooxidans in a pH 2.0 sulfuric acid solution was 23 degrees . E. coli tended to adhere to more hydrophobic minerals by hydrophobic interaction, while T. ferrooxidans selectively adhered to iron-containing minerals, such as pyrite and chalcopyrite.
Ferrous ion inhibited the selective adhesion of T. ferrooxidans to pyrite competitively, while ferric ion scarcely inhibited such adhesion.
When selective adhesion was quenched by ferrous ion completely, adhesion of T. ferrooxidans was controlled by hydrophilic interactions.
5. Role of Ferrous Ions in Synthetic Cobaltous Sulfide Leaching of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
Microbiological leaching of synthetic cobaltous sulfide (CoS) was
investigated with a pure strain of Thiobacillus ferroxidans
The strain could not grow on CoS-salts medium in the absence of
ferrous ions (Fe2+). However, in CoS-salts medium supplemented with
18 mM Fe2+, the strain utilized both Fe2+ and the sulfur moiety in CoS
for growth, resulting in an enhanced solubilization of Co2+.
Cell growth on sulfur-salts medium was strongly inhibited by Co2+,
and this inhibition was completely protected by Fe2+.
Cobalt-resistant cells, obtained by subculturing the strain in medium
supplemented with both Fe2+ and Co2+, brought a marked decrease in
the amount of Fe2+ absolutely required for cell growth on CoS-salts
Since a similar protective effect by Fe2+ was also observed for cell
inhibition by stannous, nickel, zinc, silver, and mercuric ions, a new
role of Fe2+ in bacterial leaching in T. ferrooxidans is proposed
T.ferrooxidans metabolizes metal ions, such as those found in this iron sculpture.
6 Thiobacillus ferrooxidans involved in the biohydrometallurgical extraction processes.
The microbiological leaching techniques are currently practiced at industrial-scale, especially for recovery of copper and uranium from low-grade materials.
Application of microorganisms in leaching metal sulfides requires a more knowledge about the interactions of the physical and chemical factors with the growth of T. ferrooxidans in pure and mixed cultures including heterotrophic and thermophilic cohabitants.
Altogether, the future industrial exploitation of these microbiological leaching techniques are very attractive in many countries of the world.
7. The role of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in the bacterial leaching of zinc sulphide
The role of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in the bacterial leaching of mineral sulphides ..
The role of the bacteria would be more easily discernible if the concentrations of ferric and ferrous ions are maintained at a set value throughout the experimental period
This apparatus is designed to control the redox potential in the leaching compartment of an electrolytic cell by the reduction or oxidation of dissolved iron.
By controlling the redox potential and the pH the concentrations of ferrous and ferric ions are maintained at their initial values.
Leaching experiments have been conducted in the presence of T. ferrooxidans and in sterile conditions.
At high concentrations of ferric ions, the conversions of zinc sulphide in the absence and presence of the bacteria are the same.
However, at high concentrations of ferrous ions, the conversion of sphalerite in the presence of bacteria is higher than in their absence.
The results show that at higher concentrations of ferrous ions, diffusion of ferrous ions through the sulphur product layer becomes important in leaching under sterile conditions.
However, bacteria oxidise the sulphur layer, which removes this diffusional resistance, and thereby increase the rate of leaching.
8. Bacterial leaching :
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans is a bacterium typically used in what's called
bioleaching, a bioprocess in which microbes are used to leach out metals
from mineral deposits. It is the most commonly used bacteria in biomining
It is a commercially successful process used for pretreatment of
refractory gold-bearing sulfides.
The role of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in bacterial leaching of mineral sulfides is controversial
. Much of the controversy is due to the fact that the solution conditions, especially the concentrations of ferric and ferrous ions, change during experiments.
The role of the bacteria would be more easily discernible if the concentrations of ferric and ferrous ions were maintained at set values throughout the experimental period.
The constant redox potential apparatus is designed to control the redox potential in the leaching compartment of an electrolytic cell by reduction or oxidation of dissolved iron.
By controlling the redox potential the apparatus maintains the concentrations of ferrous and ferric ions at their initial values.
Experiments were conducted in the presence of T. ferrooxidans and under sterile conditions. Analysis of the conversion of zinc sulfide in the absence of the bacteria and analysis of the conversion of zinc sulfate in the presence of the bacteria produced the same results. This indicates that the only role of the bacteria under the conditions used is regeneration of ferric ions in solution. In this work we found no evidence that there is a direct mechanism for bacterial leaching.. The first commercial operation, at Fairview Gold Mine (South Africa), began in 1986 with a capacity of 10 tons per day. This plant now treats 35 tons of a pyrite-arsenopyrite concentrate per day. The largest bacterial leaching plant, at Ashanti in Ghana, presently treats 1,100 tons of gold-bearing pyritic concentrate per day. There are also operations at Sao Bento in Brazil and at Harbour Lights in Australia. More recently, a bacterial leaching project has been set up in Uganda to extract cobalt from a colbaltiferous pyrite ore.
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, the microorganism that is associated with these leaching processes, is able to oxidize ferrous ions and reduced sulfur compounds.
The product of oxidation of ferrous ions, ferric ions, is a strong oxidant that is capable of oxidizing sulfide minerals.
One of the two dominant views on the mechanism of bacterial leaching is that the overall leaching process occurs by bacterial oxidation of ferrous ions and chemical leaching of the mineral.
This process is described by the following set of reactions for bacterial leaching of zinc sulfide:
2Fe2+ +2H+ +0.5O2 = 2Fe3+ + H2O
ZnS +2Fe3+ = Zn2++ S + 2Fe2+
This mechanism is often referred to as the indirect mechanism, and it is clear that the iron couple plays a central and critical role in this mechanism. The second proposed mechanism involves bacterial catalysis of the dissolution of sulfide minerals. It has been proposed that the bacteria are able to directly interact with the mineral and enhance the rate of dissolution of the mineral above the rate achieved during chemical leaching by ferric ions under the same conditions. This mechanism is often referred to as the direct mechanism. In the case of zinc sulfide, the direct mechanism may be represented as follows:
The working compartment is the compartment in which leaching experiments are conducted. The flow of current is regulated by adjusting the variable resistor so that the redox potential remains at the setpoint value
The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism of dissolution of sulfide ores in the presence of T. ferrooxidans under conditions under which the concentrations of ferric and ferrous ions were controlled for the duration of the experiment. In this paper we report the results of a study aimed at determining the mechanism of bacterial leaching of zinc sulfide (sphalerite).
Bacterial leaching of ores and other materials
The principal bacteria which play the most important role in solubilizing sulfidic metal minerals at moderate temperatures are species of the genus Thiobacillus.
They are gramnegative rods, either polarly or nonflagellated. Most species are acidotolerant, some even extremely acidotolerant and acidophilic.
Some grow best at pH 2 and may grow at pH 1 or even at pH 0.5. Most species are tolerant against heavy metal toxicity.
Thiobacilli are chemolithoautotrophs, that means CO2 may be the only source of carbon and they derive their energy from a chemical transformation of inorganic matter.
All Thiobacilli oxidize sulfur or sulfur compounds to sulfate or sulfuric acid.
Microbial leaching of ores depends primarily on bacterial processes which are the essential causes of natural weathering of sulfidic minerals.
If sulfidic heavy metal minerals come into contact with air and water they begin to decay with the formation of sulfate, sometimes sulfuric acid, and water soluble heavy metal cations.
Weathering of an ore body results in a typical picture
a)An upper oxidation zone, being in contact with atmospheric oxygen and rain water, which contains secondary minerals formed by oxidation of the primary ore minerals and in most cases a remarkable enrichment of ferric iron,minerals,limonite. (b) An underlying cementation zone just below the groundwater level, in which minerals, formed by the reaction of primary ore minerals with the constituents of the leaching solution descending from the oxidation zone, are accumulated. (c) A zone in which the primary ore minerals are unchanged.
But there are some other bacteria which may also be involved. For example the thermophilic Sulfolobus plays a role in leaching at elevated temperatures.
Thiobacillus thiooxidans, which oxidizes merely sulfur and sulfur compounds but not iron, and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, which contrarily oxidizes only ferrous iron, may play a role if they work together or with other bacteria.
Oxidation of hydrogen sulphide by Thiobacilli
Oxidation of elemental Sulfur by Thiobacilli
If they oxidize hydrogen sulfide, thiosulfate, polythionates or elemental sulfur they produce hydrogen ions and so they lower the pH of the medium, often below pH 2, in some cases below pH 1.
HS- + 2O2 --> S04-- + H+
S° + H20 + 1½O2 à S04-- + 2 H+
In addition to the oxidation of sulfur and sulfur compounds Thiobacillus ferrooxidans is able to oxidize ferrous to ferric iron and so derive its energy from this exergonic reaction.
In this reaction hydrogen ions are consumed and so the pH of the medium should rise.
But at pH values higher than 2 the ferric iron precipitates as ferric hydroxide, jarosites or similar compounds and this results in the formation of hydrogen ions, so that the pH of the medium is lowered as is the case with oxidation of sulfur compounds:
2Fe++ + 2H+ + ½O2 ----> 2Fe+++ + H20
2Fe+++ + 6H20 ----> 2Fe(OH)3 + 6H+
2Fe++ + 5H20 + ½O2 ----> 2Fe(OH)3 + 4H
Oxidation of ferrous ions by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.
9. OXIDATION OF SULPHIDIC MINERALS:
Some Thiobacilli, especially T. ferrooxidans, are able to oxidize sulfide and some heavy metals -mainly iron but also copper, zinc, molybdenum and presumable some other metals - in the form of sulfidic heavy metal minerals which are of very low solubility in water, practically insoluble. These oxidations result in a solubilization of the minerals. This is often seen in the case of pyrite or marcasite, both FeS2, minerals which are oxidized very easily by Thiobacilli:
FeS2 + H20 + 3½O2 = Fe++ + 2 SO4-- + 2 H+
But also in the case of other minerals. Oxidation of the sulfide of a divalent metal:
MeIIS + 2O2 = Me++ + SO4—
Thiobacillus thiooxidans, an extremely acidophilic but not ferrous iron oxidizing species of the Thiobacilli, is not able to solubilize sulfidic heavy metal minerals in pure culture. Nevertheless T. thiooxidans plays a role in metal leaching. The solubilization of sulfidic minerals by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans is increased by cooperation with T. thiooxidans as compared with the effect of T. ferrooxidans alone. We can assume that the cause of this enhancement is the oxidation of elemental sulfur and hydrogen sulfide which is formed as a result of the oxidation by ferric iron .
10. Novel mineral processing by flotation using Thiobacillus ferrooxidans :
Oxidative leaching of metals by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans has proven
useful in mineral processing.
It involves a new use for T. ferrooxidans whereby bacterial adhesion
is used to remove pyrite from mixtures of sulfide minerals during
Under control conditions, the floatabilities of 5 sulfide minerals tested
(pyrite, chalcocite, molybdenite, millerite and galena) ranged from 88
Upon addition of T. ferrooxidans, the floatability of pyrite was
significantly suppressed to less than 20%.
In contrast, addition of the bacterium had little or no effect on the
floatabilities of the other minerals.
T. ferrooxidans thus appears to selectively suppress pyrite
As a consequence, 84 to 95% of pyrite was removed from mineral
mixtures, while 73 to 100% of non-pyrite sulfide minerals were
The suppression of pyrite floatability was caused by bacterial
adhesion to pyrite surfaces.
The number of cells adhering to pyrite was significantly larger than
the number adhering other minerals.
These results suggest that flotation with T. ferrooxidans may provide
a novel approach to mineral processing in which the biological
functions involved in cell adhesion play a key role in the separation of
SCOPE FOR FUTURE RESEARCH:
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans can be used for further research because of
its strain diversity and its significance in biohydrometallurgy.
Structural changes in chromosomal DNA of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
strains that occur under the influence of varied growth conditions
were studied by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Strain diversity of T.
ferrooxidans was manifested in different growth rates and oxidation
rates of inorganic substrates under extreme conditions, in different
resistance to metal ions and low pH values, and also in polymorphism
of the chromosomal DNA fragments generated by the
macrorestriction endonucleases. Adaptation of some strains to growth
on media containing new substrates was accompanied by changes in
the number and size of restriction fragments.The data obtained on the
natural and experimental genomic variability of T. ferrooxidans
strains provide biotechnologists with practical recommendations for
selection aimed at the intensification of bioleaching processes and
testify about possibilities of strain monitoring in natural and
technological conditions. Strains with the labile genome have an
advantage in biohydrometallurgy.
T. ferrooxidans' successful growth rate, the bacterium can be used in
the technology of desulphurization of fuels and industrial gases. The
efficiency of this process is competitive with the traditional methods
of desulphurization, and the side products are sulphur, sulphuric acid
Agate, A. D., M. S. Korczynski, and D. G. Lundgren. 1969. Extracellular complex from the culture filtrate of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Can. J. Microbiol. 15:259-264
Andrews, G. F. 1988. The selective adsorption of thiobacilli to dislocation sites on pyrite surfaces. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 31:378-381
Bagdigian, R. M., and A. S. Myerson. 1986. The adsorption of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on coal surfaces. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 28:467-479.
Anonymous. 1984. Bestimmung von Eisen, E1, p. 1-10. In Deutsche Einheitsverfahren zur Wasser-, Abwasser- und Schlammuntersuchung. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany.
Ahonen, L., and Tuovinen, O.H. (1994), Solid phase alteration and iron transformation in column bioleaching of a complex sulfide ore, in Alpers C.N., and Blowes, D.W., eds., Environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation: Washington, D.C. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 550, p. 79-89.
Bhatti, T.M., Bigham, J.M., Vuorinen, A., and Tuovinen, O.H. (1994), Alteration of mica and feldspar associated with the microbiological oxidation of pyrrhotite and pyrite, in Alpers C.N., and Blowes, D.W., eds., Environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation: Washington, D.C. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 550, p. 90-105.
Brierley, C.L. (1982), Microbiological mining: Scientific American, v. 247, no. 2, p. 44-53.
Brierley, C.L. (1978), Bacterial Leaching, CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology, v6, Iss.3, 207-262.
Bruynesteyn, A. and Hackl, R.P. (1984), Evaluation of acid production potential of mining waste materials, Minerals and the Environment, 4(1), 5-8.
Colmer, A.R., Temple, K.L., and Hinkle, M.E. (1950), An iron-oxidizing bacterium from the drainage of some bituminous coal mines: Journal of Bacteriology, v. 59, p. 317-32 .
Cork, D.J. and Cusanovich, M.A. (1979), Continuous Disposal of Sulphate by Bacterial Mutualism, Dev. Ind. Microbiol., v20, 591-602.
Dutrizac, J.E. and MacDonald, R.J.C. (1974), Ferric Ion as a Leaching Medium, Minerals Sci. & Eng., v6, n2, p59-100.
Ehrlich, H.L. (1990), Geomicrobiology (2nd): New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 646 p.
Ehrlich, H.L., and Brierley, C.L., eds. (1990), Microbial mineral recovery: New York, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 454 p.
Evangelou, V.P. and Zhang, Y.L. (1995), A Review: Pyrite Oxidation Mechanisms and Acid Mine Drainage Prevention, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, v25, n2, p141-199.
Garrels, R.M. and Christ, C.L. (1965), Solutions, Minerals and Equilibria, Harper & Row, New York, 216-222.
Rastogi, V. et. al. (1985) The effects of particle size distribution on the rate of mine acid formation and its mitigation by bacterial inhibitors, Proceedings of 1985 ASSMR, Denver, Colorado
Rastogi, V. et al. (1984) Laboratory methods for determining the effects of bactericide on acid mine drainage, Proceedings of 1984 Symposium on Surface Mining, Hydrology, Sedimentology, and Reclamation, Lexington, Kentucky.
Roman, R.J. and Benner, B.R. (1973), The Dissolution of Copper Concentrates, Minerals Sci. & Eng., v5, n1, p3-24.
Silverman, M.P., and Lundgren, D.G. (1959), Studies on the chemolithotrophic iron bacterium Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans--1. An improved medium and a harvesting procedure for securing high cell yields: Journal of Bacteriology, v. 77, p. 642-647.
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domain: biology


text:
New Heights Song and Video2013-02-22 by fish | 5 Comments
|British hardcore punk band Heights have posted a brand new song alongside its music video. "Eleven Eyes" will feature on the band's forthcoming second album and features Sam Carter of Architects on vocals.|
The band received backlash a few months ago after kicking out their vocalist Thomas Debaere, who featured on their 2011 debut Dead Ends.
Not as bad as Stray Rats, album could be good after all. Video is pretty crap though
Song is ok, nothing too spectacular though...
Digging: Frameworks - Smother
Need Thom back
I find the vocals too high pitched and throat shredding to be palatable. He sounds like he's going through a really painful puberty.
There is some real hype around this band. I don't get it.
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• 40 Watt Sun Album Announced
» see all news

domain: entertainment


text:
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domain: literature


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The Town of Pulaski is getting a new Dollar Tree.
The Patriot spoke to Kathy Paschal, a manager at the current Dollar Tree in Memorial Square Shopping Center who confirmed that store would be moving to the new larger location in the former Rite Aid building on East Main Street.
The new location is due to open June 1.
For the past week there has been a flurry of activity at the old Rite Aid location. That store has set idle since Rite Aid closed its operation there a few years ago.
Dollar Tree is a national company with thousands of stores located in shopping centers and malls in all 48 contiguous states. A new stand-alone Dollar Tree opened several months ago in Fairlawn.

domain: economics


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Tom Verlaine and Patti Smith relationship timeline
TOM Verlaine and Patti Smith have a great deal of history.
Verlaine tragically passed away on Saturday, January 28, 2023, at the age of 73.
Did Tom Verlaine and Patti Smith date?
Verlaine — an iconic guitar player for the rock band Television — and Patti Smith — a famous musician and poet — reportedly had a romantic relationship in the past.
According to The Guardian, the pair "once dated" when they were "in the emerging New York Punk scene."
The publication also notes how the two frequently collaborated throughout the years.
Patti Smith — born in Chicago, Illinois — married MC5 guitarist Fred Smith in 1980.
He tragically died of heart failure in 1994.
The couple had two children, including a son named Jackson and a daughter named Jesse.
Television was based out of New York City and was known throughout the 1970s.
Verlaine — a New Jersey native — helped to establish the group in 1973 and served as its lead guitarist and singer.
Most read in Celebrity
The band consisted of Verlaine, Richard Lloyd, Billy Ficca, and Fred Smith (who is not the same Fred Smith that Patti married).
They made the albums Marquee Moon in 1977 and Adventure in 1978.
According to The Guardian, Marquee Moon "is considered one of the defining releases of the punk era."
The band broke up in 1978 but came together again multiple times, including from 1992 until 1993 and in 2001.
Verlaine did not appear to be married and does not have any known children.
Did Tom Verlaine and Patti Smith collaborate?
Tom Verlaine and Patti Smith produced multiple projects together.
According to NJArts.net, the pair co-wrote the song titled Break It Up, which was featured on Smith's first album, Horses, released in 1975.
Verlaine also utilized his guitar skills for the track.
In 1976, the duo wrote a poetry book called The Night.
What was Tom Verlaine's cause of death?
Patti Smith's daughter, Jesse Paris Smith, shared the news of Verlaine's passing.
She said the guitar played died "after a brief illness."
His exact cause of death is not yet known.
Patti Smith took to her personal Instagram account to share a tribute to her late friend, writing:

domain: history


text: Lo-manthang, Mustangm Nepal, is a very remote place in the Northern Himalaya of Nepal. people here do not have easy access to clean drinking water. Clean Water for Everyone has helped this place get water easily. The project have impacted more than 1,500 people. Clean Water for Everyone aims to provide access to clean and affordable water supply in underdeveloped nations by working with locals to achieve positive social, economic and environmental impacts.

domain: sociology


text:
4 Jobs for Artist in Kuwait.
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domain: artistic


Sun, Nov 22, 2015, 06:58 AM
TDP MLA Gopinath said that they would fight in court of justice against the GHMC arbitrary decision in delimitation of wards. The MLA said that the TDP and BJP would stage one-day deeksha at Indira Park on November 24 opposing the TRS anti-people policies in GHMC. Gopinath said that TDP and BJP MLAs would take part in deeksha. He alleged that the GHMC took up delimitation of wards unscientifically and did not revised voters list even after irregularities have committed in removal of votes.


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A man suffered multiple wounds Monday when he was attacked with a machete and robbed of his bicycle at a homeless camp in Hazel Dell, according to the Clark County Sheriff’s Office.
The incident was reported about 5:45 p.m. behind a business in the 800 block of Northeast Minnehaha Street. Multiple witnesses reported an altercation between two men in a homeless encampment during which one of the men began striking the other with a machete, according to a sheriff’s office statement.
The statement said the attacker in the case rode away on a bicycle before deputies arrived to find Ronnie Anderson, 40, of Vancouver suffering from multiple injuries. He was transported to a hospital with what was later determined to be minor tissue wounds, the statement said.
Deputies later located and arrested a suspect in the attack, 41-year-old Frank Rios of Vancouver, according to the statement, which said at the time of his arrest, he still had the machete and a bicycle he had allegedly stolen from Anderson.
The statement said that the assault occurred after Rios observed Anderson with his girlfriend.
Rios was booked into the Clark County Jail on suspicion of first-degree assault and first-degree robbery, according to the statement. It said deputies worked with witnesses to be able to return the stolen property to the victim.With the assistance of witnesses, deputies recovered the stolen property and were able to return these items to the victim in this case.

domain: news


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Overview Of Grand Theft Auto San Andreas Game
Grand Theft Auto San Andreas is an action game which is the third person action adventure video game. This creation was developed by Rockstar North and published under the banner of Rockstar Games on October 26th, 2004 for the PlayStation 2, Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360 and IOS, Android. San Andreas is almost same as the previous game and the game player completes all the missions and racing according to the previous gameplay method. The game features third-person shooting and a racing in the story of completing the missions. Outside the game story, the game player can move around the large environment. A player can walk, run, swim and fight while he needs these elements completing the missions. You can also Download Gta Killer Kip Game which is also an amazing and awesome installment.
Screenshots Of Grand Theft Auto San Andreas Game For PC
In this game, some features are different from the previous GTA game such as a player will play this game in the San Andreas city. The map oft the game playing missions and the environment of San Andreas is also different from the previous games.
Grand Theft Auto San Andreas Game Free Download For PC Full Version
The game player will use a different type of vehicles to reach at the mission in a standard time. He will fight against the enemies by using some technical weapons to kill his enemies and will take part in the racing events which are also the part of game story missions.
A game player will also perform some new styles such as playing the bicycle between the rail track and challenge of racing to the rail train. He will also fly the helicopter to reach some special points or using for enjoying the space journey by your own plane.
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- First of all, you need to download Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Game.
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- When downloading complete extract file by using Winrar Software.
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System Requirements Of Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Game
- CPU = Intel Core 2 Duo
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- Ram = 1 GB
- Operating System = Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10
- Hard Disk Space = 2 GB


State auditor general: “I remain very concerned about the timeliness of the city’s financial reporting.”
WARWICK — The city has once again failed to deliver a long-awaited audit report on its finances, missing a June 30 deadline.
Warwick initially sought an extension in December, prior to the Dec. 31 deadline for Rhode Island cities and towns to file audited financial statements with the state auditor general.
In response to Warwick’s request, Auditor General Dennis Hoyle extended Warwick’s deadline to March 30 and, later, to June 30.
That set the stage for some maneuvering by the city during a June 19 conference call between representatives of the city, the city’s auditors, Hoyle’s office and the state Department of Revenue in late June.
“Unfortunately,” Hoyle wrote in a letter to Mayor Joseph J. Solomon on June 20, “additional time beyond June 30 is needed to complete the city’s fiscal 2018 audit. Reluctantly, I acknowledge the revised completion timeline…”
The city’s audit report for the fiscal year that ended June 30, 2018, is now due on July 22, according to Hoyle’s letter.
“As discussed on multiple occasions,” says the letter, “I remain very concerned about the timeliness of the city’s financial reporting.”
One reason for the Jan. 1 filing requirement is to help local governments learn about financial issues before they plan their budgets for the next fiscal year, which for most begins July 1.
The ability to produce audited financial information six months after the close of the fiscal year is an indication of good financial controls and processes in a town or city, according to Hoyle.
In December, the city had sought the extension based on high employee turnover at City Hall in 2018, including turnover related to the departure of Mayor Scott Avedisian.
“Everything is in the hand of the auditors,” Solomon said Monday. “We can’t control vacations or departures of employees.”
He said he likes the numbers he is seeing regarding the city’s finances and expects Warwick to be in a better financial position next year.
“The proof is in the pudding,” he said.
“Warwick’s got a great financial future,” he said, “and I look forward to leading it into the future.”


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Thursday, Dec. 6, 2012
Drone race heats up between U.S. and China
SINGAPORE — When an aircraft shaped like a flying bat was lowered gently by crane onto the deck of a U.S. nuclear-powered aircraft carrier the other day, it marked the latest phase in a high-stakes gamble to help sustain America's military presence in the Asia-Pacific region in the face of increasing challenges from China.
The Chinese armed forces are developing anti-ship ballistic missiles and other difficult-to-defend against weapons to try to keep U.S. carriers and their manned jet fighters several thousand kilometers away from China's mainland in a crisis. In response, the U.S. is seeking ways to keep its forces and military personnel safe from attack by operating at much longer ranges.
The arrival of the tailless and stealthy X-47B on the USS Harry S. Truman at the Norfolk naval base in Virginia on Nov. 26 is the first time that an unmanned combat jet plane has been on a carrier. The X-47B is an experimental strike and surveillance aircraft. It is designed to perform one of the most difficult feats in aviation: to land and take off safely from a carrier deck at sea, but to do so without a pilot. It is about the size of a modern piloted jet fighter. However, it is computer-controlled and designed to take off, fly a pre-programmed mission, then return to base in response to mouse-clicks from its mission operator.
The operator monitors the X-47B's flight and can vary its computer-programmed instructions if necessary. But the operator does not actively "fly" it via remote control, as with other unmanned drones currently in operation.
For the next few weeks, the X-47B on the carrier will be given flight deck movement tests. Meanwhile, a second X-47B will practice touching down and taking off on a simulated carrier deck on land. It was launched by catapult for the first time on Nov. 29.
The drone is due to make its first landing on a carrier next year, relying on pinpoint Global Positioning Satellite coordinates and advanced avionics to touch down precisely in time to catch an arrester wire on deck, abort the approach if required, and take off again if the hook misses the wire — just as a manned jet fighter would.
If all goes well, aerial refueling of the X-47B will start in 2014 and involve both unmanned and manned tankers. This would be a critical stage in development of the X-47B, which has been under way for the U.S. Navy since 2007 and has already cost over U.S. $800 million.
A crash, always a possibility in such a high-risk environment as naval aviation, could be disastrous because there are only two of the unmanned jets available. However, success could lead to mass production and open a new phase of naval warfare.
The X-47B is similar in shape to the much larger U.S. B-2's long-range manned stealth bomber, also built by Northrop Grumman. Both aircraft have no fuselage or vertical tail. Their all wing design eliminates much of the surface area that would cause drag on a conventional aircraft.
It also eliminates many of the surfaces and edges from which radar energy would normally reflect, making a plane detectable.
The X-47B can carry slightly more than two tons of munitions, about one-ninth of the B-2's payload.
Using manned aircraft, the 11 carriers operated by the U.S. today are best suited for striking targets at ranges out to about 830 km. To avoid pilot fatigue, a typical mission lasts for only a few hours.
The X-47B, which was first flight tested in February 2011 and travels at just below the speed of sound, has an unrefueled endurance of more than six hours and an unrefuelled range of over 3,890 km.
With aerial refueling, the X-47B could remain on patrol at ranges well beyond 5,500 km and stay aloft for 50 to 100 hours — five to 10 times longer than a manned aircraft. This extended reach and ability to stay within range of its target, either for reconnaissance or attack, would allow a dispersed U.S. aircraft carrier force to apply combat power over an enormous area.
Remotely piloted drones, such as the Reaper and Predator, have become key weapons for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and the military in their campaign against terrorists and insurgents in the Middle East, Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Since al-Qaida's Sept. 11, 2001, attack on the U.S., the number of military-related drones in service in America has risen from just a small number to over 7,500 — roughly one-third of all U.S. military aircraft.
Despite big cuts that are looming in U.S. defense spending, drones are expected to take less of a hit because of their potential to help maintain American military power and because they are cheaper to build and operate than piloted combat planes.
Can China catch the U.S. in drone technology? At China's biennial air show in Zhuhai last month, an imposing fleet of operational and model drones was on show, most of them strikingly similar in appearance to leading U.S. drones.
One of them, the CH-4, which has four under-wing pylons capable of carrying missiles and satellite-guided precision bombs, reportedly has a range of more than 3,500 km and is intended for missions over islands disputed between China and its neighbors in the East and South China seas.
China has had a drone program since the mid-1990s. But much of it is shrouded in secrecy, making it difficult to assess how advanced it actually is.
Still, a panel of experts advising the Pentagon reported in July that China is "moving rapidly to catch up — and perhaps ultimately overtake — the West in this rapidly growing and increasingly important sector of aerospace and defence."
The panel, known as the Defense Science Board (DSB), said that the military significance of China's move into unmanned systems was alarming. "The country has a great deal of technology, seemingly unlimited resources and clearly is leveraging all available information on Western unmanned systems development," the DSB reported.
It said that China's plan for Anjian (Dark Sword) represented an aspiration to design something even Western powers did not yet have — a supersonic drone capable of air-to-air combat as well as ground strikes.
The DSB report added that the new Chinese drone design, with its high altitude, could serve as the targeting node for China's anti-ship ballistic missiles aimed at U.S. aircraft carriers.
Michael Richardson is a visiting senior research fellow at the Institute of South East Asian Studies in Singapore.


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Thank you for the feedback Jonathan. Oddly enough, it was the first image captured with the 70-200VR and turned out to be one of my favorites. Longwood Gardens was especially crowded during the holiday weekend. I was pleasantly surprised with the softness of this image. I tend to create sharp, constrasty imagery. This is a totally new direction for me.viewfinder said:Nice softness of the hybrid lily, simply beautiful.
Thank you Gordon. I am really enjoying the variety of flora this summer. I will finally get a chance to take a vacation next week. We are planning a trip to Niagara Falls. I plan to spend a few hours in the Butterfly Conservatory.greyflash said:Those tiger lily's are beautiful. Nice color and detail in your images.


Robert A. Millikan holding 2 C.R. electrometers
- Robert A. Millikan holding 2 C.R. electrometers
- Caltech Photographs
- Photographs of Individuals
- 1 photographs (negative)
- The electrometers were sent about ten miles into the atmosphere from San Antonio, TX to make cosmic ray intensity measurements in 1922.


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Ep. 26: Simple to Life-Threatening Headache Causes You Need to Know
Today’s episode of the Dr. Momma Says podcast intends to share an overview of the wide range of headache causes because a headache is not just a headache. Most of us get them from time to time, but everytime it happens, there is a reason. Your body is trying to tell you something, and you should listen. Although most headaches are never evaluated or treated, it is important for you to understand many of the horrible headache causes. Some of them can be life-threatening, so be sure to speak to your physician if you have a concern.
How Common are headaches?
The short answer: VERY!
Lots of information online but let me share a few general statistics:
- About 2/3 of people will have headaches at some point. (wow. I thought it was 100%)
- 15% of headaches are caused by migraines
- Over 50% are due to tension headaches.
- 4-5% of Emergency room visits are due to headaches.
- Headaches are one of the most common reasons people use over the counter pain medications like Tylenol and Motrin. These meds are usually safe but both of them can lead to complicated medical problems.
- Tylenol can damage the liver, aspirin increases your risk of bleeding because it slows down the ability of blood to clot and Motrin not only can be irritating to stomach causing gastritis or ulcers but may cause or worsen kidney disease.
So it is best to determine the cause of the recurrent headaches and find a specific treatment plan.
Medical History is crucial to determine horrible headache causes
Many times, physicians determine what is causing the headache based on your medical history. I have continually beat the drum that it is extremely important for you to know your own and your family members’ medical history.
When discussing your symptoms with your physician, it is a good idea to write down symptoms before the visit. You want to avoid being THAT patient who is unprepared! Some of the questions I frequently ask (as an ENT physician) include:
- How long have they been occurring?
- What time of day do they occur?
- How long do they last?
- What makes them better?
- What makes them worse?
- Are there any symptoms that occur before, during and after a headache?
- Any recent illnesses?
- Bonus: Use ONE finger and point to the area that tends to have the worst pain!
Two Basic Categories of Headache Causes
Headaches are broken down into two types: primary or secondary
A primary headache is a headache that is due to the headache condition itself and not due to another cause.
- Meaning, there is no nasal congestion, infection or other problem.
- Just a headache…primary
- If a headache is associated with another problem, it is a secondary headache.
Wouldn’t it be nice if all primary headaches were easy to spot? Well, there can be associated symptoms that may make things confusing, like nausea and vomiting or vision changes with migraines.
But honestly, the key to differentiating a secondary headache from a primary headache is based on a really good history.
Primary Headache Causes
A primary headache is caused by overactivity of or problems with pain-sensitive structures in your head. A primary headache isn’t a symptom of an underlying problem or disease.
Chemical activity in the brain, the nerves or blood vessels in the skull, and the muscles in the head and neck area all can contribute and play a role in causing primary headaches.
Some people may also carry genes that make them more likely to develop such headaches.
Most types of primary headaches fall under the following three categories. Be sure to listen in to the podcast for a more detailed description and examples.
- Tension-Type Headache: the most common type of primary headache.
- Migraines: a disorder of with recurrent headache attacks.
- Cluster Headache: also known as a histamine headache, are pretty rare.
Secondary Headache Causes
Now let me run through a list of common secondary headache causes.
Ask my girls if this is not one of my favorite questions when they had ANY issue, not just headaches: How much water did you drink? Keeping your body hydrated is important for many reasons, and when you get dehydrated, lots of symptoms occur.
Let’s be honest, there are many days we could all drink a bit more water. If you start feeling bad, take a minute to reflect on your hydration status.
Many dieters can tell you that sometimes when your body thinks it is hungry, it is actually thirsty. So this throws us back to the dehydration cause. But hunger and starvation can also lead to headaches.
Stress is a classic trigger of headaches
Many of my patients have already been to an eye doctor for headaches and had new glasses prescribed. But when the headaches continued, they realized that something else was the cause. Glaucoma, increased pressure in the eyeballs, is also a cause of headaches.
Dental and Jaw problems
TMJ is the common term we say for an area called TemporoMandibular Joint. It is the area you feel move when you place your hand in front of your ear and then open and close your mouth. This joint can have a variety of problems that can lead to head pain. Other dental and jaw problems may lead to poor alignment and head pain.
Excess head compression
External compression headaches can occur when something worn on your head puts continuous pressure on your forehead or scalp. They often occur in people required to wear certain headwear, such as helmets or goggles, for their work or sports activities.
Ice Cream Headaches
Ice cream headaches (also known as brain freeze!) are brief, stabbing headaches that can happen when you eat, drink or inhale something cold. This type of a headache is caused either by exposing your head to sudden, extreme cold or by having something cold move across the roof of your mouth and the back of your throat, such as when you eat ice cream quickly or gulp a cold drink.
It is officially known as cold stimulus headaches but that is not nearly as great of a name as brain freeze!
This category is my bread and butter. I see this daily. Not uncommon for me to see kids with chronic headaches who have already been seen by the neurologist looking for a more ugly reason for the headaches.
I have already posted blogs and podcasts about allergies, mouth breathing, and nasal congestion. No particular reason to elaborate on these more now but this category includes, of course, that common cold and viral illness as well as allergies and turbinate enlargement (remember the post I wrote about all the parts of the nose?)
This is an extremely common ENT reason for headaches, but I don’t include sinus problems in the same bucket as nasal congestion and stuffy nose. Sinus problems take things to the next level. There can be acute/ new sinus infections or chronic sinus infections. There may also be nasal polyps that form or a variety of rare sinus tumors and masses.
For everything you need to know about sinus problems, be sure to check out the previous episodes that discuss the sinus cavities in general, how to diagnose sinus infections/problems, sinus problem treatments and of course, some of the ugly sinusitis complications.
You know what? I just cannot believe I have not dedicated a post to the adenoid since I am evaluating them many times every day. I need to get on that!
The adenoid is a lymph node behind the nose. I call it a nose tonsil because many people have never heard of it.
No one ever asks me what a tonsil is, but I am always asked what an adenoid it. Same thing, different location. If it gets inflamed and large, it blocks the nose and can be a cause of a headache.
Reviewing my post about all the fabulous functions of the nose, you will learn the anatomy of the nose and understand the septum divides the nose in half. There are two equal passages or supposed to be. If the septum is crooked, due to birth trauma, other injury or just formed that way, the air is not equally distributed. The narrow side may allow the septum to touch the other side of the nose and debilitating headaches can happen.
In my patients, strep throat often presents with a headache, so it is important to check the throat in young kids with a severe headache. Other irritations can lead to referred head pain, like post nasal drip and viral pharyngitis. Gastric acid reflux may be a headache cause when repeatedly burping up stomach acid into the throat.
When checking for headache causes, the problems due to issues in the brain are the ones that cannot be missed. These are the potentially life-threatening ones. And the symptoms can overlap with other headache causes.
The most common brain problems associated with a headache include: Brain tumors, bleeding into the fluid around the brain or into the brain tissue itself, infection of the fluid around the brain (meningitis) or infection of the brain (encephalitis— especially with some of the vaccine-preventable viral illnesses like measles and the flu. (#vaccineswork)
Additional brain causes of a headache include a true stroke and head trauma that can not only lead to bleeding in several areas but can also lead to headaches from concussions.
High Blood Pressure
Some people can experience a headache when their blood pressure is too high, which has caused many doctors and researchers to tie hypertension to the headaches. However, high blood pressure has not been definitely linked to headaches. This is one of the reasons this disease is called the silent killer. Nevertheless, severe headaches may be a sign of dangerously high blood pressure.
Substance Overuse or withdrawal
This last category includes the well-known hangover from excessive alcohol and caffeine withdrawal when coffee addicts decide to quit cold turkey. Not a good plan.
In ENT we see this in patients who become addicted to nose sprays like Afrin. When it is stopped there is a rebound swelling and severe headaches can occur.
As always, much love for supporting my work. I will be adding many more posts to highlight parenting and healthcare tips, so be sure to consider subscribing to my podcast or to my blog to avoid missing a post!

domain: medical


HUMBOLDT PARK — After community pushback, the developers behind the "Teachers Village" project in Humboldt Park have scaled back their plans.
Now the development team — developer RBH Group and nonprofit IFF (formerly known as Illinois Facilities Fund) — is proposing a total of 87 residential units, down from 116, a more open plaza and a higher percentage of affordable housing.
The revamped proposal, which was presented Wednesday to about a dozen residents in the school auditorium, 2620 W. Hirsch St., has the support of Ald. Joe Moreno (1st), who took questions at the start of the meeting but left before the official presentation.
"I think this is a responsible, innovative and creative" project, Moreno told neighbors. "We're not coming to you and saying we want rapid for-market development here. That's what happened at those other schools."
The revamped proposal, now dubbed "Von Humboldt Teachers Square," calls for 82 apartments and five townhomes, down from 34, in front of a scaled-down parking garage with room with about 21 fewer spaces than initially proposed.
Of the 87 total residential units, 28 percent would be reserved as affordable, 24 percent would be reserved as middle-income and the remaining 48 percent would be reserved as market rate.
That's compared to the the original proposal, which was 20 percent affordable, 30 percent middle-income and 50 percent market rate.
The developers also redesigned the plaza so it's more open to the public after receiving feedback that it wasn't accessible enough.
What hasn't changed is all of the apartments — particularly the affordable middle-income units — will be marketed toward teachers, there will be a 15,000-square-foot market with communal seating, 5,000 square feet of additional retail space and a curriculum with classes, ranging from teaching certifications to gardening and wine-making.
A rendering of the development, looking west on Rockwell Street. [All photos DNAinfo/Mina Bloom]
Neighbors were receptive to many of the changes, but some questioned how the development would ultimately benefit longtime residents, especially those who are being driven out by gentrification.
Ron Beit, CEO of RBH Group, argued an "active" building is far more beneficial to the neighborhood than an empty one.
"You have an empty school building here that's not paying taxes to the city. [With this project], you'll have an active site. Talking about the security concerns ... the best security you can have is activating a building. People living here, eyes on the street," Beit said.
He also stressed that about 92 percent of the residential units would be affordable for teachers, meaning 92 percent of the units offer rents that match up with average teacher salaries in Chicago.
If all goes according to plan, Beit hopes to finish construction by August 2019.
The project is modeled after an existing RBH Group development in downtown Newark, N.J. called "Teachers Village," which is made up of three charter schools, a daycare center, apartments and retail.
Von Humboldt closed in 2013 when the district shuttered 50 schools. In July 2015, IFF bought the school for about $3.1 million and agreed to include one or more of the following components: day care programming, housing for current and retired public school teachers, office space and a cafe.
A new rendering of the school building, looking north on Hirsch Street.
Original renderings, presented in November:


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The Bais Hazari shrine of Nur Qutb 'Alam to the south of Pandua, seen from across a tank.
Artist: Sita Ram (fl. c.1810-1822)
Watercolour of Nur Qutb 'Alam shrine near Pandua from 'Views by Seeta Ram from Malda to Gunga Pursaad Vol. II' produced for Lord Moira, afterwards the Marquess of Hastings, by Sita Ram between 1814-15. Marquess of Hastings, the Governor-General of Bengal and the Commander-in-Chief (r. 1813-23), was accompanied by artist Sita Ram (flourished c.1810-22) to illustrate his journey from Calcutta to Delhi between 1814-15.
Idealised view of the 'Bais Hazari' shrine of Nur Qutb 'Alam to the south of Pandua, seen from across a tank. Pandua, near Gaur in the Malda district of Bengal, was a centre of provincial Islamic culture, reaching its apogee when it supplanted Gaur as capital of Bengal from 1342 till the beginning of the 15th century. Nur Qutub Alam was a 15th century Sufi saint (d.1415) in whose honour the famous Qutub Shahi mosque was erected in Pandua in 1582. The early 15th century dargah (mausoleum) complex of the saint, called the Choti Dargah, comprises a mosque, a tank or reservoir, tombs, a resthouse and various other structures. It was known as the 'shash hazari dargah' (a dargah endowed with a property worth six thousand rupees) of Pandua. Inscribed below: 'Cuttub Shah a Musselmaun Peer's Tomb 4 Coss from Malda.'

domain: geography


So you’ve got your shiny new diesel engine. …Now what? This is a question many new buyers find themselves asking as they go about their week, eager to save money but not go overboard when it comes to maintenance. After all, you have studies to do, a job to attend and children to take care of. Your car should be a positive addition to your life, not a detriment! If you want your engine to have a long and happy lifespan, get familiar with injectors. This is vital equipment to any diesel set-up, helping you help your engine and keep it going strong for years. Want to know the best injectors for 6.0 Powerstroke? Curious about techniques that can keep your engine running smoothly? Take a look below.
What Injectors Do I Use For My Engine?
Let’s get the easy stuff out of the way. When you look up the best injectors for 6.0 Powerstroke engines you’re doing the essential task of making sure you don’t accidentally flush your money down the drain. One person’s injector is another person’s trash, as specific injectors are designed for specific systems. You may need a 03 Cummins injector or some 2005 Duramax injectors, depending on your model and manufacturer needs. Double-check your manual and make sure you get off on the right foot.
What Temperature Should I Maintain?
Now for the more technical details. Maintaining a good temperature is essential to maintaining a good engine. If you neglect this seemingly minor element (no pun intended) you could be shaving entire years off of your equipment’s life. The expected life of diesel fuel, thanks to industry professionals, has been found to reach a full year when kept at 68 degrees ambient temperature. However, that lifespan can be cut down in half when kept at an ambient temperature of 86 degrees.
What About Pressure?
Temperature is not the only aspect you’ll have to consider. Proper pressure encourages your engine to run smoothly, avoiding hitches and stops that could go from a minor issue to a major problem if left unchecked. Injection pressures should reach a satisfying 30,000 PSI, creating a beautifully fine mist of fuel that creates a more complete burning process. A little too far in either direction can create an unsatisfying performance and eventual snowball effect.
Will Diesel Engines Remain Popular?
One of the best things about diesel is its longevity. Originally pioneered by a German inventor of the same name over a century ago, it has remained firm in the eye of multiple industries as a resource to be lauded. Just a few years prior VW accounted for half of all diesel car sales in the United States, totaling an impressive 489,000 clean diesel cars sold. This figure is expected to double over the coming year, meaning you’ll have plenty to choose from when you start looking up the best injectors for 6.0 Powerstroke engines.
How Do I Take Good Care Of My Injectors?
Ready to start looking up 2003 Duramax injectors or the best injectors for 6.0 Powerstroke models? You’re not out of the water yet. You need to take care of your equipment over the years so you don’t have any nasty accidents waiting for you. Newer doesn’t always mean better and nowhere is this more clear than with the more modern common-rail injectors. These can actually double the wear on injectors due to them firing two or three times per cycle. When you factor in external and internal deposits that can create grimy build-up, that’s a lot to watch out for every time you step behind the wheel. Thankfully, a little maintenance goes a long way. Keep these tips in mind and you’ll have an engine that’ll last you for years.


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The only item like this on the market provided by Drive Medical. The Wenzelite Straddler Bolster Chair was designed as a seating choice for individuals whose legs tend to adduct. It promotes sitting in an upright position, increased the hip to back angle and permits the pelvis to tilt anteriorly. it assists with sit to stand activities and encourages independence in getting on and off the chair.
- Width-adjustable pelvic stabilizer
- Pelvic belt
- Knee pads
- Lower leg retainers provide feet and lower leg alignment and can be lifted if not required
- Height adjustable in 5 increments
- Height, depth, and angle adjustable seat
- Actual Product Weight: 12.5 lbs
- Distance Between Laterals: 5"-9"
- Overall Product Height: 17.5"
- Overall Product Length: 23.5"
- Overall Product Width: 14.5"
- Primary Product Color: Yellow
- Primary Product Material: Wood
- Product Weight Capacity: 75 lbs
- Seat Depth: 13.5"-19"
- Seat Width: 9"
- Seat to Floor Height: 9.5"-16.5"
Weight Capacity: 75 lbs
Warranty: 2 Year Limited
No Assembly Required; Installation Required

domain: design


JACQUELINE CLARK, MICHAEL STOJKO, ELSA GODARD, JEANETTA LAURENCE
Farewell - The Royal Ballet US Tour
June 28, 2015 | by admin
The Royal Ballet 2015 USA tour concluded in New York City on Sunday evening 28 June. In celebration of this highly successful tour and 2014-15 season AFoCG Chairman Mercedes T. Bass hosted a farewell supper/dance for the company, crew and friends at the Promenade of the Koch Theater following the final performance. The festive evening included a buffet supper, orchestra and dancing, and the traditional Taglioni cake-cutting ceremony.


"This is my superbly average 2005 Chevrolet Cobalt, Carmen," says a luxurious voice as a man casually walks toward the car.
"If you have no intentions of ever getting laid again, buy this car now."
This is how 25-year-old Reid Zandbelt starts off an advertisement he directed and filmed for his car, which he wants to sell before he moves to New Zealand from Embrun, Ont.
"Carmen boasts some remarkable features: an off-colour driver's door handle, left and right turn signals that work, not that you'd ever use them. Nobody ever does," says Gary Craig, a voice actor Zandbelt hired online for the role.
"You'll be thrilled with after-market front speakers and a radio system, because 17-year-old me thought that was a smart decision."
Zandbelt has owned the car, his first, since 2013.
"I knew when I got the car I always wanted to do a video kind of like this, just kind of tongue in cheek, making fun of all the things that are wrong with it," he told HuffPost Canada.
And although 99 per cent of the ad's script is Zandbelt just ripping on the vehicle — asking price: $799, by the way — he says he's had some good memories with it.
"If I wasn't moving, I wouldn't want to be selling the car," he said. "It's been great to me. It still drives pretty well. I've been on quite a bit of road trips down to the States and all around Canada, so it does have a little bit of sentimental value. But, time to go."
He said the response to the video, which stars his friend Ashton Fillion, has been overwhelmingly positive so far and that it's made a lot of people laugh.
Zandbelt listed the car on eBay for $799 but took down the listing on Monday after no one bit. It's still up for sale, if any 2005 Chevrolet Cobalt hunters are out there.
More from HuffPost Canada:
'Tin can' finds a buyer
Somehow, Zandbelt's video isn't the only hilarious car ad to take the brutally honest approach. A user named "jefft3123" recently posted a glowing listing of his 1993 Subaru Justy on UsedVictoria.com.
"Have you dreamed about driving to work in a tin can? Do you want a car that blends into the crushing mediocrity of everyday life?" the user writes.
According to CTV News, the listing received almost 28,000 views in a day. And if you're wondering, the tin can has been sold. Somehow.
Maybe honesty really is the best policy.


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Forgot your password?
Reliving My Childhood
Even though painting is the part I hate most, I pushed myself to get it done on this one (so often, I leave the painting until last and then never finish it).
Posted March 22, 2011
WOW! How dramatic! LOVE it!!
Thanks! I LOOOOVVVEE the black. The dark red is a little more burgundy than I care for but I think the tone is right enough.
I like your colors. I never would have thought of using black except for shutters. It really looks very dramatic with the red and white. How did you cose the openings in the floors for the stairs?
In real life, dark red ("Colonial Red" by Red Devil) is my favorite color and I love combining it with either black & creamy ivory or chocolate brown & robin's egg blue. I got a little of all of that in this house.
While I love the crispness of white (and it surely would have shown better detail on the windows and porch), I really wanted this house to be striking. I guess I could've done dark red walls with white trim but that'd be a little too barn looking.
There's actually a house up the road (a fake Victorian) from mine with similar coloring... butter with dark, dark forest green and burgundy trim.
For the holes in the floor, I used 2 pieces of glued-together 3/16" foam core and traced out the hole. Its almost an exact fit; the foam is a smidgen higher. So, rather than trim down the thickness of the foam, I squished it under paint cans for a couple of days. That took out some of the air and made it just right. Certainly not artisan work!
Posted March 23, 2011
I tried the foam core and it was just a tad too thick. I'll have to try the weights. It's so much easier to cut than wood. I wish RGT would leave in the cut out piece. :lol:
I LOVE IT!!! :kicking: :jumping:
Posted December 7, 2011
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Federal court indefinitely delays trial involving Biden efforts to shut down chemical plant
A U.S. district court has granted a federal government's request to indefinitely halt a closely watched trial despite the Biden administration's stated concerns about the health risks posed by a major petrochemical plant in Louisiana.
Judge Carl Barbier of the U.S. District of Eastern Louisiana made a late Friday ruling, abruptly canceling motion arguments initially scheduled for the upcoming week.
The judge also postponed the trial slated for mid-March, as Fox News reported.
The Department of Justice, representing the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), sought the delay on Feb. 9, following months of contention regarding the plant's hazards.
Industry Response to EPA's Legal Action
Denka Performance Elastomer (DPE), the company at the heart of the lawsuit, criticized the EPA for its approach towards the lawsuit.
The firm highlighted the strain the litigation strategy places on the nation's sole neoprene-producing facility and its workforce.
Jason Hutt, counsel for DPE, remarked on the irony of the EPA's delayed trial request, contradicting the agency's claims of urgency in this matter.
Hutt condemned the lawsuit as a political maneuver and signaled DPE's readiness to dispute the EPA's allegations, emphasizing the outdated and exaggerated basis of the government's science on chloroprene risks.
"DPE is prepared to litigate this case and address the unfounded fears fomented by EPA, including a clear showing that the science underlying EPA's allegation is outdated, contorted and based upon an overly conservative risk assessment," Hutt said.
He added, "Since purchasing the facility in 2015, DPE has invested more than $35 million in chloroprene emissions reductions."
Hutt stated that chloroprene emissions had reached unprecedented low levels due to DPE's ongoing dual monitoring systems.
He further emphasized that DPE is committed to maintaining its operations at the facility, which is a significant source of employment for numerous Louisiana locals and plays a vital role in bolstering the economic health of both the local and state economies.
The company insists on continuing its operations, underscoring the economic and employment benefits it brings to Louisiana.
Meanwhile, EPA Administrator Michael Regan reaffirmed the administration's commitment to environmental justice, critiquing DPE for not reducing emissions swiftly or substantially enough.
Legal and Political Controversies Surrounding the Case
The controversy extends beyond environmental concerns, touching on accusations of political motivations and the legality of the Biden administration's actions.
DPE has argued that the government's demands could lead to devastating outcomes for the company, including job losses and economic disruption.
Furthermore, discoveries made by DPE suggest an attempt by EPA officials to fabricate evidence to strengthen their case, an issue now under investigation by the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee.


The Methow Valley Citizens Council (MVCC) has been awarded a $460,504 grant by the Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental Justice Collaborative Problem-Solving Cooperative Agreement Program. The program supports organizations dedicated to addressing local environmental and public health issues within their communities.
This grant will fund three years of Resilient Methow climate and Clean Air Methow air programming, culminating in hosting a regional Air and Climate Conference, according to a press release. MVCC will plan and coordinate an inaugural North Central Washington Climate Resiliency and Environmental Justice Conference “to build deeper partnerships, expand climate and air programming throughout the region and procure local government commitment to focus on climate resiliency and air pollution reduction through the lens of environmental justice,” the release said.
For Resilient Methow’s climate work, this funding will help promote climate change resiliency by implementing actions outlined in the Methow Valley Climate Action Plan, a comprehensive local plan that serves as a shared guide for building a resilient Methow. While originally developed for the Methow watershed, the Climate Action Plan is relevant and can benefit vulnerable populations throughout Okanogan County, the release said.


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From the Jersey Journal:
The four-year fight over a micro-unit building slated for Downtown Jersey City is finally over, with the New Jersey Supreme Court this month declining to hear an appeal by a neighborhood group opposed to the plan.
The court’s decision allows developer Rushman-Dillon to move forward with the 87-unit, five-story building, slated for a lot at Bright and Varick streets in the city’s Van Vorst Park neighborhood. Neighbors opposed the plan but a Hudson County Superior Court judge in 2014 ordered automatic approval — meaning the developer can move ahead with construction without approval from the city Planning Board — because the city failed to OK the project during a time period prescribed by state law.
Rushman-Dillon’s lawyer, Donna Jennings, called the court’s decision not to weigh in “a significant victory” not only for her clients but for other developers who face “untoward delay tactics” from municipalities.
“These delay tactics — employed simply to frustrate or forestall an applicant — are the very evil which the automatic approval provision was specifically designed to overcome,” Jennings said. “Unfortunately, there is nothing ‘automatic’ about the provision as the plaintiff-developer has now lost four years on an application that is fully conforming with the controlling redevelopment plan.”
Neighbors have multiple problems with the project, saying it would aggravate parking problems in the neighborhood and attract rowdy residents.


2020 Toyota Rav4 LE, Release Date, Changes, Price, Rumors – The Toyota Rav4 crossover is steering into a new, 5th era. A new series of the compact model is emerging later this year as the 2019 year vehicle. It simply leaves place and time for makers to put together the first revise – 2020 Toyota Rav4. With the new model on the way, we will not see big changes for the first edition soon after the new technology comes. Tiny plastic upgrades, probably limited edition and particular model, and minimal adjustments of the hybrid system are some of the possibilities. Because all eye is on the 2019 Rav4, there is nevertheless no big fascination with 2020 crossover. But, as shortly as the new vehicle gets into the market, followers will mule for absent capabilities and techniques.
The crossover is the finest-marketing vehicle in its household. The compact class just skyrocketed fairly recently and Toyota is one of the firms that use all the pros of the enlargement. Nicely, the complete SUV and crossover business is increasing. That is why we are experiencing a lot more of these vehicles, new lessons and subclasses. Forerunners of the 2020 Toyota Rav4 are one of the first crossovers that created a development. Now, the impending model and others are taking pleasure in the achievement of this type of cars.
The redesign of the forthcoming 2019 model brings changes to the 2020 Toyota Rav4 LE. Changes are not proceeding to be big. But, the first up-date edition is intending to make small beauty and interior adjustments. In addition, no big issues are on the way.
Rav4 has a new competitive seem. From everything we discovered in New York City at Auto Show, creative designers got a good deal of job. They made an advanced crossover with a good deal of updates. The new Toyota Rav4 2020 model will drive on a new platform. The company is now making use of a TNGA structure for its compact vehicle. The crossover is now reduced and quicker. Nevertheless, the forthcoming model is not shedding in off-road features. In contrast, the new Rav4 is even improving the performance in tough areas.
The new dashboard is the showcase of the interior. The crossover is secure and rather large for its external surfaces dimensions. The best seat format provides five areas. There is also adequate space in a storage space that could be improved by foldable rear seating. At the heart of the cpanel is a big 7-inches touchscreen show. Greater clip amounts, these kinds of as 2020 Toyota Rav4 Limited, will offer you even the larger sized product. Entune infotainment system is likely to supply The apple company CarPlay solutions, but regrettably, not the Android mobile phone Auto. Toyota is working to make it up with the help of Amazon online Alexa system. Beneath the big display is most of demand control keys and knobs, which include drive setting variety and weather handle. The controls also contain some of them.
Beneath the hood of the 2020 Toyota Rav4 is a 2.5-liter engine. That is the identical model used in the prior technology. Even so, designers will track it to supply far more power and much better fuel economy at the identical time. Despite the fact that specifics are continued to inaccessible, we think the new Toyota Rav4 2020 model should be able to generate more than 180 engine horsepower. The specs page becomes an increase for torque production as effectively.
However, the major advancement originates from a new all-wheel drive. The major portion of it is the torque vectoring system. This one is not moving to be readily available for the base crossover. Nicely, the front-wheel-drive remains to be the function for common 2020 Toyota Rav4 LE supply.
Engine and Specs
Like the base crossover, the 2020 Toyota Rav4 Hybrid is also employing the very same set up as prior to. Once again, the base with this type of drivetrain is a 2.5-liter four-cylinder petrol engine. It sets an electric motor that enhances engine horsepower. The new hybrid, as its traditional sibling, is likely to offer you much more. Additional engine horsepower can certainly make Toyota Rav4 2020 go previously mentioned 200 hp overall. The most significant improvement is for fuel economy which can attain 35 mpg in city drive. On roadways, the crossover will profit the exact same mileage with equally gas or hybrid variations.
The RAV4 Hybrid XSE has sportier revocation adjustments and 18-inches alloy tires, plus lustrous black interior and external parts that automakers often associate with sports cars. Its journey sensed your hair stronger, but the distinction in directing adjusting is scarcely obvious. Nonetheless, the reality that the XSE toned is not seen on the no-hybrid RAV4 indicates a well known ideal change as Toyota wants to electrify its lineup: Hybrids are no more just the “eco” version; they are also the “premium” and “sporty” one.
We did not have the chance to officially calculate the RAV4’s fuel economy. Nonetheless, a spirited jaunt up Laureles Class towards Laguna Seca then back to Carmel delivered an EPA-satisfying 39 mpg, based on the journey laptop or computer.
2020 Toyota Rav4 LE Release Date and Price
The next-gen 2019 Rav4 continues to not in salons. The company is maintaining it for the winter season. Toyota is planning to begin the improvement of the new 2020 year model following first comments. The wish to notice perception about the new crossover just before they begin to repair achievable concerns. In addition, unique clip amounts could possibly be on the means for 2020 Toyota Rav4 revise. So, we cannot say with assurance when is 2020 Toyota Rav4 popping out. But, if we will need to forecast, it ought to take place past due next year.
The new 2020 Toyota Rav4 LE will definitely cost close to $25,000. Its hybrid version, which is delivered a few of a few months afterward, is highly valued $3,000 a lot more. This is not a big alter in comparison to the outbound age group. Even the Limited Edition of the Toyota Rav4 2020 model is not moving past the boundary apart. It is more costly even though, but the price space is below $7,000. Presently, Rav4 Platinum is the most costly version. The premium model is full of a good deal of functions we will not discover on other cut degrees, plus it could get to $40,000 price label.


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Google Announces New Nest Cameras and Doorbell
The revamped lineup includes the company’s first floodlight camera and battery-powered video doorbell
When Google discontinued its high-end Nest Cam IQ cameras earlier this year, the company teased that a new camera lineup was in the works. Today, the company has taken the wraps off the new lineup, which features four models:
- Google Nest Doorbell, $180
- Google Nest Cam (battery), $180
- Google Nest Cam with Floodlight, $280
- Google Nest Cam (wired), $100
The Nest Doorbell is the company’s first battery-powered model, just as the Nest Cam (battery) is Google’s first battery-powered indoor/outdoor camera. The Nest Cam with Floodlight is—you guessed it—Google’s first floodlight camera.
The new Nest Cam (wired) can only be used indoors. If you aren’t a fan of battery-powered cameras though, fear not: The battery-powered camera offers plug-in power adapters (sold separately), while the doorbell can be hardwired or plugged into an outlet (a plug-in adapter is sold separately).
At this time, the cameras don’t work with Amazon Alexa or Samsung SmartThings, and Google wouldn’t comment on whether those features are in the works.
These missing features are present in earlier Nest cameras, but those earlier models also required a Nest Aware subscription for object recognition of people, packages, etc. The new cameras don’t require a subscription for their object recognition to work.
Most competing camera brands, such as Arlo and Ring, offer that type of AI by analyzing your videos in the cloud and lumping the cost of that functionality in with their cloud video storage plans. And while Arlo offers the same types of AI alerts, Ring cameras and doorbells can only detect people.
Google has also built in a feature to keep these cameras recording in the event of a power or internet outage called “local storage fallback.” It allows the cameras to record and save up to an hour of video (or roughly one week of motion-triggered clips) and upload it once power and internet access are restored.
The feature will work during a power or internet outage for all but the Nest Cam (wired), which can use the feature only during an internet outage because it lacks a battery.
The decision to incorporate this feature might make you wonder why Google doesn’t just rely on local storage entirely. Lesser-known competitors like Eufy and Netatmo store all of their footage on the camera itself, usually on a microSD card. Instead, Google uses cloud video storage to store all footage from its cameras.
All of the new models feature a rolling 3 hours of free cloud video storage for motion-triggered clips. That’s an improvement over current Nest cameras, which only have free storage for 3 hours of photo snapshots, and an advantage over many competing brands. For example, Arlo and Ring don’t offer any free video storage aside from a limited free trial of their subscription plans.
With a Nest Aware subscription, these cameras gain additional motion-triggered cloud video storage; face recognition (this also happens on device like the object recognition); and e911, which allows you to call your home’s local 911 dispatcher directly from the Google Home app. The base Nest Aware plan costs $6 per month (or $60 per year) and includes 30 days of motion-triggered storage.
The Nest Aware Plus plan costs $12 per month (or $120 per year) and offers 60 days of motion-triggered storage, plus 10 days of 24/7 video storage for wired Nest cameras.
Of course, we’ll have to get these new cameras in our labs to see how they perform in our tests, as well as how they compare with competing models in our home security camera ratings.
In the past we’ve tested the Nest Cam Indoor, the discontinued Nest Cam IQ Indoor, and the discontinued Nest Cam IQ Outdoor. All three cameras received high marks for video quality, response time, data security, and their smart feature sets. Their only real flaw is that they offer middling data privacy, but that’s common among most security cameras in our ratings.