text:
Police in Oyam District is investigating circumstances under which four people died during a land conflict.
According to police, the land conflict was between the family of the late Amuja Abichi and Akucha Primary School located in Ngai Subcounty, Oyam District.
Police publicist Fred Enanga says that a one Amuja Richard and Olet Charles who were armed with pangas, hoes and sticks had stopped people who were ploughing on the land claiming that the headteacher was not transferred to the school with a garden.
The team later continued to plough a move that saw Ojok Omara, hit with a hoe by a one Olet Charles, and the other three, Amuja Richard, Okeng Tonny and Olet were killed by an angry mob armed with hoes, pangas and fire that rushed to save Ojok.
Three other people who sustained serious injuries were referred to Lachor Hospital and bodies of the deceased have been taken to Lira Regional Referral hospital for a postmortem.
Meanwhile, 13 Suspects have been arrested to help with investigations.


text:
Now showing items 1-2 of 2
Got spirit? The spiritual climate scale, psychometric properties, benchmarking data and future directions.
(BMC health services research, 2017-02-11)
Organizations that encourage the respectful expression of diverse spiritual views have higher productivity and performance, and support employees with greater organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Within healthcare, ...
The associations between work-life balance behaviours, teamwork climate and safety climate: cross-sectional survey introducing the work-life climate scale, psychometric properties, benchmarking data and future directions.
(BMJ quality & safety, 2017-08)
Improving the resiliency of healthcare workers is a national imperative, driven in part by healthcare workers having minimal exposure to the skills and culture to achieve work-life balance (WLB). Regardless of current policies, ...

domain: sociology


A TOTAL of 21 banning orders were handed out to Huddersfield Town fans last year.
New figures from the Home Office also reveal that 36 supporters were arrested for bad behaviour at matches involving The Terriers.
The club with the most banning orders are Leeds United with 115.
The club with the highest number of arrests was Tottenham Hotspur with 169.
Town's local rivals Bradford City had 32 of their followers given banning orders.
The Home Office figures show that a record number of football banning orders have been imposed, up 7%.
But arrests for football-related offences fell, also by 7%, for the third consecutive season.
Home Office minister Vernon Coaker said: "A 7% decrease in football-related arrests, coupled with a 7% increase in football banning orders, shows that tough legislation and targeted police continues to be effective.
"However, we are not complacent. Football disorder remains a lingering menace and will not be tolerated."
FA chief executive Brian Barwick said: "The latest figures reflect the positive impact of banning orders and effective policing in reducing disorder at football matches and the on-going culture change among the fans themselves."
Last week, the Town club appealed for help from fans to stop missile throwing at games.
They fear action from the FA after incidents at matches this season and last.
Club secretary Ann Hough warned troublemakers faced a ban from the Galpharm Stadium.


text:
Im a 23 year old male 6'2 and weigh 225 pounds. I smoke less than half a pack a day and drink lightly a few nights a week.
Note: At this point I had no chest pain. Also I would like to overcome this without doctor or chemical medicinal help if possible, but will see a doctor if you guys think this could be life threatening.
a week ago I was riding in the passenger seat of a car on the way back to my house, from a friends we were partying with the night before. Slightly hungover but nothing out of the ordinary. all of a sudden I felt this wave come over me, it hit almost instantly, My face and head went numb and it started moving down from there. I was short of breath and felt like I had to either get out of the car or die. I told my friend to pull over instantly and I got out and stood up. My heart was racing what felt like a million miles an hour but after 2 minutes I felt ok and got back in and we went home. The rest of the day I felt miserable, but nothing compared to what happened next.
For the last seven days I've this dull minor pain in my chest, a pain i've felt before but never had it last this long. sometimes its on the left side right under my breast, sometimes its the rightside. The feel like cramps that just wont go away. I've also felt a burning sensation that lasts a while also. This is accompanied by something that I'm going to explain in great detail.
It starts off with me felling the minor chest pain and then soon escalates with multiple symptoms. Its happened randomly as well as being triggered by something specific. It happened once when someone knocked on my window, once when I lit a ciggarette, a few times from rubbing my sore sternum and then I could be sitting there not even thinking about
it and being perfectly fine and happy.
Symptoms: these all last for 1-3 hours. The first symptom and the one I think starts all the others is a rapid rise in heartbeat, like 2x my normal heart beat. Followed by a rush of tingling/numbness in my face chest and sometimes arms/legs. Then the panic sets in. I can't not even describe the fear. My brain is consumed with dark thoughts, thoughts of me about
to die my mind races making a list of what im about
to die from and I can't control it, I can't block these thoughts no matter how hard I try. After this I get the over whelming urge to stand and leave the room, or wherever im at, an urge to instinctively flee. Then I get this lightheaded feeling, almost like I'm drunk. I get an overwhelming headache, my stomach and throat knot up, I get this weird feeling like I'm about
to burp but I never do. I feel like I'm going to defecate and if I do its always loose. I get sensitive feelings to touch/light/sound and even people, I can't be around anyone else when it's happening. This has happened 5 out of the last 7 days and a few of the days it has happened multiple times lasting 1-3 hours. After these symptoms are gone it feels like I just came off of a drug, My head and neck are weak, I feel exhausted but scared to fall asleep/insomnia and just a general feeling of being down or depressed, like it's never going to go away. Finally on average after about
2 hours I feel back around 75% but that small constant ache in the chest is still there. also the breastplate in the center and on both sides are sore to touch, and I can't help but wonder when all this well happen again.
These last few days have been hell, the most miserable of my entire life. I don't know if the anxiety cause the pain and then the pain causes anxiety like a bad circle or what. I just want to be normal again.
My main wonder is can anxiety cause all these symptoms including the chest pain that lingers?(I had no chest pain the very first time this happened).
Reading other peoples posts on here have brought me much comfort and I GREATLY appreciate any help/tips/overcomings that anyone can leave me here.
Post Edited (Xazer) : 3/30/2012 6:26:24 AM (GMT-6)

domain: medical


text:
A series of random questions answered by Harvard experts.
Audio – Sarah Sweeney | Producer – Rebecca E. Rollins
Nancy Rappaport reads from “In Her Wake,” a book written about the exploration of her mother’s suicide.
Award-winning artist Yeonsoo Kim demonstrated the craft of making an Onggi pot, a large, hand-built, slab-constructed form used for food fermentation and storage, during a one-day workshop at Harvard Ceramics…
New English course studies pop star’s lyrics alongside classic literature
Leslie Jamison traces how first-time motherhood, crumbling of marriage left her with new, different life
Study puts fermentation, not fire, as pivot point behind our ancestors’ increasing cranial capacity
4 min read
Experts weigh in on pop superstar's cultural and financial impact as her tours and albums continue to break records.
Harvard researchers create model that better measures biological age, distinguishes between harmful and adaptive changes during life

domain: artistic


text:
The big-hearted music and TV mogul, who produced the charity single Everybody Hurts for the victims of the Haiti earthquake in 2010, has announced plans to assemble a host of famous pals to record a track to benefit those who lost everything in Wednesday morning's (14Jun17) blaze, which claimed the lives of at least 12 people.
"I am watching the footage of the Grenfell Tower fire in London. Heartbreaking," he tweeted on Thursday (15Jun17). "We hope to confirm a record tomorrow which will raise some money for the many people affected by this tragedy. Making calls tonight."
One singer he might be able to snag for the record is Adele, who paid an emotional visit to the site of the fire on Wednesday night (14Jun17), hugging victims and doing her best to offer "comfort" to those affected by the tragedy.
The 29-year-old singer was reportedly accompanied by husband Simon Konecki as she made her way round the area that has become a vigil site for victims.

domain: entertainment


text:
Weight & Knee Pressure When Walking, Running & Cycling
Endurance exercises like walking, running and cycling are critical components of any weight loss endeavor, but extra body weight increases pressure on your knees, making these exercises potentially damaging to the joints. Understanding the relationship between knee problems, body weight and the various modes of exercise can help you make more informed decisions about your routine and may motivate you to keep your weight under control.
Consider Your Weight
Whether you are overweight or not, your knee joints carry a weighty load. From everyday activities like walking and climbing stairs, to participation in exercise classes and sports, your knees are subject to wear and tear. Four major ligaments hold your knees in place, assisted by the muscles and tendons that converge at the knee. Damage to the ligaments can lead to knee instability that makes you vulnerable to more serious injuries.
While ligaments sometimes are damaged by trauma, injuries are more frequently caused by movements like cutting, twisting, jumping and deceleration. Extra body weight makes these movements even more hazardous by increasing the loading forces on your knees. Excessive load can cause the cartilage that enables your kneecap to glide smoothly over your thigh bone to wear away, producing chronic pain.
Walk or Run?
The human body is designed to walk and run, so those activities should be a logical choice for exercise. However, they both place a lot of stress on your knee joints. Normal walking can cause forces of three times your body weight across your knees, while running may impose forces as high as five and a half times your weight. The more you weigh, the greater the magnitude of force and the greater your risk of injury. Investing in supportive running shoes that provide ample shock absorption helps reduce the force loads of walking and running.
Ride a Bike
Cycling is often touted as a preferred alternative to walking or running because it is considered low-impact exercise; however, cyclists have their own set of knee problems. An article published in "The Physician and Sports Medicine" reports that knee pain is the most common lower body injury in cyclists. Bicycle fit, the individual anatomy of the cyclist, changes in equipment and biking distance and intensity are contributing factors to knee damage. Excess body weight means you have to apply more force when pedaling, increasing the stress to your knees.
Excess weight can contribute to a variety of chronic knee disorders. A 2013 study published in the "Canadian Association of Radiologist Journal" reviewed knee images from 170 patients and identified subcutaneous knee fat, a marker for obesity, to correlate with the incidence of chondromalacia patellae, a condition in which a softening of knee cartilage causes the kneecap to rub against the lower end of the thigh bone. In advanced cases, cartilage may be completely worn away to the bone. Managing your weight through regular exercise and whole food nutrition takes a load off your knees so you can enjoy a physically active lifestyle.
- Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal: Correlation Between Subcutaneous Knee Fat Thickness and Chondromalacia Patellae on Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Knee
- Chester Knee Clinic and Cartilage Repair Centre: Running Knee Problems
- Johns Hopkins Arthritis Center: Role of Body Weight in Osteoarthritis
- The Physician and Sports Medicine: Knee Pain and Bicycling
- Western Journal of Medicine: Knee Instabillity
Michelle Matte is an accomplished fitness professional who holds certifications in personal training, pilates, yoga, group exercise and senior fitness. She has developed curricula for personal trainers and group exercise instructors for an international education provider. In her spare time, Matte writes fiction and blogs.

domain: sports


Review of ThyssenKrupp Elevator Americas
Page reviewed 2014-02-28
Recommendations:Create more engaging posts.
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On Facebook, everyone’s got something to say. But what does it all mean for you?
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|2014-01-30||That's what elevators are there for!||80||3||26|
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Unanswered Posts by Others - ThyssenKrupp Elevator Americas
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text:
Why dismantling Section 230 would shatter free speech and innovation
Over the last few weeks, several congressional committees have debated the future of free speech online.
Since 1996, internet platforms hosted speech by users thanks to the protections in Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act. This law holds individuals responsible for what they post online and it has enabled American companies to provide the world’s most cutting-edge technology in communication, business and entertainment. Removing Section 230 protections would threaten America’s global Internet and innovation leadership, cripple Internet small businesses, hurt investment in many Internet start-ups and trample our principle of free speech.
In about two dozen words, the law states: “No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider.” With that clear safeguard, Section 230 establishes the core, commonsense principle that responsibility for online speech lies with the speaker, not the host. It ensures the survival of the internet economy and creates the cornerstone of online free expression we enjoy today.

domain: news


text:
A basic set of navigation strategies supports navigational tasks ranging from homing to novel detours and shortcuts. To perform these last two tasks, it is generally thought that humans, mammals and perhaps some insects possess Euclidean cognitive maps, constructed on the basis of input from the path integration system. In this article, I review the rationale and behavioral evidence for this metric cognitive map hypothesis, and find it unpersuasive: in practice, there is little evidence for truly novel shortcuts in animals, and human performance is highly unreliable and biased by environmental features. I develop the alternative hypothesis that spatial knowledge is better characterized as a labeled graph: a network of paths between places augmented with local metric information. What distinguishes such a cognitive graph from a metric cognitive map is that this local information is not embedded in a global coordinate system, so spatial knowledge is often geometrically inconsistent. Human path integration appears to be better suited to piecewise measurements of path lengths and turn angles than to building a consistent map. In a series of experiments in immersive virtual reality, we tested human navigation in non-Euclidean environments and found that shortcuts manifest large violations of the metric postulates. The results are contrary to the Euclidean map hypothesis and support the cognitive graph hypothesis. Apparently Euclidean behavior, such as taking novel detours and approximate shortcuts, can be explained by the adaptive use of non-Euclidean strategies.
To go from one place to another involves the opening up of the vista ahead and closing in of the vista behind. When the vistas have been put in order by exploratory locomotion, the invariant structure of the habitat will be apprehended. One is oriented to the environment. It is not so much having a bird's-eye view of the terrain as it is being everywhere at once. (Gibson, 1979, p. 198)
In elegant research over the past half-century, a number of navigation strategies have been identified in species ranging from insects to humans that support a set of navigational tasks. Tasks include keeping track of where you are as you explore the environment, as in foraging; returning to a central place such as the home or nest, known as homing; traveling between familiar places by a known route; and traveling between familiar places by a new route or a novel shortcut. Navigational tasks can be distinguished from the online control of locomotion not by the scale of the distances involved but by the availability of perceptual information about goals and barriers: whereas locomotor control involves online guidance with respect to perceptible goals in ‘vista space’ (see Fajen and Warren, 2003; Zhao and Warren, 2017), navigation involves wayfinding to goals beyond the sensory horizon, in ‘navigation space’ (Meilinger et al., 2016). Navigation thus entails some knowledge of the environment, however minimal. The question I pursue here is the nature of this knowledge.
A basic taxonomy of navigation strategies would include path integration, homing by beacons, piloting by landmarks, route navigation and map navigation (Gallistel, 1990; Trullier et al., 1997). Each strategy implicates a corresponding form of knowledge. Let's consider each in turn.
Path integration involves keeping track of one's position and orientation with respect to the starting or ‘home’ position, thereby enabling a direct return path. Technically, path integration means sensing linear and rotational self-motion (e.g. via optic flow or vestibular information) and integrating to obtain displacements and turn angles, but the term normally includes information for the displacements and angles themselves (e.g. proprioception, celestial compass). Some species appear to update a ‘homing vector’ that specifies the distance and direction to home (Wehner, 2003), while others can remember the legs of the outbound path, at least up to a point (Wan et al., 2013). Path integration thus implies a simple vector memory, perhaps updated in working memory.
Homing by beacons takes advantage of perceptible features of the landscape that mark the home or goal location. An animal can navigate to a hidden goal by online steering toward visible beacons nearby (Collett, 1996). Beacons thus constitute visual information specifying the goal location, and could be acquired via perceptual learning.
Piloting by landmarks extends this strategy to recognizing configurations of landmarks, perhaps by matching the current vista with a remembered view (Cartwright and Collett, 1983; Morris, 1981). Piloting enables an animal to localize its current position and orientation (take a ‘fix’), to locate a goal by minimizing the error between the current and remembered view, or to find home by associating a homing vector with particular landmarks or views (Cartwright and Collett, 1987). For this strategy, landmarks or views specifying known places must also be acquired through perceptual learning.
Route navigation builds on this ability by learning a sequence of places and corresponding actions, where places are identified by landmarks or views (Collett et al., 1998; Collett and Collett, 2002). An animal with such ‘route knowledge’ can navigate between familiar places by following a known sequence of place–action associations. Confusion may ensue if two routes intersect at the same place, or the same route segment leads to two different places; this might be avoided by learning a route to each goal, or a sequence of place–goal–action associations. While route knowledge allows the navigator to repeat known paths between places, it is insufficient to generate novel paths or shortcuts.
Map navigation overcomes this limitation by relying on ‘survey knowledge’ of the spatial positions of known locations in a common coordinate system, akin to a cartographic map. Such a cognitive map is the most general form of spatial knowledge and supports the most flexible navigation behavior, including novel routes and shortcuts. Although the term is often used rather loosely, I will follow the Euclidean definition common in the literature (see below), which has the virtue of clearly distinguishing map navigation from weaker strategies. While still hotly contested for honeybees (Cheeseman et al., 2014a, b; Cheung et al., 2014), it is generally believed that rodents – and surely humans – possess metric cognitive maps of their environments (Gallistel, 1990; Nadel, 2013).
The intuition that humans possess mental maps has a certain face validity. As we think about how to get from one place to another, it can seem as if we are consulting an internal street map or a bird's-eye view of the terrain. But the metaphor of looking at a map in our own heads commits the ‘representationalist fallacy’ that has long bedeviled cognitive science (Huemer, 2001; Ramsey, 2007). If apprehending the environmental layout is explained as viewing an internal map (or, more generally, interpreting an internal representation), it implies an internal perceiver who is likewise viewing (or interpreting) its own internal map, leading to a regress. As Gibson (1979, p. 198) objected, ‘Way-finding is surely not the consulting of an internal map, for who is the internal perceiver to look at the map?’. The intuition may actually be a byproduct of our experience looking at cartographic maps, rather than playing a causal role in embedded navigation (Frankenstein et al., 2012). In my view, navigation theory should aim to characterize what Gibson (1979) called ‘apprehending the invariant structure of the environment’, while avoiding the imputation of a mental map read by the navigator.
If flexible navigation does not entail consulting a mental map, what does it entail? How might an embedded navigator ‘put vistas in order by exploratory locomotion’ to apprehend ‘the invariant structure of the habitat’? My working hypothesis is that the invariant structure of pathways and barriers to locomotion is essentially topological, and can be characterized as a labeled graph. I suggest that apparently Euclidean behavior can be explained by the adaptive deployment of non-Euclidean navigation strategies.
The cognitive map hypothesis
Consider the cognitive map hypothesis and its rationale. The term was introduced by Tolman (1948) in a paper that played a pivotal role in the turn from stimulus–response behaviorism to representational cognitivism. Tolman (1948; p. 192) contrasted what he called a ‘strip map’, essentially a route to a goal, with a ‘comprehensive map’, described as ‘something like a field map of the environment … indicating routes and paths and environmental relationships’, including places and extra-maze cues. Such a cognitive map would explain an animal's ability to take new routes, as well as Lashley's (1929) observation that a couple of rats climbed out of his maze and ran straight across the cover to a location directly above the food box. It is this task of taking novel ‘as-the-crow flies’ shortcuts that is often considered the raison d'etre of a metric cognitive map.
In their formative book, O'Keefe and Nadel (1978) made the case for a Kantian conception of an absolute, unified space with a Euclidean geometric structure, and argued that cognitive maps of this space are necessary to account for flexible spatial behavior. Specifically, they argued that an allocentric Euclidean framework is a priori, and could not be induced from practical (e.g. embodied motor) experience. Much subsequent work has likewise assumed that cognitive maps have a metric Euclidean structure (Byrne et al., 2007; Gallistel, 1990; McNaughton et al., 2006), and Nadel (2013) recently affirmed this view.
Gallistel (1990) and Gallistel and Cramer (1996) described a specific procedure by which an animal could populate a metric map by means of path integration. He assumed an allocentric Euclidean framework, including a Cartesian coordinate system with an origin at home (xo,yo), a cardinal y-axis (‘North’) and an orthogonal x-axis. As the animal leaves home, the path integrator registers displacements in x and y to determine its current position vector (xa,ya) and its heading angle (orientation) with respect to North. When the animal perceives a landmark at a particular egocentric bearing direction and distance (egocentric vector), it computes the landmark's allocentric coordinates (xl,yl) via vector addition and enters it in the metric map. As the navigator explores the environment, this process iterates, building up a cognitive map of the terrain. The path integrator's local measurements of distance and direction are thus embedded in a globally consistent coordinate system, what roboticists call a global metric embedding. McNaughton et al. (2006) proposed a neural model of this map-building process, in which entorhinal grid cells define the coordinate system for a metric map that is reflected in hippocampal place fields (see also Bush et al., 2015; Moser et al., 2017).
As Gallistel (1990) points out, the advantage of a Euclidean map is that it preserves all geometric relationships between known places, including distances and angles. To find a shortcut between locations A and B, for example, one need only compute the direction and distance between their coordinates using trigonometry. This makes navigation highly flexible, for it supports novel paths, shortcuts and the integration of separately learned routes.
Despite the compelling logic of Euclidean navigation, as an empirical matter the behavioral evidence for metric cognitive maps is surprisingly weak, beginning with Tolman's critical experiment. Tolman et al. (1946) trained rats to a food box in a circuitous elevated maze. When the elevated maze was replaced by a sunburst alley maze with the trained path blocked, 36% of the animals took the most direct alley to the previous location of the food box (the rest were distributed among the 11 other alleys). It is seldom mentioned, however, that the location of the food box was marked with a lamp throughout the experiment! While the result may have provided evidence of place learning rather than stimulus–response learning, it was not evidence of a metric cognitive map. Today, we would say that this supposed shortcut behavior was actually a case of beacon homing, and that Lashley's (1929) anecdote probably involved piloting by extra-maze cues.
History has repeated itself, as apparently Euclidean behavior has subsequently been explained by non-Euclidean strategies. Purported shortcuts in animals (e.g. Chapuis et al., 1987; Gould, 1986; Menzel et al., 2005) have been accounted for by beacon homing (Dyer, 1991; Foo et al., 2005; Wehner and Menzel, 1990), piloting by landmarks or familiar routes (Bennett, 1996; Collett and Collett, 2006; Dyer et al., 1993; Wehner et al., 1990). Explicit tests of metric maps in animals have routinely come up empty handed (Benhamou, 1996; Bennett, 1996; Gibson, 2001; Gibson and Kamil, 2001; Wehner et al., 1990).
In humans, experiments have demonstrated an ability to point in the direction of known locations in familiar or learned environments. This is often taken as evidence for a metric map. However, such directional estimates are highly unreliable, with absolute (unsigned) errors of 20–100 deg and within-subject angular standard deviations (AD) of 24–45 deg (Chrastil and Warren, 2013; Foo et al., 2005; Ishikawa and Montello, 2006; Meilinger et al., 2014; Schinazi et al., 2013; Waller and Greenauer, 2007; Weisberg et al., 2014). If this ability governs navigation, people would typically miss their destination by a wide berth. Moreover, humans have difficulty integrating separately learned routes, and between-route pointing is even more unreliable (Golledge et al., 1993; Ishikawa and Montello, 2006; Moeser, 1988; Schinazi et al., 2013; Weisberg et al., 2014). Nevertheless, such large errors are not enough to reject the metric hypothesis, for a cognitive map may be noisy, but still Euclidean.
Worse, explicit distance judgments (e.g. numeric estimates, marking a scale or paired comparisons of distances) are systematically biased by features of the landscape, such as the number of intervening junctions, turns, hills and boundaries (Byrne, 1979; Cohen et al., 1978; Kosslyn et al., 1974; McNamara, 1986; Sadalla and Magel, 1980; Sadalla and Staplin, 1980). Intersections tend to be orthogonalized to 90 deg (Byrne, 1979; Moar and Bower, 1983; Sadalla and Montello, 1989), yielding large distortions in cognitive maps (Golledge and Spector, 1978; Tversky, 1992). Nevertheless, such biases are also insufficient to reject the metric hypothesis, for even a distorted map can have an intrinsic Euclidean structure (Tobler, 1976). For example, when Golledge and Spector (1978) subjected paired comparisons of distances in an urban environment to multi-dimensional scaling, a technique that generates a Euclidean solution, they obtained a notably distorted map. Thus, a distorted cognitive map can still be Euclidean, even if it does not serve accurate navigation.
The metric postulates
The most serious challenge to the Euclidean hypothesis concerns violations of the metric postulates (Beals et al., 1968). The sine qua non of a metric space is a distance metric that satisfies the postulates of: (a) positivity – the distance between point A and itself is zero, and the distance between two points AB is greater than zero; (b) symmetry – the distance AB is equal to the distance BA; (c) the triangle inequality – for any three points, the sum of two sides AB+BC is greater than or equal to the hypotenuse AC; and (d) additivity – any two points A and C are joined by a segment along which distances are additive, such that AC is the sum of AB and BC. A specifically Euclidean metric further requires that the triangle inequality satisfy the Pythagorean theorem.
There is empirical evidence that explicit distance estimates are asymmetric, such that judged distance from a landmark to a non-landmark is smaller than the reverse (Burroughs and Sadalla, 1979; Cadwallader, 1979; McNamara and Diwadkar, 1997; Moar and Carleton, 1982; Sadalla et al., 1980), apparently violating the symmetry postulate. It has been argued, however, that these results are due to biases during memory retrieval, rather than asymmetry in spatial knowledge itself (McNamara and Diwadkar, 1997; Newcombe et al., 1999). Intransitivity in distance estimates implies violations of additivity (Cadwallader, 1979), and orthogonalized intersections imply violations of the triangle inequality (Byrne, 1979), but these postulates have not been directly tested.
Thus, the evidence for the Euclidean map hypothesis is not compelling, but neither is it decisively negative. In fact, it is unclear what sort of evidence could falsify the hypothesis, which counts as a strike against it. Given that there must be some error in a metric map, the degree of error or geometric inconsistency that would be sufficient to disconfirm the hypothesis is undefined. Comparative tests with alternative hypotheses may be more illuminating.
Maps and graphs
What's the alternative? Modern geometry offers a spectrum of conceptual possibilities for spatial structure that lie between mere route knowledge (Fig. 1A) and a full-blown Euclidean map (Fig. 1D). In his Erlangen program of 1872, Felix Klein (1893) addressed the 19th century crisis in mathematics by organizing the new geometries into a hierarchy, each defined by a group of transformations and the properties they leave invariant. The geometries range from strong, which preserve many properties, to weak, which preserve few: from Euclidean, to affine, to projective, to topology (Coxeter, 1961; Suppes, 1977). Gallistel (1990) evaluated their relative merits and concluded that animals must possess Euclidean maps, but let's reconsider some possible descriptions of spatial knowledge.
At the strong end of the spectrum lies a Euclidean map, which preserves distances and angles (and all the other properties) in a metric coordinate space (Fig. 1D). At the weak end of the spectrum lies topological spaces, which preserve neighborhoods, and topological structures such as graphs, which preserve adjacency. A topological graph of an environment consists of a network of nodes that might denote places, linked by edges that might denote paths between them (Fig. 1B). Importantly, such a ‘place graph’ captures the connectivity between places without embedding them in a coordinate system, and is thus coordinate free. Other types of graphs are also possible, such as a ‘view graph’ in which nodes denote specific views and edges denote the actions that relate them (Gillner and Mallot, 1998), or a ‘neighborhood graph’ in which nodes denote local regions and edges denote their adjacencies (see also Jacobs and Schenk, 2003; Kuipers et al., 2003; Mallot and Basten, 2009; Poucet, 1993).
Graph knowledge is richer than route knowledge (Fig. 1A), for a route may be a subgraph of a larger network (Fig. 1B). Whereas a route is a single chain of places and actions, a graph can capture multiple paths between two places, and multiple paths intersecting at one place. Thus, while route knowledge only supports travel along familiar paths, graph knowledge enables novel routes and detours by recombining edges in new sequences. This is illustrated by perhaps the most well-known graph, the ‘tube map’ of the London Underground, which enables the user to travel between different locations by novel combinations of segments, despite its extreme topographic distortions.
Animal route networks have a graph-like quality. For example, Presotto et al. (2018) observed that capuchin monkeys frequently take different branches at intersections they call ‘change points’, which are often proximal to resources and panoramic views. The monkeys thus appear to piece together different route segments depending on their current need for resources or visual information. At the neural level, hippocampal place fields are anchored to environmental features and their metric locations shift with transformations of the layout (Dabaghian et al., 2014; Muller and Kubie, 1987; O'Keefe and Burgess, 1996), leading some researchers to suggest that they reflect a topological graph (Dabaghian et al., 2012; Muller et al., 1996; Trullier and Meyer, 2000).
Graph knowledge has the advantage that available routes and detours are explicitly specified in a compact structure, whereas map knowledge requires that they be derived by additional operations on spatial coordinates. However, because a purely topological graph contains no metric distance and angle information, it cannot explain behavior such as taking the shortest detour or a novel shortcut. Given that humans can make at least rough direction and distance estimates, purely topological knowledge would appear to be inadequate.
The cognitive graph hypothesis
The most promising alternative, I believe, is an intermediate structure known as a labeled graph (Fig. 1C). This structure, which I will call a ‘cognitive graph’, is a place graph augmented by local metric information, with edge weights denoting approximate path lengths, and node labels denoting approximate angles between adjacent paths at intersections. Importantly, this quantitative information is purely local, and is typically biased and imprecise, yielding spatial knowledge that is geometrically inconsistent. Nodes may also be labeled with other place information such as views, landmarks, surface layout (local ‘geometry’) and functional affordances, enabling self-localization and piloting (Epstein and Vass, 2014; Mallot and Basten, 2009).
A labeled graph is stronger than a topological graph but weaker than a Euclidean map. In contrast to a purely topological structure, it supports finding the shortest routes and detours through the graph; approximate shortcuts may even be estimated by vector addition along the shortest path to the goal. Their accuracy and precision, however, are limited by the local error in the graph. In contrast to a metric map, this local information is not embedded in a global coordinate system. Although such an embedding is theoretically possible (Hübner and Mallot, 2007), it presumes the Euclidean framework I am questioning here. Thus, what distinguishes a cognitive graph from a cognitive map is the absence of a global metric embedding, and hence a lack of geometric consistency.
Meilinger (2008) proposed a related ‘network of reference frames’ model, in which each vista has a local metric reference frame, and these reference frames are linked together in a graph (see also Poucet, 1993). Edges in the graph denote the ‘perspective shift’ (translation and rotation) required to move between reference frames, but the local frames are not integrated into a common coordinate system. Shortcuts are generated by imagining a sequence of perspective shifts from one's current position to the goal location, incrementally extending the local reference frame to include the goal. The main difference with cognitive graph theory is that the latter generates shortcuts by vector addition through a graph without requiring a common reference frame. Otherwise, the two approaches agree that spatial knowledge need not be geometrically consistent.
Building a cognitive graph
When exploring a new environment, a navigator could build a cognitive graph in a rather straightforward way. Local metric information is registered by the path integrator in idiothetic units (Chrastil and Warren, 2014a, 2017; Wittlinger et al., 2006). As the navigator path integrates from home, the home node is labeled with the direction of the departing path relative to local landmarks (or a celestial compass), path lengths are assigned to edge weights, and nodes are labeled with junction angles and other place information. New nodes are added as salient places and intersections are encountered. These local measurements are not embedded in an a priori Euclidean framework, there is no coordinate system, nor is there a mechanism to check their geometric consistency.
Path integration, I would argue, is better suited to building a labeled graph than a geometrically consistent map. First, the human path integrator has poor resolution and systematic biases (Kearns et al., 2002; Loomis et al., 1993), and error accumulates with the length and number of legs of the journey (Wan et al., 2013). More importantly, path integration is not automatic and continuous, but intermittent and discontinuous. In an environment with stable visual landmarks for piloting, the path integrator actually shuts down, so the navigator is completely disoriented if landmarks unexpectedly vanish (Zhao and Warren, 2015a). Moreover, familiar visual landmarks act to reset the path integrator (both orientation and position) in humans (Mou and Zhang, 2014; Zhang and Mou, 2017; Zhao and Warren, 2015b) as in animals (Etienne et al., 2004; Knierim et al., 1998). Such a system is well suited for making local, piecewise measurements of rough travel distances and turn angles and registering them in a cognitive graph. If a familiar place is recognized, the path integrator is reset, the next leg of the journey is recorded, and the process iterates. The resulting graph labels may be noisy, biased by features of the landscape, and globally inconsistent.
On this account, topological knowledge does not precede metric knowledge, as proposed by some early theorists (Piaget and Inhelder, 1967; Siegel and White, 1975); instead, the graph structure and local metric information are acquired together (Ishikawa and Montello, 2006). One would expect edge weights and node labels to become more accurate and precise with repeated exposure to an environment, but this does not indicate a qualitative shift from topological to Euclidean knowledge.
Shortcuts from graphs
Despite the geometric inconsistency of a cognitive graph, approximate shortcuts may be generated on the fly by vector addition along the shortest path through the graph. As proof of concept, note that vector addition can be performed in a coordinate-free space by application of the parallelogram law and cosine and sine rules (although this is not to claim that the brain performs this trigonometry). Such crude shortcuts may be sufficient to bring the navigator within sight of local beacons or landmarks, allowing them to home in on the goal. This adaptive combination of non-Euclidean strategies may explain successful shortcuts. Note that this process is distinct from computing a single vector from one's current coordinates to the goal coordinates (e.g. Bush et al., 2015), and makes different predictions about pointing and shortcut errors.
We observed precisely this combination of strategies in a human version of the Gould/Dyer honeybee paradigm (Foo et al., 2005). In this paradigm, participants were first trained from the home location to the locations of a red pole (A) and a blue pole (B), without walking the complete circuit. They were then displaced to home by wheelchair, guide-walked to A, and asked to walk a shortcut to the remembered location of B (and vice versa). Participants walked in a virtual reality laboratory (the VENLab) while wearing a head-mounted display, and their head position was recorded. The virtual environment (12×12 m) included a textured ground plane and the poles. In a ‘desert’ environment with only the ground plane, the initial walking direction was highly variable (AD=31 deg) and the final position error was large (equal to 47% of the straight-line distance). In a ‘forest’ environment with a dense array of randomly colored poles, the initial walking direction was somewhat less variable (AD=24 deg) but the final position error was greatly reduced (only 11% of the straight-line distance). Importantly, trajectories often exhibited a mid-course correction as participants used the local configuration of colored poles to home in on the target location. Participants thus used a combination of a rough shortcut and piloting by landmarks. Unlike honeybees, however, the final approach to the target differed by an average of 53 deg from the trained approach, implying that humans are able to pilot by landmarks without exactly matching the views they experienced during learning.
Finally, with a cluster of seven colored poles surrounding the target location, participants made a direct shortcut, with precise initial directions (AD=5 deg) and small final errors (3% of the straight-line distance). Moreover, if the cluster was covertly shifted by 9 deg, shortcuts were completely captured by the cluster. In this case, humans behaved much like Dyer's (1991) honeybees, using beacon homing to take an accurate shortcut. Apparently Euclidean behavior might be similarly explained by adaptive combinations of non-Euclidean strategies.
Routes or graphs?
To test whether humans learn a set of fixed routes or something closer to a network graph, we studied participants walking in a virtual hedge maze (11×12 m) (Chrastil and Warren, 2014b). They were instructed to freely explore the environment for 10 min and learn the locations of eight distinctive objects, while we tracked their movements (Fig. 2A). During the test phase, they were wheeled to a start object and asked to walk the shortest route to the remembered location of a target object within the maze corridors; crucially, on 40% of the trials the shortest route was blocked, forcing them to take a detour. Over half the trials were successfully completed within the allotted time. Importantly, of the successful trials, participants took novel routes on 63% of the direct trials and fully 90% of the detour trials – that is, they took a path from the start object to the target object that they had not travelled during exploration (Fig. 2B,C). Participants had thus not merely acquired route knowledge but had learned a graph of the environment, and were able to recombine segments in order to generate novel routes and detours.
Moreover, participants had also learned some local metric information. First of all, they took the shortest available route on 64% of the successful direct trials and 73% of the successful detour trials, far above the chance level. However, metric distance in the maze (path length in meters) was correlated with topological distance (number of nodes or edges on the path). To dissociate them, we analyzed the five object pairs (out of a total of eight) in which the shortest route had at least one alternative route of the same topological length. Overall, participants took the metrically shortest route on 63% of successful trials, and the longer, topologically equivalent route on only 22%.
These results suggest that people learn more than route knowledge, and more than a topological graph, but knowledge consistent with a labeled graph that incorporates local information about path lengths. In similar experiments that manipulated the perceptual information available during learning, we found that vision alone is sufficient to acquire a topological graph (Chrastil and Warren, 2015), but podokinetic information is necessary to acquire metric properties (Chrastil and Warren, 2013, 2014b).
Graphs or maps?
In light of the animal and human literature reviewed above, the existing evidence appears inadequate to accept or reject the metric map hypothesis. Further demonstrations of unreliable or biased judgments in normal Euclidean environments are unlikely to be persuasive. We thus decided to approach the question from another direction: by creating matched Euclidean and non-Euclidean environments, we could dissociate the predictions of the metric map and cognitive graph hypotheses (Warren et al., 2017). We reasoned that, if the navigation system tries to build a metric map, participants would have greater difficulty learning the non-Euclidean environment because of its global inconsistency; however, if they were trained on the same configuration of objects in both environments, their shortcuts should be similar. In contrast, if navigators build a labeled graph, learning would be comparable in the two environments, but shortcuts in the non-Euclidean environment should be biased by the geometric discrepancies, in clear violation of the metric postulates.
Wormholes in virtual space
To compare the map and graph hypotheses, we created two versions of a virtual hedge maze (11×11 m) (Fig. 3). Both had a central home location that was linked by radial corridors to eight places marked by distinctive objects. The objects were only visible one at a time, so participants had to learn their locations by path integrating between them. But the non-Euclidean maze contained two ‘wormholes’ that covertly teleported the participant from one visual location to another and rotated them by 90 deg. This was accomplished by rotating the virtual environment 90 deg in the opposite direction when the participant walked through an invisible portal in a maze corridor. The wormhole entrance and exit views were matched so the transition was visually seamless.
Separate groups of participants learned the Wormhole maze and the Euclidean maze. A participant first explored the maze for 8 min, visiting each object at least once and passing through each wormhole at least twice (mean of 5.6 times). In the training phase, they were then trained to walk from home to each object until they could find the object within 30 s. This gave them experience with the same metric configuration of objects in both environments. We found that the number of trials to criterion was comparable in the two environments (the Bayes factor favored the null hypothesis by 3 to 1). Thus, the non-Euclidean environment was no more difficult to learn than the Euclidean environment, despite its global inconsistency.
In the test phase, we probed graph knowledge in half the participants by asking them to find routes between objects in the maze. On each trial, the participant walked from home to a specified start object, and was then told to walk to a target object within the maze corridors. There were two pairs of ‘probe’ objects near a wormhole entrance and exit, and two ‘standard’ pairs remote from the wormholes. The results showed that both groups successfully learned the graph of the maze (Fig. 3). Moreover, the non-Euclidean group took good advantage of the wormholes, finding routes between the probe pairs that were half as long as those for the Euclidean group. Participants thus learned a labeled graph including local metric information.
We probed survey knowledge in the other half of the participants by asking them to take novel shortcuts between the same pairs of objects. On each trial, the participant walked from home to a specified start object, the maze disappeared, and they were then told to turn and walk straight to the remembered location of a target object. The Euclidean group was quite accurate, for they walked in the ‘Euclidean direction’ of the probe targets (defined by its trained location with respect to home) with a mean constant error of only 4.4 deg (Fig. 4A). In contrast, the non-Euclidean group was significantly biased in the ‘wormhole direction’ of the probe targets (Fig. 4B), with a large constant error of 37.4 deg – close to the expected error of 45 deg. Variable errors were characteristically large, but similar in both environments (mean within-subject AD of 27.5 deg in the Euclidean group, 30.4 deg in the non-Euclidean group), indicating comparable reliability. These results decisively supported the labeled graph hypothesis (the Bayes factor favored the graph model over the map model by more than 100 to 1). Essentially, participants learned the shortest way from one place to another, whether the environment was Euclidean or not.
Surprisingly, the participants were completely unaware of the wormholes. After spending an hour in the non-Euclidean maze, they failed to report any inconsistencies. Yet, their responses revealed large violations of the metric postulates in spatial knowledge. For example, referring to Fig. 4B, participants successfully walked from home to object a; but when they walked from home to object b and took a shortcut to a, they went through the wormhole to location a′ – 6 m distant from a! This represents a radical violation of the positivity postulate, for the reported distance between a and itself is much greater than zero. These responses also violate the triangle inequality, for the hypotenuse of ΔHba is so large that the triangle is not closed. In a second experiment, we even showed that participants acquire ‘rips’ and ‘folds’ in their spatial knowledge of the wormhole maze, in which the ordinal positions of objects are reversed (Warren et al., 2017). The results thus reveal a striking insensitivity to Euclidean structure.
Such findings are hard to explain under the cognitive map hypothesis. Perhaps an hour in the virtual maze was insufficient to learn a metric map, and with more experience participants would eventually do so. But this amount of exposure was sufficient for them to generate accurate shortcuts in the Euclidean maze, and variable errors in both mazes were comparable to previous results for familiar real environments. Or perhaps participants acquired a noisy metric map. That might account for the typically large variable errors, but it would not explain the systematic bias in the wormhole maze. What if the Euclidean group learned a metric map while the wormhole group learned a labeled graph? Yet, there is no evidence to support such different mechanisms, for the two groups had similar trials-to-criterion and short-cut variability. Moreover, because the non-Euclidean group failed to notice the wormholes, they could not have explicitly adopted a different learning strategy (see Warren et al., 2017, for more discussion).
Perhaps, if given sufficient information, participants would detect the geometric discrepancies and correct for the wormholes. In follow-up experiments with the wormhole maze, we (Ericson and Warren, 2010, 2012) added distal landmarks (four distinct towers visible from any point in the maze) and a sun that cast shadows in the maze. In one condition, these global cues were stationary, and hence might reveal the maze rotation; in another, they rotated with the maze, undergoing large displacements that might be noticeable. In all conditions, however, we replicated our previous results: shortcuts were strongly biased in the wormhole direction.
What's going on here? The cognitive graph hypothesis offers a plausible interpretation of these findings. As one explores a new environment, the path integrator registers distances traveled and angles turned, and the navigation system builds piecewise a labeled graph of paths between salient places. These local measurements are noisy and biased, and drift over time. Consequently, landmarks for familiar places are used to update the navigator's location and reset the path integrator. Suppose that a participant in the wormhole maze walks from home to object a, and home to object b, registering the path lengths and the angle between them (refer to Fig. 4B). If they then walk from b through the wormhole, the maze will rotate, and they will pop out at a′ – 6 m away from a. In principle, this should be sufficient to detect the discrepant locations of a and a′. But when the navigator recognizes visual place a′ (‘Hello, a again!’), the path integrator is reset, so the discrepancy is not detected and the wormhole goes unnoticed.
The resulting graph labels can thus be strongly biased by local experience and hence be geometrically inconsistent, with no global metric embedding. This would account for violations of the metric postulates. Geometrically inconsistent distance weights and angle labels yield violations of positivity and the triangle inequality. Paths that are learned in opposite directions may have different weights (a directed graph), yielding violations of the symmetry postulate. Euclidean and non-Euclidean environments are learned in the same manner, but the latter produce large discrepancies that are experimentally measurable.
The impossible heptagon
Recently, Marianne Strickrodt, Tobias Meilinger, Heinrich Bülthoff and I (unpublished) set out to test a strong prediction of the cognitive graph theory. The theory claims that shortcuts are generated by vector addition through a labeled graph. If labels in the graph are locally biased, shortcuts should be correspondingly biased. In contrast, cognitive map theory claims that shortcuts are generated by computing a vector from the current coordinates directly to the goal coordinates in a globally consistent map.
To test these predictions, we again created possible (Euclidean) and impossible (non-Euclidean) versions of a virtual maze (Fig. 5). In the possible maze, seven objects were positioned at the vertices of a regular heptagon, and participants walked in a zig-zagging corridor that visited all seven objects in a loop (Fig. 5A). In the impossible maze, however, the seven objects were mapped onto adjacent vertices of an expanded decagon (Fig. 5B). This created a large gap; when participants arrived at the terminal object (a book), they were seamlessly teleported over two empty vertices to a duplicate object (the book) by rotating the maze 108 deg.
The possible and impossible mazes were learned by two different groups of subjects. During the learning phase, they repeatedly walked three laps clockwise around the loop, followed by three laps counterclockwise, until they had memorized the sequence of seven objects. Going clockwise around the impossible maze, the objects were shifted outward and to the left compared with locations in the possible maze; going counter-clockwise, the objects were shifted outward and to the right. Thus, if participants built a labeled graph, the local information would be systematically biased and globally inconsistent. However, if they built a metric map, local clockwise and counter-clockwise measurements around a closed loop should be embedded in a common coordinate system, minimizing error to achieve a globally consistent configuration; one would expect this process to yield a ring of equally spaced positions similar to the heptagon.
During the test phase, subjects performed a ‘pointing’ task by facing toward the remembered locations of target objects. On each trial, the participant was positioned at a start object and then asked to turn and face each of four target objects. The trick was that the four targets were tested in a clockwise order on half of the trials, and in a counter-clockwise order on the other half, thereby leading the participant through the graph in opposite directions. If participants estimate the target location by vector addition through a biased graph, the impossible group should make systematic errors when tested clockwise (outward to the left) and counter-clockwise (outward to the right), compared with the possible group.
That is precisely what we found. The possible group had constant errors close to zero, defined with respect to the heptagon target positions, so participants successfully learned the object locations. In contrast, the impossible group had significantly larger constant errors, which increased with target position around the loop. Specifically, when tested clockwise, pointing errors increased to the left, and when tested counter-clockwise, they increased to the right. For the first three targets in each direction, the constant error was close to the labeled graph prediction. But the error leveled off for the fourth target, perhaps as a consequence of partially averaging the clockwise path and the shorter counter-clockwise path, where it was the third target (and vice versa). For both groups, the within-subject variable error (s.d.) increased linearly with target number, consistent with the accumulation of error with vector addition through the graph, whereas the metric distance to the four targets increased non-linearly. Moreover, Meilinger et al. (2018) recently reported that the response time to point to a target also increases with the number of nodes through the graph.
In this simpler corridor environment, nearly half the participants reported noticing something unusual about the impossible maze, but their errors were not statistically different from those who did not notice. Overall, results for the impossible group very strongly supported the labeled graph theory (the Bayes factor favored the graph hypothesis over the map hypothesis by more than 50 to 1). The impossible heptagon experiment thus confirms a specific prediction of cognitive graph theory, indicating that shortcuts are generated by a process of vector addition through a labeled graph.
The cognitive graph hypothesis may be able to account for a number of other observations in the literature. Consider, for example, the large individual differences that have been reported in survey tasks such as pointing between novel pairs of targets (Ishikawa and Montello, 2006; Weisberg and Newcombe, 2016; Weisberg et al., 2014). The large range of performance might be traceable to individual differences in path integration ability, and consequent variation in the precision of local metric information in a labeled graph. There may also be individual differences in the ability to perform vector addition in visual working memory, consistent with findings that differences in working memory (Weisberg and Newcombe, 2016) and perspective-taking ability (Wolbers and Hegarty, 2010) correlate with performance on survey tasks. Species differences in vector addition and visual working memory may even explain the paucity of evidence for novel shortcuts in insects and mammals (Meilinger, 2008).
Previous research has also consistently found that, when integrating two separately learned routes, pointing to a target on the same route (within-route) is more accurate than pointing to a target on the other route (between-route) (Golledge et al., 1993; Ishikawa and Montello, 2006; Schinazi et al., 2013; Weisberg et al., 2014). This falls right out of the cognitive graph theory, for on average there are fewer intervening nodes for within-route pointing than for between-route pointing, and hence the latter entails a greater accumulation of error. For example, in the environment tested by Weisberg et al. (2014), a back-of-the-envelope calculation reveals that within-route targets averaged 1.7 place nodes apart, whereas between-route targets averaged 2.8 place nodes apart. This might account for the significantly greater absolute error for between-route pointing than for within-route pointing. In contrast, pointing error did not correlate with the metric distance between targets, as might be expected for a Euclidean map.
In sum, the cognitive graph theory can potentially account for a range of behavioral data on route finding, novel detours, shortcuts and pointing in both Euclidean and non-Euclidean environments. By tolerating geometric inconsistency, a labeled graph avoids the complications of building a metric map by embedding noisy, discrepant measurements in a globally consistent coordinate system. Nevertheless, the adaptive use of non-Euclidean strategies supports successful navigation, including the apparently Euclidean task of generating shortcuts on the fly. A cognitive graph, I suggest, thus characterizes ‘the invariant structure of the habitat’ that emerges from ‘putting vistas in order by exploratory locomotion’.
Thanks to Marianne Strickrodt, Tobias Meilinger, Elizabeth Chrastil, Jon Ericson, Mintao Zhao, Daniel Rothman and Ben Schnapp for their contributions to the research described in this article, and to Bob Shaw, from whom I learned to find the right geometry for your problem.
The research described in this article was supported by National Science Foundation (USA) grants BCS-0214383 and BCS-0843940.
The author declares no competing or financial interests.

domain: psychology


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Who is Annaleigh Ashford?
Annaleigh Ashford full name is Annaleigh Amanda Ashford is an American actress, singer, and dancer. Annaleigh was born on 25 June, 1985 in Denver, Colorado, United States. Her nationality is an American and zodiac sign is Cancer. read more..
Annaleigh Ashford's Family
Annaleigh married to Joe Tapper (m. 2013). She has children Jack Clark Tapper. Annaleigh is a daughter of Holli Swanson, Chris Swanson.
Annaleigh Ashford's Career
She is best known for her work on television as Betty DiMello on the Showtime period drama Masters of Sex, and on Broadway as Lauren in Kinky Boots and her Tony Award–winning performance as Essie Carmichael in You Can't Take it With You. Her net worth is $2 Million approx.hide..


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Leading a healthier lifestyle doesn’t only mean looking and feeling great. But if it costs you an arm and a leg in the process, you may feel justified to ask yourself why you should even bother trying at all. However, being healthy doesn’t necessarily equate to spending more.
Choosing to run, walk, or cycle instead of using your vehicle can also end up saving you a lot of money on fuel and maintenance expenses whilst still achieving your health and wellness goals.
Leading a healthier lifestyle often means following a customized eating plan as part of your daily eating habits. If you are used to eating out more often than not, you can save money on food by rather eating a healthier diet of your choice at home instead. Even using smaller plate sizes and drinking more water each day can prevent overeating so you don’t gain weight. Be intentional about the money you spend on health and beauty products, too. Don’t overindulge or buy more products than you’ll actually use.
How to Save Even More
Of course, there are plenty of other creative ways to save even more money when you decide to go along the healthy lifestyle route. Some of the things that you can do to ensure you don’t end up spending more than you actually have to include buying perishable and non-perishable foodstuffs in bulk and in season, opting for affordable fruits and vegetables instead of more expensive meat items.
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Generating Income from a Healthier Lifestyle
In addition to saving money from healthier lifestyle choices, you can also use these same lifestyle changes to generate further income for yourself. Furthermore, Parade magazine notes that you could turn your newfound passion into a side hustle that not only generates revenue but can also help other people meet their health and wellness goals too.
For instance, you could start a blog documenting your journey and what steps you took to achieve a better and healthier state of mind apart in addition to the physical steps you take to achieve a healthier lifestyle overall. And then, as ahrefs points out, you could use affiliate marketing to advertise healthy products or services, and then earn a commission off these products should they click on the links you provided. Or maybe your passion is yoga. Then you could even think of starting your own yoga classes from home.
When you’re ready to start a new company, you have to go about choosing a business name, formulating a marketing and sales plan, and determining whether you’ll need funding. You’ll also have to choose a business structure so that you can get your business filed, running, and off the ground. An LLC is a good option for startup businesses that require that extra bit of flexibility in the startup phase.
Be sure to set up a good accounting system, too. You might feel it’s not necessary in the early stages of your business, but it’s best to have these things in place early on. There are great accounting software options for small businesses. It’s important to have invoices ready for future contractors and patrons. You can use an invoice maker and start with a variety of free templates that you can customize for your purposes. You can update text, font, and colors to match with your branding. It’s also a good idea to include your logo along with up to date contact information, too.
In summary, leading a healthier lifestyle means making the best choices not only for your physical and mental well-being, but for your finances, too. That way you’re not being set back by financial constraints that could otherwise have been avoided. It’s even possible to earn income from your healthy lifestyle by starting a business!
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domain: finance


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If you’re within a committed relationship, there are unique stages within a relationship. Although some relationships end in divorce, some are never truly loverwhirl more than. They can be stuffed with love and happiness. These stages are necessary to treasure and maintain. Below are a few of them. A few take a look at these people! Here are some tips for each stage of a romantic relationship. It’s important to understand them and prevent taking these people for granted.
It is the stage of friendship. The couple seems connected but they aren’t committed enough to be within a committed romance. They don’t have any plans for future years, so it’s important to maintain the ignite and spice things up. Through this stage, couples are at ease with the concept of having children and have established itself down. With this phase, the two partners produce a commitment to each other. In this stage, couples begin to recognize each other peoples differences and work through disputes.
The modern stage is definitely when people look and feel close to one another and find it hard to live a part. This level is also the time when dedication begins to increase. The few actively tries to make the relationship work and handle conflicts. At this stage, both partners begin to question the direction with their relationship. Gradually, the high intensity of the romance leads to an amount of anxiety generates the relationship uneasy for equally partners. Even though it’s nonetheless very early on in the relationship, the depth of the romantic relationship is indication of seriousness.
The stability level usually lasts three to four months, according to both persons. At this stage, lovers are likely to have obvious boundaries and pay attention to to value each other’s needs. The relationship may not be while strong as they want it to get, but they have still a great start. The main element to a happy relationship is to move slowly and make decisions gradually. With regards to the commitment stage, industry experts recommend that both equally partners acknowledge their disadvantages and work with making changes that will make this more successful.
The intensifying level is the challenging stage to make it through. You’ve abadndoned trying to change your partner, but you’ve become familiar with your spouse-to-be’s ways of relating. In the accelerating stage, the two main people are starting to question their relationship’s direction. Amplification, rise is a good sign of a healthy and balanced relationship. Should you be in this phase, make sure that you’re here committed. Modern the relationship is a wonderful way to stay in love.
On this stage, lovers become more intimate and close. They may share more secrets with each other from this stage, which is an indication that they’re willing to commit. Subsequently, they’re also more likely to get faults in each other peoples methods. They may possibly try to modify each other help to make their spouse more appropriate. However , they’ll have to learn to lift weights their distinctions. At this point, they’ll be able to agreement.


I notice that all the longerange rifles do not use a thumble style stock. I was thinking of puttting one on my new rifle. 300rum. Im I making a mistake? this is a hunting rifle for 400-600yd shooting. antelope-elk. how about a "dual grip" ?
Lots of folks like thumbholes. Myself included. If you like 'em that's all that matters. Only downside I can think of is having to take your thumb out to flick the safety. Or learning to flip the safety with your trigger finger.
I've never had a problem. And I've never had to think about it when hunting.


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This amazing photo was taken by Alexei Trofimov at the Northern Lake Baikal in Russia.
The lake is famous for it’s unnatural beauty but during the winter, it freezes over, and these beautiful transparent, turquoise masses of broken ice appear momentarily in March, caused by the unequal structure, temperature and pressure in the main body of the packed ice.
This ideal Winter Holidays destination offers beautiful scenery that will take your breath away. Located in Siberia, the Baikal lake is deepest and and clearest. The outstanding water create turquoise ice cubes.


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mini player High Quality mp3 feed
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Make your way into the day with AfterFM’s mellow morning mix.
05:30 am - 09:30 am MT
Diverse and eclectic sounds, on the mellow side.
09:30 am - 12:06 pm MT
June 3, 2023
Doors 7:30/Show 8; all ages. Honest, soulful, and bearing a sound all their own, Wood Belly sprouted from the roots of bluegrass to notch a unique home in the broader Americana scene and continues to captivate audiences across the country en route. With an unrelenting dedication to original songwriting, harmony singing, and artful arrangements, the quintet is forging a sound that is based in newgrass and flavored with alt-country, rock, and just enough jam to glue it all together. Wood Belly established themselves as a staple of the Colorado and national acoustic music scene by winning the 2018 Telluride Bluegrass festival band competition and being nominated for an IBMA award. Bluegrass Today said “Even now, it’s safe to determine that they’re ones to watch...the freshness and vitality they bear elevates their standing and assures their status as instant contenders”. That freshness continues today as the band takes on a new shape. With a restructuring of the rhythm section, Wood Belly has opened up a world of dynamic range and dimension to be explored.
Artist: Wood Belly
Venue: Fox Theatre


Pena, Hernandez Garner Atlantic Sun Men’s Golf Postseason Accolades
FORT MYERS, Fla. – The Atlantic Sun Conference handed out its men’s golf postseason accolades on Wednesday, as FGCU senior Brandon Pena (Clewiston, Fla./Clewiston HS) landed on the All-Conference second team and inaugural Academic All-Conference squad, while freshman Jack Hernandez (Fort Myers, Fla./Bishop Verot HS) earned a spot on the All-Freshmen team.
The All-Conference second team selection is the second in as many years for Pena, while Hernandez’s selection to the All-Freshmen team marks the third time in the four-year history of the rookie squad that the Eagles have been represented. Both players earned A-Sun Golfer of the Week two times during the 2011-12 campaign.
Currently ranked No. 112 in the Golfstat Cup rankings and hopeful of a berth into the NCAA Championship, Pena’s illustrious four-year career has featured a senior campaign in which he sports a team-low 72.5 stroke average. Pena is just one of two players to participate in all 11 tournaments, providing a counting score in 32 of 33 rounds thanks in part to seven top 10s. The Clewiston, Fla. product’s team-high 18 par or lower rounds are highlighted by a 71(-1)-67(-5)-68(-4)/206(-10) scorecard at the Cobra-PUMA Invitational hosted by Xavier in which he took home medalist honors.
Pena is currently second all-time in the FGCU record books in career rounds played (100), counting scores (90), par or lower rounds (40), and third in career scoring average (73.3). Over 34 career tournaments, he posted 24 top 20s, a solid 15 top 10s and a counting score in 90 of 100 rounds. Pena also finished in the top 15 in all four of his A-Sun Championship appearances.
He also owns four of the top 13 54-hole scores in program history, led by the previously mentioned -10 206 at the Cobra-PUMA Invite that ranks fifth. Pena’s best single-round came at the 2010 A-Sun Championship when he fired a conference final round record seven-under par 65 to help him finish second overall.
Recently graduating with a 3.65 GPA and an engineering degree, Pena was a finalist for the Eagle Scholar Athlete Award at the 2012 FGCU Athletics Awards Ceremony and is a nominee for the Capital One Academic All-America® Men’s At-Large team.
One of two unanimous selections to the A-Sun All-Freshmen team, Hernandez made an immediate impact in his first campaign with the Green and Blue. The Fort Myers product turned in a counting score in all 29 rounds he played, ranking second on the team with a 73.3 stroke average. Like Pena, Hernandez’s five top 10 finishes were highlighted by taking home medalist honors at one event. At UCF Rio Pinar Invitational, Hernandez coupled a four-under 68 in the second round with a final round five-under 67 to finish first on the 86-player leaderboard. In all, Hernandez had 14 rounds at par or lower, including a string of eight in a row late in the spring season.
UNF, who won the A-Sun Championship from April 16-18 at Chateau Elan Legends Course (Braselton, Ga.), leads four A-Sun schools in the top 100 of the latest Golf Week rankings at No. 12. The Ospreys earned the conference’s automatic berth into one of the six regions of the NCAA Championships, which will be unveiled live on NCAA.com on Monday, May 7 at 9 p.m.
FGCU finished fourth at the Atlantic Sun Championship and won four team titles in the fall under second-year head coach Brent Jensen.
Atlantic Sun Men’s Golf Postseason Honors
Golfer of the Year: Sean Dale, UNF
Freshman of the Year: Joey Petronio, UNF
Coach of the Year: Scott Schroeder, UNF
Scholar-Athlete of the Year: Rhys Enoch, ETSU
All-Conference First Team
*Sam Ryder – Sr. – Stetson
*Sean Dale – Jr. – UNF
Matthew Nagy – Sr. – Kennesaw State
Kevin Aylwin – Sr. – UNF
Kevin Phelan – Jr. – UNF
All-Conference Second Team
Rhys Enoch – Sr. – ETSU
Brandon Pena – Sr. – FGCU
Jeff Karlsson – Jr. – Kennesaw State
James Beale – So. – Mercer
Joey Petronio – Fr. – UNF
*Joey Petronio – UNF
*Jack Hernandez – FGCU
Scott Gibson – ETSU
Jimmy Beck – Kennesaw State
MJ Maguire – UNF
Academic All-Conference Team
*Rhys Enoch – Sr. – ETSU
*Brandon Pena – Sr. – FGCU
Ben Greene – Jr. – Kennesaw State
Jeff Karlsson – Sr. – Kennesaw State
Thomas Holmes – Jr. – Mercer
Sam Ryder – Sr. – Stetson *-Unanimous Selection
|Copyright ©2014 FGCU Athletics. All Rights Reserved.||www.FGCUAthletics.com|


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Ryan Reynolds DEADPOOL
Ryan Reynolds is showing off his holiday spirit with his Deadpool character and a cheeky twist on the sitting.Deadpool star Ryan Reynolds and director Tim Miller talk from the set of the R-rated superhero movie about footage leaks, violence, Easter Eggs, and more.As it currently stands, the box office hit is nominated for zero categories. Reynolds wants to change that.Based upon Marvel Comics’ most unconventional anti-hero, DEADPOOL tells the origin story of former Special Forces operative turned mercenary Wade.Just watching a few seconds of Deadpool’s red-band trailer showcases how different the upcoming film is from its many superhero brethren.
Ryan Reynolds Deadpool Stories
Deadpool fans are petitioning for the character to host an episode of Saturday Night Live, but Ryan Reynolds just released a video to explain why this will.Only a few hours left for Oscar voting. Too late for a write-in campaign for an ineligible movie?
Ryan Reynolds dressed up as Deadpool for a Halloween video in which he tries to unite a motley crew of kid X-Men, Deadpool-style. The video is a promo for Reynolds.Second chances don’t come often in Hollywood, but Ryan Reynolds had the opportunity to create a new beginning for the foul-mouthed Deadpool.
Ryan Reynolds Goes in Deadpool
The first thing Ryan Reynolds would like you to know about having kids is: Don’t listen to what Ryan Reynolds thinks about having kids.Cue the music! 20th Century Fox has unveiled the very first red band + green band trailers for Deadpool, directed by VFX veteran Tim Miller, starring Ryan.Unsuspecting trick-or-treaters were probably blind to the fact that Deadpool himself was in their midst this past weekend. The Deadpool movie is currently filming in Vancouver, which means scads of photos are pouring from the set, revealing fun spoilers for all die-hard fans.
Ryan Reynolds gets to action in the just-released official trailer for his upcoming movie Deadpool. The film is based on the Marvel Comics’ anti-hero.Deadpool is not your typical superhero movie. It has Ryan Reynolds as the wise-cracking, gun-slinging, katana-wielding, fourth wall-breaking.


Ford’s C-segment SUV is expected to be based on the next generation Mahindra XUV500, which is bound for early 2021
Ford India is waiting for the approvals from state level regulatory bodies regarding its JV with Mahindra. The agreement between the car manufacturers was made last year as the JV valued at just over Rs. 1,900 crore was signed with Mahindra having the majority stake of 51 per cent and Ford with 49 per cent in Mahindra Ford Automotive Private Limited.
As it waits for approvals of its joint venture with Mahindra & Mahindra (M&M), US carmaker Ford is slated to roll out a range of high-performance vehicles to capture a higher mindshare in the Indian market. The Competition Commission of India had already approved the Joint Venture but it has not been formalised yet to be put into effect.
While the discussions between both the brands in the JV will progress as planned despite the delays due to the health crisis, they are working with governments of Tamil Nadu and Gujarat for necessary approvals as early as possible as well. A host of new Ford vehicles are in the pipeline as premium SUVs and powertrain sharing will be part of the equation.
The JV will result in exporting vehicles to Ford’s operations in the international markets and help in expanding the brand locally by bringing in new products on consistent basis. The American auto major is certainly struggling in gaining volumes locally with the absence of any significant product except for the EcoSport compact SUV and Endeavour full-sized SUV.
Both of them are the only decent sellers as Ford definitely needs fresh products into the mix. Amidst the market recovery in recent months, Ford’s market share got reduced to just 2 per cent in the first half of this financial year. The company will also be refreshing its existing portfolio as the Figo, Freestyle and EcoSport will receive updates to stretch their lifespans.
A recent report emerged on the internet suggested that Ford is considering the debut of high performance models as Focus RS, Mustang EV, Bronco and Ranger Raptor are considered besides the BSVI Mustang. A C-segment SUV is in the works and it is underpinned by the same architecture as the next generation Mahindra XUV500 bound for early 2021.
The report further indicated that the C- and B-segment SUVs co-developed with Mahindra will be introduced in 2022-23. As for the performance, the C-segment SUV could use the 2.2-litre diesel and 2.0-litre petrol engines from the 2021 XUV500.


Lee was a ticking time bomb
Friend Emma Brown, who was dancing alongside him when he collapsed, told an inquest she thought he was “play-acting”.
Emma added: “Then I realised he wasn’t moving and there was blood on his nose.
“That’s when I knew something was seriously wrong.” Lee, from Hull, had been dancing at the Half Moon pub in Market Weighton, near Hull.
Doctors discovered he suffered from the heart condition cardiomyopathy.
Dr Laszlo Karsai told Hull Coroner’s Court it was an “extremely rare case”.
He added: “Lee was a ticking time bomb.
It could have happened at any time.”
Verdict: Natural causes.


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Purpose: The aim of this study to discuss frequency and clinical signiﬁcance of JAK2-V617F, Calreticulin (CALR type 1 and type-2) and MPL-W515K/L mutations in patients at initial diagnosis of bcr-abl negative chronic myeloproliferative diseases (CMPD).
Materials and Methods: In this study, the demographic characteristics, subtype, risk status and mutation analysis were investigated between July 2017 and March 2019 in patients diagnosed with bcr-abl negative CMPD.
Results: JAK2 V617F mutation was detected in sum of 27 patients, 18 of them (85,7%) diagnosed with polycythemia vera (PV) and rest of them (N=9, 56,2%) diagnosed with essential thrombocytosis (ET). Calreticulin mutation was positive in 4 (57,1%) patients, who were also JAK2 V617F negative, diagnosed with ET. CALR-type 1 mutation was detected in three patients and CALR-type 2 was in one. MPL-W515K/L was not detected in any of patients diagnosed with ET. Thrombotic event was accompanied 12,6% of patients with PV and 6,25% patients with ET. Splenomegaly was noted in 14 (37,8%) of patients. Conclusion: Pathogenesis, classification, and risk groups of CMPD have been well characterized with the identification of some genetic mutations in recent years. JAK2 V617F, CALR and MPL are the most common somatic mutations in the pathogenesis of CMPD, which are important in the diagnosis, risk classification and follow-up of the disease and gain importance in personalized medicine.
Publication Date : September 30, 2020
|MLA||Uysal, A , Altıner, Ş , Çelik, S , Uysal, S , Çebi, A . "Genetic analysis of BCR-ABL negative chronic myeloproliferative diseases at initial diagnosis and their clinical effects" . Cukurova Medical Journal 45 (2020 ): 933-939 <https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/cumj/issue/54246/699491>|


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It’s Sunday so does anyone fancy a little virtual trip to a wonderful country called Switzerland.
Yes I might be currently over 1000km away in another part of Europe. But my heart is there.
So as my world rapidly shrinks for the next few months, I think it’s time to remember the beauty of The Alps.
The wonderful and friendly people. The brilliant culture.
The clock work precision of daily life. Even its wildlife get in on the act.
The stunning clear blue Lakes.
The beautiful Swiss villages and towns.
The always colourful alpine meadows.
The crisp mountain air.
And above all the peace.

domain: travel


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Saturday, January 23, 2021 4:26 PM EST
By The Associated Press, AP
CASCADE LOCKS, Ore. (AP) — A hiker has been rescued in Oregon, apparently three days after he fell down a 50-foot cliff in the Columbia River Gorge. The Coast Guard and the Hood River County Sheriff's Office say they brought the 43-year-old to safety on Friday night after he was discovered by two other hikers at the base of the cliff, about a mile from the start of the Gorton Creek Trail. He was conscious but injured, disoriented and possibly hypothermic, and authorities said he likely would not have survived the night. He was flown to a Portland hospital in stable condition.


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CCBF will host its annual Breakthrough Ball at The Plaza Hotel on November 17th. CCBF partners with the TCS New York City Marathon for the fifth year in a row. Meet CCBF researcher, Weston Buehring. Help CCBF make summer fun for the patients at the Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. A local TD Bank helped raise funds for CCBF through their Bring Change community initiative.
CCBF highlights researchers' work through social media platforms. The Brooklyn Color Run selects CCBF as its charity partner for the 4th year in a row. Meet CCBF researcher, Dr. Linda Bojmar. Tradeweb Cares supports CCBF through corporate volunteerism.
CCBF will host an exclusive briefing with Dr. David Lyden on Thursday, April 28, 2016, at The Columbus Citizens Foundation. The Young Leadership Council's (YLC) Second Annual Cocktails for a Cause was an evening to remember. Meet Hannah Brown, CCBF's dedicated volunteer and YLC member. CCBF is teaming up with the Blue Hill Troupe for their springtime performance of Iolanthe.
The annual Masonic Toys for Tots event will take place on Thursday, December 10th. CCBF will partner with SPiN New York City and Wilhelmina Models for the second annual Model Citizens Benefit, with proceeds supporting CCBF. Meet Elena Huang, CCBF's fall intern. CCBF is excited to announce its new partnership with the United Airlines New York City Half Marathon, taking place on March 20, 2016.
CCBF will host its annual Breakthrough Ball Gala at the Metropolitan Club on November 11th. Meet Jess Osborne, a Wilhelmina model and fitness trainer who is running the 2015 New York City Marathon in support of CCBF. CCBF would like to thank the Young Professionals Committee for hosting Cycle for a Cure this past month. The Blue Hill Troupe is teaming up for charity by donating proceeds from their 2015/2016 season to CCBF.
Dr. Sujit Sheth and Dr. Alexander Aledo were recognized in the 2015 New York Magazine "Best Doctors" Issue. Meet Dr. Lisa Roth, Assistant Professor in the Department of Pediatrics and Director of the Adolescent and Young Adult Lymphoma Program. CCBF patients visit the Barclays Center to watch the Islanders' Bluea nd White Scrimmage. CCBF supporters Amanda and Jake made a difference on their special day by donating to CCBF in lieu of wedding gifts.
CCBF founding Board Member Ivan Obolensky celebrates his 90th birthday! A study conducted by Dr. David Lyden and his team discovers how pancreatic cancer spreads to the liver. CCBF patients enjoy a day out at the ball game. Learn more about corporate volunteering and how Mackay Shields brought joy to the patients at the Division.
Get social with CCBF as we expand our social media presence! Meet CCBF social worker Diana Clark and long-time volunteer Barbara Kowalski. Learn more about CCBF's Young Professionals Committee and the upcoming fundraiser at The Wooly NYC!
CCBF's Annual Fund was a huge success! Learn more about joining CCBF's monthly giving program. CCBF's Marathon Team raised over $30,000 for the Pediatric Division! Also, meet CCBF physican Dr. W. Beau Mitchell.
New York Presbyterian Hospital was named #1Children's Hospital in NY. Learn about CCBF's upcoming events: The Fall Color Run and the Annual Breakthrough Ball. Also, meet CCBF physician Dr. Gerald Loughlin.
Learn about Dr. David Lyden's discovery that a new DNA test could lead to earlier, easier cancer diagnoses, and read about CCBF's newly renovated Clinic and all the amazing new features and amenities. Also, get an overview of some fun and interesting special events from the past few months.
Meet Dr. Bussel, Director of the Platelet Disorders Program at New York Persbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center and Courtney Czepiga, CCBF's new Child Life Specialist. Also, learn about CCBF's upcoming private party at American Girl Place, New York.
Meet CCBF physician Dr. Susanna Cunningham-Rundles, learn about CCBF's recent events and find out more information about legacy gifts!
Meet Dr. Aledo, the Director of the Pediatric Oncology Program and learn about recent and upcoming CCBF events!
Meet CCBF physician and scientist, Dr. Giardina and learn about the most recent Breakthrough Ball.
Dr. Lyden makes a discovery in cancer metastasis and September is Childhood Cancer, Sickle-Cell, and ITP awareness month.
The Children's Cancer & Blood Foundation welcomes back its Newsletter, The Key. Meet the chief of the division and the newest additions to the clinic staff.


(72) Single black plastic float for Dellorto PHBH and PHBL carburetors - 9794
Single, black plastic, float for the Dellorto PHBH and PHBL carburetors.
Available in the following versions:
- 9794.1 - 3.5 gram - unsleeved holes
- 9794.3 - 3.5 gram - metal-sleeved holes for the guide pins
- 9794.4 - 4.5 gram
- 9794.5 - 2.8 gram
Required quantity per carburettor: 2
This is item number 72 in the drawing.
Click HERE for instructions on how to set the float level of the Dellorto PHBH and PHBL.
Dellorto Part Number: 9794