text:
A new paradigm for PTSD treatment: Emotional Transformation Therapy.
Post-traumatic stress disorder
(Care and treatment)
|Author:||Vazquez, Steven R.|
|Publication:||Name: Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association Publisher: American Psychotherapy Association Audience: Academic; Professional Format: Magazine/Journal Subject: Psychology and mental health Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2005 American Psychotherapy Association ISSN: 1535-4075|
|Issue:||Date: Summer, 2005 Source Volume: 8 Source Issue: 2|
|Product:||Product Code: 8000186 Mental Health Care; 9105250 Mental Health Programs NAICS Code: 62142 Outpatient Mental Health and Substance Abuse Centers; 92312 Administration of Public Health Programs SIC Code: 8093 Specialty outpatient clinics, not elsewhere classified|
|Geographic:||Geographic Scope: United States Geographic Code: 1USA United States|
Many mental health professionals have identified deficits in conventional psychotherapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and have called for better methods (Fisher, 2004; Van Der Kolk, 2002). This article proposes resolutions to the following issues in the treatment of PTSD. (1) Are abreactive "retraumatizations" necessary? (2) How can dissociative experiences be efficiently accessed and integrated? (3) What are effective ways to deal with speechlessness in unresolved trauma? (4) How can physical symptoms or "body memories" be resolved efficiently? This article proposes a new paradigm in the treatment of PTSD, Emotional Transformation Therapy (ETT), that addresses these difficult issues (Vazquez, 2004).
Key Words: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Emotional Transformation Therapy[TM] (ETT), body memories, psychotherapy, dissociation Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was first officially recognized as a psychiatric condition in 1980 by the American Psychiatric Association; today it could potentially be the most frequently occurring psychiatric condition if accompanying dissociation did not block identification of its presence. Aspects of PTSD have been so treatment-resistant that many alternative forms of treatment have emerged to either augment conventional talk therapy or replace it altogether. Everything from hypnosis to psychiatric medication to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has been used for PTSD. Emotional transformation therapy (ETT) represents a movement from biochemical approaches to a biophysics approach that incorporates some conventional methods along with powerful innovations.
All Traumas Are Not Alike
There are numerous conditions that fit the criteria for the diagnosis of PTSD, but these conditions are strikingly different in depth, complexity, and intensity. Therefore, PTSD treatment varies enormously regarding the length of time to completion, the amount of unresolved emotion existing, and the scope of symptoms addressed. Since appropriate treatment is somewhat dependent upon accurate diagnosis, it would be valuable to differentiate the distinct patterns of PTSD.
For example, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, p. 427-428) describes features of a singular psychological trauma, but in actual practice, people report multiple psychological traumas, repetitions of the same type of psychological trauma that reinforces the effect, and vicarious traumas, etc (Salston, 2003; Jenkins & Baird, 2002). Moreover, modifiers such as the degree of severity, the degree of amnesia, the degree of delayed onset, etc., result in markedly different resistance to treatment. When a person's psychological constitution has been repeatedly stressed before his or her development has produced adequate defenses, it tends to result in compromised defense mechanisms that leave the person more vulnerable to environmental challenges (Polan & Hofer, 1999; Bloch et al., 1956). This factor may account for one person experiencing psychological trauma while another person in the same circumstance may not experience traumatization. While this article will not focus on diagnostic issues, these issues are noteworthy as important factors related to the treatment issues described.
Emotional Transformation Therapy (ETT) is a new form of interactive psychotherapy, developed by this author, which uses powerful techniques of visual brain stimulation to both quickly access dissociated components of targeted symptoms and rapidly relieve emerging affect. This approach utilizes the benefits of light stimulation into the eyes during verbally expressive techniques. A careful monitoring of somatic experiences that are believed to accompany emotional experiences are closely tracked during the processing of issues to hasten the progress. Visual light stimulation has been found to provide its benefits partially through the biochemical mechanisms of the serotonin and norepinephrin neurotransmitter systems (Rao et al., 1992; Brewerton, Berrettini, Numberger, & Linnoila, 1987; O'Rourke, Wurtman, Brzenzinski, Nader, & Chew, 1987). Further scientific research has verified that bright white light treatment is effective for a wide range of psychological disorders and extends far beyond its original use with seasonal affective disorder (Kripke, Mullalney, Klauber, Risch, & Gillin, 1992; Kripke, 1998; Rosenthal, Genhart, Sack, Skiverer, & Wehr, 1987; Kasper, Ruhrmann, & Schuchardt, 1993; Deltito, Moline, Pollak, Martin, & Maremmani, 1991).
Another empirically validated principle of light stimulation used in ETT includes the association between mood states and color sensitivity (Barrick, Taylor, & Correa, 2002; Todd, 1973; Stewart, Gaddy, Byrne, Miller, & Brainard, 1991). Perception of the clarity and color of the viewer's visual environment is known to be related to the perceiver's state of mind. This is such a consistent effect that it has been scientifically documented and is used as a diagnostic indicator in conventional psychological testing (Barrick, 1994; Cohen & Hunter, 1978; Schactel, 1943). A photosensitivity assessment method has been developed from clinical session observations that can be scored and reveals an individualized profile of color sensitivity for each client (Dearing & Singg, 1996). The total scores on each color yield a configuration of scores that characterize psychological patterns. This profile provides indications about the nature of one's unresolved issues, emotional and cognitive themes that may not be conscious to the person, and specific developmental periods in which unresolved affect is dissociated. These findings can be used to either select colors that are most likely to elicit targeted emotions to emerge for processing to completion or palliate emotional distress.
Peripheral eye stimulation is a radical extension of the premise upon which lateralized visual brain stimulation is based (Hugdahl, Franzon, Anderson, & Waldebo, 1983; Schiffer, 1997; Schiller, Anderson, & Teicher, 1997; Schiffer, Anderson, Renshaw, Maas, & Teicher, 1998; Wittling & Roschmann, 1993). Lateralized brain stimulation is based on the principle that light stimulation of the left visual field affects the right brain hemisphere and light stimulation of the left visual field affects the right brain hemisphere (Schiffer, 1998). While this concept is accurate to some extent, it includes a very limited portion of the potential of visual field stimulation, and its bilateral explanation does not account for brain activity necessary for stimulating the other portions of the visual field. Peripheral eye stimulation can access a huge number of specific neural networks of information one at a time by utilizing eye positions throughout a 360[degrees] range, not just right and left visual fields. Peripheral eye stimulation can pinpoint each aspect of a psychological issue. Through this means, one can titrate aspects of a traumatic experience one component at a time, which can reduce flooding of emotions. This precision allows therapists the ability to locate a specific psychological state to access relevant implicit memory, integrate distress of one state with other more constructive states for relief of emotional distress, access distinct states possessing positive resources, and reduce the magnitude of an emotional intensity.
In addition to the benefits of light stimulation, ETT uses "entrainment" or "photic driving" for the purpose of eliciting specific brainwave states conducive for each therapeutic purpose. Entrainment occurs when a pulsing light source emitted into the eyes elicits a predominant brainwave state that quickly matches the rate of the pulsing light (Glicksohn, 1986; Montagu, 1967; Vogel, Broverman, Klaiber, & Kun, 1969; Takigawa, 1988). The concept of eliciting certain brainwave states to relieve specific psychological conditions is the basic premise upon which EEG biofeedback (neurotherapy) is based. Unlike neurotherapy, ETT elicits brainwave states and can process issues and affect during the client's experience of these states.
Eye movement techniques have been shown to facilitate rapid change of emotional states (Faw & Nunnally, 1967; De Jongh & ten Broeke, 1998; De Jongh, ten Broeke, & Renssen, 1999; Marcus, Marquis, & Sakai, 1997; Rothbaum, 1997; Scheck, Schaeffer, & Gillette, 1998). While eye movement techniques used in ETT are not the same as those used in EMDR, ETT does use principles that appear to stem from a similar mechanism. The multidimensional eye movement processes of ETT are different from EMDR in that eye movement is largely conducted in conjunction with specific forms of light stimulation, and the range and direction of eye movements in ETT are much greater and are selected on different premises. These multidimensional eye movements result in extraordinary speed in facilitating psychological changes. Therefore, while the unique configuration of components that comprise ETT is new, most of its components have been verified by scientific research.
These techniques function together in a well-integrated process. The term "transformation" refers to the experience of rapid progression through emotions at such depth and speed that the person often feels changed to a magnitude beyond mere emotional relief.
The following information identifies each of the most challenging issues and how ETT is used to treat them.
People who have dissociated strong emotions frequently have not developed alternative strategies for managing this affect between sessions. It has been observed that there is a tendency for traumatized individuals to either dissociate and feel nothing or become overwhelmed with too much emotion at once. In addition, some people have been traumatized so much that their basic psychological constitutions become fragile and hyper-aroused by environmental stressors that would normally be perceived as minor. Therefore, cognitive, behavioral, affective, and social support strategies are taught to the client so that he or she can manage and moderate his or her own affect. Peripheral eye stimulation techniques can be used to regulate the amount of affect emerging to avoid flooding of emotion. These strategies for self-management of affect should be standard practice for PTSD treatment but are not the focus of this article.
Are Abreactive "Retraumatizations" Necessary?
According to Van Der Kolk, "when they recall trauma, many people with PTSD become so emotionally distressed that the recollection feels like a retraumatization" (2002, p. 67). It is proposed that it is not often helpful for people to process unresolved dissociated emotions without re-experiencing them to some extent. Conventional talk psychotherapy too often uses a long drawn out verbal catharsis that is perceived by the client as retraumatization. On the other hand, if the therapist colludes in the client's denial and avoidance of facing his or her own feelings, the therapist would be at risk of helping to alienate the client from his or her own authentic self from which these emotions emanate. The damage of self-alienation may pose a severe risk. Human emotions play a central regulatory role in brain functioning and in the formation of the authentic self (Schore, 1994). A constructive goal would be to learn to appropriately regulate affect. A position between painful and lengthy re-experiencing of a psychological trauma and not feeling it at all is proposed throughout the rest of this section.
Successful treatment of PTSD may be substantially enhanced through the use of "state-dependent learning and memory." This concept has been described as the following:
Because a specific pattern of arousal is an integral component of the stored information, a re-entry into the client's trauma state or an approximation of the state might be necessary for both retrieval and elaboration. It has been observed that during the reactivation of the trauma response, that state is most malleable and receptive for the most substantial change. Therefore, to avoid excessive retraumatization, interventions should ideally titrate affective overwhelming, occur at the time of re-activation, be quick, be thorough, and bring emotional experience to a long-term completion. The symptom of reliving aspects of traumas can be seized upon as an opportunity to facilitate the greatest possible change.
ETT provides a new level of titrating emotional intensity during treatment through peripheral eye stimulation, alteration of mood through color stimulation, alteration of brainwave states, etc. These features of ETT allow affect intensity to be precisely shifted within seconds. Affect can be elicited, reduced, eliminated, or otherwise purposefully changed for optimal therapeutic objectives through peripheral eye stimulation. This capacity almost completely eliminates the risk of retraumatization.
Scientific studies on the chemical composition of human tears have revealed that emotional tears are significantly different than irritant tears. Emotional tears possess toxins, whereas irritant tears do not (Frey, 1981). This suggests that crying has a detoxification function. This is not to say that excessive crying cannot be maladaptive, but that some natural degree of crying provides health benefits and should be supported.
At the center of ETT is the capacity to profoundly change emotional states. When an emotion is discharged through ETT processes, it is usually extinguished. However, often when one emotional state is concluded, another one emerges; when this next one concludes, yet another and another emerge until a whole pattern of emotion is ended. This sequence takes place at an accelerated rate in ETT. As a whole chain of emotions arises and extinguishes, the overall effect is often far more than just relief. Clients often appear to be undergoing an accelerated evolution of internal organization that strengthens their psychological constitution. It has been observed that with each emotional state encountered and overcome, the client grows more enriched and empowered. This transformation process roughly parallels S.W. Porges' polyvagal theory of brain activity. This sequence begins with the "primitive" parasympathetic system enervated by the dorsal vagal branch of the tenth cranial nerve emanating from the brain stem or "reptilian brain." This occurs in people as immobilization, freezing, or dissociation. During recovery, this dorsal immobilization is followed by activation of the sympathetic branch of the limbic mammalian brain to activate fight or flight. In Porges' theory, the next step in this progression of recovery is the social engagement function involving the prefrontal lobe of the neo cortex (Porges, 1997) that allows a traumatic experience to be understood and communicated.
One ETT process utilizes an intensification of affect to evoke a profound spiritual experience. This often has the effect of profound positive shifts in emotion, cognition, behavior, and physiological experiences into levels of change beyond the usual limits of psychotherapy. This method is based on a model that researcher Andrew Newberg developed from scientific studies of spiritual adepts where brain activities were monitored by SPECT scan technology (Newberg, 2001). Without timely intensification of affect, the opportunity to undergo some types of powerful spiritual experience is limited.
How Can Dissociative Experiences Be Efficiently Accessed and Integrated?
In many cases, the length of time between the original trauma and the onset of symptoms is so great that initially neither the client nor the therapist has enough evidence to conceptually connect the two. In addition, only partial aspects of PTSD symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a PTSD diagnosis may have been triggered initially. This results in the presence of all of the diagnostic evidence for a certain psychological condition while the actual PTSD condition remains out of awareness. For example, depression symptoms may be triggered by environmental stimuli without the client being consciously aware of the relationship between the original trauma and the environmental stimuli that triggered current symptoms. By use of light stimulation and verbal expression focusing upon the presenting symptoms, rapid awareness of dissociated material emerges with an unprecedented accuracy and consistency. Then the awareness of the psychological trauma and its connection to present symptoms becomes understandable.
It has been observed that most clients undergoing ETT who have previously undergone hypnosis, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), or body-oriented methods were found to have inadequate retrieval of dissociated material and incomplete processing of psychological traumas. Hypnosis has long been known to retrieve unconscious material (Hammond, 1990). However, there is a significant proportion of the population that is not hypnotizable, and the use of hypnotic suggestion risks influencing the fabrication of recollections. Hypnosis requires trust in the therapist conducting it. People who have been traumatized through betrayal by authority figures are either slow to trust others or may reenact pathological attachment bonding with authority figures by being overly responsive to the slightest suggestion. ETT relies more upon the role of visual light stimulation that shifts transference focus off of the therapist during treatment. This avoids some of the transference with the therapist that confuses compliance to treatment.
EMDR has been found to have the capacity to change traumatic experiences (Rothbaum, 1997), but it is largely dependent upon the client initially knowing that a trauma exists that is related to the symptoms. It is consistently revealed through the use of ETT that in most cases of PTSD either the awareness of a trauma or the awareness of the relationship between a trauma and current symptoms were not initially known by the client. During repeated clinical sessions with numerous people, it has been repeatedly observed that even when EMDR is successfully used to rework a traumatic experience, its comparative lack of ability to uncover other substantial correlated trauma has been revealed when ETT was used subsequent to EMDR.
For example, one highly experienced EMDR trainer, who also learned level I of ETT, used color stimulation with a client with whom she had conducted numerous EMDR and Developmental Needs Meeting Strategy (DNMS) sessions over 2 years. The therapist believed treatment was nearing completion with all of the known issues and had reached relative conclusion. However, when this client was exposed to visual color stimulation, the therapist reported the following:
A third means for accessing implicit memory relevant to psychological trauma is through body-oriented methods like cranio-sacral manipulation, massage, Rolling, etc. While these methods can often activate the reliving of memories, these methods themselves do not often achieve thorough processing of the retrieved material. It has been observed that these retrieved memories often cycle back into implicit memory unless they are processed to completion at the time of retrieval. ETT accesses relevant memory without suggestion or physical touch and is not solely dependent on the content of the memory for its success. Somatic Experiencing[TM] (SE[TM]) is an approach to psychological trauma resolution developed by Peter Levine (Levine, 1997). SE appears to follow along the same general sequence for resolving psychological trauma as ETT. However, SE lacks the precise moment-to-moment visual feedback system used in ETT that helps the therapist track psychological movement of progress with high efficiency. It lacks the brainwave control utilized by rhythmic light stimulation that is simple to implement and results in more rapid progress. Although SE also advocates titration of affect, it typically lacks the capacity of peripheral eye stimulation to precisely break up an overwhelming affective experience into specific component parts within seconds. In addition, stimulation by a radiating light source amplifies brain activity in such a way that resources can be activated to a degree that normal therapeutic visual environmental circumstances would not be likely to achieve. SE tends to use more body movement to move emotional charges whereas ETT moves relevant emotional energy by means of the visual system. However, SE and ETT have in common the tracking of somatic experiences during session processing.
ETT utilizes the following factors to coordinate mental focus on psychological material that is dissociated: brainwave entrainment elicits specific brainwave states in which dissociated material is lodged, color elicits either "grounding" or evoking of the emotional and cognitive aspects of the targeted issue, facilitation of the client's mental and somatic focus with verbal expression on the targeted issues tends to connect awareness with primitive emotions, and peripheral eye stimulation tends to thoroughly access hidden aspects of an issue whether it exists in explicit or implicit memory. When these four factors are utilized in synchrony, dissociated material is consistently accessed. Then specific visual brain stimulation techniques provide a means for efficient assimilation of dissociated material.
How Can Physical Symptoms or "Body Memories" Be Resolved Efficiently?
According to Van Der Kolk "even after they remember the trauma ... create even longer islands of safety and competence, people with PTSD may still react physiologically to reminders of the trauma as if they are back in the past" (2002, p. 67-68). As emotional transformations take place through ETT, accompanying physiological tensions tend to change at the same time. While psychotherapists conducting ETT are usually not physicians, the stress component of many medical conditions often plays a central role in the development and maintenance of medical problems. In cases in which the accompanying physiological manifestation of psychological trauma is a diagnosed medical disorder, it has been observed that a rapid dissolution of the medical problem often occurs when the trauma is successfully processed. This may occur because some medical symptoms lose their ability to continue to exist when the traumatic emotions cease. In other cases, medical symptoms are only partially reduced because the physical damage has limited some of the body's capacity to repair. Virtually any part of the human body could be involved in a psychological trauma response. Sometimes physical conditions thought to be purely organic or genetic in nature have been observed to have been repaired through ETT trauma resolution.
When a person survives a traumatic experience, elements of the response to trauma at the time of the event often become linked with the fact that the person survived. Therefore, these elements are imprinted as a successful strategy and retained as part of a survival mechanism (McKenzie & Wright, 1996). Subsequently, when a perceived threat to life occurs, a return to the elements of response associated with survival occurs. Conditioned responses are not always logically appropriate to the current experience context. By shifting implicit memory of survival responses into explicit memory, these reactions associated with the memories can be processed to completion resulting in the separation of physical responses from perception of survival threats.
ETT has, as its primary strength, a means to bypass intellectualization and verbalization as a defense. Since ETT directly accesses the denied aspects of the emotional charge and accompanying physiological experiences, these imprints of the trauma are usually eliminated simultaneously because they are linked to the state-dependent memory that is accessed. Specific ways to access physiological imprints include the use of brainwave states that access dissociated state-dependent learning and memory, color stimulation that stimulates the physical region where the emotions are felt in the body, and continuous visual feedback that serves as diagnostic data to the therapist and allows it to be known how complete the resolution of psychological trauma has become. Therefore, the somatic component of psychological trauma is precisely tracked as a part of the ETT process.
If therapy can access and quickly process unresolved affect to resolution, the need for psychiatric medication might be drastically reduced or eliminated. There are several reasons for this. Medications may collude in alienating clients from their own affect by blocking awareness of the client's emotions. This interferes with psychotherapy designed to uncover affect. Since ETT provides an alternative strategy for both titrating affect intensity and relieving unresolved emotion, the symptoms for which most psychiatric medication are targeted often no longer exist after ETT treatment. This often renders medications unnecessary. However, medications that provide fast-acting, short-term relief for self-management may be helpful during initial phases of affect retrieval. The advent of the use of ETT appears to largely end the problems of drug side effects and the risk of prescription addiction issues by providing an alternative to medication usage during PTSD recovery.
What Are Effective Ways to Deal With Speechlessness in Unresolved Trauma?
Van Der Kolk suggests that "traumatized individuals often lack the capacity to communicate, in words, the essence of what happened to them. Instead, the imprints of their trauma consist of sensations and perceptions that may have no verbal equivalents" (2002, p. 66). While it has been observed that traumatized individuals are often speechless, ETT utilizes techniques to reverse alexithymia (having no words for emotions). One particular color of blue, when used in conjunction with other appropriate colors, is useful in routing experience through the verbal functions of the brain.
In some cases, the expression in words is not necessary to relieve psychological trauma, but in far more cases, the lack of verbal expression is the critical portion of the avoidance defense that must change in order to achieve complete conclusion of the emotions associated with the trauma. For example, in one case Bart reported that at ages 3, 4, and 5 he was afraid to speak and withheld his feelings. His family lived in poverty in war-torn Russia at the time and then the family escaped to Poland when Bart was 6 years old. I asked him to say now all of the things he would not say when he was 5 years old. He said, "I am afraid. Everything around me is dying. I felt totally alone and frightened. There was no food. Everyone was afraid."
Red light stimulation was used. He spoke of these feelings in Polish. Then Bart was asked to say them in Russian because that was what he spoke at the time of the trauma. He reported that he could not recall how to say them in Russian. Then the wavelength of light was changed to the blue range and he became able to spontaneously speak about the experience in Russian. When this expression took place, the emotional charge of the incident was brought to completion.
According to Van Der Kolk, "traumatic memories stay stuck in the non-verbal, non-conscious subcortical regions where they are not accessible to the frontal lobes" (2002, p. 68-70). Through appropriate light stimulation and verbal expression, the implicit memory related to trauma can be transferred to the frontal lobes, recalled, expressed in words, understood in a new perspective, and relieved. In rare cases in which a person's traumatic response is not accessible to verbalization, ETT can be used to change the traumatic experience through the use of the physical symptoms instead of words.
Diane was a 45-year-old divorced woman who sought a session with me to relieve her macular degeneration eye condition. She was in an audience at a presentation I gave on ETT at a conference in the Midwest around 1998. Diane reported that she had tried every type of conventional and alternative medicine that she could find to resolve her condition but nothing really helped. She was told that macular degeneration would soon lead to blindness. Since I was seeing her in a session at the conference site, my normal background intake was limited.
I conducted an informal pre-therapy measurement of her visual acuity. I asked her to describe what she could and could not see in the room and when viewing the scene out of the window. She described many vague, blurry objects within the room and especially outside the window.
Then I had Diane look at a rhythmic indigo light which I often use to help people overcome denial in the form of not being willing or able to psychologically "see" aspects of their issues. Rhythmic visual entrainment was used to evoke brainwave patterns that heighten the client's inner awareness. Then I asked Diane when any type of visual symptoms first began. She reported that she was first evaluated as near-sighted when she was in the 10th grade. I changed the color from indigo to orange because orange assists in recollections related to the adolescent stage of life. Then I asked her what experiences of stress took place around that time in her life. At first she said that she experienced the usual stress of taking tests and social pressures, but then she suddenly recalled the following event. "I had a history teacher that got so frustrated with teaching us on one particular day that he became physically violent. The teacher yelled in anger, turned over a desk, and threw a couple of chairs across the room. This ranting really scared all of us and it got so loud that after a while policemen came to the class to lead him out of the room."
I asked Diane what she experienced during that event. She replied, "When all of this violence was going on, I was so terrified that I thought I might be killed! I remember that I was huddled in the corner holding my eyes closed as tightly as I could. I somehow thought that if I could not see what was happening I could escape."
During the building of emotional intensity, I changed the color from orange to yellow, had her view specific peripheral regions of the light to titrate affect, and had her look directly at the light to undergo an eye movement process. This process transformed her terror to a calm presence. Subsequent to this process, Diane reported, "I no longer feel afraid when I think about that experience. I hadn't thought about that event in many years! In fact, I had forgotten it. I wonder if my not wanting to see at the time of that event relates to my losing my eyesight."
Then Diane recalled yet another event in which another teacher also became violent in the classroom when she was a senior in high school. She again closed her eyes tightly in fear during that second episode. She processed this "reinforcing trauma" in a similar manner with similar relief. This processing took place in a single session. At the end of the session, I asked Diane to again describe her visual perception of our environment and the scene out of the window. She reported, "Everything looks sharper and clearer. I can't believe it! When I look out of the window I now see trees, buildings, signs, and so many things that I know I could not see anywhere near this clearly before! Will this last?"
I told her I did not know, but the indications appeared good. I offered her my business card and advised her to let me know if her improved vision did not last so I could possibly help her further.
Diane never reported recurrence of her visual problem. This is not a scientifically valid experiment, but it is a common occurrence of the manifestation of medical problems due to PTSD.
This case of PTSD is categorized as a "reinforcing trauma" because two traumatic events of the same type occurred. There are several modifiers represented. The severity of the recalled event was perceived as life threatening by the person and the presence of the police validates that the authorities at hand viewed the circumstance as dangerous. Repression was so severe that the client was amnesic about the event. The delay of onset was 29 years, which was so great that the relationship between the event and the evolving onset of symptoms were not previously seen as related. Since the traumatic event was not consciously known by the client, her identity was not linked with the trauma. Had blindness occurred, her identity of herself as a blind person would likely have been an issue. This PTSD case represents a strong degree of medical symptoms that were consequences of the trauma but were seen only as medical and not related to trauma at all. The involvement in the medical system prolonged the relief of the case by virtue of using medical diagnostic testing without any attention given to possible psychological attributes.
It was the precise use of color and brainwave states in conjunction with the specific questions that facilitated this change. Questions such as "When did any type of visual symptoms first begin?" and "What experiences of stress took place around the time of the onset of your visual symptoms?" resulted in precisely targeting the trauma related to the current symptom of macular degeneration. The persistence of symptoms of increased arousal and avoidance of the stimuli associated with the psychological trauma reemerged explicitly during the session. As the reliving of emotion of the trauma arose, ETT processes quickly relieved the emotional intensity. Then the entire trauma resolution process was repeated as another similar trauma recollection emerged. The thorough elicitation of the entire trauma cluster took place during a single session. The classic symptoms of PTSD such as "re-experiencing the traumatic event" took place as well as the psychological defense in the symbolic form of "not wanting to see." This apparently manifested in a physical symptom related to her inability to see. This condition should be differentiated from conversion disorder in which the client perceives a physical problem but the existence of a medical condition cannot be verified by objective measurements. In this case there was not a follow-up opportunity to help adjustment to post recovery.
One's identity, lifestyle, and behavior are often built around a trauma-based orientation to life. Then, when the psychological trauma response is gone, it often appears that the new person no longer fits into the old environment. People around the traumatized person have become accustomed to the previous behavior, and new behavior may often disturb these relationships. Therefore, therapy focused on adjustment to life without PTSD symptoms should ideally take place.
Although there are hundreds of therapists using ETT, careful scientific research must be done to document its effectiveness. Since ETT alleviated so many PTSD clients who had already experienced EMDR, Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT), hypnosis, and other advanced methods, ETT should be compared to these other methods under scientific conditions. More studies need to be done on the use of color in psychotherapy. The powerful peripheral eye stimulation method needs to be tested under rigorous scientific conditions.
Through transforming the unresolved emotions of a traumatic event, all of the symptoms of PTSD cease as a consequence. Specifically, re-experiencing of the trauma ceases, avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma ceases, numbness of general responsiveness is eliminated, persistent symptoms of increased arousal normalize, and trauma-related dream and flashback activity ceases. Without these symptoms, the condition can no longer be categorized as PTSD.
The length of time it takes to complete treatment for PTSD with ETT depends upon the type of PTSD pattern and the types of modifiers involved. However, many singular traumas have been facilitated to long-term resolution within a single ETT session. It has been observed that if a person had, for example, 100 traumatic events, it would not be necessary to process every event to completion. For example, the thorough processing to completion of 30 of the most highly charged trauma responses might disengage all 100 emotional responses and the patterns of symptoms associated with the condition. If the traumas are reinforcing traumas of a similar type, such as multiple observations of murder, a certain threshold of relief may be reached in which the entire pattern of traumas related to the symptoms extinguishes. At other times, the resolution of the initial original trauma may disengage most or all of the other reinforcing trauma responses. Every pattern of PTSD has been successfully relieved through ETT. Of course, the more complex patterns require more sessions. When one or more modifiers complicate PTSD to a further degree, it requires more therapeutic work to complete treatment.
With ETT, it is typically not necessary to input a replacement positive experience after trauma resolution in order to insure the long-term change because light stimulation activates inner resources for self-regulation. However, when the traumas occur in early childhood and infancy, replacement positive experiences are most likely to be useful. At times, basic educational guidance is helpful for people who have not been exposed to healthy parenting, healthy relationships, or a view of life beyond survival perspectives.
ETT provides a new method for facilitating thorough rapid changes that minimize abreactive intensity and offer precise management of affect regulation. It provides a means to access verbal components of psychological trauma that may other wise be inaccessible. ETT has the capacity to access dissociated material that is typically not available through other forms of therapy. It can pinpoint and extract somatic memory into conscious awareness. Through these capacities, ETT offers a means to process aspects of PTSD that have often been found to be treatment resistant.
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De Jongh, A., ten Broeke, E., & Renssen, M. R. (1998). Treatment of specific phobias with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Research, protocol, and application. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 69-85.
De Jongh, A., ten Broeke, E., & Renssen, M.R. (1999). Treatment of specific phobias with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Research, protocol, and application. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 69-85.
Deltito, J. A., Moline, M., Pollak, C., Martin, L. Y., & Maremmani, I. (1991). Effects of phototherapy on non-seasonal unipolar bipolar depressive spectrum disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 23, 231-237.
Faw, T. T., & Nunnally, J. C. (1967). The effects of eye movement on complexity, novelty, and affective tone. Perception and Psychophysics, 2, 263-267.
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Glicksohn, J. (1986). Photic driving and altered states of consciousness: An exploratory study. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality Journal, 6, 167-182.
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Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Wagner, D., Wilcox, M. M., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2002). The role of early adverse experience and adulthood stress reactivity in women: A multiple regression analysis. Depression and Anxiety, 15, 117-125.
Heinecki, C. M., Diskin, S. D., Ramsey-Klee, D. M., & Oates, D. S. (1986). Pre and post-birth antecedents of two-year-old attention, capacity for relationships and verbal expressiveness. Developmental Psychology, 22, 777-787.
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Jenkins, S. R., & Baird, S. (2002). Secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma: A validation study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 423-523.
Kaspar, S., Ruhrmann, S., & Schuchardt, H. M. (1994). The effects of light therapy in treatment indications other than seasonal affective disorder/S.A.D. In M. F. Holick, & E. G. Jung (Eds.), Biologic effects of light (pp. 206-218). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
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Schiffer, F. (1997). Affect changes observed with right versus left lateral visual field stimulation in psychotherapy patients: Possible physiological, psychological, and therapeutic implications. Comp. Psychiatry, 38, 289-295.
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Schiffer, F. Anderson, C. M., Renshaw, P. F., Maas, L. C., & Teicher, M. H. (1998). Baseline asymmetry in right temporal lobe blood flow by FMRI correlates with EEG and affect responses to lateral visual field stimulation. American Psychiatric Association New Res. Program Abstract, 175.
Schiffer, F., Anderson, C. M., & Teicher, M. H. (1997). EEG evidence of hemispheric activation with contralateral visual field stimulation. American Psychiatric Association New Res. Program Abstract, 218.
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Van Der Kolk, B. A. (2002). Beyond the talking cure: Somatic experience and subcortical imprints in the treatment of trauma. In F. Shapiro (Ed.) EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach (pp. 66-70). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Vazquez, S. R. (2004). The new power therapy: Emotional transformation therapy. Counseling Australia, 4, 55-60.
Vogel, W., Broverman, D. M., Klaiber, E., & Kun, K. J. (1969). EEG response to photic stimulation as a function of cognitive style. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysoilogy, 27, 186-190.
Widom, C. S. (1999). Posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1223-1229.
Wittling, W., & Roschmann, R. (1993). Emotion-related hemisphere asymmetry: Subjective emotional responses to laterally presented films. Cortex, 29, 431-448.
Zornetzer, S. (1978). Neurotransmitter modulation and memory: A new neuropharmacological phrenology? In M. Lipton, A. di Mascio, & K. Killam (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: A generation of progress. New York: Raven Press.
Learning Objectives for "New Paradigm for PTSD Treatment: Emotional Transformation Therapy"
After studying this article, the participant should be able to do the following:
1. List four proposed subcategories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
2. List three modifiers of PTSD.
3. List three Factors that can contribute to avoiding excessive retraumatization of clients during therapy.
Article 2: CE Test for "New Paradigm for PTSD Treatment: Emotional Transformation Therapy" (See page 18 for article.)
1.) When was PTSD first recognized as a psychiatric condition by the American Psychiatric Association?
2.) Which of the following is not a proposed category of PTSD?
A. Singular trauma
B. Reinforcing trauma
C. Severe trauma
D. Vicarious trauma
3.) Emotional Transformation Therapy uses which of the following factors in treatment?
A. Bright white light
C. Talk therapy alone
D. Peripheral eye stimulation
4.) Emotional Transformation Therapy can act upon implicit memory related to traumatic events by:
A. Facilitating recollection of relevant issues and affect.
B. Transferring implicit memory to the frontal lobes.
C. Relieving the emotional pain associated with the emerging awareness.
D. Producing severe memory loss.
5.) Body memories are accessed and changed in ETT work through the use of:
A. Color stimulation that affects the symptomatic bodily region.
B. The use of brainwave states.
C. Verbal processing.
D. Applied kinesiology.
Evaluation for Article 2:(1-3 rating section) Please circle one (1 =Poor 2=Satisfactory 3= Excellent)
1. The author presented material clearly. 1 2 3
2. The stated learning objectives were met. 1 2 3
3. New knowledge or technique was gained. 1 2 3
4. Additional comments:
Steven Vazquez, PhD, is the originator of Emotional Transformation Therapy (ETT), which is an accelerated form of psychotherapy that uses light with a variety of precise visual brain stimulation techniques. He is a licensed professional counselor and a licensed marriage and family therapist in the Dallas/Fort Worth area where he has been in private practice for 25 years. Dr. Vazquez has trained hundreds of professionals all over the United States and Europe in ETT. He has ushered in new, rapid, and in-depth relief of depression, trauma, anxiety disorders, physical pain, and spiritual issues through his ground-breaking approaches. To learn about trainings by Dr. Vazquez call (817) 268-7050 or visit www.lightworkassociates.com.
In normal memory formation the specific pattern of arousal present in the brain at the time of training may become an integral component of the stored information. The neural representation of this specific pattern of arousal might depend on the pattern of activity generated by brainstem acetylcholine, catecholamine, and serotonin systems. It is this idiosyncratic and unique patterned brain state, present at the time of memory formation, that might need to be reproduced or at least approximated at the time of retrieval in order for the stored information to be elaborated (Zornetzer, 1978).
We got to levels of material that we had not accessed before. He was sobbing deeply and revealed a core negative belief that he said had been a theme for him his whole life. This belief had never been identified before. This issue was worked through to completion. Afterwards when we discussed the work, he commented that with DNMS and EMDR he is consciously able to put up some defenses to control the direction of the work. With ETT he is not; it cut right through to the issues and bypassed his defenses (H. Huffington, personal communication, 2005).
|Gale Copyright:||Copyright 2005 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.|

domain: psychology


text:
In retrospect, Underwood's season that aired in 2019 features scenes that "now play like heterosexual theater, an artificial performance of what Underwood presumes women wanted to hear and do," says Daniel Schroeder. "He wasn’t falling in love with any of the women he pursued. He was falling in love with the idea he’d created in his head of the straight life he thought he was supposed to have. Been there! Except the part about auditioning beards on national television." Schroeder also notes that his interactions with Cassie Randolph also look darker in retrospect. "What a season it was," adds Schroeder. "Colton’s narrative from the beginning of his Bachelordom—and in his stint on Becca’s season of The Bachelorette—centered on his virginity. It was a constant talking point that cropped up in conversations with all of the women he pursued, and even became a way for the show to sell itself. Chris Harrison, the series’ longtime host, teased the season by saying that viewers were in for a dramatic season because Colton 'just might lose something along the way.' Yikes! Indeed, Underwood’s virginity was used by ABC to hook the wide swath of conservative viewers that continue to drive the show’s high ratings, and producers framed his sexual inexperience as a noble quality, rather than a signal that something was a little off. Yes, there are plenty of perfectly normal virginal men in their late 20s, but not many who parlay an NFL gig into a berth in the reality swamp, and The Bachelor—which has long had deeply weird issues with sex—couldn’t get enough. If it all made you a little queasy then, it’s downright hard to watch now, when it’s so clear Underwood became convinced virginity was a way to sell his heterosexuality even to himself. Sometimes the things we say loudest are the things we’re lying about the most, and who among us once-closeted homosexuals hasn’t vocally proclaimed his heterosexuality in front of an entire summer theater program in high school? Underwood simply did his version with 30 women—and, uh, several million viewers."
ABC's coverage of Colton Underwood's coming out was as messy as his Bachelor season: "Two things can be true about Underwood’s announcement: It is a good thing that he now feels able to embrace his sexuality, and much of his past behavior was bad," says Emily Stewart. "Also bad: The Bachelor’s handling of his relationship with (Cassie) Randolph, not to mention, frankly, GMA’s decision to largely brush over the topic during Underwood’s interview. Underwood told Roberts he is 'sorry for how things ended' with Randolph, adding that he 'messed up' and 'made a lot of bad choices.' He said he was in love with her, which 'only made it harder and more confusing' for him. 'I wish it wouldn’t have happened the way that it did. I wish that I would have been courageous enough to fix myself before I broke anybody else,' he said. But Roberts and GMA, which billed the interview as 'deeply personal,' didn’t press Underwood to further address the issue. As television writer Michael Slezak pointed out on Twitter, she didn’t ask him about 'allegedly inflicting psychological violence' on Randolph, or ask for any further explanations of his treatment of Randolph during filming of The Bachelor and after. Instead, he got off with making a lackluster apology about a serious issue and his very toxic behavior. Underwood apologized for 'misleading' Bachelor viewers and fellow cast members, which pales in comparison in terms of severity to how he treated Randolph; people mislead others about their intentions on reality shows all the time. A perennial question on every season of The Bachelor revolves around who is on the show for 'the right reasons' — namely, who has put their lives on hold to go on TV in hopes of finding true love (as opposed to finding fame or achieving some other personal benefit). Misogynistic behavior from Underwood and The Bachelor toward Randolph in ignoring her clear wishes and desires are a problem. So is excusing Underwood’s actions now that he has revealed he was dealing with his feelings about being gay."

domain: entertainment


Gorleston shop’s �10,000 power bill shock
A BRITISH Gas customer handed a �10,000 electricity bill following a meter mix-up says he was plunged into a cul-de-sac of endless complaining with little prospect of the dispute being resolved.
All photographer Victor Ling wanted was for the energy provider - this week fined �2.5m by the industry regulator for failing to deal properly with customer complaints - to provide an accurate bill which reflected the scale of the operation at his high street premises in Gorleston over the last four years.
Mr Ling, managing director of Barker’s Photographic said this week he was having to cut staff hours to pay the hefty bill, which although trimmed to just under �5000 would still have a big impact on the business.
The anomales emerged just over a year ago when Mr Ling queried his bill, believing he was paying too much.
British Gas agreed there was a fault on the meter but said that in fact he owed them �10,000 - triggering a flurry of bewildered emails.
Mr Ling said although he accepts there may be an amount outstanding, basing the bill on the businesses’ current usage was unfair because the operation was bigger today than it was four years ago.
When the company first moved to Gorleston High Street it had just one processing machine and now had several more, expanding to the upstairs rooms with the closure of its main sister site in St Peter’s Plain.
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“We really opened a can of worms,” he said. “We queried a bill saying we seemed to be paying a lot of money and they said we weren’t paying enough and owed them �10,000. That was a bit of a surprise to say the least.
“The amount of time we have had to spend on this is frightening. We agree we do owe them some money. It seems the meter wasn’t working properly.
“Now since 2010 the readings have been accurate and they want to work backwards on that basis over the last four years, but this was not our head office then and we now have full photographic equipment.
“We have gone through so many different people - having to explain to each of them that we are not the same business that we were five years ago. It has meant a lot of sleepless nights.”
Mr Ling intends to take his case to Ofgem, the industry regulator. His offer of �1000 paid monthly has been declined.
British Gas was been fined �2.5m on Wednesday for failing to deal properly with customer complaints.
In particular, Ofgem noted a failure to “re-open complaints” when the customer thought they had not been resolved. “The finding highlights basic failures in British Gas’ customer service, particularly in dealing with some of its small business customers and shows Ofgem’s commitment to use its powers to ensure suppliers treat customers fairly and transparently,” said Sarah Harrison, Ofgem’s senior partner for sustainable development.
However, Ofgem acknowledged that since its investigation began in June 2010, British Gas had acted to “improve its complaint handling systems”.
The company pointed out that Ofgem’s criticisms were focused on its treatment of micro-businesses which make up a small proportion of its total customer base. As such, British Gas said that Ofgem’s fine was “disproportionate”.


text:
Mayor Bloomberg gives out full-size candy bars for Halloween.
Andrew Cuomo says his focus on policy during the campaign freed him up to focus on personnel now.
Cuomo also said that everything wouldn’t change on Day One.
Is the voter drop-off on the ballot questions because of ballot design?
Says the awesomely named Lyudmila Bloch of Etiquette Outreach, a Manhattan manners school, of Sandra Lee: “It’s absolutely incorrect to call her the First Lady.”
David Paterson says that the Republicans have retaken the state Senate.
A legal fight looms to get it all sorted out, Eliot Brown reports.
Jon Stewart joked that he thought the Stand Up For Heroes benefit for the wounded was a Democratic Party fundraiser.
Lead levels are rising in the city’s tap water.
The city’s online suggestion box has received 1,700 ideas.
A $315 million state budget shortfall could mean 1% across the board cuts.
Why did pot legalization fail in California?
The mayor is in China, where he seems to have parroted some GOP talking points and others that are anathema to Republicans

domain: sociology


need to sand cav arms lower before duracoat?
I ordered some shake and spray duracoat for my cav arms lower. The polymer finish already has a very light texture. Do I still need to sand it first?
It depends. I probably wouldn't give it a full on sanding, but I would at least hit it with a scotch brite pad and go over it. Even though it's textured, that doesn't mean that the texture is rough enough to accept the duracoat.
I've had great results on polymer hand gun receivers just doing a quick once over with a scotch brite. Better safe than sorry and it's not like it'll effect it negatively.
You definately need to rough up the exterior surface prior to coating so it will stick better. If it were mine I'd lightly blast with 120 grit alum oxide prior to applying the coating.
+1 on the media blast....I do it for every part I apply Cerakote too.
The shake and spray kit comes with a brown scotch brite pad. I degreased it, rubbed it down with the pad then sprayed it with their degreaser to remove all "dust". It drys fast but it still took about 1/2 hour with a fan to completely dry. Good luck and take your time, it's easier than you think.
good luck. I tried using air cure gun kote on mine and I blasted it with 120 grit aluminum oxide...the finish didn't stick worth crap.
Apparently there is a film on the parts as a result of the injection molding process that screws with the adhesion.
I haven't been too rough with it yet (still waiting on barrel to finish build) but the charging handle scrapes along the top of the stock pretty good and it hasn't rubbed any off.
The kit worked great, but it's a bit lighter than the real FDE stuff.


text:
Role: Creative/Art Director
Polaroid challenged us to come up with an idea to promote their Limited Edition Retinex film, and while we were at it, to explain Edwin's Retinex Theory—a brainchild of their illustrious founder.
We created a psychedelic 70's-inspired animated film starring Po, a character inspired by the iconic red shutter button typical of Polaroid products. While skating around and experiencing his own version of close encounters of the third kind, he demonstrates how the Retinex Theory fools your eyes and mind – with a little help from the narrator.
Creative Partner: Rachel Sato-Bank
Creative Director: Patricia Verella
Producer: Julie Cousty
Production company: Jelly
Director: Charlie Touqué
Social media and Ecommerce

domain: design


text:
view past news
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Check out the latest news and events for Storage and Distribution.
September 2013 News
- 1 year ago
Download the infographic ANN ARBOR, Mich. — NSF International, a global independent public health organization...
- 2 years ago
ANN ARBOR, Mich. — To support the growing demand for credible, third-party verified non-GMO products,...

domain: news


text:
Silentium, Op. 9 (1909)
Silentium, Op. 9 (1909)
By Maya Pritsker
Written for the concert Revolution 1905, performed on Jan 16, 2005 at Avery Fisher Hall at Lincoln Center.
In 1905 Nikolai Miaskovsky (1881–1950), who would become one of the most prolific and significant Russian composers of the twentieth century, author of twenty-seven symphonies, was still in the military. Following family tradition, he spent years at the prestigious St. Petersburg Cadet College and then at the Academy of Military Engineering, and upon graduating in 1902 served in Moscow as a military engineer, in spite of his growing passion for music. He played piano and violin, studied composition privately with Reinhold Glière, met with and sought advice from the unquestionable leader of Russian music, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, and wrote numerous art songs and piano pieces, but did not enter the St. Petersburg Conservatory until 1906. He spent five years there, graduating in 1911, the oldest among his fellow students. Sergei Prokofiev, ten years his junior and a student of the same composition class of Anatoly Lyadov, noted in his diary in 1910, “Miaskovsky does not exist outside music . . . just one silent shadow. He is strange. And so uncommunicative—especially with ladies [ . . . ] When music is concerned, he is a completely different man, for whom nothing exists but one idea.”
This shy, modest, awkward man, who was prone to melancholy and depression and mentioned his compositions with self-deprecating humor even to his trusted composer-friend Prokofiev, possessed not only a sensitive soul, but also an inquisitive intellect, and was attuned to the cultural movements of the time. At the dawn of a new century, Russia experienced a passionate affair with symbolism. Its obsession with the mysterious and the unspoken, with the realms of imagination and dreams, with death and loneliness, chaos and decay, resonated with spiritual longings of Russian fin-de-siècle society.
The poetry of Zinaida Gippius, the siren of Russian symbolism, found its way into a number of Miaskovsky’s songs. Among other favorites was the poet Konstantin Bal’mont, an admirer and translator of Edgar Allan Poe. Poe’s prose and poetry was known in Russia since the 1860s, but his widespread popularity, which soon reached a cult level, began in the mid-1880s, when a collected edition of Poe tales in Russian translation was published for the first time.
With his innate pessimism, Miaskovsky felt very close to the psychological horrors of Poe’s tales. Silentium, in Bal’mont’s opinion the best of Poe’s tales, captured his imagination in 1908. He mentions in a letter to Prokofiev “a very good plot.” He writes in another one that he is “enormously enthralled with the plot,” adding that it will be an “orchestral tale” for a very big orchestra and that the whole piece will be devoid of any light note—“only darkness and horror.”
Silentium, completed in 1909, was the first of Miaskovsky’s compositions to be publicly performed, though a year before his First Sympony was written. The premiere of Silentium took place on June 12, 1911, on the summer stage in Sokolniki (Moscow) under the direction of Konstantin Saradjev, who became a friend and an avid advocate of Miaskovsky’s music.
Miaskovsky called Silentium his much-beloved child, and rightly so—it is one of the most sincere and passionate of his pieces, remarkable in its combination of spontaneity, originality and well-thought technical mastery. (The composer polished and edited it up to the mid-1920s). Its twenty-minute one-movement structure follows Poe’s tale very closely—a dark parable about the unbearable horror of eternal silence, told through a symbolic figure of a man, tired and full of sorrow, longing to be alone. He sits on a gray rock amidst a sad landscape of desolation, taking in stride terrifying noises and whispers, dangers of wild animals and tremendous storms, but runs in horror when a sudden deadly silence falls, bestowed by demons. The composer realizes all of this with emotional and visual precision in a sonata-like structure, which he, following the narrative, transforms into a natural flow of images both picturesque and deeply touching, creating one of the earliest and finest examples of Russian musical expressionism.

domain: library


text:
Let's salute to our Indian Army together, We are proud to be Indian.
Ustad Nissar Hussain Khan (1909–93) was a Hindustani classical vocalist from the Rampur-Sahaswan gharana. He was a disciple and son of Ustad Fida Hussain Khan and after a long and illustrious career was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1971.He was the court musician of Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III at Baroda and was featured extensively on All India Radio. He was a specialist in Tarana. His most famous disciples are Ustad Ghulam Mustafa khan and Rashid Khan.
Khansahib inherited a vast repertoire of well-known and obscure melodies from his forebears. His rich, resonant voice was cultivated through decades of training. He embellishes the modal form of the ragas with flashes of “gamaks”, “bol-taans” and “sargams”. As an exponent of the “khayal” style, he renders “taranas” with distinction.
Khan’s most famous disciple was his grandnephew Rashid Khan. Tutelage under his granduncle-guru changed the course of his life and made him what he is today. It was Ustad Nissar Hussain Khan who nurtured the latent potential of Rashid through his training in the traditional master-apprentice manner, first at his own residence at Badaun, Uttar Pradesh, and subsequently at the Sangeet Research Academy in Calcutta, where he spent the last years of his life.
Khansahib’s gharana, the Rampur-Sahaswan gharana, owes its existence to the Senia traditions and has a revered lineage of classical vocalists like the great Ustads Bahadur Hussain Khan, Inayat Hussain Khan, Fida Hussain Khan and Mushtaq Hussain Khan.

domain: history


ProPak Nylon Sterilization Tubing is made of durable, transparent nylon sterilization film. It is used to maintain sterility of instruments and is ideal for steam and dry heat processes.
Box may be used as a dispenser.
Cut to desired length.
Built-in indicator changes color, verifying instruments have been processed.
Ideal for dry heat processes.
Materials: 1.6 mils nylon film.
Temperature of Use: Up to 300°F (140°C) in steam autoclaves. Up to 375°F (190°C) in dry heat.
Chemical Indicator: Ink changes color from green to blue indicating items were processed at the following conditions: 250°F (121°C) for 15-20 minutes in steam autoclaves. 325°F (163°C) for 120 minutes dry heat. 375°F (190°C) for 30 minutes dry heat.
Sealing: This product may be used with a heat sealer. Follow heat sealer manufacturer’s instructions and heat setting for nylon film.


text:
Fans couldn’t hide their joy when they finally got a prove that their favorite, Shatta Wale is not a local champion as fans from other camp see him.
Despite a collaboration from Beyoncé, the dancehall artiste was still tagged as a local musician who has no regconition globally.
Fortunately, for the artiste and his fans, a way to know that he is a global musician has been discovered.
International football icon and former Real Madrid player, Sergio Ramos just started following Shatta Wale on Instagram. He only did not just start to follow but has reacted with stickers on different posts of the artiste.
Shatta wale himself later came to describe the defender as his best ever football after he began following him.

domain: celebrity


text:
Video Marketing Services Miami - USAprice: contact company for price
- Phone: 786.899.2424
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King lear literature essays are academic essays for citation these papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of king lear. Essay about the theme of madness in king lear and the rest of the kingdom the fool, a servant to the king, has a very close relationship with king lear. King lear: themes many themes are evident in king lear, but perhaps one of the most prevalent relates to the theme of justice shakespeare has developed a. Your king lear essay may contain other themes, which may be found in the play, such as fate, greed, the lust for power and cruelty characters. King lear - theme of blindness: in shakespearean terms, blinds means a whole different thing blindness can normally be defined as the inability of the eye to see.
Explore the different themes within william shakespeare's tragic play, king lear themes are central to understanding king lear as a play and identifying shakes. Free king lear blindness papers, essays - shakespeare uses subplots to dramatize the action of the play and give spark on the contrast for the themes in king lear. “different interpretations focus on different themes’, this statement is acceptable in the play king lear edwin sherin’s production of king lear primarily.
King lear: themes essays: over 180,000 king lear: themes essays, king lear: themes term papers, king lear: themes research paper, book reports 184 990 essays, term. Essays and criticism on william shakespeare's king lear - critical essays.
Discussion of themes and motifs in william shakespeare's king lear enotes critical analyses help you gain a deeper understanding of king lear so you can excel on. Description and explanation of the major themes of king lear this accessible literary criticism is perfect for anyone faced with king lear essays, papers, tests. King lear themes essay we have writers from a wide range of countries, they have various educational backgrounds and work experience but the common thing is their.View

domain: artistic


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Kate Clews works with painting and photography. You can see more of her work on her website: www.kcrandompattern.artweb.com
Being an artist
Please give us a few words of introduction about yourself
I discovered painting with acrylics a little while back and then I discovered photography – both of which I enjoy immensely as they allow me to express myself and to show others how I view the world. I have MS so feel the need to produce what I can whilst I am able to, I love nature, flowers, trees, leaves, landscapes, the sea and like to use all of these things in the art that I produce.
How and when did you start out as an artist?
I started as an artist a while back, producing things just for the love of producing them – it wasn’t until recently that I showed others my work, got some good feedback and thought it was time to start to show the world (or at least those few who wish to view my creations).
What training did you have?
I have no training – I am self taught, I like to play with paint, tools, pictures and computer programs
What has been your best creative achievement so far?
Creatively I think that there a few paintings I have done which I can be proud of, but right now it is the work I have on my website on Artweb – the effects intrigue me, the patterns draw me in, and I really hope it does the same for others as well. I haven’t really seen anything like what I have produced before, so I hope it is unique and different enough for it to peak peoples’ interest.
What’s your favourite quote?
You know what – I don’t have one… I am rubbish at remembering quotes!
Who is your favourite artist?
What are you aiming for?
To see my work displayed in someone else’s home with pride.
How will you get there?
Working hard, producing pieces, being myself – showing the world what I can create.
Is anything holding you back?
Only a lack of money!
You and art
What sort of reactions do you get to your work? are you ever surprised?
The reactions I have had just recently have all suprised me – only because people like my work as much as I do, they see what I have intended – which has kind of validated what I thought I had achieved.
From start to finish, how long does it take for you to create your work?
I was thinking about this the other day. If I am using a painting – I have to paint it which can take a couple of hours to a day, photograph it, crop and enhance it then create the image which probably takes another hour or so. If I am using a photograph I need to take the picture (which can be chosen from hundreds), crop it, enhance it then produce the image, so from a photo probably somewhere between 2 – 3 hours.
What music do you like to listen to when you work?
Anything good, fun and that I can sing a long to.
What is next in the pipeline for you? Any new directions or shows coming up?
I plan on taking my work to a craft fair at some point to see what happens – but I have to wait for some funds to become available first.
Being inspired by art
Who (living or dead) inspires you? and why?
All artists and photographers are inspiring – even if I don’t particularly like a piece what inspires me is that they have produced it and others are interested in it, even if I’m not.
What feelings, subjects or concepts inspire you as an artist?
I find light inspiring – it always makes things look so different, depending on the time of day and what it is shining on (or through). People don’t look up enough, so I like to look up, I like to see what is around me and notice the beauty that is all around (but that is often ignored or not seen) as and when it is there.
What is your favourite work that you’ve produced so far and why?
My favourite piece is the Face in the Petals – this took me by surprise when I saw it – an unintentional image that is both mysterious and pretty.
an artist’s advice
Have you got any advice for those starting out as an artist?
I am starting out myself so my advice right now would be to enjoy what you produce, enjoy the process of creating it.


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text:
Serial Disulfide Polymers as Cathode Materials in Lithium-Sulfur Battery: Materials Optimization and Electrochemical Characterization
Herein, a series of novel disulfide polymers were synthesized by using the raw materials of diallyl-o-phthalate, tung oil, peanut oil, and styrene. Four kinds of products: Poly (sulfur-diallyl-o-phthalate) copolymer, poly (sulfur-tung oil) copolymer, poly (sulfur-peanut oil) copolymer, and poly (sulfur-styrene-peanut oil) terpolymer were characterized, and their solubility was studied and compared. Among the four kinds of disulfide polymers, poly (sulfur-styrene-peanut oil) terpolymer had the
... erpolymer had the best solubility in an organic solvent, and it was chosen to be the active cathode material in Li-S battery. Subsequently, two different conductive additives—conductive carbon black and graphene were separately blended with this terpolymer to prepare two battery systems. The electrochemical performances of the two batteries were compared and analyzed. The result showed that the initial specific capacity of poly (sulfur-styrene-peanut oil) terpolymer (blended with conductive carbon black) battery was 935.88 mAh/g, with the capacity retention rate about 43.5%. Comparingly, the initial specific capacity of poly (sulfur-styrene-peanut oil) terpolymer (blended with graphene) battery was 1008.35 mAh/g, with the capacity retention rate around 60.59%. Therefore, the battery system of poly (sulfur-styrene-peanut oil) terpolymer with graphene showed a more stable cycle performance and better rate performance. This optimized system had a simple and environmental-friendly synthesis procedure, which showed a great application value in constructing cathode materials for the Li-S battery.

domain: chemistry


text:
Friday 26 October 2012
Review: Storm - Brigid Kemmerer
And now that she knows the truth, so is Becca.
Secrets are hard to keep when your life's at stake. When Hunter, the mysterious new kid around school, turns up with a talent for being in the wrong place at the right time, Becca thinks she can trust him. But then Hunter goes head-to-head with Chris, and Becca wonders who's hiding the most dangerous truth of all.
The storm is coming.
Elemental (Short Story)
Fearless (Short Story)
Breathless (Short Story)
Visit Brigid Kemmerer's website for more information
So many of my friends have been raving about Brigid Kemmerer's Elementals series and I really enjoyed the prequel short story Elemental so I had high hopes when I picked up Storm. Thankfully the story lived up to my expectations and this is a great debut novel. I loved the fact that it was a YA paranormal book that has moved away from vampires and shapeshifters and come up with something different. Here we have people with the ability to control the elements which is definitely a power I've not seen much of but can't wait to learn more about.
The Merrick brothers are all very powerful elementals each with control over a different element. Because they are so strong they are considered dangerous by the other families in the area who have less power than they do. The others worry that the Merrick's will expose them all and they will stop at nothing to keep their secret. The boy's parents made a deal with the other families though, a deal that should have kept them protected. As long as the Merrick's don't expose their powers or harm others then the other families must leave them alone but the younger generation don't agree with the deal that their parents made and they have spent years attacking the brothers trying to get them to break the pact first.
Michael is the oldest and most powerful brother, he is an earth elemental and has had to take over the role of breadwinner and surrogate parent to his siblings since their parents were killed. I loved Michael in the prequel short story and at first couldn't understand why he was so different in this book, he comes across as very moody and uncaring but when I found out why I was completely heartbroken for him. His attitude was completely understandable and he is under so much pressure trying to keep his brothers safe, he really has the weight of the world on his shoulders and I hope we get to see things become easier for him as the series continues.
Next we have the twins Nick, an air elemental, and Gabriel who has power over fire. Nick is the peacemaker in the family, he is always trying to smooth things over between Michael and Gabriel and he is also the most easy going of the brothers. Gabriel is the troublemaker, he resents the fact that Michael is always telling them what to do and he hates the fact that he refuses to stand up for them against the other elemental families. Gabriel is an expert at flirting and has a way with the ladies but he also has a quick temper and you wouldn't want to get on his bad side. Last but by no means least you have the youngest brother Chris. Chris is a water elemental and he is only just beginning to learn the extent of his abilities, he still finds it difficult to control his powers and is the one most at risk of exposing them. Chris is a really sweet guy and I loved the way we got to see part of the story from his point of view.
Becca has been in the same class as Chris for years but they never really spoke until the day she sees him being attacked by two other students in the parking lot. Becca may be half the size of the boys attacking Chris but she can't leave him there helpless and alone and rushes to his aid. You have to admire Becca, she has been through hell at school thanks to the bullies who are making her life miserable but she refuses to let them see her cry. She holds her head up high and does her best to rise above them, it isn't easy for her but she is tough and has survived things that would have broken most people. Thanks to Becca's bravery in coming to Chris's aid she soon finds herself in a whole heap of trouble though and the bullies are now the least of her problems. Chris's whole family is under attack by an extremely powerful elemental and if she isn't careful Becca could find herself hurt in the crossfire.
I don't want to say more about the plot so you'll just have to read the book yourself to find out. With four hot brothers, a selection of kick ass characters with unusual powers, fast paced edge of your seat action and a different romance with every story this is a series to watch out for and one I can't recommend highly enough. Now I'm off to pick up my copy of Fearless!
If you have reviewed this book on your blog please leave a link to your review in the comments & I'll add the link here.
Paperback / Kindle:

domain: literature