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Jet Airways to re-launch commercial operations from September
Jet Airways will start the process of hiring pilots for Airbus’ A320 aircraft, Boeing’s 737NG and 737Max planes as the airline is planning to resume its commercial operations in September. This comes after Jet Airways’ commercial operations were suspended on April 17, 2019, due to financial distress.
“Good things come to those that wait – Jet Airways will be flying again soon! Inviting pilots who are current and type-rated on the Airbus A320 or Boeing 737NG or MAX aircraft, to apply to join us in creating history as we prepare to relaunch India’s classiest airline,” the airline wrote on its Twitter on Tuesday.
Notably, the ailing airline on Tuesday started the process for hiring pilots for Airbus’ A320 aircraft as well as Boeing’s 737NG and 737Max planes. The airline, which reportedly received air operator certificate from aviation regulator DGCA on May 20, is yet to place an order for aircraft with either European plane-maker Airbus or American aerospace company Boeing, according to news agency PTI report.
It is important to note that as of now, the ailing airline has just one operational aircraft, which is a B737NG, in its fleet. The airline has announced that it intends to recommence commercial operations in the current quarter ending September, the report said. Financial distress forced Jet Airways, which flew for more than two decades, to suspend operations on April 17, 2019 and a consortium of lenders, led by the State Bank of India (SBI), filed an insolvency petition in June 2019 to recover outstanding dues worth over ₹8,000 crore, the report further highlighted. In October 2020, the airline’s Committee of Creditors (CoC) approved the resolution plan submitted by the consortium of the UK’s Kalrock Capital and UAE-based entrepreneur Murari Lal Jalan, according to the report. (Source: Agencies)


ESA GNC Conference Papers Repository
Path to First Flight of Adaptive Augmenting Control on NASAs Space Launch System for Artemis I
This paper describes the development and implementation of the Adaptive Augmenting Control (AAC) system for NASAs Space Launch System, leading to its groundbreaking flight demonstration during the Artemis I launch on November 16, 2022. Particular attention is given to principles that may be useful to flight controls practitioners of future space transportation systems, with an emphasis on the studies, perspectives, and principles that shaped the early concepts and algorithm design refinements. Principles that drove the design architecture included ensuring the adaptive system was structured such that it would improve the baseline flight control system robustness, yet not unacceptably increase risk when the vehicle was operated within its nominal design envelope. Other key principles included maintaining a classical design architecture and relying on the adaptive system only to augment the control commands, an ability to both increase performance (error regulation) and decrease performance to avoid exciting parasitic dynamics such as vehicle flexibility and slosh, and a prescribed bound on the adaptive gains that correlated to classical stability margins. As the design matured, the designers sought the simplest adaptive control law architecture that met the design objectives, multiple stability analysis approaches were investigated, and the architecture was rigorously reviewed and evaluated using both high-fidelity simulations and a surrogate aircraft flight test campaign. The paper will document the evolution of the architecture, discuss analysis techniques employed, and provide an overview of the path that led to a successful transition of the technology from concept to flight. The original design that was tested and developed using a reduced order simulations is shown to evolve systematically to the final architecture that was flown on Space Launch System, the launch vehicle for the Artemis I mission. Analysis techniques employed throughout the AAC design, development, and verification phases will be discussed; these include standard Monte Carlo analyses (comparisons with and without AAC), expanded Monte Carlo analyses that included worst-on-worst dispersions, stressing cases, frequency-domain stability analysis accounting for the effects of AAC, time-domain stability margin assessments, and generalized gain margins based on the circle criterion. Key components of the AAC Technology Readiness Level (TRL) advancement will be described, including Software-in-the-Loop testing in the Marshall Space Flight Centers System Integration Laboratory (SIL) and a suite of carefully designed flight tests on an F/A-18. In its final test during the uncrewed first flight of SLS, AAC performed as intended throughout the launch phase and its response reflected a flight trajectory within the pre-flight expectations.


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: 1500x1500 px
: July 10, 2018
Highlighting something eye-catching in a small room will not only radiate personality and style, but also take the focus off the size of the room. So make a bold choice in your bedroom. You could select a distinct paint color for your bed wall or opt for a distinctive wallpaper like grasscloth. Other details to spotlight can be a special furniture item, a large piece of art or a standout light fixture.
Look toward living spaces for sleek pieces like media consoles to float on the wall. The streamlined size of such pieces can often work well in a small bedroom. Plus, their cabinets and shelving are fantastic for storing clothes and shoes.

domain: artistic


"Making the album was an incredible challenge, but it was a self-created challenge. We set ourselves the task of making an album that would stand alongside our best work."
- The Edge on Songs of Innocence, 2014
did you know
Adam was part of the the chorus line of the song 'Do They Know It's Christmas'.


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jvn07212 Purple Low V Neck Fitted Prom Dress
|Style Code:||Colors:||Available Sizes:|
|jvn07212||00 - 24|
- Closure: Invisible Back Zipper, tie back.
- Details: Stretch velvet embellished with stones, form fitting silhouette, floor length skirt with sweeping train, fitted bodice with plunging neckline, straps over shoulders and open tie back.
- Available colors : magenta, black, burgundy, green, red, royal
- Fabric: 100% Polyester, velvet
- Fit: The Model is 5'9" Wearing 3" Heels.
- Neckline: Low V
- Waistline: Natural
- Spot dry clean only
- Available in plus sizes
You can order this dress by contacting a store near you.
If a store near you does not have it in stock,
please ask them to order it for you from our warehouse:
Check JVN Warehouse Availability

domain: design


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A band of sparkling diamonds pairs beautifully with the timeless opulence of 14k yellow gold in this unique, contemporary bangle bracelet. Total weight of diamonds is .04ct.
|Average Color||Round (Diamond)|
|Average Clarity||J (Diamond)|
|Average Cut||I2 (Diamond)|
|Approximate Weight||9.9 gram(s)|
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Mumbaikars know how to balance their gluttonous splurges with health-conscious dishes.
Proof? The city’s first gluten-free mecca, a bistro and juice bar called Sequel. And Yoga House, where you can order a detox juice cleanse, pick up a healthy lunch to go, and even have your chakra balanced — all during your lunch hour.
Then there’s Ministry of Salads, a vegetarian-only salad bar with mad tossing skills, Birdsong (an organic deli and cafe) and an organic salad joint that lets you dream up a bowl of fresh greens and organic meats from thoughtfully sourced proteins and vegetables from local farms. Plus, a vegan-friendly French restaurant that knows how to let loose with its buckwheat crepes and oven-baked two-egg bacon and cheddar cocotte. If that isn’t enough of a healthy-eats fantasy, hit up The Village Shop, a GQ favourite, for delicious cakes and brownies — because eating healthy doesn’t mean you’ll suddenly stop craving dessert.
7 best healthy restaurants in Mumbai
Sequel: Bistro & Juice Bar
This gluten-free mecca isn’t just for the intolerant, it’s for anyone looking for accessible, wholesome food. An array of salads, plates, bowls, and rolls populate the simplistic menu, offering a variety of guilt-free eats. Try The Perfect Poach (jiggly, golden-orange yolk topped with tangy avocado and lime relish), The Big Heist (eggs Benedict served with silky, smooth dahi and apple-cider hollandaise), and Pretty in Pink (smoked salmon rolls, crisp fennel, pickled radish on the freshest bed of greens). The raw juice bar is also popular, thanks to a delicious bittersweet cold press called the Deep Cleanse, and the gluten-free dessert program is nearly legend with vegan polenta cake (with “berry-licious sorbet”).
The Village Shop, West Bandra
Coming from the team behind Birdsong, The Village Shop drew high expectations in dishing out a farmers market-heavy menu, and it’s succeeded. Head to this vegan/gluten-free restaurant when you feel the need to cheat on your resolution. Because you can get eats like their veggie-loaded gluten-free pizzas, and whole-wheat aglio olio pasta and lasagna, which lets you feel like you’ve been bad without actually surrendering to temptation. You can also shop for organic products here to stock your kitchen— black rice, haldi, homemade granola, gouda, cheddar, artisanal coffee, herbal teas, jaggery powder and more. Treat yourself to a quinoa and raw cacao cookie or a carrot and zucchini cake before you leave.
The Yoga House is a one-stop wellness shop where you can order a detox juice cleanse, pick up a healthy lunch to go (or perch yourself on their breezy patio), and even have your chakra balanced all during your lunch hour — the Santorini-style bungalow in Bandra houses a vegetarian macrobiotic cafe, a yoga class and a shop. The cafe’s menu features all-day breakfast porridges, salads, sandwiches, dessert and beverages you can order online. Carb haters love the orange fennel salad (served with a cooling yoghurt-y cashew dressing), quinoa upma, almond pesto pasta, brown rice paella and the chocolate mousse (cooked with 100% dark chocolate and cocoa, texturised with cashews and sweetened with dates). Throw in fresh coconut water to wash all that down.
Bombay Salad Co.
When you vow to eat healthy and clean, visions of salads start running through your head. Boring, bland, green, veggie-loaded salads. But it doesn’t always have to be like that, and thanks to Bombay Salad Co., your leafy greens now taste as delicious as your Spanish barbecue ham. Well, pretty close. The salad bowls here are huge (wholesome enough to be full meals) and refuse to play second fiddle to the extensive menu of organic and gluten-free wraps and sandwiches. And if you like drinking your vegetables, Bombay Salad Co. also serves up yogurt-based smoothies, diary-free soy milk smoothies, raw juices and soups.
This lively spot made its name with their sweet (and savoury) buckwheat and butter crepes. Vegetable-forward (though not solely vegetarian) sandwiches, croques, salads, an all-day breakfast, two-egg cocotte (oven-baked eggs) starring locally sourced goods dominate the menu. The extensive selection of sweets and baked goods on display at its multiple outposts should tell you Suzette, while skewing towards healthy with its organic-only ingredients, still knows how to let loose.
Ministry of Salads
If picking from a huge choice of thoughtfully sourced proteins and vegetables to dream up a bowl, salad, or wrap isn’t enough of a healthy-eats fantasy, know that Ministry of Salad also has a specialized menu which features raw veggie juices like pomegranate celery & ginger cleanser, and watermelon and kale. Menu highlights include their vegetarian take on the Nicoise salad, Beat the Heat (a fresh mix of boiled channa, mozzarella and burnt garlic brought together by a zesty lemon dressing) and the Nutella hazelnut smoothie — the only truly decadent offering in an otherwise outrageously veggie-forward menu.

domain: food


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$24.99 | Sale: $17.50
Best-selling and award-winning author of the popular Glenbrooke and Christy Miller series, Robin Jones Gunn has sold over 3 million copies of her books WDwide. In Sisterchicks on the Loose!, gal pals Sharon and Penny take off on an adventure. Sharon is not prepared for Penny’s latest wild scheme. But this time, Penny won’t take no for an answer. Despite initially dragging her feet, Sharon is following Penny—all the way to Finland! The minute they step on the plane, the dizzying excitement begins and they are taught to see God in a whole new light.

domain: entertainment


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September 18, 2010
September 9, 2010
July 9, 2010
June 17, 2010
Hey, my name, as you probably already of read, is Brett Klassen. I grew up in Rivers, Manitoba. A small community of only 1200 people. I was born in 1990, and I currently live in Brandon, a city north of Rivers.
Ever since I was little, or ever since I can remember, I have had a strong love for sports. Any chance I had, I was watching Sportscentre or outside shooting hoops at the basketball court just down the street from the house I grew up in.
Thanks for reading and commenting on my article, Brett. Are you satisfied with the seating capacity of the new Winnipeg Stadium? How many seats should a new Hamilton stadium have?

domain: hobby


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Rest in peace, Dr Kalam!
In what came as a surprise and a shock for all, India’s 11th President Dr Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam passed away in Shillong on Monday evening after suffering a cardiac arrest. He collapsed while delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management, Shillong and was taken to a hospital but he was declared brought dead.
He was born on October 15, 1931 and died at the age of 83 but was more agile than even a teenager. A student of physics, he was a hero in his career in aerospace engineering and attained scientific excellence. However, his heroism did not just prevail in the scientific arena. Even while he was among India’s oldest presidents, he successfully became India’s youth icon.
He took the oath of office in 2002 as the 11th President of the country and remained in office till 2007. The respect that he commanded from all spectrums of political lines and people from all walks of life led to his unanimous selection to the office of the Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces of India. Towards the end of his tenure, there were demands of a second term for him, however, he maintained that he was willing to take it up only if it was a unanimous decision. Kalam stepped down as President in 2007 but continued to work for the country and inspire millions along the way.
He was one of India’s most eminent scientists, and had the unique honour of receiving honorary doctorates from 30 universities and institutions. He took the lead in the conduct of India’s nuclear tests in May 1998. As scientific advisor to the Defence Minister from July 1992 to December 1999, the former President led the “weaponisation of strategic missile systems and the Pokhran-II nuclear tests in collaboration with Department of Atomic Energy”. Apart from leading the Indian Space Research Organisation’s satellite launch programme, Mr. Kalam headed the country’s guided missile programme for many years.
He was awarded the coveted civilian awards – Padma Bhushan (1981) and Padma Vibhushan (1990) and the highest civilian award Bharat Ratna (1997). He received several other awards and was Fellow of many professional institutions.
Popular with children and young people, Dr. Kalam always had his ways of reaching out to the people, either by his words, his lectures or his books. He engaged the youth by reaching out to them through lectures and public interactions. One of the most loved presidents of the country, he utilised any opportunity that came his way to address students, especially school children, to dream big so that they became achievers in life. It is simply gratifying that when he breathed his last, he was amid students answering their questions, clearing their doubts.
In one of his last few tweets he said, “an indomitable spirit stands on two feet.. vision and firm thought.”
Watch the link: Dr A P J Abdul Kalam during his last speech in Shillong College on 27 July 2015.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kPVA6A0XeKA

domain: news


Cryptocurrencies worth $718 million have reportedly been stolen from DeFi protocols in October so far, making it the biggest month in the biggest year ever for hacking activity, New York-based blockchain research firm Chainalysis has said.
Of the total of 11 different hacks in October, four hacks were reported on October 12, 2022, alone. With more than half the month still to go, October could report way higher numbers than this.
According to Chainalysis, at this rate, 2022 will likely surpass 2021 as the biggest year for crypto hacking on record. The data shows that crypto hackers have already grossed over $3 billion across 125 hacks in 2022 so far.
In 2021, the highest over 210 incidents of crypto hacking were reported, in which more than $3.1 billion siphoned off from the crypto market. Back in 2019, most hacks targeted centralised exchanges, and prioritising security went a long way. Now a vast majority of targets are DeFi protocols, while exchange hacks are a small part of such hacks, shows the data.
Further research shows cross-chain bridges remain a major target for hackers, with three bridges breached this month and nearly $600 million stolen, accounting for 82% of losses this month and 64% of losses all year.
DeFi or Decentralised Finance (DeFI) is a peer-to-peer system, with no need for intermediaries in between. DeFi is a collective term for financial products and services that are accessible to anyone who can use crypto.
With DeFi, the markets are always open and there are no centralised authorities who can block payments or deny you access to anything. Bitcoin and Ethereum were the first DeFi applications.
Notably, on October 12, a hacker stole 2M Binance Coins (BNB) worth approx. $560 million by exploiting a bug in the Binance Bridge. After the initial theft, the hacker started bridging stolen funds to other blockchains. Binance coordinated with validators to temporarily suspend BNB smart chain, at which point $100 million were already moved to other blockchains.
"An exploit on a cross-chain bridge, BSC Token Hub, resulted in extra BNB. We have asked all validators to temporarily suspend BSC," Changpeng Zhao, CEO of Binance, said in a tweet.
Cross-chain bridges are designed to solve the challenge of interoperability between different blockchains. A cross-chain bridge is a protocol that lets a user port digital assets from one blockchain to another.
Chainalysis in its August report had said that bridges are now a top target for North Korean-linked hackers, too, who have reportedly stolen $1 billion worth of crypto this year, entirely from bridges and other DeFi protocols.
The reason that cross-chain bridges are an attractive target is that they often feature a central storage point of funds that back the “bridged” assets on the receiving blockchain. Regardless of how those funds are stored – locked up in a smart contract or with a centralised custodian – that storage point becomes a target.


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Crop forecasts are again depressing grain and soy prices. The weekly USDA Crop Progress report boosted the corn crop rating 1% to 74% good-to-excellent, which is the second highest late-August reading since 1994. The prospect of huge fall yields, as well as industry forecasts to that effect, clearly undercut CBOT futures. December corn futures closed 11.75 cents lower at $3.52 Wednesday, while May lost 11.0 to $3.7375.
Rising soybean readings also dragged soy prices lower. The USDA Crop Progress report raised the rating for the U.S. bean crop 2% to 72% good to excellent, which is quite rare in August. The bearish CBOT response was hardly surprising, especially after a private firm boosted its harvest forecast to 4.0 billion bushels. November soybean futures fell 12.00 cents to $10.20/bushel Wednesday afternoon, while October soyoil sagged 0.19 cents to 31.76 cents/pound, and October soymeal dove $8.4 to $363.8/ton.
Outside developments weighed on the wheat markets. Although the Crop Progress report indicated continued deterioration of the spring wheat crop and a laggardly harvest, wheat futures declined in concert with corn and beans. That probably reflected news that China has greatly increased its wheat stocks this year, as well as talk of Russia-Ukraine cease-fire in eastern Ukraine. December CBOT wheat plunged 19.25 cents to $5.3575/bushel as Wednesday’s pit session ended, while December KC wheat dropped 15.75 cents to $6.1675/bushel, and December MWE wheat tumbled 12.5 to $6.1025.
Cash optimism seemed to power gains in cattle futures. Cattle futures reacted well Tuesday to last week’s late cash strength. Beef prices proved surprisingly strong at noon, which apparently spurred fresh bullishness about late summer-fall cash prospects. October live cattle futures soared 3.00 cents to 155.42 cents/pound at their Wednesday settlement, while December futures leapt 2.47 to 158.00. Meanwhile, October feeder futures spiked 2.95 cents to 221.77 cents/pound and January feeders jumped 2.73 to 215.32.
Hog futures diverged sharply Wednesday. Hog futures seemed set to build upon Tuesday’s 2014 futures surge. However, midday Wednesday action looked more like a continuation of Tuesday afternoon weakness. Ultimately, short-term optimism boosted the October future, whereas the deferred contracts posted diverse losses. October hogs ended Wednesday’s CME session 1.22 cents higher at 101.10 cents/pound, while December slumped 0.30 to 93.10.


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What does fact checked mean?
At Healthfully, we strive to deliver objective content that is accurate and up-to-date. Our team periodically reviews articles in order to ensure content quality. The sources cited below consist of evidence from peer-reviewed journals, prominent medical organizations, academic associations, and government data.
The information contained on this site is for informational purposes only, and should not be used as a substitute for the advice of a professional health care provider. Please check with the appropriate physician regarding health questions and concerns. Although we strive to deliver accurate and up-to-date information, no guarantee to that effect is made.
Sugar substitutes such as Sweet 'N Low (saccharin), Splenda (sucralose) and NutraSweet (aspartame) have become staples of the American diet to reduce calorie intake and decrease the amount of sugar in food 1. The Food and Drug Administration has deemed aspartame safe for the U.S. population, and not a contributor to arthritis or other diseases.
A chemist working on a product for ulcers at G.D. Searle and Co. discovered aspartame in 1965. He found that the powder was 100 to 200 times sweeter than sucrose. Dr. Betty Martini describes aspartame in her article on WHNO.net as an "excitotoxin" that, when added to foods and beverages, "stimulates neurons to death."
Dr. Julian Whitaker, author of "The Lowdown On Aspartame/NutraSweet," published in the March 2000 issue of Health and Healing Journal of Complementary Medicine, cites in his article that rheumatoid arthritis was brought on by consumption of products containing aspartame 12. His review of numerous cases showed arthritis symptoms disappeared after eliminating aspartame from a patient's diet.
Dr. H.J. Roberts, author of "Aspartame Disease: An Ignored Epidemic," talked about the direct role products containing aspartame have on health in his article "Professional Opinion Concerning the Role of Products Containing Aspartame in Arthritis and Fibromyalgia." His 15 years of study of more than 1,200 patients found a dramatic decrease in joint pain after discontinuing use of products containing aspartame 2.
Acidity of Aspartame
Dr. Tenesha Weine says in her article "Sickly Sweet: The Problem With Aspartame" that aspartame makes your body acidic, disrupting the normal pH balance, leading to joint pain and arthritis 3. In treating patients with arthritis, she finds that eliminating aspartame helps alleviate arthritis by bringing pH to a more alkaline level.
When looking at building a diet to maintain good health and naturally treat conditions such as arthritis, avoiding artificial ingredients, additives and sweeteners is something to think about. Not knowing the possible side effects of these compounds and how they will react with any medications you may be taking are certainly worth taking into consideration.
- ajafoto/iStock/Getty Images

domain: chemistry


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Mannose-Binding Lectin Binds to Amyloid \(\beta\) Protein and Modulates Inflammation
White, Mitchell R.
MetadataShow full item record
CitationLarvie, Mykol, Timothy Shoup, Wei-Chuan Chang, Lorencia Chigweshe, Kevan Hartshorn, Mitchell R. White, Gregory L. Stahl, David R. Elmaleh, and Kazue Takahashi. 2012. Mannose-binding lectin binds to amyloid \(\beta\) protein and modulates inflammation. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012:929803.
AbstractMannose-binding lectin (MBL), a soluble factor of the innate immune system, is a pattern recognition molecule with a number of known ligands, including viruses, bacteria, and molecules from abnormal self tissues. In addition to its role in immunity, MBL also functions in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. We present evidence here that MBL binds to amyloid \(\beta\) peptides. MBL binding to other known carbohydrate ligands is calcium-dependent and has been attributed to the carbohydrate-recognition domain, a common feature of other C-type lectins. In contrast, we find that the features of MBL binding to A\(\beta\) are more similar to the reported binding characteristics of the cysteine-rich domain of the unrelated mannose receptor and therefore may involve the MBL cysteine-rich domain. Differences in MBL ligand binding may contribute to modulation of inflammatory response and may correlate with the function of MBL in processes such as coagulation and tissue homeostasis.
Citable link to this pagehttp://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:10347163
- HMS Scholarly Articles

domain: biology


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Measuring, matting, and leveling are just a few of the tasks taking place in the W.R. Poage Exhibit Gallery. Curator Beth Hair and student assistants, Hannah and Stephanie, are hard at work installing our newest exhibit, John F. Kennedy: His Life – His Presidency – His Legacy. The exhibit is set to open September 3. While we wait, here is a look at how the JFK Materials Collection came to be at the Poage Legislative Library.
In 2004, the JFK Materials Collection was established at the Poage with the acquisition of the Penn Jones, Jr. Papers from his friend, Bob Platt. In 1963, Jones became involved in investigating the assassination of John F. Kennedy and he authored several books on the subject. His collection is comprised of correspondence, manuscripts, video tapes, magazines, photographs and various publications. Additionally, a number of our congressional collections contained extensive information about Kennedy. Together, we began to see a natural fit for a Kennedy Collection within our Archive. To build awareness, we spoke at the annual JFK Lancer Meeting and the Coalition on Political Assassination (COPA) Conferences and soon, more donors began to contact us. We pride ourselves on providing a neutral space for JFK researchers to place their assassination research.
For more information about our JFK Materials Collection, click the image below:
While the focus of the JFK Materials Collection is the Kennedy Assassination, a study of the materials reveal his life, his presidency, and his legacy.

domain: history


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To download Tanks 2009 free java game, we recommend you to select your phone model, and then our system will choose the most suitable game files. Downloading is very simple: select the desired file and click "Java Tanks 2009 - free download", then select one of the ways you want to get the file. Just a few easy steps and will enjoy playing new game at your phone!
Game description: Tanks 2009:
Many people loved tank battles on Dandy. Now game "Tanchiki" is in your mobile phone! The mission of your tank is to destroy easy and heavy tanks of the enemy and protect the headquarters. You should conduct fights with outnumbering tanks of the enemy in a city and on a cross-country terrain (in wood and on water). For services in battle you can modernize your tank, and also receive various bonuses! Convenient management of steel fighting vehicle, preservation of results and a variety of cards will allow you to receive a true pleasure from this game!
Download game Tanks 2009 for free
Please, specify your device, and we will select compatible games.
Select phone / tab

domain: game


Extended Interview with Justice Sonia Sotomayor
Clip: 02/20/2013 | 11m 49s
Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor tells the story of her childhood growing up with a difficult mother, alcoholic father and deeply loving grandmother in her new memoir, "My Beloved World."But before she put her story to paper, she decided from whom she'd seek permission to write about.
Problems Playing Video? | Closed Captioning


A Harris bipod adapter is the perfect solution if you want more maneuverability of your weapon without having to purchase an entirely new set-up. These items can be trusted because they come from a brand with a reputation for quality and reliability. The have a sleek and simple look that will look great on almost any stand. All items from this brand are carefully constructed right here in the United States to ensure quality and consistency.
Harris Bipod Adapters & Mounts | ON SALE
Harris Bipod Adapter: Precision Mounting for Elite Shooters
When it comes to precision shooting, the equipment you choose can make all the difference. Among the myriad of shooting accessories, the Harris Bipod Adapter has carved a niche for itself, becoming a trusted companion for hunters and marksmen globally. At Mounting Solutions Plus, we understand the importance of stability and precision, which is why we feature the Harris Bipod Adapter prominently in our collection.
Why the Harris Bipod Adapter is a Must-Have:
- Precision and Stability: The Harris Bipod Adapter ensures that your bipod is securely attached, providing a stable platform for accurate shots.
- Versatility: With various models available, the Harris Bipod Adapter can cater to different shooting needs, whether you're using a Keymod system, Picatinny rail, or even a wood stock.
- Durability: Made from top-tier materials, these adapters are built to withstand the rigors of regular use, ensuring longevity and consistent performance.
- Ease of Installation: The adapters are designed for a hassle-free installation process, allowing you to quickly set up and get shooting.
Featured Harris Bipod Adapters:
- IWC Keymod Sling Stud - Directly attaches to KeyMod forends.
- MIM Swivel Rail Adapter - Mounts to all Sling Swivel Studs on most hunting and bolt action rifles
- Arms Bipod Mount - Designed to mount to a Harris and adapts the bipod to the well known and proven A.R.M.S. Throw Lever System.
- Sadlak M1A Front Rail - allows rail replacement or removal without removing stock.
- Sadlak M1A Bipod Mount - Reinforced Quick Disconnect (QD) Post Assembly replaces the stock M14 front swivel
- MIM Rotating Bipod Adapter - Picatinny rail adapter that allows all Harris Bipods to Rotate.
- M1A Sling & Bipod Adapter - Adapter will work on any M14 or M1A rifle with wood or polymer stock
- Aim Sports Harris Bipod Adaptor - Attaches to a mil-spec picatinny rail and adds the correct stud for mounting a Harris or similar bipod
- Harris #2 Bipod Adapter - Allows mounting of swivel stud on hollow synthetic forends.
- MIM Shotgun Bipod Adapter - Adapter for the Remington 870 is mounts securely on to the tubular magazine on your Remington shotgun.
- MIM M-lok Adapter for Harris Bipods - Allows mounting of any Harris bipod to a M-Lok style handguards
- Magpul M lok Rail Bipod - Allows for the attachment of Harris bipod style stud mounted bipods to M-LOK® compatible Handguards and forends.
- MIM Keymod Bipod Adapter - Allows mounting of any Harris bipod to a KeyMod style handguards
- IWC MOE Bipod Adapter - Directly attaches to any slot on M-LOK® Compliant Rails and ALL Magpul MOE Handguards
- Harris Bipod Adapter for Wood Stock - Works on any M14 or M1A rifle with wood or polymer stock.
- Ruger M77 Bipod Adaper - allow you to match any Harris bipod a Ruger Model 77 Synthetic stocks.
- Harris Bipod Adapter Mini 14 - allow you to match any Harris Bipod a Ruger Mini-30 and Mini-14
- Harris 5 Bipod Adapter- Fits AR-15 round handguard.
- MIM Picatinny Rail Bipod Adapter - Attaches to the Picatinny rail with two hex screws.
- Haris Barrel Clamp Bipod Adapter- Universal Bipod Adapter allows you to customize your single-shot pistol or rifle with a bipod.
"The IWC Keymod Harris Bipod Adapter has been a game-changer for me. It's sturdy, reliable, and has significantly improved my shooting experience." - Mitch
"The MIM Rotating QD rotating bipod adapter is fantastic. It's perfect for shooting from a bench or prone. Lightweight yet sturdy." - William B Fegley
"The Magpul m-Lok Harris bipod mount added to my Ruger 10/22 has been a revelation. It's strong, and my Harris fits up perfectly." - Daniel Kirk
At Mounting Solutions Plus, our commitment is to provide you with top-notch products that enhance your shooting experience. The Harris Bipod Adapter is a testament to this commitment. Whether you're a seasoned shooter or a novice, this adapter is a valuable addition to your shooting gear. Explore our range today and find the perfect fit for your needs


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In 1942 Judge James C. Cheek, Jr. (known to the family as “Pop”) purchased the 160 acre quarter section NE of where Wilshire Blvd intersects Sara Road in Canadian County, Oklahoma. At that time, the almost 15 mile trek from the family’s home at 32nd and Shartel in the City was primarily made of rural, dirt roads; it surely would have taken the Judge an hour and a half trip, one way. That was the very beginning of what has become The Cheek Ranch today.
After Pop’s sons came back from the war, he and his two eldest bought a second quarter section to the west, directly across Sara Road from the first. Pop’s original quarter and the new Red House quarter together quickly became a family retreat for fowl hunting and horseback riding. The Judge enjoyed the rest of his life, working to start the cattle operations on the land.
After Pop’s passing in February of 1960, the two brothers continued in their father’s footsteps by buying other quarter sections along Sara Road as far north as Memorial Road. In the mid-1980s they decided to divide the land, so as to separate their estates for the next generation. John D. Cheek, the younger brother (known to his grandchildren as “Poppa”), received the original two quarter sections on Wilshire and Sara, an adjoining 160 acres on Britton Road known as The Dead House quarter, and an additional quarter section on Memorial that he ultimately traded for one on the SE corner of Wilshire and State Highway 4.
Later in 1988, John also acquired actor Dale Robertson’s Haymaker Ranch, comprising two quarter sections along Mustang Road, north of Wilshire, plus 100 acres on the North Canadian River, south of Wilshire. During the 1990s and early 2000s Poppa continued to acquire additional lands between Wilshire and the river, tying his parcels together into a single congruent property. Under his skillful hand and the C-Bar cattle brand, John greatly increased the number of Black Angus in the herd and grew the size of The Cheek Ranch to over 1,200 total acres.
The Cheek Ranch underwent its second major transition with Poppa’s passing in April of 2010. In order to preserve the cattle operations, 480 acres were eventually divided between three of his heirs with the balance of the land, including the ranch headquarters, going to a fourth heir, John’s eldest son, Earl J. Cheek. With the support of his siblings through land leases, he continues the family legacy of improving both the cattle herd and the land. His ranch manager, Shawn Van Oster, a Missouri native and excellent cow-calf man, and Earl’s son, Scott W. Cheek, run the day-to-day operations.

domain: economics


Kent Thamesside Delivery Board deputy chief executive Ian Lindsay said the cost of regeneration in Kent Thamesside would be around £710 million.
But the board can only realistically harness £400 million through developer contributions, he added.
The ODPM has invested £54 million to drive regeneration at a range of key sites in the area, such as Dartford, Gravesend and Ebbsfleet. "This goes some way to closing the gap but there is still a way to go," Lindsay warned.
Kent Thamesside is a significant development hub in the Thames Gateway.
"Making it happen is the purpose of the delivery board, but it comes down to money at the end of the day," said Lindsay.


text:
What happened in Deadwood South Dakota?
It was named by early settlers after the dead trees found in its gulch. The city had its heyday from 1876 to 1879, after gold deposits had been discovered there, leading to the Black Hills Gold Rush….Deadwood, South Dakota.
|Deadwood, South Dakota Owáyasuta|
|• Mayor||Dave Ruth Jr|
|• Total||4.93 sq mi (12.77 km2)|
|• Land||4.93 sq mi (12.77 km2)|
What year did Deadwood burn?
A fire on Sept. 26, 1879, destroyed the first shanty settlement of Deadwood, scorching 300-plus wooden structures. Residents at the time sat on the surrounding hillsides and watched the town burn, then rebuilt with brick-and-mortar. The 1959 Deadwood Fire was no different.
What is the oldest building in Deadwood South Dakota?
It was built by Seth Bullock, an early sheriff of Deadwood, and his business partner Sol Star, in around 1895 at a cost of $40,000 and is the oldest hotel in Deadwood, boasting a casino, restaurant, and 28 of its original 63 rooms….Bullock Hotel.
|Renovated||1991 – 1997|
Who opened the first bank in Deadwood?
|Born||Ellis Alfred SwearingenJuly 8, 1845 Oskaloosa, Iowa Territory, U.S.|
|Died||November 15, 1904 (aged 59) Denver, Colorado, U.S.|
|Occupation||Pimp, early entertainment entrepreneur|
|Spouse(s)||Nettie Swearingen (divorced) Two other marriages also ended in divorce|
Is Deadwood based on true events?
It was based on the real town of Deadwood, South Dakota and its residents. Though many of the characters really did exist like Wild Bill Hickok and Calamity Jane, Trixie, Whitney Ellsworth, and Alma Garret were all fictional but were inspired by people of the time.
What happened to Wild Bill Hickok Guns?
It’s fitting that Wild Bill Hickok’s gun would finally end up in the Adams Museum in Deadwood, South Dakota, the town where he was shot in the back of the head during a card game.
How many major fires has the town of Deadwood had?
three major fires
Deadwood has survived three major fires and numerous economic hardships, pushing it to the verge of becoming another Old West ghost town. But in 1989 limited-wage gambling was legalized and Deadwood was reborn. Today, the town is booming once again.
Who had the biggest gold claim in Deadwood?
Mining mogul George Hearst buys the Manuel brothers’ claim for $70,000 and establishes the Homestake Mining Company in June. The Homestake Gold Mine was destined to be the deepest, longest-operating and most profitable gold mine in the Western Hemisphere.
What happened to Seth Bullock?
Bullock died of colon cancer shortly thereafter, on September 23, 1919, at his home at 28 Van Buren Street in Deadwood. He is buried in Mount Moriah Cemetery in Deadwood, along with Wild Bill Hickok and Calamity Jane, with his grave facing Mount Roosevelt.
Who was Potato Creek Johnny?
John Perrett was panning in Potato Creek when he found a leg-shaped gold nugget. The nugget was reportedly the largest piece of gold ever found in the Black Hills. The lucky prospector became an instant Deadwood legend known as “Potato Creek Johnny.”
Was Dan Dority a real person?
Deadwood’s Dan Dority is Swearengen’s right-hand man in many respects. The same was true in real life, where both Dority and Johnny Burns worked as general manager and floor manager of Swearengen’s saloon. But in his portrayal of Dan, Brown found inspiration in his uncle.
Did Seth Bullock know Wild Bill Hickok?
The Fictional Television Accounts: It is not likely that Seth Bullock nor Sol Star ever actually met Wild Bill Hickok, nor had they befriended him. Seth and Sol arrived in Deadwood Gulch only one day before the murder of Wild Bill.

domain: geography


text:
- 1 of 1 copy available at Evergreen Indiana.
0 current holds with 1 total copy.
|Location||Call Number / Copy Notes||Barcode||Shelving Location||Status||Due Date|
|Newburgh Chandler PL - Bell Road Library||JE HOG (Text)||39206020547368||J Picture Book - Growing Up||Available||-|
- ISBN: 9780892729197 :
- ISBN: 0892729198
- Physical Description: 1 volume (unpaged) : color illustrations ; 23 cm
- Publisher: [Camden, Me.] : Down East,
- Copyright: ©2011
As little Daisy waits on the island where her family lives for her grandmother to come visit, she spends seven days doing fun activities, and marking off the time on her calendar.
Search for related items by subject
|Subject:||Islands > Juvenile fiction.
Summer > Juvenile fiction.
Grandmothers > Juvenile fiction.

domain: library


text:
Below you fill find all funeral homes and cemeteries in or near Inchelium.
Suburbs of Inchelium: Kewa.
Zip codes in the city: 99138.
Ferry County funeral flowers can be purchased from one of the local funeral shops we partner with.
Looking for assisted living or independent living near Inchelium? Check out Fairwinds - Spokane.
Funeral Homes near Inchelium
Facts about the city
Inchelium is a census-designated place (CDP) in Ferry County, Washington, United States on the Colville Indian Reservation. The population was 409 at the 2010 census.Inchelium was relocated from an earlier site in the early 1940s. Old Inchelium had been located on the banks of the Columbia River before the construction of the Grand Coulee Dam. As the waters rose behind the dam, the town had to be moved. A description of life in the last years of Old Inchelium and of the move can be found in Lawney Reyes' memoir White Grizzly Bear's Legacy: Learning to be Indian and his history/memoir B Street: The Notorious Playground of Coulee Dam.Inchelium is the demographic heart of the Inchelium School District and the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation Inchelium Legislative District
It was reported by The Independent on November 7th, 2018 that Virginia S "Tootie" Nason (Seymour) passed on in Inchelium, Washington. Ms. Nason was 90 years old. Send flowers to express your sympathy and honor Virginia S "Tootie"'s life.
It was written on December 27th, 2016 that Carl Aldert Jahn passed away in Inchelium, Washington. Jahn was 98 years old and was born in Kinksley, IA. Send flowers to share your condolences and honor Carl Aldert's life.
It was noted on June 7th, 2014 that Janet Joy Ryan (Kirby) passed away in Inchelium, Washington. Ms. Ryan was 73 years old. Send flowers to share your condolences and honor Janet Joy's life.
It was disclosed on May 10th, 2006 that Edna May Bradshaw (Lawrence) passed on in Inchelium, Washington. Ms. Bradshaw was 71 years old. Send flowers to share your condolences and honor Edna May's life.
The population was 389 at the 2000 United States Census census. Inchelium is a census-designated place (CDP) in Ferry County, Washington County, Washington, United States. . . .
There is no news for this location at this time.


text: Hey guys, Gus here. I’m a 1 1/2 year old german shepherd/belgian malinois mix. I’ve been patiently waiting for you to come along and imagine me joining you on daily runs. I have loads of energy, so I’ll be the perfect companion for an active family. If you have other dogs, I won’t mind, and kids might be ok too. I’m a loving, loyal guy that promises to be by your side forever.

domain: pet


The U-8 is a gigantic Bio-Organic Weapon that appears as a boss in Resident Evil 5. Though one of the largest B.O.W.'s on record, its size hasn't been accurately measured, though it is large enough to stand above any known land-based armoured vehicle. The base genes for producing the U-8 are also unknown, but given the crab-like shape of the creature it is safe to assume that TRICELL incorporated crab DNA in its design. What is confirmed is that TRICELL also utilized the genetic code of the Type-2 Las Plagas when producing this monster.
TRICELL created at least one U-8 prior to the Kijuju Incident in 2009. BSAA agents Chris Redfield and Sheva Alomar encountered this creature in TRICELL's secret Uroboros Laboratory within an extensive revolving elevator shaft. The U-8's legspan took up the entire width of the shaft and it would use its forelegs to attack Chris and Sheva, attempting to crush them with its giant claws. The creature would also release swarms of "drones": insectoid creatures resembling large mosquitoes that would fly directly at targets and impale themselves upon them. These mosquito drones were not biologically related to the U-8 and were created separately.
The body of the U-8 was protected by a thick layer of chitinous armour. However, the armour was weaker around the joints on its legs and immediately over its head. Firing on the exposed joint tissue allowed Chris and Sheva to stun the creature, then they were able to penetrate the carapace on its head with concentrated shotgun fire and explosives. Firing directly into the creature's open mouth appeared to do the most damage.


text:
In this quarterly publication, experts from the CIO Office of National Bank Investments examine and demystify several popular investment beliefs. This guide to the market and economic trends is a reference for active investors.
Stimulate your thinking with discussions from our passionate experts on the lookout for economic updates. Dive into articles and videos that redefine the trends of the industry and our society.
In order to help keep you informed and stimulate your thinking with regards to the current financial context, Stéfane Marion and Martin Gagnon take a look at economic news and share their perspectives via our monthly informative videos.
March 30, 2023
Our experts at National Bank Financial Markets provide their insights and commentary on this year's federal budget.
Discover a bank of educational articles offering advice on all aspects of your finances: savings, investments, insurance, budget, taxes, estate planning, etc.
This reference guide contains a wealth of practical information and tools to help you plan your projects. Download it to your desktop to enjoy all the features.
Take action for women’s financial future today
Ladies, improve your financial well-being with our Invest in you series. What’s on the menu? Articles and lectures that cover a wealth of important concepts - beyond money - to get you through every event in your life with confidence.


text:
You may have seen on our instagram and twitter that we celebrated our first birthday last week with a craft blogger get together hosted by Liberty London. We were unbelievably excited to be celebrating with some of our favourite bloggers in our favourite store. We will be posting a full write up of the event later this week, but for now wanted to share our birthday goodie bags! The bags were full of treats from lots of our favourite brands and we would like to say a huge thank you to everyone who contributed. Each of our guests got one of these bags to take away and we have 2 spares up for grabs. Read on to find out how you can get your hands on one and find out what’s in them…
Pompom Quarterly is a knitting magazine full of pretty patterns., if you haven’t read it before check it out! R is already knitting up the jumper pictured on the front. The Charlotte skirt pattern is from By Hand London, an independent sewing pattern label based in London who have some really great patterns. Mollie Makes contributed their Weddings book, packed full of wedding crafts! Also included was a Spring card from Katie Leamon (some of our favourite stationary which is all made in England) a ‘You’re the Bee’s Knees’ card from the Rifle Paper Co. which we LOVE and a little glass bottle of needles from Merchant & Mills.
This Jersey Be Good yarn is amazing and we can’t wait to use ours with one of Wool and the Gang‘s patterns! You can never have too much washi tape, right? Scotch have a great selection of new designs!
We are hugggeee fans of Deckchair Stripes and they put together these amazing packs of fabric and pompom trim for all of our guests. We’re going to sew ours into a picnic blanket ready for the Summer. Hillary’s also put together some packs for us, with fabric, chocolate and some lovely little candles!
So, for your chance to win a bag filled with everything above, enter our giveaway using the Rafflecopter widget below. Good luck!
p.s. open to UK residents only!


Constraints on genes shape long-term conservation of macro-synteny in metazoan genomes
BMC Bioinformatics volume 12, Article number: S11 (2011)
Many metazoan genomes conserve chromosome-scale gene linkage relationships (“macro-synteny”) from the common ancestor of multicellular animal life [1–4], but the biological explanation for this conservation is still unknown. Double cut and join (DCJ) is a simple, well-studied model of neutral genome evolution amenable to both simulation and mathematical analysis , but as we show here, it is not sufficent to explain long-term macro-synteny conservation.
We examine a family of simple (one-parameter) extensions of DCJ to identify models and choices of parameters consistent with the levels of macro- and micro-synteny conservation observed among animal genomes. Our software implements a flexible strategy for incorporating genomic context into the DCJ model to incorporate various types of genomic context (“DCJ-[C]”), and is available as open source software from http://github.com/putnamlab/dcj-c.
A simple model of genome evolution, in which DCJ moves are allowed only if they maintain chromosomal linkage among a set of constrained genes, can simultaneously account for the level of macro-synteny conservation and for correlated conservation among multiple pairs of species. Simulations under this model indicate that a constraint on approximately 7% of metazoan genes is sufficient to constrain genome rearrangement to an average rate of 25 inversions and 1.7 translocations per million years.
Recent genome sequencing efforts have dramatically expanded the sampling of metazoan diversity represented among assembled genomes. One unexpected result of comparing these genomes is that their chromosome-scale organization is largely conserved from the last common ancestor of metazoans in members of multiple phyla. The genomes of sponges, cnidarians, placozoans, and chordates all show extensive conservation of chromosome-scale linkage (or macro-synteny) among genes [1–4].
Only a handful of genome projects (and only the human genome among those examined in this work) have received sufficient depth of sequencing, long-range clone-end sequencing, and map construction for their longest reconstructed pieces (called “scaffolds”) to approach the length of whole chromosomes. However, indirect methods have been developed [1, 2] to infer chromosome-scale linkage from orthologous genes shared between scaffolds of different draft genome assemblies. We apply those methods here to partition the scaffolds (or chromosome segments, in the case of the human genome) of five metazoan genomes by biclustering. In the resulting partitioning, the scaffolds in each group share a distinct distribution of orthologs across the groups of other genomes. This pattern is clearly visible in the human-piacozoan “dot plot” of Figure 1a.
This pattern has been interpreted as indicating that each such group of scaffolds corresponds to an ancestral chromosome (predating recent genome rearrangements), and the groups are therefore referred to as “putative ancestral linkage groups” (PALs). This interpretation is bolstered by statistical tests, and one PAL of Branchiostoma floridae was interrogated by physical mapping and found to correspond to a single chromosome . While this imprint of the ancestral metazoan chromosomes clearly persists in the genomes analyzed here which have been diverging for over half a billion years, it has been mostly or completely lost in the genomes of all sequenced arthropods, nematodes, and tunicates [2, 6].
Several biological mechanisms could explain the observed conservation, including a low average rate of germ-line mutations involving inter-chromosomal rearrangement, and low rate of fixation of these mutations because they disrupt gene regulatory interactions. We set out to find simple, concrete models of genome evolution that can explain such synteny conservation, and can be used to generate simulated null distributions for testing hypotheses about genome evolution.
Extending the DCJ model with constraints
DC J is a generic genome rearrangement operation determined by (1) selecting a pair of points at which the genome is cut, and (2) reconnecting the resulting new ends to effect an inversion, a reciprocal translocation, or the excision, insertion, fission or fusion of circular fragments. All gene-conserving moves of genome rearrangement can be constructed from DCJ operations. Efficient algorithms exist for computing the minimum number of DCJ operations required to transform one genome into another [5, 7]. DCJ has also previously been used to study the behavior of genomes evolving under a stochastic model in which DCJ moves are selected by choosing cut points uniformly at random across the genome, and with constraints imposed on move choices designed to more closely match observations of real genomes [8, 9]. Stochastic DCJ with cut points selected at random (hereafter referred to as the DCJ model) imposes a fixed relationship between the rate of decay of micro- and macro-synteny, and as we show below, it cannot account for the long-term conservation of macro-synteny relationships.
We have examined four models which build on DCJ, each through the addition of a single adjustable parameter which affects the relative frequency and/or size of intra- and inter- chromosomal rearrangement events by imposing various constraints on move selection. In each case, candidate DCJ moves are proposed at random, and either carried out or rejected according to the rules of the model. We considered the following models:
DCJ-max L : Under this model, a maximum rearrangement length (L max ) is imposed on inversions, excisions and translocations.
DCJ-max T : This model is similar to DCJ-max L but the length restrictions are imposed only on the inter-chromosomal operations, and not on inversions.
DCJ-pfix: In this model, proposed inter-chromosomal rearrangements are independently accepted with probability p f ix, and otherwise rejected, reducing their frequency by not their size.
DCJ-DS: A fixed fraction of genes µ are flagged as “sensitive”, and operations that would alter the partitioning of these genes among chromosomes are rejected. DCJ-DS was conceived to study constraints on genome structure evolution arising from dosage-sensitive genes (Figure 2); i.e., genes producing a phenotypic effect when their copy number in a diploid genome deviates from the normal complement of two. Dosage sensitivity has been shown to play a role in determining the long-term fate of genes created by whole genome duplication . A new mutation moving a dosage-sensitive gene from one chromosome to another is unlikely to be fixed in a diploid population, because when crossed with the un-rearranged genotype it leads to gametes with zero and two copies of the translocated genes, in addition to those with one copy. This leads to underdominant selection against such rearrangements, as illustrated in Figure 2. Figure 3 illustrates examples of the operation of the constraint.
Other types of constraint that restrict the movement between chromosomes of a fixed subset of genes may have similar or indistinguishable effects when realized in such a simplified model. Examples of such subsets of constrained genes could, for example, include genes under the control of long-range cis-regulatory elements.
Simulations of genome evolution
Our open-source Python implementation of these methods enables simulation of genome evolution under a family of models based on DCJ. These extend the double cut and join paradigm by rejection of moves based on various types of genomic context, and we refer to them collectively as “DCJ-[C]”. Our software includes a modified binary search tree with “reverse” flags and subtree summaries on nodes so that all the information necessary to carry out DCJ-[C] operations, such as counting “sensitive” genes on any fragment, can be completed in O(log N) time. [11–13] Although we do not enforce balanced binary trees for a strict bound on performance, we found chromosome gene trees to remain O(log N) height on average, with correspondingly fast running time. (Data not shown.) The software can be downloaded from http://github.com/putnamlab/dcj-c.
We define two summary statistics: s ab and p ab , which measure the conservation rate of micro- and macro-synteny respectively in a pairwise comparison of genomes a and b. s ab is equal to the fraction of gene adjacencies in a which are also present in the orthologous genes of b. p ab is the fraction of genes in genome a which have a conserved chromosomal context in b.
We focus on five metazoan genomes representing anciently-diverged metazoan groups that have been shown previously to exhibit extensive macro-synteny conservation, and for which PALs have previously been inferred: Homo sapiens (human) , Branchiostoma floridae (lancelet) , Nematostella vectensis (sea anemone) , Trichoplax adherens (placozoan)  and Amphimedon queenslandica (sponge) . These genomes have pairwise values of p ranging from 35% to 58%, and of s ranging from 0.4% to 2.3% (Table 1). All the models considered reduce to the DCJ model for some choice of the added parameter. DCJ does not predict the levels of micro- and macro- synteny observed among these genomes. In simulation, when the level of macro-synteny conservation falls to ≈ 50%, the average value of s is ≈ 90%(Figure 1b). At longer simulated evolutionary times, p falls to its saturation level of 1/c, where c is the number of chromosomes, by the time s approaches the range observed in the metazoan data (Figure 1c; Table 1).
For each constrained model, we explored the dependence of the mean values of s and p on the number of rearrangements and the added model parameter. Figure 4 shows the dependence of the average values of s and p when comparing starting and ending genomes of DCJ-DS simulation runs as functions of n, the number of accepted moves and µ, the fraction of dosage-sensitive genes. The rate of decay of micro-synteny with n depends only weakly on µ, while macro-synteny decays much more slowly with increased µ.
Comparisons to genome data
We fit each model to the Human-Trichoplax divergence, which exhibits typical levels of p and s, and both genome have high quality assemblies. Three of the models can simultaneously account for the observed levels of micro- and macro-synteny observed in pairwise genome comparisons (Figure 4); only the DCJ-Lmax fails in this respect. While restricting the size of all rearrangements does slow the decay of macro-synteny due to lower frequency and size of inter-chromosomal rearrangements, the loss of micro-synteny is also slowed when inversion size is limited . The best-fitting parameter values of each model to the human-placozoan comparison are shown in Table 2.
To further discriminate among the models and compare them to the genome data, we examined their behavior in a multi-species comparison. Because a specific subset of genes is strictly constrained to remain on their starting chromosome in the DCJ-DS model, this model implies correlations in the fates of orthologous genes in lineages after they diverge. In the real data, we found 1144 single-copy gene families present in all five genomes, of which 298 showed conserved macro-synteny in all five genomes. This is more than what one might expect based on a simple model of independent gene movement (, although this calculation does not take into account correlations that could be induced by the discrete nature of the rearrangement process, shared ancestry, or variation in evolutionary rates. Table 3 lists symbols and abbreviations.)
We measured multi-species conserved macro-synteny for each of the three successful models by sampling simulated evolutionary histories of five species in a star-shaped phylogeny, with the same mean pairwise micro- and macro-synteny conservation rates as the real data. For each simulation we selected 1144 marker genes and counted how many exhibited five-way conserved macro-synteny. The DCJ-Tmax and DCJ-pfix models, which treat all genes equally, matched the prediction of independent gene movement, while the DCJ-DS model showed a level consistent with that found in the real data.
We wished to further assess the impact of these estimates of variation in branch length, shared evolutionary history (i.e. a resolved, rather than star-shaped tree), and the move size and frequency distributions of the DCJ-DS model. Therefore we estimated the rearrangement distance n and fraction of marked genes µ for each pairing of five metazoan genomes which have previously been shown to conserve ancient macro-synteny relationships (Table 1). We then applied the neighbor-joining method to construct a distance-based phylogenetic tree (Figure 5). We simulated the evolution of the genomes under the DCJ-DS model across this tree multiple times, and measured the multi-species conservation rate under two conditions. In the first condition, the same set of genes was marked as dosage sensitive across the entire tree in each simulation run. In the second condition, marked genes were chosen independently for each branch in the tree, preserving the rearrangement dynamics of the DCJ model, but not the correlations among lineages. The distribution of conservation rates is shown in (Figure 6).
Three of the four models we considered can account for the pattern of synteny conservation observed between pairs of metazoan genomes, but only the DCJ-DS model explains the high observed level of multiple-species macro-synteny conservation. This suggests that constraints on a specific subset of genes, arising from some link biological function are responsible for shaping the long term evolution of metazoan genome organization.
DCJ-DS is a biologically motivated extension of the DCJ model, adding a single new parameter, (µ): the fraction of genes that are constrained against movement between chromosomes, modeling the effect of dosage-sensitive selection. The simulation results presented here show that this model provides a plausible and sufficient explanation for the observed large-scale patterns of genome organization that we examined here. In particular, such a constraint acting on only ≈ 7% of genes is sufficient.
The models considered here are, like DCJ, highly simplified models of genome rearrangement, ignoring many important aspects of genome evolution, such as gene duplication and loss, chromosome fission and fusion, variation in the propensity for rearrangement across the genome, turnover in the population of dosage-sensitive genes, and genetic drift. The DCJ-[C] framework may be useful in future tests of the effects that these factors have had on the evolution of genome organization as more genomes are assembled. The software we have developed is well-suited to the implementation of other extensions of the DCJ model, and we have made our code available to the community for this purpose. For example, DCJ moves could be restricted based on the inclusion or non-inclusion of other features such as centromeres, the topologies of the chromosomes affected or produced, and others.
The evolutionary dynamics of genome rearrangement in nature are unlikely to match any of the one-parameter models considered here in detail. More richly parametrized models can allow the frequencies of various rearrangement types, and the size distributions of rearranged fragments all to vary independently. But because one-parameter models are easy to understand, implement, estimate, and compare with one another, when they can account for the data, we contend they are worth considering. The neighbor-joining analysis of rearrangement distances (Figure 5) groups human and lancelet together, but does not clearly resolve any other relationships. The short branch leading to the Placozoan genome is consistent with previous observations of the conserved nature of Trichoplax genome organization . The long branch leading to human is likely due in some part to the fact that DCJ-DS ignores the scrambling effect of the two rounds of whole genome duplication, followed by extensive gene loss in the vertebrate common ancestor. Using divergence time estimates based on a combination of molecular and fossil data , the total lengths of the trees indicate mean rates of 25 rearrangements per million years. This rate is intermediate to rates estimated within vertebrates (0.1 - 0.4 breaks / million years ), nematodes (48 / million years ) and flies (17-21 / million years  ). However, rearrangement rate comparisons between studies must be interpreted cautiously because estimated rates are dependent on the density of markers used. On average, inversions occurred approximately 15 times more frequently in our DCJ-DS simulations with µ = 7% than inter-chromosomal rearrangements.
The genomes selected for this analysis show extensive macro-synteny conservation from the common ancestor of metazoans, but what about those that are known to conserve it to a much lesser extent (such as Ciona intestinalis) or to have lost it entirely (such as Drosophila melanogaster and other arthropods, Caenorhabditis elegans and other nematodes, and Oikopleura dioica) ? These losses may be due to a faster “molecular clock” on these branches, increased rates of chromosome fusion (which are not allowed in DCJ-DS among chromosomes containing sensitive genes), or a reduction in the DS barrier. Additional genome sequences and further comparative analysis may be able to distinguish these possible explanations.
This study shows that the DCJ model of genome evolution can be extended to generate simple models sufficient to explain the observed levels of micro- and macro-synteny conservation, by directly limiting the size and/or frequency of inter-chromosomal rearrangements, or by constraining the movement between chromosomes of a small fraction of genes.
Of the models we examined, only the DCJ-DS model, which singles out a class of genes for constraint, could account for the observed levels of correlation in gene fates across the tree. We argue that it is unlikely that any model which treats all genes symmetrically can account for this level of correlation, and that this result strongly suggests a causal link of some kind between gene function and the long-time scale evolution of metazoan genome organization at the chromosome scale.
We propose a simple model for such a causal link in which a fraction of dosage-sensitive genes cannot move between chromosomes because mutations which would carry them to a new chromosome are subject to underdominant selection, preventing their spread in a population. These results do not rule out other causal mechanisms, such as a fraction of genes on each chromosome which are constrained from moving by shared regulatory elements. As the quantity and quality of genome sequence and functional annotation data increases, it may soon be possible to distinguish these hypotheses through comparative genomic analysis and modeling.
We used a modified version of a distance-based, species phylogeny-guided gene ortholog clustering method that has been previously described [1, 2] (Havlak et al, unpublished). To avoid the complications of gene gain and loss, we restricted each pairwise analysis of genomes to inferred one-to-one gene ortholog pairs. We pre-clustered the scaffolds (or chromosome segments, in the case of human) into PALs as previously described. [1–4]
To assign PAL homology relationships in pairwise comparisons of real and simulated genomes, we compute a z-score for each pair of PALs , where , and are the observed number, expected number and expected variance in the number respectively of orthologous markers shared by a and b under a binomial approximation of the number of orthologs at saturation . Each PAL is considered homologous to the PAL with which it has its highest z-score in the other genome.
In all simulations, the genome is initialized with 20 linear chromosomes, and a total of 20,000 genes. DCJ moves are proposed and either accepted or rejected according to the rules of each DCJ-[C] model until the desired number of moves (n) have been accepted and applied.
In the DCJ-DS model each gene is independently marked “sensitive” at random, with probability µ. Moves are rejected if they would result in a change in chromosome-scale linkage relationships among sensitive genes. This constraint means that throughout the simulation, the partitioning of sensitive genes by chromosome stays unchanged (Figure 3).
In the DCJ-max T model translocation operations are allowed only if one pair of exchanged fragments are both smaller than a threshold size Tmax. For example, the translocation illustrated in the top line of Figure 3b, in which two fragment ab and cd become ad and cb, would be allowed if either (a and c) or (d and b) are both smaller than or equal to Tmax. Similarly, excisions are allowed only if the excised fragment is not longer than Tmax. All other moves are accepted.
The DCJ-max L model imposes the constraints of DCJ-max T , and also rejects inversions if the inverted fragment is longer than L max .
In the DCJ-pfix model, proposed translocations and excisions are accepted based on the outcome of a Bernoulli trial with success probablity p fix .
Comparison of simulations to genomes
In order to compare the model to simulations, we define two statistical summaries of a pairwise comparison of genomes: s, the fraction of conserved marker gene adjacencies (s); and p, the fraction of marker genes with conserved PAL context. To compute p, we count the fraction of orthologous gene pairs (i, j) which reside on homologous PALs. In graphical terms, p measures the fraction of blue dots in the dense boxes of the genome comparison dot plots like those is Figures 1 a and d.
Dealing with differing resolution in the pairwise comparisons
When simulation runs are compared to a real datasets, the statistics (p) and (s) are computed only on a set of “marker genes”, a random subset of the modeled genes selected to match the number of marker genes in the data for each comparison (Table 1). Because the DCJ-DS model is time-reversible, comparisons of simulated ancestor and descendant genomes are equivalent to comparisons of the leaves of two-taxon trees.
Model parameter estimation and tree construction
Best-fit model parameters were estimated by numerically minimizing the sum of the squares of the normalized deviations between simulation runs and data of s and p; , where are the means and standard deviations of the statistical summaries of ten simulation runs. We did this in two phases: in the first, we optimized Χ2 as a function of n and µ by successive one-dimensional minimization with respect to these two variables using Brent’s method. Because this method does not account for noise in the values of s and p obtained by averaging over a small number of simulation runs, we ran additional simulations to calculate s(n, µ) and p(n, µ) on a 7x7 grid in a region spanning ± 15% of the optimal values obtained in phase one. We fit a parabolic function in the neighborhood of this minimum using the Mathematica software package , and report the location of these minima as the best-fitting values of (n, µ).
We built the distance-based phylogenetic tree with the neighbor-joining method  based on the pair-wise distances n listed in Table 1, as implemented in version 3.68 of the program neighbor of the PHYLIP package .
Multiple-species macro-synteny comparison and simulations
In the real data we found 1144 gene ortholog groups represented exactly once in the PALs of the five genomes examined here. 298 of them are in conserved macro-synteny for all pairwise comparisons among the five genomes.
For the DCJ-max T and DCJ-max L models, to simulate evolution on star-shaped phylogenetic trees (with pairwise divergence n between leaves), we created a set of 100 simulation realizations of length n/2, all starting from the same gene order, with different random number seeds. We sampled five of them at a time without replacement, selected a common set of 1144 marker genes, and counted the number that remained in homologous chromosomes along all five simulated branches.
To simulate evolution on a star-shaped tree under the DCJ-DS model, five simulation runs were carried out from the same starting gene order and the same choice of sensitive genes, but with different random number seeds. To simulate evolution under DCJ-DS on the NJ trees, simulations were carried out along each branch, one set of simulations maintaining a fixed choice of marked genes, the other using an independent choice along each branch.
Putnam NH, Srivastava M, Hellsten U, Dirks B, Chapman J, Salamov A, Terry A, Shapiro H, Lindquist E, Kapitonov VV, Jurka J, Genikhovich G, Grigoriev IV, Lucas SM, Steele RE, Finnerty JR, Technau U, Martindale MQ, Rokhsar DS: Sea Anemone Genome Reveals Ancestral Eumetazoan Gene Repertoire and Genomic Organization. Science 2007, 317(5834):86–94. [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/317/5834/86.abstract] 10.1126/science.1139158
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This research was supported by NSF under grant EF-0850294, and by the Shared University Grid at Rice funded by NSF under Grant EIA-0216467, and a partnership between Rice University, Sun Microsystems, and Sigma Solutions, Inc.
This article has been published as part of BMC Bioinformatics Volume 12 Supplement 9, 2011: Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Research in Computational Molecular Biology (RECOMB) Satellite Workshop on Comparative Genomics. The full contents of the supplement are available online at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/12?issue=S9.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
NHP, PH and JL conceived the research. NHP, JL and PH wrote the software. JL carried out the simulations and genome comparisons. NHP, PH and JL wrote the paper.
About this article
Cite this article
Lv, J., Havlak, P. & Putnam, N.H. Constraints on genes shape long-term conservation of macro-synteny in metazoan genomes. BMC Bioinformatics 12 (Suppl 9), S11 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-12-S9-S11
- Genome Evolution
- Genome Rearrangement
- Conservation Rate
- Random Number Seed
- Metazoan Genome


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In 1985, members of the Saskatoon Jazz Society came together to create what we recognize today as the SaskTel Saskatchewan Jazz Festival. These dedicated individuals, who also operate The Bassment, had a clear vision of preserving jazz music in Saskatchewan. This was the initial inspiration for the festival and 35 years later, it is recognized as the second largest jazz festival in Western Canada.
Before the SaskTel Jazz Festival (@saskjazz) began, there were jazz events happening nearby in Winnipeg, Edmonton, and Vancouver. Musicians attending these events were on a touring schedule that toured them right through Saskatchewan – without even making a pit stop. The Jazz Society saw an opportunity to create an event that would welcome these talented musicians to our province and invite them to perform for our huge community of jazz lovers.
Members of the Jazz Society developed a festival committee that worked together to create the first ever three-day festival in 1987. The Jazz Society and a group of volunteers put their sweat and tears into making the early years of the festival happen. Kevin, who’s been with the festival since 2000, says the same vision has lasted for the entire 35 years. He says the original volunteers deserve a lot of credit for the history of the festival and the impact that it’s had on musicians and arts and culture in Saskatoon. Today, a committee of volunteers continues to work on being a destination for Canadian performers, as well as supporting local musicians.
The SaskTel Jazz Festival started as an all-jazz music festival with 10 or 12 performances for the first number of years. Although there weren't many corporate sponsors at the time, there was a lot of dedication from the music community. A ton of effort and care was put into building the foundation of the festival by the Jazz Society and volunteers. Kevin says the first few years were all about building capacity, adding new elements, and really developing a festival vision.
Over the last 35 years, Kevin says there have been many memorable moments witnessing legendary artists perform in Saskatoon. It’s pretty incredible the SaskTel Jazz Festival can say Sonny Rollins, one of the biggest legends and innovators of jazz music, has performed here in Saskatoon.
When Sonny arrived, he couldn’t wait to check out the countryside and see the prairies. Kevin mentioned a lot of the artists are used to living and performing in large cities, so when they come to Saskatchewan, they love seeing the big sky and feeling a slower pace.
For Kevin, sitting at TCU Place and watching Sonny on the stage was a surreal feeling. It reminded him of all those years it took to build up the resources and the capacity to be able to bring an artist like Sonny to the SaskTel Jazz Festival here in Saskatoon, and all the hard work competing with other world-class festivals.
Other notable musicians that have made an appearance at the SaskTel Jazz Festival are:
Something most people don’t know is the SaskTel Jazz Festival has had artists play at care homes in Saskatoon for the last 20 years. Growing up, Kevin played the ukulele at a care home his mom also played at and he remembers how much it meant to the residents. Kevin observed that as great as it is to see a popular artist performing on stage, it’s really something to see them performing at a care home.
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There are a number of options on the table for the Jan. 6 committee to enforce new and historic subpoenas against House Republicans. Which one it takes will show how serious the committee is — and could reverberate.
1. Trump from Michael_Novakhov (197 sites)
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Well, if we couldn’t manage to hire Esa-Pekka Salonen, at least he’s a frequent visitor. This time with Hindemith bookending a pair of his own works, plus some Bach/Schoenberg. He did somewhat the same program (the Berg violin concerto in place of his piece) with the Philharmonia recently, so I’d heard the start and finish on Radio 3. Still good to hear it all a second time and in person. I’ve known and loved Hindemith’s Mathis der Maler for many years, but I’m pretty sure I’ve never caught it in concert.
The Salonen piece(s...two related pieces that can stand separately, or together with a common title) are zesty and evocative, definitely worth another look. But the closing Hindemith was the star. And I’m a sucker for Bach transcriptions; the Schoenberg chorale preludes were a blend of reverence and cheek, rigor and fancy.
Saw anarchy_lime there, so not much writing time on the train. Not that I usually manage a lot of depth when I have the whole trip.


After it was initially reported that the Sacramento Kings offered a four-year, $56 million contract to free agent Andre Iguodala on Tuesday night, Sam Amick of USA Today reported that the team has withdrawn that offer and will no longer pursue the guard.
Amick further reports that Iguodala wasn't quite ready to sign, so the Kings decided to cut their losses and pursue other targets. At this point, they are free to decide whether they should match an offer from the Pelicans to restricted free agent Tyreke Evans. There are also plenty of targets still available on the open market if the Kings are determined to make a splash.
For his part, Iguodala seems to be taking the news all in stride.
Really?? Ok... MOTIVATION!!!!!!— Andre Iguodala (@andre) July 3, 2013


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Batman is celebrating his 80th birthday, and Warner Bros. is celebrating with a special theatrical event. The Dark Knight trilogy is returning to theaters in IMAX 70mm format.
The movies will first screen on March 30 at the Universal Cinema AMC at CityWalk Hollywood, California. Director Christopher Nolan will be on hand for the evening and will take part in a special Q&A session. The movies will then screen on April 13 at AMC Lincoln Square in New York City, New York and AMC Metreon in San Francisco, California, followed by more screenings on April 20 at Cinesphere Ontario Place, Toronto, Ontario, Canada and IMAX Theatre at the Indiana State Museum, Indianapolis, Indiana. Footage of Nolan’s first night Q&A will be presented along with the later screenings.
Christopher Nolan broke new ground with the Dark Knight Trilogy, and this is a rare chance for today’s audiences to experience these extraordinary films as they were meant to be seen,” WB President of Domestic Distribution Jeff Goldstein said in a statement. “To have the added privilege of hearing Chris’s insights firsthand makes this a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.”
This is just one of a number of ways DC is celebrating Batman’s 80th birthday. From panels at South by Southwest and WonderCon to a hardcover comics anthology, the 1,000th issue of Detective Comics and more, fans of the Caped Crusader have a lot to look forward to in 2019.
Tickets for all five city stops will go on sale starting Wednesday at 12 p.m. ET/9 a.m. PT.