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Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 105(6) September 2010
Socioepidemiological screening of serologically ineligible blood donors due to Chagas disease for the definition of inconclusive cases
IDepartamento de Ciências Biológicas
IIDepartamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
IIIHemocentro Regional de Uberaba/Fundação Hemominas, Av. Getúlio Guarita 250, 38025-440 Uberaba, MG, Brasil
Epidemiological screening combined with serological tests has become an important tool at blood banks for the characterization of donors with or without Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Thus, the objective of the present study was to describe the sociodemographic and epidemiological characteristics of blood donors with non-negative serology for T. cruzito determine possible risk factors associated with serological ineligibility. Sociodemographic and epidemiological data were collected by analysis of patient histories and interviews. The data were analyzed descriptively using absolute and relative frequencies and odds ratio (OR) evaluation. The frequency of serological ineligibility was 0.28%, with a predominance of inconclusive reactions (52%) and seropositivity among first-time donors (OR = 607), donors older than 30 years (OR = 3.7), females (OR = 1.9), donors from risk areas (OR = 4) and subjects living in rural areas (OR = 1.7). The risk of seropositivity was higher among donors who had contact with the triatomine vector (OR = 11.7) and those with a family history of Chagas disease (OR = 4.8). The results demonstrate the value of detailed clinical-epidemiological screening as an auxiliary tool for serological definition that, together with more specific and more sensitive laboratory methods, will guarantee a higher efficacy in the selection of donors at blood centres.
Chagas disease continues to be a severe endemic disease that affects about eight million people in Latin America (OPS 2006). Most infected individuals are from rural areas and more than 60% of them have migrated to urban centres over the past six decades because of social and urbanization policies (Dias et al. 2002).
Since the 1980s when vector control programs in Brazil became effective and achieved broad coverage, vector transmission of Chagas disease has decreased, with a consequent gradual decline in the number of acute cases in the country (Dias 1993). A similar situation has been observed throughout Latin America, where the rural-urban migration, as well as effective combat against triatomine bugs, has led to the emergence of secondary mechanisms of Chagas disease transmission, including blood transfusion, organ transplantation and congenital transmission (Dias 2009).
On the other hand, the obligatory requirement for serological screening of blood donors and the accelerated increase in the coverage of serological testing (due to government initiatives or programs led by the Pan-American Health Organization, such as the Southern Cone Initiatives in 1991, the Central American countries in 1997 and the Andean countries in 1999) permitted a rapid and progressive reduction in the prevalence of chagasic infection among blood donors in Brazil and Latin America. In Uberaba, Chagas disease alone excluded 16.6% of blood donors at the end of the 1960s, a rate that fell to 0.31% at the beginning of the millennium (Moraes-Souza et al. 2006).
In contrast to these low rates, the greatest challenge currently encountered by blood banks is the frequent occurrence of inconclusive reactions, most of them observed among non-chagasic donors, a finding characterizing failure in the specificity of the tests used (Salles et al. 1996, Melo et al. 2009). Several investigators have proposed the inclusion of a clinical-epidemiological chart to assist in the investigation and definition of the true serological profiles of ineligible donors, especially those presenting inconclusive reactions (Salles et al. 1996, Reesink 2005, Furuchó et al. 2008). This chart includes questions regarding the place and type of residence, a family history of Chagas disease, a history of contact with the vector and a history of blood transfusion and surgery. This procedure has been proven effective in differentiating between donors with or without Trypanosoma cruzi infection when used simultaneously with serological and/or molecular biology tests (Salles et al. 1996, Furuchó et al. 2008) and will certainly provide an important tool for the selection and exclusion of blood donors at blood centres in countries or geographic regions where Chagas disease is not endemic.
In view of these considerations, the objective of the present study was to analyze the sociodemographic and epidemiological characteristics of blood donors with positive and inconclusive T. cruzi serology in an attempt to determine possible risk factors for Chagas disease and their association with serological ineligibility.
SUBJECTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS
Screening tests used at the Uberaba Regional Blood Center (URBC)/Hemominas Foundation - At the URBC, blood donors are screened for Chagas disease using three different techniques: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA cruzi®, bioMérieux Diagnóstica SA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), indirect immunofluorescence (IFI Imunocruzi®, Biolab-Merieux Diagnóstica SA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and indirect haemagglutination (Chagatest HAI®, Wiener Labs, Rosario, Argentina).
Such techniques were used by the Hemominas Foundation due to high sensitivity (95-100%) and specificity (99% and 100%) found by the manufacturers and in several other studies (Caballero et al. 2007).
In this study, we considered all 269 serologically ineligible blood donors (i.e., blood donors with positive and inconclusive serology) at URBC. Serology was considered positive when all three tests were repeatedly positive and inconclusive when discordant results were obtained with the techniques, i.e., positive results in one or two tests and negative results in the other one or two tests or ELISA absorbance values within the indeterminate zone, which in blood banks is considered to be ± 20% of the cut-off. The serology laboratory of URBC performed quality control for each batch of the three kits used for anti-T. cruzi serology. For this purpose, internal panels of positive and negative control sera were used, beyond those provided by the manufacturers, thus confirming the good performance of the tests and quality of the kits. External Quality Control was performed every six months using the serological panels from the Biomanguinhos-Fiocruz laboratory, Brazil.
Study population and data collection - The target population of this study was stratified based on a retrospective study of data from the database of the URBC conducted between January 2000-December 2005. The following data were obtained from the records of these donors: type of donor (first-time or repeat donor), gender, age (d" 30 years and > 30 years), skin color, origin (born and/or lived in risk areas - rural area with a high rate of active infection in the past - or in urban areas with low or no incidence of the vector) and place of residence (rural or urban area).
Subsequently, ineligible donors were divided in five age groups, d" 20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50 and > 50 years old, to assess a possible tendency for the percentage of positive using Pearson's correlation.
For clinical and epidemiological evaluation, a sample of 60 donors was selected from the 269 donors serologically ineligible due to Chagas disease (30 positive and 30 inconclusive) and a second sample of 30 donors was selected from donors with proven negative serology. This number was fixed in view of difficult access to ineligible donors, especially those ineligible before 2003, which led to sample loss. The main reasons for this loss were change of address and telephone number (30.4%), living more than 120 km from Uberaba (26.4%), refusal to participate in the study (7%) and death (2%). This group received detailed information about the objectives of the study and was invited to return to the Blood Center.
The control group (negative donors) was randomly selected among blood donors with more than five donations at URBC in the last six years (study period). When they appeared for donation, they were informed about the purpose of the study and invited to participate.
After signing a free informed consent form, the subjects answered a socioepidemiological questionnaire for the collection of sociodemographic data and specific information regarding risk factors for Chagas disease, such as residence in a risk area, a family history of Chagas disease and episodes of contact with the triatomine vector.
Statistical analysis - The data were first analyzed descriptively using absolute and relative frequencies. The Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and odds ratios (OR) were then applied to describe associations and risks of interest, with the level of significance set at 5%. Statistical analysis was performed using the GraphPad InStat® program, version 3.06 (GraphPad Software, San Diego CA, USA).
A total of 95,990 blood donations were performed at the URBC between 2000-2005. Of these, 269 donations (0.28%) were from donors with non-negative serology for Chagas disease, consisting of 129 (48%) with positive serology and 140 (52%) with inconclusive results.
Comparison of the groups with positive and negative serology showed that a higher frequency of donations with positive serology was significantly associated with donations from first-time donors (OR = 607; 84.9-4348.3), donors older than 30 years old (OR = 3.7; 2.4-5.8) and female donors (OR = 1.9; 1.3-2.6) (Table I). The prevalence of donors living in risk areas and in rural areas was also significantly higher among donors with positive serology compared to those with negative serology (OR = 4; 1.6-4.7 and OR = 1.7; 1.1-2.6, respectively) (Table II). No difference was observed with respect to skin color.
Comparison of the groups with negative and inconclusive serology showed a higher frequency of donations with inconclusive serology among first-time donors (OR = 5.2; 3.7-7.2). No significant difference in sociodemographic or epidemiological characteristics was observed between the two groups (Table II).
The distribution of ineligible donors in five age groups showed a strong linear correlation and was directly proportional to the percentage of individuals serologically positive for Chagas disease with increasing age (r = 0.93) (Fig. 1). Thus, the labeling index, which in the range of 18-20 years old was only 1.5% of positive individuals, came to represent 18%, 23%, 27% and 31%, respectively, in the ranges of 21-30, 31-40, 41-50 and greater than 50 years old. For indeterminate serology, there was a weak linear correlation with age (r = 0.22) (Fig. 2A), but if we eliminated 18-20-year-old donors from the analysis, there was a strong downward trend in the percentage in relation to higher ages (r = -0.97) (Fig. 2B).
When considering the sample of 90 donors, positive serology was significantly associated with donors who had contact with the triatomine vector (OR = 11.7; 3.4-40.2) and those with a family history of Chagas disease (OR = 4.8; 1.6-14.2), whereas negative and inconclusive serology was associated with donors who had no contact with the vector (OR = 0.1; 0.02-0.3) and those without a family history of Chagas disease (OR = 0.21; 0.07-0.63). No difference in the sociodemographic variables was observed between donors with inconclusive and negative serology (Table III).
Analysis of the serological profiles of the 269 donors with non-negative serology for Chagas disease, who corresponded to 0.28% of all serologically ineligible donors seen at the URBC between 2000-2005, showed a discrete predominance of inconclusive reactions (52%) over repeatedly positive results (48%). Various studies have demonstrated that inconclusive reactions frequently account for more than 50% of cases of serological ineligibility due to Chagas disease at blood banks, with this rate exceeding 70% at some services (AABB 2007, Bern et al. 2008).
In the present study, 27% of all blood donations were from women. A similar rate of 26% has been reported by ANVISA (2002) in Brazil. Although the frequency of non-negative serology was found to be similar among genders (0.32% for women and 0.26% for men, data not shown), the frequency of seropositivity was significantly higher among women (p < 0.0005). The significant proportion of women infected with T. cruzi observed in the present series is in contrast to literature data showing no association between Chagas disease and gender (Guariento et al. 1996), a fact impairing the interpretation of our finding. However, pertinent data, although not scientifically confirmed, suggest that the habit of farm women to sleep close to the wall of their mud wall houses increases their exposure to the blood-sucking vectors.
The highest rate of inconclusive serology was observed among first-time donors, with this rate being 5.2-fold higher than that among repeat donors. This finding might be explained by the fact that inconclusive serology is already detected during the first donation and these serologically ineligible individuals are therefore excluded from the group of repeat donors (Salles et al. 1996). However, although low, the occurrence of inconclusive results among repeat donors indicates the need for more detailed laboratory investigation at blood banks by using more accurate tests that are capable of detecting possible cross-reactions with other pathogens or autoimmune diseases. The finding of 80% negative results by immunoblotting (TESA blot) among samples previously defined as inconclusive by ELISA (Umezawa et al. 2004, Furuchó et al. 2008) strongly suggests that, in most cases, inconclusive reactions do not indicate the presence of T. cruzi infection.
The correlation study showed an increase of seropositivity until the age of 50 years old, with a slight decrease in donors older than this age. The low prevalence of serological ineligibility for Chagas disease in younger individuals, i.e., up to 30 years old, corresponds to the period of the introduction of control measures of vector transmission in our region and during the last 20 years, due to recruitment, selection and loyalty programs, there has been a clear change in the profile of URBC donors.
With respect to origin, we observed no significant difference in the proportion of donors living in a risk area among donors with positive and inconclusive serology when compared to the negative serology group. The lack of statistical significance might be explained by the fact that Chagas disease is endemic in the study area, where a high percentage of seronegative individuals (73.3%) are also from risk areas, as well as by small sample size. However, the chance of positive serology was 5.1-fold higher among donors living in a risk area compared to those from non-risk areas.
The significantly higher prevalence of positive donors compared to those with inconclusive serology (p = 0.015) who are living in rural areas may be another good epidemiological indicator that an inconclusive reaction is poorly correlated with Chagas disease. However, the high proportion of serologically positive donors living in cities (77.42%) demonstrates the urbanization of Chagas disease in this geographic region, a fact also observed in other countries (Briceño-León 2009).
Until the 1980s, individuals living in rural areas presented a high probability of contracting Chagas disease because they generally lived in clay or mud wall houses covered with plant material and located close to forests and domestic animals, factors that favor the entry and installation of the vector in the dwelling (Briceño-León 2009). The current vector control of Triatoma infestans established in the Southern Cone and improved housing conditions indicate that patients with Chagas disease who continued in rural areas were infected three or four decades ago, with the prevalence of seropositivity being higher among these age groups.
Contact with the triatomine vector (inside or close to the dwelling) was reported by 70% of positive donors vs. 40% of inconclusive and 16.7% of negative donors. In addition, the risk of seropositivity was 11.7-fold higher among those who had contact with the vector when compared with those who had no contact. However, there was no significant difference between the inconclusive and negative groups. The fact that most positive donors reported frequent contact with the vector in their houses during some phase of their life agrees with the location of this region that, until a few decades ago, was considered highly endemic for Chagas disease. Prolonged contact with triatomines is known to be essential for vector transmission of chagasic infection since the chance of contamination through a single contact with the infected vector is only 1:1000 or 0.1% (Prata 2001). In this study, despite the small size of the sample, a strong correlation between a history of vector contact and positive serology was evident.
Furthermore, a family history (especially siblings) of Chagas disease is an important factor since it is a good indicator of previous co-existence with the triatomine vector. The possibility of congenital transmission should be considered in cases where the mothers of the donors are carriers of Chagas disease. A family history of Chagas disease was found to be a good indicator for seropositivity as demonstrated by the finding of a significantly higher frequency among positive donors when compared to the negative serology group (p = 0.01).
With respect to epidemiological characteristics, the group of inconclusive donors in general more closely resembled the group of seronegative donors, as shown in Tables I-III, for age, gender, risk area, residence in rural or urban areas and contact with the vector.
In a study by Ferreira-Silva (2006), a parasitological reassessment of 30 inconclusive donors showed that 100% tested negative by blood culture, whereas among seropositive donors, blood culture was positive in 40% of donors. In addition, only 24% of inconclusive donors presented more than two risk factors for Chagas disease vs. 61% of seropositive donors, a finding further indicating the absence of the disease among inconclusive donors (Ferreira-Silva 2006).
In agreement with other studies conducted on blood bank donors, the present investigation demonstrated the importance of epidemiological data for differentiation between donors with or without T. cruzi infection. Although it is not the only parameter used in endemic countries, epidemiological screening has been recommended as the first criterion at blood banks in non-endemic countries (Castro 2009), especially North America (O'Brien et al. 2009) and Europe (Garraud et al. 2007) where an expressive flow of immigrants from endemic countries of Latin American is observed (Schmunis 2007).
Cases of transfusion-associated Chagas disease and vertical transmission have been documented in non-endemic countries such as the United States (O'Brien et al. 2009), Canada (Comeau 2007), Spain (Piron et al. 2008) and France (Garraud et al. 2007) and were the subject of a workshop sponsored by the World Health Organization in Geneva in July 2007.
These facts demonstrate the importance of detailed and systematic clinical-epidemiological screening of blood donors, even in endemic countries with a low prevalence of Chagas disease among donors such as Brazil. In addition to being an auxiliary method to exclude risk donors, this procedure may help with the evaluation and establishment of the serological profiles of inconclusive donors. In non-endemic countries such as Europe and North America, clinical-epidemiological screening is one of the tools used to exclude donors presenting risk factors for Chagas disease infection, such as emigration from a country where the disease is endemic. In addition, the occurrence of Chagas disease transmission through blood transfusions supports the need for intensified studies evaluating tests that, in addition to high sensitivity, also present high specificity.
In repeated studies, the TESA blot has shown sensitivity and specificity of 100% (Umezawa et al. 2004, Furuchó et al. 2008), including the absence of cross-reactions and has been proposed as a possible test for the confirmation of positive, negative or inconclusive results in the serology of Chagas disease.
In conclusion, in addition to increasing the safety of blood transfusion, the combination of clinical and epidemiological data with results of high performance diagnostic tests will permit a more accurate view of the serological profiles of blood donors, which will contribute significantly to reducing the unnecessary disposal of blood bags and the number of donors mistakenly classified as suffering from T. cruzi infection.
Additionally, we believe that, trusting the involvement of sanitary and health authorities of the country and the permanent monitoring and action of the scientific community and in agreement with the words of Dr João Carlos Pinto Dias (Dias 2007), transfusion-transmitted Chagas disease will become only a sad memory within the next 10-15 years.
To the blood donors and employees of the Uberaba Regional Blood Center, for their expressive collaboration with the study, and to Hemominas Foundation, for providing the data.
AABB - American Association of Blood Banks 2007. [homepage on the internet]. Chagas' disease: Results of T. cruzi antibody donor testing; c1998-03 [updated 2007 March 13; cited 2009 July 21]. Available from: aabb.org/Content/Programs_and_Services/Government_Regulatory_Issues/usmaptcruzi.htm.
ANVISA - Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária 2002. [homepage on the internet]. Relatório de Produção da Hemorede em 2002: perfil sorológico dos doadores [updated 2002 December 13; cited 2004 March 10]. Available from: anvisa.gov.br.
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Ferreira-Silva MM 2006. Sensibilidade e especificidade dos testes sorológicos para doença de Chagas usados na triagem sorológica de doadores de sangue, Master's Thesis, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, 86 pp.
Furuchó CR, Umezawa ES, Almeida I, Freitas VL, Bezerra R, Nunes EV, Sanches MC, Guastini CM, Teixeira AR, Shikanai-Yasuda MA 2008. Inconclusive results in conventional serological screening for Chagas' disease in blood banks: evaluation of cellular and humoral response. Trop Med Int Health 13: 1527-1533.
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The Northern Elders Forum (NEF) has said states are playing politics with numbers of people that tested positive in order to get more grants from the Federal Government and foreign donors.
In a statement issued and signed by the Convener of the Northern Elders Forum, Professor Ango Abdullahi, on Thursday, the forum noted that what the country needs are good policies and facilities that would protect the citizenry.
According to the statement, the country can turn things around with the current resources available in transparent and professional manner.
“The forum regrets the appearance of attempts by many state governments to play politics with numbers for what appears to be expectations that more funds from Federal Government and foreign donors will be allocated to them.
“It is public knowledge that what the entire nation needs are good policies that protect all Nigerians; equipment and facilities for testing and treatment and resources to support people who will find it hard to stay at home without some palliatives during lockdowns.
“The forum acknowledges the assistance, in funds and equipment, from the international community. These gestures of support for our efforts at a time when they face their own problems are particularly appreciated, and it is important that our governments put them to prompt and effective use.
“The Forum similarly appreciates the tremendous assistance of Nigerian individuals and corporate bodies in this fight.
“We hope that all governments will utilise the vast assets in expertise, goodwill and integrity available in the private sector and professional groups and individuals in the country and involve them in all stages in the fight against this pandemic.
“These requirements can be met with resources currently available, but they need to be put at the service of the public in a transparent and professional manner.
“Policies that waste progress in some parts of the country and others which trample on the rights of vulnerable groups must be discouraged. States should adopt policies that suit their peculiarities, but the nation as a whole must agree on, and implement basic policies that protect the entire population,” it said.
While condoling with with the families who have lost members to this pandemic, and prays for the full recovery of others who have tested positive to the virus, the Northern Elders Forum naviruscommends the efforts of the Federal Government towards addressing the situation in Kano.
“In particular, we commend the decision to deploy a strong medical team to, among others, verify the causes of many deaths that are being popularly attributed to the pandemic as well as assist the government of Kano State to improve its facilities, investigations and treatment of suspected infections and those who are infected.
“We cannot overemphasise the need for government of Kano State to take steps to regain confidence and support of the citizens of the state; to open its medical assets and give medical personnel the protection and confidence and other resources they need, and support the population to stay at home and observe other regulations with material support.
“Government of Kano State also needs to improve its strategic communication strategies. These will include higher levels of openness with regard to causes of recent deaths and more effective means of convincing the public over the realities of the dangers we all face,” the forum said.
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“These “get off my lawn” conservatives claim to be upholding the principle of local control by arguing that local government officials rather than bureaucrats in far-off Sacramento get to make development decisions. It sounds good in theory given the Jeffersonian concept that the government closest to the people governs best.
The better quotation (actually used by Henry David Thoreau but often misattributed to Thomas Jefferson) is “that government is best which governs the least.” The goal—for those of us who value freedom—isn’t to allow the right government functionary to control us, but to have less government control overall.
Local officials are easier to kick out of office than officials in Sacramento or Washington, D.C., but the locals can be extremely abusive. They know where we live, after all. I’ve reported extensively on California’s defunct redevelopment agencies, and local tyrants would routinely abuse eminent domain under the guise of local control.
“Under S.B. 9, cities are required to approve these lot splits ‘ministerially,’ without any reviews, hearings, conditions, fees or environmental impact reports,” complains my Southern California News Group colleague, Susan Shelley.
Conservatives have for decades complained about the subjective nature of bureaucratic and public reviews, the evils of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), and excessive fees. Now there’s a law that fixes that, albeit in a limited manner, and they are grabbing their pitchforks.
S.B. 9 and S.B. 10 do not put Sacramento bureaucrats in charge of the locals. Instead, they deregulate certain development decisions, by requiring officials to approve a project “by right” provided it meets all the normal regulations. It eliminates subjectivity and defangs CEQA. Yet this greatly upsets them.”
“If conservatives seriously believe local control is the trump card, then they should lobby for the repeal of Proposition 13, which is a state-imposed restriction on local governments’ authority to raise property taxes. I find Prop. 13 to be one of the best laws ever passed in this state. They should also oppose Republican efforts at the federal level to limit the ability of blue states to regulate the heck out of us.”
“it’s not true that Washington is actually “sending the money.” Because of Congress’ longstanding inability to perform one of its most basic functions—pass a budget—significant swathes of transportation spending are stalled at 2020 levels. In November, the infrastructure bill did indeed authorize over a trillion in spending. But before all of that money can actually head out the door, there needs to be an appropriations bill in place”
“The U.S. is the sixth-most expensive country in the world to build rapid-rail transit infrastructure like the New York City subway or the Washington, D.C., metro system.
Part of the reason is just plain waste and corruption. The federal infrastructure bill has created massive incentives for rent-seeking while ballooning the municipal lobbying sector. Like contestants on a game show, states and localities are scrambling for dollars, correctly understanding that this might be the only major windfall in this area for a decade or more—again, largely due to Congress’ inability to do its job in a predictable way in concert with a chief executive who can set clear achievable policy priorities.
More than 1,000 municipal entities spent just shy of $50 million on federal lobbyists in the second half of 2021 as the infrastructure bill was finalized and passed, according to data tracked by OpenSecrets. That’s about 7 percent higher than the $46.7 million that municipal entities spent in the same period of 2020, which was hardly a dry spell given the federal pandemic spending that was already underway. That number likely underestimates the real demand, since it doesn’t capture contracts signed right at the end of the year.
In theory, no lobbyist is needed to tap into the new infrastructure money. At the end of January, Mitch Landrieu, a former mayor of New Orleans who is overseeing infrastructure spending for the Biden administration, proudly announced the existence of a 465-page guidebook that explains the different pots of money available to communities, along with a data file that is—get this—searchable!
Despite all this, there’s no reason to think the U.S. is notably worse on these measures than other developed nations. Likewise, while some of the cost is inputs, such as material and labor, they don’t explain the disparity fully. A recent study of the interstate highway system from George Washington University professor Leah Brooks and Yale University professor Zachary Liscow suggests that the X-factor is “citizen voice,” which can take the form of legitimate opposition to eminent domain, or which might be less charitably described as “not in my backyard” obstructionism and environmental regulatory foot dragging.”
“Passed in 1969, NEPA requires federal agencies to study the environmental impacts of actions they take, whether that’s funding a new highway or approving a new pipeline. Over the decades, the burden imposed by NEPA has grown: The environmental reviews it mandates take years on average to complete and can run hundreds if not thousands of pages.
Donald Trump’s administration tried to streamline things a bit by limiting the environmental effects that agencies had to examine and by putting definitive time and page limits on NEPA reviews.
Even those marginal changes, implemented in September 2020, proved controversial with many environmentalists. Their concerns have resonated with the Biden administration.
“The basic community safeguards we are proposing to restore would help ensure that American infrastructure gets built right the first time, and delivers real benefits—not harms—to people who live nearby,” said CEQ Chair Brenda Mallory on Thursday.
The proposed rule published by the CEQ in the Federal Register would make a number of changes.
Most significantly, it would restore requirements that agencies’ NEPA reviews take into account the indirect and cumulative effects of projects.”
“Environmentalist groups have generally praised these changes.”
“Other NEPA experts are more critical, arguing that this is an ineffective and potentially counterproductive way to address climate change.
“All it does is create a little more paperwork,” says Eli Dourado, a senior research fellow at Utah State University’s Center for Growth and Opportunity. “Given the need to build a lot of infrastructure and new technologies and physical stuff in the world, NEPA is probably on net harming our response to climate change.”
Indeed, NEPA has slowed down a number of projects that environmentalists would typically support for their emission-reducing potential.
The U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management’s 2019 decision to perform a cumulative impact analysis under NEPA of a massive wind farm being constructed off the coast of Massachusetts has significantly delayed that project.
It will likewise take years for the federal government to perform a NEPA-mandated review of a plan to charge drivers a toll to enter lower Manhattan. Environmentalists and transit advocates have generally praised that congestion pricing plan for its potential to reduce carbon emissions and to raise money for public transit. The tolls were supposed to be up and running in January 2021. The need to perform an environmental assessment for the project will mean that it now won’t start until 2023 at the earliest.
All the additional green investments the Biden administration and Democrats in Congress want to fund with their $1 trillion infrastructure bill and $3.5 trillion Build Back Better legislation could run into a similar fate.
“It’s making some of the infrastructure projects they want to do radically more expensive,” says Neil Chilson, a senior research fellow at Stand Together. He says the regulatory changes will also empower the nation’s NIMBYs to slow down projects they dislike.”
“By expanding the number of effects that have to be considered in the NEPA process, the Biden administration is giving project opponents more room to claim that an environmental review is insufficient.
Federal agencies and private project sponsors, in turn, will have to spend more time preparing litigation-proof environmental documents to preempt these complaints, says Chilson.
That could be particularly damaging for solar plants that are proposed to be constructed on public lands in the American west, and which have attracted fierce opposition from local groups concerned about their impact on endangered species and recreational lands.”
“CEQ has said that reversing those Trump-era tweaks is only the first phase of its planned rulemaking. In a second phase, the administration says, it plans to make more substantive changes that create “efficient and effective environmental reviews.”
That leaves open the possibility that we’ll get more productive reforms later on, says Dourado.”


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Restaurant "mood board" pitch and photos of their sample meal
Are you a fan of cooking, eating out and/or reality TV? Then this is the challenge for you! Design a concept for a restaurant and prepare a mood board and pitch to a panel of judges. You will also cook a signature meal that will be the trademark of your restaurant.
Drew knows and believes in teenagers. We engage each student in a process of intellectual discovery to develop an individual voice, the confidence to express it, and the empathy to understand its impact.

domain: food


Renewing ? Its fast and easy - just pay hereNot a forum user? Now you can join the discussion on Discord
Started by bbreal, November 11, 2020, 09:43:39 AM
Quote from: Emot on December 01, 2020, 12:53:57 PMVery useful Slev, is the pump attached to the RO water out or hose in? I always figured the pressure from the hose in would negate the need for a pump.


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Hot on the heels of his newly released, critically acclaimed solo album, After What I Did Last Night, Australian renaissance man Henry Wagons will play a solo show at Auckland’s Great South Pacific Tuning Fork on Friday September 16.
Henry will be landing in New Zealand fresh from a month long tour of North America, loaded with an arsenal of new stories and songs. With his unique swagger reminiscent of a day when front men gave back bucket loads of charm and were shrouded in enigmatic mystery, Henry is unanimously lauded as one of Australia’s great entertainers.
Drawing on a broad range of influences, Henry’s show is a high sensation roller coaster ride that ranges from the bluster of sweaty jumpsuit era Elvis, to the somber, drunken malaise of Lee Hazelwood. He can touch on the tenderness of a recently heart-broken Roy Orbison while simultaneously embracing the menace of Nick Cave.
As tends to be Henry’s way, he always has a huge amount on the boil. After many years fronting the floor-fracturing outlaw band Wagons, last seen here as part of the 2015 Southern Fork Americana Fest, Henry has recently recorded his first full length solo album in Nashville which was released in April this year.
After What I Did Last Night was recorded under the watchful gaze of ‘new Nashville’ lynchpin producer Skylar Wilson (Justin Townes Earle, Caitlin Rose, Andrew Combs) who has helped bring a unique musicality and depth. Prior to this, Henry released a mini album Expecting Company (including a duet with The Kills/Dead Weather’s Alison Mosshart, “Unwelcome Company”, which was a frequently played track on 95bFM and appeared on several occaasion in their Top 10), as well as a live all-analogue 45rpm 12” vinyl as part of the prestigious Upstairs at United series, recorded above the famous United Records pressing plant in Tennessee.
The past few years have seen Henry share stages around the world with Lucinda Williams, Justin Townes Earle, Edward Sharpe and The Magnetic Zeros, Calexico, Bill Callahan, Will Oldham, Okkervil River, John Hiatt plus more along with SXSW, Bonnaroo, Canadian Music Week and Americana showcases.
On top of all of this, Henry hosts Australia's biggest national Americana/roots music radio show 'Tower of Song', already a weekly institution, on national broadcaster Double J. Henry also keeps his insanely busy schedule packed as a television presenter, having worked on Australia's culture and arts show on ABC's 'Art Nation' for three years while also hosting interview series 'Rogue Tales' for James Squire and TV series 'Keepers of the Flame’.
With all this relentless and broad-ranging activity, it’s little surprise Henry Wagons was nominated by The Age as one of the Top 100 Most Influential People in Melbourne.
Friday September 16th: The Tuning Fork, Auckland
Tickets via Ticketmaster
Sun Kil Moon’s will play their first show in New Zealand in nearly a decade at The Tuning Fork on 28 May, 2017.
Auckland songwriter Tom Cunliffe will open for Swamp King Tony Joe White at both Tuning Fork shows on Sunday 9 & Monday 10 April.
The stone-hard riffing machine that is Endless Boogie return to NZ in April for one Auckland show at the Tuning Fork on Sunday 23rd April.
Los Angeles-based new romantic Andrew Keoghan returns for a specially curated show at Auckland's TheTuning Fork on Friday 28 April, celebrating the release of his critically acclaimed second album Every Orchid Offering.
By Janine Swail
Artist: Mundy & The Seamus Begley Trio
Date / Venue: Friday February 24th, 2017 - The Tuning Fork, Auckland
The New Zealand Music Managers Forum have announced that nominations are now open for the 2017 MMF Music Managers Awards!
Following on from recent news that the Louisiana-born, ‘King of Swamp Rock’, Tony Joe White’s show at The Tuning Fork on Sunday 9 April sold out, a new show date has been added
Louisiana born swamp rock legend Tony Joe White’s show at the Tuning Fork on Sunday 9 April has now sold out.
Xylouris White, the duo of Dirty Three drummer Jim White and Cretan lute player George Xylouris will make their debut New Zealand performance with a show at Auckland’s Tuning Fork on Wednesday 8 March 2017.
73 years old and still going strong, Louisiana-born Tony Joe White is nothing short of a musical treasure. A bona fide legend of the music game, White just keeps getting better.

domain: entertainment


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About Inkfinity Tattoo Studio
Inkfinity Tattoo Studio Stafford was launched in 2016 by myself Ashley Nield. I have been working as a tattoo artist for 11 years, including the completion of a four year apprenticeship.
I specialise in black and grey and realism tattoos, i also undertake cover up and colour tattoos. I'm a friendly and professional artist who gives honest opinions and offer my full potential to all clients.Get in Touch
View Our WorkAshley Nield
In 2018, Inkfinity was proud to open the doors to it's new tattoo studio situated on Eastgate Street in Stafford town centre. Inkfinity Tattoo Studio is a 5 star rated studio, with a full hygeine certificate with 4 star top marks from the local council.
Inkfinity Tattoo Studio boasts a comfortable waiting area, hygenic professional studio environment and also now offering laser tattoo removal.Our Work

domain: artistic


Fiber Optic Setup
Source: Wikimedia Commons
In the past, electrical cabling was the main thing till people needed high bandwidth over a long distance. Unfortunately, the electrical cables couldn’t meet the criteria. Hence, it needed a more efficient replacement. And the fiber optic came along. Interestingly, you can rely on fiber optics to conduct large amounts of data at extremely high speeds. So, it’s no surprise that you find it in most internet cables. But the technology has some drawbacks like fiber circuit failure, which is negligible—especially for high-density multi-fiber arrays.
Want to know more? You’re in the right place because we’ll discuss more on the compact, chronically implantable, high-density arrays of fiber optic circuits.
What is a Fiber Circuit?
Fiber optics uses the same idea of the movement of information in different ways. For instance, the telephone has a wire cable.
Fiber Optic Circuit
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Hence, the fiber circuit is a path where electrons travel with information. And these electrons move to different electrical devices. Also, it comes with a light that acts as the information carrier. And this light spreads with the help of the total internal reflection via a transparent optical waveguide.
Hence, the cable takes the sound into the socket in the wall as you speak into the device. Plus, it has no behavioral deficits. Consequently, another line will move the sound to the local telephone exchange and probably face an initial overload failure.
But, the cellphone, on the other hand, works differently. The device works by transmitting and receiving information with invincible radio waves and large-scale neural dynamics. So, this happens because cell phones don’t use cables.
Types of Optical Fibers
Now, you know a bit about fiber optics; it’s crucial to understand that they transmit signals in different modes with additional safeguards. The method refers to the way that a light beam passes down the fiber.
So, the signals may bounce down the fiber at different angles, go straight down to the fiber’s middle, or bounce the thread down at a low angle.
That said, we have two major types of fiber optic cables:
This fiber has a small diameter of the glass fiber core. So, it’s ideal for long distances. Also, it reduces your chances of having a reduction in signal strength. And it’s all thanks to the small diameter.
Further, the single-mode fiber’s small opening helps to separate light into a single beam. Consequently, the cable provides a more direct route. The single-mode fiber uses a laser light source, and it has a high bandwidth.
Also, this fiber needs the exact calculation to generate the laser light in its small opening. Hence, it’s more expensive.
The multimode fiber is the opposite of the single-mode fiber. So, it has a large core opening that permits light signals to bounce and reflect as it goes down the fiber.
And thanks to its large diameter, the fiber can send multiple light pulses down the cable at once. Hence, you’ll have more data transmission.
Also, it means that you may experience signal loss and interference. Plus, the multimode fiber uses an LED to generate a light impulse, and it’s cheaper than the single-mode fiber.
How Does the Fiber Circuit Work?
The fiber circuit works by moving information in photons or light particles that vibrate through a fiber optic cable.
That said, it’s vital to note that the cladding and glass core fiber has a different refractive index. Hence, the core and cladding bend the incoming light at a particular angle.
So, when the light signals move down the fiber optic, they experience total internal reflection. Comprehensive internal review happens when light signals reflect off the core (the central part of the cable) and cladding (a layer of glass that wraps around the outer part of the core).
And this usually happens in a sequence of zig-zag bounces. Also, the total internal reflection is one of the things that ensure that light remains in the pipe.
But the signals tend to travel 30% slower than the speed of light due to the denser glass layers. Also, if you want to boost the signal throughout its journey, use repeaters at distant intervals.
Why do you need repeaters? They help to regenerate optical signals. And they do this by changing visual to an electrical signal. Then, the repeater processes it and retransmits the electrical signal to optical.
Fiber Circuit: Applications
Fiber optics works by transmitting data coded in a beam of the light modulator, and it also comes in handy for network modulation. Then, the information moves down a pipe (plastic or glass). The idea behind this design came up in the 1950s.
And the idea was for coupling efficiencies, endoscopes, and efficient grating couplers. Also, it helped doctors view the human body internally, using multi-fiber photometry, without cutting it open.
So, engineers liked the idea and used the same technology for moving telephone calls at the speed of light. Soon, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) embraced the technology. That said, the fiber optic cable consists of optical fibers (thin strands of plastic or glass).
Also, each of the fibers is relatively thin and can carry over 25,000 telephone calls. Hence, the entire cable can transmit several million calls with ease. In summary, fiber optic cables use light-based technology to move information between two places.
The Fiber Optic Circuit Design
Fiber Optic Circuit Design
Source: Researchgate c/p Richard Cole
The circuit design has two significant parts we’ll discuss separately: the transmitter and receiver circuit.
Fiber Optic Transmitter Circuit
Here are the components you need to build a low-cost fiber optic transmitter circuit:
- SK1 3.5mm jack board
- Circuit board
- D1 (LED)
- IC1 (NE555)
- IC2 (1458C)
- Tr1 (BC141)
- C1 (220m 10V elect)
- C2 (390pF ceramic plate)
- C3 (1u 63V elect)
- C4 (330p ceramic plate)
- C5 (4n7 polyester layer)
- C6 (3n3 polyester layer)
- C7 (470n polyester layer)
Resistors (all 1/4 watt, 5%)
- R1 (47R)
- R2 (4k7)
- R3 (47k)
- R4 (10k)
- R5 (10k)
- R6 (10k)
- R7 (100k)
- R8 (100k)
Since your IC1 is NE555, you should expect a decent performance efficiency. Also, you can control the frequency by joining the input signal to the IC‘s pin 5.
And the pin connects with the voltage divider. That said, you need to configure your voltage divider to generate the 2/3V+ and 1/3V+ switching limits for the NE555.
Further, it’s vital to increase or decrease the upper limit. That way, you can increase or decrease the time that C2 takes to switch between the two ranges. Since the TR1 offers the high drive current that illuminates D1 (LED) ideally, you have to wire it like an emitter follower buffer stage.
Also, apart from the IC1 with a decent 200mA current for the D1, you need a separately controlled driver for your LED. And this will help you get your preferred LED current precisely and reliably.
In addition, position the R1 to fix the LED current, which is about 40mA. While you’re at it, note that the LED can only work with 50% (20mA) of the actual rating. And this happens because the LED switches ON/OFF at a rate of 50%.
Plus, you can adjust the R1 value when necessary—to increase or decrease the output current.
Fiber Optic Receiver Circuit
The components you need for the receiver circuit and filter are:
- SK1 25 way D connector
- Circuit board
- TR1, TR2 BC549 (2 off)
- IC1 (4001BE)
- IC2 (1458C)
- IC3 (CA3140E)
- C1 (100m 10V electrolytic)
- C2 (2n2 polyester)
- C3 (2n2 polyester)
- C4 (390p ceramic)
- C5 (1m 63V electrolytic)
- C6 (3n3 polyester)
- C7 (4n7 polyester)
- C8 (330pF ceramic)
- C9 (3n3 polyester)
- C10 (4n7 polyester)
- R1 (22k)
- R2 (2M2)
- R3 (10k)
- R4 (470R)
- R5 (1M2)
- R6 (4k7)
- R7 (22k)
- R8 (47k)
- R9 (47k)
- R10 – R15 10k (6 off)
The fiber optic receiver is above the filter. And it’s the receiver’s output that connects with the filter circuit’s input.
The D1 creates the detector diode. And it functions in the reverse bias setting. Consequently, the leakage resistance forms an LDR effect.
R1, on the other hand, behaves like a load resistor. Plus, the C2 forms the link between two points: detector stage and input amplifier. As a result, there will be a two-stage capacitively connected network. And the two locations will work simultaneously in the common-emitter mode.
It’s possible to push the monostable multivibrator—If you provide an efficient high input voltage oscillation at the semiconductor (TR2).
And it will permit a superior overall voltage gain (>80dB). The filter stage builds around 1458C (a/b). Plus, it’s an 18 dB per octave (2/3rd order) filter system with details commonly used in transmitter circuits.
Pros of the Fiber Optic
- You can submerge fiber optics in water
- It can support high bandwidth capacities
- The cables are light, thin, and strong
- It doesn’t need a signal boost to allow light to travel further
- The fiber optic doesn’t need frequent maintenance or replacement
- Less prone to electromagnetic interference
Cons of the Fiber Optic
- It’s quite pricey
- Installation is labor-intensive
- The cables are fragile
- The glass fibers need more protection
The fiber circuit plays a vital role in fiber optics as a whole. And most people prefer fiber optics cables over copper cables. And it’s no surprise considering that the former has benefits like high transmission speed, bandwidth, etc. Plus, they work perfectly for high-performance data networking and long-distance.
What do you think about the fiber circuit? Do you have questions or suggestions about the topic? Please feel free to reach us.


New Chinese-made fleet rusty, damaged
Sita W. Dewi and Indah Setiawati
The Jakarta Post
Pictures depicting rust patina on a number of new China-made buses procured by the city administration circulated over the weekend, raising procurement questions.
The pictures showed several damaged components, including power-steering, engine mounts, machine pulleys and air filters. Another picture showed a water coolant leaking. In another, a broken windshield, dashboard instruments unscrewed and mold on the air conditioner unit.
Damage was reportedly found on 15 buses ' 10 single buses and five articulated buses ' produced
Governor Joko 'Jokowi' Widodo responded to the reports Monday, calling on the relevant institutions to push for an inquiry into the matter.
'I have asked the [city] inspectorate about the matter. I will receive the report later,' Jokowi told reporters at City Hall, adding that, 'someone should be held accountable for this'.
Separately, Deputy Governor Basuki 'Ahok' Tjahaja Purnama alleged that fraudulent practices during the procurement process had come to light.
'Who wants to buy rusty goods? Someone may have received kickbacks to let the damaged buses go through, but we'll have to wait for an investigation to make sure,' he said.
Later on Monday, Jakarta Transportation Agency head Udar Pristono blamed bad weather for the condition of the buses.
'The buses were delivered when bad weather hit, enforcing the ship to return to the port in Shanghai. The buses were supposed to be delivered within two weeks but actually took six weeks to arrive. The rust was allegedly caused by sea water corrosion,' he told a press conference.
Udar emphasized that the procurement project tender had been carried out in compliance with city regulations, pointing out that the importer was prepared to repair
'We will sort this out, please don't generalize, it was only a minor damage. Not all the buses were damaged,' he said.
Udar rebutted accusations that the buses were second hand, saying that those particular buses only operated in Indonesia.
'Buses with high decks only operate in Bogota [Colombia] and Jakarta, and the ones in Bogota use diesel while we use CNG [compressed natural gas]. These buses were made to order,' he said.
Udar said that the city had only paid 30 percent of the total contract, which was Rp 1 trillion
Importer company PT San Abadi president director Indra Krisna, claimed the buses were delivered in a good condition but his company would be responsible for any damage. 'I can be sure the vehicles were not corroded,' he said, adding that the new parts had yet to be delivered.
Indra said that all articulated buses were delivered built, while the single buses were assembled here.
'So if there was broken glass, it was purely accidental,' he said.
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Lauren Cox "HOLD ON TO IT ALL"
Orbis Park Development Art Reel
Lauren-Summer portfolio shoot
Front 186 - Lauren & Nicole
I need to talk about this with you...
Street Life Episode 1
What is this.
LAUREN + ERIK (Ceremony)
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Check out what Amy Poehler & the Parks & Rec team: Aubrey Plaza, Chris Pratt, Nick Offerman and Heidi Klum – had to say about Season 6′s premiere!
Posts Tagged: Amy Poehler
Heidi Klum is set to make a guest appearance on the upcoming season of “Parks and Recreation.” The supermodel will make her appearance during the season six premiere.
Kristen Bell will appear on the upcoming season of “Parks and Recreation.” Bell will appear on one episode in which she’ll play Ingrid, a nemesis of Leslie (Amy Poehler).
Seth Meyers will be taking over for Jimmy Fallon as host of “Late Night” in 2014 and he hopes his first guest will be his former “Saturday Night Live” costar, Amy Poehler. Meyers says his reasoning is that his friend is not likely to turn him down.
The actress has signed a deal with publisher It Books, a division of Harper Collins, for an untitled project that seems to include fiction, non-fiction and lots of humor.
Celebs.com spoke to Jane Lynch before the Creative Coalition Awards Dinner about the vibe on set of A.C.O.D. According to Lynch, being friends with the actors beforehand — Catherine O’Hara, Richard Jenkins, Amy Poehler — makes for a liberating creative environment.


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Back to your search results list
Hostellerie de la Source Arles
7 Place Du Cabaret Neuf, Arles, France
Hostellerie de la Source is rated with 2-star(s).
A restaurant, a terrace and a coffee shop/café are all parts of Hostellerie de la Source. Swim fans may be pleased to learn that an outdoor swimming pool (seasonal) is also available here. There are 25 rooms to accommodate every type of traveller. Free parking can offer some convenience if you travel to the hotel by car.
Air conditioning is installed in Hostellerie de la Source. One of the services that is included in the room rate: a daily housekeeping service. There is wireless high-speed Internet access (complimentary) offered so you can still be online during your stay here. The bathrooms of this hotel sensibly come with a complimentary toiletries set.
Hotel policies & services
||From 16:00 Check-out: Until 11:00
Wired Internet, Wireless high-speed Internet access (complimentary)
||Free parking, Parking (free)
- Snack bar
- Breakfast Available (surcharge)
- Front Desk (limited hours)
|Extra common areas:
- Outdoor Swimming Pool - Seasonal
|Note: It is the responsibility of the hotel chain and/or the individual property to ensure the accuracy of the photos displayed. We are not responsible for any inaccuracies in the photos.
Customers who viewed "Hostellerie de la Source" also viewed:
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domain: travel


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Sarkozy under formal probe in ‘illegal Bettencourt donations’ claim
London: Former French president Nicolas Sarkozy has been placed under formal investigation over claims his 2007 election campaign received illegal donations from the country’s richest woman.
Sarkozy is accused of ‘abuse of someone in an impaired state’ in the case involving L’Oreal cosmetics fortune heiress Liliane Bettencourt, who is now 90.
The preliminary charges were issued against Sarkozy after he went through hours of questioning in a Bordeaux courthouse, according to the prosecutor’s office.
Under French law, preliminary charges mean the investigating magistrate has reason to believe wrongdoing was committed, but allows more time to investigate, Fox News reports.
The probe centers on the finances of Bettencourt, who was once the focus of a long-running family feud over her fortune.
Bettencourt, who was reported to suffer from Alzheimer’s disease, has since been placed under legal protection, the report said.
In November, Sarkozy was given the status of a so-called ‘assisting witness,’ with the possibility of facing charges later on allegations of abusing someone in an impaired state, swindling and abuse of confidence, it added.
More from India
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- Indian Army conducts surgical strikes across LoC: Watch DGMO Lt Gen Ranbir Singh's PC
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- Pak forces will teach Zee News what real surgical strike is: Hafiz Saeed
- 7 terror camps destroyed by Indian Army in surgical strikes
- DNA: Indian Army carries out surgical strikes across LoC
- Hafiz Saeed threatens Zee News, says Pak forces will teach what real surgical strikes are
- What is surgical strike and how it is conducted - MUST KNOW for every Indian
- Pak postpones SAARC Summit after five member states pull out of conference: As it happened
- SALUTE! Brave Indian army commandos give befitting reply to Pak-sponsored terrorists
- Surgical strikes across LoC in Pakistan were filmed, videos kept as proof

domain: law


text:
Welcome to Melbourne Audiology Centre. We understand all aspects of hearing including the challenges of hearing loss, the importance of hearing protection and how to best manage tinnitus. We offer you professional advice and solutions for your individual hearing and communication needs.
Visit our store, inside you can purchase hearing aid batteries, earplugs, assistive listening devices and more.
Book a full hearing assessment at our new CBD hearing centre and receive $20 off if you mention our website. Available to the first 25 callers.

domain: medical


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WATCH: Trans People Share Their Stories
BY Sunnivie Brydum
November 15 2012 7:33 PM ET
In observance of Transgender Awareness Week (November 12-20), GLAAD partnered with the Massachusetts Transgender Political Coalition to release a series of videos featuring out, proud transgender people. The latest videos feature one-on-one conversations with author and professor Jennifer Finney Boylan, actress Laverne Cox, comedian Kit Yan, and attorney Noah Lewis.
I Am: Trans People Speak features trans folk discussing their myriad identities — such as mother, sister, brother, Philadelphia native, and a host of other identities that readers of any orientation can relate to. The goal of the project is to raise awareness about the diversity of transgender communities, while lifting the voices of transgender people, their families, friends, and allies, according to GLAAD's website.
Meet Laverne Cox in the video below, then click through the following pages to see each new video in the I AM: Trans People Speak series.
- California Becomes First State to Ban Gay, Trans 'Panic' Defenses
- Gay Artists & Artwork From Around the Globe | Artist Spotlight
- Modern Family Director Live-Tweets a Plane Passenger's Drunken Meltdown
- PHOTOS: What Pride Looks Like in a Still-Hesitant Serbia
- Op-ed: Tech's Wake-Up Call From Your Transgender Coworker
- Welcome to Night Vale: Where Queer Is Normal and Normal Is Bizarre

domain: sociology


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The Minister of Justice and Human Rights, Hannibal Torres, was against the law that Congress approved to establish that any constitutional reform will be approved first by Parliament before a popular consultation (referendum) for a constituent assembly.
Through his social networks, Torres mentioned that no constituted body is above the constituent power. This was pronounced after the congressmen of Fuerza Popular, Renovación Popular, Avanza País, Alianza para el Progreso (APP), Acción Popular and Podemos Peru approved the opinion of the replacement text of the Constitution Commission that rejects constitutional reforms through referendum.
”No constituted body is above the constituent power. No one can usurp the original and sovereign power of the people to express their will in a democracy by means of a referendum. Only the tyranny of a constituted body can limit or suppress sovereign power ”, wrote on his Twitter account.
Amendment to the Constitution
The approval implies that the replacement text modifies article 40 of Law 26300, Law on the Rights of Participation and Citizen Control, so that a popular consultation is not called “that has not gone through the processing of the first paragraph of Article 206 of the Constitution.”
Said article states that any reform of the Magna Carta must be approved by a simple majority in Congress and then be ratified in citizen consultation or receive the permission of 87 congressmen in two plenary sessions of different legislatures.
Yes OK Free Peru It had been collecting signatures, protected by Article 32 of the Constitution, to modify the Magna Carta via popular consultation and specify the convocation of a constituent assembly, this is no longer feasible.
Now everything is different, because the party will have to choose to present a constitutional reform bill, discuss it in the Constitution Commission and vote its approval in the plenary session of Congress. If approved by a simple majority of parliamentarians, a popular consultation may only be convened.
They ask Pedro Castillo to enact law
In an open letter, the Integrity citizen movement requested the President of the Republic, Pedro Castillo, that, “honoring his own statements, proceed to promulgate the law that has been sent to his office, demonstrating to Peru that the ‘word of the teacher’ has an unbreakable value, and that it is respectful of the current Constitution.”
The letter from the group founded by lawyer Jorge Lazarte details the following: “Congress has approved bill 644-2021-CR, whose signature was received in his office on December 17, 2021, at 9:31 a.m. , which reflects exactly what you said in your message to the nation, and makes it clear that it is not possible to call a referendum on constitutional reform, without prior approval by Congress “.

domain: politics


MARION, AR (abc24.com) - Three Crittenden County jailers are locked up in their own jail, in solitary confinement. They're accused of sneaking drugs and cell phones to inmates. Quirino Franklin, Joe Jimerson and Sgt. Antonio Tillis were each issued a $50,000 bond in court.
Franklin was the only jailer of the three who was out on bond, but he was locked up immediately after court. He had outstanding warrants for a harassment charge and failure to satisfy a commitment. However, it's the dirty deeds investigators say he, Jimerson and Tillis did, that have the three in hot water.
The chief investigator for the Crittenden County Sheriff's Office, Mike Callender says, "About two weeks ago we received a tip that one inmate was using a cell phone in the jail."
An investigation uncovered two cell phones and a surprising twist to how they got inside. "The inmate had someone on the outside bring the money and goods to the jailers," Callender says, "The jailers would sneak it in to the inmate."
According to investigators the three were working together for money. "The jailers are supposed to be searched at some point in time and there's three working with each other," says Callender, "They would not search one or something and that's how it got into the jail."
Investigators believe the inmate was conducting criminal activity from the smuggled cell phone. Recorded jail conversations led investigators to the jailers.
Callender doesn't suspect anyone else is involved but is conducting a thorough investigation to be sure. "It's always disappointing when the people you work with let you down," says Callender, "This is also a security problem, this time it was a cell phone, a pack of cigarettes, what's to keep them from bringing a gun in."
Franklin and Jimerson have worked in the jail for more than a year, Tillis for more than five years. If convicted they could face up to 20 years in prison.
They are being kept in solitary confinement and if they cannot post bond they will be transferred to a jail outside the county.


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Money has changed the games to a great extent. The pandemic has shifted the trend to online sports as live games banned. Online game giant EA took a great chunk of this opportunity and made such wonderful improvements in the games that there is a huge rise in the fan base. FIFA is currently the most popular online game. How much money does EA generate from Ultimate Team and FIFA? Here are the complete financial details.
From the previous few years, people are spending much more money on the online games as they find it easy source for entertainment. Football is the most followed sport across the globe. Thus, EA improved the graphics and put realistic features and characters to the game and improve the market to get some more money.
How Much Money Does EA Generate from Online Ultimate Team & FIFA?
The reports confirmed that Electronic Arts (EA) pocketed $1.6 Billion from the game mode sales. Still more money is expected to come as EA improved the graphics and contracted with the players to represent their characters in the game. Many known players are signing image right deals with the sports giant to increase the market of FIFA and Ultimate Team.
Ultimate Team of FIFA is an amazing mode in the online game that allows you to create team using the player from any league. EA is holding contracts to use the players of FIFA, Madden, NHL, NBA and UFC games. Thus, there is a huge fan following and increased sales of FIFA online games across the world. Because people love playing with their favorite players in the games.
EA Sports Image Rights Deal
While using the players characters in the games without their consent, EA faced image rights issues with the players. Ibrahimović and Bale protested against the use of their characters in FIFA online game. Now, the contracts signed with many known players to increase the market. Now, EA is looking to make a revenue of $40 Billion from the Ultimate Team in FIFA 23.
Some of the world famous players who are currently the part of EA Sports FIFA Ultimate Team are below.
Messi is one of the most iconic footballer of current times who has millions of followers across the globe. He is a part of FIFA Ultimate Team and is holding a contract of worth $119,363,225. Messi is one of the most expensive player in the online games.
Ronaldo is also a part of FIFA online game and is the most demanding player. He is almost a part of every team. EA signed a contract deal with Ronaldo for $75,365,100 to make his appearance in the game.
Neymar Jr received the contract of $70,000,000 for his cover image in the FIFA Ultimate Team the last year. With his presence, fans are able to create the best team ever possible.
$56,570,175 is the the worth of the contract of Kylian Mbappe with EA Sports for featuring his character in Ultimate Game. He is also one of the most expensive player who is a part of FIFA online games.
EA Sports generated $1,180 million from the online games sale in 2018. The revenue mounted to $1,369 in 2019 and crossed the mark of $1,491 million in 2020. The pandemic has changed the trend to online events as physical events cancelled. From May 2021 to May 2022, EA generated $1.6 Billion. Now, EA is looking to net a cash of $40 Billion from FIFA 23.
|2022-2023||$40 Billion (Estimated)|
That’s all about the details of revenue money EA Sports generate from the Online Ultimate Team and FIFA. The money will be increased when more players will sign the image rights deal with EA. All the further changes will be available here once a new update is available.

domain: game


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Bank technology stocks continued their June rally last week, as investors became more optimistic that the Federal Reserve will cut interest rates later this year.
Unemployment claims rose to their highest levels since early last year, the Labor Department said in its latest weekly report released Thursday, giving investors reason to believe the central bank will ease rates to stave off a recession.
Technology issues also continued on their recent torrid pace, particularly those trading on Nasdaq, factors that helped lift publicly held financial technology firms.
Software firm Jack Henry & Associates announced last week that it has signed a letter of intent to purchase Broadway & Seymour Inc.'s community bank software business for about $12 million.
Executives at Monett, Mo.-based Jack Henry, one of the largest purveyors of core accounting systems to banks with assets less than $2 billion, said the deal will add 340 customers who now use Charlotte, N.C.-based Broadway & Seymour's Liberty system.
About 150 Broadway and Seymour employees will join Jack Henry as part of the deal, officials said.
Both companies described the deal as a merger, because the purchase price includes fees paid to Broadway & Seymour for certain marketing and distribution rights, as well as management services to be rendered over the next 12 months.
The deal is expected to close by June 30, Jack Henry officials said.
Jack Henry's common stock closed Friday at $13.875 a share, up TK for the week.
Broadway & Seymour's common stock closed at $20.675 a share Friday, down TK for the week.
First Data Corp. and Banc One Corp. announced last Tuesday that they have formed a joint venture that will expand on an existing arrangement with the Columbus, Ohio-based bank's merchant processing unit and First Data's electronic funds services subsidiary.
Under the agreement, Banc One and First Data will contribute merchant contracts to the venture in exchange for a 50% ownership stake in the new company. Both companies will provide marketing and sales staff for the venture.
Hackensack, N.J.-based First Data's common stock closed at $56.675 a share Friday, up TK for the week.
Bank software firm Hogan Systems Inc. announced an expansion of the capability of its recently released branch automation and retail delivery systems to include Microsoft Corp.'s Windows NT Server network operating system.
Dallas-based Hogan's common stock closed at $10.675 a share Friday, up TK for the week.

domain: news


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I was determined to finish the diamond pattern on my dining room floor this weekend. Well, Sunday anyway… since Saturday was booked with errands, hair appointment, and a few hours of work! It was a lot of taping out, and retaping, but the diamond pattern was already there, from a design I did a few years ago. I basically just changed the colors and eliminated the smaller center diamond. This morning, before I left for work, I put on the first coat of poly. Tonight I’ll do the second and one final coat on Tuesday morning. Then I’ll be able to move my furniture back in! Can’t wait to show you what I did with 2 pieces I painted for this room… 🙂
Well, I cannot locate my "before picture" which shows the diamond pattern/colors I had painted this floor a few years ago. Luckily, I did snap a picture while I was in progress repainting this floor. Here you can see the diamonds taped out. The former pattern had a smaller diamond in black, where a tan and off-white diamond met. The border was off-white and then tan.
Here’s a close up showing where the border meets my wood floor that leads into my living room.
Here’s a full view of the floor. Oh, btw, I still have the blue tape on my baseboard while I am applying the poly.

domain: hobby


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- Mar 9, 2023
- Posted by: admin
- Category: Abstract of 3rd-ccgconf
Proceedings of The 3rd World Conference on Climate Change and Global Warming
The Impact of Climate Change on Sustainable Development in South Africa
Climate change has already resulted in significant changes in the global ecological environment, such as a shortage of water resources, ecosystem degradation, aggravation of soil erosion, a sharp decline in biodiversity, and cryosphere retreat, thus exerting a significant impact on human social development and economic life. Global warming has aroused attention worldwide, because not only can it directly damage the living environment, but it can also impact social and economic development. South Africa is highly vulnerable to climate variability and change due to the country’s high dependence on rain-fed agriculture and natural resources, high levels of poverty, particularly in rural areas, and a low adaptive capacity. Therefore, this paper investigates the impact of climate change on sustainable development in the South African economy from 1990 to 2020. The methodology is based on the linear and nonlinear ARDL approaches. This approach allows testing whether changes in climate change have symmetric or asymmetric effects on sustainable development. Linear ARDL is applied to check long-run and short-run relationships amongst the variables. The results suggest an asymmetric or linear relationship between climate change and sustainable development. It also shows that with rainfall increased and the temperature decreased, the climate effect on sustainable development and, also climate change was positively correlated to capital investment, while a bigger variation of temperature negatively impacted the sustainable development of the South African economy. The study shows an important implication for South African policymakers when studying the impact of climate change on sustainable development, it can aid them to understand the impact of the policies on climate change mitigation and their degree of incorporation with sustainable development goals.
keywords: Climate, sustanability development, ARDL


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The single greatest present we've ever gotten for The Boy is his Playstation 3.
I'm not one of those parents that hates video games; I grew up on video games, playing Combat and Adventure and Yars' Revenge on my old Atari -- which wasn't an Atari 2600 when I was a kid, it was just an "Atari." I've always loved video games and I think they're great.
They're certainly great now, when a video game is not just a bunch of shooting, but can actually let you play and take part in an adventure, or manage a football team, or otherwise create a whole world of opportunities beyond simply blowing up the other guy's tank.
But that's only part of why the PS3 was such a great present for The Boy; the other part of it is that it gives us ready-made gifts to get him at each new birthday or holiday; you know how hard it is to shop for teenagers -- but if they have a game system, it's way way easier because there's always new games for them to get, new gear for them to get, new additions or products.
So the PS3 served as an entertainment option for The Boy, giving him hours of movie-watching and game-playing, and as a source of present options for us.
This year, for example, The Boy has already announced that his game of choice is "Call of Duty 4," a game to follow up on the controllers we got him last year, and the hi-def cords we got to attach the PS3 to the TV so he could watch his Blu-Ray DVDs in true high definition.
And this year, as we have in the past, we'll be getting The Boy his stuff at GameBay.com -- the place we get ALL video game systems and games and accessories. GameBay.com has all the gaming gear, games, and systems you'll ever need -- going all the way back to the Nintendo 64 system -- and they have the stuff at great prices.
Want an Xbox 360 power adapter? Final Fantasy XI for the PC? The "House of the Dead 2" for the Wii? Even handheld games -- all available on GameBay.com and all shipped FREE for you.
You can even get something for yourself-- like the strategy guides they sell, so that after The Boy goes to bed, you can practice on Madden 2009 and get better and then BLAMMO- the next time you play, his Pittsburgh Steelers are going DOWN! YEAH! Take THAT! How's it feel to LOSE, The Boy?!?!?!
Sorry. I got a little carried away there.


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Fetisov to Be Russia Sports Chief
Associated Press Writer
Slava Fetisov, who coached Russia to an Olympic bronze medal in hockey, has agreed to become the nation's sports chief.
The former assistant coach of the New Jersey Devils will lead the Russian State Sports Committee, the top government agency overseeing sports. A government announcement on Fetisov is expected soon.
The decision was announced Friday by Gennady Shvets, a spokesman for Leonid Tyagachev, president of the National Olympic Committee.
Fetisov would replace Pavel Rozhkov, who had been criticized for not speaking more forcefully on behalf of Russian athletes at the Salt Lake City Olympics.
Fetisov recently had several meetings with President Vladimir Putin. As chief of the sports committee, he would oversee Putin's drive to encourage sports and fitness nationwide.
Putin called a Kremlin meeting in February to draw up a program of bolstering state support for sports. The comparatively poor performance of the Russian team in Salt Lake City made the task even more pressing.
Fetisov helped the Soviet Union win two Olympic titles and six world championships. He was considered by many to be the best defenseman in the world in the 1980s.
He joined the Devils in 1989 after barriers to pro hockey fell in the Soviet Union, and helped the Detroit Red Wings win the Stanley Cup in 1997 and 1998. Fetisov and Vladislav Tretiak are the only Russians in the Hockey Hall of Fame.


How did climatic conditions change in the European Alpine region during the Ice Age? How did they control glacier movements and shape flora and fauna over the millennia? LIAG's research boreholes in the alpine overdeepened basin "Tannwald" near the municipality of Winterstettenstadt should provide information about the climatic history of the past 450,000 years approximately in the region. This is part of the ICDP project "DOVE - Drilling Overdeepened Alpine Valleys".
The Alpine region is extremely sensitive to environmental and climatic changes, hydrogeological conditions and tectonic processes. Even more intense research on the various geoscientific aspects is therefore required against the background of the societal challenges faced by this region. The over-deepened valleys and basins are particularly important in this context, because inner Alpine areas are frequently densely populated.
With this research well in the Tannwald Basin (Winterstettenstadt), in Baden-Württemberg, we investigate a typical example of many over-deepened valleys and basins in the Alps with three research boreholes (two flush boreholes and one core borehole). The main aim of the project is the methodological development of geophysical aspects, with the aim of improving the physical characterisation of the Quaternary sediments in over-deepened Alpine valleys and basins. This provides information on climatic and environmental changes in the recent past in the area in question, and they can also contain important groundwater potential. Therefore the still unexplained genesis of these valleys needs to be much better understood. The primary objective of the project is the geophysical characterisation of basin morphology and the basin sediments. The complex structure of the basins, as well as the petrophysical contrasts, make it necessary to further develop geophysical exploration techniques.
Kick-off for international project
The research drilling is taking place within the project "DOVE - Drilling Overdeepened Alpine Valleys" of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Programs (ICDP) and initiates the first phase. The overall aim of the project is to reconstruct the spatial and temporal climate evolution during the ice ages over the past 2.6 million years in and around the Alps. This includes a cross-method, geologically oriented processing of up to 16 core drillings around the European Alpine region. More than 20 national and international partner organizations with over 100 scientists are participating in the large-scale project.
Starting in April 2021, two flush drillings and one core drilling, each with a depth of around 160 meters - arranged as a triangle 28 meters apart - will be carried out within an area of 1500 square meters near Winterstettenstadt. The project will start with the flush drilling, which is expected to take around 10 working days. The installation of the drilling rig will take place from April 6.
During drilling, PVC casing will be inserted into the boreholes so that researchers can take geophysical measurements of the nature of the sedimentary layers in the subsurface using various probes. The international project partners will analyze the samples obtained for their age, pollen concentration or the presence of microorganisms, among other objectives. All the drillings should be completed by the end of July. After about three years, the boreholes will be backfilled and dismantled.
To obtain a detailed picture of the subsurface, the researchers will again conduct seismic measurements between the boreholes. With that they contribute to the understanding of the sedimentation processes in detail.
Seismic preliminary explorations enabled safe site selection
As early as 2017, LIAG carried out seismic preliminary explorations. For this purpose, the measuring device developed at the institute sent artificial seismic waves into the ground. The individual sediment layers reflected the beams, which were recorded by geophones. This made it possible to determine the position of the various seismic measuring device sediment layers. In addition, data from boreholes drilled in the 1990s were used to create the 2-D as well as 3-D models of the subsurface. In the project, the researchers used this information to select the best possible locations for the drillings. Due to the extensive preliminary investigations of the LIAG and the LGRB, the geological subsurface is very well recorded. Very experienced geologists in close cooperation with the clients and the drilling company supervise the project.


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Self-inspection is to take care of oneself by observing feelings. Psychological benefits and improved well-being. An art routine that works!
A drawing activity to help you have a healthy ego. A healthy ego judges decisions considering the environment and desires.
You can draw as many details as you want in figure drawing, but like with any drawing, you start with a simple sketch. The idea of this drawing activity is to make highly expressive sketches of the human body to improve your focus skills.


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These compelling poems comprise the first full poetry collection from accomplished writer Clint Burnham.
Buy Be Labour Reading book by Associate Professor Clint Burnham from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Format: Paperback / softback
(211mm x 175mm x 15mm)
Publisher: ECW Press,Canada
Country of Publication:
Author Biography - Associate Professor Clint Burnham
Clint Burnham is a teacher at the University of British Columbia and the Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design. He is the author of "The Jamesonian Unconscious."

domain: literature


Gun Storage for Personal Defense and to Foil Thieves Single-location gun storage no longer makes sense. Decentralized gun storage makes it tactically more effective to protect your family and much more difficult for gun thieves. They are opposing forces, the two basic security concerns when it comes to guns in the home.
FAST BOX™ HIDDEN FAST ACCESS GUN SAFES
Fast Box™ Hidden Gun Safe
Hidden Gun Safes &
Hidden gun safes – Which is best? In this video, we compare 3 popular hidden and fast access gun safes Comparing Hidden Gun Safes Proper gun storage requires that all firearms be locked in a safe or secured in a cabinet. While this keeps your guns safe, it has the potential to
Bio-metrics RFID WIFI Gun safe manufacturers are quickly adopting these new technologiesDoes it make you safer? The short answer is no. In many cases the technology can put you at greater risk. https://youtu.be/rApKXwVhcAU Gun safe companies are working quickly to adopt new technologies in their safes. Biometrics (fingerprint scanners), Wi-Fi, Radio Frequency


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This attracted not only local rodeo stars such as Dick Truitt and Everett Shaw , but also brought in the best rodeo performers, clowns and feature acts from all over the nation, many of whom returned year after year. Born Aug. Dick had 3 siblings: Pearl Truitt and 2 other siblings. Rodeo days were good days, and Lee loved riding bulls. Nell is a very loving and giving person. Posted on: September 03,
Rodeo Hall of Fame Inductees - National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum
Unknown parties dynamited the house of Lum Williams, seriously injuring one negro and demolishing the building. These pictures include Floyd Sr. Archived from the original PDF on Ardmore, Oklahoma.
His father, Henry Keith Underhill, was a steer roper and rancher and staged the first steer roping contest in southern Oklahoma at Bromide in Her father, Clark McEntire, won steer roping titles in , and Dick married Juanita Truitt. Dick had 7 siblings: William Truitt , Missie Truitt and 5 other siblings. Dick lived in , at address , Texas. There are many people in the unofficial Nell Shaw fan club.

domain: history


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UWM photo by Troye Fox
Teaching is challenging and finding good teachers for urban schools is difficult.
That may be common wisdom, but two UWM School of Education alumni are proving that good teaching, while still challenging, has a home in their urban classrooms.
Jesse Martin of James Madison High School and Jorie Struck of Riverside University High School received state-wide awards for their teaching from the Wisconsin Council of Teachers of English at the group’s annual conference the weekend of Oct. 19.
Jorie Struck was selected as the winner of the Outstanding Student Teacher of the Year Award for the 2017-2018 School year for her work from January to June at Bradley Tech. Jesse Martin won the Nancy Hoefs Memorial Award for Outstanding First Year Teachers for last year’s work at James Madison.
Both are passionate about their work and their students.
Struck teaches five sections of first-year English, and of her 125 students one-third have a first language –15 different languages – that is not English or Spanish.
That diversity brings a special dimension to her classes, she says.
As the students were preparing to read Sherman Alexie’s “The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-time Indian,” for example, they had a discussion about the idea of needing to leave where you are in order to find success.
“Students who immigrated to the United States or whose parents were immigrants really brought forth some great personal evidence about why they left their homes in different countries,” says Struck. “It provided students who have lived here their whole lives a unique perspective, specifically with regards to the things we take for granted like access to education and being guaranteed the right to learn every day.”
Martin’s classes at James Madison are 97 percent African American and the majority live in poverty. Many have experienced trauma in their lives so building a trusting, respectful climate in the classroom is the foundation Martin works on.
“A lot of them have hesitations about trusting people and opening up and expressing themselves, but if they trust you even a little bit, it’s amazing how much they will share with you.”
In reading “The Autobiography of Malcolm X,” for example, Martin asked the students to write a short autobiography. “They shared some really, really intense emotional experiences, but you have to have that trust. If you have that human connection, it comes naturally. I think people want to trust people.”
Both Struck and Martin took a nontraditional path to teaching. In fact, Struck, named her mother, a 34-year veteran music teacher, as one of her biggest role models despite the fact that Struck actively resisted following in her mom’s footsteps. However, after graduating from Marquette with a degree in communication, she took a service learning opportunity in Cape Town, South Africa where she said she felt called to teach.
UWM Photo by Elora Hennessey
“Even though I had dirt-floored classrooms of 40 students who spoke Xhosa, a language filled with clicks I didn’t understand, I had never felt so at home in my life. I felt like I had a natural physical response to teaching that — despite it being the most stressful thing I’d ever done –I felt physically, emotionally and mentally fulfilled.”
Growing up, Martin moved around a great deal because his father was in the military. The family ended up in rural Wisconsin when he was in 7th grade. He originally came to UWM to study classical guitar. “UWM has a wonderful program and I loved it.” But, he decided he wanted to make a different type of contribution to the universe, and after finishing his undergraduate degree in English, he moved into the post-baccalaureate education program.
Both Martin and Struck found UWM, with its emphasis on urban education, perfectly fit what they wanted to do.
“Going into the program at UWM, I didn’t have any idea of where I wanted to teach and the program is the only one in the state that tailored its curriculum to urban education,” says Martin. “I was steeped in this culture of teachers who worked in Milwaukee public schools and who loved it. I realized it was important to do that after getting the degree. There are so many students who are underserved in many ways. I felt there was an obligation to give back to the city that had given me a teaching career.”
“I think UWM’s focus on urban education was the biggest determining factor in my decision to join the program,” says Struck who went into the post-baccalaureate/master’s program for her degree in curriculum and instruction. “I knew that I didn’t want to go back to my hometown to teach…not that they don’t deserve quality English teachers in all cities and towns across the country — but I have always felt drawn to urban education because I think the change makers and people who are fighting to ensure all students have access to equal, exceptional education are working in these communities.”
After doing a semester student teaching in a Chinese middle school in Beijing as part of her preparation, she was also convinced that a diverse classroom was where she wanted to be.
“I love working with diverse learners, English language learners, students who may not have been afforded the same opportunities as others who still want to be and deserve to be successful inside and out the classroom.”
UWM Alumni Do Well in English Education Awards
In recent years, UWM alumni have won numerous first year and student teaching awards from the Wisconsin Council for Teacher Education. Here’s a listing of the awards.
First -Year Teachers
- Megan Krueger Sampson (at Waukesha) 2009-2010
- Danielle Hartke (now at UWM)
- Robbyn Schley (at Greendale)
- David Pederson (at St. John’s)
- Jason Orozco (at Riverside)
- Stephanie Nook (at Alliance) 2015
- Jesse Martin (at James Madison Academic Campus) 2018
Outstanding Student Teachers
- Lance Taylor 2010-2011
- Liz Thompson 2009-2010
- Amy Harter (Sheboygan) 2008-2009
- Carol Peronto (at Arrowhead) 2003-2004
- Sheri Turnicliff (at West Allis) 2002-2003
- Michelle Velma Fritz 2012-2013
- Lindsey Loberg (Professional Learning Institute) 2013
- Haley Nattinger 2014
- Patrick Porwall 2015
- Jason Lopez 2016 (Bradley Tech)
- Marjorie Elizabeth Struck (at Bradley Tech) 2018
If you would like to help fund Student Success, please visit the Give to UWM webpage.
Or contact Christina Makal McCaffery at (414) 229-4963 or email@example.com to explore opportunities to support students, ensure research excellence and enable ongoing collaborations with community schools and organizations.