Introduction: The Growing Concern of Air Conditioner Disposal
Air conditioners have become ubiquitous in modern life, providing cooling and comfort during hot weather. However, these appliances also have a significant environmental impact when they reach the end of their lifespan and must be disposed of. Improper disposal of old, broken, or outdated air conditioning units can lead to serious ecological consequences.
With rising global temperatures and the increased prevalence of air conditioning, the disposal of old units is becoming an issue of growing concern. Air conditioners contain hazardous chemicals and materials that can pollute the environment if not handled properly. Understanding the environmental risks and adopting responsible disposal practices is crucial.
This comprehensive guide will examine the environmental impact of air conditioner disposal, provide tips for reducing harm, and outline best practices for sustainable and eco-friendly management of end-of-life air conditioning units. Proper disposal is vital for mitigating ecological damage and protecting the health of our planet.
Understanding Air Conditioners: A Brief Overview
To grasp the environmental threats posed by air conditioner disposal, it is helpful to first understand what air conditioners are and how they work.
Air conditioners are appliances that use refrigeration cycles and heat transfer principles to cool down indoor air. The core components of an AC unit are:
- Compressor – Pressurizes refrigerant gas to initiate cooling
- Condenser coils – Allow hot refrigerant gas to dissipate heat
- Expansion valve – Lowers pressure of refrigerant to induce rapid cooling
- Evaporator coils – Absorb heat from indoor air and cool it
Modern air conditioning systems also contain crucial electrical components to power the unit and refrigerants like Freon to facilitate heat transfer in the refrigeration cycle.
When an AC reaches end-of-life, these electrical parts and refrigerant chemicals pose environmental hazards if not handled properly. But first, let’s look at when disposal is necessary.
The Lifespan of an Air Conditioner: When to Consider Disposal
Like any appliance, air conditioners have a finite lifespan. Properly maintained ACs typically last between 10-15 years. Key factors impacting lifespan include:
- Installation quality
- Frequency of maintenance and cleaning
- Exposure to weather and elements
- Model efficiency and quality
Generally, replacement is recommended once an AC exceeds 10 years of age. Older units tend to have declining efficiency and cooling capacity compared to modern ACs.
Signs indicating an AC may need disposal include:
- Frequent breakdowns and need for repairs
- Spikes in energy bills from declining efficiency
- Inadequate cooling, even after maintenance
- Leaking refrigerant or corroded components
- Upgrading to meet new temperature needs
- Transitioning to more eco-friendly refrigerant
Replacing outdated or failing air conditioners with new ENERGY STAR certified units can improve efficiency, performance, and reduce environmental impact.
The Environmental Impact of Air Conditioners: A Comprehensive Look
Air conditioners can adversely impact the environment in a number of ways, especially when disposed irresponsibly. Key effects include:
Air conditioners rely on refrigerants like Freon to facilitate heat transfer in the cooling process. These chemicals are potent greenhouse gases that can contribute significantly to global warming if released into the atmosphere.
Older AC units tend to use refrigerants with very high Global Warming Potential (GWP) that can be thousands of times more potent than CO2. Even small amounts of leaked refrigerant can cause substantial environmental damage.
Release of Ozone-Depleting Substances
Early refrigerants like R-22 and R-12 have severe ozone depletion potential (ODP). Release of these chemicals during improper AC disposal can damage the ozone layer, increasing harm from solar radiation.
The 1987 Montreal Protocol regulated these ozone-depleting substances. But they still exist in older air conditioners and require careful disposal.
Hazardous Chemical Leaks
In addition to refrigerants, ACs contain lubricants, coolants, and cleaning agents that may be toxic, flammable, or hazardous. Leakage of these chemicals during disposal can contaminate soil and groundwater supplies.
Air conditioners contain a significant amount of plastic components in their outer shells and internal parts. If sent to landfills, these can contribute to the growing plastic waste crisis.
Heavy Metal Contamination
Electrical components in ACs contain heavy metals like lead and mercury that can pollute ecosystems if not disposed safely.
Clearly, improperly disposing of old air conditioners carries major ecological risks. Next, let’s look at the potential consequences with a real-world case study.
Case Study: The Environmental Consequences of Irresponsible AC Disposal
Irresponsible air conditioner disposal can lead to incidents with serious environmental damage. One instructive example is the Aggreko case from the UK in 2015.
Aggreko plc is a supplier of rental power generators and temperature control equipment like air conditioners. Following an internal investigation, the company discovered that:
- Over 6,500 air conditioning units had been improperly disposed of at various landfill sites from 2012 to 2015.
- The units contained the now-banned refrigerant R22, which has an ozone depletion potential of 0.05.
- Over 17 metric tons of R22 were estimated to have leaked into the atmosphere from these ACs over 20 years – equal to 850,000 tons of CO2 equivalent.
- The company was subsequently prosecuted and fined over £700,000 for violating environmental regulations.
This real-world case highlights the massive impacts improper AC disposal can have through refrigerant leakage alone. Responsible disposal is essential to prevent environmental harm.
The Role of Refrigerants in Air Conditioner Environmental Impact
As seen in the Aggreko case, the refrigerants used in air conditioners are particularly problematic for the environment when released. Let’s take a deeper look at how AC refrigerants contribute to ozone depletion and global warming:
Substances like CFCs and HCFCs used as older refrigerants have high ozone depletion potential. When leaked, they can:
- Damage the ozone layer that protects against UV rays
- Increase rates of skin cancer and cataracts in humans
- Harm growth cycles of plants, crops, and phytoplankton
Montreal Protocol banned CFCs and is phasing out HCFCs due to their ozone-depleting effects. But old AC units still contain them.
Global Warming Contribution
Many refrigerants are potent greenhouse gases that can exacerbate climate change if released. For example:
- R410A – Common modern refrigerant with GWP of 2,088
- R22 – HCFC refrigerant being phased out due to GWP of 1,810
- R404A – HFC blend with GWP of 3,922
Even small refrigerant leaks can cause massive CO2-equivalent emissions. Proper handling during end-of-life AC disposal is crucial.
The Shift to More Eco-Friendly Refrigerants
To combat these issues, new air conditioners are shifting to alternative refrigerants with reduced environmental impacts:
- R32 – Lower GWP of 675 and no ozone depletion
- R290 – Propane, an HC refrigerant with negligible GWP
- R744 – CO2, a natural refrigerant with GWP of 1
Phasing out old ACs containing destructive refrigerants is key for mitigating their climate and ozone damage.
Understanding the Ozone Depletion Potential of Old Air Conditioners
Let’s take a closer look specifically at how air conditioners can damage Earth’s ozone layer if not properly disposed of.
What is Ozone Depletion?
- Ozone (O3) in upper atmosphere filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.
- Certain chemicals like CFCs and HCFCs can destroy ozone molecules when released.
- This thinning of the ozone layer amplifies UV exposure at Earth’s surface.
Causes of Ozone Depletion
- Release of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) like CFC refrigerants.
- Leakage from old appliances and equipment containing CFCs and HCFCs.
- Improper disposal of items with ODS without first reclaiming chemicals.
The Role of Air Conditioners
- Older ACs used CFC refrigerants like R11 and R12 that are potent ODS.
- HCFC refrigerants like R22 are also high-ODP transitional chemicals being phased out under the Montreal Protocol.
- Releasing these refrigerants during improper AC disposal directly destroys ozone molecules.
- One pound of R12 can deplete ozone equal to 16,000 pounds of CO2.
Preventing Ozone Depletion
- Recover, reclaim, and destroy old ODS refrigerants from ACs using certified disposal programs.
- Replace outdated high-ODP ACs with new units using modern low-ODP refrigerants like R410A.
- Never dispose of an old AC without first reclaiming its refrigerant.
- Adhere to Montreal Protocol guidelines for responsible ODS phaseout.
Following proper end-of-life disposal practices for old air conditioning equipment is vital for eliminating their ODP threat.
The Greenhouse Effect: How Air Conditioners Contribute to Global Warming
Air conditioners also contribute significantly to global warming through their greenhouse gas emissions:
The Greenhouse Effect
- GHGs like CO2 trap heat and cause atmosphere to warm, increasing Earth’s surface temps.
- Major GHGs include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and some synthetic refrigerants.
- Increased GHG emissions from human activity are accelerating climate change.
How Air Conditioners Release GHGs
- CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels for electricity to power ACs.
- Refrigerant leaks – Potent synthetic GHG refrigerants have very high global warming potential if released.
- HFC emissions during manufacture, maintenance, and disposal of units.
Impact on Global Warming
- Air conditioning and refrigeration cause nearly 4% of global GHG emissions.
- Just 3 lbs of leaked R410A refrigerant has same effect as 1 metric ton of CO2.
- As AC usage rises, so will AC-related GHG emissions and climate impact.
Reducing the GHG Impact
- Transition to renewable energy sources for electricity production.
- Responsible disposal and recycling of ACs to capture refrigerants.
- Shift to alternative natural refrigerant options like R290 or R744.
- Adopt more stringer fuel economy and GHG standards for AC manufacturing.
Proper end-of-life disposal of old air conditioners and their GHG-laden refrigerants is a key step in mitigating their contribution to climate change.
The Impact of Air Conditioner Disposal on Landfills
Landfills receive a massive influx of old air conditioners from improper disposal. But they lack capacity to safely contain them, leading to pollution:
Volume of AC Waste
- U.S. discards over 6 million air conditioners per year.
- AC units take up substantial landfill space due to their bulk.
- Old window units typically weigh between 70-100 lbs each.
- Central air conditioners can be well over 100 lbs.
Dangers of Landfilling ACs
- Refrigerant and coolant chemicals can leak into soil, groundwater, and the atmosphere.
- Plastics, insulation, and other materials slow biodegradation.
- Metals like copper, aluminum, and steel contaminate the site.
- Glass and sharp edges create hazards for landfill workers.
Lack of Proper Containment
- Most landfills are not equipped to safely contain the materials and chemicals inside old air conditioners.
- Much of their hazardous content ends up polluting the surrounding environment.
The Need for Alternatives
- Sending old ACs to landfills creates substantial ecological hazards.
- More sustainable options like refrigerant reclamation, recycling, and safe hazardous waste disposal are needed.
- Keeping AC waste out of landfills through responsible disposal is crucial.
With millions of old ACs entering landfills each year, addressing this issue through proper disposal programs is an urgent priority for reducing environmental harm.
The Role of Hazardous Materials in Air Conditioner Disposal
In addition to refrigerants, air conditioners contain a number of hazardous substances that create disposal challenges:
Types of Hazardous AC Materials
- Refrigerants – Potent greenhouse gases and ozone depleters if released.
- Capacitors – Contain cancer-causing PCBs.
- Mercury switches – Toxic heavy metal threatening waterways and food chains.
- Lead solder – Neurotoxin hazardous to humans and animals.
- CFCs – Ozone-destroying chemicals used as blowing agents in insulation.
- Fungicides – Prevent mold but contain toxic biocides.
Dangers if Not Properly Disposed
- Toxic chemical pollution – Contaminated soil, groundwater, and air.
- Fires and explosions – From igniting flammable refrigerants and other chemicals.
- Ecological damage – From bioaccumulation of toxins up the food chain.
Proper Handling Is Essential
- Use certified facilities to identify and properly extract hazardous substances from old ACs.
- Safely recycle or dispose of toxic materials like mercury at licensed hazardous waste sites.
- Never send AC components containing hazardous chemicals to general landfills.
- Adhere to all local and federal laws regulating AC hazardous waste.
Safely containing these dangerous chemicals is vital for ecological health and responsible air conditioner disposal.
The Importance of Responsible Waste Management in Air Conditioner Disposal
Responsible and sustainable waste management practices are essential for mitigating the environmental impact of end-of-life air conditioning units.
What is Responsible Waste Management?
It involves prioritizing options for used products like:
- Reduce – Designing ACs to minimize waste.
- Reuse – Repurposing functioning AC components.
- Recycle – Breaking down ACs safely to recover valuable materials.
- Reclaim – Capturing refrigerants for purification and reuse.
Benefits of Responsible AC Waste Management
- Reduces landfill waste volume.
- Conserves resources by recycling AC components.
- Avoids pollution from hazardous chemicals.
- Lowers greenhouse gas and ozone-depleting emissions.
- Saves energy compared to manufacturing new materials.
Challenges to Responsible Management
- High costs of properly processing AC waste streams.
- Lack of adequate recycling and recovery infrastructure.
- Difficulty ensuring compliance from all AC consumers and companies.
Importance of Policy Initiatives
- Regulations like WEEE and Montreal Protocol help enable responsible disposal.
- Further government incentives and standards can improve recycling rates.
- Corporate sustainability initiatives also play a key role.
With supportive policies and collective initiative, responsible air conditioner disposal practices can significantly reduce ecological footprints.
The Process of Air Conditioner Disposal: A Step-By-Step Guide
Properly disposing of an AC takes preparation and care. Here is an overview of the key steps involved:
1. Prepare and Shut Down Unit
- Disconnect all power sources and lines from the AC system.
- Allow components like refrigerant lines to cool to avoid burns or reactions.
- Drain the AC unit of water and condensation buildup.
2. Remove Hazardous Components
- Wear protective equipment when handling hazardous materials.
- Remove capacitors, mercury switches, and old refrigerant carefully.
- Place them in designated containers to prevent leaks or spills.
3. Dismantle and Extract Materials
- Separate outer shell, wiring, insulation, motors, tubing, and other AC components.
- Ensure different materials are sorted into their designated waste streams.
4. Properly Dispose of each Material Type
- Recycle metals, plastics, glass, and electronics at specialty recycling facilities.
- Safely transport refrigerants, chemicals, and other hazardous wastes to licensed disposal sites.
5. Seek Proof of Proper Disposal
- Obtain and maintain paperwork like manifests and certificates documenting that disposal was completed properly.
- This protects you from potential environmental liability.
Following meticulous end-of-life management processes ensures old ACs don’t end up polluting landfills or the ecosystem.
The Role of Professional Waste Management Services in Air Conditioner Disposal
Navigating the complex web of regulations and requirements for responsible AC disposal is challenging for consumers. Hiring professional services is recommended:
AC Disposal Challenges for Consumers
- Identifying all hazardous wastes in an AC unit.
- Knowing legal transport and handling procedures.
- Finding licensed sites to receive AC waste streams.
- Completing extensive paperwork for regulatory compliance.
Benefits of Professional Disposal Services
- Expertise to thoroughly identify and extract hazardous materials from ACs.
- Resources to directly transport hazardous wastes to licensed facilities.
- Knowledge of all relevant environmental regulations.
- Documentation and manifests for full compliance assurance.
Types of AC Disposal Firms
- HVAC contractors – Many offer add-on AC disposal services.
- Scrap metal collectors – Accept clean metal components like piping and shells.
- Hazardous waste companies – Handle dangerous chemicals, refrigerants, etc.
- Electronic waste recyclers – Dismantle and recycle AC circuitry, wiring, etc.
Utilizing established waste professionals with expertise in air conditioner disposal ensures the process is completed properly while adhering to all hazardous materials regulations.
The Importance of Certified Disposal Facilities for Air Conditioners
Attempting do-it-yourself air conditioner disposal risks violating environmental laws. Using qualified, certified disposal sites is strongly advised:
Legal Dangers of DIY Disposal
- Improperly disposing of AC refrigerants violates Clean Air Act provisions.
- Discarding hazardous wastes in undesignated landfills breaks federal and state laws.
- Steep fines up to $37,500 per violation per day can be levied.
Benefits of Licensed Disposal Sites
- Proper hazardous waste handling – They contain specially designed landfills to prevent contamination.
- Materials recovery – Many salvage and recycle valuable AC components like copper and steel.
- Compliance assurance – You receive documentation proving legal disposal.
Certifications to Look For
- EPA-licensed hazardous waste facilities authorized to process AC chemicals, refrigerants, and insulation.
- R2 or e-Stewards certified e-waste processors to safely recycle AC electronics.
- Responsible Recycling (R2R) standard for plastics recycling.
- NAID Certification for secure paper document destruction.
Utilizing qualified disposal sites minimizes environmental impact and protects you from any legal liability during the AC disposal process.
The Role of Government Regulations in Air Conditioner Disposal
Air conditioner disposal is governed by various government regulations designed to mitigate environmental threats:
Key AC Disposal Regulations
- Clean Air Act (CAA) – Governs refrigerant reclamation and banning of certain chemicals.
- Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) – Hazardous waste disposal requirements.
- Montreal Protocol – Global phaseout of ODS substances used as refrigerants.
- Mobile Air Conditioning Society (MACS) Worldwide Certification Program – Training and certification for HVAC technicians in responsible refrigerant management.
Other Relevant Mandates
- Waste disposal restrictions from EPA and state environmental agencies.
- Department of Transportation (DOT) rules for transporting hazardous wastes.
- State laws banning certain AC refrigerants, chemicals, or disposal methods.
Importance of Compliance
- Regulations aim to minimize environmental damage from AC disposal.
- Violations can result in major fines or even criminal charges.
- Certified disposal professionals are key to navigate all regulations.
Closely adhering to all relevant mandates during the air conditioner disposal process is essential for both ecological and legal compliance.
Understanding the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive
A key regulation governing disposal of the electrical components in air conditioners is the WEEE Directive:
What is the WEEE Directive?
- EU law regulating disposal and recycling of electrical and electronic equipment.
- Initiated to address growing e-waste problems.
- Sets collection, recovery, and recycling targets for electrical devices.
Key Provisions for AC Disposal
- Requires proper separation and handling of hazardous electronic components.
- Bans disposing of e-waste like AC circuit boards in landfills.
- Mandates use of licensed recycling and recovery facilities.
- Makes producers responsible for financing WEEE recycling programs.
How Member States Implement
- Each EU country creates WEEE regulations aligned with overall directive.
- National collection targets and penalties for non-compliance.
- Producer take-back programs funded by eco-fees.
Benefits of WEEE
- Safer disposal of the estimated 12+ kilos of electronics inside an AC unit.
- Cut e-waste sent to landfills by 6 million metric tons annually.
- Increased recycling of valuable materials.
Following WEEE guidelines ensures hazardous AC electrical parts are properly managed.
The Role of the Montreal Protocol in Air Conditioner Disposal
The Montreal Protocol is another critical regulatory driver for responsible AC disposal and refrigerant management:
What is the Montreal Protocol?
- Landmark 1987 agreement to phase out ozone-depleting substances like CFCs.
- Ratified by all 197 UN members to ban ODS production and consumption.
- Established schedules to end use of key AC refrigerants.
Relevance to AC Disposal
- Requires proper extraction and destruction of ODS refrigerants like CFC-12 from old ACs.
- Bans venting these chemicals during maintenance or disposal.
- Mandates only certified reclamation facilities handle ODS.
- CFCs – 1996 ban in developed countries.
- HCFCs like R-22 – Phaseout by 2030 in developing nations.
- HFCs – Being phased down globally under the Kigali Amendment.
Results so Far
- Ozone layer slowly recovering after steep decline in ODS emissions.
- Massive shift away from high-ODP refrigerants in ACs and cooling equipment.
The Montreal Protocol has been vital in compelling responsible management of AC refrigerants during disposal to reduce ozone depletion.
The Importance of Compliance in Air Conditioner Disposal
From the Clean Air Act to Montreal Protocol, numerous environmental regulations apply to the AC disposal process. Failing to comply can have severe consequences:
Areas Requiring Compliance
- Proper handling, labeling, transportation, and documentation of hazardous wastes.
- Using only licensed facilities and qualified technicians.
- Adhering to refrigerant reclamation, venting bans, and record-keeping rules.
- Obtaining all necessary manifests, permits, and disposal verifications.
Penalties for Violations
- Civil fines up to $37,500 per violation per day under RCRA and CAA.
- Criminal charges if knowingly violating handling and disposal laws.
- Permit revocations or even facility closures for repeat violations.
Importance of Compliance Assurance
- Prevent illegal dumping that damages the environment.
- Maintain access to licensed disposal sites willing to accept AC waste.
- Avoid company reputation damage and litigation over accidents or contamination.
Strict adherence to all regulations around air conditioner disposal is crucial for avoiding severe enforcement actions and protecting the ecosystem.
The Process of Air Conditioner Recycling: An Eco-Friendly Alternative
While responsible disposal is important, recycling old ACs is an even more sustainable option:
What is AC Recycling?
- Process of dismantling old air conditioner units.
- Salvaging, reusing, and recovering materials for processing into new products.
- Significantly reduces waste sent to landfills.
Recycling Process Steps
- AC unit decommissioning and disassembly.
Benefits of Recycling ACs
- Conserves natural resources and raw materials.
- Reduces energy use and emissions compared to manufacturing.
- Keeps hazardous wastes out of landfills.
- Generates income from recovered commodities.
Challenges Facing AC Recycling
- High costs of labor-intensive disassembly.
- Lack of widespread recycling infrastructure and facilities.
- Difficulty separating material mixtures like plastics.
AC recycling diversion rates are still low, but the practice can significantly reduce ecological footprints if expanded.
The Role of De-Manufacturing in Air Conditioner Recycling
Specialized “de-manufacturing” techniques are vital for effective and efficient AC recycling:
What is De-Manufacturing?
- Methodical disassembly process for complex manufactured products.
- Carefully dismantles items into individual parts, materials, and commodities.
- Enables maximum recovery and reuse.
De-Manufacturing Air Conditioners
- Depressurize and capture refrigerants.
- Remove and segregate hazardous components like switches and capacitors.
- Extract valuable materials like copper from motors.
- Utilize debonding agents to separate material composites.
- Leverage gravity, magnets, and sensors to sort materials.
Advantages over Traditional Dismantling
- Higher quality and purity of recovered materials.
- Reduced contamination across material streams.
- Increased value of commodities.
- More components conserved for reuse.
Specialized de-manufacturing allows optimal AC recycling far exceeding simple dismantling. But it requires greater expertise and technology investments.
The Benefits of Air Conditioner Recycling: A Closer Look
Let’s examine some of the key advantages of recycling end-of-life air conditioning units:
1. Reduces Pollution and Waste
Keeps hazardous chemicals and materials out of ecosystems and landfills.
2. Conserves Resources
Recycles valuable commodities like steel, copper, aluminum, and plastic.
3. Saves Energy
Avoids energy needed to extract and manufacture new metals and plastics.
4. Reduces Greenhouse Gases
Prevents release of high-GWP refrigerants into the atmosphere.
5. Generates Revenue
Creates income from sale of reclaimed refrigerant and recycled scrap commodities.
6. Promotes Sustainability
Aligns with growing demands for corporate sustainability and circular economy.
7. Creates Jobs
Supports new jobs in recycling and sustainable waste management.
8. Lowers Disposal Costs
Less expensive than landfilling when factoring in long-term environmental impacts.
AC recycling delivers significant ecological and economic benefits. But substantial barriers to wider adoption remain.
Case Study: Successful Air Conditioner Recycling Program
ARCA Recycling operates North America’s largest residential AC recycling facility. Their California plant illustrates an effective recycling model:
- Recycles more than 200,000 air conditioners and refrigerators annually.
- Employs advanced de-manufacturing process for maximum material recovery.
- 98% of the AC unit is recycled.
- Refrigerant gases – Captured and purified into new A2 safest class.
- Plastics – Shredded and pelletized for reuse in new products.
- Metals – Copper, aluminum, and steel all recycled.
- Insulation – Safely disposed due to CFC blowing agents.
- Glass – Cleaned and processed into new glass or fiberglass.
- Eliminates nearly 8,500 metric tons of AC waste yearly.
- Conserves over 4,500 MWh of energy.
- Prevents release of 5 million lbs of CO2 equivalent greenhouse gases.
With greater adoption, AC recycling programs like ARCA’s could significantly multiply these environmental gains.
How to Find a Responsible Air Conditioner Disposal Service
Choosing the right disposal service is key for sustainable AC end-of-life management. Here are top tips for selection:
1. Seek Proof of Licenses and Certifications
Confirm they hold all needed EPA and state environmental permits for transporting and handling AC hazardous wastes.
2. Ask About Tracking and Documentation
Responsible firms will provide manifests listing every step, law adhered to, and final destination during disposal.
3. Review Safety and Compliance Records
Favor companies with clean histories free of violations, spills, or contamination incidents.
4. Research Recycling Capabilities
Prioritize certified e-Steward or R2 recyclers with robust AC de-manufacturing capabilities.
5. Understand Pricing Models
Getquotes for different levels of service. Responsible disposal may cost more.
6. Check References and Reviews
Contact other customers and read online reviews to verify satisfactory experiences.
Taking time to carefully vet air conditioner disposal contractors helps guarantee safe, sustainable, and legally compliant end-of-life AC management.
The Role of Consumer Awareness in Responsible Air Conditioner Disposal
While regulations and recycling initiatives help, informed consumer choices are vital for driving improvements in air conditioner disposal practices:
Understanding the Impact of ACs
- Recognition of the environmental threats posed by irresponsible AC disposal.
- Education on proper end-of-life management requirements.
Driving Demand for Recycling
- Requesting retailers and contractors offer recycling services.
- Willingness to pay slightly more for sustainable disposal.
Making Responsible Purchasing Decisions
- Choosing energy-efficient and eco-friendly AC models.
- Prioritizing units with easily recyclable components.
Following Proper Maintenance and Use
- Regular cleaning and maintenance to maximize AC unit lifespan.
- Setting appropriate temperature levels to improve efficiency.
Safe DIY Disposal
- If managing AC disposal yourself, learn how to fully remove all hazardous substances properly.
Elevating consumer awareness empowers individual contributions toward addressing the environmental impacts of air conditioners.
Tips for Reducing the Environmental Impact of Your Air Conditioner
Until end-of-life disposal or recycling is necessary, simple everyday measures can shrink the ecological footprint of AC usage:
- Set thermostat to warmest comfortable temperature – each degree lower increases energy use up to 10%.
- Use a programmable or smart thermostat to lower temperatures when away.
- Clean filters monthly and replace when needed to maintain airflow and efficiency.
- Close windows, curtains, fireplace dampers when AC is on.
- Use fans to supplement cooling and reduce AC runtime.
- Seal any air leaks around windows, doors, or ductwork.
- Shade AC unit and windows from direct sunlight exposure.
- Keep condenser coils free of debris and properly washed.
- Get annual maintenance check-ups to keep AC operating efficiently.
- When purchasing a new unit, select an ENERGY STAR certified energy-efficient model.
- Properly size your AC unit – oversized leads to higher utility costs and wear.
- Improve home insulation to retain cooled air and reduce AC workload.
With some awareness and proper maintenance, homeowners can minimize the lifecycle impacts of their air conditioning.
The Future of Air Conditioners: Trends and Innovations for Sustainability
Several promising technology trends are emerging for next-generation sustainable air conditioners:
- Alternative refrigerants – Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) offer lower GWP than current HFCs.
- CO2 as refrigerant – Has very low GWP but efficiency challenges remain.
- Hydrocarbon refrigerants – Propane and isobutane options completely eliminate GHG impacts.
- Improved energy efficiency – Inverter-driven variable speed compressors, better heat exchangers, etc.
- Renewable energy integration – Solar PV and geothermal heating/cooling pairing.
- Phase change materials – Store “coolness” during off-peak to reduce runtime.
- Smart grid integration – Internet-connected ACs that optimize usage based on grid loads.
- Nanotech coatings on coils – Improve heat transfer and boost efficiency.
- AC servicing innovations – No-leak couplings and recovery equipment to cut emissions.
- Biodegradable components – Replace plastics with eco-friendly polymers.
These developments show promise for dramatically improving the environmental profile of air conditioning technology.
The Role of Energy-Efficient Air Conditioners in Reducing Environmental Impact
Perhaps the most impactful innovation is enhancing AC unit energy efficiency:
Energy Use Drives AC Environmental Impact
- Electricity to power most ACs comes from fossil fuels – over 60% from gas and coal in the U.S.
- Generating this electricity creates massive carbon emissions.
Efficiency Cuts Electricity Consumption
- Reduces fuel burned for power generation.
- Lower raw material demands for energy infrastructure.
- Improved cooling performance from less wasted energy.
Complementary Technologies Boost Efficiency
- Variable speed compressors.
- Advanced heat exchangers.
- Zoned and multi-stage cooling.
- Sensors and automatic controls.
- Improved insulation and sealing.
Significance of Energy Ratings
- U.S. Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating (SEER) – higher scores are better.
- Minimum federal rating now 14 SEER, up from 10 SEER.
- ENERGY STAR sets even higher efficiency benchmarks.
Prioritizing energy-efficient units can dramatically lower air conditioning environmental impacts from manufacturing through disposal.
The Importance of Regular Maintenance in Extending Air Conditioner Lifespan
Proper AC unit maintenance and cleaning is vital for longevity and sustained efficient performance:
Why Maintenance Matters
- Prevents minor repairs from becoming major replacements.
- Keeps refrigerant sealed to avoid leaks.
- Cleans coils and components for optimal heat transfer.
- Catches issues early before cascading damage.
Basic DIY Maintenance Steps
- Change filters every 1-3 months.
- Vacuum vents and registers to remove debris and dust.
- Clean condenser coils annually with pressurized air or hose.
- Confirm drainage pans and lines are clear.
- Lubricate fan motor if accessible.
- Trim foliage away from outdoor AC unit.
Professional Maintenance Services
- Check for proper refrigerant pressure and levels.
- Test capacitors, motors, compressors, and connections for issues.
- Verify correct voltage and amp readings.
- Monitor airflow and temperature differentials.
- Treat condenser coils and pans with antimicrobials to prevent corrosion.
Staying on top of routine AC maintenance and servicing helps add years to a unit’s operating lifespan before disposal or replacement is required.
The Role of Proper Installation in Reducing the Need for Air Conditioner Disposal
In addition to maintenance, proper installation greatly impacts air conditioner lifespan and performance:
Consequences of Poor Installation
- Leaks causing refrigerant loss, energy waste, and emissions.
- Unit freeze-ups or failures from incorrect refrigerant charging.
- Frequent repairs and early failure due to improper sizing.
- Thermal losses and duct leakage from low quality workmanship.
- Premature breakdowns from vibrations or strain on components.
Benefits of Quality Installation
- Optimized efficiency and cooling capacity tailored to building needs.
- Reliable sealed system preventing refrigerant leaks.
- Secure mountings and footings reducing vibration and wear.
- Robust insulation and air sealing preventing cooled air leaks.
- Proper drainage and moisture management.
Tips for Installation Quality
- Verify technician experience and licensing.
- Request references and examples of past AC installations.
- Get multiple quotes to assess fair pricing.
- Carefully read all details in quote and contract.
- Inspect work in progress when possible.
Investing in a high-quality installation from the start extends an AC’s operating life, reducing environmental impacts across years of use before disposal is eventually needed.
The Impact of Air Conditioner Disposal on Corporate Social Responsibility
For companies involved in manufacturing, installing, or disposing of air conditioners, responsible end-of-life practices are part of CSR:
Why CSR Matters
- Strong corporate sustainability practices are expected by consumers and shareholders.
- Helps attract and retain employees, especially younger workers.
- Mitigates operational and reputational risks.
AC Disposal and CSR
- Adoption of recycling programs shows environmental stewardship.
- Following best disposal practices demonstrates accountability.
- Public reporting on AC waste diversion rates and impacts.
- Partnerships with certified disposal vendors.
Going Beyond Compliance
- Voluntary takeback programs for customers’ used ACs.
- Investments in new technologies to improve AC recyclability.
- Support for policies further regulating AC disposal.
- Combatting illegal dumping by unlicensed operators.
Responsible air conditioner end-of-life management is increasingly an imperative for companies to demonstrate their commitment to sustainability.
The Role of Businesses in Promoting Responsible Air Conditioner Disposal
Companies up and down the AC supply chain can promote better disposal practices:
- Engineer ACs for easier end-of-life disassembly and recycling.
- Provide consumer education on responsible disposal options.
- Invest in technology improving AC refrigerant safety.
Retailers & Distributors
- Offer trade-in programs and discounts on replacement units to promote recycling.
- Partner with contractors providing responsible removal and disposal services.
HVAC Install/Repair Firms
- Provide AC recycling and responsible disposal options.
- Get training in proper refrigerant handling.
- Only partner with certified waste disposal companies.
Waste Management Companies
- Develop AC de-manufacturing capabilities at more facilities.
- Provide necessary manifests and complete documentation of responsible disposal process.
With engagement across these stakeholders, AC recycling and safe disposal can become far more widespread.
The Importance of Educating the Public on Responsible Air Conditioner Disposal
Informing the general public is equally crucial for addressing gaps in responsible disposal of old ACs:
Low Awareness of AC Disposal Impacts
Surveys show limited public understanding of:
- Dangers of improper disposal of AC refrigerants, chemicals, and components.
- Proper end-of-life management techniques.
- Locations accepting ACs for responsible recycling/disposal.
Importance of Consumer Education
- Encourages usage of legitimate disposal services over illegal dumping.
- Willingness to pay marginally more for responsible disposal.
- Spurs demand and growth of formal AC recycling industry.
- Policy support for farther-reaching regulations.
Avenues for Outreach
- Government agency publications and websites.
- Utilities bill inserts.
- Signage at municipal waste collection sites.
- AC retailer and contractor engagement.
- Trade organization and NGO education campaigns.
Broader public education is essential for creating the needed consumer awareness and behaviors to reduce illegal and irresponsible disposal of end-of-life air conditioning equipment.
The Role of Community Initiatives in Promoting Air Conditioner Recycling
Grassroots community efforts can also expand AC recycling and divert units from landfills:
Community Collection Events
Host events for residents to conveniently drop off old window ACs for free recycling.
Local Hauler Partnerships
Encourage waste haulers to provide household AC recycling services.
Recycling Site Navigation
Provide maps and guidance for finding legitimate recycling/disposal locations.
Municipal Facility Upgrades
Advocate for investment in AC de-manufacturing capabilities at local recycling plants.
Lobby utilities or retailers to offer rebates for AC recycling.
Social Marketing Campaigns
Promote AC recycling through competitions between neighborhoods.
Organize teams to provide free recycling assistance to disadvantaged groups.
Bottom-up community engagement paired with public education can significantly expand local AC recycling rates and options.
The Future of Air Conditioner Disposal: A Look at Emerging Technologies
Advancing technologies may one day revolutionize sustainable air conditioner end-of-life management:
Automated Disassembly Robots
- Quickly dismantle AC units with precision.
- Increase recycling speed, efficiency, and labor savings.
- Built-in sensors to monitor unit operations and refrigerant.
- Support predictive maintenance and optimal recycling timeframes.
Blockchain Tracking Systems
- Digitally tag, track, and record AC units across supply chain.
- Increase transparency and compliance.
Chemical Debonding Advancements
- Make separating and purification of material composites easier.
- Improve recyclate quality and closed-loop material flows.
- Wider adoption of ultra low-GWP natural refrigerant alternatives.
- Reduced toxicity and flammability.
Continued innovation and investment can unlock game-changing solutions for maximizing sustainable AC end-of-life management.
Conclusion: The Importance of Responsible Air Conditioner Disposal for Our Planet
With rising global temperatures and AC usage, properly managing end-of-life equipment is an increasingly urgent priority for environmental health. Left unchecked, improperly discarded air conditioners have the potential to significantly harm Earth’s climate, ozone layer, and ecosystems through their leaks, emissions, and pollution. But through responsible disposal practices, reclamation, and recycling, these impacts can be curtailed.
While recycling rates remain low, growing consumer awareness, impactful regulations, technological advances, and ethical corporate stewardship can drive progress. But addressing AC disposal sustainability ultimately requires a comprehensive approach engaging all stakeholders from manufacturers to consumers. With diligent effort and care, ACs can be kept out of landfills and all their hazardous contents safely neutralized.
As a society increasingly reliant on cooling technology, establishing robust end-of-life air conditioner management is an imperative step for reducing our collective environmental footprint. Through conscientiousness and responsible action in how we ultimately dispose of ACs, we can preserve our planet for generations to come.
Tips for Consumers: How to Be More Responsible with Your Air Conditioner
For consumers, here are tangible steps you can take for more sustainable AC ownership:
- When buying a new AC, select an energy-efficient ENERGY STAR model.
- Look for units with eco-friendly refrigerants like R-32 or propane.
- Properly maintain your AC with regular filter changes, coil cleanings, and annual check-ups.
- Have your AC serviced by qualified technicians certified in refrigerant handling.
- Learn about available recycling options when you are ready to replace your old AC.
- Never dump an old AC unit – use a certified disposal service for responsible recycling.
- Be willing to pay marginally more for legitimate disposal to avoid “do-it-yourself” risks.
- Help educate peers, neighbors and your community on the importance of AC recycling.
- Support local and federal policies that enable sustainable AC disposal programs.
With mindful ownership habits and disposal choices, consumers can minimize the climate change and pollution impacts of their home air conditioning.
The Role of Policy Makers in Promoting Responsible Air Conditioner Disposal
While progress starts with individual actions, policymakers play a crucial role in expanding responsible disposal through:
Legislation and Mandates
- Ban certain AC refrigerants, blowing agents, or other components.
- Implement AC recycling/recovery targets.
- Extend producer takeback mandates to the AC industry.
- Strengthen hazardous waste disposal enforcement.
- AC recycling rebates for consumers and contractors.
- Grants for investment in de-manufacturing technology.
- Lower waste fees for recovered AC materials.
- Tax breaks encouraging recycling infrastructure development.
Education and Awareness
- Public AC disposal awareness campaigns.
- Workforce development programs for HVAC technicians.
- Case studies and pilot programs demonstrating best practices.
Public Sector Commitments
- Procurement policies favoring energy-efficient and recyclable ACs.
- Responsible in-house disposal policies for government AC equipment.
- Government facilities accepting consumer/contractor AC drop-offs.
Policy-driven strategies like these can drive step-change improvements in local and nationwide AC disposal sustainability.
Final Thoughts: The Path Towards Sustainable Air Conditioner Disposal
Air conditioners provide comfort and health benefits across sweltering regions of our planet. But reducing their extensive environmental impacts requires forethought across the entire AC lifecycle – from manufacturing to installation to ultimately end-of-life disposal. Transitioning to responsible disposal and recycling is crucial for mitigating ecological harm.
While regulatory mandates, emerging technologies, and ethical corporate practices will accelerate progress, public education and consumer advocacy around AC recycling play an equally vital role. We all have an opportunity to advocate for and choose disposal options that care for our shared environment. Destructive refrigerant emissions, toxic pollution, and wasted resources are avoidable with informed and purposeful action.
There is still a long journey ahead to normalize responsible air conditioner disposal. But each mindful choice brings us one step closer to the goal of keeping discarded ACs out of landfills and safely recovering their valuable components for reuse. With collective and sustained effort, a robust AC end-of-life industry can flourish, propelling this cooling necessity toward true environmental sustainability.


General Ball Info
Aqua / Black
Shrapnel 2.0 Symmetric
The Ordnance C4 joins the Honey Badger Revival in the current Tour Preferred 700 series line from 900 Global. It uses a new version of the symmetrical Shrapnel core and a hybrid version of the very popular S70 coverstock, sanded at 4000 Abralon. The Shrapnel 2.0 Symmetric core gives the Ordnance C4 a slightly higher RG and a slightly lower differential than the Shrapnel Symmetric core that was used in the original solid-covered Ordnance. The hybrid cover of the Ordnance C4 gave all three testers more length and a sharper move off the dry than the Ordnance, with more total hook than the Ordnance Pearl.
The dull box finish gave Cranker the best reaction of the three testers on the heavy oil pattern. The Ordnance C4 picked up and provided enough overall hook for him to have no trouble on this pattern. His ball retained more energy than the Aspect, providing less hook but more downlane motion. He started farther right with the Ordnance C4 than with the Aspect or the original Ordnance on the fresh and his reaction ...


text:
This was an interfaith celebration on the anniversary of the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, where over 400 attended, representing 8 religious communities. The Day of Prayer and Action for Children in El Salvador took place at Cuscatlan Park, an emblematic landmark in the lives of people in the Salvadoran capital city. Most of the attendees were children, boys and girls. The celebration began with the two masters of ceremony from different religious communities: a young woman, a leader of the Catholic Saint Francis parish, who with characteristic genuineness and radiance presented the program. She was accompanied by the spiritual guide of the Muslim community, who read beautiful texts chosen for the occasion with such sweetness that the audience was made to reflect on each word. Along with the selection of readings from the sacred texts of the principal religions, one by one the protagonists of the celebration were presented.
The first to address the audience was the Jewish rabbi, who read a moving prayer: “Our God, God of our fathers, Creator of the universe, source of all life, God of all humankind, loving Father… I pray and supplicate on behalf of our children, born and to be born, because they are the best hope for our world, the compensation for our labor, the fulfillment of our dreams, the guarantee of our immortality and testimony that God has not lost hope in man.”
Second, the public had the opportunity to learn more about the GNRC initiative, its objectives and GNRC’s experience in the Salvadoran context. This talk was presented by a youth from the Calvinist Reformed Church, a member of the steering committee.
Then it was time to listen to a junior youth from the Bahá’í community explain the importance of DPAC and the date associated with the anniversary of the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
The last two prayers were recited by two sisters, children of the Bahá’í community: the youngest, a beautiful little 5-year-old who, as a gift to all those committed to working for the well-being of children, memorized the prayer for children that had been chosen for all the Latin American celebrations; then her 8 year old sister, in her beautiful young voice, sang a child’s prayer set to a lovely melody: “Oh God, Educate these children. These children are the plants of Thine orchard, the flowers of Thy meadow, the roses of Thy garden… Let Thy breeze refresh them in order that they may be trained, grow and develop, and appear in the utmost beauty.”
Closing the formal proceedings, there were cultural and artistic presentations, notably a juggling act put together by youth of the Bartolome de las Casas Center; a youth orchestra and chorus whose songs carried the call for social-justice, prepared by the Monsignor Romero Choir of the Saint Francis parish; “The dance of religious unity” a choreography set up by junior youth of the Bahá’í Community along with youth from other religious communities in the Network, an interfaith cast of dancers from the Bahá’í, Muslim, Christian and faiths as well as youth who profess no particular faith, but share the work of erecting the Kingdom from a lay spirituality.
The program ended with a surprise appearance of a rising young star in El Salvador, singer Shaka of the Shaka and Dres duo, who sang a selection of songs with underlying messages on transforming conflict and social peace.
After the program came time for sharing, and the children and other participants were given home-made style ice-cream and cotton-candy, served by local craftsmen. The children also received a hand-crafted kite as a memento, and they immediately proceeded to run about the park hoping to fly them…. expressing the same hope we share that the prayers we send heavenward might be heard by the Blessed presence of the Creator, so that boys and girls may have life, and live in abundance.

domain: sociology


text:
Silent House, 2012 Shortlist
Translated by Robert Finn
Orhan Pamuk won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2006. His novel My Name Is Red won the 2003 IMPAC Dublin Literary Award. His work has been translated into more than sixty languages.
In a crumbling mansion in Cennethisar (formerly a fishing village, now a posh resort near Istanbul) the old widow Fatma awaits the annual summer visit of her grandchildren: Faruk, a dissipated failed historian; his sensitive leftist sister, Nilgün; and the younger grandson, Metin, a high school student drawn to the fast life of the nouveaux riches, who dreams of going to America. The widow has lived in the village for decades, ever since her husband, an idealistic young doctor, first arrived to serve the poor fishermen. Now mostly bedridden, she is attended by her faithful servant Recep, a dwarf—and the doctor’s illegitimate son. Mistress and servant share memories, and grievances, of those early years. But it is Recep’s nephew Hasan, a high school dropout and fervent right-wing nationalist, who will draw the visiting family into the growing political cataclysm, in this spellbinding novel depicting Turkey’s tumultuous century-long struggle for modernity.
Buy Silent House online

domain: library


text:
Photographer Clarence John Laughlin has been dubbed “The Father of American Surrealism.” His work is known for its atmospheric portrayal of decaying antebellum architecture.
Laughlin’s photos are on view at the High Museum as part of an exhibition called Strange Light. The exhibition surveys Laughlin’s work made between 1935 and 1965, The High began collecting Laughlin’s work in 1974 and “Strange Light: The Photography of Clarence John Laughlin” is the first major presentation of Laughlin’s photographs by the High Museum following a landmark acquisition of his work in 2015.
“City Lights” spoke with the High Museum’s curator of photography, Greg Harris about this influential Southern artist. Clarence John Laughlin’s work is on view at the High Museum through Nov. 10.

domain: artistic


text:
Stay healthy with Shree Nariyal Pani Instant! Made with 100% natural coconut water, this delicious drink is a joy to consume and helps boost your immune system for a healthier lifestyle. Enjoy all the benefits with just one sip.
Entice customers to sign up for your mailing list with discounts or exclusive offers. Include an image for extra impact.

domain: food


text:
Looking after your skin and body 24/7
Staying hydrated around the clock boosts energy levels and gives skin a healthy glow.
When skin is lacking in moisture, people tend to grab their nearest serum or moisturiser to topically replenish the skin. However, hydrating the skin from within will actually moisturise the entire body much more effectively. Every single cell in our body needs water to function correctly. The brain is almost entirely made up of water and fat, so it’s easy to understand why even the first signs of dehydration can affect our ability to concentrate. Our skin is the last area to benefit from body fluids so you can see why it might need a little help to stay hydrated.
H3O Hydration contains ionic electrolytes, hyaluronic acid and the super powerful antioxidant resveratrol. Together these ingredients optimise hydration throughout the day. Electrolyte minerals encourage healthy fluid balance in cells and allow toxins to be removed more effectively. Hyaluronic acid binds with water for glowing skin and long lasting radiance.
H3O Night Repair hydrates and strengthens your skin whilst you sleep thanks to a blend of electrolyte minerals, hyaluronic acid and potent antioxidants. Minerals play a critical role in almost every metabolic reaction in the body and regulate the lipid barrier function, cellular turnover and antioxidant production.
Collagen Shots contains amino acid proteins which support collagen production and hydrate the skin from within. Clinical studies have shown that drinking a collagen supplement increases hydration levels significantly over a period of time.

domain: chemistry


text:
In recent years a new class of neuromorphic multi-chip systems started to emerge that comprise one or more neuromorphic sensors, interfaced to general-purpose neural network architectures based on spiking neurons and dynamic synapses. The strategy used to transmit signals across chip boundaries in these types of systems is based on asynchronous 'address-events': output signals are represented by stereotyped pulse signals (events, or spikes). The analog nature of the signal being transmitted can be encoded in the mean frequency of the neuron’s pulse sequence (spike rates), or in the precise timing of the spike. Both types of representations are still an active topic of research in neural computation, and can be investigated in real-time with these hardware systems.
EU research groups started to contribute significantly to the state-of-the-art in this field thanks also to strong investments by the EU FET program, e.g. see the ALAVLSI, CAVIAR, DAISY, FACETS, eMorph, BrainScales projects. CSNII provides support to the CapoCaccia Cognitive Neuromorphic Engineering Workshops.
Neuroprosthetics aims to restore broken sensory, motor or cognitive function and compensate neural dysfunctions through electrical stimulation of myogenic and/or neuronal structures in the peripheral, spinal and central nervous system. During the last decades neuroprosthetic devices successfully made their way to clinical practice, e.g., cardiac pacemakers, cochlear implants, deep brain stimulation implants for paraplegics and stroke patients, visual neuroprosthetics. In addition, ongoing research awaiting clinical test approval includes development of neuroprosthetics for motor, sensory / motor, and cognitive dysfunctions.
The multidisciplinary field of neuroprosthetics research requires wide dissemination of research outcomes, and intense discussions on possible roadmaps and development strategies involving improved spatiotemporal resolution and communication methods, biocompatibility, ethical issues, implant flexibility, etc.

domain: medical


text:
The most recent initiative is the publication of Future Melbourne, a plan to grow Melbourne as a global city as one of the top ten most liveable and sustainable cities in the world. And if the past performance is anything to go by, it is not a hollow boast.
Future Melbourne is the community of Melbourne’s long-term plan for the future direction of all aspects of city life. It sets out what the community wants for the city.
The next step is to determine how this plan will be achieved and who will lead the actions to achieve the goals. Future Melbourne will provide a framework for the institutions and individuals with an interest in the future of the city to coordinate their collective actions toward common goals. For its part, in 2009 the City of Melbourne will be using it to develop its four year Council Plan.
With the theme of ‘A bold, inspirational and sustainable city’, the measure of success will be achieving six goals for making Melbourne: a city for people; a prosperous city; an eco-city; a knowledge city; a creative city; and a connected city. Melbourne is dynamic; and thrives on diversity and innovation, but needs a solid plan for the future because what is done now will determine how well future generations will live. Although the plan may not be fully realised until after 2020, it is focused on laying solid foundations.
Ten headline targets have been selected as highlights from the many Future Melbourne targets set to help us measure progress towards these goals for the municipality by 2020:
- all visitors and residents feel welcome and safe in the city
- all residents, businesses and visitors have easy to access electronic information
- the municipality is home to at least 140,000 people
- at least 20 per cent of new housing is affordable or social housing
- city employment exceeds 400,000
- per capita greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 have reduced by 35 per cent per resident and 59 per cent per worker from 2006 levels
- per capita drinking water use by 2020 has reduced by 40 per cent per resident and 50 per cent per worker compared to 2000 levels
- Melbourne will be one of the world’s top five university cities
- Melbourne will be in the top 10 most innovative global cities
- at least 90 per cent of people walk, cycle or take public transport to work in the municipality.
Future Melbourne began in early 2007. It is a community plan sponsored by the City of Melbourne and developed collaboratively through ongoing open public conversations. It replaces City Plan 2010. A community Reference Group was invited by the City of Melbourne to champion and guide the development of Future Melbourne and various project partners were invited to participate.
The Future Melbourne plan can be viewed at www.futuremelbourne.com.

domain: news


According to Ohio.com, Ripper’s Rock House, the Akron, Ohio bar and restaurant co-owned by former JUDAS PRIEST and ICED EARTH singer Tim “Ripper” Owens, got a visit this past week from “Bar Rescue”, the Spike TV series in which bar consultant Jon Taffer dispenses advice to the owners and staff of struggling operations.
Owens opened Ripper’s Rock House in 2013 after the closing of Ripper Owens Tap House. Tim’s current partner is local businessman Micah Posten, who owns and operates Impact Landscaping.
“Nowadays, it’s hard,” Owens said. “In this day and age, even being open for two years is good. But we’ve never made any money. We’re gradually losing money, and people don’t see that. If people see one show going on, or a show on the weekend, they think, ‘You guys are doing really good.’ But they forget what happens Sunday to Thursday.”
Posten and Owens “never owned a restaurant,” Owens said. “We don’t know how to run one. We need help to figure that out.”
According to CleveScene.com, the “Bar Rescue” crew has recommended a name charge for Owens’s establishment: Tim Owens’ Traveler’s Tavern.
Final filming is tonight (Saturday, August 22) at 10 p.m. It’s recommended that any folks who want to participate get there early.
“Bar Rescue” airs at 9 p.m. Sundays on Spike. You can also find episodes on www.spike.com.
Owens recorded two studio albums with JUDAS PRIEST — 1997’s “Jugulator” and 2001’s “Demolition” — before the band reunited with Rob Halford.


The situation in Syria is very complicate and cannot be called black and white, Edward Nalbandian, Foreign Minister of Armenia said at the PACE Bureau Meeting in Yerevan, Friday.
The minister said that Syrian President Bashar Assad enlisted the support of a part of his citizens a year ago, and the political views of the given part of Syrians cannot be ignored.
"Many Syrians refuse to support the opposition, as they are not sure what will happen when the opposition comes to power. We support Assad as he supposed us," the minister said.
The minister said that there is a big Armenian community in Syria and the official Yerevan is seriously concerned over the situation in that country. In this light, Nalbandian said, 10,000 Syrian Armenians have already arrived in Armenia.
Edward Nalbandian said it is necessary to seek peace for Syria and do it at the second Geneva Conference.
"The first Geneva Conference proved fruitless, as Iran and Saudi Arabia were not involved in it," the minister said.