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Is Smoke from Wildfires Affecting Crop Yields?
Written by Mark Jeschke, Ph.D., Agronomy Manager
Written by Mark Jeschke, Ph.D., Agronomy Manager
The past several years have been marked by an increase in the frequency and severity of wildfires in the western U.S. and Canada. The effects of these fires have been devastating on the areas directly impacted, and smoke from the fires has been a frequent health concern in nearby population centers. It has also become increasingly apparent that the impact of these wildfires can extend far beyond the immediate area. Wildfire smoke can and does impact air quality throughout the entire continental U.S.
In the Corn Belt region, noticeable levels of smoke in the air during summer and fall have now become commonplace. Wildfire smoke is often most noticeable in the evenings, with hazy red sunsets resulting from the filtering of sunlight through the particulate matter suspended in the atmosphere. During the day, the smoke creates a persistent cloudy haze in the air, reducing the intensity of direct sunlight and making it more diffuse.
Smoky sunset in central Iowa. July 31, 2021.
The increased frequency of smoky days in agricultural areas raises the question of what impact the smoke might be having on crop productivity. Ample sunlight is critical for maximizing plant photosynthesis and crop yield, and lower than normal solar radiation during grain fill can be detrimental. Corn, in particular, is susceptible to reduced yields and reduced standability if the plants need to remobilize carbohydrates from the stalk to make up for a deficit in photosynthesis. This weakens the stalks and opens the door for stalk rot pathogens.
Wildfires in western North America have gotten considerably worse in recent years. Over the past forty years, the total burned area from wildfires in the U.S. has approximately quadrupled, from around 2 million acres annually to over 8 million acres (Figure 1).
The increase in fire risk has been driven by two major factors: increased fuel load in forested areas resulting from decades of fire management practices focused on fire suppression, and increased fuel aridity due to a hotter and drier climate.
Figure 1. Total acres burned by wildland fires in the U.S., 1983-2020. Source: NIFC Wildland Fire Statistics, 2021.
Fire is a natural feature of many forest ecosystems in western North America and controlled burns were common practice across the landscape for generations. In the early 20th Century though, focus started to shift away from forest management in favor of fire suppression after a devastating fire in 1910 known as the “Big Burn” consumed over 3 million acres across Washington, Idaho, and Montana and killed at least 85 people. This event had a long-term impact on the policy direction of the U.S. Forest Service, which had been founded five years prior (Tidwell, 2010).
The outcome of decades of policy focused on fire suppression has been a buildup of fuel in many forested areas. Even though the importance of prescribed burning for fire risk mitigation is now well-understood, doing it has become more difficult due to the expansion of residential development in the wildland urban interface and the diversion of limited fire management resources into protecting homes and businesses from increasingly frequent and intense wildfires. A massive increase in tree mortality following an extended period of drought in California has further increased the supply of combustible fuel (Stephens et al., 2018), dramatically increasing the near-term risk of devastating fires in affected areas.
The risk posed by increased fuel loads in western forests has been exacerbated by climate change, which has manifested though increased temperatures and lower precipitation during the fire season, a lengthening of the fire season due to higher spring and fall temperatures, earlier snowmelt, and reduced river flows. All of these factors have contributed to make fuel loads in forests drier and more combustible (Overpeck and Udall, 2020).
The increase in fire activity over the past 20 years has largely been driven by climate change, with hotter, drier conditions leading to larger and more frequent fires (Abatzoglou and Kolden 2013). The six worst wildfire years in California – years in which over 1 million acres burned – have all been years with above-average temperature and below-average precipitation during the July to November fire season (Figure 2). This set of conditions is occurring with increasing frequency. Average fire season temperatures have exceeded the 20th Century average every year since 2004, with the 2020 season setting a new high of over 4 °F above average as well as a new record of over 3 million acres burned.
Figure 2. California temperature and precipitation deviation from average from July-November of each year, 1895-2020.
* Over 1 million acres burned.
Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.
Impact of Wildfire Smoke
The increase in wildfire activity has led to a substantial increase in the number of days each year impacted by smoke in the air. Effects of wildfire smoke extend far beyond the west coast, with increases observed throughout the U.S. (Burke et al., 2021). The heat generated by active fires lifts smoke high into the atmosphere. At high altitudes, the smoke can travel with jet stream winds across the continent (NASA, 2017). Pockets of concentrated smoke can sometimes occur far from the fires that generated it (Figure 3). Smoke is most noticeable and poses the greatest human health threat when it descends to the surface; however, smoke at any altitude has the potential to affect crop growth by reflecting and scattering incoming sunlight.
Given what is known about the factors that have led to increased wildfire activity, it’s a virtual certainty that wildfire smoke in the atmosphere will continue to increase in frequency and concentration for the foreseeable future, making it important to understand how crop growth and productivity might be affected.
Figure 3. Smoke concentration in the atmosphere over North America, July 21, 2021. Source: NASA Earth Observatory.
Figure 4. Map showing active wildfires and areas impacted by smoke across the U.S. on August 6, 2021. Real-time maps and air quality indicators are available at https://www.airnow.gov. (Click here or on the image above for a larger view.)
The impact of wildfire smoke on crop growth is complex and involves competing effects that can both enhance and suppress photosynthesis. Among the many potential effects on crop growth are three primary factors with the capability to directly impact photosynthesis: reduced sunlight intensity, increased sunlight diffusion, and increased ozone (O3) levels.
Problem: Reduced Sunlight Intensity
The most obvious effect of wildfire smoke in the atmosphere is a reduction in total solar radiation. Much like a hazy cloud cover, smoke reflects a portion of incoming sunlight, reducing the amount of light available to plants. Since plants depend on sunlight to carry out photosynthesis, any reduction in light is potentially detrimental to crop productivity. Plants with the C4 carbon fixation pathway, such as corn, have a higher light saturation point, making them more susceptible to reductions in solar radiation than C3 plants such as soybeans.
Potential Benefit: Increased Diffusion of Sunlight
In addition to reflecting a portion of incoming light, smoke also scatters it, making the light available to plants more diffuse. Wildfire smoke can significantly increase the diffuse fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), which can actually benefit plants by increasing their light use efficiency. The potential effect of more diffuse light on plant growth depends on the characteristics of the plant canopy, with taller, higher leaf area index, and multilayer canopies likely to benefit more from diffuse radiation than shorter plants.
Problem: Increased Ozone Levels
Ozone (O3) is most commonly known for the naturally occurring ozone layer in the upper atmosphere that shields Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. Ground-level ozone, however, is a damaging air pollutant that is harmful both to human health and plant growth. Ozone is formed when pollutants, mainly nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, react in the atmosphere in the presence of sunlight. Wildfires emit large quantities of these precursor compounds. Nitrogen oxides and organic carbons produced by wildfires can be transported long distances by regional weather patterns before they react to create ozone in the atmosphere, where it can persist for several weeks.
Ground-level ozone is very harmful to plants, causing more damage to plants than all other air pollutants combined (USDA ARS, 2016). Ozone is a strong oxidant and damages plants by entering stomata and oxidizing (burning) plant tissue during respiration. Elevated ozone levels have the potential to significantly reduce crop yields. Dicot species such as soybean are generally thought to be more susceptible to yield reduction than monocot species such as corn (Heagle, 1989), although research has shown that corn and soybean are both susceptible to yield loss from ozone pollution (McGrath et al., 2015).
Complex and Interacting Effects
Of the three primary effects of wildfire smoke on crop growth, two of them – reduced total solar radiation and elevated ozone – are clearly negative, while increased diffusion of solar radiation could potentially be positive for crop growth. The ultimate effect on crop growth and yield will depend on the relative impact of each of these factors. For example, any benefit derived from increased diffuse radiation could be negated if the reduction in total solar radiation is too great. Interaction between effects is possible as well. For example, reduced solar radiation from smoke could suppress the formation of ozone from precursor compounds, a process that is dependent on sunlight. Additional effects could come into play as well. Reduction in solar radiation can reduce surface temperatures, which may be good, bad, or neutral depending on the timing and circumstances.
Numerous experiments over the years have studied the impact of reduced solar radiation on corn yields using shade cloths that cover a portion of the crop canopy and reduce the intensity of incident solar radiation by a certain amount. These studies have provided some important insights on the effects of reduced solar radiation on corn.
Reductions in yield can be dramatic. Studies that have included shade treatments that reduce light by 50% or more during grain fill have seen corn yield drop by more than half (Table 1) (Yang et al., 2019).
Table 1. Percent corn yield reduction associated with three different levels of shading (15%, 30%, and 50%) for two hybrids at three different plant densities (Yang et al., 2019).
Timing and intensity matter. Studies that have included multiple degrees of shading have found, not surprisingly, that the more solar radiation is reduced, the greater the effect on yield. Yang et al. (2019) found that impact on yield more than doubled when shading was increased from 30% to 50% (Table 1). The timing of shading is also of critical importance in corn. Reductions in solar radiation during silking and grain fill have a much greater impact than the same level of reduction prior to silking (Table 2) (Liu and Tollenaar, 2009; Reed et al., 1988).
Table 2. Effect of shade treatment timing on corn yield (Liu and Tollenaar, 2009.)
¹ Weeks relative to silking: a -5 to -1, b -1 to +2, c +2 to +5. Shading treatments reduced solar radiation by 55%
NS = not significant, ** = highly significant, (α=0.05)
Effects can vary by hybrid and plant density. Yang et al. (2019) compared effects of shading during grain fill on two different hybrids at three different plant densities. When solar radiation was only reduced by 15%, yield impacts were similar across plant densities. As the degree of shading was increased, however; yield reductions were greater at higher plant densities. The two hybrids compared in the study also differed in their response to reduced light levels, with one hybrid consistently affected more than the other. At the 15% level of shading, yield of the more sensitive hybrid was reduced by 13-15% while the more tolerant hybrid did not have a significant reduction in yield (Table 1).
Reduced solar radiation can also affect stalk quality. In addition to direct effects on corn yield, reduced solar radiation can reduce harvestable yield by negatively affecting stalk quality and standability. Upon successful pollination, ear development places a great demand on the plant for carbohydrates. When the demands of the developing kernels exceed the supply produced by the leaves, stalk and root storage reserves are utilized. Environmental stresses which decrease the amount of photosynthate produced by the plant can force plants to extract even greater percentages of stalk carbohydrates, which preserves grain fill rates at the expense of stalk quality. As carbohydrates stored in the roots and stalk are mobilized to the ear, these structures begin to decline and soon lose their resistance to soil-borne pathogens. Instances of severe stalk rots and lodging have often been observed in association with prolonged periods of low solar radiation during grain fill (Figure 5 and Figure 6).
Figure 5. A Pioneer hybrid plot in 2018 in which poor stalk quality was associated with below average solar radiation throughout the grain fill period. (September 28, 2018; Stephenson County, IL)
How Much Does Wildfire Smoke Reduce Solar Radiation?
Shading studies in corn have often involved treatments that reduced solar radiation by large percentages, similar to reductions that would be caused by moderate to heavy cloud cover. Data collected in Johnston, IA, found that solar radiation reductions from cloud cover ranged from 23 to 62% (Figure 7). So how much does wildfire smoke reduce solar radiation?
Figure 7. Daily PAR received in Johnston, IA under sunny, cloudy, and rainy conditions on four different days during summer of 2015.
A study conducted in 2018 in the California Central Valley found that total PAR was only reduced by 3.6% on average due to wildfire smoke, while the diffuse fraction increased by over 34% during the study period from mid-July to the end of August (Hemes et al., 2020). The predicted effect on corn was a 2.5% increase in photosynthesis, as the positive effect of more diffuse PAR exceeded the negative effect of reduced total PAR. However, under the smokiest conditions observed during the study period, photosynthesis was predicted to decline by over 8%. The authors of the study noted that it focused on ecosystem productivity, not crop yield, and that yield may not respond to increased diffuse PAR in the same way.
Another study in California focused on lake ecosystems found that wildfire smoke over a 55-day period in 2018 reduced PAR by 11% compared to the 2014-2017 average (Scordo et al., 2021). Ohio State University researchers compared photosynthetic photon flux density in June and July of 2021, a period marked by frequent smoke in the atmosphere, with the average of the previous 4 years and found that levels were reduced by 6-7% (Table 3).
Table 3. Daily average photosynthetic photon flux density in Wood County, Ohio (Lindsey et al., 2021).
Determining the actual impact of wildfire smoke on crop yields is extremely difficult for a number of reasons, including the multiple, competing effects involved and the difficulty in isolating the effects of smoke from other influences. Conducting controlled experiments on wildfire smoke is impractical, so research has often focused on measuring the effects of smoke events as they occur. Experiments such as shading studies can provide important insights into the possible impact of specific aspects of smoke cover on crop yield but cannot replicate the full suite of effects.
Based on what is known about the effects of reduced solar radiation and elevated ozone on crops, it seems very plausible that wildfire smoke could cause reductions in crop yields. The scope of possible outcomes likely ranges from slightly beneficial to significantly harmful. The study by Hemes et al. (2020) probably represents something close to a best-case scenario where the benefit of increased diffuse PAR exceeded the negative effects of slightly lower total PAR and elevated ozone. The heavier the smoke, the more likely reduction in total PAR will be the dominant factor.
In general, corn is likely to be more susceptible to the effects of wildfire smoke than soybeans. Corn has a higher light saturation point due to its C4 photosynthetic pathway, so is more likely to be impacted by reductions in total PAR. Corn may also experience reduced standability if lower solar radiation during grain fill forces plants to remobilize more carbohydrates from the stalk. The risk of yield loss and reduced stalk health is likely greater when smoke imposes an additional stress upon a crop that is already experiencing the effect other stresses, like disease or drought stress. Clearly identifying all contributing stresses can be very difficult, much less being able to precisely quantify the impact each of the those compounding factors may have had on the crop.
Corn and soybean can both be harmed by elevated ozone levels; however, both the production of ozone from wildfire smoke and the intake of ozone through plant stomata can be influenced by a number of different factors. Corn and soybean already experience wide scale reductions in yield from ozone associated with other sources of air pollution (McGrath et al., 2015), so the additional effect of ozone specifically associated with wildfire smoke could be difficult to determine.
Wildfire smoke is not a problem that’s going away anytime soon. Based on what we know about the contributing factors, wildfires in western North America are likely to increase in frequency and intensity in the coming years. The effects on wildfire smoke on both agricultural and natural ecosystems will likely continue to be an active area of research.
The foregoing is provided for informational use only. Please contact your Pioneer sales professional for information and suggestions specific to your operation. Product performance is variable and depends on many factors such as moisture and heat stress, soil type, management practices and environmental stress as well as disease and pest pressures. Individual results may vary. Pioneer® brand products are subject to the terms and conditions of purchase which are part of the labeling and purchase documents.

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The new head of British Economy destroys the economic vision of Liz Truss
Hunt, who in practice takes control of the Government, dismantles the “growth plan” after the chaos sown in the financial markets
The new finance minister of the UK, Jeremy Hunt, has pulverized the disastrous plan for economic “growth” of < strong>Liz Truss, eliminating almost all the tax cuts announced a month ago by the prime minister and reducing aid for energy bills in homes. In order to calm the financial markets and reduce public debt, Hunt advanced The measures that must be presented in the new budget next October 31.
In a declaration of emergency televised to the country, Hunt announced. the cancellation of the reduction of one point, from 20% to 19%, of the income tax in the basic tranche and the cut of 13,000 million pounds sterling in the price of Social Security. Hunt confirmed The increase in the corporate tax, from 19 to 25%, except for small companies, which had been brought forward on Friday, when his predecessor, Kwasi Kwarteng was dismissed. >. It was also The elimination of VAT on purchases by foreigners visiting the country will no longer apply, and taxes on alcohol will not be frozen. At the beginning of October, Truss had already canceled the planned reduction from 45% to 40% of the high income tax band, in the face of high inflation and rising interest rates.
“We reversed almost all the fiscal measures that were in the growth plan,” he acknowledged. Hunt during his speech. “The most important goal for our country right now is stability. Governments cannot eliminate volatility from the markets, but they can do their part. Stability affects the price of products in stores, the cost of mortgages and the value of pensions,” he added.
In the scrapping operation, the minister, who in practice has taken over the controls of the Government, went even further and drastically reduced the energy aid. ;ethics to homes, introduced this month at a global cost of £150bn. Truss had approved a package of 29,000 million for companies for a period of six months and 120,000 million for households for two years. Now the help to the latter will only come Until April. Hunt has warned that there will be “more difficult decisions” in the coming days on taxes and public spending.
The dismantling of the prime minister's economic vision leaves her position even more precarious, subject to increasing pressure from her own deputies to resign. There are several names that are being considered as a possible successor. The bookmakers are leaning towards former Finance Minister, Rishi Sunak (38%), Truss's rival in the primaries. He is followed by the Minister of Defense, Ben Wallace (17%), Hunt himself (13%), the leader of the House of Commons, Penny Mordaunt (10%) and Boris Johnson (5%) reappears in last position.


The passport is from the Local Veterinary Home inspector. Your vet or your local Animal Health Office may tell you where obtain one. Make sure you take you dog with you, featuring a vaccination record and the blood test results if it’s applicable.
The founder of ISO consultant (TQM) W. Edward Deming found from fifty years of statistical study if you concentrate on the first 15% of any process and find it right, you may go on to 85% of the desired outcomes.
All your stamping and moulding wants could be cared when. Thanks to enterprises who are experts procurement and order manufacture of mechanical components for your mould and tool manufacturing from Asian market place, order processing has just do not been so effortless. Consumers can get significant price ticket advantages on-line. These metal stamping elements suppliers are reliable and looked on. They understand relevance of delivery dates and in addition they abide by them. An individual able to obtain in touch with these enterprises for many of your buy processing demands. Whether it buy monitoring, manufacturing, quality assurance, packaging, transport or delivery, they’re likely to meet pretty much all your necessities.
Agile methodology became a booming approach towards software development. It allows almost everything turning tides of modern technology. Good software companies wield current technologies and respond to changes. They furnish the cause for what offer and teach. Expert commentary is another thing that actually matters. Agile presupposes suggestions and explanations, while there is final report. This approach shows that such companies are oriented at working outcome. Signifies that their primary goal is not their own reward, however the success of software product – the prosperity of product possessors.
There numerous ways this fasteners could be measured and manufactured for size. This is important right now there be some sort of standard for screws, with the variety of number of items and equipment that be reliant upon screws remain fast together again. The United Kingdom, United States, and Canada invented as faster measurement system in 1949 referred to as the Unified Thread Standard. They hoped always be become the world standard. However the ISO Standards eventually won apart. The UK extended uses that standard at all, and Canada has become midway while using transition on the ISO consultant metric fastener level. Today, 40% of screws and merchandise made typically the United States are along with metric faster systems. Gradually, metric fasteners are replacing UTS nails. Soon, UTS will be extinct.
The customer is now in the location to map this imposing file for you to their mountain of records awaiting classification and leaders. Now your in the embarrassing position of doing what should’ve been done well before any file plan was conceived.


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Ryan McGinley “Whistle for the Wind” Book by Rizzoli
One of our favorites here at SLAMXHYPE, Ryan McGinley, is the subject for a monograph entitled Whistle for the Wind, published by Rizzoli. Celebrated and critiqued by novelist Chris Klaus, writer, artist, and activist, John Kelsey, and filmmaker, Gus Van Sant. Whistle for the Wind is the first major chronicling of McGinley’s expansive career. Now Available through Colette.

domain: literature


Kochi: Stylish hit maker Amal Neerad has released the second song of the movie Bheeshma Parvam starring Mammootty. Unni Menon has sung the song which starts as Rathipushpam. The music is composed by Sushin Shyam with lyrics by Vinayak Sasikumar. The song is set in the retro style of the 70’s.
The song features Big Boss star Ramzan and Shine To Chacko. Earlier, the song “Paradise” from the film had garnered a lot of attention. The song was sung by Srinath Bhasi.
The movie will be released in theaters on March 3. The film stars Saubin Shaheer, Shine Tom Chacko, Srinath Bhasi, Farhan Fazil, Dileesh Pothen, Nedumudi Venu, Gino Joseph, KPAC Lalitha, Nadia Moidhu and Lena in the lead roles. There are also reports that Tabu will be coming in a cameo role.
Bhishma Parvat is Mammootty’s first film to be released after the reopening of theaters closed after Kovid. Released on March 3, the film will star Tovino and Aashiq Abu in a duel with Narada. In addition, the government’s order to allow 100 per cent seats in theaters is another relief.
Amal Neerad’s first film together in 2007 was Bhishma Parvat. Last March, it was announced that the second installment of Big B, Bilal, would be out. But Bilal was replaced by Bhishma Parvam.
The film is scripted by Ravi Shankar, Devadath Shaji and RJ Murugan. The camera is handled by Anand C Chandran. Sushin Shyam is the music director.


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A Doctor's Guide to Natural Hormone Replacement
Gerald I. Sugarman, MS, MD, FAAFP Arroyo Grande, California:Lifetime Wellness, 1999. $12.95, http://www.progesteronePower. com, 805-473-3496
This guide contains informative, detailed, and comprehensive information for patients and compounding pharmacists on natural hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
Despite the corny phrase Progesterone Power on its cover, this publication is quite an interesting and informative pocketsized reference. Because of the cover, I would not recommend it for physicians because that phrase might distract them and detract from the credibility of the information. However, this is an excellent comprehensive reference for pharmacists and patients who want to know more about natural HRT. The book contains excellent pictures, charts, and diagrams to illustrate points. Chapters include information on estrogens, progesterone, testosterone, DHEA, thyroid hormone, menopause, perimenopause, osteoporosis, premenstrual syndrome, nutritional supplementation, treatment plans, and laboratory testing. It also reviews the pathophysiology of the menstrual cycle and steroid biosynthesis. Of particular interest to the compounding pharmacist is a section that explains the compounding of natural hormones, dosage forms available, and ways to locate a pharmacy.
Copyright International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding Jul/Aug 2003
Provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights Reserved

domain: library


text:
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Photoluminescent Properties of Zinc Tungstate Nano/Microstructures
Different Zinc tungstate (ZnWO4) nanostructures were controllably synthesized via facile hydrothermal method in the presence of surfactant polyethylene glycol 20000 (PEG-20000). During the synthesis, cheap and simple inorganic salts were used as precursors. The shape and size of ZnWO4 nano/microstructures can be well controlled by the dosage of surfactant, the pH value of reaction system and other hydrothermal parameters. Apart from structural and morphological characterizations of the ZnWO4 nano/microstructures, the composition and the photoluminescent (PL) properties of typical samples have also been investigated by powder X-ray diffraction pattern and fluorescence spectrophotometer, respectively. The results indicated that all the products of ZnWO4 with different morphologies exhibited the only blue peak at 506 nm with an excitation wavelength at 253 nm.
Liangchi Zhang, Chunliang Zhang and Zichen Chen
Q. Wang et al., "Hydrothermal Synthesis and Photoluminescent Properties of Zinc Tungstate Nano/Microstructures", Advanced Materials Research, Vols. 328-330, pp. 1580-1584, 2011

domain: chemistry


A beach replenishment project on Ocean County’s northern barrier island will not begin until early 2015.
Officials have confirmed to Shorebeat that bids for the project, which was supposed to begin this fall, will be solicited in the coming months with construction slated to begin after the new year. It is the second time the project has been delayed; the replenishment effort was originally scheduled to begin last spring.
“They were looking at the benefit-cost ratio,” said Eric Doyle, an engineer with the state Department of Environmental Protection, explaining the latest delay. “That required them to do some design work to optimize the project, and all of those things take a little bit of time.”
Stephen Rochette, spokesman for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Philadelphia district, said the contract will likely be advertised late this fall or early in the winter, with a contract being awarded in early 2015.
“Construction typically follows a month or so after the contract award,” Rochette said.
The $86 million project is primarily funded by the federal government and will be administered by the Army Corps of Engineers. It is separate from the ongoing steel wall revetment project which is currently underway in Brick Township and Mantoloking. The replenishment project will include the construction of engineered, vegetated dunes approximately 25 feet high with a 200 foot-long beach extending out from the dune line. The project will encompass the area between Manasquan Inlet and the South Seaside Park section of Berkeley Township along the barrier island.
A breach in the island at Herbert Street in Mantoloking during Superstorm Sandy has been widely blamed for massive flooding that occurred on both sides of Barnegat Bay. Officials have pointed to areas where nearly identical replenishment projects have taken place, such as Surf City and Harvey Cedars on Long Beach Island, as having better withstood Sandy’s wrath.
The delay in the project comes as local residents remain worried that their communities’ battered beaches may not be able to withstand another large storm, such as a hurricane or nor’easter. In areas such as Brick Township’s Normandy Beach section and Toms River’s Ortley Beach section, the relatively small dunes that were in place before Sandy were completely destroyed during the storm. Both towns have built up temporary berms while the replenishment project’s planning has been underway.
Doyle said the project has also been delayed by some oceanfront residents who have been holding out against signing easements required for the project. In most cases, municipalities have cooperated with the state in condemning the small slivers of oceanfront property needed for the protective dunes to be built, but in some areas – such as Bay Head – there has been opposition even from local government officials.
Brick Township signed a cooperative agreement with the state earlier this year in which the Department of Environmental Protection would handle the relatively small number of condemnations required.
“They’re moving through all of the other requirements for real estate,” said Doyle. “There are some outstanding properties out there that haven’t signed easements.”


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Currently the Executive Director and founding Board Member of Music PEI, Rob Oakie has been instrumental in the current growth of PEI’s music industry. Since helping to establish the organisation in 2008 the number of PEI exporting and internationally touring artists has grown by over 400%.
Prior to heading up Music PEI, Rob had spent 10 years developing exports of PEI’s building material sector internationally in over 8 countries and marketing Anne of Green Gables homes in Japan. Rob used that export development experience to help establish PEI as a major Canadian exporter of music. Rob has served on numerous boards including Folk Music Canada, FACTOR NAB, CCMIA and Culture PEI.
Under Rob’s guidance Music PEI has developed an effective grant program for the music industry distributing close to $100,000 per year helping to leverage private sector investment of close to 3 times that amount along with numerous other development programs.
Rob has been the Executive Producer of Music PEI Awards Week since 2006 overseeing the creative and logistics of an annual event presenting showcases, concerts and an awards program. Music PEI has also created two internationally recognised conferences, Showcase PEI and the Canadian Song Conference as well as Artist Exchange Programs with the England, Denmark and Wales.
Since 2014 Rob has produced the Classic Music Reignited Series at the Watermark Theatre and is also a mandolinist when time allows.

domain: economics


text: NEW YORK CITY — Kamali Organization is advancing construction of The Classic at Kew Gardens, a six-story residential condominium building located in the Kew Gardens neighborhood of Queens, New York City. The building comprises 52 two- and three-bedroom residences, and features a fitness center, a children’s playroom, an indoor garage, and a social lounge with a catering kitchen, a dining room, a game table, and a plasma TV. Individual units range from 574 to 1,385 square feet, and feature luxury finishes and outdoor areas. Prices begin in the mid-$300,000s. Initial occupancies are expected this fall.

domain: geography


text:
Everyone takes a turn to roll the dice and see how many chomps the pig will take. Push down the pig’s head to chomp the burger. With every pump, the pig’s stomach will get bigger and bigger and bigger. But don’t feed him too much because if he pops, you lose!
No batteries required.
Pop The Pig is a fun kids’ action game for 2-6 players, ages 4 and up.
As seen on TV.
Box dimensions: 195(w)x267(h)x125(d)mm
Fairy Girls - Snow White Tutu ...
Hape - Big Engine Shed
Corolle - Chloe Salon de The ...
4M Craft - Headbands

domain: game


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Confirmation of beneficial ownership (UBO) for digital assets under Art. 4 AML, Art. 5 AML
The customer confirms with his signature (in the form of a 6-digit Two-Factor Authentication code) that he is the sole beneficial owner for all
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This applies to all payment methods (crypto currencies included), which are referred to Bitnautic Sagl and all cash (crypto currencies included), which are referred by Bitnautic Sagl to the customer.
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Knowingly providing false information on this form constitutes a criminal act (Art. 251 of the Swiss Penal Code, forgery may be subject to imprisonment for up to 5 years or a fine).
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Greek footballer Giorgos Katidis given lifetime national ban after Nazi salute
Rising star pleads innocence after Twitter outrage
A young Greek footballer has been banned from all levels of international football after celebrating a goal with what appears to be a fascist salute.
Giorgos Katidis, the 20-year-old AEK Athens midfielder, made the offending gesture after scoring his side's winning goal in a 2-1 win against Veria yesterday.
After an internet backlash the player - a former captain of Greece's under-19 side - insisted he was simply pointing at a team mate in the stands, and tweeted: "I am not a fascist and would not have done it if I had known what it meant."
The Greek football federation called it "a severe provocation" that insulted "all the victims of Nazi bestiality".
The incident has added significance because of the rise of the country's neo-fascist Golden Dawn party, which now has 18 seats in Greece's 300-seat parliament. They have also been blamed for rising anti-immigrant violence across the country.
The club have asked Katidis to explain himself at a board meeting next week. But AEK's German coach Ewald Lienen told Reuters: "He is a young kid who does not have any political ideas. He most likely saw such a salute on the internet or somewhere else and did it without knowing what it means."
- 1 What, let gays get married? We must be bonkers
- 2 Rocky Horror star Tim Curry 'suffers major stroke'
- 3 Exclusive: How MI5 blackmails British Muslims
- 5 Farewell, Shameless. Your heirs have work to do
BMF is the UK’s biggest and best loved outdoor fitness classes
Get the latest on The Evening Standard's campaign to get London's children reading.
Win anything from gadgets to five-star holidays on our competitions and offers page.

domain: news


A laboratory-scale steam plant that demonstrates principles of energy conversion and mechanical power measurement.
A mobile frame contains all the parts of the test set. An electric pump draws from a reservoir (included) to deliver water to an electrically-heated boiler. The boiler produces steam to turn a two-cylinder steam motor. The used steam from the motor outlet passes through a mains water-cooled condenser, then down to a waste tank or to a measuring vessel (supplied).
- Ideal for students to gain insight into the first and second laws of thermodynamics
- Uses a simple two-cylinder steam motor and an electrically-heated boiler for easy understanding of the main parts of a steam plant
- Self-contained in a mobile frame that includes all instruments needed for experiments
- Allows students to copy the Marcet boiler experiment to prove the pressure-temperature relationship for saturated steam
- Connects to TecQuipment’s optional Versatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS®)
Request a Quote
The TD1050 includes all instruments needed for experiments to be carried out. These include a band-brake dynamometer with a digital torque and speed display, to measure and display motor speed, torque and power. Thermocouples connect to a digital temperature display to measure and display temperatures at key points in the test set. A throttling calorimeter allows students to measure the dryness fraction of the steam.
- Thermodynamic laws of energy conservation
- Steady flow energy equation
- Thermal effi ciency and the control surface
- Rankine cycle analysis
- The Willans line


Check out the anglers as they fish the Red River on Day Two of the 2012 Bassmaster Classic.
David Walker was grinning Friday, feeling good after posting fourth place on Day One of the 2012 Bas
Go on the Red River during Day One of the 2012 Bassmaster Classic.
After Keith Poche stepped off the Classic stage, he did not fully realize he had just taken the lead
Mike Suchan brings you the bird's-eye view as the 2012 Classic gets under way on the Red River!
Shaw Grigsby has been around long enough to know who is who in the game. Find out who is on his Clas
Bassmaster Elite Series pro David Walker, is in Japan and China in connection with work with one of
David Walker posted a video giving fans a tour of his new luxury Toyota Tundra customized by none ot


The model Tiger 1 in 1/56 scale has a length of about 107 mm.
THE BOX CONTAIN:
1 MODEL KIT - 1 LIQUID CEMENT - 1 TANK GUIDE - WORLD OF TANKS DECALS - 3 INVITE CODES PC VERSION - 1 BONUS CODE PC VERSION - 1 BONUS CODE Xbox VERSION
Development of the Tiger began in 1937. Mass production started in 1942 with 1,347 vehicles being manufactured in total. Its design was iconic with suspension similar to the Panther and a hull that extended over its tracks. This could accommodate a wide-ringed turret mounting the infamous 8,8 cm Kw.K 36 L/56 gun.
Tigers first saw combat in the fight for Leningrad and soon featured in the majority of German armoured engagements. It was the first German heavy tank of WWII and proved to be formidable against Allied and Soviet units witch mostly consistend of Sherman an T-34 tanks.
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Italeri Acryl Set World of Tanks Roll Out
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Italeri 1:56 WoT Panther
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Kyosho POWER PLANT PEAK LIPO 2S-7.4V-5000-45C-DEANS 12AWG
| LiPo Akkus 2s31,36 €
LRP B2-STX Pro 2.4GHz Fernsteuerungs-Set
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Krick Farbenset HMS Victory Admiralty Colours
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Carson 1:10 CV10 Stormracer Pro 2.4G GP RTR
| Massstab 1:10


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Ballon d'Or: France Football magazine to present award to best female player - BBC Sport
A Ballon d'Or for the best female player of the year will be awarded for the first time at the end of 2018.
Luka Modric and Marta win Fifa player of the year awards in London | Football | The Guardian
The Croatia midfielder Luka Modric has beaten Cristiano Ronaldo to be named the world’s best male footballer.
Paris St-Germain: Uefa reopens investigation into French club's spending - BBC Sport
An investigation into French giants Paris St-Germain's finances and spending is reopened by European football's governing body Uefa.
Man Utd need to 'attack, attack, attack' at home says Paul Pogba after Wolves draw - BBC Sport
Manchester United midfielder Paul Pogba says he wants the team to be able to "attack, attack, attack" when they play at home.
A-League plan for in-game music hits bum note, but clubs have other ideas | Football | The Guardian
Mariners to allow safe smoke after flare experiment at Usain Bolt game.
The fact that Real Madrid doesn’t have a women’s soccer team is an absolute disgrace - Managing Madrid
It's mind-boggling that the world's highest-profile and arguably richest soccer business does not want to build a women's team.
The heat is on as conflict deepens in fight for Spanish football's soul | Sid Lowe | Football | The Guardian
Temperatures are rising on and off the pitch, with opposition building to that US plan and kick-off times doing little to help.


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The release of the sniper shooter “Sniper: Ghost Warrior 3” is approaching big steps. The title will be released by CI Games on 25 April 2017 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and PC. Previously, a look at a new gameplay video can be thrown for eight minutes. In this context, numerous enemies once again have to believe, which are generally brought up with a head shot.
In the case of “Sniper: Ghost Warrior 3” you will meet an open game world that is bigger and more advanced than in the first two games of the series. At the same time, the third part is the first real next-gen sniper game. The plot is located during a conflict in Eastern Europe and the title puts you in a modern scenario. As a sniper, you find yourself between the fronts of three enemy factions.
“Sniper Ghost Warrior 3” was announced in December 2014. There followed two shifts. Recently, the developers announced that the development of “Sniper: Ghost Warrior 3” has been completed, making another move so unlikely before the launch. You will find further news about the game as usual in our topic overview.
Update: Meanwhile, the makers followed a trailer, in which the soundtrack of “Sniper Ghost Warrior 3” is presented.


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Wellington's spatial plan has been described as a "childish wish for housing" by one resident, who has compared the capital's heritage to the ancient city of Rome.
Wellington City Council received almost 3000 submissions from individuals and organisations on how and where the capital's growing population should be housed over the next few decades.
The spatial plan proposal has sparked considerable debate in the community, mainly around striking the right balance between housing densification and heritage protection.
Resident Stephen Minto said he lives in a five-storey apartment block in Mt Victoria that accommodated about 15 people.
He said the building replaced two large colonial villas, which would probably have housed the same number of people.
"Fifteen is a drop in the ocean of the accommodation needs supposedly for Wellington," he said.
"The idea that you would destroy Wellington's heritage forever to build that type of development, which would not solve Wellington's accommodation problems, is crazy."
Minto said heritage has huge economic, tourism and quality-of-life values.
"Previous people's lives are in there. It would be like pulling down Rome. Rome was a colonial city, but we still wouldn't pull it down. This spatial plan, I believe, it's too much of a childish wish for housing."
He said heritage areas should not have to carry the full "burden" of housing the people of Wellington.
"The obvious solution is to make the ugly eyesore, the semi-industrial areas of Wellington, the new areas for medium- to high-density housing - Te Aro in particular."
Cycling advocate Patrick Morgan urged councillors to listen carefully to the people most affected by this decision, which he said was those disadvantaged by the current state of the property market.
"These are hard-working people in their 20s and 30s who are effectively shut out of the market and forced to live in substandard housing."
Wellington resident Stephanie Cairns is 31 years old and lived in 10 flats before becoming a homeowner.
"I've lived in at least three turn-of-the-century houses that should not be on the rental market, they are straight up health hazards. I lived in a place in Hataitai that had a literal swamp out the front next to my bedroom."
She said she got so sick she had to take weeks off work.
She described another house she lived in as a "rat-invested crumbling old villa".
Cairns has now developed adult asthma, which she pointed out was costing the Government through the subsidy of her inhaler every month.
"Heritage housing is pretty but we have to prioritise people's health and affordability over that."
Cairns said she was only able to purchase a house after her mother gave her and her sister $300,000 from the proceeds of selling her own house in Wellington.
The feedback will shape the final spatial plan and will influence the formulation of the city's next District Plan, which is the document that sets the rules for the development of the city.
Mayor Andy Foster said the planning status quo was not a realistic option.
"But my intention is that the finished District Plan is one that'll lead to Wellington being an even more attractive and liveable place for thousands of more people."
Wellington Chamber of Commerce chief executive John Milford told councillors they were being too conservative in areas like Kent and Cambridge Terraces, Te Aro, and parts of Adelaide Rd.
He said building heights in those areas should be extended to at least 20 storeys.
"If you give the opportunity to go up to a higher building, you'll push the price of the land up.
"Actually the people who are holding the land with single storey buildings there at the moment will suddenly decide they'd make a better return, so it'll just speed up the process."
Victoria University of Wellington Students' Association engagement vice president Joanna Li said they "wholeheartedly" supported the spatial plan.
She said students were being forced to study remotely because they couldn't afford to live in the city.
Li said students added to Wellington's vibrancy and culture.
"We can contribute so much to the city, but the city has to take care of us first."


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Superhero Mascot Character Logo
This time it's a Superman cartoon style superhero mascot logo. Everyone wants to be Superman. If your company happens to be using a hero theme, why not consider a cool hero character logo? It is almost suitable for all industries, including finance, accounting, SEO, marketing and many more. The cartoon logo design includes color and text customization.
Available for sale at LogoGround for $200.

domain: design


text:
Sports or games have the power to bring about meaningful change in children and youth. There is growing evidence that if sports used in the right manner, it can contribute towards promoting health, improving academic outcomes, gender empowerment and even conflict resolution.
To encourage rural youth towards sports Bidadi Geleyara Balaga (BGB) is working towards development of sports in rural areas to build mental and physical strength and self-esteem especially among children and youth. We believe that given the space to explore their abilities and challenge themselves, children and youth can be change-makers.
Some of our prominent sports initiatives include
- Kabbadi, Kho-Kho and Volleyball matches for school children.
- In commemorative of Sri. Ramesh, Sri. Suresh, Sri. Shashi Kumar planned for volleyball competition.
- On the occasion of Shivarathri, we organized flood lights Shuttle Badminton competition.
- BGB & Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) organized “Breaking the yogurt pot” competition for youth.

domain: sociology


Erika Trautman founded Rapt Media, a Boulder, Colo.-based creative platform for interactive enterprise video. Before Rapt Media, she founded and ran an Emmy Award Winning Production company, Outlier Films, and worked as a documentary filmmaker.
About Erika Trautman
More From Erika Trautman
Starting a Business
Companies may have been able to get ahead before with cool ideas -- but not anymore.
Future of Entrepreneurship
Women tend to undersell their vision compared to men when pitching VCs, but there's more to successful pitching than a big promise. Here's one CEO's lessons.