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In animals with a portosystemic shunt (PSS) there is abnormal blood flow in the liver. Blood should flow from the digestive tract to the liver via the portal system into the blood vessels of the liver, and then to the caudal vena cava which is the large blood vessel carrying blood back to the heart. In a portosystemic shunt, as the name implies, portal blood by-passes the liver and goes directly to the systemic venous circulation (caudal vena cava). One important function of the liver is to clear toxins, many of which are by-products of protein digestion, from the blood. In PSS, these toxins are not cleared, and circulate in the body. This causes the clinical signs associated with PSS, many of which are neurological. The complex of neurological and behavioral signs caused by liver dysfunction is called hepatic encephalopathy.
Portosystemic shunts may be acquired secondary to another disease, or they may be congenital - that is the animal is born with a shunt. A congenital shunt usually occurs as a single abnormal blood vessel that is a remnant of normal embryonic development. These shunts are defined as intra-hepatic or extra-hepatic depending on the location of the blood vessel in relation to the liver.
Most animals with congenital portosystemic shunts show clinical signs before 6 months of age. Where signs are subtle, the condition may not be diagnosed until much later.
The mode of inheritance is not known. Affected individuals and their parents should not be used for breeding.
Generally the diagnosis of congenital PSS is suspected based on the history, clinical signs, and laboratory features. Typically an affected dog is young, of a breed with a predisposition for PSS, with clinical signs and laboratory findings relating to liver dysfunction. A special radiographic tool, contrast portal radiography, is the best way to confirm the diagnosis. Contrast dye is injected into one of the blood vessels going into the liver. In a normal liver, the contrast material disperses into the many blood vessels in the liver, but in congenital PSS, a large portion of the contrast bypasses those vessels and goes directly to the caudal vena cava, the large blood vessel that carries blood to the heart. Contrast radiography also helps in assessing the chances of successfully tying off the shunt surgically. The more contrast that is apparent in the liver, the higher the likelihood of success. Contrast radiography will also identify whether the shunt is intra- or extra-hepatic.
Signs of portosystemic shunts include:
* poor weight gain
* sensitivity to sedatives (especially diazepam)
* pushing the head against a solid object
* poor appetite
* increased drinking and urinating
* balance problems
* frequent urinary tract disease or early onset of bladder stones.
* If these signs increase dramatically after eating, it is a strong supportive sign of a portosystemic shunt.
For more information visit Terri Shumsky Fanny Mae Liver Shunt Fund Dr. Tobias Back to Top
The normal retina lines the back of the eye. The retinal cells receive light stimuli from the external environment and transmit the information to the brain where it is interpreted to become vision. In retinal dysplasia, there is abnormal development of the retina, present at birth. The disorder can be inherited, or it can be acquired as a result of a viral infection or some other event before the pups were born.
There are 3 forms of retinal dysplasia
I) Folding of 1 or more area(s) of the retina. This is the mildest form, and the significance to the dog's vision is unknown.
II) Geographic - areas of thinning, folding and disorganization of the retina.
III) Detached - severe disorganization associated with separation (detachment) of the retina.
The geographic and detached forms cause some degree of visual impairment, or blindness.
In many breeds, inheritance has been shown or is suspected to be autosomal recessive. In others, the mode of inheritance has not been determined. The effect on vision of the mildest form (folding of the retina) is not known. The abnormal retinal folds may disappear with age in dogs that are only mildly affected. Back to Top
Mature Cataract ~ Immature Cataract
Like a camera, eyes have a clear lens inside them that is used for focusing. A cataract is any opacity within a lens. The opacity can be very small (incipient cataract) and not interfere with vision. It can involve more of the lens (immature cataract) and cause blurred vision. Eventually, the entire lens can become cloudy, and all functional vision lost. This is called a mature cataract. Most cataracts in dogs are inherited.
The cataract may develop rapidly over weeks, or slowly over years, in one or both eyes. Like humans, dogs also develop cataracts with age (often after 8 years of life).
Cataracts can also develop in dogs with diabetes mellitus or in orphan puppies on an artificial milk replacer diet.
Yearly CERF examinations are an important tool in diagnosing this condition. Proper treatment can be hastened by early diagnosis. Back to Top
Dry Eye (KCS) Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, or KCS, is a fancy way of saying the eye is dry. Kerato refers to the cornea or clear covering of the eye that faces the outside world. Conjunctivae are the moist pink membranes of the eye socket. "It is" means inflammation and sicca means dry. KCS means inflamed, dry cornea and conjunctiva. It occurs when there is a deficiency in the water portion of the tear film that normally accounts for 95% of the tear volume. Without the water, one is left with oil and mucus; hence, the gooey yellow eye discharge characteristic of this condition.
Tears are essential to the comfort of our eyes but they do more than just provide lubrication. Tears contain anti-bacterial proteins, salts, sugars, and even oxygen to nourish the eye. Tears flush away irritants and infectious agents that are constantly getting in our eyes. Since the outer portions of the eye does not have a blood supply, the tears must bring sugars and oxygen and must remove metabolic waste.
There are many causes of dry eye.
The most common cause of KCS appears to be immune mediated destruction of the tear-producing gland tissue.
Distemper infection attacks all body interfaces with the environment including the eyes. Dry eye is part of the constellation of symptoms that can occur with distemper infection.
There could be a congenital lack of tear producing gland tissue (as described in certain lines of Yorkshire terrier).
Exposure to sulfa containing antibiotics (such as Trimethoprim sulfa combinations) can lead to dry eye (which can be either temporary or permanent and occurs unpredictably).
Anesthesia will reduce tear function temporarily (thus eyes are lubricated with ointment by the attending nurse.)
A knock on the head in the area of one of the tear producing glands can lead to K
Artificial tears can be purchased in most drug stores. These can be combined with other therapies and are certainly very soothing. The problem is that they are typically recommended for use 4 to 6 times a day.
Antibiotic products are often needed especially when starting treatment for KCS as secondary infections are common when there are inadequate tears to wash infectious agents away. These products do not increase tear production but may be important, especially early in therapy.
Mucomyst® Eye Drops are made from a respiratory product used to dissolve thick mucus. In an eye formula, Mucomyst (active ingredient is Acetylcysteine) helps remove the thick eye discharge that accompanies dry eye. Back to Top
By 1 month of age, puppies generally start “erupting” their baby teeth and have all 28 deciduous teeth by the time they reach 1 ½ months of age. By the time a puppy is 6 to 7 months of age, generally all the baby teeth have been replaced with 42 adult or permanent teeth.
The body begins a process of resorption of the baby teeth as soon as the permanent teeth begin their formation. This process causes the teeth to loosen and fall out as the permanent teeth erupt. Occasionally, the normal resorption process fails, and the deciduous teeth do not fall out. This is commonly referred to as “retained deciduous teeth.” This situation leads to problems as two teeth try to occupy the same area causing the new permanent tooth to erupt at an abnormal angle or in an abnormal position. This can result in malocclusion or an "abnormal bite.” This seems to be more common in the small breed dogs.
The four “canine” teeth are most commonly retained. These two sets of canine teeth, one mandibular set on the lower jaw and one maxillary set on the upper jaw, are the sharp fang-like teeth that are just behind the front 6 central incisors.
Extraction of the retained deciduous teeth is recommended as soon as the problem is identified, since early removal allows the adult teeth to move into their normal positions preventing malocclusion problems. Special veterinary care is required during extraction of the baby teeth to prevent damage to the permanent tooth. Often, retained deciduous teeth are removed at the time of spay or neuter since anesthesia is recommended for both procedures.
Late diagnosis or late removal of retained deciduous teeth may result in severe malocclusion associated with pain or difficulty eating. These cases may require surgical removal and orthodontic dental work to reposition the teeth and improve the "bite," usually with the use of braces. Back to Top
Tracheal collapse is a narrowing of the inner diameter of the trachea, that fluctuates with the stage of the respiratory cycle. The rings of the trachea (made of cartilage) lose their ability to maintain their shape, and collapse when the dog breathes, causing a harsh cough. Most often this disorder is seen in middle-aged toy and miniature breeds. Chronic respiratory infection, obesity, and heart disease can all contribute to the development of the condition, but it appears that there is also a congenital deficiency (ie. a dog is born with it) in the make-up of the trachea itself.
How tracheal collapse is inherited is unknown. This disorder occurs almost exclusively in toy and miniature breeds.
Ideally, affected dogs should not be used for breeding. This is difficult in practice however, because many affected dogs do not develop signs of this condition until middle age, when they have already been bred. It is preferable not to use lines of dogs for breeding in which collapsing trachea is a problem. Back to Top
During development before birth, the testicles migrate from the abdomen into the scrotum. Normally this is complete by 10 days of age. Cryptorchidism means that one or both of a dog's testicles have not descended into the scrotum. If this does not happen by 8 weeks, the dog is generally diagnosed as cryptorchid, although the testicles may still descend up to 4 months or so.
This is a fairly common condition, which is seen most often in the toy and miniature. Although the condition is of course seen only in male dogs, both males and females can carry the gene for cryptorchidism. Heterozygous males and females, and homozygous females, will be physically normal, but can pass the gene on to their offspring. Homozygous males are cryptorchid. Thus cryptorchidism is thought to be a sex-limited autosomal recessive trait.
Dogs that are cryptorchid have a much increased risk of testicular cancer (approximately 10 times). Castration will of course eliminate this risk.
Affected dogs should be not be bred. It is best not to breed their parents as well, who carry the gene. Back to Top
A careful examination of puppies by a veterinarian is recommended at 6 weeks of age . Many puppies are born with a slight heart murmur (or puppy murmur) that clears up by itself after 4-6 months. In many cases, vets will simply recommend a later checkup, just to be sure that the condition has resolved itself. Congenital defects are those that have been present since birth. They are comparatively rare, accounting for only 5% of the cases seen by vets.
Chronic valvular disease can be thought of simply as 'leaky valves', caused when the moving parts of the heart valves thicken and harden with age. The result is more or less the same as when a valve in your central heating system starts to wear out: increasingly poor circulation. Valves may thicken or harden with age. This can either restrict bloodflow, or allow blood to 'leak' back past the valve. If any valve is affected in this way, it will compromise the heart's ability to pump blood. Although valvular disease can affect any dog, smaller breeds tend to be more prone.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) At birth, mammals must adapt from living in a fluid environment (the amniotic fluid) and acquiring oxygen through the mother's blood, to breathing air and acquiring oxygen through their own lungs. The ductus arteriosus is very important in the adaptation process. This is a small communicating blood vessel between the pulmonary artery (which carries blood to the lungs), and the aorta (which carries blood to the rest of the body). Before birth, most of the blood from the fetal heart bypasses the fetal lungs via the ductus arteriosus. The lungs gradually become functional fairly late in fetal development. At birth, the blood supply from the mother is of course cut off, the dog (or other mammal) begins breathing on its own, and blood flow through the ductus arteriosus decreases dramatically. Within a few days, the ductus closes off completely.
Where the ductus does not close, the dog is left with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The extent to which this affects the dog depends on the degree of patency, or opening, of the ductus. PDA is the most commonly diagnosed congenital heart defect in dogs. It occurs in many breeds and is seen more often in females. Yorkshire Terriers are one of the breeds with an increased risk for PDA. Back to Top
Reverse sneezing ~ Pharyngeal Gag Reflex
Reverse sneezing is a disconcerting event in which a dog makes unpleasant respiratory sounds that sound like it is dying. Reverse sneezing sounds similar to the honking noise made by a dog with a collapsing trachea, but reverse sneezing is a far simpler condition that usually does not need any treatment. It is called reverse sneezing because it sounds a bit like a dog inhaling sneezes. The most common cause of reverse sneezing is an irritation of the soft palate and throat that results in a spasm. During the spasm, the dog’s neck will extend and the chest will expand as the dog tries harder to inhale. The problem is that the trachea has narrowed and it’s hard to get the normal amount of air into the lungs. Small dogs are particularly prone to it, possibly because they have smaller throats.
Reverse sneezing itself rarely requires treatment. If the sneezing stops, the spasm is over. Oftentimes, you can massage the dog’s throat to stop the spasm; sometimes it’s effective to cover the nostrils, which makes the dog swallow, which clears out whatever the irritation is and stops the sneezing. Back to Top
Hypoglycemia is defined as abnormally low blood glucose (sugar) levels. The brain requires sugar for normal function, and unlike many other organs, the brain has a very limited ability to store glucose. The signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia are similar regardless of the cause. These include lethargy, weakness, incoordination, seizures, nervousness, tremors and hunger. Some puppies may only exhibit weakness or a wobbly gait. In severe cases the puppy may become unconscious. By giving a quickly absorbed source of sugar (syrup, honey, or jam) by mouth you may be able to controll the symptoms. If not treated it can result in death. Back to Top
What to do When You Suspect Poisoning
Pesticides, fertilizers, paints, antifreeze, household cleaners, and other chemicals can pose real dangers to your pet. It\'s best to prevent poisonings from happening in the first place by keeping containers tightly capped and stored out of reach.
If your pet should become poisoned despite your efforts to protect him, keep him warm and quiet. Don’t panic. Rapid response is important, but panicking can interfere with the process of helping your pet. Take 30 to 60 seconds to safely collect and have at hand any material involved. This may be of great benefit to your vet and/or APCC toxicologists, as they determine what poison or poisons are involved. In the event that you need to take your pet to a local veterinarian, be sure to take the product’s container with you. Also, collect in a sealable plastic bag any material your pet may have vomited or chewed.
If you witness your pet consuming material that you suspect might be toxic, do not hesitate to seek emergency assistance, even if you do not notice any adverse effects. Sometimes, even if poisoned, an animal may appear normal for several hours or for days after the incident.
Call the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center ~ (888) 426-4435. There is a $55 consultation fee for this service.
Be ready with the following information:
* The species, breed, age, sex, weight and number of animals involved
* The animal’s symptoms
* Information regarding the exposure, including the agent (if known), the amount of the agent involved and the time elapsed since the time of exposure.
Have the product container/packaging available for reference.
If your animal is having seizures, losing consciousness, is unconscious or is having difficulty breathing, telephone ahead and bring your pet immediately to your local veterinarian or emergency veterinary clinic. If necessary, he or she may call the APCC.
Poisons and other toxins
Antifreeze is highly poisonous. Unfortunately, dogs actually like the taste of the stuff. Don't leave even a little on the driveway and never leave an open container where pets can reach it.
Aspirin, in appropriate doses is ok for dogs (not cats), but do not give Advil, Tylenol, or any other pain killer without specific instructions from a veterinarian.
Rattlesnake bites are rarely fatal to large dogs, but little dogs get a lot more venom in proportion to their size, and may die.
Mushrooms can cause severe illness or death. Try to keep them cleared away from places your dog can reach.
Chocolate can certainly be poisonous for dogs, not because it's highly toxic, but because dogs sometimes eat very large amounts in proportion to their size. If a big dog eats one or two candies, it won't do anything worse than add calories. When a beagle-sized dog eats half a box of chocolates, we have a problem. When a Chihuahua eats a whole box, we have an extremely serious and probably fatal problem.
Xylitol, a sugar substitute often found in dietetic candies and baked goods, can also be fatal to dogs.
Poisonous Plants - There are more than 700 kinds of plants that may be poisonous to your pet. Most plants make puppies pretty sick, but the quantities eaten are usually not life-threatening.--Mistletoe, Daffodils, Larkspur, Hydrangea, Lily of the Valley, Oleander and Foxglove are highly toxic.
Rhododendron and azaleas can be harmful to an animal's heart, intestines, and nervous system.
Philodendron and dieffenbachia are common houseplants which can prove fatal. Some flower bulbs are highly poisonous and dogs will occasionally be fatally poisoned by eating them. Even leaves and stems from tomato plants can be harmful.
It's best to keep pets out of vegetable and flower gardens altogether, but if you suspect your pet may have eaten a poisonous plant, watch for symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, mouth swelling, and salivation. Take the animal to your vet and take along a leaf from the plant that was eaten. Treatment is based on the type of plant and amount swallowed.
If your dog drinks antifreeze or eats rat poison, immediate treatment is needed. You can induce vomiting by giving 1 teaspoonful of ipecac syrup per 10 lbs, or get him to a vet right away. Another good choice is hydrogen peroxide: give 1 teaspoonful per 20 lbs., if vomiting doesn't occur within ten minutes, this may be repeated once. Dogs usually look sad and drool just before they start vomiting. It is also possible to induce vomiting by pouring lots of very salty water down a dog's throat, but attempts are usually unsuccessful and merely waste time. Do not try to induce vomiting if petroleum distillates, caustics, or acids have been ingested, if a pet is having seizures, and/or is not fully conscious. Back to Top
Canine Parvovirus is a highly contagious and potentially fatal gastrointestinal disease in dogs. It was first identified in 1978. Infections occur most commonly in puppies less than20 weeks of age with inadequate or incomplete vaccination. Clinical signs vary in severity from mild to acute death. Clinical signs may include vomiting, bloody diarrhea, lethargy, depression, and anorexia.
Parvovirus is not the only disease that causes vomiting and diarrhea and therefore, should be evaluated by your veterinarian. Indirect transmission occurs by environmental contamination with fecal material or objects such as food/water bowls, bedding, and toys. Transmission may also occur by direct contact between dogs. In addition, the virus may be spread by caretakers by direct contact and on clothing and shoes. The virus is shed in large quantities in the feces for up to 14 days post infection.
The virus is very stable and survives in the environment for long periods of time. It has been known to survive months to even years. Vaccination is the key to prevention. Back to Top
Giardia are protozoans, tiny, one-celled parasitic life forms with the potential to cause serious illness. Some dogs are carriers who show no symptoms, but others get sick and need treatment. Like many disease organisms, Giardia mature in stages. Unlike many others, no time elapses between infestation with the dormant phase and activation of the disease. The cysts (the inactive form) are found in contaminated water and feces.
Once ingested by the dog, the cysts open and discharge the mobile form known as the trophozoite, a pear-shaped critter with whip-like flagella that propel it through the intestine. If the dog is healthy, the trophozoites may live in the lower digestive tract for years. If the dog has an immature or overburdened immune system, the trophozoites continue to multiply by dividing and can cause the debilitating disease. Cysts can remain viable for several weeks or months in cold, wet environments. Back to Top
Coccidia are single celled organisms that infect the intestine. They are microscopic parasites detectable on routine fecal tests in the same way that worms are but coccidia are not worms and they are not visible to the naked eye. Coccidia infection causes a watery diarrhea which is sometimes bloody and can even be a life-threatening problem to an especially young or small pet.
This is a common parasite and is not necessarily a sign of poor husbandry. Back to Top
Commonly mistaken for Parvovirus, but needs different treatment. It's a bacterial imbalance in the digestive tract. It is a disease that produces acute infectious diarrhea in puppies and kittens. This is not a new form of Parvo. Parvo tests will show a low positive & subsequent tests will continue to show low positives, will be inconclusive, or will give erratic results. This disease is so similar to Parvo, that some dogs have tested in the low positive for Parvo. But they do not have Parvo, and it has been recommended that three parvo tests are needed to exclude Parvo.
This disease can be tested for specifically, so if you have an affected dog that appears to have Parvo, but in your mind know that, that could not be possible, have them tested for "Camby". It is important to note that this disease can be transferred between humans, dogs, cats and other livestock. It starts with fecal mucus sheath & continues to get progressively softer until it is watery and contains blood. It then becomes explosive. Vomiting may accompany and may or may not also contain blood. Feces have a sweet/flowery aroma along with a "slaughterhouse on a summer day" smell (similar to parvo diarrhea but with a floral hint). Feces are usually mustard colored. Dogs dehydrate at an astounding rate. Some say that "Dog Show Crud" is the same as "Campy". Regardless of whether they are one in the same, the symptoms are the same and they both can be deadly if not treated properly. Back to Top
Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) is a fairly large worm up to 14 inches long that, in adulthood, lives in the heart and pulmonary arteries of an infected dog. Dogs acquire this infection through mosquito bites as mosquitoes readily pick up larval heartworms from infected dogs and carry them to new dogs. Some geographic areas have severe heartworm problems while other areas have none. In order for the parasite to establish its presence in an area, the following conditions must be met:
* Types of mosquitoes capable of carrying larval heartworms must be present
* The weather must be warm enough to allow heartworm larval development within the mosquito
* There must be infected dogs (or coyotes) in the area
* There must be vulnerable host dogs in the area
When these conditions come together, an area becomes endemic for heartworm disease.Monthly heartworm treatment is strongly advised. Back to Top
The adult tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum) lives in the small intestine of the dog or cat. It is hooked onto the intestinal wall by a structure called a rostellum which is sort of like a hat with hooks on it. The tapeworm also has six rows of teeth to grab on with. Most people are confused about the size of a tapeworm because they only see its segments which are small; the entire tapeworm is usually 6 inches or more. Once docked like a boat to the host intestinal wall, the tapeworm begins to grow a long tail. (The tapeworm’s body is basically a head segment to hold on with, a neck, and many tail segments). Each segment making up the tail is like a separate independent body, with an independent digestive system and reproductive tract. The tapeworm absorbs nutrients through its skin as the food being digested by the host flows past it. Older segments are pushed toward the tip of the tail as new segments are produced by the neckpiece. By the time a segment has reached the end of the tail, only the reproductive tract is left. When the segment drops off, it is basically just a sac of tapeworm eggs. This segment is white and able to move when it is fresh and, at this time, looks like a grain of white rice. As the segment dries, it looks more like a sesame seed.
Tapeworms are acquired by the dog eating a flea. It takes 3 weeks from the time the flea is swallowed to the time tapeworm segments appear on the pet’s rear end or stool.
The hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma braziliense) is one of the classical internal parasites of puppies. Hookworm infection has several special features that are of interest to us as the caretakers of dogs:
* Hookworms suck blood.
* Hookworms can be transmitted to unborn pups.
* Hookworms can infect humans.
The adult hookworm lives in the small intestine of its host. It hangs on to the intestinal wall using its six sharp teeth and unlike other worms that just absorb the digested food through their skin as it passes by; the hookworm drinks its host's blood. The adult worm lives and mates within the host and ultimately, the female worm produces eggs. Hookworm eggs are released into the intestinal contents and passed into the world mixed in with the host's stool.
Infected puppies are commonly pale, weak, and have long-standing deficiencies. They may or may not have diarrhea. Back to Top
There are two species of roundworms affecting dogs and puppies: Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina. Both are treated with the same medication protocol so when eggs are seen on a fecal flotation exam, it is not necessary to determine which species is present. Roundworm infection can have numerous negative effects. It is a common cause of diarrhea in young animals and can cause vomiting as well. Sometimes the worms themselves are vomited up which can be alarming as they can be quite large which females reaching lengths of up to seven inches. The worms consume the host's food and can lead to unthriftiness and a classical pot-bellied appearance. Very heavy infections can lead to pneumonia as the worms migrate and, if there are enough worms, the intestine can actually become obstructed. Roundworms are long, white and described as looking like spaghetti. Back to Top
The whipworm of dogs (Trichuris vulpis) is substantially smaller than the other worms (a mere 30 to 50 mm in length, about a half inch maximum) and is rarely seen as it lives in the cecum (the part of the large intestine where the small and large intestine meet). The "head" (or more accurately the digestive end of the worm) is skinny vs. its stout tail (or reproductive end) which gives the worm a whip shape, hence the name.
A few whipworms generally do not pose a problem for the host but if large numbers of worms are present embedding themselves in the large intestine tissue, tremendous inflammation can result leading to a bloody, gooey diarrhea. Usually there is not enough blood loss to be dangerous but the diarrhea readily becomes chronic and hard to control.
Consult your Vet for the proper tretment of worms. Back to Top
Polygenic traits are controlled by an unknown number of genes. The gene expression is influenced by a variety of factors including gender, nutrition, breed, rate of growth, and amount of exercise. These traits are quantitative traits - that is, there is a wide range within the population. Such traits include height, weight, character, working abilities, and some genetic defects. Heritability varies within different breeds and within different populations of a particular breed.
Because it is virtually impossible to determine the exact genotype for such traits, it is difficult to control defects with a polygenic mode of inheritance. The best attempts at control are based on a grading scheme for identification of the defect and a breed policy of recording and publishing the results for as many dogs as possible. Back to Top
This is the most common mode of inheritance for genetic conditions in dogs. Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), which causes blindness in many breeds, is such a trait. To be affected, the animal must inherit 2 copies of the gene (genotype pp), 1 from each parent. Dogs with the genotype PP (normal) or Pp (carrier) will be clinically normal but the carrier will pass the affected gene to approximately half the offspring. As long as carriers (Pp) are mated to normal animals (PP), the offspring will be unaffected but some will remain carriers. If 2 carriers are mated, some of the offspring (approximately 25%) will be affected.
As long as the frequency of a gene for a recessive disorder remains low in the population, the particular gene may be passed along for many generations before by chance 2 carriers are mated and affected individuals are born. However, the gene frequency may become unusually high due to breeding of close family members, or because of the "popular sire" effect where a sire with a harmful recessive gene is mated frequently because of desirable traits.
Because the recessive gene is carried in the population in outwardly normal animals, it is very difficult to eradicate these traits. However the incidence can be reduced by identification of carriers through test mating's or through various tests that have been developed, and the conscientious use of this information in breeding programs. Veterinarians, dog breeders, and breed associations must all work together for substantial progress to be achieved. Back to Top

domain: medical


text:
Movie is a brilliant little New Zealand film called HOUSEBOUND
Kylie (Morgana O'Reilly) is a would-be thief that is sentenced to eight months of house arrest after she's caught trying to rob an ATM machine. She's forced to move back in with her well-meaning mother Miriam (Rima Te Wiata), much to Kylie's disdain, as Kylie thinks little of her mother's claims that the house is haunted. She's later horrified when strange things seem to happen around the house, prompting Kylie to begin to believe that her mother may just be right. Her attempts to try to tell people that they may have a malevolent spirit in the house is met with surprising cheer, as they seem to think that having a ghost around would be a good thing.
My complaint is why do they do that?
The American Television studios do it as well we had a brilliant series called Outrageous Fortunes that the american networks loved and picked up but decided to re shoot then they changed all the characters
names their jobs their locations their way of life and then of course half the script ( mainly because New Zealander's are a little more liberal at what they can show on tv) and it didn't go down well yet the original series which shows on some little
channels is loved by those that watch it.
Wich they would come up with their own idea...... my gripe over

domain: entertainment


text:
Online Payday Loans in North Dakota
- Cash Loans Near Me
- Poor Credit History Accepted
- Licensed direct lenders only
- Same-Day Approval Decision
- Easy Loan Application
- No Phone Calls
North Dakota Payday Loans - General Terms & Fees
Short-term cash advances up to $500 are legal in North Dakota (N.D. Cent. Code 13-08-01 et seq.1). Also, borrowers can obtain $1,000 – $5,000 installment and $5,000 – $35,000 personal loans. The maximum repayment term for small loans is 60 days. The maximum APR (Annual Percentage Rate) doesn’t exceed 520%. The finance rate is 20% plus a database fee. Residents can get only one rollover. But they’ll have to pay about 20% of the amount to renew it. Also, there is a 3-day cooling-off period between the loans. The NSF (non-sufficient funds) fee is $20.
Table of Contents
- History of Lending Industry in North Dakota
- Cash Loan in North Dakota – Definition
- Reasons to Get Easy Payday Loans in ND
- Payday Loans in ND – Working Process
- How Much Payday Cash Advances Cost in North Dakota?
- Example of Loan
- Penalties for Late Payments in North Dakota
- Discover Your Loan Alternatives in ND
- North Dakota Payday Loans Online – Basic Requirements
- Follow the Application Steps for Guaranteed Payday Loans
- No Hard Credit Checks Performed for Loans till Payday in ND
- Online Cash Advances Till Payday in ND – Available Cities
- Why We Are the Best for Your Payday Loan in ND
- Payday Loans Near Me in ND
- Apply Now for a Payday Loan in North Dakota
- Offline Option – In-Store Payday Loans North Dakota
- 1F Cash Advance Payday Loans Store Location in North Dakota
- Cash Advance Services Available
- Find a Payday Loan Store Near Me
- Frequently Asked Questions
History of Lending Industry in North Dakota
1990s: Payday lenders operated pawnshops and charged triple-digit interest rates. State lawmakers had to ask pawn shops to seize payday loan deals at a time when interest rates were inflated. However, there was no separate regulation for the industry.
July 1, 2001 – North Dakota’s first Payday Loan Act passed. The law sets a limit on loan interest and fees at 20% of the loan amount. Many payday loan stores are officially open.
2006 – The Military Loan Act effectively limited payday loans offered to the military at 36% APR. There are no exceptions to this federal law, so no North Dakota lender can offer loans to the military with an annual interest rate of more than 36%.
April 1, 2013 – N.D. Century code changed 1308.
June 2, 2016 – The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) has proposed a payday loan rule that is not yet fully in effect (the federal rule is expected to be in November 2020).
Present: North Dakota still adheres to the same payday loan regulations it enacted in the 2000s.
Cash Loan in North Dakota – Definition
You can discover many definitions of cash loans. Basically, it is a sum of money given by a lender for a period of time until the borrower receives their next paycheck. You can borrow between $100 and $1,000. It all depends on the state you live in. For example, Colorado payday loans have some restrictions on the maximum amount which is $500. All states have different legitimate loan applications. It’s important to note that payday loans only work as short-term solutions. The main goal of microfinance companies is to solve urgent tasks that require small amounts of money. You can choose between two ways to obtain money: online or in-person. Read and learn important information about how to get North Dakota same-day payday loans online.
1F Cash Advance has quickly gained popularity among network users due to its simplicity, reliability, and speed. This form of fundraising is a useful alternative to bank loans. However, it also has its own nuances and properties. The main advantage of getting a loan online is convenience and simplicity because you don’t have to go to a financial institution as often. Also, a bank will only lend to you if your credit score matches their requirements.
Reasons to Get Easy Payday Loans in ND
There are a myriad of reasons why you might need some extra cash in North Dakota. But if you find yourself in one of these situations, 1F Cash Advance is at your service.
Your bank has not given you a loan. No one is protected from a personal financial crisis. But in reality, getting a bank loan or modified mortgage loan is not easy and it can take a whole month or even a year to convince the lender. Getting a quick short-term loan to cover your expenses is much quicker.
You are struggling to cover utilities, rent, bills, and grocery shopping. In fact, this may be the main reason you need a fast loan. About 70% of people in the US use a small down payment to manage daily expenses or consumer needs. These costs include credit card payments, utilities, rent, and non-cheap groceries. These borrowers experience a constant shortage of cash and use cash loans to cover their expenses.
You need to cover your credit card debt. You know how every credit card company collects debts and payments, right? They start calling you five times a day and sending you threatening letters until you pay off the debt. So, if you’re sick of your annoying collectors and want to let them go, we will be happy to help. There is also the risk of maxing out your credit card. In this case, the down payment can cover the cost of the overdraft. These two reasons make payday cash loans worthwhile.
You do not want to borrow from your relatives and friends. Some people seek financial help from their families. If that’s your case, online personal loans in North Dakota (ND) can help you get some money to solve your problems without involving your close relatives.
You have to pay off debts that could cost you if you miss them. Depending on the type of agreement you sign with other lenders, you risk significant penalties or even losing some of your assets, such as equipment or even your car if you miss payments. This is one of those cases where the interest on the loan you have to pay will be a minor issue compared to your main debt.
Payday Loans in ND – Working Process
We are committed to providing all our customers with the best possible solutions to meet their financial needs and take their worries away. Our network of lenders offers fast approval decisions and a variety of terms to choose from to ensure your needs are met without additional debt. Our service is always free and without obligation for you.
This is how payday loans work online in North Dakota:
- Apply online now or in-store near you.
- Receive an approval decision on the same day.
- Get your money on the next business day.
How Much Payday Cash Advances Cost in North Dakota?
- Borrowers can receive up to $500.
- Approved lenders are not allowed to make short-term lending transactions with customers with a total outstanding balance greater than $600. This unpaid amount will be paid to the lender or to another party authorized under N.D. Cent. Code 130801.
- Lenders operating in North Dakota may charge a percentage of up to 20% of the loan amount, which means that the customer will pay up to $20 out of every $100 borrowed.
- Approved lenders have the right to charge a short-term loan service fee, provided that such fee does not exceed 20% of the amount paid by the lender to the borrower. Fees cannot be considered interest for any purpose. No other fees or charges may be assessed for short-term loan services except for an amount that does not exceed the cost to the approved lender. He may be charged for initiating the transaction and storing it in a database administered or authorized by the State Commissioner.
- The difference is that in North Dakota, a borrower is allowed to hold a loan for 60 days, and the average limit in other states is 30 days.
- Rollovers are allowed in North Dakota, however, the amount of the fee cannot exceed 20% of the loan.
- A 3 business day deferral period is required before the next consecutive loan is issued.
Example of Loan
North Dakota 1F Cash Advance loan agreements are governed by the State of ND under License No. DP101984.
|Loan Amount: (amount financed)
|Finance Charge: (cost of loan)
*Assuming all payments are made as scheduled
|Check Amount: (total of payments)
|521.43% APR for a 14-day loan term,
243.33% APR for a 30-day loan term
Annual Percentage: APR is the cost of your loan expressed as an annual rate. The APR above is based on sample loan terms for a payment (“Check Amount”) that is due in 14 or 30 days. The APR will increase if the actual loan term is shorter than these examples and decrease if your loan term is longer.
Penalties for Late Payments in North Dakota
Short-term lenders are allowed to extend turnaround times to delay collection activities until you’re on track. However, you may incur a fee of up to 20% of the renewal amount.
If you do not request the transfer and the payment is returned to the lender, you will be subject to a $20 NSF charge if stated in the original contract. Accounts sold to debt collectors can also cost you more and lower your credit score.
Discover Your Loan Alternatives in ND
Our lending partners offer borrowers more options. One of the most popular alternatives is an installment loan. This financial product is available to all consumers with needs over $1,000. You can borrow up to $5,000 with a minimum term of 2 months and a maximum term of 24 months. The main advantage is that you can pay monthly, within a flexible payment schedule.
People tend to use cash installments to pay for big expenses like home renovations, vacations, major auto repairs, etc. Looking for more money to cover your unscheduled bills? Use prepayment and do it before your next payday. Save your budget with flexible payments and reasonable rates.
North Dakota Payday Loans Online – Basic Requirements
Applying for a quick loan in North Dakota is easy with 1F Cash Advance, but there are a few requirements you should know about.
- You must be 18 years of age or older. Lending money to people under this age is illegal in the United States. So if you are over 18, you meet the first requirement.
- Must be a legal resident of North Dakota. To get a short-term loan in ND, you will need to confirm your legal status by providing your contact address. Then the success of the loan is almost guaranteed.
- Bad credit is not a problem, but you still need a steady source of income and earn at least $1,000 per month. Therefore, we can be sure that you can process the refund.
- You must not be a bankruptcy debtor.
- For instant approval, you need a valid phone number and email address. If you do not provide us with this information, we will not be able to contact you.
- Valid checking account.
All we need from you is personal information such as your social security number, your name and address, and the amount you want to borrow. After providing us with the necessary details, once the information has been approved, your lender will contact you to confirm all the terms of the contract.
A small cash advance can be a useful and convenient asset in dealing with emergency situations. But remember, this type of loan cannot cure serious financial problems. Borrowing too many loans from a few companies at the same time is not the best decision, as you may put your financial stability at risk.
Follow the Application Steps for Guaranteed Payday Loans
Do you know you need a loan but don’t know whether your application is likely to be accepted, how much money you need or what is the best option for you?
- Learn about your credit score. Before you start applying for a loan, you should know your credit score.
- Choose the loan amount. There are a number of different reasons you might want to take out a loan. Therefore, it is important to think carefully about how much money you will need before you begin.
- Know the monthly payments. Before you sign up, it’s important to know how much you can pay off your loan monthly.
- Fill in the request form. Are you satisfied with steps 1 to 4 and ready to submit your application? We’ve got you covered. Fill out the loan application form and send it to us. We will pass your application to our network of trusted lenders so they can offer you your North Dakota loan.
No Hard Credit Checks Performed for Loans till Payday in ND
Traditional lending companies will review your credit history to determine your creditworthiness and ability to repay potential loans. This way, they can assess the loan risk. People with lower credit scores often get loans at higher interest rates because they are seen by lenders as potentially risky.
Many people with credit scores below 580 have difficulty getting a loan, and each time they apply and have their credit report denied, their credit score suffers even more. But even if you have bad credit, you can still apply for a bad credit loan. The same situation occurs also for payday loans in Oregon. Unlike a traditional physical check, many lenders today perform a “soft check” without affecting your creditworthiness.
If you apply for a loan without a credit check, your application will be evaluated based on employment, current loans, and other credit information to provide a picture of your financial situation without straining your credit level.
No-credit check loans have a simple application process and are often very quick to get approved, allowing you to get quick access to a loan without worrying about your creditworthiness.
There are generally no prepayment penalties and paying on time installments will help improve your credit score by reporting your payment activity to the major credit bureaus. This way, you can improve your credit score and increase your chances of getting a better deal on your next loan.
Online Cash Advances Till Payday in ND - Available Cities
1F Cash Advance wants to help consumers all around North Dakota State discover the best financial solutions. That is why we provide online payday loans in the following cities: Fargo, Bismarck, Grand Forks, Minot, West Fargo, Williston, Dickinson, Mandan, Jamestown, Watford City
Why We Are the Best for Your Payday Loan in ND
We pride ourselves on offering the best payday loan relief option for people struggling with debt and looking for a strategic partner to help them achieve financial freedom.
If you are having difficulty making ends meet and need a way out, we can help. Payday loans are a quick fix for many people who need quick cash, but the interest rates on these loans are high and will add to your expenses over time.
Our payday loan consolidation specialists can put you back in control of your financial situation without paying exorbitant fees or dealing with aggressive collection tactics from debt collection agencies.
We’ve been helping clients cover their needs for years because we know how difficult it is when life throws you an unexpected curveball. With our affordable loan products, friendly staff, and prompt service, we want to be your trusted partner in consolidating your payday loans.
Payday Loans Near Me in ND
If you Googled “payday loans near me,” stop searching because you’ve come to the right place. 1F Cash Advance is here to find hundreds of lenders in your area who offer payday loans at reasonable interest rates in your state. Feel free to browse our website for more information on payday loans in North Dakota.
Apply Now for a Payday Loan in North Dakota
We understand that loans can be complicated and there is a lot of information to digest. However, if you have the right knowledge and understanding, you can be sure that you will find the right loan for yourself.
Don’t be intimidated when applying for a payday loan in North Dakota. Just remember to be clear about what you can pay, research the risks, understand the contractual clauses and agree on the payment terms that match your income.
Offline Option - In-Store Payday Loans North Dakota
Do you have unforeseen expenses? Get a short-term loan from our North Dakota office. Bad credit is good. Our team will provide you with more information about the high-risk loans we offer to our clients. Get a transparent offer with clear formula conditions. In addition, our branch manager ensures that you have all the information you need to make an informed decision.
1F Cash Advance Payday Loans Store Location in North Dakota
Cash Advance Services Available
Payday Loans in ND
Our most popular products are payday loans of up to $ 1,000 that eligible borrowers can apply for. Customers have the option of choosing from flexible amounts. Apply for a loan of $250, $300, $500, $550, $700, $900, or $1,000 online or in store. State restrictions may apply to maximum amounts. Loan terms of up to one month allow clients to quickly pay off their debts.
Installment Loans in ND
1F Cash Advance offers installment loans that you can pay in fixed monthly installments. It is an ideal solution for those who need more time. Amounts up to $5,000 are available for customers who want a quick loan. With installment loans, a bad credit score is not an issue. You’ll receive near-instant credit decisions and guidance throughout the process, whether you apply via smartphone or in person at one of our offices. These basic requirements make installment loans easy and affordable for all North Dakota residents.
Check Cashing in ND
Most of our retail stores offer cash by check. This is a convenient option for customers who need cash on the go. No long lines at the bank, no checking account needed. Get your money in minutes.
Find a Payday Loan Store Near Me
Benefit from a personalized approach at one of our branches. Not in North Dakota? No problem. Visit our offices in California, Florida, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Nebraska, New Jersey, South Dakota, Tennessee, Wisconsin. We give you the best service, no matter the location.
Don’t hesitate to ask for all the information you need about short-term loans in North Dakota and other states. Our account managers will help you find the best solution for your financial problems. Apply for a payday North Dakota loan at a local store today and start paying your dues.
Frequently Asked Questions
1F Cash Advance only cooperates with authorized lenders who have a license to operate in the state of North Dakota. Every single company is manually verified to ensure your safety.
We work only with a network of trustful and licensed direct lenders that operate according to the lending laws of ND. Feel free to ask for all the needed information about our lending partners.
We provide online loans in the following states: Texas, California, Florida, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, New Jersey, Tennessee, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Oregon, Washington.
All the cities of North Dakota are available for consumers to borrow the payday loans they need. But the most popular cities are Cass, Sioux, Rolette, Benson, Pierce, Adams, Eddy, Emmons, Logan, Dickey, Golden Valley, Ransom, McIntosh, Nelson. If you’re a resident of one of these cities, feel free to apply for online payday cash loans.
You must be at least 18 years old and have a steady income which should exceed $1,000 per month. Also, make sure you have an active bank account, email address, and phone number.
They work the same as other financial products. You apply online, receive approval and get your money in the bank account on the next business day. On the due date, the lender will withdraw the loan amount from your bank account. And that’s it!
Sure! Our lending partners review your creditworthiness, not by the credit score. They will make it assessing your steady income or workplace. Also, you can get a title loan that requires collateral.
They offer soft credit check loans. It means that loan providers will run only light reviews upon your credit history. These checks won’t affect your credit rating.
If you apply before noon, the lender will directly deposit your money by the end of the same day. But if you apply in the afternoon, the loan amount will reach the bank account on the next business day.

domain: finance


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Get Moving update
The first ever Get Moving week took place in October 2008, when 12,000 people got active at events happening all over England. Walkers, footballers, joggers, dancers, canoeists and gardeners from Carlisle to Cornwall felt the benefits of physical exercise for improved mental wellbeing.
This year Get Moving was supported by actor Joe McGann and Olympic medallists Phillips Idowu and Cassie Pattern. Cassie said, “Exercise is a brilliant way of managing stress and improving one's mood. I hope that Get Moving encourages people to get more active and helps improve public attitudes towards mental health issues. Whether it's a weekly swim or a fortnightly dance class, everyone can Get Moving!"
Events are organised by groups and individuals in their local communities and bring together people from every background. Organisations such as the Eden Project, Natural England, BTCV and NHS Trusts (to name just a few) participated in 2008, offering opportunities to try out something new, learn something about mental health and have a bit of fun!
It's proven! Studies have shown that physical activity can give you energy, boost your mood, reduce feelings of depression and combat stress. Exercise is also fun and by bringing people together to work-out, we can learn a little something about each other, helping to reduce some of the stigma associated with mental health. Find out more about mental health and physical wellbeing.

domain: health


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We have a wide range of mixing vessels ranging from 200 litres up to 30,000
Phenol can be stored in its molten state in dedicated tankage
We minimises the amount of waste chemicals. Saving environmental damage and money for our customers
The original company in the group, 网赌正规实体平台推荐 (formulations) Ltd was established in 1983 to complement major chemical companies existing facilities. In 1989 网赌正规实体平台推荐 Chemical Co Ltd was formed to manufacture speciality chemicals, and concentrated on three main areas: -
With the Owners commitment to supporting the chemical industries outsourcing business, and continued inward investment the company grew strongly. By 1991 the original site had reached full capacity, and thus the present site was purchased. This allowed the company to maintain the Speed, Response, and Flexibility synonymous with its name, while increasing the service and product range offered to our customers.
In 1994 the company strengthened its position as a leading contract manufacturer by entering into partnership with the Transol Group of companies.
This partnership was terminated in 1999 following the purchase of the Transol Group by Royal Pakhood and a new partnership entered into with the Crestchem Group of Companies.
In 2010 Crestchem Holdings Limited including the 网赌正规实体平台推荐 shareholding was purchased by Meade-King, Robinson & Co as part of their ongoing expansion plans across the EC opening further avenues of opportunity.
Resulting from these various partnerships 网赌正规实体平台推荐 have invested continuously in its facilities and product development and we are now ready for further sustained growth.

domain: economics


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Limonata Type Flavor, Natural WONF
Limonata Type Flavor, Natural WONF has a profile similar to Lemon - San Pelligrino®. It can be used in a wide range of beverage applications, including beer, cider, wine, and spirits. We recommend a starting use level of 0.05% to 0.30% for most beverage applications. This flavor is TTB approved.
Limonata Type Flavor, Natural WONF contains propylene glycol, ethyl alcohol, natural flavor and natural tocopherols (as preservative).
Our Flavors Are Used By Hundreds of Breweries, Distilleries and Wineries in North America.
For Beer, Cider, Wine, Hard Seltzer and Spirits.

domain: chemistry


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Clinton, MAUSA 01510
October 23, 2013
artistic, ethereal, abstract, creatively recreating the ordinary
as often as I can which is not as often as I like
Taking photographs is a celebration of what I see in the world and a method to share it with others. I like photography, reading, music, travel, my dog. Bucket list of photos include: perfect startrails, macro snowflake, remaking fairy-tales.

domain: artistic


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I am holding on to books, loneliness, close family and friends, and prayers. Exactly in that order when I get tired of nothing or all.
Speaking without restraint about pain or uncomfortable situations that dear life brings, is about bravery, in my book. I am all the time amazed when someone opens their mouths and pour personal episodes that are intimate and a various stories water the eye and arch the chest in pain. In those moments I am present, because in other manners I’m not.
When you have nothing to lose and all in front awaits, screaming to be concurred you shall need to ask and it shall be given. I am still trying to figure this mechanism out.
Love empowers people, fear weakens them. But the roots of fear is nowhere to be seen, only to be felt. Fear creeps in the mind, corrupting thoughts, it creeps in the soul and corrupts intentions. I saw people change the way they walk because of fear. Sometimes I am curious how my walk is. Does anyone notice the change?
In days when green looks gray I can hear echoes of sighs. I don’t know if they belong to me or others.

domain: literature


text: I would use a pinch collar. Contrary to what some people think, if properly used by the handler, it is a great training tool. Make sure the collar is fit and placed properly at the higher part of the neck. Train your pup by first walking with it with a loose leash, the moment your pup pulls away or barks, you much immediately give it a pull (short, but strong pull). Your dog will soon get the message and soon after will not be necessary to correct as often. Note: You must ensure to not keep your leash with tension all the time. Only do a quick pull when necessary for correction. Otherwise, your pup won't know the difference.

domain: pet


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Swati Days of the Week. Disemba - Ingongoni. Siri Hustvedt. The only rock I know that stays steady, the only institution I know that works, is the family. Remind your parents, siblings, cousins, children, or other of this with the following quotes.
How i got my Husband back Thanks to Lord Alika for bringing back my Husband, and brought great joy to my family??? My name is Kathryn Louise, My. A collection of useful phrases in Swazi, a Bantu language spoken in Swaziland and South Africa.
15 Short Family Love Quotes I Love My Family Quotes
See these phrases in any combination of two languages in the Phrase Finder. Key to abbreviations: sg = singular (said to one person), pl = plural (said to more than one person). difficult to discuss the theory of such subjects in the siSwati language. I normally use siSwati when communicating with my friends and family. SiSwati helps me.
All will be in my thoughts daily.
26 Beautiful Zulu Love Quotes For Him
You are born into your family and your family is born into you. Ngigidzise kuze kube semaphetselweni elutsandvo. English to Swati Translations for Measurements of Time. The bible has always encouraged strong family ties and loving familiar bonds.
55+ Family Quotes and Family Sayings Shutterfly
Siswati quotes about family
|Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth.
To navigate to our translator services or terminology for Swati click on a link below.
Video: Siswati quotes about family inspirational quotes about family
It means you will love and be loved for the rest of your life. A man travels the world over in search of what he needs, and returns home to find it. The only rock I know that stays steady, the only institution I know that works, is the family. Louis Zamperini. Betsy Farrell.
Reply | Quote My family will be moving to Swaziland in as well. zulu love quotes quotesContextual translation of love quotes into Zulu zulu proverb quote no stake ever grew old with the bark on, image source: .
40 Family Quotes Short Quotes About the Importance of Family
best quote about family love · best quote about learning from mistakes. High quality SiSwati translation services by professional SiSwati translators.
Tomedes provides the best SiSwati translation quotes. Get the best SiSwati belongs to the Bantu languages group under the Nguni family of languages. It is mainly.
Just an Ordinary Lady Speak Siswati like a true Swati
I found it all on my own. When all the dust is settled and all the crowds are gone, the things that matter are faith, family, and friends. It means you will love and be loved for the rest of your life.
If you need a light hearted reminder of the funny side of family, look to the quotes below:. Louis Zamperini.
In truth a family is what you make it.
Siswati quotes about family
Barbara Bush. Everyone needs a house to live in, but a supportive family is what builds a home.
Marvin J. Check out our content on family rules to live byand combine it with one of our wall art templates to memorialize the sentiment.


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Window Shutters Weybridge
Elegant interior design can be tricky, but with shutters from Woodstock Shutter Company, you can rest assured that you’ll receive a product that stands out, whilst still complementing your existing decor.
From traditional homes in Weybridge to those with more modern features, over the years the team at Woodstock Shutter Company has become well versed in providing window shutters to fit all styles and tastes.
No matter what your requirements or specifications, our shutter design team will tailor our services specifically to you, giving you a wide range of options. These include:
- Plantation Shutters
- Full Height Shutters
- Bay Window Shutters
- Café Style Shutters
- Tier-on-Tier Shutters
- Track Shutters
- Solid Panel Shutters
- French Door Shutters
- Blackout Shutters
- Bespoke Shutters
A family business, for over 20 years, we’ve helped guide people across Weybridge throughout the process, coordinating personalised shutter design appointments that meet your needs.
We know that it’s important your shutters last. This is why we only use premium grade shutter materials that won’t need to be frequently replaced. In fact, we’re so confident in the longevity of our shutters that we offer a five-year guarantee.
If you’re based in Weybridge and are looking for shutter installation, get in touch with Woodstock Shutter Company today.

domain: design


Thousands of Ships Use ‘Cheat Devices’ to Dump Toxic Wastewater Into Sea and Bypass Emissions Standards
Stock photo of cruise ship at Hardangerfjord regeion of Norway. cookelma / iStock / Getty Images Plus
You might have known that cruise ships are some of the world’s worst polluters. Now, there is more disturbing news from the shipping industry thanks to a bombshell investigation that found that global shipping companies have spent billions to equip their ships with “cheat devices” that get around new emissions standards by dumping pollution into the sea rather than the air. The British newspaper The Independent revealed the fraud in an exclusive story.
According to The Independent shipping companies have invested more than $12 billion on a contraption called an open-loop scrubber, which removes noxious sulfur fumes from the exhaust fumes of ships that run on heavy oil. Since the sulfur is not emitted into the air, the ships are in compliance with the International Maritime Organization‘s new emissions standards that are set to go into effect on Jan. 1, 2020.
The cheat happens when the sulfur is rerouted from the exhaust pipes and dumped into the sea around the ship, which increases the volume of pollutants dropped into the oceans and carbon dioxide emissions.
“Imagine how far bn could have gone if it was applied towards developing and deploying technologies for zero-emission vessels,” said Bryan Comer, a senior researcher at the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), a non-profit that gives scientific analysis to environmental regulators, to The Independent.
Ships that have installed the open-loop scrubbers include bulk carriers, container ships and oil tankers, which have the biggest engines and are some of the ocean’s worst polluters, according to Ship Technology, a shipping industry trade-publication.
So far, 3,756 have had scrubbers installed, but only 23 of them, or 0.6 percent, have a closed-loop scrubber, which captures sulfur and stores it in tanks until it can be transferred to a safe disposal facility in port, according to DNV GL, the world’s largest ship classification company, as The Independent reported.
The Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems Association estimated that 4,000 ships will be operating with scrubbers by January.
The byproduct from burning fuel is brutal. When a ship has an open-loop scrubber, it dumps nearly 45 tons of polluted washwater in to the sea for every ton of fuel it burns. The ICCT said the washwater that drops into the ocean is warm, acidic and contaminated with carcinogens and heavy metals, as The Independent reported. Heavy metal pollution has been linked to damage to the central nervous system in humans and animals. Some of the other chemicals in the contaminants have been connected to skin, lung, bladder, liver and stomach cancers.
The ICCT has estimated that cruise ships alone that are fitted with scrubbers will burn around 4 million tons of heavy fuel oil in 2020 and they will dump 180 million tons of contaminated water overboard.
“About half of the world’s roughly 500 cruise ships have or will soon have scrubbers installed,” said Comer to The Independent. “Cruise ships operate in some of the most beautiful and pristine areas on the planet, making this all the more concerning.”
Increasing acidification is already devastating the world’s coral reefs since it makes it harder for corals to build their skeletons, according to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Comer just touched on cruise ships and also noted that scrubbers force ships to burn about two percent more fuel, increasing their CO2 emissions.
The cumulative total from shipping as well will dramatically increase water pollution and will have a devastating impact on marine wildlife and water quality around ports.
“In the North Sea and some parts of the [English] Channel, the water quality has already been heavily degraded,” said Lucy Gilliam, a campaigner for Transport and Environment, a Brussels-based NGO, to The Independent. “Wildlife in these areas is likely to be far more vulnerable to the effects of having ships discharging huge volumes of acidic, polluted, warm water from scrubbers.”
In response to The Independent, the IMO said it had already “adopted strict criteria for discharge of washwater from exhaust gas cleaning systems.” It added that it is “undertaking a review of the 2015 guidelines on exhaust gas cleaning systems. The guidelines include, among other things, washwater discharge standards.”
- The Essential Guide to Eco-Friendly Travel - EcoWatch
- Polar Bear Shot Dead After Attacking Cruise Ship Guard, Raising ...
- Measles Case on Scientology Cruise Ship Leads to Quarantine ...


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«Let's dispense with innovation: bankruptcy will not release property from seizure 'automatically'». Alina Manina for Dolg.RF
25 августа 2021 г.
The arrest can only be lifted by officers of the state authorities who imposed it.
Author: Manina Alina, Advisor, Deputy Managing Partner, Head of Bankruptcy Support Practice.

domain: news


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- Dr. Marco N. Barusco, MD, FISHRS
- Diplomate & President of American Board of Hair Restoration Surgery (ABHRS), Founder & Medical Director of Tempus Hair Restoration, Assistant Professor of Surgery - UCF College of Medicine, Florida, USA.
Special Issue Introduction
Hair restoration surgery has continuously evolved over the years with new, safe and effective modalities of medical treatment, better surgical techniques and technology that allow patients to have natural, undetectable and lasting results. Increased knowledge of hair physiology and hair growth control mechanisms have also allowed for new frontiers of therapy utilizing stem cells and cellular engineering. This special issue will cover all areas above with articles written by the most prominent specialists in the subject.
KeywordsHair restoration, hair transplantation, alopecia, hair loss, baldness
Submission Deadline31 Aug 2018


IJN Aircraft Carrier Soryu 1938 Mitsubishi Navy Type 96 Carrier-based Fighter Set
Fujimi | No. 43156 | 1:700
|Title:||IJN Aircraft Carrier Soryu 1938 Mitsubishi Navy Type 96 Carrier-based Fighter Set|
|Number:||43156 (Also listed as SP-58)|
|Released:||2017 | Rebox (Updated/New parts)|
|Packaging:||Rigid box (Top opener)|
Includes: Plastic sprue, Decalsheet (waterslide)
Dimensions: 410x145x60 mm
(16.1x5.7x2.4 inch)Weight: 435 g
Aircraft carrier Soryu-class
Sōryū Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun (Imperial Japanese Navy 1868–1945)
A5M4 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun Kōkū tai (Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service 1912-1945)
Alternative SKUs for Fujimi 43156: 431567 | TOKU
Note: Prices and availability are indications only. Also check if the product actually matches!
We don't know about any in-box reviews for this IJN Aircraft Carrier Soryu 1938 Mitsubishi Navy Type 96 Carrier-based Fighter Set (#43156) from Fujimi.
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Queen in the East…. is back with another banger after a very wonderful. Run with hold ya hand, her 1st official single with talk046 outfit. This time around the bad girl is about to make u dance all the way with this one she calls IJOYA, produce by emceez, Mix and Mastered by M’peice.
Queen vivy is really one great talent to look out for
Download and enjoy.. then share…
Music: Queen Vivy – Ijoya (Prod by Emceez)


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The Pennsylvania Mining Resources page contains lists and links to publications related to the mineral resources and mining history of Pennsylvania. Items include materials from the Pennsylvania Geological Survey, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, and other sources. Of particular note are the inclusive Pennsylvania Annual Report of Mines for the period 1870 to 1979 and the Historical Statistics of Pennsylvania’s Mineral Industries.
The Bituminous coal mine maps of Pennsylvania were created by the Works Progress Administration from 1934-1938. Workers transcribed information about the extent of underground bituminous coal mines on to these maps, as well as locations of oil and gas wells. Although some mine information was never transcribed, this set provides an excellent representation of the extent of mining throughout western and central Pennsylvania.The counties covered include Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Bedford, Blair, Bradford, Butler, Cambria, Cameron, Centre, Clarion, Clearfield, Clinton, Elk, Fayette, Forest, Fulton, Greene, Huntingdon, Indiana, Jefferson, Lawrence, Lycoming, Mercer, Somerset, Sullivan, Tioga, Venango, Washington, and Westmoreland.
The Pennsylvania Mine Map Atlas is a collaborative of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) and Penn State’s Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access Program (PASDA). This Web-based mapping application and downloadable data allow residents and stakeholders to see detailed underground mine maps that were once only available in hard copies. It not only allows homeowners to view previously unavailable mine maps, but also allows them to see their home’s proximity to the nearest underground mine.
Compiled data on Pennsylvania coal mining accidents covering the period 1814 to 1986. Information includes the name and location of mines, dates of accidents, number of fatalities, and the names of miners injured or killed.
Links to PDF versions of Pennsylvania coal mine accident registers, providing documentation on mining accidents for the commonwealth's anthracite and bituminous coal districts. Topics covered in both the early and later reports include: name of the inspector, name of mine, operator of the mine, name of the injured miner, mine district number, date of the accident, cause of accident, county in which the accident occurred, whether fatal, whether the accident occurred inside or outside the mine, citizenship status, nationality, job classification, marital status, and the number of children.

domain: geography


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08:30 april 9, 2022
The unique beauty of the Norfolk Broads has inspired generations of photographers. In his latest column, Robert Paul, Director and President of the Museum of the Broads (and former President and Vice-President of the Broads Society), looks at the region’s history of capture on film.
This week I’m taking a look at one of my favorite subjects of all – Broadland in film.
The Broads have been a favorite location for artists and photographers for generations and images of Broadland have played a major role in how the area has developed as a must-see destination.
Even my own great-grandfather, Richard James Paul, described in an Eastern Daily Press article, as a “prosperous town gentleman” (perhaps because he owned the family business in Bridewell Alley, Norwich) had a hobby few knew about until now. later.
During his life in the mid-19th and early 20th century he developed his passion for capturing Norfolk scenes on glass negatives, many of which featured Cromer, Broadland, Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft – water and people being his favorite subjects.
He left us a wonderful legacy of over 150 glass plate negatives that have survived despite their fragility. He composed his photos very carefully and made sure everything was in place and where he wanted it. In the 1950s his work was featured in an Eastern Daily Press series called “Leaves from an Album”.
It was very different from Broads’ most famous early authors and photographers, perhaps the best known being George Christopher-Davies.
He was a Shropshire barrister who only came to Norwich for a short time, married the daughter of a Norwich barrister, then moved to Newcastle.
He is often credited as the man who “brought the Broads to public attention”. In 1876 “The Swan and His Crew” became an extremely popular boys’ adventure book with wonderful pictures and sketches.
He went on to publish many other handbooks and guides on Broadland, which was undoubtedly partly responsible for the birth of tourism on the Broads. He eventually returned to Norwich where he died in 1922.
The images produced by Peter Henry Emmerson (1836-1936) are perhaps the most memorable of all. He experimented with “soft focus” initially being influenced by French naturalist painting. Early examples of his work show his interest in promoting direct photography as an art form.
He gave up his career as a surgeon to follow his love of photography by becoming a Distinguished Council Member of the Photographic Society of Great Britain. His work, along with that of Christopher-Davies, has largely secured the future of Broadland as an ideal area for recreation and nature.
Later, other authors, photographers and artists continued in the same vein. These included Harry Brittain, a bank manager from Norwich who sailed the Broads in his yacht ‘Buttercup’ and later owned the wherry ‘Zoe’.
Also, ER Suffling’s books such as ‘The Land of the Broads’ (1885) and the better known John Payne Jennings ‘Sun Pictures of the Norfolk Broads’ copies of which are still sought after today.
Jennings was hired by the Great Eastern Railway Company to take photos of Broadland to display in their passenger carriages as part of a campaign to promote the area as a holiday destination and thus increase passenger numbers!
The Museum of the Broads has an incredible archive of Broads photographs and images, many of which are on display, so make time to visit. The museum will open shortly before Easter.
The Norfolk and Suffolk Broads continue to be a popular area for professional and amateur photographers from all walks of life, especially within Broads Society members and committees, and this year you are invited to take part in the 2022 photography competition and have the chance to add your name to those in this article.
Thanks to a generous sponsor, the Society is able to offer incredible prizes and a chance for your photo to be displayed publicly. The competition is open to everyone, members and non-members. See below for how to enter.
The Broads are an incredibly valuable wetland and on our doorstep – it has fired the imagination not only of eminent photographers, but also of authors, artists and naturalists.
Perhaps in a future article we can discover more of these larger-than-life figures who have made nature study in the Broads their life’s work – the story of Arthur Patterson of Great Yarmouth, for its part, is fascinating. And many of us will remember the marvelous fame of Ted Ellis of Wheatfen and his regular television appearances.
Contest: Do your best
In the 2022 Broads Society Photography Competition, there are two themes: ‘Human Life on the Broads’ and ‘Landscapes of the Broads’.
There are cash prizes and all winners will receive an etched glass trophy. The overall winner will receive the silver ‘David Blair’ trophy for one year. In addition, for the first time this year, there is an “under 18” category.
For full details on how to enter and the rules, please go to www.broads-society.org.uk


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Posted by col3neg on 10 Sep 2019 (9:59 PM). Hosted on the Internet.
Member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, Chen Min-Er and President Maithripala Sirisena have held a detailed discussion on a wide range of subjects on bilateral relations, economic cooperation and regional stability. MORE..
19 Sep 2019 (10:08 PM)
Sri Lankan spin bowler Akila Dananjaya has been banned from international cricket for a period of one year after his bowling action was found to be illegal. MORE..
19 Sep 2019 (7:05 PM)
The former Governor of the Northern Province Reginald Cooray has obtained the official membership of the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (SLPP). MORE..
19 Sep 2019 (8:55 PM)
The revision application filed by the Attorney General against the Colombo chief magistrate s order granting bail to former Defence Secretary Hemasiri Fernando and IGP Pujith Jayasundara was heard before the Colombo High Court today (19). MORE..
19 Sep 2019 (2:48 PM)
A disabled war hero had engaged in a protest after climbing on to the top of a lamppost in front of the Fort Railway Station, this afternoon (19). MORE..
19 Sep 2019 (6:39 PM)
Three candidates have reportedly make deposits for the Presidential Election 2019 within the day. MORE..
19 Sep 2019 (7:07 PM)

domain: politics


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Yoga for therapeutic purposes
Yoga for therapeutic purposes is the use of yoga as exercise, consisting mainly of postures called asanas, as a gentle form of exercise and relaxation applied specifically with the intention of improving health. This form of yoga is widely practised in classes, and may involve meditation, imagery, breath work (pranayama) and music.
At least three types of health claim have been made for yoga: magical claims for medieval haṭha yoga, including the power of healing; unsupported claims of benefits to organ systems from the practice of asanas; and claims of specific medical and psychological benefits from studies of differing sizes using a wide variety of methodologies.
Systematic reviews have found beneficial effects of yoga on low back pain and depression, but despite much investigation little or no evidence for benefit for specific medical conditions. Study of trauma-sensitive yoga has been hampered by weak methodology.
Yoga classes used as therapy usually consist of asanas (postures used for stretching), pranayama (breathing exercises), and relaxation in savasana (lying down). The physical asanas of modern yoga are related to medieval haṭha yoga tradition, but they were not widely practiced in India before the early 20th century.
The number of schools and styles of yoga in the Western world has grown rapidly from the late 20th century. By 2012, there were at least 19 widespread styles from Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga to Viniyoga. These emphasise different aspects including aerobic exercise, precision in the asanas, and spirituality in the haṭha yoga tradition. These aspects can be illustrated by schools with distinctive styles. Thus, Bikram Yoga has an aerobic exercise style with rooms heated to 105 °F (41 °C) and a fixed sequence of 2 breathing exercises and 26 asanas performed in every session. Iyengar Yoga emphasises correct alignment in the postures, working slowly, if necessary with props, and ending with relaxation. Sivananda Yoga focuses more on spiritual practice, with 12 basic poses, chanting in Sanskrit, pranayama breathing exercises, meditation, and relaxation in each class, and importance is placed on vegetarian diet.
Types of claim
At least three different types of claim of therapeutic benefit have been made for yoga from medieval times onwards, not counting the more general claims of good health made throughout this period: magical powers, biomedical claims for marketing purposes, and specific medical claims. Neither of the first two are supported by reliable evidence. The medical claims are supported by evidence of varying quality, from case studies to controlled trials and ultimately systematic review of multiple trials.
Medieval authors asserted that Haṭha yoga brought physical (as well as spiritual) benefits, and provided magical powers including of healing. The Hatha Yoga Pradipika (HYP) states that asanas in general, described as the first auxiliary of haṭha yoga, give "steadiness, good health, and lightness of limb." (HYP 1.17) Specific asanas, it claims, bring additional benefits; for example, Matsyendrasana awakens Kundalini and helps to prevent semen from being shed involuntarily; (HYP 1.27) Paschimottanasana "stokes up the digestive fire, slims the belly and gives good health"; (HYP 1.29) Shavasana "takes away fatigue and relaxes the mind"; (HYP 1.32) while Padmasana "destroys all diseases" (HYP 1.47). These claims lie within a tradition across all forms of yoga that practitioners can gain supernatural powers. Hemachandra's Yogashastra (1.8–9) lists the magical powers, which include healing and the destruction of poisons.
Biomedical claims for marketing purposes
Twentieth century advocates of some schools of yoga, such as B. K. S. Iyengar, have for various reasons made claims for the effects of yoga on specific organs, without adducing any evidence. The yoga scholar Andrea Jain describes such claims in terms of "elaborating and fortifying his yoga brand" and "mass-marketing", calling Iyengar's 1966 book Light on Yoga "arguably the most significant event in the process of elaborating the brand". The yoga teacher Bernie Gourley notes that the book neither describes contraindications systematically, nor provides evidence for the claimed benefits. Jain suggests that "Its biomedical dialect was attractive to many." For example, in the book, Iyengar claims that the asanas of the Eka Pada Sirsasana cycle
...tone up the muscular, nervous and circulatory systems of the entire body. The spine receives a rich supply of blood, which increases the nervous energy in the chakras (the various nerve plexuses situated in the spine), the flywheels in the human body machine. These poses develop the chest and make the breathing fuller and the body firmer; they stop nervous trembling of the body and prevent the diseases which cause it; they also help to eliminate toxins by supplying pure blood to every part of the body and bringing the congested blood back to the heart and lungs for purification.
The history of such claims was reviewed by William J. Broad in his 2012 book The Science of Yoga. Broad argues that while the health claims for yoga began as Hindu nationalist posturing, it turns out that there is ironically "a wealth of real benefits".
Evidence-based medical claims
Researchers have studied the medical and psychological effects of yoga as exercise in a wide range of trials and observational studies, sometimes with careful controls, providing evidence of differing quality about yoga's possible benefits. The various types of claim, and the evidence for them, are discussed below.
Much of the research on the therapeutic use of yoga has been in the form of preliminary studies or clinical trials of low methodological quality, including small sample sizes, inadequate control and blinding, lack of randomization, and high risk of bias.
For example, a 2010 literature review on the use of yoga for depression stated, "although the results from these trials are encouraging, they should be viewed as very preliminary because the trials, as a group, suffered from substantial methodological limitations." A 2015 systematic review on the effect of yoga on mood and the brain recommended that future clinical trials should apply more methodological rigour.
The practice of asanas has been claimed to improve flexibility, strength, and balance; to alleviate stress and anxiety, and to reduce the symptoms of lower back pain, without necessarily demonstrating the precise mechanisms involved. A review of five studies noted that three psychological (positive affect, mindfulness, self-compassion) and four biological mechanisms (posterior hypothalamus, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and cortisol) that might act on stress had been examined empirically, whereas many other potential mechanisms remained to be studied; four of the mechanisms (positive affect, self-compassion, inhibition of the posterior hypothalamus and salivary cortisol) were found to mediate yoga's effect on stress.
Low back pain
A 2013 systematic review on the use of yoga for low back pain found strong evidence for short- and long-term effects on pain, and moderate evidence for long-term benefit in back-specific disability, with no serious adverse events. Ten randomised controlled trials were analysed, of which eight had a low risk of bias. The review stated that yoga can be recommended as an additional therapy to chronic low back pain patients.
A 2013 systematic review on the use of yoga for depression found moderate evidence of short-term benefit over "usual care" and limited evidence compared to relaxation and aerobic exercise. Only 3 of 12 randomised controlled trials had a low risk of bias. The diversity of the studies precluded analysis of long-term effects.
A 2015 systematic review on the effect of yoga on mood and the brain concluded that "yoga is associated with better regulation of the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, as well as a decrease in depressive and anxious symptoms in a range of populations."
Trauma-sensitive yoga has been developed by David Emerson and others of the Trauma Center at the Justice Resource Institute in Brookline, Massachusetts. The center uses yoga alongside other treatments to support recovery from traumatic episodes and to enable healing from PTSD. Workers including Bessel van der Kolk and Richard Miller have studied how clients can "regain comfort in their bodies, counteract rumination, and improve self-regulation through yoga." A 2018 systematic review of 12 studies, that had individually found positive effects compared to their control groups, was unable to find strong evidence of benefit from yoga for post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, or anxiety following traumatic experiences, and called for more rigorous study design.
There is little reliable evidence that yoga is beneficial for specific medical conditions, and an increasing amount of evidence that it is not. A systematic review in 2013 found weak evidence for the use of yoga for rheumatic diseases, with no evidence of its safety. A 2015 systematic review found no evidence of benefit in treatment of epilepsy or menopause-related symptoms. Practice of yoga had no effect on the underlying mechanisms of cancer. Another systematic review in 2015 found little evidence that yoga helps people with dementia perform their daily activities. A 2010 systematic review showed no effect of yoga on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A systematic review in 2019 concluded that there was not enough evidence to be able to assess the effectiveness of yoga for treating women with urinary incontinence.
Although relatively safe, yoga is not a risk-free form of exercise. Sensible precautions can usefully be taken – for example the avoidance of advanced moves by beginners, not combining practice with psychoactive drug use, and avoiding competitiveness.
A small percentage of yoga practitioners each year suffer physical injuries analogous to sports injuries. The practice of yoga has been cited as a cause of hyperextension or rotation of the neck, which may be a precipitating factor in cervical artery dissection.
- Exercise is Medicine
- International Journal of Yoga
- International Association of Yoga Therapists
- Neurobiological effects of physical exercise
- Yoga foot drop
- Feuerstein, Georg (2006). "Yogic Meditation". In Jonathan Shear (ed.). The Experience of Meditation. St. Paul, Minnesota: Paragon House. p. 90.
While not every branch or school of yoga includes meditation in its technical repertoire, most do.
- Cramer, Holger; Lauche, Romy; Haller, Heidemarie; Dobos, Gustav (2013). "A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Yoga for Low Back Pain". The Clinical Journal of Pain. 29 (5): 450–460. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31825e1492.
- Pascoe, Michaela C.; Bauer, Isabelle E. (1 September 2015). "A systematic review of randomised control trials on the effects of yoga on stress measures and mood". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 68: 270–282. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.07.013. PMID 26228429.
- Nguyen-Feng, Viann N.; Clark, Cari J.; Butler, Mary E. (August 2019). "Yoga as an intervention for psychological symptoms following trauma: A systematic review and quantitative synthesis". Psychological Services. 16 (3): 513–523. doi:10.1037/ser0000191.
- YJ Editors (13 November 2012). "What's Your Style? Explore the Types of Yoga". Yoga Journal.CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
- Bo, Forbes. "Yoga Therapy in Practice: Using Integrative Yoga Therapeutics in the Treatment of Comorbid Anxiety and Depression". International Journal of Yoga. 2008: 87.
- Singleton 2010, p. 4.
- Beirne, Geraldine (10 January 2014). "Yoga: a beginner's guide to the different styles". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
- Mallinson & Singleton 2017, p. 108.
- Broad 2012, pp. 39 and whole book.
- Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 108–111.
- Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 359–361.
- Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 385–387.
- Jain 2015, pp. 82–83.
- Gourley, Bernie (1 June 2014). "Book Review: Light on Yoga by BKS Iyengar". The !n(tro)verted yogi. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
- Iyengar 1979, p. 302, and whole book.
- Krisanaprakornkit, T.; Ngamjarus, C.; Witoonchart, C.; Piyavhatkul, N. (2010). "Meditation therapies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (6): CD006507. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006507.pub2. PMID 20556767.
- Uebelacker, L. A.; Epstein-Lubow, G.; Gaudiano, B. A.; Tremont, G.; Battle, C. L.; Miller, I. W. (2010). "Hatha yoga for depression: critical review of the evidence for efficacy, plausible mechanisms of action, and directions for future research". Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 16 (1): 22–33. doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000367775.88388.96. PMID 20098228.
- Riley, Kristen E.; Park, Crystal L. (2015). "How does yoga reduce stress? A systematic review of mechanisms of change and guide to future inquiry". Health Psychology Review. 9 (3): 379–396. doi:10.1080/17437199.2014.981778.
- Ross, A.; Thomas, S. (January 2010). "The health benefits of yoga and exercise: a review of comparison studies". Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 16 (1): 3–12. doi:10.1089/acm.2009.0044. PMID 20105062.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
- Hayes, M.; Chase, S. (March 2010). "Prescribing Yoga". Primary Care. 37 (1): 31–47. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2009.09.009. PMID 20188996.
- Cramer, Holger; Lauche, Romy; Langhorst, Jost; Dobos, Gustav (2013). "Yoga for Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Depression and Anxiety. 30 (11): 1068–1083. doi:10.1002/da.22166.
- Jackson, Kate. "Trauma-Sensitive Yoga". Social Work Today.
- Nolan, Caitlin R. (2016). "Bending without breaking: A narrative review of trauma-sensitive yoga for women with PTSD". Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 24: 32–40. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.05.006.
- Cramer, H.; Lauche, R.; Langhorst, J.; Dobos, G. (November 2013). "Yoga for rheumatic diseases: a systematic review". Rheumatology (Oxford). 52 (11): 2025–30. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ket264. PMID 23934220.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- Panebianco, Mariangela; Sridharan, Kalpana; Ramaratnam, Sridharan (2 May 2015). "Yoga for epilepsy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (5): CD001524. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001524.pub2. PMID 25934967.
- Lee, M. S.; Kim, J. I.; Ha, J. Y.; Boddy, K.; Ernst, E. (2009). "Yoga for menopausal symptoms: a systematic review". Menopause. 16 (3): 602–608. doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e31818ffe39. PMID 19169169.
- "Yoga". American Cancer Society. 1 November 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
- Forbes, Dorothy; Forbes, Scott C.; Blake, Catherine M.; Thiessen, Emily J.; Forbes, Sean (15 April 2015). "Exercise programs for people with dementia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD006489. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006489.pub4. PMID 25874613.
- Wieland, L. Susan; Shrestha, Nipun; Lassi, Zohra S.; Panda, Sougata; Chiaramonte, Delia; Skoetz, Nicole (2019). "Yoga for treating urinary incontinence in women". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2: CD012668. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012668.pub2. PMC 6394377. PMID 30816997.
- Cramer, H.; Krucoff, C.; Dobos, G. (2013). "Adverse events associated with yoga: a systematic review of published case reports and case series". PLoS ONE. 8 (10): e75515. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075515. PMC 3797727. PMID 24146758.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- Penman, S.; Cohen, M.; Stevens, P.; Jackson, S. (July 2012). "Yoga in Australia: Results of a national survey". International Journal of Yoga. 5 (2): 92–101. doi:10.4103/0973-6131.98217. PMC 3410203. PMID 22869991.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- Caso, V.; Paciaroni, M.; Bogousslavsky, J. (2005). "Environmental factors and cervical artery dissection". Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience. 20: 44–53. doi:10.1159/000088134. PMID 17290110.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- Broad, William J. (2012). The Science of Yoga: The Risks and the Rewards. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-4142-4.
- Iyengar, B. K. S. (1979) . Light on Yoga: Yoga Dipika. Unwin Paperbacks. ISBN 978-1855381667.
- Jain, Andrea (2015). Selling Yoga : from Counterculture to Pop culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-939024-3. OCLC 878953765.
- Mallinson, James; Singleton, Mark (2017). Roots of Yoga. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-241-25304-5. OCLC 928480104.
- Singleton, Mark (2010). Yoga Body : the origins of modern posture practice. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539534-1. OCLC 318191988.


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Jessa Duggar Reveals She Had a Miscarriage: 'I Just Immediately Started Crying'
Jessa Duggar Seewald revealed that she experienced a miscarriage over the holidays.
In the nearly 19-minute YouTube video, the 19 Kids and Counting alum, 30, shared the tragic journey of her latest pregnancy, from informing her kids about the new baby to dealing with the aftermath of the news that she had miscarried.
Jessa documented in one scene on camera that she had been concerned early on in the pregnancy because she had been "spotting" blood. She relayed that her family sang the devotional hymn "Day by Day" to cheer her up.
However, upon arriving at her next ultrasound appointment, the doctor broke the news that the baby did not "look good."
"Nothing could have prepared me for the weight of those words in that moment," Jessa said. "At that moment I was just in complete shock. I didn't have words. I just immediately started crying."
She said her husband, Ben Seewald, put his arms around her as the technician left the room to let them "process through the loss."
RELATED: Jessa Duggar Shares Why Her Daughter Wore Socks on Her Hands for Snow Day with Dad Ben Seewald
"We were just sitting there holding hands and crying, like, 'What do we do from here?' " Jessa recalled.
"I feel like in some ways miscarriages can be so jarring because you don't have clear signs of something going wrong," she added. "I had minimal spotting for 24 hours, and that was it."
Due to risks of complications with passing the fetus at home, she said she decided to check in to a hospital to perform a dilation and curettage procedure to remove the fetus from her womb.
Jessa tearfully recalled the moments leading up to the procedure, saying, "I was able to thank God in that moment for giving us this life, even if we wouldn't be able to hold this baby in our arms."
RELATED: Judge Dismisses Duggar Sisters' Invasion of Privacy Lawsuit, Saying They Didn't Prove Their Case
Jessa Seewald/Instagram Jessa (Duggar) Seewald
However, she said it was ultimately after the procedure was done that she faced the hardest moments of the entire process.
"Those 10 to 15 minutes before I was taken back to the room where Ben and my mom were waiting were probably some of the hardest in my life, just laying there feeling so alone," she explained, as her voice broke on camera.
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In the aftermath, Jessa said she wrestled with herself about how she could have done things differently, but noted that having her children — sons Spurgeon, 7, and Henry, 6; and daughters Ivy, 3, and Fern, 18 months — there to comfort her helped her tremendously.
She ended the video saying that she plans to "take a break" on social media and focus on recovering.