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Automatic plant watering system
What does an automatic watering system do? The system is automatic and uses a timer that regulates the irrigation intervals. You can also control the amount of water your plants need for optimal growth. You can also use a computer and sensors in the soil to determine how dry the soil is. It can be adapted to the water needs of each plant.
What is best water saving irrigation system?
- Orbit 69525 Complete set for drip irrigation. The Orbit 69525 is the perfect choice for the budget-conscious homeowner looking for a reliable, high-quality irrigation system.
- GRDNER KIT Rainbird. Rain Bird is one of those brands that you can always trust and they never let you down.
- Rain bird drip.
- Claber 8053.
Does automatic watering save water?
Automatic irrigation system can save water. To provide the plants with the right amount of water in their polytunnel, spray and drip irrigation systems can be set up. Such a system can be much less water intensive. An automatic system can help to save water because: The right amount of water is dispensed.
How much should you water your shrubs and trees?
A good rule of thumb is 12 gallons of water for small decorative plants, 35 gallons for large shrubs and 10 gallons of water for a 15 gallon plant each time you water. Boxwood needs even more water, but does not need to be watered every day. See the StarNote 001 Planting Guide for new plants.
What is an automatic irrigation system?
Automatic irrigation is the use of a device to control irrigation facilities where a change in water flow from one bay or series of bays to another can occur without irrigation.
Is there automatic watering?
A sprinkler system is a water irrigation system that can make multi-tunnel gardening much easier. One of the biggest stumbling blocks for many gardeners new to tunnel growing is insufficient watering. It is easy to water too much, too little or just the wrong way.
Does watering plants with sugar water help them grow?
In fact, the water potential of plants must be less than the water potential of the soil for water to flow from the soil to the plant. In some cases, sugar water can help plants grow, although too much is harmful. Plants grown hydroponically or in petri dishes need sugar as a carbon source to germinate.
What is automated gardening system?
An automated landscaping system refers to a garden in which all aspects of gardening are automated. The most automated part of gardening is drip irrigation, which is a prime example.
When is the best time to water the garden?
The time of day that gardeners water the garden is also important. The best time of day to water outdoor plants is early in the morning, before the heat of the day sets in. This reduces water loss through evaporation and provides plants with water that helps them survive the heat of the day.
What does an automatic watering system do for ■■■■■■■■■
Cannabis drip systems or drip irrigation systems distribute the water evenly over your plants. These automatic cannabis watering systems work by using small tubes stretched along the bottom of your plants, which deliver water slowly, small but steadily all the way to the bottom of your plant, where the roots can reach.
How often should I water my ■■■■■■■■■ plants?
Well, you'll want to water your ■■■■■■■■■ whenever the surface of the soil or growing medium dries out. I like to water when the medium is dry to my first seed, which is about an inch. The earth. Water the plants when the soil seems dry to the first clod (or when the pot feels light). Coconut Fiber - Try to water the plants every 12 days.
How much water should I give my ■■■■■■■■■ plant?
Some plants that grow very tall require about a liter of water per day. One way to measure the needs of outdoor plants is their appearance. When cannabis plants wilt, it means they need water.
What is a 6 station sprinkler timer?
The Orbit EasySet Logic 6Station Sprinkler Timer features EasySet programming logic, a large LCD display and a rotary switch to simplify programming your sprinkler system. This waterproof timer cabinet makes it easy to install both indoors and outdoors.
What does an automatic watering system do for the garden
Automatic Irrigation System Can Reduce Weeds A carefully designed automatic irrigation system can also reduce the number of weeds you have to deal with by ensuring that water is directed exactly where it is needed. Weeds can often grow to take advantage of insufficient watering soil moisture has provided between plants.
How to choose the best time for watering the garden?
Water in the morning if possible. This is the best time to water your garden as it follows the natural growth cycle of plants. The plants are ready to eat early in the morning when the sun is high but not high enough in the sky. The rest of the time they can drink the water before the sun gets hot.
What are the best plant watering spikes for plants?
SIMENMAX Plant Watering Sticks 3. Terracotta Watering Sticks (8 per pack) 4. Lonfenner Automatic Watering Device 5. Terracotta Watering Sticks (4 per pack) 6. Plastic Watering Sticks (4 per pack of 12) 1. Water Flow Rate 2 Material 3 Diameter 4. Versatility Do sprinkler tips work? How do terracotta pouring spouts work? How do self-watering pots work?
What is a watering Spike and how does it work?
This slow-release terracotta or clay stake allows water to flow through the porous surface. It can be brittle, but effective at hydrating plants and maintaining optimal soil moisture.
Why choose simenmax plant Waterer spikes?
SIMENMAX tips for watering plants Check it out on Amazon! This great product will keep your plants and vegetables fresh and healthy with the right amount of water. An adjustable valve is the best solution to regulate the flow and adapt it to the needs of the plant, as each plant needs a different amount of water.
What is the best automatic plant watering system?
Blumat automatic watering system for plants 2. SIMENMAX watering needles 3. Terracotta water needles (8 pieces) 4. Lonfenner automatic watering device 5. Terracotta water needles (4 pieces) 6. Terracotta water needles (4 pieces) terracotta (4 pieces) Plastic sprinklers (12) - packaging ) 1. Water Flow 2 Material 3. Diameter 4. Versatility Do Sprinkler Tips Work? How do terracotta pouring spouts work?
What is the best residential irrigation system?
Sprinkler irrigation systems (best home irrigation systems) Sprinkler irrigation systems are best for large areas, densely planted beds and lawns. More complex systems also exist, especially for use on lawns, where the nozzles go into the ground and retract to provide water when needed.
What is the most efficient irrigation system?
Drip irrigation is the most efficient and suitable irrigation system. Instead of wetting the entire field, only the root portion of the plants is watered. The main purpose of drip irrigation is to provide water when the plants need it most, in the amount needed for good plant growth.
Which irrigation type is best for You?
Drip irrigation is by far the best use of water. Not only does it consume much less, but the water used also evaporates less quickly. PRECISE INSTALLATION REQUIRED: Drip irrigation is incredibly effective, but only when installed correctly.
What is the best irrigation system for grow boxes
The next recommendation from AiHihome is an automatic irrigation system. While this is another ideal drip irrigation system for indoor gardens, the adjustable nozzle lifts it above the rim. 10 drippers.
What is the best raised bed irrigation system for hard water?
WaterWell drip irrigation is the best option for hard water areas. Your WaterWell Drip Line Kit will provide water for four rows of 25. The WaterWell Irrigation System Pot Drip Kit will water up to four containers. It can still be your favorite raised bed irrigation system!
Which is the best grow box for your garden?
Between the Garden Patch Grow Box and the EarthBox Garden Kit, they prefer the EarthBox product. With a water inlet pipe and wheels installed, it is easier to move and maintain than its competitor. As for the other two grow boxes in your review, they each have their place in the world of container gardening.
Why choose growgrow irrigation?
Grow Irrigation offers high quality irrigation products for farms, nurseries and garden centers. Whether you use drip irrigation, sprinklers or overhead sprinklers, Grow Irrigation offers a simple all-in-one solution at a reasonable price.
What is drip irrigation systems?
Drip irrigation, also known as drip irrigation, is a method of watering plants. A drip irrigation system directs the water directly to the bottom of each plant, where it drains slowly so that less water is wasted.
What is the irrigation system?
An irrigation system is a method of getting water where it is needed, but not normally available in the amount needed. It is mainly used for agricultural and landscaping purposes.
What is the best irrigation system for raised beds
Raised beds should be at least 12 inches tall to allow for root growth, and the potting mix should fill the bed to within 2 inches of the top of the bed. For a 1-foot raised bed, plan about 1 cubic foot of soil for every square foot of your raised bed.
Do I need drainage in a raised planter?
To ensure the best drainage in your raised bed, you don't want to just dump the soil from your yard. Individual soil mixture, on the other hand, is better to do yourself. Add one part sand or perlite and one part compost or peat moss to two parts garden soil.
Is Redwood good for raised garden bed?
Redwood is one of the best woods available and has many uses when used in raised beds. Mahogany is a deep red that will add color to your garden, and mahogany's weatherability and durability are added bonuses. It does not shrink over time, does not rot, does not become brittle or crack.
What are the benefits of raised bed gardening?
Raised, deep beds allow roots to grow larger and seek out more nutrients and moisture, reducing the need for water. The raised floor areas of the raised beds improve access to plants and the higher beds are more accessible for wheelchairs.
Who makes the best irrigation system
A Google search for "best sprinkler brands" returns over 780,000 results, and two names appear at the top of the page: Hunter and Rainbird. Both brands are trusted brands with a rich history of producing high quality, reliable products and components that get water to the right place at the right time.
What is the best drip irrigation?
The best drip irrigation system. A drip irrigation system can be as simple as a piece of tape attached to a garden hose. However, a garden with a variety of plantings (shrubs, shrubs, trees, large and small perennials and annual flowers and vegetables) needs a more controlled and flexible system to meet the needs of the different plants.
How do you install an irrigation system?
Install sprinkler heads. Place the heads according to your plan where you chose them. Dig the head deep enough for the ground to support it and it will sit slightly below the top of the grass at the desired height of cut. Wrap the soil around the tops to hold them in place.
What is smart irrigation system?
Smart irrigation technology is the answer. Smart irrigation systems automatically adjust irrigation schedules and run times to meet specific landscape requirements. These controllers significantly improve the efficiency of the seawater use.
What is smart irrigation controller?
Simply put, a smart irrigation controller or timer has built-in water-saving features, including a sensor to set the optimal time for sprinklers based on local weather conditions. Smart controls contribute to a healthy and beautiful landscape and at the same time reduce water consumption. This not only saves water, but also lowers costs for the owner.
Can you save money with an automatic watering system?
Having water meters can also save you money. Setting your automatic watering system to work with natural rainfall is even better for your plants and can potentially save even more water and potentially even more money.
Do automatic water heaters save water?
Such a system can be much less water intensive. An automatic system can help to save water because: The right amount of water is dispensed. (As opposed to watering by hand, where you can easily use more water than you need.) Water is directed exactly where it is needed.
What are the advantages of an automatic Waterer?
The automatic watering system comes with a 1 inch long hose, enough to feed your plants. This allows you to water several plants at the same time when you are not at home. A big advantage of the automatic plant watering system is that it works on both USB and battery.
How do automatic water shut off systems help to save water?
An automated system can help conserve water because: 1 It releases the right amount of water. (As opposed to watering by hand, where you can easily use more water than you need.) 2 Water is directed exactly where it is needed. 3 Automatic shut-off can help keep water consumption to a minimum.
What is the best automatic watering system for plants?
A truly automatic irrigation system to water your plants while you sunbathe and enjoy a cool drink. 1. Mini water balls 2. Self watering set 4. Self watering raindrop set 5. Self watering plant spikes 6. Self watering planter 1. Self watering planter Mini water balls are best for aesthetics .
Do automated waterers (drip systems) really work?
The Wikipedia article states that automatic irrigation systems (drip systems) reduce the amount of water and nutrients the plant loses. He went further, pointing out that this irrigation method greatly reduced soil erosion and weed growth.
What is an automatic Waterer pump?
The pump is also designed to be placed over a water source to prevent continuous water flow even after the pumps have stopped. The sprinkler comes with a 33' 1" hose which is enough to power your plants. This allows you to water multiple plants at the same time while you are away from home.
Does automatic watering save water for plants
As mentioned above, an automatic sprinkler system saves water by ensuring that the water is directed where it is really needed. While sprinkler systems can be good for some applications, sometimes a drip irrigation system that delivers water directly to the ground or underground where plant roots can absorb it is a better idea.
What is the best automatic watering system for your garden?
With a reasonable price, a highly adaptable system, accessories to ensure the best quality for your garden, and ease of use and installation, this system more than deserves a place on the list. The sPlant Micro Automatic Irrigation System is a smaller automatic irrigation system for gardens with few plants.
How do eco-friendly watering systems work?
The collected water moves like a gravity system through any pipe you install and ends up in the water you want. Optionally, you can set a timer for your ecosystem. Self watering pots. Planters maintain one or more plants and rely on trays to collect water so plants can take it up as needed.
What is splant micro automatic watering system?
The sPlant Micro Automatic Irrigation System is a smaller automatic irrigation system for gardens with few plants. Automatic daily timer. The sPlant system allows you to water from half a day to every 30 days.
Does automatic watering save water for animals
Fortunately, they offer the best-proven automatic troughs for cattle and horses that will save you time and effort. Automatic water troughs are a convenient way to keep the water fresh for horses and cattle.
What is animal watering?
The animals are fed with bottles placed in each cage or through an automatic irrigation system. Although feed quality is generally strictly controlled, the water requirements of the animals are less strict.
Why do you need an animal watering system controller?
When used correctly, drinking systems can provide the highest quality water. The animal watering system controller can be used to automate the flushing of rack heads and distribution lines to prevent water stagnation and control bacterial growth. The controller is designed for simultaneous control of the irrigation system.
What are the benefits of using an automatic water Waterer?
The water is cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter. Use less water. Some are heated so you don't have to break the ice in the winter. While there are many benefits to using automatic sprinklers, there are some important factors to consider when using them.
Why save water?
Why save water? Saving water saves money, especially if you use a water meter. Installing simple fixtures such as water-saving faucets and showers saves water and energy by minimizing the use of hot water. About 20% of a typical heating bill for a gas-heated home comes from water in the shower, tub and hot water tap.
What are the benefits of smart water saving devices?
Saving water saves money. Installing simple appliances, such as water-saving faucets and showers, saves water and energy by minimizing the use of hot water.
Can water-efficient appliances save you money?
Water-saving devices can save money and water. The following sheet estimates how much money you could save by installing these devices. These values are based on the assumptions for water savings and estimated energy costs that you calculated in Worksheet 2.
How much water does the human body conserve?
Check out some key facts about water to better understand the importance of water conservation: The average adult's body is made up of 50-65% water. On average about 5760 percent. In infants, they have a higher percentage.
Does automatic watering save water for winter
To conserve water for the rest of the year and save money on your water bill, it is recommended to turn off automatic irrigation systems from November to March. If your garden needs to be watered, just run it manually once and turn it off when the cycle is complete.
Are automatic waterers any good?
Automatic drinkers (especially continuous drinkers) Portable drinkers can be immediately ready for use. The general rule of thumb, especially when it comes to winter watering, is that the more portable the water solution is, the more likely it is to freeze quickly and be more expensive (because of water consumption).
Are portable waterers good for winter watering?
Portable drinkers can be ready to use right away. The general rule of thumb, especially when it comes to winter watering, is that the more portable the water solution is, the more likely it is to freeze quickly and be more expensive (because of water consumption).
How does an automatic Waterer work on a horse?
This automatic drinker is equipped with a float filler that automatically fills with water depending on the water level in the tank. Connects to a standard ¾" hose, making connection easy and saving time. With a 4 gallon water capacity, it is ideal for cattle and horses.
How do you keep water from freezing over in the winter?
Immersion heaters are an expensive way to keep water from freezing in winter. Heated automatic drinkers are the most durable automatic drinkers. The power supplied to this block is usually underground and comes from under the block.
How much water does a newly planted shrub need?
How much should newly planted shrubs be watered? When watering newly planted shrubs, use an amount of water equal to 1/4 1/3 of the volume of the container in which the shrub was purchased.
How often should you water new trees and shrubs?
Direct the water at the roots, not the leaves of the plant. Water newly planted trees and shrubs until roots form. Usually this period is 2 years. Water new plants at least once a week or as needed during the hottest, driest part of summer. Pour deep enough to ■■■■■■■■■ the top 18 inches of soil.
How do you water trees and shrubs during a drought?
Watered trees and shrubs with sprinklers. Apply deep water to the entire root zone until the top 6 to 9 inches of soil is moist. Avoid light watering as this promotes a shallow root system that is susceptible to summer heat and drought.
How often should I water my plants in summer?
Water new plants at least once a week or as needed during the hottest, driest part of summer. Pour deep enough to ■■■■■■■■■ the top 18 inches of soil. Deep, infrequent watering promotes deep root development and makes plants more resistant to future droughts. Light, frequent watering promotes shallow root growth and thirsty plants.
How much should you water your shrubs and trees one
In hot summers, it is best to water plants at least every three days, although established plants, shrubs and trees can be watered once every five days or once a week. Water new plants a little more often after planting until they are established.
How to water plants while away?
- water drainage. This is not a new gardening trick, old school gardeners have been doing this irrigation trick for a long time.
- Bulb for watering bottles. This is a simple and easy technique that will keep your plant saturated for about 34 days.
- Drip system for bottles. An inexpensive and effective alternative to glass bead irrigation and other similar systems, this DIY bottle drip irrigation system is one of the best ideas for
- Give you a bath. By bathing potted plants, they mean placing the pot in a few inches of water.
- Use a planter with automatic watering. If you travel frequently for business or vacation, start growing plants with high water needs in a self-watering pot.
- Ask a Friend This is the most obvious solution for taking care of plants when you are away.
How long to water plants?
Water your houseplant by submerging it in a bucket or placing it where you can simulate rain from a hose or sink. Soak the plant for about three to five seconds (especially during flowering) or water it for about 30 seconds. You only need to wet the surface of the plants.
How much should you water your shrubs and trees 2019
Shrubs and trees have deeper, branching root systems and different water needs. If possible, put them on a different faucet or time zone on your irrigation system. Sprinklers can work, but drip irrigation is a much more efficient and cost-effective way to care for your garden plants. A good rule of thumb is 12 gallons of water for small decorative plants, 35 gallons for large shrubs and 10 gallons of water for a 15 gallon plant each time you water.
How often should I water my trees and shrubs?
Trees and shrubs that grow in pots dry out very quickly. Even a day without water can lead to significant root death. A few days without water can kill the entire plant. These plants may need daily watering during hot weather, perhaps even twice a day during hot, dry spells. In cooler weather, every other day may be sufficient.
How much water do I need for my plants?
Water depth to 2,436 inches for trees, 1,824 inches for shrubs, 812 inches for ground covers, vines, caucuses, succulents and annuals, and 610 inches for warm and cool season grasses. What can you do? Questions or remarks?
How do you water newly planted trees and shrubs?
Watered trees and shrubs with sprinklers. Apply deep water to the entire root zone until the top 6-9 inches of soil is moist.
How often should I water my plants in the desert?
Follow StarNote 001 to plant new plants at the same amounts recommended above for shrubs and trees. Once a week, not to mention winter, works great for most desert trees and shrubs. Cacti need even less water. A good soak every 2 weeks should help.
How much should you water your shrubs and trees today
A good rule of thumb is 12 gallons of water for small decorative plants, 35 gallons for large shrubs and 10 gallons of water for a 15 gallon plant each time you water. Boxwood needs even more water, but does not need to be watered every day.
How much water do you put on newly planted trees?
When watering newly planted trees, use gallons per inch of stem thickness with each watering (see table). When watering newly planted shrubs, use an amount of water equal to 1/4 1/3 of the volume of the container in which the shrub was purchased.
How much water do shrubs need?
But even in temperate climates, the amount of water shrubs need depends on the local climate, weather conditions, soil conditions, and many other factors. The amount and frequency of watering depends on the root system of your plants.
How do you care for newly planted trees and shrubs?
If the soil begins to dry out, water the plant liberally. Don't water too much though, you can easily flood newly planted trees and shrubs if you're too careful with the hose. Know the specific watering needs of your plants and water accordingly.
How often should you water newly planted shrubs?
When to water? Newly planted trees and shrubs should be watered more often than established trees and shrubs. They should be watered at planting and at the following intervals: Water daily for 12 weeks after planting. Water every 2-3 days for 3-12 weeks after planting.
How often should you water fruit trees in Texas?
Water the plants every 6-10 days during hot, dry spells. New plantations need water every 5-7 days. Do not water the foliage of fruit or deciduous trees. Irrigation promotes the development of diseases such as rust, rot and ■■■■■■.
How much should you water your shrubs and trees fast
When watering newly planted trees, use gallons per inch of stem thickness with each watering (see table). When watering newly planted shrubs, use an amount of water equal to 1/4 1/3 of the volume of the container in which the shrub was purchased. As the roots grow and spread, the amount of water should be increased.
When is the best time to water a tree or shrub?
The best time to water a tree or shrub is when the top 6 to 9 inches of soil in the root zone is dry. Dig a small hole under the shed with a hand shovel or trowel and feel the ground. If the soil is cool and moist to a depth of 6 to 9 inches below the surface, no watering is needed. When the soil dries out, it's time to water.
How often should you water an indoor yucca plant?
Newly planted yucca should be watered every 2-3 weeks. Established plants should not be watered unless there is a dry spell. If so, water once a week until conditions improve. The amount should be 1 to 2 gallons of water around the base of each plant.
What water is best for indoor plants?
Rainwater is an excellent option for watering plants. You can collect rainwater in buckets and use it to water houseplants, garden plants and individual potted plants.
What are the best methods for plant watering?
- place and time. The best time to water lawns and other plants is during the cool morning hours, especially during hot summers.
- drip irrigation. Drip irrigation, also called drip irrigation, puts water directly into the soil.
- sprinkler irrigation.
- watering hands.
- Shrubs and water trees.
How often should I water my indoor ivy plant?
House ivy should be watered once a week, but because it grows well in a moist environment, you should also water the foliage two or three times a week. Place the plant in a weekly watering tray to keep the foliage moist and allow the plant to drain well.
What is the fastest growing indoor plant?
The fastest growing indoor food plants are sprouts. Largely due to the fact that they are grown in a soilless environment and eaten before the plant is fully mature, the sprouts can be harvested in five days.
How to install drip irrigation?
- Repair overhead wires
- cut the pipe
- Fixing the tube to the connector and the transmitter
- Connect the spaghetti hose to the main line.
- grid tubes
What is drip line irrigation?
drip line. Definition What does IV line mean? An infusion line is a water-saving irrigation system that delivers water directly to plant roots through a series of hoses, tubes, valves, and emitters. While drip irrigation systems were originally developed for use in greenhouses and nurseries, they are also popular for watering open gardens.
What is agricultural irrigation?
Irrigation is usually used in areas with sporadic rainfall or dry spells. Agricultural irrigation refers to the supply of water to plants by artificial means. Plants can be watered from rivers or canals.
Outdoor plant watering system
The ideal landscape irrigation system uses a network of pipes, radiators, sprinklers and hoses to deliver the right amount of water to each plant to prevent over- or under-watering. This approach is better than sprinkler systems that spray water upwards because some of the water is lost as it flows over the ground it rolls on.
What are examples of irrigation systems?
Different types of irrigation systems explain drip irrigation. Of the many drip irrigation systems in existence today, drip irrigation systems are the most popular for a number of reasons. sprinkler irrigation. Spray irrigation is more or less the opposite of drip irrigation. surface irrigation. Buy the best irrigation equipment for your needs.
What is irrigation in plants?
Irrigation is the watering of plants with a controlled amount of water at the required intervals. Irrigation helps to grow crops, preserve landscapes and green disturbed soils in arid regions and during periods of substandard rainfall.
What is spray irrigation?
Above-ground irrigation is a form of irrigation in which water is sprayed on plants under pressure to moisten them. This type of irrigation, also known as sprinkler irrigation, is very common all over the world.
What is an automatic watering system?
An automated irrigation system refers to the operation of a system with little or no manual intervention other than supervision. Virtually any system (drip, sprinkler, surface) can be automated using timers, sensors, computers or mechanical devices.
What is a self watering plant system?
The first self-watering system for plants is a solution for the garden. Water balls are pure glass products. These water balloons are handmade which gives each product a different shape, but each product is unique in one way or another. Sprinkler balls are made of clear glass, tinted to give it a beautiful color palette.
How long is the Waterer on an automatic watering system?
The sprayer comes with a 33' 1" hose which is enough to power your plants. This allows you to water multiple plants at the same time while you are away from home. This drink is a bargain, almost everything you need, can't you be wrong?

domain: biology


text:
- Visit Vietnam Insider’s homepage for more stories
E-wallets in Vietnam have strongly benefited from the change in payment habits during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Vietnam’s mobile e-commerce is rapidly growing with an estimated value of US$10.2 billion by 2023, according to 2021 Vietnam Mobile Application Report, conducted by the market research company Appota.
The report revealed that mobile e-commerce is showing dramatic growth as it accounts for nearly half of all business-to-consumer e-commerce revenue in Vietnam.
In terms of transaction rates, the mobile platform also manifested a strong superiority over the desktop, accounting for 62% of all transactions. Meanwhile, the number via the desktop accounted for only 38%.
Last year, the country had 49 million online shoppers aged 15 and above, the 3rd highest in Southeast Asia, behind Indonesia (137 million) and the Philippines (57 million). However, this figure only accounted for 65% of the total number, a modest rate compared to Malaysia (83%), Singapore (79%) and the Philippines (74%).
“This shows the opportunities of the payment and e-commerce markets both in terms of number of users and purchase value in Vietnam is potential in the coming time,” the report noted.
According to a We Are Social’s survey, the age group from 25 to 54 years old is those who shopped the most, accounting for about 82-85% of the surveyed respondents. Generation Z, accounting for 70.6%, is the pioneer and easily updates online shopping trends. However, the middle-aged customer group is familiar with this model and thus, continues promoting online shopping.
Sharp growth in digital payment
As financial and economic losses affect the purchasing power of consumers, transaction value in 2020 didn’t witness a sharp growth compared to 2019. Total digital transactions in Vietnam in 2020 reached US$11.6 billion.
In 2020, total spending through online channels in the country averaged US$280.3 per person, of which transactions via mobile POS and digital commerce accounted for 21.8% and 78.2%, respectively.
When Vietnam’s economy is expected to recover after the pandemic, the digital payment value this year is forecast to reach nearly US$15.1 billion, an increase of 30% against 2020.
According to the German-based market research company Statista, spending via digital commerce is estimated at nearly US$250 per capita in 2021 while it will be nearly US$74 via mobile POS payments.
E-wallets are booming
In 2020, there were 121 startups operating in the fintech sector in Vietnam, of which e-payment has the largest number of fintech startups, accounting for 31%, followed by peer-to-peer (P2P) lending with a 16% market share.
From a business’ view, Natalia Kovalenko, Managing Director of Lendtop Ltd, providing MoneyCat app, believes Vietnam will see great growth in the field if the legal framework for fintech activities including P2P is completed soon.
The Vietnamese government is making great efforts in building and preparing the legal basis for this field, also known as the sandbox test management mechanism, Kovalenko added. “We look forward to join in the sandbox,” she told Hanoitimes.
Vietnam’s leading e-wallets have strongly benefited from the change in payment habits at home and the number of users increased sharply over the past year.
Last September, Momo wallet announced 20 million individual users, becoming the most used e-wallet in Vietnam. Meanwhile, the Vietnamese payment startup VNPay was valued at over US$1 billion, according to Google’s Economy SEA 2020 report, and it is considered as the second unicorn startup behind VNG.
Regarding the number of downloads, Momo holds the position as the most downloaded e-wallet, peaking in February and March with 992,000 and 839,000 downloads, respectively. Viettel Pay and ZaloPay are in fierce competition when the latter’s number surpassed the former’s ones as of February.
This article was originally published in Hanoitimes

domain: economics


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The beginning of the year saw Stormzy sign a deal with Atlantic Records for his label #Merky, which focuses on finding new talent in the music world. On Tuesday, he stopped his set at his second #Merky festival in Ibiza to watch England win their penalty shoot-out. Now, the UK grime artist has announced that he is collaborating with Penguin Random House to launch #Merky Books.
“I know too many talented writers that don’t always have an outlet or a means to get their work seen and hopefully #Merky Books can now be a reference point for them to say “I can be an author” and for that to be a realistic and achievable goal,” said Stormzy on his Instagram post yesterday.
“Reading and writing as a kid was integral to where I am today and I from the bottom of my heart can not wait to hear your stories, your poems, your novels, your sci-fis and then getting them out into the big wide world.”
“Proper proud of this!” he added.
The post also revealed that #Merky Books would be offering a paid internship next year, as well as publishing “Rise Up: The #Merky Journey So Far” 1st November as the first book released under the imprint. The book, effectively Stormzy’s autobiography, is available for pre-order now, and promises “hundreds of never-before-seen photographs, annotated lyrics and contributions from those closest to him”.
Penguin’s website describes the imprint as “dedicated to publishing the best new fiction, non-fiction and poetry”, and “a home for a new generation of voices”. They also say they will be announcing details of an open submission competition next year, with the winner receiving a publishing contract with #Merky Books.

domain: literature


text:
M/s. Laureate Buildwell Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Charanjeet Singh
[Civil Appeal No. 7042 of 2019]
S. Ravindra Bhat, J.
1. The appellant (hereafter called "Laureate" or "the builder") is aggrieved by an order of the National Consumer Dispute Redressal Commission 1 (hereafter "NCDRC"). The respondent (hereafter "the purchaser") had sought, through his complaint a direction against the builder, for refund of the consideration amount of Rs. 1,93,70,883/- received by the latter, as consideration for sale of a flat along with interest @ 24% p.a. from the date different instalments were paid, as well as compensation and costs.
2. The relevant facts are that one Ms. Madhabi Venkatraman (hereafter "the original allottee") applied on 29.08.2012 for allotment of a residential flat (No. 7013, (hereafter "the flat") admeasuring 4545 sq. ft., in Nectarine Tower "PARX LAUREATE" at Sector- 108, Expressway, Noida. The flat was to be developed by the builder (Laureate). She paid the registration amount of Rs. 7,00,000/-. On 16.10.2012, an allotment letter was issued to the original allottee, for the flat after deposit of Rs. 32,33,657/- out of the total sale consideration of Rs. 2,47,29,405/-. According to the allotment letter, the possession of the flat was to be handed over within 36 months (from the date of allotment letter) i.e., latest by 15.10.2015.
The original allottee made payment to the tune of Rs. 1,55,89,329/-, for the first seven instalments as demanded by Laureate. On 16.02.2015, after noticing the slow pace of construction, the original allottee decided to sell the flat. The purchaser who was in search of a residential flat was approached by her through a broker.
He was assured that the possession of the flat would be delivered on time, and he agreed to purchase the flat and paid an amount of 1,00,000/- as advance towards the total sale consideration of Rs. 1,55,89,329/-. The purchaser and the original allottee agreed that the balance amount of sale consideration would be paid on or before 15.10.2015 and further that the purchaser would pay the outstanding instalments beyond Rs. 1,55,89,329/- directly after transfer of the flat to him. Demand letters for two instalments (Nos. 8 & 9) were issued by Laureate and payment to the tune of Rs. 21, 68,694/- was made by the original allottee.
3. The purchaser alleged that possession was not delivered in October, 2015 as promised (in the allotment letter). He decided to wait for the possession and not to make any payment towards the sale; however, the original allottee insisted upon the execution of an agreement to sell and demanded payment of instalments, which she had made to the builder, stating that she could not wait any further and she would forfeit the earnest money and cancel the deal. The purchaser alleged that he made enquiries from the officials of the builder, who assured that the possession would be delivered by June 2016. Therefore, the purchaser, on 17.02.2016, entered into an agreement of sale with the original allottee, and paid an amount of Rs. 1,85,00,000/-.
4. The original allottee on 02.04.2016, requested the builder to transfer the flat in favor of the respondent. The purchaser submitted an undertaking dated 01.04.2016 duly signed and executed by him, to the builder, Laureate. Later, Laureate issued a letter dated 09.05.2016 to the purchaser, confirming the payment of Rs. 1,93,70,883/- towards the purchase of the flat.
Thereafter, the purchaser visited the site to acquaint himself with the extent of construction but he was denied entry to the construction site by the builder's employees citing security reasons and was informed that the work was in progress and possession would be delivered shortly. The purchaser alleges that he made telephonic inquiries from the office of the builder regarding possession, but unavailingly, without any result. He claims to have visited the builder's office in last week of January, 2017 and was informed that possession of the said flat could not be delivered till the end of year 2017.
5. After this, the purchaser sought for refund of the amount paid, from the builder. On 08.03.2017, a legal notice was issued to the builder asking for refund of the amount of Rs. 1,93,70,883/- with interest @ 24% p.a. from the various dates of deposit, was sought by the purchaser, but in vain. He claims to have been shocked to receive the demand letter for the 11th instalment for Rs. 10,92,628/-. On refusal of the payment of instalment, the officials of the builder threatened the purchaser of cancellation and forfeiture of the amounts paid. It is in these circumstances, that the appellant approached the NCDRC, for direction to the builder to refund the entire sum of Rs. 1,93,70,883/- with interest at the rate of 24% from the respective dates when the instalments were paid to Laureate. In addition, Rs. 5,00,000/- as compensation and Rs. 2,00,000/- as litigation expenses were sought along with other costs.
6. The builder, Laureate denied the claim, stating that for the period 28.03.2013 to January 2016, (i.e. 26 months), there was complete slowdown in the construction of the projects in all of NOIDA including the buildings in question, due to the order passed by National Green Tribunal (NGT) in OA/158/2013, and due to a notification issued by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change.
The original allottee was aware of the orders of the NGT, and the builder had sent several reminders for payment towards the instalments and finally issued a notice on 17.10.2014 for cancellation of the Provisional Allotment of Flat No. 7013. It was alleged that in view of Clause 13(7) of the agreement neither Ms. Madhabi Venkatraman, the original allottee nor the purchaser-respondent who is endorsed by the original allottee was entitled to any amounts for delay in construction.
It was also alleged that on 02.04.2016, the original allottee requested the builder to transfer flat No. 7013 in favour of the purchaser. The purchaser furnished an undertaking on 01.04.2016 duly signed before the competent authority, which makes it clear that both the original allottee and the purchaser were aware of the order of the NGT and the delay in construction were beyond the control of the purchaser. Therefore, their right to claim compensation is construed to be waived in terms of Clause 13.
7. The builder further alleged that on commencement of 18th floor and 20th floor roof slab, the 11th and 12th instalments were demanded from the Complainant and the same was not paid. Therefore, the builder had a right to cancel the allotment. It is only on account of the restrictive order dated 28.10.2013 passed by NGT on any construction within the radius of 10 kilometres from Okhla Bird Sanctuary, that the builder could not complete the project as the said project comes within the radius of 10 kilometres. In view of clause 13(5), the builder was entitled for extension of time for offer of possession at such premises on account of force majeure conditions. Therefore, it is not liable to pay any compensation.
8. The NCDRC, after considering the depositions of the parties, through affidavits, documentary evidence and the submissions of parties, noticed that the demand letter for the 11th instalment was dated 24.03.2017, whereas the promised date of delivery was 15.10.2015. That said letter stated that the construction stage 'on commencement of 18th floor roof slab' of the tower had been achieved and therefore the 11th instalment was demanded to be paid. This showed that even as on 24.03.2017, the construction of the said tower was incomplete.
The commission considered that Receipt No. 306 dated 01.03.2016 shows that the original allottee had paid an amount of Rs. 5,29,000/- towards penal interest charged by the Developer at the rate of 24% per annum. The NCDRC rejected the plea that the original allottee was a defaulter. It thereafter allowed the complaint, reasoning as follows:
"20. We find it a fit case to place reliance on the judgement of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Kolkata West International City Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Devasis Rudra, II (2019) CPJ 29 (SC), wherein the Hon'ble Apex Court has clearly laid down that a flat purchaser cannot be made to wait indefinitely for seeking possession. Even in the instant case, though the promised date of delivery was way back in the year 2015, even as on date, the tower is far from completion.
21. The Learned Counsel for the Complainant relied on the decision of this Commission dated 11.01.2019 in Manmeet Singh & Anr. Vs. Unitech Hi-Tech Developers Ltd. & Ors. (Consumer Complaint No. 1285 of 2017), wherein this Commission has allowed refund of the principal amount with interest @ 10% p.a. 22. For all the aforenoted reasons and the principal laid down by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Kolkata West International City Pvt. Ltd. (Supra) we are of the considered view that the Complaint be allowed in part and we direct the Developer to refund the amount deposited with the developer in respect of subject flat No. 7013 with interest @ 10% p.a. from the respective dates of deposit till the date of realisation together with the cost of Rs. 25,000/."
Arguments of the parties
9. It is argued by Mr. Jayanth Mithras, learned senior counsel on behalf of the builder that the relief granted by NCDRC is unwarranted. Highlighting that the entire project had come to a standstill on account of an interim order by the NGT, the learned senior counsel stressed that these facts were within the knowledge of the original allottee as well as the purchaser.
When they decided to purchase it in 2015, it was decided that the respondent would purchase the flat and step into the shoes of the original allottee. Learned senior counsel argued that given these circumstances, the respondent, as a prudent purchaser, could not have reasonably expected the construction to be completed till the interim orders were vacated and some time was allowed for the construction to be completed. Clearly, the purchaser was only an investor and was not interested in residing in the flat.
10. Learned senior counsel submitted that barely a year after the transaction of stepping into the shoes of the original allottee - which was endorsed by the builder, the purchaser made an unreasonable demand for the refund of the entire amount. At that point in time, the interim order of the NGT had been vacated. Quite naturally, therefore, the construction had started and the builder made the demand on 23.04.2017 towards subsequent instalments which were not paid. Although the purchaser sent a legal notice prior to these demands, the fact remained that so long as he assumed responsibility as an allottee, he could not shy away from fulfilling the demand towards the instalments.
11. Learned senior counsel argued that the purchaser could not claim the equities in the same manner that an original allottee could. In the present case, the original allottee had not paid the instalments in time and was constrained to pay penal interest - a fact noted by the NCDRC. In these circumstances, there were no equities compelling the NCDRC to grant any relief over and above a refund of compensation much less interest @ 10% from the period the deposits were made by the original allottee.
12. Learned senior counsel submits that since the complainant was not the original allottee but a subsequent purchaser, he could not claim any interest. He relied upon two rulings of this Court in HUDA v. Raje Ram2 and the recent judgment of this Court in Wing Commander Arifur Rahman Khan and Anr. v. DLF Southern Homes Pvt. Ltd.3. It is submitted that in both these cases, this Court had categorically ruled that when the allottee in a housing project transfers his or her rights in favour of another, such a third party cannot claim equities to the same extent as the original allottee, especially as regards a claim for interest.
It was submitted by the learned senior counsel that there is a sound public policy rationale in support of such a rule which is that a subsequent purchaser is deemed to be aware of the nature of construction and the delay which occurred till the time he or she steps into the shoes of the allottee. The NCDRC overlooked these binding rulings and directed payment of interest for the entire period and clearly the respondent purchaser was not entitled to any interest at all.
13. Mr. M.L. Lahoty, learned counsel for the respondent urged this Court not to interfere with the findings and directions of the NCDRC. He highlighted that even if they were notified about the transfer by the original allottee in respect of the respondent, the builder had made demands towards penal interest, for various periods. A total amount of Rs. 5.9 lakhs was in fact paid during the period 01.03.2016 to 18.04.2016.
The builder was made aware of the agreement to sell when its endorsement with respect to the transfer was sought. Further, it was only after receiving the amounts towards the so-called penal interest that the endorsement letter was ultimately issued on 09.05.2016 by the builder. This clearly confirmed Rs. 1,93,70,883/- was paid towards the flat. This endorsement letter also confirmed that the respondent purchaser would be entitled to the delivery of the flat.
14. It is submitted that the purchaser had entered into an understanding and paid the amounts towards the previous instalments as well as settled the later penal interest component to the original allottee and also paid penal interest upto October 2016. In these circumstances, it was not unreasonable for him to expect that project would be complete and the flat would be handed over at least in the first part of 2017. However, upon visiting the site and noticing that there was practically no progress, the respondent/purchaser was constrained to move the NCDRC for the relief of direction of refunding the entire amount.
15. Mr. Lahoty pointed to the findings and observations of the NCDRC which had noticed the facts that although the NGT's interim order had subsisted for a while, and the builder had taken shelter under it to say that construction could not take place, the record indicated that the builder had sought for instalments from the original allottee, including demanding penal interest. Given these facts, there were no equities in favour of the builder; it was not open to it to claim that force majeure conditions operated and prevented it from going ahead with the construction.
16. It was submitted that upon the endorsement by the builder of all the transactions, and its acknowledgment, the purchaser had become entitled to seek delivery. There was no impediment in the purchaser claiming any kind of relief. Mr. Lahoty submitted that if for instance, there were to be any defect or deficiency in service, the purchaser could not be discriminated against and an application or a plaint in that regard cannot be dismissed as not maintainable.
Likewise, the mere fact that a subsequent purchaser steps into the shoes of an original allottee who might have at an earlier point of time sought allotment but because of the delay in the construction, being unable to withstand economic pressures withdrew, does not mean that the builder's default could be glossed over. Learned counsel urged that there is no rule or principle to support the judgment in Raje Ram (supra) or Wing Commander Arifur Rahman Khan and Anr. (supra) to say that subsequent purchasers should never be given the relief of interest on refunds. It was submitted that the refusal of the Court to grant relief have to be seen in the light of the peculiar circumstances of those cases.
Analysis and Conclusions:
17. The allotment letter dated 16.10.2012 assured the original allottee that the possession of the flat would be handed over within 36 months i.e. on or before 15.10.2015. The original allotee made payment to the tune of Rs. 1,55,89,329/-, towards the first seven instalments as and when demanded. Apparently, the allottee due to her own compulsions could not continue to wait indefinitely for delivery of the flat, having regard to the slow pace of construction. She therefore felt compelled to sell the flat.
It was then that the purchaser stepped in, and an agreement to sell was executed between the parties on 17.02.2016. The original allottee thereafter approached the builder, informing it that the purchaser had stepped into her shoes and would continue with the obligations, and was therefore entitled to possession.
Significantly, the builder endorsed and even required the purchaser to execute the letter of undertaking, which he did. With this development, the builder acknowledged that the rights and entitlements of the original allottee relation to the flat were assumed by the purchaser, and signified its obligations, correspondingly to the purchaser, as the consumer.
18. In the meanwhile, there was a slowdown in construction, apparently, on account of orders made by NGT. The builder alleged that the slowdown in construction was due to the NGT's interim orders. However, what transpired was that on 28.10.2013, the NGT imposed certain restrictions within 10 km radius of the Okhla Bird Sanctuary. The application before the NGT was disposed on 03.04.2014. Consequently, there were no directions after that date.
A review application was filed before the NGT which remained pending for some time; however, even at that stage there were no interim orders requiring stoppage of construction. On 19.08.2015 the Ministry of Environment and Forests issued a notification. The appellant is unclear as to the effect of this notification; apparently, it did not impede construction; the notification was challenged. It is only on 05.07.2016, on account of an application preferred by an occupant of an adjoining area that the NGT directed the builder not to carry on with the construction. This, the builder informs in its appeal, was finally disposed of in January 2016.
19. The facts set out in the preceding paragraph demonstrate that on the one hand the builder/appellant is not categorical with respect to the existence of interim orders enjoining it not to construct further. Rather, it appears that there was no construction of the project for about six months. However, despite this position, it continued to demand and received instalments.
The purchaser entered the scene in 2016, waited for some time and demanded refund of the entire amount with interest from the dates that deposits were made. After receiving notice, the builder demanded further instalments. It was in this background that the purchaser approached the NCDRC successfully with the claim for refund. The claim for interest was allowed to the extent of 10% on the entire amounts deposited from the respective dates of deposits.
20. The principal argument of the builder is the rights of a purchaser are not the same as an original allottee. The builder appellant cites Raje Ram and Arifur Rahman Khan (supra).In the first decision Raje Ram, this Court declined to grant interest on a refund claim made by a subsequent purchaser. The original allottee did not continue with the allotment; the statutory authority/developer HUDA re-allotted the plot. The re-allottee then approached the consumer forum which directed refund with interest.
This court was of the opinion that when the subsequent purchaser, i.e. the re-allottee stepped into the shoes of the original allottee, he was aware of the delay in handing over the possession which had occurred and therefore could no longer claim the time of the delay. In Arifur Rahman Khan (supra) several allottees approached the Court. This Court did not grant relief to the subsequent purchasers who stepped into the shoes of the original allottees, citing Raje Ram.
21. The relevant discussion in Raje Ram is as follows:
"14. The appellants challenged the said orders of the State Commission contending that no interest was payable. The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission by its non-speaking orders dated 27-8- 2002, 30-9-2002 and 27-8-2002, disposed of the said revisions filed by the Development Authority, in terms of its earlier decision in HUDA v. Darsh Kumar [ RP No. 1197 of 1998 decided on 31-8-2001 (NC)] by merely observing that it had upheld the award of interest up to 18% per annum in similar circumstances.
The National Commission did not refer to or consider the facts of these cases. The said orders are challenged in these appeals by special leave. The common issue in all these cases is whether interest could have been awarded against the appellant, and if so whether the rate of interest is excessive. 15. The decision of the National Commission in Darsh Kumar [ RP No. 1197 of 1998 decided on 31-8-2001 (NC)] , followed in the impugned orders, did not find favour of this Court in HUDA v. Darsh Kumar [(2005) 9 SCC 449] .
This Court observed that (at SCC p. 451, para 7) where possession is given at the old rate, the party has got the benefit of escalation in price of land, and therefore, there cannot and should not be award of interest on the amounts paid by the allottee on the ground of delay in allotment. On the special facts of that case, this Court however awarded compensation for harassment/mental agony.
16. The respondents in the three appeals are not the original allottees. They are re-allottees to whom reallotment was made by the appellant in the years 1994, 1997 and 1996 respectively. They were aware, when the plots were reallotted to them, that there was delay (either in forming the layout itself or delay in delivering the allotted plot on account of encroachment, etc). In spite of it, they took reallotment. Their cases cannot be compared to the cases of the original allottees who were made to wait for a decade or more for delivery and thus put to mental agony and harassment. They were aware that time for performance was not stipulated as the essence of the contract and the original allottees had accepted the delay."
22. In Arifur Rahman Khan, the court observed as follows:
"43. Similarly, the three appellants who have transferred their title, right and interest in the apartments would not be entitled to the benefit of the present order since they have sold their interest in the apartments to third parties. The written submissions which have been filed before this Court indicate that "the two buyers stepped into the shoes of the first buyers" as a result of the assignment of rights and liabilities by the first buyer in favour of the second buyer. In HUDA v. Raje Ram [HUDA v. Raje Ram, (2008) 17 SCC 407 : (2009) 5 SCC (Civ) 889] , this Court while holding that a claim of compensation for delayed possession by subsequent transferees is unsustainable, observed that: (SCC p. 410, para 16)
"16. The respondents in the three appeals are not the original allottees. They are re-allottees to whom reallotment was made by the appellant in the years 1994, 1997 and 1996 respectively. They were aware, when the plots were reallotted to them, that there was delay (either in forming the layout itself or delay in delivering the allotted plot on account of encroachment, etc.). In spite of it, they took reallotment. Their cases cannot be compared to the cases of the original allottees who were made to wait for a decade or more for delivery and thus put to mental agony and harassment. They were aware that time for performance was not stipulated as the essence of the contract and the original allottees had accepted the delay."
Even if the three appellants who had transferred their interest in the apartments had continued to agitate on the issue of delay of possession, we are not inclined to accept the submission that the subsequent transferees can step into the shoes of the original buyer for the purpose of benefiting from this order. The subsequent transferees in spite of being aware of the delay in delivery of possession the flats, had purchased the interest in the apartments from the original buyers. Further, it cannot be said that the subsequent transferees suffered any agony and harassment comparable to that of the first buyers, as a result of the delay in the delivery of possession in order to be entitled to compensation."
23. The builder does not deny that upon issuance of the endorsement letter, the purchaser not only stepped into the shoes of the original allottee but also became entitled to receive possession of the flat. There is no denial that the purchaser fulfils the description of the complainant/ consumer and is entitled to move any forum under the Consumer Protection Act for any deficiency in service.
The question then is whether a subsequent purchaser is not entitled to similar treatment as the original allottee, and can be denied relief which otherwise the original allottee would have been entitled to, had she or he continued with the arrangement. An individual such as the original allottee, enters into an agreement to purchase the flat in an on-going project where delivery is promised. The terms of the agreement as well as the assurance by the builder are that the flat would be made available within a timeframe. It is commonplace that in a large number of such transactions, allottees are not able to finance the flat but seek advances and funds from banks or financial institutions, to which they mortgage the property.
The mortgage pay-outs start initially after an agreed period, commencing in a span of about 15 to 24 months after the agreement. This would mean that in most cases, allottees start repaying the bank or financial institutions with instalments (mostly equated monthly instalments) towards the principal and the interest spread over a period of time, even before the flats are ready.
If these facts are taken into consideration, prolongation of the project would involve serious economic repercussions upon such original allottees who are on the one hand compelled to pay instalments and, in addition, quite often -if she or he is in want of a house -also pay monthly rents. Such burdens become almost intolerable. It is at this point that an indefinite wait is impossible and allottees prefer to find purchasers who might step into their shoes.
That such purchasers take over the obligations of the original allottee - either to pay the balance instalments or to wait for sometime, would not per se exclude them from the description of a consumer. All that then happens is that the consumer forum or commission - or even courts have to examine the relative equities having regard to the time frame in each case.
24. In a larger five judge bench ruling in Economic Transport Organization v. Charan Spinning Mills (P) Ltd4, the question was whether an insurer, who honours its contract, and pays the insured the agreed money, in the event of an insurable incident such as an accident, can maintain a consumer complaint against the carrier, who is responsible for the accident. This court held that such complaints are not barred:
"29. In all three types of subrogation, the insurer can sue the wrongdoer in the name of the assured. This means that the insurer requests the assured to file the suit/complaint and has the option of joining as co-plaintiff. Alternatively, the insurer can obtain a special power of attorney from the assured and then to sue the wrongdoer in the name of the assured as his attorney.
37. Whether the document executed by the assured in favour of the insurer is a subrogation simpliciter, or a subrogation-cumassignment is relevant only in a dispute between the assured and the insurer. It may not be relevant for deciding the maintainability of a complaint under the Act. If the complaint is filed by the assured (who is the consumer), or by the assured represented by the insurer as its attorney holder, or by the assured and the insurer jointly as complainants, the complaint will be maintainable, if the presence of insurer is explained as being a subrogee.
Whether the amount claimed is the total loss or only the amount for which the claim was settled would make no difference for the maintainability of the complaint, so long as the consumer is the complainant (either personally or represented by its attorney-holder) or is a cocomplainant along with his subrogee.
38. On the other hand, if the assured (who is the consumer) is not the complainant, and the insurer alone files the complaint in its own name, the complaint will not be maintainable, as the insurer is not a "consumer", nor a person who answers the definition of "complainant" under the Act. The fact that it seeks to recover from the wrongdoer (service provider) only the amount paid to the assured and not any amount in excess of what was paid to the assured will also not make any difference, if the assured-consignor is not the complainant or co-complainant.
The complaint will not be maintainable unless the requirements of the Act are fulfilled. The remedy under the Act being summary in nature, once the consumer is the complainant or is a co-complainant, it will not be necessary for the Consumer Forum to probe the exact nature of relationship between the consumer (assured) and the insurer, in a complaint against the service provider.
40. If in a summary proceedings by a consumer against a service provider, the insurer is added as a co-complainant or if the insurer represents the consumer as a power-of-attorney, there is no need to examine the nature of rights inter se between the consumer and his insurer. When the complaint is by the consignor-consumer, with or without the insurer as a co-complainant, the service provider cannot require the Consumer Forum to consider the nature of relationship between the assured and the insurer or the nature and true purport of the document produced as a letter of subrogation. A wrongdoer cannot side-track the issue before the Consumer Forum. Once the "consumer", that is the assured, is the complainant, the complaint will be maintainable subject to fulfilment of the requirements of the Act."
25. In another decision, Canara Bank v. United India Insurance Co. Ltd.5 the issue which this court had to consider was whether the insurer could repudiate liability in respect of a fire which destroyed farm produce kept in a cold storage, when the farmers had no privity with the insurer, but with the cold storage, and who availed credit on the security of the crop. The court held as follows:
"28. Taking the issue of privity of contract, we are of the considered view that as far as the Act is concerned, it is not necessary that there should be privity of contract between the Insurance Company and the claimants. The definition of "consumer" under Section 2(d) quoted hereinabove is in two parts. Sub-clause (i) of Section 2(1)(d) deals with a person who buys any goods and includes any user of such goods other than the person who buys such goods as long as the use is made with the approval of such person.
Therefore, the definition of consumer even in the first part not only includes the person who has purchased but includes any user of the goods so long as such user is made with the approval of the person who has purchased the goods. As far as the definition of "consumer" in relation to hiring or availing of services is concerned, the definition, in our view, is much wider. In this part of the section, consumer includes not only the person who has hired or availed of the services but also includes any beneficiary of such services.
Therefore, an insured could be a person who hires or avails of the services of the Insurance Company but there could be many other persons who could be the beneficiaries of the services. It is not necessary that those beneficiaries should be parties to the contract of insurance. They are the consumers not because they are parties to the contract of insurance but because they are the beneficiaries of the policy taken out by the insured.
29. The definition of "consumer" under the Act is very wide and it includes beneficiaries who can take benefit of the insurance availed by the insured. As far as the present case is concerned, under the tripartite agreement entered between the Bank, the cold store and the farmers, the stock of the farmers was hypothecated as security with the Bank and the Bank had insisted that the said stock should be insured with a view to safeguard its interest.."
26. If one also considers the broad objective of the Consumer Protection Act, which is to provide for better protection of the interests of consumers and for that purpose, provide for the establishment of Consumer Councils and other authorities for the settlement of consumer disputes and for matters connected therewith, as evident from the Statement of Objects and Reasons of the Act.
The Statement further seeks inter alia to promote and protect the rights of consumers such as-
"(a) The right to be protected against marketing of goods which are hazardous to life and property;
(b) the right to be informed about the quality, quantity, potency, purity, standard and price of goods to protect the consumer against unfair trade practices;
(c) the right to be assured, wherever possible, access to variety of goods at competitive prices;
(d) the right to be heard and to be assured that consumers' interests will receive due consideration at appropriate forums;
(e) the right to seek redressal against unfair trade practice or unscrupulous exploitation of consumers; and
(f) right to consumer education."
27. In Lucknow Development Authority v. M.K. Gupta6 this Court held: "The importance of the Act lies in promoting welfare of the society by enabling the consumer to participate directly in the market economy. It attempts to remove the helplessness of a consumer which he faces against powerful business, described as, 'a network of rackets' or a society in which, 'producers have secured power' to 'rob the rest' and the might of public bodies which are degenerating into storehouses of inaction where papers do not move from one desk to another as a matter of duty and responsibility but for extraneous consideration leaving the common man helpless, bewildered and shocked."
28. It was further held that "The Act thus aims to protect the economic interest of a consumer as understood in commercial sense as a purchaser of goods and in the larger sense of user of services. ... It is a milestone in history of socioeconomic legislation and is directed towards achieving public benefit."
29. This court has further observed in State of Karnataka v. Vishwabharathi House Building Coop. Society,7 that (the) "provisions of the said Act are required to be interpreted as broadly as possible. It has jurisdiction to entertain a complaint despite the fact that other forums/courts would also have jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the lis"8
30. It is therefore evident that the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 was conceived as a legislation to address complaints of consumers (an expression defined and interpreted widely) and provide a forum for their quick redressal, and, furthermore, wherever third parties have claimed relief, technicalities have been brushed aside consistently, by this court.
Thus, even after an original consumer is indemnified for a fire accident, the insurer can maintain a complaint against the carrier/service provider, and claim damages (of course along with the insured party). Likewise, absence of privity of contract is not a bar for maintaining a complaint against a service provider, by a third party who suffers an incident, which is otherwise covered by an agreement. This court has also ruled, recently9 that proceedings initiated by complainants and resultant actions including of the NCDRC are fully saved by provisions of the Real Estate Regulatory Authority Act, 2019.
31. In view of these considerations, this court is of the opinion that the per se bar to the relief of interest on refund, enunciated by the decision in Raje Ram (supra) which was applied in Wg. Commander Arifur Rehman (supra) cannot be considered good law. The nature and extent of relief, to which a subsequent purchaser can be entitled to, would be fact dependent.
However, it cannot be said that a subsequent purchaser who steps into the shoes of an original allottee of a housing project in which the builder has not honoured its commitment to deliver the flat within a stipulated time, cannot expect any - even reasonable time, for the performance of the builder's obligation. Such a conclusion would be arbitrary, given that there may be a large number- possibly thousands of flat buyers, waiting for their promised flats or residences; they surely would be entitled to all reliefs under the Act. In such case, a purchaser who no doubt enters the picture later surely belongs to the same class.
Further, the purchaser agrees to buy the flat with a reasonable expectation that delivery of possession would be in accordance within the bounds of the delayed timeline that he has knowledge of, at the time of purchase of the flat. Therefore, in the event the purchaser claims refund, on an assessment that he too can (like the original allottee) no longer wait, and face intolerable burdens, the equities would have to be moulded.
It would no doubt be fair to assume that the purchaser had knowledge of the delay. However, to attribute knowledge that such delay would continue indefinitely, based on an a priori assumption, would not be justified. The equities, in the opinion of this court, can properly be moulded by directing refund of the principal amounts, with interest @ 9% per annum from the date the builder acquired knowledge of the transfer, or acknowledged it.
32. In the present case, there is material on the record suggestive of the circumstance that even as on the date of presentation of the present appeal, the occupancy certificate was not forthcoming. In these circumstances, given that the purchaser/respondent had stepped into the shoes of the original allottee, and intimated Laureate about this fact in April 2016, the interests of justice demand that interest at least from that date should be granted, in favour of the respondent. The directions of the NCDRC are accordingly modified in the above terms.
33. The impugned order of the NCDRC is modified in the above terms; the appeal is partly allowed. There shall be no order on costs.
.....................................J [UDAY UMESH LALIT]
.....................................J [HEMANT GUPTA]
.....................................J [S. RAVINDRA BHAT]
July 22, 2021.
1In Consumer case No. 1183/2017, decided on 29-05-2019
2 2008 (17) SCC 407
3 2020 SCC Online 667 (SC)
4 (2010) 4 SCC 114
5(2020) 3 SCC 455
6(1994) 1 SCC 243
7(2003) 2 SCC 412
8This court also relied on Fair Air Engineers (P) Ltd. v. N.K. Modi [(1996) 6 SCC 385] and Satpal Mohindra v. Surindra Timber Stores [(1999) 5 SCC 696
9Imperia Structures Ltd. v. Anil Patni, (2020) 10 SCC 783

domain: law


text:
In Vitro Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Activity of Coffee Silverskin Polyphenolic Extract and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds Using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS.
ABSTRACT: Coffee silverskin (CS), the main by-product in the coffee industry, contains a vast number of human health-related compounds, which may justify its exploitation as a functional food ingredient. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the polyphenolic and alkaloid profile through UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS analysis. The bioaccessibility of total phenolic compounds and changes in the antioxidant activity during an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion were also evaluated through spectrophotometric tests (TPC by Folin-Ciocalteu, ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP), to elucidate their efficacy for future applications in the nutraceutical industry. Caffeoylquinic and feruloylquinic acids were the most representative polyphenols, with a mean concentration of 5.93 and 4.25 mg/g, respectively. Results showed a high content of caffeine in the analyzed CS extracts, with a mean value of 31.2 mg/g, meaning a two-fold increase when compared to coffee brews. Our findings highlighted that both the bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity of CS polyphenols significantly increased in each in vitro gastrointestinal digestion stage. In addition, the colon stage might constitute the main biological site of action of these antioxidant compounds. These results suggest that in vivo, the dietary polyphenols from CS might be metabolized by human colonic microflora, generating metabolites with a greater antioxidant activity, increasing their well-known beneficial effects.
Project description:Coffee represents one of the most traditionally consumed beverages worldwide, containing a broad range of human health-related compounds. According to previous studies, regular coffee consumption may display protective effects against colorectal cancer and other chronic diseases. The main goal of this research was to evaluate the bioaccessibility of phenolic content and variation in antioxidant capacity of three different types of coffee brews after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. This would allow to elucidate how antioxidant compounds present in coffee may exert their effect on the human body, especially in the colonic stage. Moreover, the content of bioactive compounds namely chlorogenic acids (CGAs, <i>n</i> = 11) and caffeine was also assessed throughout ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography followed by high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS). The three main isomers of caffeoylquinic acid constituted the highest fraction of CGAs present in the samples, accounting for 66.0% to 70.9% of total CGAs. The bioaccessibility of coffee polyphenols significantly increased in digested samples from 45.9% to 62.9% at the end of the colonic passage, compared to the non-digested samples. These results point to the colonic stage as the major biological site of action of the active antioxidant coffee compounds.
Project description:Coffee contains human health-related molecules, namely polyphenols that possess a wide range of pharmacological functions, and their intake is associated with reduced colon cancer risk. This study aimed to assess the changes in the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of coffee after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The evaluation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the HT-29 human colon cancer cell line and three in vitro spectrophotometric assays were performed to determine the antioxidant activity of the samples. Characterization of coffee composition was also assessed through a Q-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis. The results highlighted that the levels of polyphenols in the digested coffee brews were higher than those of the non-digested ones. All assayed samples decreased the levels of intracellular ROS when compared to untreated cells, while digested coffee samples exhibited higher antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content than not-digested coffee samples. Digested coffee samples showed a higher reduction in interleukin-6 levels than the not-digested samples in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated HT-29 cells treated for 48 h and fewer cytotoxic effects in the MTT assay. Overall, our findings suggest that coffee may exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and the digestion process may be able to release compounds with higher bioactivity.
Project description:Nowadays, coffee beans are almost exclusively used for the preparation of the beverage. The sustainability of coffee production can be achieved introducing new applications for the valorization of coffee by-products. Coffee silverskin is the by-product generated during roasting, and because of its powerful antioxidant capacity, coffee silverskin aqueous extract (CSE) may be used for other applications, such as antiaging cosmetics and dermaceutics. This study aims to contribute to the coffee sector's sustainability through the application of CSE to preserve skin health. Preclinical data regarding the antiaging properties of CSE employing human keratinocytes and Caenorhabditis elegans are collected during the present study. Accelerated aging was induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH) in HaCaT cells and by ultraviolet radiation C (UVC) in C. elegans. Results suggest that the tested concentrations of coffee extracts were not cytotoxic, and CSE 1 mg/mL gave resistance to skin cells when oxidative damage was induced by t-BOOH. On the other hand, nematodes treated with CSE (1 mg/mL) showed a significant increased longevity compared to those cultured on a standard diet. In conclusion, our results support the antiaging properties of the CSE and its great potential for improving skin health due to its antioxidant character associated with phenols among other bioactive compounds present in the botanical material.
Project description:Melanoidins present in coffee silverskin, the only by-product of the roasting process, are formed via the Maillard reaction. The exact structure, biological properties, and mechanism of action of coffee silverskin melanoidins, remain unknown. This research work aimed to contribute to this novel knowledge. To achieve this goal, melanoidins were obtained from an aqueous extract of Arabica coffee silverskin (WO2013004873A1) and was isolated through ultrafiltration (>10 kDa). The isolation protocol was optimized and the chemical composition of the high molecular weight fraction (>10 kDa) was evaluated, by analyzing the content of protein, caffeine, chlorogenic acid, and the total dietary fiber. In addition, the structural analysis was performed by infrared spectroscopy. Antioxidant properties were studied in vitro and the fiber effect was studied in vivo, in healthy male Wistar rats. Melanoidins were administered to animals in the drinking water at a dose of 1 g/kg. At the fourth week of treatment, gastrointestinal motility was evaluated through non-invasive radiographic means. In conclusion, the isolation process was effective in obtaining a high molecular weight fraction, composed mainly of dietary fiber, including melanoidins, with in vitro antioxidant capacity and in vivo dietary fiber effects.
Project description:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of aqueous extracts of unroasted and roasted coffee silverskin (CS). Twenty compounds were identified from 1D and 2D NMR spectra, including caffeine, chlorogenic acid (CGA), trigonelline, fructose, glucose, sucrose, etc. For the first time, the presence of trigonelline was detected in CS. Results of the quantitative analysis showed that the total amount of the main components after roasting was reduced by 45.6% compared with values before roasting. Sugars in the water extracts were the main components in CS, and fructose was the most abundant sugar, its relative content accounting for 38.7% and 38.4% in unroasted and roasted CS, respectively. Moreover, 1D NMR combined with 2D NMR technology shows application prospects in the rapid, non-destructive detection of CS. In addition, it was observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) that the morphology of CS changed obviously before and after roasting.
Project description:BACKGROUND:Coffee silverskin, a by-product from coffee roasting industries, was evaluated as a feedstock for biobutanol production by acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation. This lignocellulosic biomass contained approximately 30% total carbohydrates and 30% lignin. Coffee silverskin was subjected to autohydrolysis at 170 °C during 20 min, with a biomass-to-solvent ratio of 20%, and a subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis with commercial enzymes in order to release simple sugars. The fermentability of the hydrolysate was assessed with four solventogenic strains from the genus Clostridium. In addition, fermentation conditions were optimised via response surface methodology to improve butanol concentration in the final broth. RESULTS:The coffee silverskin hydrolysate contained 34.39?±?2.61 g/L total sugars, which represents a sugar recovery of 34?±?3%. It was verified that this hydrolysate was fermentable without the need of any detoxification method and that C. beijerinckii CECT 508 was the most efficient strain for butanol production, attaining final values of 4.14?±?0.21 g/L acetone, 7.02?±?0.27 g/L butanol and 0.25?±?0.01 g/L ethanol, consuming 76.5?±?0.8% sugars and reaching a butanol yield of 0.269?±?0.008 gB/gS under optimal conditions. CONCLUSIONS:Coffee silverskin could be an adequate feedstock for butanol production in biorefineries. When working with complex matrices like lignocellulosic biomass, it is essential to select an adequate bacterial strain and to optimize its fermentation conditions (such as pH, temperature or CaCO3 concentration).
Project description:Not all the coffee produced goes to the roasting stage, because non-compliant green coffee beans are usually discarded by roasters and the silverskin of the coffee is usually removed and discarded. In the present work, non-compliant green coffee beans and coffee silverskins were fully characterized from a chemical point of view. In addition, enzyme-assisted extraction was applied to recover a fraction rich in proteins and polyphenols, tested for antimicrobial, antityrosinase, and antioxidant activities. Non-compliant green coffee beans showed higher amounts of polyphenols, flavanols, flavonoids, and caffeine than coffee silverskins (which were richer in tannins). The enzymatic extraction of non-compliant coffee green beans produced extracts with a good protein content and with a consistent quantity of polyphenols. The extract showed antioxidant, antityrosinase, and antimicrobial activity, thus representing a promising strategy to recover defective green coffee beans. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of coffee silver skins is lower than that of non-compliant coffee green beans extracts, while the antityrosinase activity is comparable.
Project description:Coffee brews have High Molecular Weight (HMW) compounds with described immunostimulatory activity, namely polysaccharides and melanoidins. Melanoidins are formed during roasting and are modified during brews technological processing. In addition, brews have Low Molecular Weight (LMW) compounds, namely free chlorogenic acids and caffeine, with well-known anti-inflammatory properties. However, this study shows that both espresso and instant coffee brews did not present immunostimulatory neither anti-inflammatory in vitro activities. It is possible that the simultaneous existence of compounds with antagonistic effects can mitigate their individual effects. To test this hypothesis, an ultrafiltration separation process was applied, studying the behavior of coffee brews' HMW on retention of LMW compounds. Several ultrafiltration sequential cycles were required to separate retentates from LMW compounds, suggesting their retention. This effect was higher in instant coffee, attributed to its initial higher carbohydrate content when compared to espresso. Separation of HMW and LMW compounds boosted their immunostimulatory (6.2-7.8 µM nitrites) and anti-inflammatory (LPS induced nitrite production decrease by 36-31%) in vitro activities, respectively. As coffee anti-inflammatory compounds are expected to be first absorbed during digestion, a potential in vivo fractionation of LMW and HMW compounds can promote health relevant effects after coffee intake.
Project description:Spent coffee ground (SCG) is a significant by-product generated by the coffee industry. It is considered a great source of bioactive molecules well-recognized for exerting biological properties. This study aimed to implement SCG in a baked foods, such as cookies (SCGc), to increase their bioactive potential. A comprehensive study of the polyphenolic fraction of the SCG and SCGc using a high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis was performed. Moreover, the polyphenol bioaccessibility and change in antioxidant activity during simulated gastrointestinal digestion (GiD) were assessed. Data showed that SCGc provided 780 mg of melanoidins, 16.2 mg of chlorogenic acid (CGA), 6.5 mg of caffeine, and 0.08 mg of phenolic acids per 100 g of sample. Moreover, the 5-caffeoylquinic acid was the most relevant CGA found in SCG (116.4 mg/100 g) and SCGc (8.2 mg/100 g) samples. The antioxidant activity evaluated through three spectrophotometric tests, and the total phenolic compounds of SCGc samples exhibited significantly higher values than the control samples. Furthermore, during simulated GiD, the highest bioaccessibility of SCGc polyphenols was observed after the colonic stage, suggesting their potential advantages for human health. Therefore, SCG with high content in bioactive molecules could represent an innovative ingredient intended to fortify baked food formulations.
Project description:Italian gastronomy experiences have ever-enhancing fame around the world. It is due to the linkage between taste and salubriousness commonly related to Mediterranean foods. The market proposes many types of pizza to suit all palates. The antioxidant potential of the "Pizza Napoletana marinara" included in the register of traditional specialties guaranteed (TSG) was determined in this work. ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) method evaluated the antioxidant activity of the pizza homogenized. In vitro digestion models estimated the intestinal and gastric bioaccessibility of the main antioxidant compounds (lycopene and phenolics). To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide the content, antioxidant potential, and bioaccessibility of the antioxidants (polyphenols and lycopene) contained in the traditional pizza "marinara TSG". Our results showed that the "Pizza Napoletana marinara" had polyphenols concentration, lycopene level, antioxidant activity, and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds and lycopene better than other similar pizzas. They confirmed the nutritional importance of traditional preparations and established the nutraceutical potential of "pizza marinara TSG" as a food rich in bio-accessible antioxidants.

domain: chemistry


text:
Ready to row?
It is not a simple excursion, but a guided tour to discover splendid coves, caves, protected marine areas, historical places and legends of Posillipo. In fact, the fame of this place dates back to the classical age. Greeks first, and Romans later, they chose Posillipo as a place of leisure and entertainment, thanks also to its extraordinary panorama of Naples, the Vesuvius, the Sorrento peninsula and the island of Capri. Even the etymology of its name derives from the Greek Pausilypon, which literally means “Respite from danger” or “that makes pain stop“.
Our tour to discover Posillipo begins with Neapolitan architecture masterpieces such as Villa Fiorita, Villa Rosebery, or places of legends such as Palazzo degli Spiriti and the famous “Fenestella a Marechiaro“.
We will stop near the splendid Marine Protected Area of Gaiola, which is rich in marine biodiversity and submerged archaeological remains. This place is perfect especially for the most intrepid people who want to jump into the water and do some snorkeling.
Finally, we will arrive in Baia Trentami, in front of the Island of Nisida, for a relaxing break and to take a nice photo group.
An unforgettable moment in contact with nature, with zero environmental affect, while enjoying an excellent glimpse of the city, which seen from the sea reveals all its beauty.
DepartureVia Ferdinando Russo 13
Departure TimeOn reservation
Dress CodeBeach shoes - swimming suit - leave all irrelevant objects in the car – we will give you an airtight container for cell phone and keys - clothes will be left in our base.
Not IncludedAccommodationFoodPersonal SkipperPhotoTicketsTransport
The excursion starts: The adventure begins
- Villa Volpicelli
- Villa Rosebery
- Palazzo degli Spiriti
- Parco Sommerso di Gaiola
- Isola di Nisida
Introdution to PosillipoSince ancient times Posillipo has been a place of leisure and relaxation. The Greeks first and later the Roman aristocratic classes chose Posillipo as a resting place away from the eventful Roman political and military life. In fact, Posillipo comes from the Greek Pausilypon, which literally means, "Respite from worry" or "that makes the pain to stop". Also from here, you can admire the amazing panoramic view of the entire Gulf of Naples, including the Vesuvius, the Sorrento Coast and the Island of Capri. Posillipo is also famous for its splendid villas overlooking the sea, below we list a few:
Reviews & Testimonials
Learn more about Heartourism through people stories who have experienced us.

domain: travel


text:
There has always been controversy about who has the worst job. Is it the person who drives a garbage truck or the waiter in a busy restaurant? While neither or those professions made CareerCast.com’s 28th annual Jobs Rated report’s 10 worst jobs list, Newspaper Reporter, Broadcaster and Pest Control Worker are ranked among the worst jobs of 2016.
The Jobs Rated report’s methodology analyzes each job’s environment (emotional, physical and hours worked), income (growth potential and salary), outlook (employment growth, income growth potential and unemployment), and 11 stress factors to determine which professions are among the least desirable.
- Jobs Rated Links
- The Best Jobs of 2016
- All 200 Rated Jobs
- Our Methodology
- Take Our Survey
Declining employment opportunities contribute to the inclusion of many of the 10 worst careers in the 2016 Jobs Rated report. Traditional news media is particularly hard hit.
Newspaper Reporter checks in at No. 200 for a third straight year, but Broadcaster isn’t far behind at No. 198.
“The news business has changed drastically over the years, and not in a good way,” says former Broadcaster Ann Baldwin, president of Baldwin Media PR in New Britain, Connecticut. “When people ask me if I miss it, I tell them ‘I feel as if I jumped off of a sinking ship.’”
Baldwin’s time in the media, working at TV stations in Rocky Mountains as well as Hartford, Connecticut, helped prepare her for her new career -- providing public relations solutions and crisis management for businesses.
Being able to parlay the skills you gained from a profession losing jobs is important, and broadcasting is one of the hardest hit in the 2016 Jobs Rated report. Employment of broadcasters is expected to decline by 9%, or 4,800 total positions, by 2024. Broadcasters seeking a career transition might want to consider becoming a podcaster, online news producer or data journalist.
One factor directly contributing to the shrinking of media outlets, reflected in the Jobs Rated report’s worst jobs, is the decline of advertising revenue. And, a drop in advertising sales translates to a decline in positions for advertising sales people. Advertising Sales Person appears on the 10 worst jobs list for the first time (#193), after finishing just outside the bottom 10 a year ago.
Declining prospects tied to the stability – or instability – of media impact the outlook for the profession. Add high stress from the growing pressure to drive profits for increasingly less profitable outlets, and advertising sales person’s place in the worst jobs of 2016 makes sense.
Other factors that contribute to a job’s ranking near bottom include danger and stress. That’s the case for enlisted military personnel and firefighters, two roles that serve as pillars of our society.
Both are noble careers, but those embarking on these positions should understand the dangers, as well as the surprisingly low pay for each.
The following are the 10 worst jobs of 2016, as defined by the 2016 Jobs Rated report. We employ four core criteria to determine the full rankings of 200 professions: Environment, Income, Outlook and Stress.
Salary and hiring outlook projections listed below are provided via the BLS, unless otherwise noted. For a complete breakdown view the Jobs Rated methodology.
1. Newspaper Reporter
A gradual decline in print publications at the turn of the century became a steep downturn for the past decade. Publications folding mean far fewer job prospects, and declining ad revenue means unfavorable pay for those in the Fourth Estate.

domain: news


The Jabra Evolve 80 UC Stereo is a unique headset. It comes with both a USB AND a 3.5mm connection to plug into your smartphone, PC or tablet. It has big earcups with ACTIVE noise cancellation to delete background noise- so if you use your mobile, tablet or computer to make calls in a busy office and can't find a headset that blocks out your noisy colleagues then this is it!
This wired USB headset would mainly suit a desktop, but would be compatible with a select few handsets.
The Jabra Evolve 80 is the Premium simple plug and play solution for USB softphones and selected headsets at work, as well as having just one headset to use at work with your softphone and on your way home to listen to music from your mobile phone.
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Your 'faves' have tried to imitate Sia's vocals many times in the past, but here comes now the True Australian Queen to show them how it's truly done. "Chandelier" is a powerful and emotional song (that will you make you have goosebumps or possibly faint of excitement) co-written by Queen Sia, and Jesse Shatkin and produced by Greg Kurstin, that gave "Chandelier" which posesses all the ingredients of a Top 40 smash hit.
Lyrically, Sia's "Chandelier" isn't your typically "pop" song with uninspired lyrics. Sia will give listeners a different perspective of the "party girl" who goes to the club to dance her pain away. She isn't gonna have the time of her life, or "throw her hands in the air", she's going through difficult times, she hopes her friends didn't call her to go out, and she only wants to get the hell out and swing on her chandelier. You get it?
What more can be said about "Chandelier"? Well, that Sia has a potential monster hit in it, and that her vocals are simply other-worldly.
"Chandelier" is the official first single from the Australian singer-songwriter's forthcoming sixth studio album, due in stores later in 2014. "Chandelier" was released on iTunes and other digital platforms on March 17th. Where your credit card at!?
Hit or Miss?
- New Usher Song "Cuz We Can" Appears Online: Listen!
- And The MØ Snub Continues! Iggy Azalea Performs "Beg for It" Solo On "Jimmy Fallon"
- New Music: Chris Brown & Trey Songz - 'Dangerous'
- Alex & Sierra Release Surprising Cover of The Darkness' "I Believe In A Thing Called Love": Listen
- Pitbull Rocks "Fireball" & New Single "Time Of Our Lives" on "Jimmy Kimmel Live"
- Meghan Trainor, Nick Jonas & Jennifer Hudson Perform On "Dancing With The Stars" Season 19 Finale: Watch
- Rihanna Shares 15-Second Snippet of New Song: Listen!
- Free Download: Jordin Sparks - "Bye Felicia"
- Kelly Clarkson Premieres "Wrapped In Red" Official Music Video!
- Lady Gaga Stars In H&M Christmas Commercial + "It Don’t Mean A Thing" Video Premieres!
- Fifth Harmony - "Sledgehammer"
- Paramore - "Hate to See Your Heart Break"
- Fall Out Boy Drop New Song "American Beauty/American Psycho": Listen!
- Eminem - 'Guts Over Fear'
- New Music: Lil Wayne - ‘Start A Fire’