Wednesday, 14 March 2012 02:30
By Colin Sampson
Antigua St John's - Information reaching Caribarena.com has said raw sewage is routinely being poured into the environmentally sensitive Flashes area at an average rate of about 1,000 metric tons every month.
This means that every day, on average, sewage tanker trucks back up to the edge of the coastal mangrove wetlands nearest to the Cooks Sanitary Landfill and release over 30 tonnes of raw, untreated septic tank sludge directly into the swamp.
Caribarena.com recently highlighted this environmentally unsound practice in an article entitled “Sewage Being Poured into Mangroves” (February 23, 2010). Now, data supplied by the management of the sanitary landfill paints a picture as disturbing as the photographs that accompany this article.
The photographs clearly show the dark discoloration that marks the trail of untreated septic tank sludge as it meanders its way into the mangrove wetlands.
Chief Health Inspector Lionel Michael puts a positive spin on the practice, suggesting that the constant inflow of nitrates and phosphates actually fertilizes the mangrove plants. The chief health inspector maintains that the swamp vegetation is observably in better condition now than it was before the dumping began.
Michael also vouched for the quality of the ocean water adjacent to the Flashes district. He reports that testing in 2011 gave the area a clean bill of health. This, he said, provides sound basis for the conclusion that the swamp is able to adequately handle the constant inflow of raw septic tank effluent.
The chief health inspector readily concedes that the current primitive method of disposing of liquid waste at the Cooks “Sanitary” Landfill is not in accordance with best practices. He noted that the effluent should pass through a liquid waste treatment facility before being released into the environment.
Nor does Michael shrink from going on record with his view that the time is long overdue for the establishment of a sewage treatment system to serve the city of St John's. However, while such a system for St John's City would be a lengthy, highly disruptive, and stunningly expensive public works project, the picture is significantly different at the sanitary landfill.
A survey of available technologies for treating from 10,000 to 30,000 gallons of liquid waste per day shows that a suitable plant could be installed at the Cooks facility for something in the region of US$500,000. Annual operating costs are modest.
The 10-to 30,000 gallon range is selected to provide for ample redundancy. Although at present the landfill “disposes” of some 6,000 gallons per day on average, one can reasonably expect that the island will tend to produce greater volumes of excrement as growth and development continue.
One interesting feature of the current liquid waste disposal scenario is that the Fisheries Act of 1983 expressly forbids the dumping of untreated sewage into environmentally sensitive areas.
However, in order for this legislative prohibition to take effect, the area affected must first be declared to be a “Protected Area” under the act. Unsurprisingly, no steps have been taken to declare the Flashes wetlands to be such a protected area. Accordingly therefore, the Ministry of Health is free to continue “fertilizing” the Flashes with raw, untreated septic tank sewage without let or hindrance.
Another troublesome aspect is the easy equation of liquid waste (intended for treatment and disposal) with solid waste (intended for disposal in the landfill). The Cooks Sanitary Landfill charges the same derisory rate for accepting both types: a mere $5 per ton.
While the attractive rate of $5 per ton may be seen as a valiant and commendable attempt to encourage solid waste haulers to make use of the sanitary landfill, the yardstick is radically different when applied to septic tank effluent.
Raw sewage is in principle expected to undergo treatment before release into the environment. In the context of an appropriate sewage treatment facility, this would translate into a disposal charge significantly higher than that currently being applied. In essence, therefore, the absence of a suitable facility at the landfill is gifting liquid waste haulers with a negligible disposal cost.
The sweetness of the deal is driven home when one learns that the base cost of pumping an average-sized home septic tank comes in at $400 – and that your average home septic tank has a capacity of under one ton.
Of course, liquid waste haulers face capital, fuel, and other operating costs which must be taken into consideration. However, one can hardly escape the conclusion that, owing to a joint lack of vision and will at the ministries of health and of the environment, the Flashes wetlands area is seriously subsidizing the booming sewage hauling business.
See related stories:
Sewage Being Poured into Mangroves


text:
Bubble Shooter Princess
- App Store Info
DescriptionHelp the Super Bubble Princess fight her way out of the mysterious dungeon! Match up three identical colors of bubbles to survive to the next level!
Bubble Shooter Princess is a beautiful bubble-shooting color-matching game with endless variety!
✭ Beautiful bubble gems
✭ Smooth animation
✭ Fun sound effects
✭ Simple and elegant gameplay
✭ Endless variety, never the same game twice
✭ Haunting background music
Get Bubble Shooter Princess now!

domain: game


SeraSil-Mag beads are silica coated superparamagnetic particles for nucleic acid isolation and diagnostic extraction applications, for sample types including biofluids and liquid biopsy, when small or trace amounts of DNA are available. They provide an optimal surface for DNA binding with high performance and low background.
The presence of beads in the extracted DNA could create artifacts or inhibit the downstream tests. It is recommended to ensure the complete collection of the SeraSil-Mag beads during the elution step.
The response time depends on the magnetic field generated by the magnet. For instance, the separation time of SeraSil-Mag beads is ~5 seconds for 5 mL of suspension (concentration 20 mg/mL) via SepMag™ Biomagnetic Separator. This assures a very fast magnetic response during the assay and an advantage for automation.


text:
Are cardiovascular risk factors also associated with the incidence of atrial fibrillation? A systematic review and field synopsis of 23 factors in 32 population-based cohorts of 20 million participants
AuthorAllan, V; Honarbakhsh, S; Casas, J-P; Wallace, J; Hunter, R; Schilling, R; Perel, P; Morley, K; Banerjee, A; Hemingway, H
Source TitleThrombosis and Haemostasis
PublisherGEORG THIEME VERLAG KG
University of Melbourne Author/sMorley, Katherine
AffiliationMelbourne School of Population and Global Health
Document TypeJournal Article
CitationsAllan, V., Honarbakhsh, S., Casas, J. -P., Wallace, J., Hunter, R., Schilling, R., Perel, P., Morley, K., Banerjee, A. & Hemingway, H. (2017). Are cardiovascular risk factors also associated with the incidence of atrial fibrillation? A systematic review and field synopsis of 23 factors in 32 population-based cohorts of 20 million participants. THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS, 117 (5), pp.837-850. https://doi.org/10.1160/TH16-11-0825.
Access StatusOpen Access
Established primary prevention strategies of cardiovascular diseases are based on understanding of risk factors, but whether the same risk factors are associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review and field synopsis of the associations of 23 cardiovascular risk factors and incident AF, which included 84 reports based on 28 consented and four electronic health record cohorts of 20,420,175 participants and 576,602 AF events. We identified 3-19 reports per risk factor and heterogeneity in AF definition, quality of reporting, and adjustment. We extracted relative risks (RR) and 95 % confidence intervals [CI] and visualised the number of reports with inverse (RR [CI]<1.00), or direct (RR [CI]>1.00) associations. For hypertension (13/17 reports) and obesity (19/19 reports), there were direct associations with incident AF, as there are for coronary heart disease (CHD). There were inverse associations for non-White ethnicity (5/5 reports, with RR from 0.35 to 0.84 [0.82-0.85]), total cholesterol (4/13 reports from 0.76 [0.59-0.98] to 0.94 [0.90-0.97]; 8/13 reports with non-significant inverse associations), and diastolic blood pressure (2/11 reports from 0.87 [0.78-0.96] to 0.92 [0.85-0.99]; 5/11 reports with non-significant inverse associations), and direct associations for taller height (7/10 reports from 1.03 [1.02-1.05] to 1.92 [1.38-2.67]), which are in the opposite direction of known associations with CHD. A systematic evaluation of the available evidence suggests similarities as well as important differences in the risk factors for incidence of AF as compared with other cardiovascular diseases, which has implications for the primary prevention strategies for atrial fibrillation.
- Click on "Export Reference in RIS Format" and choose "open with... Endnote".
- Click on "Export Reference in RIS Format". Login to Refworks, go to References => Import References

domain: medical


text:
World Toilet Day 2022 was observed at regional level yesterday, 19th November in Zagir, Serejaka sub-zone, Central region. The central message of the World Toilet Day 2022 is that safely managed sanitation protects groundwater from human waste pollution, the report added.
At the observance ceremony in which Mr. Fessehaye Haile, Governor of the Central region, Mr. Andeberhan Tesfatsion, Director General of Public Health at the Ministry of Health, and invited guests took part, Dr. Mulugeta Haile, head of the Ministry of Health regional branch stated that community-based environmental sanitation program that was initiated in 2008 has created positive impact as families nationwide are building and making use of toilets.
He further indicated that 93 out of the 94 villages in the Central region that is 99% of villages have fully implemented the community based environmental sanitation program and the 13 administrative areas of Asmara and its environs have ensured 86% of toilet utilization. He further said that strong effort is being conducted to implement the program in the remaining villages in the near future.
Noting commendable effort has been conducted on the part of sub-zonal administrations and health facilities to implement community based environmental sanitation program, the Director General of Social Service in the Central region, Col. Gebreyohannes Weldegergis said that the prevalence of water borne diseases has significantly declined in the region.
Mr. Kiflemariam Gebremeskel, administrator of Serejaka sub-zone on his part indicating that toilet coverage has reached 100% in the sub-zone, called on the society to ensure regular utilization of toilets.
At the observance event, coordinators of national and regional environmental sanitation programs presented activity reports on the process of implementing sanitation programs since 2008.
World Toilet Day has been observed for its 9th time internationally and for its 3rd time at national level.
Source: Ministry of Information Eritrea

domain: news


text:
In today’s fast-paced world, people using stress regularly. Between the pressures of work and family, life could become quite overwhelming. Physical and mental demands may leave you feeling totally exhausted following the morning ,. As a result, keeping your fitness important of all the stresses of much less may not be a goal.
Many individuals simply take fitness with no consideration. They have no desire or plans efficient at preserving good health. Others know they should exercise regularly, yet they tend to push fitness aside indefinitely. They have good intentions of constantly to it someday, if they have more time and energy. Yet, as days and weeks pass by, fitness continues to be able to forgotten and left from their daily daily activities.
Importance of Fitness
Physical and mental fitness should be an important focus of living. You make time to get involved in routine activities each day, such as eating and bathing. Why, then, are exercise and fitness so frequently neglected? Fitness is, after all, vital to your general well-being and quality of life.
There are many benefits being derived from keeping fitness important inside your everyday living. What are some of those benefits?
oFitness keeps you feeling and looking healthy.
oFitness helps in avoiding depression and reduces physical stress.
oRegular exercise helps to avoid certain associated with cancer, including colon cancer and breast cancers.
oAn active, fit lifestyle can create clearer thinking and better concentration.
oIncorporating fitness into way of life can help keep your hypotension at healthy levels.
oStaying fit can reduce or eliminate the risks of coronary disease.
oFitness can slow down the aging solution.
When you are physically active and fit, your metabolism will work more essentially. You will be better able to ward off obesity along with the health points that stem from obesity. Your body will become firmer, stronger, leaner, as well as more flexible. You will see an develop your energy level, as well. As you become More Bonuses energetic, handling other tasks and stressors that arise each day should become easier.
Stress may negative effect on the health of your body and mind. Stress can cause depression. It can weaken the immune system and induce illness or disease. In accordance with the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, “the three areas that are most essential in protecting and bolstering the immune system are diet and nutrition, exercise, and stress burning.Even more so than nutrition, exercise can protect together with enhance the immune respond. Exercise can also improve your mental wellness.”
Tips to Exercise into Everyday Life
You seem to be on a busy schedule from the second you come to life until you fall into bed through the. You swear that there is utterly no way you can squeeze exercise into your daily life.
If a person are that you truly cannot find time to get in a real workout, take every opportunity throughout time to move about. Do some stretches at your desk. Take the stairs instead among the elevator. Walk to school or perform well. Walk during your lunch hour and low breaks.
Keep in mind, also, that you could end up active from your friends and family at your days off. Instead of watching TV or playing video games all day, spend time together coming into such activities as sports, swimming, hiking, or cycling. Have the kids help you is not gardening. Go dancing about your spouse. There are several ways to be able to active. The choice is yours to get moving.
Personal trainer Denise Austin advises, “Make it objective to set an example for your family, and be a role model for any kids or perhaps friends. Understand people need up to you can be an excellent way and also hardwearing . spirits lifted too.”
How to keep Health and Fitness Important with a hectic Schedule
Now that you realize the need for health and fitness, prepared to include them in your busy order of business.
Start down that way to good fitness by creating a exercise regime. If you need help, do some research. You may get ideas on creating your plan the reputable online source or by dealing with your physician or a training expert.
Set aside a certain time onrr a daily basis to dedicate to exercise. Often, getting up earlier and working out very first thing in the morning is most effective. After all, you should be well-rested capable to perform following a good night’s sleep. Besides, starting your day with an excellent workout can actually make you’re feeling more energetic, more optimistic, and more productive solar-powered lights will collect. If, however, morning exercise sessions will not work for you, schedule those workouts provided time that is convenient.


text:
MCAT® Organic Chemistry Review
Preparing for the MCAT®? Don’t worry, StudyOrgo.com’s got you covered! StudyOrgo.com serves as a perfect refresher for organic chemistry tested on the MCAT®
Here is information on how organic chemistry is tested on the MCAT®. The following information does not represent a comprehensive overview of the entire exam. For more information on all areas tested, consult with the individual test’s association.
Organic Chemistry is tested in the Biologic Science section of the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT)®.
- Biology is also tested in the Biologic Science Section of the MCAT®
- The Biological Sciences section is divided as follows:
- 52 questions to be completed in 70 minutes
- 7 passage-based sets of questions
- 4-7 questions per set
- 13 independent questions
- The section is scored between a low of 1 and a high of 15.
- There is no penalty for guessing.
So get started today with StudyOrgo.com to review Organic Chemistry to ace the MCAT® !
- Brush up on over 100 organic chemistry reactions
- Create custom quizzes to test your knowledge with our Quiz Mode
- Review key concepts with our Summary Guides and Exercise Sets
- Study information-dense topics using our study charts
- Visualize the big picture with our reaction roadmap
- Low, affordable rates

domain: chemistry


text:
Wellness:The dynamic state of the person, wherein there is harmonious functioning of enough aspects of that being, enabling that being to enliven the highest Quality of Life feasibly capable.
Nuts and grains. These are additionally a good source of necessary protein as well as fibres. The two things which you will need health tips for good nutrition and physical fitness. Whole grains, nuts and oats. All things you will find in any good cereal.
So what does this BMI tell us? If your BMI is between the top teens to mid-twenties, that is an average result and tends to indicate no immediate weight issues but you still need to be aware of healthy tips to maintain this weight index. However if your BMI is above 30, then it can indicate obesity. Should your BMI be above 40, that can indicate morbid obesity and needs immediate attention. You need to speak with your Doctor at the earliest.
Being overweight in a sedentary job has its challenges and yet, being overweight as an athlete may present short and long-term problems as this study suggests. Large NFL players seemed to have higher blood pressure as compared to their counterparts.
Try to avoid junk food as it is not good for the ibs symptoms. Instead of eating outside food, try to eat such meals that include carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals.
Along with slightly limiting your food consumption, you should also limit eating sweets and junk foods. These foods contain a lot of calories that will only aggravate the situation. If you want rapid weight loss, you should reduce or completely get rid of all the junk foods. If you want to eat a snack, make sure that it is a healthy alternative such as fruits or vegetables. Getting a bag of chips will never work. If you eliminate sweets from your diet, you will see that there will be a substantial decrease in the amount of calories you take in. You should limit your fat intake to twenty grams a day.
Life is something that cannot be replaced, so be wise and choose wise when it comes to choosing a diet, especially that of the junk food diet. It’s not worth the risk at all. There are several healthy alternatives to losing weight safely.

domain: food


text:
Designed for today’s lifestyle, this totally renovated full brick home is like new and offers the following features:
- 3 bedrooms with built-in wardrobes
-2 near new bathrooms
- Formal lounge
- Large modern kitchen with a host of extras and adjoining large family room overlooking the back yard.
– New carpet, blinds
- Beautiful covered deck. Ideal for BBQ’s and outdoor living area
- Lock up garage
- Backyard for kids to play
- Close to schools, parks and transport
- Backs on to Park Reserve
Be sure to inspect!

domain: design


text:
|Year : 2018 | Volume
| Issue : 1 | Page : 68-73
Preparation of chitosan-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles and assessment of their effects on enzymatic antioxidant system as well as high-density lipoprotein/low-density lipoprotein lipoproteins on wistar rat
Bahare Khedri1, Kahin Shahanipour1, Soheil Fatahian1, Fariba Jafary2
1 Department of Biochemistry, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
2 Young Researchers and Elite Club, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
|Date of Web Publication||5-Mar-2018|
Dr. Kahin Shahanipour
Department of Biochemistry, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan
Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None
Background: Recently, the nanoparticle (NP) application in many fields of medicine due to their specific physical and chemical properties has been developed. Therefore, especially in vivo evaluation of their toxicity is necessary. The aim of this study was to compare the toxicity of Fe3O4NPs coated with biocompatible compounds and uncoated NPs. Methods: Wetted chemical method (or wet chemical method) was used to synthesize Fe3O4NPs. The synthesized NPs were coated with chitosan and the coating interactions were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The magnetic and structural properties of Fe3O4and coated Fe3O4NPs were evaluated by transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. The toxicity assessment of Fe3O4and coated Fe3O4NPs was studied in mice by intraperitoneal injections during the 1-month period. Antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPX), malondialdehyde, and low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein were measured 15 and 30 days after injection. Results: The synthesized NPs have a single phase and spinal structure and their size distribution in the net form is 5–10 nm. Some factors were changed due to the injection of both uncoated and coated NPs. The all-used concentration of chitosan-coated Fe3O4NPs could increase the GPX enzyme activity. The Fe3O4NPs can reduce the GPX enzyme activity in high concentration (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 150 mg/kg). Conclusion: The results indicated that NPs based on their dosage and body condition can induce toxicity effects in the body. It should be mentioned that the chitosan-coated ones can decrease their effects.
Keywords: Nanoparticles, oxidative stress, toxicity
|How to cite this article:|
Khedri B, Shahanipour K, Fatahian S, Jafary F. Preparation of chitosan-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles and assessment of their effects on enzymatic antioxidant system as well as high-density lipoprotein/low-density lipoprotein lipoproteins on wistar rat. Biomed Biotechnol Res J 2018;2:68-73
|How to cite this URL:|
Khedri B, Shahanipour K, Fatahian S, Jafary F. Preparation of chitosan-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles and assessment of their effects on enzymatic antioxidant system as well as high-density lipoprotein/low-density lipoprotein lipoproteins on wistar rat. Biomed Biotechnol Res J [serial online] 2018 [cited 2022 Aug 11];2:68-73. Available from: https://www.bmbtrj.org/text.asp?2018/2/1/68/226585
| Introduction|| |
Nanotechnology has found applications in industry, pharmaceuticals, medicine, electronics, robotics, and tissue engineering. Nanoparticles (NPs) are nanostructures, with at least one dimension being <100 nm. The consumption of NP materials has many advantages because of their unique physical properties such as unique size. For example, guiding magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with the help of an external magnetic field to specific target was the principle behind the development of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). The reasons of using SPION is various as they are their unique in their chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Therefore, the SPIONs have a great potential , for many biomedical uses such as cellular therapy, tissue repair, magnetic resonance imaging, tumor hyperthermia, and gene and drug delivery. The iron oxide NPs such as magnetite (Fe3O4) or its oxidized form magnetite (γ-Fe2O4) are by far the most commonly consumed in biomedical fields.[ 6] For biological and biomedical approaches, magnetic iron oxide NPs are the primary choice because of their biocompatibility, superparamagnetic behavior, and chemical stability. The nanostructure is based on an inorganic core of iron oxide, such as Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O4, coated with a polymer such as dextran, chitosan, polyethylenimine, and polyethylene glycol (PEG)., The chitosan, poly-β-(1 → 4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose, being deacetylated chitin, is currently obtained from the outer shell of crustaceans., The positive charge of chitosan provides various and distinctive physiological and biological properties with great potential application in a wide range of industries including agricultural, food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical. The cationic nature of chitosan has been considered for the development of particulate drug delivery systems. Chitosan has many significant biological reactive chemical groups including OH and NH2. Therefore, chitosan and its derivatives have been widely used in the fields of pharmacy and biotechnology. Chitosan-coated magnetic NPs contain a core of magnetic material usually a mixture of Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O4. The origin of NPs toxicity for the viable cells could be mainly due to the toxicity of heavy ions atoms which can impress and penetrate into the macromolecules, organelles, and other parts of viable cells. The most researches up to now have indicated and suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and consequent oxidative stress are frequently observed with NP toxicity. The physicochemical properties of NP including particle size, surface charge, and chemical composition are the key indicators for the ROS response result. According to the present information, some of the NPs are able to activate inflammatory cells such as macrophages and neutrophils which can result in the increased production of ROS.
The oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many disease states, such as aging, atherosclerosis, carcinogenesis, ischemia–reperfusion tissue injury, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic inflammatory disorders. The oxidative stress can be defined as the imbalance between the production of cellular oxidant species and antioxidant capability. The cellular defense systems of cells include nonenzymatic and enzymatic substances, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) that are scavengers of radicals and protectors of major cellular biomolecules from oxidative damage. When the cellular defense mechanisms are unable to cope with excessive generation of ROS, oxidative stress will happen subsequently.
In this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the effect of chitosan (as a coating on the surface of Fe3O4 NPs) on the toxicity effects of Fe3O4 NPs.
| Methods|| |
Synthesis of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles
In this study, wetted chemical method was used for the synthesis of Fe3O4 NPs. Three solutions of the FeCl2 (0.01 M equals to 1.98 g), FeCl3 (0.02 M equals to 5.41 g), and NaOH (0.08 M equals to 3.2 g) (all from the Merck Company) were needed and prepared in distilled deionized water. Synthesis was started by by pouring FeCl2 solution into a triple neck round balloon. Then, FeCl3 solution and NaOH solution were added to the same balloon, under vigorous magnetic string respectively. At finally, the obtained solution was washed by deionized water and then centrifuged for removing any aggregate as impurity. All processes were performed at room temperature.,
FeCl2+2 FeCl3+8 NaOH →Fe3O4+4 H2O + 8 NaCl
Coating of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with chitosan
First, 20 mg of high-molecular-weight chitosan was dissolved in 1 M acetic acid solution with final volume of 100 ml. Then, 70 mg of Fe3O4 was added to the pervious solution and the mixture was mixed overnight for 18 h. During this process, the chitosan molecules were adsorbed on the surface of the NPs and a homogeneous dark brown suspension was obtained.
Quality assurance and measurement of samples properties
XRD (X-ray diffraction) (Burker D and ADVANCE) and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) (Philips CM12 TEM, operated at 120 Kv) were used to evaluate the crystalline structure and size distribution, respectively. The coating chemical interactions were measured by FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) (JASCO FT/IR-6300, Japan).
Nanoparticle injection to mice
For this step, 60 rats of Wistar strain were obtained from the Falavarjan University laboratory. They were kept in natural light and humidity at 22–24°C. They were divided into 10 equal groups (each group contained six mice). One group was injected with normal saline and served as the control group and the nine remaining groups received Fe3O4, chitosan-coated Fe3O4, and pure chitosan. The rats received intraperitoneal injection of different concentrations (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg according to the rats weight) for 1 month.
Measurement of factors
The blood samples of ketamine-anesthetized rats were taken directly from the heart in 15 and 30 days after injection. Then, principle factors such as GPX, malondialdehyde (MDA), HDL (high-density lipoprotein), and LDL (low-density lipoprotein) were measured. The GPX enzyme activity was measured with Rat Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-PX) Elisa kit from EASTBIOPHARM Company.
The mean values of factors in all groups were compared by the ANOVA test (analysis of variance) and t-test using the SPSS (Statistics software package that used for the social sciences; version 20) computer program. P ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistical significant level.
| Results|| |
Physical properties and quality assurance of the coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles
XRD was used to consider the structure of samples. XRD pattern of uncoated, chitosan-coated Fe3O4 NPs and chitosan is shown in [Figure 1]. According to the obtained picture, all samples have a single phase. The mean size of the particles was determined by the Debye–Scherer formula, and it was calculated as 12 nm for the uncoated Fe3O4 NPs.
|Figure 1: Transmission electron microscope photograph of the uncoated Fe3O4 nanoparticles|
Click here to view
The TEM photograph of the uncoated Fe3O4 NPs is shown in [Figure 1]. This photograph indicates that the sizes of the particles are around 5–10 nm with approximately uniform size distribution and that is compatible with the results of the XRD patterns [Figure 2] because the particle size increases with the coating process.
|Figure 2: X--ray diffraction pattern for Fe3O4 and Chitosan--coated Fe3O4|
Click here to view
The FTIR curves of the Fe3O4, chitosan-coated nanoparticles and chitosan are demonstrated in [Figure 3].
It can be observed that two peaks in the Fe3O4 curve (1628 cm −1 and 3419 cm −1) are related to OH junctions, and it can be concluded that there are water molecules in the material structure. Furthermore, it can be observed that another peak in the chitosan curve (3430 cm −1) is related to O-H and N-H junctions. The maximum attraction/absorbance in 1629 cm −1 and 1397 cm −1 showed that chitosan could coat the Fe3O4 NPs.
Antioxidant system enzyme measurement
The GPX enzyme activity was measured (standard curve showed in [Figure 4]) in 15 and 30 days postinjection in all 10 groups and [Figure 5] and [Figure 6] show the GPX measurement results in these times. The Fe3O4 NPs can reduce the GPX enzyme activity in high concentration. All the concentrations of chitosan-coated Fe3O4 NPs could increase the GPX enzyme activity. The groups that received all concentrations (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 150 mg/kg) of chitosan had an increase in the GPX activity in 15 and 30 days postinjection.
|Figure 5: Glutathione peroxidase measurement results 15 days postinjection|
Click here to view
|Figure 6: Glutathione peroxidase measurement results 30 days postinjection|
Click here to view
Results indicated that Fe3O4 NPs at concentrations of 100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg 15 days postinjection can decrease GPX enzyme activity significantly, but decrease of activity at a concentration of 50 mg/kg is not meaningful.
On the other hand, it was observed that 30 days postinjection of Fe3O4 NPs only at concentration of 50 mg/kg decreases GPX enzyme activity and at concentrations of 100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg the decrease of enzyme activity is not significant [Figure 5] and [Figure 6].
The MDA concentration was measured 15 and 30 days postinjection in all groups. [Figure 7] and [Figure 8] indicate that the Fe3O4 NPs at 15 days postinjection reduce the MDA concentration at 50 and 100 mg/kg concentration and increase the MDA concentration at 150 mg/kg concentration. We can observe the increase of MDA at all concentrations at 30 days postinjection. It should be mentioned that all concentrations of chitosan-coated Fe3O4 NPs could increase the MDA at 15 and 30 days postinjection [Figure 7] and [Figure 8].
The amounts of LDL of all groups at 15 and 30 days after injection are showed in [Figure 9] and [Figure 10]. These changes showed that LDL concentration in groups that received the Fe3O4 NPs for 15 days after injection could not change the LDL concentration, but the concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/kg could increase after 30 days injection [Figure 9] and [Figure 10].
|Figure 9: Low--density lipoprotein concentration results 15 days postinjection|
Click here to view
|Figure 10: Low-density lipoprotein concentration results 30 days after injection|
Click here to view
The HDL concentrations were measured 15 and 30 days after injection and they are showed in [Figure 11] and [Figure 12]. These figures indicate that HDL concentrations were decreased at all concentrations of Fe3O4 NPs groups in 15 days, but in 30 days, only the concentrations of 100 and 150 mg/kg could decrease this parameter. Furthermore, all concentrations of chitosan-coated Fe3O4 NPs in 15 days reduced HDL, but at 30 days postinjection, the only concentrations that reduced this parameter were 50 and 100 mg/kg [Figure 11] and [Figure 12].
|Figure 11: High--density lipoprotein concentration results 15 days postinjection|
Click here to view
|Figure 12: High--density lipoprotein concentration results 30 days postinjection|
Click here to view
| Discussion|| |
The results indicate that NPs had greater effects on biomarkers in comparison with uncoated iron oxide NPs. This probably occurred due to their greater stability in blood circulation and consequently better penetration in different organs and cells. Therefore, it seems that the use of such coating materials (chitosan) on the surface of the Fe3O4 NPs increases their stability and side effects on liver enzymes. In this work, we focused on the toxicity of metal oxide NP to the oxidative stress paradigm. Manke et al. reported that most work to date has suggested that ROS generation and consequent oxidative stress are frequently observed with NP toxicity. The physicochemical properties of NP including particle size, surface charge, and chemical composition are key indicators for the resulting ROS response. Free radicals are generated from the surface of NP when both oxidants and free radicals bound to the particle surface. Therefore, the metallic NP (Zn, Ti, Si, and Fe) toxicity indicators are increasing ROS generation and oxidative stress and apoptosis. An example of the metabolism of NP including oxidative stress and resulting toxicity is shown in [Figure 13]. Furthermore, Lin et al. results showed that NP induced oxidative stress because of reducing the SOD and GPX levels and increasing the MDA. Salata in 2004 reported that the chitosan coated polymeric can stay longer time in in bloodstream, biological solution, with reduce toxicity. Hence, this NP can increase MDA concentration and reduce the catalase activity. By the way, chitosan can reduce the free fatty acid and MDA and increase the antioxidant enzyme activities such as SOD, GPX, and CAT. Therefore, the chitosan-coated Fe3O4 has a high antioxidant activity rather than chitosan.
|Figure 13: Metabolisms of nanoparticle include oxidative stress and resulting toxicity|
Click here to view
In the other investigation, they conclude that the aqueous extract of leaves of Limonia acidissima can be used for the synthesis of zinc oxide NPs. These NPs control the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and this was confirmed with the microplate Alamar blue method. The potential of biogenic zinc oxide NPs may be harnessed as a novel medicine ingredient to combat tuberculosis disease.
Our results showed a correlation of lecithin concentration with size, zeta potential, and loading capacity of rifampicin (RIF) RIF-NPs. Increases in lecithin concentration (0.2–2.0 g) could cause a significant size reduction in NPs (250–150 nm); the amount of zeta potential (from 14 to 49 mV; P < 0.05) and loading capacity increases from 8% to 20% (P < 0.05). Designed NPs had slow drug release profile which was influenced by pH and lecithin concentration. The cumulative percentage of RIF released at pH 7.4 was approximately 93% up to 12 h. Overall, the release profile was better than the standard drug, even in various pH conditions (pH = 1, 3.4, and 7.4). In another investigation, they concluded that the Chg/L-RIF NPs may be considered as a promising drug nanocarrier. These NPs release RIF at a slow and constant rate, which effectively might eliminate the bacilli and prevent the formation of RIF-resistant bacilli.
Ag NPs in the range of concentrations exhibited no anti-Mtb effects, whereas ZnO NPs showed potent antibacterial activity at 1/128 of the initial concentration. ZnO NPs at all concentrations showed cytotoxic activity, whereas 100% of THP-1 (human monocytic cell line derived from an acute monocytic leukemia patient) cells remained viable in the presence of Ag NPs at 1/32 and 1/64 of the initial concentrations. However, at ratios of 8ZnO/2Ag, 39.94% of the cells at 1/16 of the initial concentration remained viable, with 100% of THP-1 cells at 1/32 of the initial concentration remaining viable.
In another study, PEG was used as curcumin (CUR) solvent. They showed 2000-fold increases in solubility of CUR in PEG in comparison to water. The loading capacity of CUR in NPs was successfully increased up to 15%. This procedure represents a mild and safety process for synthesizing efficient CUR-NPs, as we have not used any organic or toxic solvents.
Financial support and sponsorship
This study was funded by Flavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References|| |
Dung DT, Hai TH, Phue LH, Long BD, Vinh LK, True PN. Preparation and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles with chitosan coating. J Phys 2009;10:1-6.
Berry CC, Adam SG. Functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicine. J Phys D Appl Phys 2003;36:198-204.
Rasha AA, Fekry AM. Preparation and characterization of nanoparticles modified chitosan sensor and its application for the determination of heavy metals from different aqueous media. J Electrochem 2013;8:6692-708.
Tartaj P, Puerto Morales M, Veinemillas-Verdaguer S, Gonzalez-Carreno T, Serna CJ. The preparation of magnetic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicine. J Phys 2003;36:182-97.
Corot C, Robert P, Idée JM, Port M. Recent advances in iron oxide nanocrystal technology for medical imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006;58:1471-504.
Gupta AK, Gupta M. Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2005;26:3995-4021.
Willard MA, Kurihara LK, Carpenter EE, Calvin S, Harris VG. Chemically prepared magnetic nanoparticles. J Int Mater 2004;49:3-6.
Mohammadi-Samani S, Miri R, Salmanpour M, Khalighian N, Sotoudeh S, Erfani N. Preparation and assessment of chitosan- coated superparamagnetic Fe3
nanoparticles for controlled delivery of methotrexate. J Pharm Sci 2013;8:25-33.
Salata O. Applications of nanoparticles in biology and medicine. J Nanobiotechnology 2004;2:3.
Park JH, Saravanakumar G, Kim K, Kwon IC. Targeted delivery of low molecular drugs using chitosan and its derivatives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010;62:28-41.
Ahmad Safee NH, Abdullah P, Othman MR. Carboxymethyl chitosan – Fe3
nanoparticles: Synthesis and characterization. J Anal Sci 2010;14:63-8.
Guo L, Liu G, Hong RY, Li HZ. Preparation and characterization of chitosan poly (acrylic acid) magnetic microspheres. J Mar Drugs 2010;8:2212-22.
Ali A, Alsalhi MS, Atif M, Ansari AA, Israr MQ, Sadaf JR, et al
. Potentiometric urea biosensor utilizing nanobiocomposite of chitosan-iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles. J Phys 2013;10:1-12.
López RG, Pineda MG, Hurtado G, León RD, Fernández S, Saade H, et al.
Chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles prepared in one step by reverse microemulsion precipitation. Int J Mol Sci 2013;14:19636-50.
Stacy H, Crystal U, Robert T. Differential distribution and toxicity of nanomaterials in vivo
. J Phys 2004;1:12-8.
Manke A, Wang L, Rojanasakul Y. Mechanisms of nanoparticle – Induced oxidative stress and toxicity. J Biol Med Res Int 2013;10:1-16.
Zheng SW, Li JL, You LQ, Xiao KO, Li YY, Zi RX. Chitosan nanoparticles attenuate hydrogen peroxide-induced stress injury in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. J Mar Drugs 2013;11:3582-600.
Cochrane CG. Cellular injury by oxidants. Am J Med 1991;91:23S-30S.
Matés JM, Pérez-Gómez C, Núñez de Castro I. Antioxidant enzymes and human diseases. J Clin Biochem 1999;32:595-603.
Pisanic TR, Blackwell JD, Shubayev VI, Finones RP, Jin S. Nanotoxicity of iron oxide nanoparticle internalization in growing neurons. J Biomater 2007;28:2572-81.
Ghandoor El H, Zidan HM, Khalil MM, Ismail MI. Synthesis and some physical properties of magnetic (Fe3
) nanoparticles. J Electrochem Sci 2012;7:5734-45.
Lin XL, Zhao SH, Zhang L, Hu GQ, Sun ZW, Yang WS. Dose-dependent cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by “Naked” Fe3
nanoparticles in human hepatocyte. J Chem Res 2012;28:114-8.
Taranath TC, Patil BN. Limonia acidissima
L. Leaf mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: A potent tool against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. Int J Mycobacteriol 2016;5:197-204. [Full text]
Farnia P, Velayati AA, Mollaei S, Ghanavi J. Modified rifampin nanoparticles: Increased solubility with slow release rate. Int J Mycobacteriol 2017;6:171-6.
] [Full text]
Jafari AR, Mosavi T, Mosavari N, Majid A, Movahedzade F, Tebyaniyan M, et al.
Mixed metal oxide nanoparticles inhibit growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
into THP-1 cells. Int J Mycobacteriol 2016;5 Suppl 1:S181-3.
Farnia P, Mollaei S, Bahrami A, Ghassempour A, Velayati AA, Ghanavi J. Improvement of curcumin solubility by polyethylene glycol/chitosan-gelatin nanoparticles (CUR-PEG/CS-G-nps). Biomed Res 2016;27:659-65.
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8], [Figure 9], [Figure 10], [Figure 11], [Figure 12], [Figure 13]
|This article has been cited by|
Preparation and characterization of glucose-conjugated super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (G-SPIONs) for removal of
| ||Munish Kumar, Gyandeep Gupta, Tincy Varghese, Prem Prakash Srivastava, Subodh Gupta |
| ||Microscopy Research and Technique. 2022; |
|[Pubmed] | [DOI]|
||Antitumor Activity of Chitosan-Coated Iron Oxide Nanocomposite Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Animal Models
| ||Monda M. M. Badawy, Gehan R. Abdel-Hamid, Hebatallah E. Mohamed |
| ||Biological Trace Element Research. 2022; |
|[Pubmed] | [DOI]|
||Synthesis and Characterisation of Super-Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
(SPIONs) for Minimising Aeromonas hydrophila Load from
| ||Munish Kumar, Gyandeep Gupta, Tincy Varghese, Aruna M Shankregowda, Prem Prakash Srivastava, Shashi Bhushan, Satya Prakash Shukla, Gopal Krishna, Subodh Gupta |
| ||Current Nanoscience. 2022; 18(2): 224 |
|[Pubmed] | [DOI]|

domain: literature


text:
superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, were studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in glu- cose-limited chemostat cultures. The effect of di- lution rates ...
Applied Microbiology Bioteehnology
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (1987) 26:531--536
© Springer-Verlag 1987
Biosynthesis of superoxide dismutase and catalase in chemostat culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fang-Jen S. Lee and Hosni M. Hassan Departments of Food Science and Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
Summary. The effects of oxygen (100%), paraquat (0.5 mM), and copper (0.1 mM) on the growth and the biosynthesis of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, were studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in glucose-limited chemostat cultures. The effect of dilution rates (D, h - l ) on cell mass, glucose consumption, ethanol production, oxygen uptake, and specific activities of SOD and catalase were also investigated at each steady state. SOD was optimally produced at D-values between 0.22 and 0.26 h-1 in the presence of oxygen or paraquat, and at D-values greater than 0.17 h-~ when copper was used. On the other hand, catalase activity decreased with increasing D-values. However, the presence of copper or 100% oxygen repressed catalase activity at low D-values (D 0.22 h - 1). We also studied the effect of oxygen concentration on the biosynthesis of SOD and catalase at D -- 0.1 h - 1. The data clearly show that synthesis of SOD and catalase, though correlated with changes in oxygen tension, are independent of one another.
Paper Number 10871 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC 27695. The use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service of the products named, nor criticism of similar ones not mentioned Offprint requests to: H. M. Hassan
Introduction Oxygen though essential for aerobic growth and survival, is known to be toxic (Fridovich 1975). The toxicity of oxygen is related to its partially reduced intermediates that include the superoxide radical (O 2), hydrogen peroxide (H202), and the hydroxyl radical (OH'). These are extremely reactive compounds which can directly or indirectly cause substantial damage to the delicate structure of living cells (Fridovich 1975; Hassan and Fridovich 1980). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalyzes the dismutation of the O ~ radical to generate H202 and 02, while catalase decomposes the H202 generated. The coordinate action of these enzymes keeps the concentrations of intracellular O 2 and H202 very low, and minimizes the risk of their interaction to generate the more toxic OH- (Hassan and Fridovich 1980; McCord and Day 1978). The application of superoxide dismutase as an antioxidant (Michelson and Monod 1975; Michelson 1977), and as an anti-inflammatory and radioprotective drug in medicine (McCord and English 1981; Misra and Fridovich 1976; Petkau 1978) has prompted its commercial production from bovine blood and from genetically engineered microorganisms (Hallewell et al. 1985). In a previous study we have shown that oxygen, copper and paraquat can induce the copperzinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Lee and Hassan 1985, 1986). In this study, a chemostat culture was used to determine the optimum conditions for the biosynthesis of CuZnSOD in S. cerevisiae. Data are presented to show the effects of dilution rate, oxygen tension, copper and paraquat on biomass, oxygen uptake, glucose metabolism and on the biosynthe-
F.-J. S. Lee and H. M. Hassan: Biosynthesis of superoxide dismutase and catalase
sis of superoxide dismutase and catalase, using a glucose-limited chemostat culture.
Materials and methods
Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4111 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection.
Media and chemicals The basal synthetic medium used contained (per liter): (NH4)2SO4, 2.0 g; MgSO4.7 H20, 0.25 g; CaC12.2 H20, 0.05 g; FeSOa.7H20, 3 l-tg; KI, 1 ~tg; ZnSO4.7H20, 4.2 I~g; MnSO4. H20, 0.3 ~tg; CuSO4.5 H20, 0.1 Ilg; biotin, 6.25 I.tg; minositol, 1.25rag; niacin, 0.2511g; p-aminobenzoic acid, 0.125 mg; pyridoxin hydrochloride, 0.25 mg; riboflavin, 0.25 mg; thiamine hydrochloride, 0.25 mg. The basal medium was supplemented per liter with 1.44g glucose, 1.75g Na2HPO4-2 H20 and 13.5 g KH2PO4 to give the basal glucosephosphat (BGP) medium. Paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride) was obtained from Sigma.
CULTURE ~ULTURE VESSEL li, WATER-JACKET - -
D (hi'" I ) = STIRRER
Culture conditions The inoculum for each experiment was prepared by transferring a loopful from a slant culture of S. cerevisiae to 50 ml BGP medium and growing the culture overnight at 30°C and 160 rpm. Chemostat culture experiments were performed in a water-jacketed glass culture vessel (5 cm diameter x 35 cm height; total volume - 850 ml) with 400 ml working volume (V. ml). Temperature was controlled at 30°C using a circulating water bath (Fig. 1). The pH of culture at steady state remained at 5.3+0.2 without the use of a pH controller. The culture was mix.ed with a Teflon-coated magnetic stirrer at 300 rpm and the gas flow rate was set at 280 ml/min. The flow of incoming medium was controlled by a peristaltic pump (Buchler Instruments). Flow rate (F, ml/h) was determined by measuring the culture effluent collected during a measured time interval. Steady state for chemostat culture at a given dilution rate ( D = F / V , h - i ) was assumed when the cell density (OD600) remained unchanged within +2% after three changes of the working volume. Samples were removed aseptically through a sampling port at the top of the chemostat vessel. Once the steady state of the culture was established, about 60 ml of the culture was removed using a sterile syringe.
Cell dry weight Cell dry weight was determined from a calibration curve relating OD600 to dry weight, where one OD600=0.266 mg dry cell/ml (Lee and Hassan 1986).
Preparation of cell-free extracts and analytical assays Cells were harvested by centrifugation, and dialysed cell-free extracts were prepared as previously described (Lee and Has-
Fig. l. Diagram of the chemostat culture used san 1985). Superoxide dismutase was assayed according to McCord and Fridovich (1969) and modified by adding 10 -5 M C N - to inhibit cytochrome oxidase. Catalase was assayed as described by Beers and Sizer (1952). Protein was determined by the method of Lowry et al. (1951) using bovine serum albumin as a standard. Oxygen uptake by whole cells was measured at 30°C using Clark Polarographic Electrode as described (Lee and Hassan 1986).
Determination of glucose, ethanol and acetic acid Glucose was measured using a glucose kit based on glucose oxidase/peroxidase (Sigma Chemical Co.) and ethanol was determined by an ethyl alcohol kit based on alcohol dehydrogenase (Sigma Chemical Co.). Acetic acid was determined by HPLC using a Bio-Rad Aminex HPX-87H column and RI detector (Waters Associates).
Effects of dilution rates and oxygen concentrations on growth, S O D and catalase S. cerevisiae was exposed to air and 100% oxygen during growth in a glucose-limited chemostat culture operated at dilution rates between 0.04 h and 0.4 h-~ (Fig. 2). At each dilution rate, the culture was allowed to reach a steady state before samples were removed. The data show that expo-
F.-J. S. Lee and H. M. Hassan: Biosynthesis of superoxide dismutase and catalase 1.0
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3'
0 40 ¸
~ ~ 4
~ 3 Z LLI 2
O tj) lO"
so. 70, F o 60.
~ 2o Air
DILUTION RATE (hr -1)
. . . . 0.3
_'~ i 0.4
DILUTION PATE (hr 1)
Fig. 2. Effects of dilution rate and oxygen concentration on growth and enzyme biosynthesis in chemostat culture of S. cerevisiae. Cells were grown, in the presence of air ( , ) or in the presence of 100% (11), in the glucose-limited (8 mM) chemostat culture as described in Materials and methods. The cells in the steady state were removed at different cilution rates and immediately assayed for biomass and oxygen uptake. The rate for oxygen uptake is expressed as m m o l / g , h - 1. Dialyzed cell-free extracts were prepared and assayed for SOD and catalase as described in Materials and methods. The supernatants were assayed for glucose and ethanol. A : Biomass, B : Oxygen uptake, C : Glucose, D : Ethanol, E : SOD activity, F : Catalase activity
sure to 100% 02 resulted in a 25--40% decline in cell mass as compared to cells exposed to air (Fig. 2A). The rates of oxygen uptake (mmoles/gram dry wt. cells per hour) for cells grown in the presence of 100% oxygen were, in general, 50--60% less than the rates of oxygen uptake seen with airgrown cells (Fig. 2B). A positive correlation was observed between D. h - 1 and the rate of oxygen uptake for both types of cells. The rates of glucose consumption by air- and 100% O2-grown cells were the same for D-values between 0.05 and 0.3 h - ~. However, at D > 0.3 h - 1, cells grown in 100% 02 consumed glucose at a slightly slower rate than air-grown cells (Fig. 2C). Ethanol accumulation was higher in 100% O2-grown cells than in air-grown cells (Fig. 2D), which may suggest that air-grown cells are more capable of oxidizing the ethanol and produce more cells (Fig. 2A).
The specific activity of SOD was 80 to 160% higher in cells grown in 100% 0 2 than in airgrown cells (Fig. 2E). In the presence of 100% O2, SOD was optimally produced by cells grown at dilution rates between 0.22 and 0.26 h-1 (Fig. 2E). The specific activity of catalase was dramatically repressed in cells exposed to 100% 02 at all Dvalues examined. However, in the presence of air there was an inverse relationship between the specific activity of catalase and the specific dilution rates, D. h - 1 (Fig. 2F).
Effect of transitions in oxygen concentration on 9rowth, SOD and catalase In this part of the study the dilution rate was kept constant at 0 . 1 + 0 . 0 0 5 h -I and transitions in 02
F.-J. S. Lee and H, M. Hassan: Biosynthesis of superoxide dismutase and catalase
concentrations were achieved by changing the sparging gases (i.e. nitrogen + air + 100% oxygen --, nitrogen). The culture was allowed to reach steady state after each transition and before samples were taken for analysis (Fig. 3). It is clear that changes in the oxygen concentration in the sparging gases had a significant effect on cell density and the rate of oxygen uptake (Fig. 3A). Growth in the presence of air (20% 02) gave optimal cell biomass and maximum rate of oxygen uptake. Growth in the presence of 100% oxygen resulted in a 35% decrease in cell yield as compared to air-grown cells. As expected, growth in the presence of nitrogen resulted in the lowest cell
. N 2 .,j
AIR ~1 100°/,:,O2~1~
biomass (i.e. about 20% of that obtained aerobically). Interestingly, the rate of oxygen uptake by ceils grown in 100% 02 was the same as that for cells grown in nitrogen, which was about 50% of the rate obtained in the presence of air. Glucose utilization was not affected by transitions in oxygen concentration. However, the metabolic products from glucose were different (Fig. 3B). Thus, ethanol accumulated in the presence of nitrogen, while acetate accumulated in the presence of 100% oxygen. In the presence of air neither ethanol nor acetate accumulated. The specific activities of SOD and catalase were affected significantly by changes in oxygen concentration (Fig. 3C). Nitrogen-grown cells had the lowest SOD activity. Shifting the cells from nitrogen to air caused a 50% increase in SOD while shifting the cells from air to 100% oxygen caused a 300% increase. Cells grown in air had 250% and 1000% more catalase activity than cells grown in nitrogen or 100% oxygen, respectively (Fig. 3C). On the other hand, cells grown in 100% oxygen had the lowest catalase activity, while cells grown in air had the highest catalase activity.
l~ N2 ~ I ~ A I R ~ I ~ 100°1°O2 .,J~ ~"
~ 8 ~ 7 ~ 5. ~
I~ N2 .,J = AIR ..j ~ 117T/d~2 ..j~ t~
~" 35, o~_ 3 0 , ~
~i 5. IZtl
TIME ( ~ W )
Fig. 3. Effect of changes in oxygen concentration on growth and enzyme biosynthesis in chemostat culture of S. cerevisiae. The yeast were grown in a chemostat culture at D = 0.1___0.005 h - ] , and N2, air, or 100% 02 were supplied at defined periods as shown. The cells were removed at the different steady states and biomass and oxygen uptake (retool/ g . h - t ) were measured. Dialysed cell-free extracts were prepared and assayed for SOD and catalase as described in Materials and methods. The supernatants were assayed for glucose, ethanol and acetic acid. A: Biomass and oxygen uptake; B: Glucose, Ethanol and acetic acid; C: SOD and catalase
Effects of copper and paraquat on growth, SOD and catalase Previous studies (Lee and Hassan 1985) have shown that copper and paraquat can affect cell growth and antioxidant enzyme biosynthesis in batch culture. The addition of 0.1 m M CuSO4 to S. cerevisiae grown in air in chemostat culture at different dilution rates had no significant effect on cellular dry-weight (Fig. 4A vs. Fig. 2A). However, it stimulated SOD biosynthesis at dilution rate >0.17 h -1 and inhibited oxygen uptake and catalase biosynthesis at all dilution rates tested. On the other hand, addition of 0.5 mM paraquat inhibited cellular metabolism, stimulated SOD biosynthesis, and had no significant effect on catalase biosynthesis. Addition of 0.1 mM CuSO4 plus 0.5 mM paraquat inhibited cell mass, oxygen uptake and ethanol utilization, but had a stimulatory effect on SOD biosynthesis greater than that obtained in the presence of CuSO+ or paraquat alone (Fig. 5 vs. Fig. 4).
Previous studies on SOD and catalase biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae were performed in batch cultures (Lee and Hassan 1985, 1986). Interpretation
F.-J. S. Lee and H. M. Hassan: Biosynthesis of superoxide dismutase and catalase 1.0, 0.9, 0.8. 0.7. 0.6. 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2. 0.1 0.0
A 5 ~" 4
121 0 m 10-
o_ ~ 50
~ 30 ~ 2o < 0
0.2 0.3 DILUTION RATE(hr-1)
0.2 0.3 DJLUTION RATE(hr-1)
Fig, 4. Effects of copper or paraquat on growth and enzyme biosynthesis in chemostat culture of S. cerevisiae. Cells were grown in the presence of 0.1 m M copper ( 0 ) or in the presence of 0.5 m M paraquat (ram) in the glucose-limited chemostat culture as described in Materials and methods. Sample preparation and assays were the same as in Fig. 2. A : Biornass, B : Oxygen uptake, C : Glucose, D: Ethanol, E: SOD activity, F: Catalase activity
of the results is not straightforward because of the complex physiological changes that take place in non-steady state populations (Kjeldgaard et al. 1958). In the present study, these difficulties were overcome by using steady-state chemostat cultures of S. cerevisiae. This system allowed us to study the effects of oxidative stress under balanced growth conditions over a wide range of specific growth rates in a constant environment and for an extended period of time. S. cerevisiae, when grown in a glucose-limited chemostat culture, revealed systematic variations in response to changes in dilution rates and in oxygen concentrations. At D < 0 . 0 5 h - I the cell yield decreased due to the fact that a high proportion of the energy available to the cells was used for maintenance instead of growth. Catalase activity was highest at D = 0 . 0 5 h -~. At D-values > 0.05 h - ~ but < 0.2 h - 1 glucose was completely oxidized and only trace amounts of ethanol were found. Ethanol accumulated in cultures grown at
D_> 0.22 h -1, where also the cell yield declined, suggesting incomplete oxidation of the glucose utilized probably due to some unknown nutrient limitation. A positive correlation was observed between the dilution rate and oxygen uptake. A strong positive correlation was also found between the rate of oxygen uptake and SOD. These results are similar to those reported in E. coli (Hassan and Fridovich 1977a). Growth in the presence of 100% oxygen was inhibitory to all growth parameters examined except for SOD activity which showed at least a two-fold increase relative to air-grown cells. It is clear that 100% oxygen must have caused damage to essential cell functions and that SOD was induced in an attempt to protect the cells against oxygen toxicity (Fridovich 1975). The data also demonstrate that the cells were capable of adjusting to sudden changes in their oxygen content (Fig. 3) and that SOD plays an important role as evidenced by the cell's ability to modulate SOD
F.-J. S. Lee and H. M. Hassan: Biosynthesis of superoxide dismutase and catalase
536 1.0 0.9
Acknowledgements. This work was supported in-part by DMP8609239 from the National Science Foundation and 86-G00719 from N. C. Biotechnology Center.
A 0 2- Uptake
0.7 "~ 0.5 u~ 0.40.30.20.1. 0.0
3 1 -0 ~" 70' C ~60 50' ~ 40. 30' ~20'
i 10' W O 0.0
i == ==i 0.2 0.3 DILUT~N RATE(hr1)
Fig. 5. Effect of copper plus paraquat on growth and enzyme biosynthesis in chemostat culture of S. cerevisiae. Cells were grown supplemented with 0.1 mM copper plus 0.5 mM paraquat in the glucose-limited chemostat culture and were assayed as in Fig. 2. A : Biomass and oxygen uptake; B : Glucose and ethanol; C: SOD and catalase
activity to meet the oxidative stress imposed on them. Paraquat is known to generate superoxide radicals in E. coli (Hassan and Fridovich 1977b) and in S. cerevisiae (Lee and Hassan 1985). It has also been shown that copper induces SOD in S. cerevisiae (Lee and Hassan 1985, Greco et al. 1986). Our present findings, using chemostat culture, support and extend this thesis by showing that the effect of paraquat and copper on SOD biosynthesis is a function of increasing dilution rate (i.e. specific growth rate of the cells). Addition of copper and paraquat to the medium inhibited cellular metabolism, but increased the level of SOD to a greater extent than when each was added separately. The effect was neither synergistic nor additive at dilution rate > 0.2 h-1, which supports our previous conclusion derived from batch culture studies (Lee and Hassan 1985). Our present findings clearly indicate that it is possible to increase the level of SOD in S. cerevisiae by optimizing the specific growth rate, oxygen tension and by adding copper and paraquat to cells grown in a chemostat culture.
Beers RF, Sizer IW (1952) A spectrophotometric method for measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. J Biol Chem 195:133--140 Fridovich I (1975) Superoxide dismutase. Annu Rev. Biochem 44:147-- 195 Greco MA, Magner W, Hrab D, Kosman D (1986) Superoxide dismutase and the physiological response to copper in S. cerevisiae. In: Rotilio G (ed) Superoxide and superoxide dismutase in chemistry, biology and medicine. Elsevier Sci Pub Co Inc, pp 296--299 Hallewell RA, Masiarz FR, Najarian RC, Puma JP, Quiraga MR, Randolph A, Sanchez-Peescador R, Sacndella C J, Smith B, Steimer KS, Mullenbach GT (1985) Human Cu/ Zn superoxide dismutase cDNA: isolation of synthesizing high levels of active or inactive enzyme from an expression library. Nucleic Acids Res 6:2017--2023 Hassan HM, Fridovich I (1977a) Physiological function of superoxide dismutase in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Escherichia coil J Bacteriol 130:805--811 Hassan HM, Fridovich I (1977b) Regulation of the synthesis of superoxide dismutase in Escherichia coli: induction by methyl viologen. J Biol Chem 252:7667--7672 Hassan HM, Fridovich I (1980) Superoxide dismutase: Detoxication of a Free Radical. In: Jakoby WB (ed) Enzymatic Basis ofDetoxication. Vol 1. Academic Press Inc, pp 311 -- 332 Kjelgaard NO, Maaloe O, Schaechter M (1958) The transition between different physiological states during balanced growth of Salmonella typhimurium. J Gen Microbiol 19:607--617 Lee FJ, Hassan HM (1985) Biosynthesis of superoxide dismutase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Effects of paraquat and copper. J Free Radicals Biol Med 1:319--325 Lee FJ, Hassan HM (1986) Biosynthesis of superoxide dismutase and catalase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Effects of oxygen and cytochrome c deficiency. J Industrial Microbiol 1:187--193 Lowry OH, Rosebrough N J, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent, J Biol Chem 193:265--275 McCord JM, Fridovich I (1969) Superoxide dismutase: an enzymatic function of erythrocuperein. J Biol Chem 244:6049--6055 McCord JM, Day Jr ED (1978) Superoxide dependent production of hydroxyl radical catalysed by iron-EDTA complex. FEBS Lett 86:139--140 McCord JM, English D (1981) Superoxide dismutase: An antiinflammatory drug. In: Holcember JS (ed) Enzyme as drugs. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp 353--365 Michelson AM, Monod J (1975) Superoxide dismutase and it's application as an oxidation inhibitor. US Patent 3,920,521 Michelson AM (1977) Superoxide dismutase and it's application as an oxidation inhibitor. US Patent 4,029,819 Misra HP, Fridovich I (1976) Superoxide dismutase and the oxygen enhancement of radiation lethality. Arch of Biochem and Biophys 176:577-581 Petkau A (1978) Radiation protection by superoxide dismutase. Photochem and Photobiol 28:765--774 Received February 3, 1987/Revised April 7, 1987

domain: biology


Welcome to the Intelligent Computing Lab at Yale University!
We are located in the Electrical Engineering Department at Dunham Labs. The lab is led by Prof. Priyadarshini Panda. Priya’s research interests lie in Neuromorphic Computing, spanning developing novel algorithms and architectures (with CMOS/emerging technology) for both deep learning and more brain-inspired spiking neural networks. Our group is also a part of the Computer Systems Lab at Yale.
Our Focus and Approach:
‘Can machines think?’ the question brought up Alan Turing, presents several opportunities for research across the computing stack from Algorithm-to-Hardware (includes, Architecture-Circuit-Device), that we would like to explore to enable energy-efficient and appropriate machine intelligence. Today, artificial intelligence or AI is broadly pursued by Deep learning and Neuromorphic Computing researchers in the design space of energy-accuracy tradeoff with the motif of creating a machine exhibiting brain-like cognitive ability with brain-like efficiency. However, there are several questions regarding, what we term as appropriateness of intelligent systems, like robustness, explainability, security in adversarial scenarios, adaptivity or lifelong learning in a real-time complex environment and also, compatibility with hardware stack among others, that still remain unanswered and under-explored. With the advent of Internet of Things (IoT) and the necessity to embed intelligence in all technology that surrounds us, our research plan is to explore the energy-accuracy-appropriateness tradeoff cohesively with algorithm-hardware co-design to create truly functional intelligent systems. We are also interested in exploring bio-plausible algorithms-and-hardware guided by natural intelligence (how the brain learns, the internal fabric of the brain etc.) to define the next generation of robust and efficient AI systems for beyond-vision static recognition tasks with the ability to perceive, reason, decide autonomously in real-time.
National Science Foundation
Technology Innovation Institute
2022 Google Research Scholar Award
Center for Co-design of Cognitive Systems
DARPA AIE on Shared Experience Lifelong Learning
DOE MMICC Center - SEA-CROGS


|Everlasting Dawn - ‘Of Frozen Hearts And Bloody Whores’ (AudioRiot Recordings)|
|Written by Mark Ashby|
|Wednesday, 30 January 2013 03:30|
When an album arrives with its accompanying press pack bearing the words “female fronted melodic symphonic death metal” emblazoned across its expensively-produced cover page, you can be forgiven for immediately jumping to conclusions and almost pre-judging what said opus is going to sound like – somewhere in between Nightwish and Arch Enemy probably would be a fairly justified guestimate.
This debut full-lengther from Austrian sextet Everlasting Dawn certainly wears its heart on its sleeve, with the cover art depicting soprano Lisa holding said bleeding organ… unfortunately, what is contained inside does nothing to dispose of the preconceptions which the aforesaid media collateral invokes.
‘Of Frozen Hearts…’ is fairly mediocre, run of the mill fare – although it does have some very good interludes, such as the hugely melodic death metal of ‘World Domination’ or the edginess of ‘Rotten Love’: however, while the performances – in particular those of Lisa and guitarist-vocalist Dave Slut (should he not be in a glunk band with a name like that?) – are competent, and at times more than so, it’s an album of as-yet unfulfilled promise.
The main fault is the textbook song arrangements – there’s nothing that really jumps out and grabs you, and there are too many moments where potential is snapped away… the melody on ‘Last Thoughts Of Dying Days’, for example, is quickly over-ruled by a needless barrage of blastbeats, where perhaps allowing its underlying haunting nature to have been developed further would have made a far more impressive mid-album interlude. And there are several moments, scattered throughout the album, where discordant keyboards crash into the harmonies, unannounced and unwelcome guests.


The AAP chief had been questioned by the Central Bureau of Investigation (File)
Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal has been summoned for questioning by the Enforcement Directorate (ED) in the Delhi liquor policy case for the fourth time. He has been asked to appear before the probe agency on January 18.
This comes after Arvind Kejriwal skipped January 3 questioning, saying that the summons issued by the ED were illegal and its only aim is to arrest him.
Mr Kejriwal, also the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) chief, had refused to appear before the probe agency on two earlier summons for November 2 and December 21 as well.
The AAP chief had been questioned by the Central Bureau of Investigation in connection with the case in April, but had not been made an accused by the agency.
Ever since the first summons was issued by the Enforcement Directorate, there has been intense speculation that the Delhi chief minister would be arrested by the agency after his questioning.
With three of its leaders -- Manish Sisodia, Sanjay Singh and Satyendra Jain -- behind the bars, AAP has long been anticipating the eventuality and has discussed the possible courses of action. They even want Mr Kejriwal to remain the Chief Minister and do his job from jail.
The CBI contends that liquor companies were involved in framing the excise policy, which would have brought them a 12 per cent profit. A liquor lobby it dubbed the "South Group" had paid kickbacks, part of which was routed to public servants. The Enforcement Directorate alleged laundering of the kickbacks.
The BJP has alleged that the proceeds of the alleged scam were used by the AAP to fund its large-scale campaign in Gujarat, in which it got a 12.91 per cent votes and established itself as a national party.


"Dream" as performed by the great and gone-too-soon Dinah Washington (1954)
The song has been done by many recording artists over the decades including The Pied Pipers and Frank Sinatra. It was written in 1944 by Johnny Mercer.
"We're in This Love Together" by Al Jarreau from his album Breakin' Away (1981)
This is just a nice song.
Of note, Jarreau was about 41 years old in this video. He is now 74.
And now for something Saturday night upbeat and fun ...
"All About That Bass" by Meghan Trainor from her Title album (2014)
I love this song and video.
OK, that's all for now. My next planned update won't be until late Monday (or just after midnight Tuesday).


text:
Members of the Faculty Senate Executive Council met with Rector Dragas Monday morning to discuss concerns over UVA President Teresa Sullivan’s recent resignation, and Faculty Senate Chair George Cohen came away saying they had “a cordial discussion”—despite acknowledging that he’d asked the rector to step down.
After the meeting, Executive Council members Cohen, Chris Holstege and Gweneth West compiled a list of four requests of the Board of Visitors. They asked that the Board delay the naming of any interim president to provide an opportunity for shared governance; that President Sullivan be reinstated; that the Board recommend representation by UVA faculty on the Board voting members; and that the Rector and Vice Rector resign in the best interests of the University.
The Senate’s statement didn’t elaborate on how their requests were received, but the community does expect to hear from the Board of Visitors before the day is out, as its members are scheduled to convene at 3 p.m. for an emergency meeting.
Faculty and students are encouraging members of the UVA community to rally on the Lawn ahead of the meeting.


text:
Chess Club logo design is 100% vector based logo, its suitable for any Chess, Chess Club, Chess Community, Chess Society etc, so you can adjust font, color, some elements in the design or the size as you like. 3 others unique color variations are included. And if you like this item and have a moment to rate it, I’ll be very grateful!
0 Reviews for this product
0 Comments for this product

domain: artistic


text:
Baroque [. . .] as a non-exclusive, decentering principle, joins, however self-consciously and awkwardly, contradictory impulses of the premodern and the modern, faith and reason, the scientific and the mythic, marking the crisis and outer limit of modernity. (Kaup, 2007).
Much like saying:
[Of Metaphysical poets] “If the father of criticism has rightly denominated poetry [. . .] an imitative art, these writers will, without great wrong, lose their right to the name of poets, for they cannot be said to have imitated anything: they neither copied nature nor life, neither painted the forms of matter, nor represented the operations of intellect [. . . .] Of wit [. . .] they have more than enough. The most hetrogeneous [sic] ideas are yoked by violence together; nature and art are ransacked for their illustrations, comparisons, and allusions; their learning instructs, and their subtlety surprises [. . . .]. (Johnson, 1779)
On another note, Dr. Johnson has been in the news lately. The New Yorker recently featured an article-length review of two new Johnson biographies (see “Man of Fetters” here). Additionally, The Daily Beast offers “History’s Most Memorable Mistress,” an article-length review of a biography of Hester Thrale, Johnson’s good friend.

domain: library


text:
After vowing to never bring his latest creation, “The Life of Pablo,” to Apple Music, Kanye West has released a single track from the hit album on streaming services, including Apple’s own.
The track “Famous” from West’s latest album can now be streamed from Apple Music, though it is not available to purchase on the iTunes Store. The track is also available to subscribers of Google Play Music, and can be heard by Spotify members as well.
Reckoner had its humble beginnings way back in June of 2013.
Founded by James Croft, along with Peter Wells and Anthony Agius they created what would go on to become one of Australia’s most highly regarded and award winning independent tech blogs.
With its uniquely Australian voice Reckoner is committed to offering a “no-holds-barred” approach to its writing. Beholden to no one but its audience. Reckoner’s goal is to remain completely transparent and honour the trust it’s built with its faithful readership.


The biggest news with the 2018 Jeep Grand Cherokee is the 707 horsepower Trackhawk model, which is powered by the Hellcat Hemi from the Dodge Challenger and Dodge Charger SRT models. The Trackhawk is an incredible machine, packing more power and better performance capabilities than any SUV in the world, but the arrival of the 707 horsepower Jeep didn’t cause the end of the Grand Cherokee SRT, formerly known as the Grand Cheorkee SRT8.
Contrary to what some people have stated on social media, yes, there is a 2018 Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT with the 392 Hemi, with many of the same features as the 2017 version.
The 2018 Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT
Earlier today, an administrator of the JeepGarage.org posted about how some people were insisting that there was no 2018 Jeep Grand Cherokee, which he rebutted with build information on 2018 models with the 392 Hemi. Also, had those folks arguing that the 475hp Grand Cherokee was gone just looked on Jeep.com, they would have seen that you can build and price a 2018 Grand Cherokee SRT – and the company obviously wouldn’t offer an online build and price option if they weren’t offering that vehicle for the new model year.
As was the case for the previous model year, the 2018 Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT is powered by the 392 Hemi, which sends 475 horsepower and 470lb-ft of torque towards the wheels via a quick-shifting 8-speed automatic transmission and an advanced all-wheel drive system. This drivetrain allows the Grand Cherokee SRT to dash from 0-60mph in just 4.3 seconds while running the quarter mile in 12.8 seconds – all en route to a 160 mile per hour top speed.
The 2018 Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT also has the Drive Modes system with the adaptive suspension setup and adjustable steering, as well as a Brembo braking package which affords this full sized SUV world class stopping abilities.
New features for 2018 include a Premium Metal interior package, a Signature leather package with carbon fiber trim, black exterior badges and new standard 20 inch “Carbon Spider Monkey” wheels.
The 2018 Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT starts at $68,490, but if you add all of the available options, the price tops out around $82,450.


text:
DCU Routing Number: 211391825
No Recent Searches Found
Did you mean:
Sorry, We couldn't find what you are looking for. It could be because of many reasons.
We offer competitive rates and terms to help you purchase a new boat or refinance your existing boat loan.
For new or used boats, purchase or refinance. Qualified borrowers can finance up to 125% of NADA book value or up to 125% of the purchase price, whichever is less.
|Terms||APR¹||EMP² Per $1,000|
|Up to 60 Months||9.99%||$20.39 - (Minimum Loan Amount $5,000)|
|Up to 72 Months||10.49%||$17.90 - (Minimum Loan Amount $15,000)|
|Up to 84 Months||10.99%||$16.21 - (Minimum Loan Amount $15,000)|
|Up to 120 Months||11.49%||$13.07 - (Minimum Loan Amount $25,000)|
|Up to 180 Months||11.49%||$10.59 - (Minimum Loan Amount $50,000)|
¹APR = Annual Percentage Rate. Rates are determined by your personal credit history, loan term, account relationship, and payment method. Rates listed are for this product only and are subject to change at any time. Rates and terms on loans for other types of vehicles will differ. Published rate includes a 0.50% discount given when you maintain electronic payments and Plus or Relationship benefits on your DCU checking account. Rate is subject to change after consummation.
²EMP = Estimated Monthly Payment
Choose from our easy to use calculators to help you manage your boat loan.

domain: economics


text:
Suns' Grant Hill debuts film about Duke coach Al Buehler
The lights have dimmed on the Phoenix Suns' season. They're four and a half games out of the eighth and final playoff spot with only eight games remaining in their season going into Friday night vs. the Los Angeles Clippers.
Grant Hill, however, has something to look forward to even if the Suns miss the playoffs after advancing to the Western Conference finals a year ago.
Thursday, his film, Starting at the Finish Line: The Coach Buehler Story, made its debut at the 11th Annual Phoenix Film Festival which runs through April 7.
It's about legendary Duke track coach Al Buehler, also was an inspirational sports history teacher who strongly impacted undergraduates Hill and filmmaker Amy Unell. Buehler not only shaped the sports landscape through three Olympics and 45 years coaching at the school, but he was a champion of integration and women's athletics in the Atlantic Coast Conference long before it became fashionable.
"I hope that audiences will watch Coach's story and feel motivated to celebrate their mentors, teachers, coaches and family," says Unell, who started 33 & 3 Productions with Hill.
Says Buehler: "I'm humbled to see my story on the big screen."
Unell and Hill already are pursuing their next film on Duke's 1991 and '92 national championship men's basketball teams. Hill, now averaging 13.2 points per game and one of the NBA's elite defenders at 38 years old, played on both.
On the defensive
One of the league's best three-point shooters at 42.4%, New Jersey Nets guard Anthony Morrow has had to adjust from "Nellie Ball" with the Golden State Warriors to a more disciplined defensive system under coach Avery Johnson.
"It's helped me grow more mentally knowing that finanacially I'm better off, and knowing that this coach and this coaching staff is going to take me to antother level as far as being a better defender," says Morrow, who was traded during the offseason and is averaging a career high 13.2 points in his third year.


text:
Seventeen-year-old Florence Waverley is out of her depth. Literally. Kidnapped and taken below the waves to the mer world of Niemela, she is the ultimate gift for merman Prince Kiren: a human familiar tied to his side. But nothing is what it seems amid the beauty and danger of a dark ocean. Every Niemelan has a role to play, from the mermaids who weave towers out of kelp to the warriors who fight sea monsters. But in trying to survive, Florence will end up in the middle of a war between the mer and the Darkness. A conflict that will push her between two brothers: Kiren, the charmer inexplicably drawn to both her and the monsters; and Rolan, the loner who has been pushing her away since the day they met. But in order to take a stand--and find out where she belongs--Florence will have to risk it all: her life, her heart... and her very soul.
I was approached by Ciye Cho to read and review Florence. It sounded very interesting, but I was worried about giving it a fair review since I was reading another mermaid story. However this one is different from the other ones I had read, so I didn't constantly compare the two.
Florence is quite an interesting character. She tries to hide from the world and watches what goes on around her. However as the story progresses she does change and as the blurb mentions find where she belongs. To me she embodies many typical teenagers in this way, including me when I was that age. So she is was someone I could relate to.
The story is told from different perspectives, which allows the reader to know a bit more about what is going on in Niemela. It is very easily distinguished between who is telling the story when, so it wasn't very confusing to me. I will say that at first the story seemed to move a bit slow, but it did pick up quickly and held my attention through out the story.
Overall I enjoyed the book and think it is another great summer read! So I give this one my Excellent rating!


text:
Our very own official theme band, Valentine Wolfe, is putting on a show… and it is free!
Where: Greenville Main Library in South Carolina
What: Valentine Wolfe joins Tally Johnson telling ghostly tales from Upstate South Carolina. This is part paranormal, part history, Johnson’s storytelling and Victorian Chamber Metal. Ages 15 and up.
When: Friday, October 21st from 7:00pm-8:30pm
To keep up with all things Valentine Wolfe, and join their email group visit: http://www.valentinewolfe.com/


SANTA BARBARA, CA, April 16, 2019 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- HyperSolar, Inc. (OTC: HYSR), the developer of a breakthrough technology to produce renewable hydrogen, using sunlight and any source of water, is pleased to announce the launch of its new corporate website with a refreshed look and more specific information regarding the GEN 1 and GEN 2 Technologies.
Tim Young, CEO of HyperSolar stated, “Our new website delivers a clearer and more precise message to the industry, investors, and supporters of our renewable-hydrogen production technologies. It’s easily updated with our progress and we encourage people to sign up for our newsletter there to receive progress reports.”
The new site can be viewed at www.hypersolar.com.
HyperSolar’s research is focused on developing a completely renewable, low-cost and submersible hydrogen production particle that can split water molecules using the power of the sun, emulating the core functions of photosynthesis. Each particle is a complete hydrogen generator that contains a novel high voltage solar cell bonded to chemical catalysts by a proprietary encapsulation coating. A video detailing the rise of hydrogen fuel technology, as well as HyperSolar’s completely renewable process of hydrogen fuel production can be viewed by visiting here.
About HyperSolar, Inc.
HyperSolar is developing a breakthrough, low-cost technology to make renewable hydrogen using sunlight and any source of water, including seawater and wastewater. Unlike hydrocarbon fuels, such as oil, coal and natural gas, where carbon dioxide and other contaminants are released into the atmosphere when used, hydrogen fuel usage produces pure water as the only byproduct. By optimizing the science of water electrolysis at the nano-level, our low-cost nanoparticles mimic photosynthesis to efficiently use sunlight to separate hydrogen from water, to produce environmentally friendly renewable hydrogen. Using our low-cost method to produce renewable hydrogen, we intend to enable a world of distributed hydrogen production for renewable electricity and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. To learn more about HyperSolar, please visit our website at www.hypersolar.com.
Safe Harbor Statement
Matters discussed in this press release contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. When used in this press release, the words "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "may," "intend," "expect" and similar expressions identify such forward-looking statements. Actual results, performance or achievements could differ materially from those contemplated, expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements contained herein, and while expected, there is no guarantee that we will attain the aforementioned anticipated developmental milestones. These forward-looking statements are based largely on the expectations of the Company and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties. These include, but are not limited to, risks and uncertainties associated with: the impact of economic, competitive and other factors affecting the Company and its operations, markets, product, and distributor performance, the impact on the national and local economies resulting from terrorist actions, and U.S. actions subsequently; and other factors detailed in reports filed by the Company.


text:
As I alluded to in my original article, I don't think the current shareholders understand what they bought, and now that misunderstanding has reached a level of $128 million. Who is to blame for this? I'm sure some will point their finger at the Securities and Exchange Commission saying it should not have approved this ETF. However, if the SEC only saw the prospectus and the Statement of Additional Information, maybe they didn't know about the 37.5% daily clipping factor either.
Representatives from ALPS and Alerian discussed this article with me under the condition that I not quote them and not use their names. Both confirmed the daily NAV change calculation is reduced by about 37.5% from the daily index change calculation.
ALPS and Alerian maintain that AMLP will still deliver superior long-term after-tax results when held in a taxable account. The taxation of MLPs is a difficult subject so perhaps that is true. But I have trouble understanding how it is possible when AMLP is taking a 37.5% daily hit upfront.
Rowland has no positions in the securities mentioned.
Select the service that is right for you!COMPARE ALL SERVICES
- $2.5+ million portfolio
- Large-cap and dividend focus
- Intraday trade alerts from Cramer
- Weekly roundups
Access the tool that DOMINATES the Russell 2000 and the S&P 500.
- Buy, hold, or sell recommendations for over 4,300 stocks
- Unlimited research reports on your favorite stocks
- A custom stock screener
- Upgrade/downgrade alerts
- Diversified model portfolio of dividend stocks
- Alerts when market news affect the portfolio
- Bi-weekly updates with exact steps to take - BUY, HOLD, SELL
- Real Money + Doug Kass Plus 15 more Wall Street Pros
- Intraday commentary & news
- Ultra-actionable trading ideas
- 100+ monthly options trading ideas
- Actionable options commentary & news
- Real-time trading community
- Options TV


text:
I TUOI DATI
I TUOI ORDINI
N. prodotti: 0
Totale ordine: € 0,00
I TUOI ABBONAMENTI
I TUOI ARTICOLI
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING
Rivista di Medicina Nucleare e Imaging Molecolare
A Journal on Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
Affiliated to the and to the International Research Group of Immunoscintigraphy
Indexed/Abstracted in: Current Contents/Clinical Medicine, EMBASE, PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Citation Index (SciSearch), Scopus
Impact Factor 2,413
ORIGINAL ARTICLES NEUROENDOCRINE UPDATE AND METABOLIC THERAPY
The Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular imaging 2010 February;54(1):61-7
Biodistribution of the Ga-68 labeled somatostatin analogue DOTA-NOC in patients with neuroendocrine tumors: characterization of uptake in normal organs and tumor lesions
Prasad V., Baum R. P. ✉
Department of Nuclear Medicine/Center for PET, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
AIM: The aim of the study was 1) to determine the normal biodistribution of radiolabeled somatostatin analogue 68Ga DOTA-NOC; 2) to establish the range of its uptake in liver, bone and lymph node metastases in patients with NET, 3) to establish the cut-off value for differentiating between physiological uptake and tumor related sstr expression in the processus uncinatus of pancreas.
METHODS: Maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) of 68Ga DOTA-NOC were determined in normal organs of 89 NET patients undergoing receptor PET/CT. In addition, SUVmax of primary pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET), liver, bone and lymph node metastases were evaluated.
RESULTS: SUVmax (mean±standard deviation) were determined in: pituitary gland 2.6±1.3, thyroid: 3.4±1.4, lung: 0.9±0.8, normal liver: 6.9±2 , spleen: 22.0±10.0, adrenal 6.0±2.5, kidney: 12.9±3.8, gastrointestinal tract 2.3±1.0, gluteal muscle:1.0±0.3, femur 0.8±0.3, blood pool 2.6± 1.2 and processus uncinatus of pancreas 5.8±2.0. SUVmax of 68Ga DOTA-NOC was 19.6±13.4 (N.=200) in liver metastases, 12.5±10 (N.=67) in lymph nodes metastasis, 9.5±6.0 (N.=78) in bone lesions, and 20.8±10.8 (N.=26) in pancreatic neuroendocrine primary tumors. Target to non target (T/NT) ratios were 3.4±2.3 for liver metastases (with normal CONCLUSIONS: There is a broad range of sstr expression in metastastic lesions and in pNET. The splenic uptake of 68Ga DOTA-NOC is highly variable. 68Ga DOTA-NOC is an excellent tracer for imaging somatostatin receptor positive tumors, which, due to the high target to non-target ratios, allows the detection of very small lesions, especially of lymph node and bone metastases.


text:
|Title (Primary)||Mobility is related to species traits in noctuid moths|
|Author||Betzholtz, P.-E.; Franzén, M.|
|Keywords||Adult activity period; distribution; host-plant specificity; island; Lepidoptera; light-trap; Noctuidae; predictive conservation science; Sweden|
|Abstract||1. Mobility is important for the understanding of how species survive in fragmented landscapes and cope with increasing rates of habitat and climate change. However, mobility is a difficult trait to explore and is poorly known in most taxa. Species traits have been studied in relation to range shifts, extinction risks, and responses to habitat area and isolation, and have also been suggested as good estimators of mobility. Here we explore the relation between mobility and species traits in noctuid moths.
2. We sampled noctuid moths by an automatic light-trap on an island far out in the Baltic Sea. We compared traits of the non-resident species on the island with traits of a species pool of assumed potential migrants from the Swedish mainland.
3. Mobility was significantly related to adult activity period, length of flight period, and the interaction between host-plant specificity and distribution area. Widely distributed host-plant generalists were more mobile than host-plant specialists with more restricted distribution, and species with an adult activity period in August to September moved to the island to a higher extent than species with an adult activity period in May to July. Our results remained qualitatively robust in additional analyses, after controlling for phylogeny and including all species recorded on the island, except for the trait 'length of flight period'.
4. Our results highlight the importance of the relation between mobility and species traits. Noctuid moths with certain traits move over longer distances than earlier known. This finding is important to include when predicting range dynamics in fragmented and changing landscapes, and when conservation measures of species are devised.
|Persistent UFZ Identifier||https://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=20939&ufzPublicationIdentifier=11051|
|Betzholtz, P.-E., Franzén, M. (2011):
Mobility is related to species traits in noctuid moths
Ecol. Entomol. 36 (3), 369 - 376


text:
Posted 26 декабря 2022,, 09:43
Published 26 декабря 2022,, 09:43
Modified 26 декабря 2022,, 14:27
Updated 26 декабря 2022,, 14:27
According to Kommersant, fast food turned out to be the only category of the capital's catering that managed to increase the flow of customers.
"The owners of such outlets manage to attract customers from more expensive segments," the report says.
Meanwhile, experts are convinced that fast food will also lose its clientele if the decline in household incomes continues: people will be forced to eat at home.
Experts estimate that the attendance of fast food establishments in Moscow has increased by 3% in 11 months, and turnover - by 16%. However, analysts are not enthusiastic about the latest figure, explaining that the check has grown due to inflation and rising prices for dishes.
The drop in restaurant traffic was 3% with revenue growth of 6%. Against this background, many investors began to pay attention to fast food, which has a higher turnover than restaurants. The latter, in the conditions of crisis and general uncertainty, are increasingly being closed, while almost no new establishments are being opened. Experts believe that this year the entire restaurant business, including those fast food establishments located in shopping malls, has suffered from a drop in traffic. After the start of the military operation and the announcement of partial mobilization, many potential restaurant customers left the country or started saving.
People have become much less likely to visit the shopping center, the incomes of restaurateurs have collapsed. Market participants call this drop the strongest in the last five years.

domain: finance


ManageNow® for Data Analytics
[...] ManageNow® for Data Analytics is based on open source. It offers the ideal approach for public sector clients to design data-based solutions independently with no vendor lock-in. It consequently allows
Public Corona Dashboard
[...] More than 700 schools in Schleswig-Holstein enter their data on current infections in a web application. The data is collected and linked with the state's school statistic to create a digital dashboard
MITIGATING URBAN LOGISTICS IMPACT ON CLIMATE IN VERSAILLES
[...] climate impact of urban logistics in the city of Versailles, Urban Radar matches private and public data to provide analytics and visualisation for an efficient and sustainable curb management.
How to make your Smart...
[...] your place embrace open data? Do you actively engage citizens with this open data? Do the community leaders and citizens agree on the outcomes that are being captured as open data? Are these outcomes constantly [...] open data? A1: Absolutely, yes. Our community has an open data portal and active users across a number of different organisations and sectors interacting with the portal. Both consuming open data and creating [...] creating new insights from the data and then posting this back to the portal. Q2: Do you actively engage citizens with this open data? A2: Our communities have active investigators and storytellers. Which
Smart Lamppost Electric Charging
[...] Through Sharing Cities, the Royal Borough of Greenwich exploited an innovative integration with smart lampposts. A London wide data platform was able to collect often real time data across electric and shared mobility schemes, providing insights into current and future operation of mobility services.
An e-bike loan scheme supporting low-carbon shared mobility
[...] Considering the amount of funding available and the level of of infrastructure investment required for a traditional docked model, a loan-based e-bike scheme proved to be the right way of introducing the option of electric mobility in the borough and deliver a good service for residents. The ability to collect and retrieve reliable data, especially GPS data, alongside surveys is vital in monitoring the operation and evaluating the impact of the scheme.


text:
Re-opening of Wapawekka Mill Delayed 3 Weeks
Wednesday, June 18, 2003 at 16:12
The Wapawekka lumber mill near Prince Albert is expected to be up and running by July 7th.
It was hoped the mill would re-open this week, but poor market conditions have resulted in a delay.
The sawmill is jointly owned by Weyerhaeuser and 3 northern First Nations.
Weyerhaeuser spokesman Wayne Roznowsky says the mill is being re-opened on a temporary basis so it can process left-over inventory. He says enough wood is still left in the yard to keep workers going for around three months. After that it’s hoped market conditions will have improved enough to bring back workers on a full-time basis.
Aboriginal people make up about two-thirds of the sawmill’s workforce.


text:
Doing Business in the US
09:00 - 13:00
AVITUS GROUP will offer a 12 - step program to help you enter the US market, establish your business and operate successfully in the US. A panel of expert speakers will ensure you gain an understanding of the routes to market and establish a sustainable business in the USA.
Book your place at this Black Country Business Festival event: https://bcbf19.ticketleap.com/doing-business-in-the-usa/
WEST BROMWICH ALBION FOOTBALL CLUB

domain: geography


text: ProfiPACK edition kit of British WWII fighter aircraft Spitfire Mk.IXe on a 1/72 scale. Supermarine Spitfire is probably the most famous British fighter from the Second World War. It was an all-metal machine with a low wing configuration, characteristic elliptical wings, a classic tail, and retractable landing gear. The prototype flight took place on March 5, 1936. The Spitfire proved to be the RAF's staple of the war, which continued to do well after the war, remaining in production for 10 years.

domain: hobby