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Research Article | Open Access
Seung Hwan Hwang, Hong Mei Li, Soon Sung Lim, Zhiqiang Wang, Jae-Seung Hong, Bo Huang, "Evaluation of a Standardized Extract from Morus alba against α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Effect and Postprandial Antihyperglycemic in Patients with Impaired Glucose Tolerance: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial", Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2016, Article ID 8983232, 10 pages, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8983232
Evaluation of a Standardized Extract from Morus alba against α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Effect and Postprandial Antihyperglycemic in Patients with Impaired Glucose Tolerance: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial
To evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of a standardized extract of the leaves of Morus alba (SEMA), the present study was designed to investigate the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect and acute single oral toxicity as well as evaluate blood glucose reduction in animals and in patients with impaired glucose tolerance in a randomized double-blind clinical trial. SEMA was found to inhibit α-glucosidase at a fourfold higher level than the positive control (acarbose), in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, blood glucose concentration was suppressed by SEMA in vivo. Clinical signs and weight changes were observed when conducting an evaluation of the acute toxicity of SEMA through a single-time administration, with clinical observation conducted more than once each day. After administration of the SEMA, observation was for 14 days; all of the animals did not die and did not show any abnormal symptoms. In addition, the inhibitory effects of rice coated with SEMA were evaluated in a group of impaired glucose tolerance patients on postprandial glucose and a group of normal persons, and results showed that SEMA had a clear inhibitory effect on postprandial hyperglycemia in both groups. Overall, SEMA showed excellent potential in the present study as a material for improving postprandial hyperglycemia.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia caused by either abnormal control of insulin secretion in pancreatic cells or the deterioration of the action of insulin in peripheral tissues . In particular, hyperglycemia after meals is induced by diastatic enzymes such as several proteins including hemoglobin, and it is a key factor in the etiology of many chronic diabetic complications including microvascular complications. The current classes of hypoglycemic agents used for the treatment of diabetes include insulin secretagogue, liver gluconeogenesis inhibitor, insulin sensitizer, and α-glucosidase inhibitor. The latter delays glucose absorption in the alimentary canal, and is widely used to lower postprandial glucose .
Intestinal α-glucosidase is an enzyme located in the microvillus membrane of the tunica mucosa and is essential for the digestion of carbohydrates. It breaks down polysaccharides into monosaccharides; for example, starch consumed via a meal is broken down into oligosaccharides by α-amylase and further metabolized into glucose by α-glucosidase . α-Glucosidase inhibitors decrease postprandial glucose and effectively compensate for the insufficient insulin secretion in noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus by combining with the enzyme and disturbing the dissolution and absorption of monosaccharides (i.e., glucose). While the α-glucosidase inhibitors currently on the market (acarbose and voglibose) advantageously do not induce hyperinsulinemia or hypoglycemia, it has been reported that their long-term use can cause side effects such as abdominal distention, vomiting, and diarrhea .
Recently, substitutional foods and natural products have been attracting attention owing to their potential for effective inhibitory action on postprandial hyperglycemia with decreased side effects. Many researchers are actively conducting studies to develop a hypoglycemic agent from natural products and food resources [5–7]. With a solution to the opening of imports in the rice market and changes in consumer perceptions about functional foods, their interest in functional coated rice, where bioactive substances are added gradually to the food, has increased; thus, to improve the quality of life of diabetic patients, the development of functional rice coated with antiglycemic agent has been attempted.
Intake of high glycemic index (GI) foods is restricted in diabetic patients with high blood glucose, owing to concern about the rapid rise of postprandial glucose. Developing a grain that does not increase blood glucose rapidly, and maintains taste, would have a profound impact on the quality of life of diabetic patients and quasi-healthy individuals (individuals with fasting blood glucose disorder, impaired glucose tolerance, obesity, and hyperlipidemia) and others who are concerned about their blood glucose.
Morus alba is a deciduous plant belonging to the family Moraceae. Its leaves contain flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes, amino acids, vitamins, and large quantities of minerals. In particular, the N-containing sugar deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) has been separated and identified from the M. alba leaf . As a traditional herbal medicine, it is used to prevent and treat diabetes as well as quench thirst . The water-soluble fractions of the M. alba leaf have been demonstrated to suppress blood glucose levels, via α-glucohydrolase suppression and the reduction of blood lipid concentrations [9, 10]. Several biological activities including the antioxidant activity of these water-soluble extracts and animal model have been reported [11, 12]. In addition, Allium cepa (onion) is a liliaceous biennial plant, which is known to have important biological activities such as the reduction of blood cholesterol, and effects on hypertension and diabetes [13–16].
This study aims to investigate the inhibitory activity of a standardized extract of M. alba leaf 50% ethanol extract (SEMA) on α-glucosidase, blood glucose reduction in both a normal animal model and a streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetes model, and the acute toxicity, as well as evaluate its postprandial antihyperglycemic effect in impaired glucose tolerance patients and healthy individuals with cooked coated rice (CCR) contained SEMA.
2. Materials and Methods
1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ, Figure 1), acetonitrile, glacial acetic acid (Merck, Germany), paraformaldehyde, ammonium acetate, p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, STZ, soluble starch, urethane (Sigma Co., USA), and α-glucosidase (Wako, Japan) were purchased from their respective suppliers.
2.2. Preparation of a Standardized Extract of M. alba Leaf 50% Ethanol Extract
SEMA was produced by mixing M. alba leaf 50% ethanol extract, water extract of onion, deep sea water, and sodium alginate with ethanol at ratios of 20.0, 58.6, 20.0, 0.5, and 0.9%. The coated rice was produced through a process of coating, drying, and cooling the complex extract after washing the plain rice (Figure 2).
2.3. Quantification of DNJ in a Standardized Extract of M. alba and Stability of Coated Rice after Heat Treatment (Cooking)
The DNJ content of the SEMA was measured with a method by Kimura et al. with some modification . The supernatant was obtained via ultrasonic extraction (30 min) and centrifugation (7500 rpm, 30 min) with 50% acetonitrile (pH 5.5). 6.5 mM ammonium acetate as an extractant was used as a specimen of an analysis and the DNJ content, a functional component in rice coated with SEMA changed (stability) in the process of cooking, was investigated. A 300 mL solution of 50% acetonitrile (pH 5.5) and ammonium acetate (6.5 mM) was mixed with the coated rice, and ultrasonic extraction was conducted for 30 min. After nitrogen enrichment, the total volume was adjusted to 100 mL. After centrifugal separation (7500 rpm, 30 min), the supernatant was used as a specimen of analysis. To test the component concentrations after cooking, the rice (500 g) was first cooked using an electric rice cooker with distilled water (1500 mL); considering the weight ratios before and after cooking, the calculation was made by a conversion into the ratio of DNJ content to the weight of the rice. The extraction method was the same as that for the rice. A quantitative analysis of DNJ content was conducted using HPLC. The HPLC equipment consisted of the Agilent 1100 series with the TSK gel Amide-80 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm, Tosoh bioscience, Japan) as the column of analysis. For the mobile phase, 80% acetonitrile (pH 5.5) containing ammonium acetate (6.5 mM) was used, which was analyzed using the isocratic method at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and injection volume of 10 μL. DNJ was detected using an Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (ELSD, Alltech 2000 ES, USA), and analysis conditions were set up as follows: N2 gas pressure gauge, 2 kgf/cm2; drift tube heater, 105°C; nebulizer zone heater, 105°C; and gas flow, 2.0 L/min (19.0 psi).
2.4. Assay for the α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity
α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity was measured using a method from Kim et al. with some modification . p-Nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside was used as a substrate, with α-glucosidase as the enzyme. Change in absorbance of a control group (solvent only) and a processing group (specimen extract at a certain concentration) was observed to evaluate the degree of enzyme inhibition. BSA (bovine serum albumin) and NaN3 were dissolved in a PBS buffer, and the α-glucosidase enzyme (0.03 U/mL) was dissolved to make an enzyme solution. p-Nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside was dissolved in PBS at a concentration of 1 mM to make the substrate solution. Enzyme solution (60 μL) was mixed with specimen extract (10 μL) and water (130 μL) was added. The absorbance of the specimen was measured at 405 nm. The same quantity of the enzyme solution and the specimen extract was then combined, and water (100 μL) and substrate solution (30 μL) were added before measuring absorbance at 405 nm for 10 min. The level of enzyme inhibitory activity was calculated using the following expression: where is change of absorbance after specimen extract was added and is change of absorbance in the control group in which no specimen was added.
2.5. Experimental Animals
Male Sprague-Dawley rats (180–200 g) were received from Koatech. Co., Ltd. and six-week-old male and female ICR mice were received from Central Lab Animal, Inc.; they were adapted to the feeding environment for one week before being used in diabetes and toxicity experiment, respectively. The feeding environment was maintained as follows: temperature, °C; humidity, %; noise, below 60 phones; air particulates, below 20 ppm; lighting, 150–300 lux; lighting time, 12 hours light/dark cycle; feed (Purina, Korea) and water, ad libitum. Breeding management of the animal experiments was carried out based on the “Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals,” and, after approval by the Ethics for Experiment Animals Committee of Hallym University, the animal experiments were conducted as follows.
2.5.1. Diabetic Animal Model and Measuring Blood Glucose Reduction Effect
The experimental animals were fasted for 16 hours. STZ (0.1 M citrate buffer, 60 mg/kg) was administered intra-abdominally to induce diabetes. After fasting them for one week after STZ administration, blood glucose was measured from the tail veins using a blood glucose monitoring device (Accu-Chek, Germany). Animals that had fasting blood glucose over 250 mg/dL were considered diabetic and thus used in the experiments. Ten diabetic animals were randomly divided into three experimental groups: control, SEMA, and acarbose administration group. SEMA (480 mg/kg) and acarbose (20 mg/kg) were orally administered to their respective group once a day for 21 days. After fasting them on the last day of treatment, fasting blood glucose was measured, and soluble starch (2 g/kg) was administered 30 min after a meal. Blood glucose was measured from the tail vein at 30, 60, and 120 min after starch administration.
2.5.2. Blood Biomarkers
After the experiments, blood was collected from the ophthalmic vein and placed in an SST vacutainer. Plasma was obtained by a centrifugal process at 3000 rpm for 15 min. Total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) showing the liver function index, and creatine showing the renal function index, were measured using a blood chemical measuring instrument (Thermo, USA).
2.5.3. Acute Oral Toxicity
To evaluate toxicity, male and female ICR mice were divided into six groups (five male and five female mice for each group, resp.): a control and 5 different concentrations of SEMA suspended in 1% carboxymethyl cellulose. The volumes of oral administration were 1000, 500, 250, and 125 mg/kg, as well as 2000 mg/kg, the maximum value for the acute toxicity test. Weight change and survival were observed for 14 days .
Subjects diagnosed according to American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria were selected among seventy impaired glucose tolerance patients (IGTP) and enrolled in this study [20, 21]. To measure the postprandial antihyperglycemic effect of cooked rice coated with SEMA, IGTP between females of 50–70 years were recruited with the criteria for selection as follows: impaired fasting blood between 100 and 125 mg/dL, weight over 50 kg and within ±30% of ideal body weight, understanding of the intention and content of the research, willingness to participate as subjects, and agreement to follow experimental procure. The flow diagram of the progress is shown in Figure 3. Fifty-three IGTP females and seventeen healthy adult subjects entered the study. Among them, forty-six (65.71%) completed the study and twenty-four individuals (34.29%) dropped out for reasons unrelated to the intervention like injuries, misdiagnoses, personal reasons, protocol violation, criteria, and other reasons. Criteria for exclusion included (1) patients who have or had a history of cancer of the liver, kidney, endocrine system, or blood, mental illness, or cardiovascular disease (angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, or cerebral infarction); (2) patients with a gastrointestinal disorder such as gastric atony or malabsorption syndrome or a chronic intestinal tract disease; (3) patients who had serum AST and ALT over 1.25 times higher than normal; (4) patients with blood creatine 1.5 mg/dL or higher; (5) patients with systolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg or over 160 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure under 60 mmHg or over 110 mmHg; (6) patients who took specialty pharmaceuticals (diabetes medications, insulin, steroid preparations, dopamine, dobutamine, female hormone therapy) or other oriental medicines that might affect blood glucose, within the last two weeks; (7) patients who were judged by the doctor in charge to be inappropriate for this experiment. Subjects were recruited at Hallym University Hospital and by a newspaper advertisement. In addition, fourteen healthy adults (five males and nine females, ages 22–45) were included as the subjects of the experiment as a control group to compare efficacy and this study consisted of one baseline visit and a visit at 3 months after randomization. At baseline, informed consent was obtained, and also demographic and treatment information was collected.
2.6.1. Study Design
A glucose tolerance test was performed on the fourteen healthy adults (normal groups) and IGTP (experiment groups) after obtaining approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB)/Ethics Committee of Hallym University Hospital. Subjects were randomized using a list prepared with a random number generator. The subjects in the control group were divided randomly into normal groups A and B ( for each group), as were the 32 persons in IGTP group (experiment groups A and B, for each group). Normal group A (Nor. A) and experiment group A (Exp. A) were supplied with cooked rice coated of the SEMA, and normal group B (Nor. B) and experiment group B (Exp. B) were supplied with cooked rice without SEMA. In addition, all persons were supplied an equal amount of 75 g, respectively, of rice coated with SEMA and plain rice which were not different in color and taste. Subjects were limited to one locale until the completion of the glucose tolerance test. Light body motions were allowed, and reading materials, a computer, and films were provided. Taking in foods other than the meals provided was prohibited.
2.6.2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Capillary bloods from finger-pricks was collected from all subjects from 8 to 9 a.m., 30 min before a meal after fasting for over 12 hours, and 30 min, 1 h, and 2 h after a meal and three capillary blood samples were taken and an average of three readings was recorded. Blood glucose concentrations were measured using a simple blood glucose meter (Accu-Chek Go, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany), 2 times during breakfast and lunch.
2.7. Statistical Analysis
Data are expressed as mean values ± SD and comparisons among data were carried out using Student’s unpaired -tests or one-way analyses of variance, as appropriate. Mean values were considered significantly different when .
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Quantification of DNJ Content in SEMA and the Stability of Coated Rice after Heat Treatment (Cooking)
In order to quantify the DNJ contained in SEMA, HPLC-ELSD analysis was used. As shown in Table 1, roughly 5.20 mg DNJ is contained in 1 g of SEMA. DNJ, a known hypoglycemic of the several bioactive substances contained in M. alba leaf, is a representative α-glucosidase inhibitor that inhibits the enzymatic reactions of α-glucosidase and mannose dehydrogenase, which decompose the disaccharides maltose, sucrose, and lactose into glucose . In order to verify the stability of DNJ after cooking, HPLC-ELSD analysis was used. With the DNJ standard preparation, a standard calibration curve of peak area value obtained at each concentration was drawn, and, as a result, a regression equation, , and correlation coefficient were obtained. As shown in Table 1, raw coated rice (RCR) contained 12.27 mg DNJ per 100 g rice, while cooked coated rice (CCR) contained 11.7 mg DNJ per 100 g rice. DNJ content tended to decrease slightly after cooking, but there was no statistically significant difference. DNJ in the functional rice coated with SEMA did not undergo any significant changes after cooking (Figure 4).
|mg/g standardized extract of M. alba.|
mg/100 g rice.
3.2. Inhibitory Effect of SEMA on α-Glucosidase
An in vitro investigation of the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of SEMA revealed that it inhibited 83.14% of α-glucosidase activity at a concentration of 0.8 mg/mL, while acarbose used as a positive control inhibited activity at a somewhat lower rate (69.38%). As shown in Table 2, while SEMA and acarbose both inhibited α-glucosidase activity in a concentration-dependent manner, SEMA showed about 4.5 times higher inhibitory activity (IC50) at 91.63 and 402.33 μg/mL. SEMA is a preparation containing the highest ratio of M. alba leaf 50% ethanol extract, and it is suggested that its high α-glucosidase inhibitory activity is attributable to DNJ.
|IC50 value is the concentration of sample required for 50% inhibition. Each value is expressed as mean ± SD in triplicate experiments.|
3.3. Effect of SEMA on Blood Glucose
A considerable number of beta cells in the pancreas necrotize owing to the cytotoxic insult by STZ, and it is by the subsequent insulin depletion that hyperglycemia and diabetic phenomena are induced. A small number of beta cells in the pancreatic islet show excessive insulin secretion (early phase) in response to the hyperglycemic environment, but cell proliferation and differentiation are inhibited and the beta cells are exhausted by continued glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. An irreversible deficit of beta cells is caused in the pancreatic islets by this secondary injury caused by glucose toxicity [23, 24]. Thus, adjusting the blood glucose concentration is an important challenge for maintaining beta cell viability and preventing the progression of diabetes. In the diabetes model induced by STZ, changes in blood glucose after SEMA and starch administration were observed. The body weight of the rats tended to decrease rapidly after administration of STZ in all three groups (data not shown). It is hypothesized that the weight decreased as energy metabolism imbalance was induced by the destruction of pancreatic tissues by STZ administration. As shown in Figure 5(a), if SEMA was administered with starch in the diabetes model, at 60 min when the blood glucose of the experimental animals reached its maximum value, blood glucose was maintained at a lower level as compared to that of the control group (478.3 mg/dL). In other words, in the STZ-diabetic animal model after the administration of starch, blood glucose rapidly increased to 451.0 and 478.3 mg/dL at 30 and 60 min, respectively, in the control group, while the SEMA administration group maintained a significantly lower level of blood glucose at 393.0 and 399.3 mg/dL () over the same time period. Ultimately, the SEMA administration group showed an increase in blood glucose from 451.0 to 478.3 mg/dL and 393.0 to 399.3 mg/dL at 30 and 60 min, respectively. As compared to the control group, there was a blood glucose reduction of 20.1% and 28.8% at 30 and 60 min after starch administration. Acarbose showed changes in the blood glucose of 431.2 and 419.5 mg/dL at 30 and 60 min, respectively, and there was a marked effect on blood glucose reduction, but no significant difference from the control group was observed (). When the AUC was compared between groups, the SEMA group significantly showed 27.74% reduction () compared to the control group (Figure 5(b)).
3.4. Effect of SEMA on Blood Biomarkers
The results of a hematological analysis of total protein, albumin, AST, ALT, and creatine are shown in Table 3. There was significance in the total protein content; it was higher in the SEMA and acarbose administration groups than in the control group (). The albumin concentration followed the total protein results, with no significant difference between the experimental groups. Ju et al. noted that the plasma protein concentration is not easily affected by insulin and reported that the level of plasma protein in a normal rat is similar to that in a diabetic rat . The level of serum AST activity significantly tended to decrease by 30.52% () and 12.64% () and the level of serum ALT activity tended to significantly decrease by 28.95 () and 9.30% () in the SEMA and acarbose administration groups, respectively, as compared to the control group, and statistical significance was confirmed. AST and ALT are discharged out of the cells after hepatocyte damage, increasing their concentration in the blood; hence, they are used as an index of liver injury; the AST and ALT activity increased with STZ administration in the present study and decreased after SEMA administration. The blood creatine concentration was high, but no significant difference was observed. Creatine is measured as indicator reflecting the status of renal function prior to diabetic nephropathy, with creatine being a substance that is generated as a result of the creatine phosphate metabolism in the muscle. Under normal conditions, creatine is isolated from the muscle at a relatively constant speed, so the blood creatine concentration is constant when filtered through the glomerulus and is neither reabsorbed nor metabolized . In a chronic kidney disease due to diabetes, the glomerular filtration rate decreases and the concentration of blood creatine increases; in the present study, the creatine concentration tended to increase in the diabetes-induced group, but there was no significant difference. The degradation of kidney function can be assumed, but no serious complications appeared.
|AST: aspartate aminotransferase.|
ALT: alanine aminotransferase.
Data represent the mean ± SE (). Statistical significance of differences was calculated between control and experiment groups: , , and . SEMA (480 mg/kg) and acarbose (20 mg/kg) were orally administered to their respective groups once a day for 21 days.
3.5. Effect of SEMA on Acute Oral Toxicity
The LD50 value is shown in Table 4. Clinical signs and weight change were observed by conducting an evaluation of the acute toxicity of SEMA through a single-time administration. After administration, rats were observed frequently on the first day, with clinical observation conducted more than once each day. No rats died or demonstrated any specific abnormal symptom over observation for 14 days. At all administration concentrations, no weight change had significance as compared to the control group (CMC), but a certain increase in weight was confirmed. Thus, LD50 of standardized extract of M. alba was demonstrated to be over 2 g/kg, and, within this range, no toxicity was observed. Throughout the present study, it was found that glycemic control by SEMA after a meal was caused by suppression of carbohydrate absorption by inhibiting α-glucosidase activity, and no toxicity of the extract was observed.
3.6. Impact of SEMA on Changes in Postprandial Glucose in Patients with Impaired Glucose Tolerance
The seventy subjects were contacted and invited to take part in the trial. A total of seventy subjects attended clinic, five failed to respond to initial contact efforts, four did not attend the appointment, and three have other reasons. Twelve subjects were excluded: three subjects did not meet inclusion criteria, four participants were excluded due to protocol violation, and five subjects were excluded because of injuries and misdiagnoses. Forty-six cases successfully completed the trial (Figure 3). Changes in blood glucose before and after breakfast in the subjects are shown in Figure 6(a). There was no difference in the morning fasting glucose levels in the subjects of normal groups and experiment groups, but the level of blood glucose at 30 min after a meal of rice coated with SEMA (Exp. A) and cooked rice without SEMA (Exp. B) was 142.17 and 173.47 mg/dL, respectively; the blood glucose levels were significantly decreased () in Exp. A in comparison to Exp. B (Figure 6(a)). This difference was maintained 1 or 2 h after a meal. In addition, the fasting glucose level was similar in normal groups, but the level of blood glucose at 30 min after a meal was not significantly about 11 mg/dL lower in Nor. A. When the AUC was compared between groups, Exp. A showed 49.28% reductions, respectively (), compared to Exp. B (Figure 6(b)). In the rice coated with SEMA, it was observed that there was a phenomenon in which the rapid rise in blood sugar after meals is effectively controlled. The above method was applied to lunch in the same way, and changes in blood glucose are shown in Figure 6(c). When blood glucose measured 30 min before a meal was compared between Exp. A and B, a high level of blood glucose was maintained at 13 mg/dL after breakfast in the Exp. B. Comparison between Exp. A and Exp. B 1 h and 2 h after lunch showed significantly decreased glucose of about 22 mg/dL in Exp. A after 30 min (), and this was similar to that observed 30 min after breakfast. It was observed that, in control groups, a glucose reduction effect of about 12 mg/dL was observed 30 min after lunch in group A that took rice coated with SEMA, while there was no difference between the groups 1 h or 2 h after lunch. While this was a randomized double-blind test, it is judged that SEMA has a clear effect on reducing postprandial glucose.
M. alba leaves are materials that have been widely used for diabetes and hyperglycemic control. This study found the antidiabetic effectiveness of SEMA. SEMA 1 g contains DNJ 5.20 mg and it showed about 4 times higher inhibitory activity against car α-glucosidase as compared to control medication acarbose. In STZ-diabetic animal model, blood glucose reduction effect was confirmed. In addition, in the acute toxicity evaluation, no toxicity was observed. M. alba extracts have been previously reported to have antihyperglycemic effect in STZ-induced diabetic rats  and in diet-induced obese mice  and to block inflammatory response in STZ-diabetic mice model  and in STZ-induced diabetic rats fed high-fat diet . Among them, Jeszka-Skowron et al. have reported that DNJ may suggest additional roles in the gut to reduce or inhibit intestinal glucose digestion and absorption . According to Kimura et al. analysis of the intake of healthy adults (average 25 years old) who were divided into four groups randomly showed that postprandial hyperglycemia was controlled more clearly in the group that took higher amount . Moreover, M. alba leaves have been shown to exhibit antiglycation and antioxidant activity and postprandial hyperglycemia . These results were shown to be similar to our antihyperglycemic effect.
In addition, it is very important for persons with glucose tolerance disability or diabetic patients to control their blood sugar so that postprandial glucose does not significantly increase . For this reason, substances or foods effective for reduction of postprandial glucose can play an important role in the treatment of persons with glucose tolerance disability or diabetic patients. This study investigated the stability of SEMA and postprandial glucose reduction effect on patients with IGTP and a group of normal persons based on the results of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of rice (grain) coatings (SEMA) made of standardized extracts and reduction of postprandial glucose in a model of STZ-induced diabetes. As a result, there was no change in the content of DNJ, a functional component of SEMA after cooking, so its stability was confirmed. In addition, in an evaluation of inhibitory effects of SEMA on reduction of postprandial glucose in a group of IGTP and a group of normal persons, there was a clear inhibitory effect of SEMA on postprandial hyperglycemia in both the group of IGTP and the group of normal persons that took SEMA. However, our results have been affected by small number of participants due to participants dropping out. Therefore, our results need more clinical trials which evaluate the diabetic patients including various types (ages, symptoms, and many diabetic patients) to confirm long-term efficacy and safety of M. alba in diabetic patients.
In summary, considering the present study and previous data, the results suggest that, at least in part, M. alba can be used as a nutraceutical agent to ameliorate hyperglycemic effect and can be used as an dietary supplementation for treatment of diabetic patients. Therefore, this study found that the plant extracts SEMA developed as a material for glycemic control have an excellent potential as a material improving postprandial hyperglycemia.
The authors declare that there are no competing interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Seung Hwan Hwang and Hong Mei Li as well as Jae-Seung Hong and Bo Huang have contributed equally to this work.
This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2015R1D1A1A01059199) and Hallym University Research Fund (HRF-201607-013).
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- M. Rondanelli, A. Opizzi, M. Faliva et al., “Metabolic management in overweight subjects with naïve impaired fastin glycemia by means of a highly standardized extract from Cynara scolymus: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial,” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 33–41, 2014.
- N. Asano, M. Nishida, M. Miyauchi et al., “Polyhydroxylated pyrrolidine and piperidine alkaloids from Adenophora triphylla var. japonica (Campanulaceae),” Phytochemistry, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 379–382, 2000.
- D. Pipeleers and M. Van De Winkel, “Pancreatic B cells possess defense mechanisms against cell-specific toxicity,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 83, no. 14, pp. 5267–5271, 1986.
- A. Garofano, P. Czernichow, and B. Breant, “Impaired β-cell regeneration in perinatally malnourished rats: a study with STZ,” The FASEB Journal, vol. 14, no. 15, pp. 2611–2617, 2000.
- J. S. Ju, M. Choi, E. S. Koh, and M. G. Choi, “Effect of adrenal hormones and diets on diabetic rats,” Korean Journal of Nutrition, vol. 22, pp. 63–69, 1989.
- A. C. Guyton and K. E. Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, San Diego Book Exchange: Amazon, 9th edition, 1996.
- J. Mohammadi and P. R. Naik, “Evaluation of hypoglycemic effect of Morus alba in an animal model,” Indian Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 15–18, 2008.
- T. Katsube, M. Yamasaki, K. Shiwaku et al., “Effect of flavonol glycoside in mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf on glucose metabolism and oxidative stress in liver in diet-induced obese mice,” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 90, no. 14, pp. 2386–2392, 2010.
- C. Guo, R. Li, N. Zheng, L. Xu, T. Liang, and Q. He, “Anti-diabetic effect of ramulus mori polysaccharides, isolated from Morus alba L., on STZ-diabetic mice through blocking inflammatory response and attenuating oxidative stress,” International Immunopharmacology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 93–99, 2013.
- M. Jeszka-Skowron, E. Flaczyk, J. Jeszka, Z. Krejpcio, E. Król, and M. S. Buchowski, “Mulberry leaf extract intake reduces hyperglycaemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats fed high-fat diet,” Journal of Functional Foods, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 9–17, 2014.
- J. Naowaboot, P. Pannangpetch, V. Kukongviriyapan, B. Kongyingyoes, and U. Kukongviriyapan, “Antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antiglycation activities of mulberry leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced chronic diabetic rats,” Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 116–121, 2009.
- T. Kimura, K. Nakagawa, H. Kubota et al., “Food-grade mulberry powder enriched with 1-deoxynojirimycin suppresses the elevation of postprandial blood glucose in humans,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 55, no. 14, pp. 5869–5874, 2007.
- D. J. A. Jenkins, T. M. S. Wolever, and R. H. Taylor, “Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange,” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 362–366, 1981.
Copyright © 2016 Seung Hwan Hwang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


Regular readers will know that I love hares. A lot of people do. They have a long, often mystical, association with our countryside, being said to conjure spirits, turn into witches, and dance at the moon. The UK has three species – the brown hare, the mountain hare, and in Northern Ireland, (and one tiny part of Scotland) the Irish hare. I’ll be writing about Britain’s hare species in a future blog. To me, hares are the archetypal wild animals, living out in the open fields year-round and taking everything that life throws at them: sleet, snow, torrential rain – and of course, morons with dogs.
Hare coursing is a ‘sport’ (the kind where the human participant exerts no effort) where dogs are set off to chase and kill hares. It’s a betting thing, with wagers placed on the dogs, a “my dog’s faster than your dog” substitute for ego. I’ve reported several groups to the police – if you ever see them, dial 999 – and they are usually not very nice people.
That’s putting it mildly. Some farmers have grown so tired of having their field gates regularly smashed down by coursers that they have started to leave them standing open all the time. I spoke to a gamekeeper once who’d seen them up on a hill he manages. He parked his large truck across the lane leading up and went to speak to them. They spotted him, and drove straight at him, smashing his car off the road into a ditch and making him leap for his life as well.
As you might expect, hares, like so much else of our wildlife, are in trouble. There are perhaps half a million or so in the UK, sprinkled in small numbers across our arable fields, and they are being impacted not just by hare coursing, but by habitat loss and by a new variant of myxomatosis, that horrendous disease that wiped out vast numbers of Britain’s rabbits, which has finally made the jump into hares. The number of myxomatosis-affected hares is still low, but the disease is spreading. Unbelievably, there is no closed season for hunting hares, meaning that it is perfectly legal (if you’re the landowner) to shoot a pregnant doe. Clearly, hares need all the help that they can get, so the announcement on 3rd August of stiffer penalties for hare coursers is very welcome news for me. Hare coursing has been illegal since 2004, but now attracts a penalty of an unlimited fine and up to six months in prison. A new criminal offence of trespassing, or being equipped to trespass, with the intention of using a dog to search for a hare has been created as well.
I would love to think that this new legislation was created as a result of a sudden upsurge in concern over Britain’s wildlife by the Government. The reality is that hare coursing is done by criminals, and criminals don’t stop at hare coursing, with theft, criminal damage, violence and intimidation all associated with the sport. It is this, as much as protecting the wildlife, that has driven the change. Will it stop hare coursing? No, but it’s very much a step in the right direction. Perhaps now Britain’s hares can lie just a little more snugly.


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If you’ve stepped outside the house in the past five years, you’ve probably heard of CrossFit. It’s a high-intensity fitness program that incorporates a wide range of functional movements that create a timed or scored workout.
Although CrossFit can incorporate some running, that’s not really what it’s about. Even so, CrossFit can have a place in your training to help you reach your next PR. It’s flexible enough to let you tailor the workouts to what will help you the most. If you’re a runner, you can work on strengthening your hips, back, legs, and arms.
The workouts require quick bursts of energy that create a cardio element. After two months of doing CrossFit, I got my mile time down by over a minute! I had worked up a strong aerobic base for the 2018 St. Jude Half Marathon.
In the same way, running will also help your aerobic capacity for CrossFit. Both types of training are excellent ways to up your fitness and health. Yoga can also help you find more flexibility and mobility—two things runners often struggle with.
If you’re running has plateaued, try mixing in CrossFit to give your training new dimension and to become a better, balanced runner.
Rachael Smith can be found slinging shoes at Fleet Feet Collierville when she’s not at CrossFit or tearing up the roads. She ran her first 13.1 race at St. Jude in 2018, and is completing a masters degree in sports marketing at the University of Memphis.

domain: health


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Honesty… attitude… and seasoning… could be the keys to eliminations as the second season of Top Chef heads into its finale this week– after one of the most bizarre reality show incidents in history– the physical attack on a contestant that almost led to the end of the game and cheated us out of its Hawaiian location.
The two-part finale was shot the first week of December at the Hilton Waikoloa Village on the Big Island. Despite a few blabbermouth finalists who’ve given indications they’ve lost by showing up in the papers the past couple of weeks, everyone involved with the Bravo series has been closely guarded about the finale. But now guest judge Alan Wong has given some inadvertent but solid hints that could give fans of the show clear signs of which chefs will be eliminated.
With four finalists left–these could count as spoilers… after the jump…Guest judge Wong–the master of Hawaiian regional cuisine– is quoted this morning in the Honolulu Star-Bulletin. He didn’t name names, but said:
“Somebody got let go because of dishonesty, somebody got let go because of bad attitude, somebody got let go because of not using salt and pepper and not tasting the food before serving it …”
Dishonesty… bad attitude… salt & pepper…
The finalists are Ilan Hall, Sam Talbot, (lone female) Elia Aboumrad and cast villain Marcel Vigneron.
Marcel almost won by default last week after a shocking incident in which his fellow contestants had a few drinks and in the middle of the night tried to shave his head. The incident had (surprisingly good) host Padma Lakshmi’s mouth hanging open and Judge Tom Colicchio so angry that he wanted to kick off all four of the contestants and give Marcel the prize. But producers overruled him– and only kicked off Cliff Crooks, the cook who physically held down the little wiseacre.
Marcel is decribed by the newspaper as “a down-to-earth, cheerful sort off-screen,” and says his villainous image came as a surprise to those who work with him in the kitchen of the Joel Robuchon at the Mansion restaurant at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas.
“The majority of my co-workers couldn’t believe it and they respect me and didn’t understand where the castmates were coming from,” he said. “I think it bothered the other people in the house that I didn’t let it get under my skin. Most didn’t have the courage to say anything directly to me.”
Does that sound like a winner? The winner gets $100,000 and a feature in Food & Wine magazine. The Hawaii Visitors and Convention Bureau kicked in $60,000 to snatch the finale from Las Vegas, where Season One ended, so producers had reason to spare Marcel’s other three tormentors.

domain: news


San Francisco, CA, April 12, 2018 --(PR.com
)-- Lots of people respond to current events on social media - but it rarely gains traction. How can we turn another #MeToo post into real action? Ultimatum, Inc. co-founders Matthew McCabe, Steve Regester, and Matt Burdan are here do exactly that, empowering people to have a positive impact on the world.
Annie Jalota, Marketing Manager for Ultimatum, points out some of the problems Ultimatum customers are facing: "The non-profit fundraising space hasn’t changed much. Governments are slow to take action, and it requires a lot of effort for individuals to respond to current events - they have to do so issue by issue, one at a time. Ultimatum brings speed and efficiency to this fractured space, turning everyday engagement on social media into real action."
The newly-launched beta website called Ultimatum (https://www.yourultimatum.com/) enables their users take action on political and social issues by using event-based donations to non-profits. For example, users could support the #MeToo movement by making a donation to the National Organization for Women every time Tony Robbins posts on Twitter.
Co-founder and CEO Matthew McCabe says the element of immediacy is a key component of what makes Ultimatum unique. "I've often thought to myself 'I want to make a difference,' but don’t know where to start. With Ultimatum, issues are already linked to reputable organizations, making it easy to take meaningful action. Users only need to take action once - after that, they can have continuous impact in real time.” Since community support is activated as events happen, organizations can focus more on helping people and less on fundraising activity."
Ultimatum launched their private beta in April 2018. The website will be available to the public at Collision Conference in New Orleans on May 1, 2018.
Ultimatum is a website (https://www.yourultimatum.com/) that empowers users to take positive action in support of non-profits, advocacy groups, and more. Community support is activated in real-time and in response to real-world events including social media activity, news, and protests.
Ultimatum is operated out of San Francisco, California. The company was founded by Matthew McCabe, Steve Regester, and Matt Burdan. They are entrepreneurs who bring over a 25 years of experience from companies including Amazon, Whole Foods Market, Lookout Mobile Security, Synack, and Mulesoft. Their advisors specialize in growing startups, fundraising platforms for non-profits, product management, and social media marketing.
About Collision Conference
Collision (https://collisionconf.com/) is “America’s fastest growing tech conference” created by the team behind Web Summit. In four years, Collision has grown to over 25,000 attendees from 119 countries. Attendees include CEOs of both the world’s fastest growing startups and the world’s largest companies, alongside leading investors and media.
For all PR inquiries, please contact email@example.com.


A day after President Donald Trump ordered an airstrike to kill a key Iranian military leader on Iraqi soil, lawmakers on Capitol Hill were left with questions over whether the attack was legal and how much further the commander-in-chief can push the confrontation with Iran without congressional approval.
“The administration did not consult (with Congress) in this case, and I fear that very serious questions have not been answered and may not be fully considered,” Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., said on Friday. “Among those questions, what was the legal basis for conducting this operation? And how far does that legal basis extend?
“It is my view that the president does not have the authority for a war with Iran. If he plans a large increase in troops and potential hostility over a longer time, the administration will require congressional approval and the approval of the American people.”
“The American people should know that President Trump’s decision to remove Qasem Soleimani from the battlefield saved American lives. There’s no doubt about that,” Pompeo said.
Earlier, the Pentagon confirmed that Iranian Gen. Qassem Soleimani, the head of an elite arm of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, was killed along with several others in an U.S. operation near the Baghdad International Airport in Iraq.
The move drew immediate condemnation from Iranian leaders, who vowed to leave “the dead bodies of Americans all over the Middle East" in retaliation.
Pentagon officials said the move was in response to an imminent threat posed by Soleimani, and that U.S. personnel in the region were saved by the killing. Trump in a Friday morning tweet said that the general “should have been taken out many years ago.”
But numerous Democrats in Congress said they still have not seen enough information about the threat posed by Soleimani or the legal justification for such a military strike. They warned the action could further destabilize the Middle East, especially if Trump decides to act impulsively and without permission from Congress.
Under the War Powers Resolution in 1973, the president is required to notify Congress within 48 hours of any military action and prohibits the president from continuing that action for more than 60 days without an authorization for use of force from Congress.
Different presidents have interpreted those requirements in different ways, especially since Congress approved a pair of broad military force authorizations in the wake of the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks.
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., said in a statement Friday that the this week’s attack occurred “without an Authorization for Use of Military Force against Iran” and “without the consultation of the Congress,” both of which are needed to ensure national security.
“The full Congress must be immediately briefed on this serious situation, and on the next steps under consideration by the administration, including the significant escalation of the deployment of additional troops to the region,” she said.
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., said Pentagon officials are working on an all-member briefing on Capitol Hill next week, after most lawmakers return from the holiday break.
Fears of new conflict rise after US kills Qasem Soleimani, a top Iranian general, in strike on Baghdad airport
“Don’t underestimate the hatred and vitriol that senior U.S. military officials with experience in Iraq have toward Qassem Soleimani."
He also said he has spoken to Defense Secretary Mark Esper about the operation and expressed no reservations about the decision to kill Soleimani.
“Although I anticipate and welcome a debate about America's interest in foreign policy in the Middle East, I recommend that all senators wait to review the facts and hear from the administration before passing much public judgment on this operation and its potential consequences,” he said in a floor speech on Friday.
Many members appear to have already made up their minds. Rep. Michael Waltz, R-Fla. and an Army veteran who served in Afghanistan, criticized Democratic colleagues for questioning the legal basis for the strike.
“Congressional authorization isn’t required for an act of self defense to prevent further attacks against our military,” he said on social media. “To sit and wait while Soleimani puts more Americans in body bags would be completely irresponsible of (the president).”
But Rep. Elissa Slotkin, D-Mich., who previously worked as a Middle East analyst for the CIA and Defense Department, said the move may have made U.S. personnel in the region less safe because White House officials have not developed a strategy with lawmakers to handle the potentially violent aftermath of such an operation.
“This administration, like all others, has the right to act in self-defense,” she said on social media. “But the administration must come to Congress immediately and consult. If military engagement is going to be protracted — which any informed assessment would consider — the administration must request an (authority for use of military force).”
Congress has been unable to find a compromise on a new military force authorization framework for years, despite fears from many lawmakers that authorities put in place in the aftermath of the 2001 attacks have been interpreted too broadly by multiple administrations.
The most recent legislation effort to pull back some of those presidential war powers failed last month, when congressional negotiators dropped new authorization language from the annual defense budget policy bill.
Iran threatens revenge following death of Qasem Soleimani as Iraq government condemns ‘assassination’
“The assassinations violate the conditions governing the presence of US forces in Iraq whose role is to train Iraqi forces and assist in the fight against Daesh as part of the Global Coalition, subject to the supervision and approval of the” Iraqi government.
Scott Anderson, who works as the David M. Rubenstein fellow in governance studies at the Brookings Institution, said it is unclear whether the administration’s interpretation of those existing authorities will run afoul of Congress or outside legal arguments.
“It definitely seems this was an action which pushes the envelope in a number of regards, both under domestic and international law,” he told reporters in a conference call Friday. “I’m not sure that describing it as ‘illegal’ or ‘unlawful’ is necessarily correct because the legal questions tends to be viewed through a highly differential view of [executive power].”
But those questions are likely to take on extra focus in coming days as tensions in the region increase. Pentagon officials confirmed Friday that a force of nearly 4,000 soldiers would head to Kuwait and neighboring countries to act as a response force to regional threats. Earlier in the week, about 750 troops were sent to Iraq to help secure the U.S. embassy there.
House Armed Services Committee Chairman Adam Smith, D-Wash., said that move demands more and better communication between the White House and Congress.
“I do not want an open war with Iran, and neither do the American people,” he said.
“The administration must clearly articulate how this action, and potential future actions, will protect U.S. global interests while ensuring the safety and security of our personnel in the region and worldwide. The American people deserve to know why President Trump has brought us to the brink of another war and under what authorization.”
Reporter Aaron Mehta contributed to this story.


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Treasures of Asian Art: Some New Perspectives on the Traditional CollectionVIEW EVENT DETAILS
Lecture on the evolution of the Asia Society's Rockefeller Collection of Asian Art
NEW YORK, October 3, 2016 — In a lecture, Adriana Proser, the John F. Foster Curator of Traditional Asian Art at Asia Society, explores how Asia Society Museum's collection has grown since the original Mr. and Mrs. John D. Rockefeller 3rd bequest. (1hr.)
In celebration of the forthcoming publication Treasures of Asian Art: The Asia Society Museum Collection, Asia Society’s curator of traditional Asian Art, Adriana Proser, shares how some interpretations of the historical works of Asian art at Asia Society have changed since earlier collection publications, and explores how the collection has grown since the time of the original Mr. and Mrs. John D. Rockefeller 3rd bequest.
Part of Asia Society Celebrates 60 Years.
Adriana Proser is John H. Foster Senior Curator for Traditional Asian Art at Asia Society Museum in New York. A specialist in Chinese art, she has organized and co-organized over 40 exhibitions featuring diverse works from all over Asia, including the exhibition Pilgrimage and Buddhist Art. Proser has also coordinated and served as in-house curator for international loan exhibitions such as The Buddhist Heritage of Pakistan: Art of Gandhara and Gilded Splendor: Treasures of China's Liao Empire for Asia Society Museum. She has edited and contributed to several catalogues including Buddhist Art of Myanmar (Asia Society Museum and Yale University Press, 2015), Golden Visions of Densatil (Asia Society Museum, 2014), and Pilgrimage and Buddhist Art (Asia Society Museum and Yale University Press, 2010). Proser received her Ph.D. in Chinese art and archaeology from Columbia University. She was formerly Assistant Curator of East Asian Art at the Philadelphia Museum of Art and has taught East Asian Art History at the University of Pennsylvania, Loyola College in Maryland, and Columbia University.

domain: library


text:
Hello everyone! If you came from Tracy’s blog, then you’re in the right place. If not, start at Emma’s blog, My Creative Time. I’m going to go on record and say that I think this is a one of those month’s that I would recommend getting the entire release. All three of the sets that Emma designed this month coordinate very well together.
For my card today, I tried to keep it soft with a vintage feel.
My card base is Sweet Blush and is a standard A2. I used patterned paper from the My Mind’s Eye Follow Your Heart “Be Happy” 6” x 6” pad. I stitched it to a 4” x 5” piece of white cardstock. I then took a doily, trimmed it in half, and stamped them with the Chicken Wire background stamp in Pool Party ink. I then adhered them to the mat on each end.
Next, I took my Spellbinders Label Four dies and diecut a label out of Aqua Mist. I decided that my card needed another pattern, and I gravitated to the weathered woodgrain pattern from the My Mind’s Eye On the Bright Side Two pad. I stamped the Aqua Mist label with the Floral Background and adhered the patterned label with dimensional adhesive. I cut two butterflies from Storybook out of some yellow cardstock. It’s from Hobby Lobby so I don’t have a color name. I stamped on the butterflies with the swirled egg from Hello Spring with So Saffron ink. I adhered the two butterflies together with liquid adhesive.
To pull everything together, I stamped my sentiment with Memento London Fog ink. I tied a bow with Lemon Tart saddle stitched ribbon and adhered the mat directly to the card base. I used dimensional adhesive to adhere the label mat to the card, and a small strip to adhere the butterfly.
***HUGE GIVEWAY ALERT***
For our giveaway today, we are giving ONE LUCKY winner a $100 Gift Certificate to "My Creative Time's" new online store! All you have to do is leave a comment here along w/the rest of the design team's blogs AND also leave a way for me to contact you! Each designer will be picking a winner, then Emma will use random.org to pick the lucky winner out of those 18 names! So remember you have "18" chances to win! All you have to do is leave a comment on all blogs in this hop for more chances to win! The deadline is Sunday, Feb 19th at midnight! EASY PEASY!!! GOOD LUCK!:)
Blog Hop Line-up
Trell – You are Here
As usual, I thank you for stopping by and I wish you a very blessed day!

domain: design


text:
Farm style restaurant on the Cape Peninsula, Cape Town, South Africa
NB: Due to cable theft our telephone and internet is down - please contact us on: 081 301 6610 for bookings and/or enquiries.
he Cape Farmhouse Restaurant four page spread in Country Life magazine. Thanks very much to everyone involved, we love the article!
FINE FARMSTYLE CUISINE
We are open for breakfast, lunch and tea.
9 am - 5 pm Thursday - Sunday (Winter Times)
Every 1st and last Friday of the month for gourmet TAPAS, 6 -10pm
Nestling in the Redhill Valley, just 3km from Scarborough and on the Cape Point route, the Cape Farmhouse Restaurant offers you a truly unique local experience. Sheltered under the oaks on a 250-year-old farmhouse, there is fresh air, endless space and great food. You can enjoy a scrumptious breakfast using free-range eggs, a delicious lunch from our menu or a choice of farm baked cakes to go with your tea and coffee.
Our kitchen uses seasonal vegetables, with as much produce as possible coming from local organic gardens.
We have plenty of space for both large and small groups, and will tailor a suitable menu for tour guides. We also cater for wedding parties.
The Restaurant hosts Saturday afternoon summer concerts featuring the best of South Africa's local music. These events provide outdoor food and a cash bar. The concert begins at 3pm.
We are a wheelchair friendly venue
Contact: 081 301 6610 or 082 994 1884 - email@example.com

domain: food


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A conservative group released an ad in Arizona on Monday targeting Democrats over transgender treatments for children and teens.
The American Principles Project (APP) is backing Republican Blake Masters in his bid to unseat Democratic Sen. Mark Kelly, who is targeted by name in the ad. APP describes itself as a family-focused political action organization.
“The American Principles Project wants to make the family the most powerful, well-represented special interest group in Washington, D.C. Existing pro-family groups largely focus their efforts on education and tracking legislation. That’s great. But we need more. APP is the only national pro-family organization engaging directly in campaigns and elections,” APP says.
Monday’s 50-second spot is part of APP’s $10 million campaign to support pro-family candidates in “6+ battleground states.” The ad features physiatrist and ardent transgender ideology critic Dr. Miriam Grossman, and hits Kelly, President Joe Biden, and the Democratic Party for pushing transgender treatment and surgery on children and teens.
"Democrats like Mark Kelly and Joe Biden support policies pushing dangerous transgender drugs and surgeries on kids — taking away parental rights."
— American Principles 🇺🇸 (@approject) September 19, 2022
The ad opens with Grossman: “We have an explosion of kids rather suddenly making an announcement that they are transgender.”
A narrator takes over, saying, “Democrats like Mark Kelly and Joe Biden support policies pushing dangerous transgender drugs and surgeries on kids, taking away parental rights.”
“Kids are told [in] elementary school, middle school, if your parents don’t go along with this, they’re not on your side,” Grossman says.
The narrator cuts in: “It’s Mark Kelly’s agenda for our kids and families.”
“There are no gold standard studies about transgender kids. Zero,” Grossman says. “We have to go out there and stop this. Our children deserve better.”
Kelly’s campaign did not immediately return The Daily Wire’s request for comment.
Polling indicates Kelly has maintained a lead over Masters, but that lead has narrowed considerably. A poll from The Trafalgar Group released Sunday said that Kelly’s lead has narrowed to just over a point, with Kelly at 46.6% and Masters close behind at 45.4%. That same poll showed Republican gubernatorial candidate Kari Lake leading her Democratic opponent Katie Hobbs 50% to 45.6%.
Kelly is running to serve his first full term in the U.S. Senate. He first assumed office in December 2020 after winning a special election to hold the seat once held by the late-GOP Sen. John McCain. Kelly has portrayed himself as a moderate in the race, while Masters and Republicans point to Kelly’s near-identical voting record with President Joe Biden’s priorities.


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Krispy Kreme coffee coming to Keurig K-Cups
- Catherine Carlock, The Business Journal
Krispy Kreme is coming to your Keurig.
Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Inc. (NYSE:KKD) has signed a multiyear deal with Green Mountain Coffee Roasters Inc., the company which pioneered the Keurig single-cup coffee-brewing technology, to serve the N.C. doughnut maker’s signature coffee blends in K-Cup packs by the end of this year.
Winston-Salem-based Krispy Kreme will sell its smooth and decaf blends in Green Mountain (NASDAQ:GMCR) single-serve K-Cup packs through Keurig.com, KrispyKreme.com, Krispy Kreme’s retail shops and grocery stores.
“GMCR is the pioneer of single cup brewing technology, and we are proud to partner with such a highly regarded company,” said Jim Morgan, Krispy Kreme’s chairman, president and CEO.
Krispy Kreme has been steadily expanding its coffee line of business, including with a recent agreement to sell bottled iced coffee in Walmart stores and a deal last year to sell 40-ounce bags of coffee in Sam’s Club stores.
Krispy Kreme rival Dunkin’ Donuts has sold its signature coffee in K-Cups since 2011.
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domain: economics


the Crimson Tide
By DARREN JASEY
Last Friday's 10-0 loss to
Auburn officially put Alabama in
the Hall of Fame Bowl against
Michigan. It will be the first
meeting ever between the two
Both Michigan and Alabama
sport 7-4 records, and both teams
have never appeared in the Hall of
Fame Bowl during its previous
nine years as a bowl.
In addition to Auburn, Alabama
has lost to Florida, Memphis
State, and Notre Dame. Michigan
has been beaten by Notre Dame,
Michigan State, Indiana, and Ohio
State this season.
Since 1975 Alabama has com-
piled a 10-1 bowl record, including
victories over Ohio State and Illi-
nois. The Crimson Tide was not
invited to a bowl after finishing 5-
6 in 1984. Michigan is 3-9 in
bowl appearances since '75.
Last season the Crimson Tide
whipped Washington 28-6 in the
Sun Bowl, and the Wolverines
lost to Arizona State in the Rose.
The Wolverines have not faced
a Southeastern Conference team
since the 1984 Sugar Bowl when
they lost to Auburn, 9-7. The
only other time that a Bo Schem-
bechler-coached Michigan squad
has faced an SEC opponent was in
the coach's debut - a 42-14 vic-
tory over Vanderbilt - in 1969.
The Michigan Daily-Monday, November 30, 1987- Page 11
3rd period lapse
costs Blue jeers
From Staff Reports
Lake Superior State kept its grasp on first place in
the Central Collegiate Hockey Association by
defeating Michigan, 5-3 and 6-3, Friday and Saturday
nights in Sault Ste. Marie.
The Wolverines (7-9 CCHA, 7-9 overall) failed to
split for the first time this season and fell into fifth
place in the conference.
The losses also dropped fourth year Michigan head
coach Red Berenson's record against Lake Superior
State to 1-14-1.
The Lakers (10-2-2, 12-2-2), who went into
Saturday night's contest leading Michigan State by
one point, clinched the victory and first place for
another week by scoring three third period goals in a
The Wolverines had cut the Laker lead to 3-2 on a
second period goal by sophomore Ryan Pardoski.
Rookie Don Stone notched a goal and senior Joe
Lockwood added a goal and an assist for Michigan.
Lake Superior State's Terry Hossack scored two
goals and Mike de Carle and Mark Vermette tallied a
goal and an assist each in Saturday's victory.
Michigan goaltender Warren Sharples made 28
saves Saturday night and 40 the night before. Laker
goalie Mike Greenlay - the team's player-of-the-
week nominee - stopped 34 shots in the second
game and 15 in game one.
Next weekend Michigan hosts Boston College at
s to Lake Yost Ice Arena while Lake Superior State travels to
Daily Photo by JOHI
Goaltender Warren Sharples turned aside 68 shots in the Wolverines' weekend losse
VANCOUVER, British Colum-
bia (AP) - Henry Williams raced
115 yards with a missed field goal
for the opening score and Jerry
Kauric kicked a 49-yard field goal in
the final minute as the Edmonton
Eskimos edged the Toronto Arg-
onauts 38-36 yesterday to capture the
75th Grey Cup championship.
The wide open game - the
Canadian Football League's Super
Bowl - was the perfect showcase
for the troubled league before a fren-
zied sellout crowd of 59,478.
The lead changed hands five times
in the final quarter as backup quar-
terback Damon Allen of Edmonton,
the former California State Fullerton
star, and Toronto's Danny Barrett of
the University of Cincinnati engi-
neered brilliant drives.
Now in its third year, the Peer
Information Counseling Program
(PIC) has continued to grow.
PIC is a minority student support
program based within the library.
Staffed by undergraduate students,
it provides research assistance by
appointment and on-demand when
staff is available. PIC staff can


text:
A reply to Ghazala Salam (Huffington Post 1/10/13)
Ghazala Salam may have a point in her legitimate objection to the use to the word ‘Islamism’ in her piece in the Huffpost. However, even if her semantic claim to the root of the word ‘Islamism’ being corrupted by the Western media when reporting on the more extreme violence perpetrated by followers of Islam is true, the rest of the article falls victim to the Normal Distribution Curve.
The curve, which many will remember from school mathematics and looks like the outline of a bell, illustrates a basic truism to all randomly selected populations. It shows that the vast majority of any population falls in the middle, in the tall bit, and very few fall into the extremes on either side.
The central theme of Salem’s piece, that of the 1,6 billion that self-identify as Muslims fall into the middle bit and are nice, easy going, reasonable people, who do normal things; go to work, wear nice jumpers and eat cheese is simple stating the blindly obvious!
The 1,6 billion who self-identify culturally as Muslims covers an enormously wide based group, from violent and psychopathic extremists to atheists. Salem offers us a simple platitude that ignores certain hard evidence – the 9/11 attackers and the 7/7 bombers were, quite undeniably, motivated by the teachings of Islam and its interpretation of a requirement for violent Jihad.
A reasoned argument from Salem as to why the Koran was mistakenly interpreted in this way or why the bombers were completely wrong in this interpretation of the Koran or indeed, how these interpretations contradict the central tenants of Islam itself may have been more interesting.
It may have been more interesting, but it would be pointless – they were motivated by Islam.
To what extent is the extremely repressive, brutal and misogynistic political system in Saudi Arabia – a system about as far removed from civilised values as can be imagined, built upon Islamic values? Of course it’s a question that needs no answer, it was built upon Islamic values, albeit the extreme Wahhabi version of Islam, but Islam nevertheless.
More subtle questions such as to what extent the seven men from Oxford, who were prosecuted in May for serious sex offences toward young women and girls, were influenced by their adherence to Islam; a belief system which actively denigrates women? The same question could be asked of the Rochdale, Rotherham and Telford gangs.
I have chosen these two examples of the negative aspects of Islamic influence out of a vast list, Syria, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq, Egypt, the list goes on. To carry on listing situations where Islam is at least an underlying influence, if not a prime mover, would be pointless, my point has already been made; merely pointing out that the majority of Muslims don’t identify with the more extreme interpretations of Islam is not only obvious but pointless.
Islamic countries embracing values espoused in the UN’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights, particularly toward women is probably unrealistic. Imams speaking out and interpreting the Koran and the hadiths into a less extreme form of Islam may be a little too much to hope for, for the time being at least, but a more robust condemnation from Islamic commentators on the extremism that’s carried out in the name of Islam would be a welcome start.

domain: sociology


Introduction to Battlefront
Paints & Decals
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Armoured Flak Platoon (GBX180)
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Tiger (P) Heavy Tank Platoon (GBX189)
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Hitlerjugend Platoon (x32 Figs) (GE829)
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Volkssturm HMG Platoon (GE824) (Direct Only)
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If an Unreliable vehicle attempts to move At the Double, roll a die. On a roll of 1 the vehicle becomes Bogged Down.
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text:
Opens image gallery
Good: A book that has been read but is in good condition. Very minimal damage to the cover including scuff ... Read moreabout the condition
|Language:||English||Publisher:||Oxford University Press|
|Smith and Hogan's Text, Cases, and Materials on Criminal Law is an essential, accessible guide to the criminal law. The eminently clear text that is the hallmark of the Smith & Hogan approach is supplemented by extracts from all of the key criminal law cases, together with other essential materials from statutes, reports, and articles. Introductory tes, commentary, summaries, and questions help students to contextualise the materials and to apply the law confidently, gaining an in-depth insight into the problems that the law poses and faces. The contents of the eleventh edition have been substantially revised and restructured to present the materials in an order that closely matches the structure of contemporary courses on criminal law. The overall approach that the book takes has been adjusted to include significantly more explanatory text, thus ensuring that the book is suitable for use as a core textbook. The latest legislation and all of the recent cases that continue to shape the law are included, providing the law student with everything they need to develop a thorough understanding of the key cases and the legal principles that they illustrate.|
|Publisher||Oxford University Press|
|eBay Product ID (ePID)||193845906|
|Product Key Features|
|Additional Product Features|
|Author(s)||Professor David Ormerod, Karl Laird|
|Place of Publication||Oxford|
|Edition Statement||11th Revised Edition|
|Author Biography||Professor David Ormerod QC is a Law Commissioner for England and Wales and Professor of Criminal Justice at University College London. He is also a Door Tenant at Red Lion Chambers. He is a Bencher of Middle Temple. Karl Laird is Lecturer in Law at Exeter College, University of Oxford and a Senior Retained Lecturer at Pembroke College. He has also taught at the University of Bristol.|
|Country of Publication||United Kingdom|
|Subject||National Law: Textbooks & Study Guides|
|Imprint||Oxford University Press|
|Date of Publication||10/07/2014|
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text:
Oh That? Just a Moose Passing Through the Soo Locks in Sault Ste. Marie
The locks on the St Mary's River at Sault Ste Marie have for centuries been the passage between Lake Superior and Lake Huron. Generally, that passage is for freighters and other boats plying the big lakes. But today, the locks served to get a moose from one lake to the other.
We should note, these are not the Soo Locks on the American side, rather a set of locks on the Canadian side of the border.
The video was shared by Tourism Sault Ste Marie and tells the story of the moose and its rescue. The caption explains:
Just another day in the Soo. A Moose locking through from Superior side to Huron.
The Moose was a little lost so the thoughtful Canal team closed the west lock and lowered the Moose to the Huron side, and off it went to shallow water.
Great to hear the moose made it through safely.
Here's what Parks Canada has to say about the facility:
The Sault Ste. Marie Canal, built in 1895, was the world’s longest lock, the first to operate using electricity and the last link in an all-Canadian navigational chain from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake Superior. Today, the Canal is a great spot for boat-watching, picnics and a variety of other activities.
The video was also shared to the Upper Peninsula Travel Facebook page with many loving the video.
Soo cool!! (pun intended)
Did he have to pay for his trip? Haha
Wish I had been there to see that. Waay kool beans
Awwwwe ..... that was nice they looked out for him,(her)
What a ride for that moose and the Canadian Soo Locks look to be a great place to visit.
Moose aren't considered particularly fierce and dangerous, but here are some of the animals you should watch out for in the wild.
WATCH OUT: These are the deadliest animals in the world
More to Explore from the Animal World
LOOK: 30 fascinating facts about sleep in the animal kingdom

domain: geography


text:
Well my timing was a bit off. I had intended to enter the Canberra Show 25-27 February, this year with some of my jams and preserves – entires closed yesterday, rats!
However bearing the vicissitudes of veggie gardening in mind the garden produce section is much more lenient with its entry deadlines. Those with produce in their garden have until the 17th to get a postal entry in and late phone entries on the 22nd are permissable, even entries on the day of judging (24th February) are a possibility, but only if space permits. By the way the garden produce section also includes eggs.
Having a look at the schedule (available along with the entry form), there are plenty of categories to choose from. Wow, I’ve just discovered that there is actually a class for unripe tomatoes!! things are looking up. We are no where near ready with corn or eggplants, but we can have a tilt at the potato and garlic classes.
There is also a school childrens section and a novelty fruit and vegetable sculpture section so get those children working! BTW if you find the inner child in yourself making an appearance there is also an ‘Open’ section in the fruit and vegetable sculpture class.

domain: agronomy


text:
- Collection Overview
- Collection Description & Creator Information
- Access & Use
- Collection History
- Find Related Materials
- Abbott, Charles C. (Charles Conrad), 1843-1919
- Charles Conrad Abbott Papers
- Manuscripts Division
- Permanent URL:
- 1770-1944 (mostly 1874-1916)
- 17 boxes and 6.7 linear feet
- Storage Note:
- Firestone Library (mss): Box 1-17
Charles Conrad Abbott (1843-1919), American naturalist and author, was the first archaeologist to dig a historic site in New Jersey. This collection consists of diaries, correspondence, newspaper articles, essays, photographs, and other material, relating to his work and his family.
Collection Description & Creator Information
The collection consists primarily of correspondence (1885-1919) and diaries (1874-1918) containing personal reflections of Charles Conrad Abbott. The collection reflects Abbott's life-long interest in the investigation, observation, and description of nature and Native American archaeology in the Delaware River Valley of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. A large portion of the correspondence is between Charles Conrad and his son Richard M. Abbott. Also included are a small selection of essays by Abbott, titled "The After-Thought of Age: A Series of Out-Spoken Essays," "The Archeological Significance of an Ancient Dune," "Old Fashioned Essays," "Paul Ingram: Pagan," and "Thoughts without Thinking."
Over 50 photographs are present depicting local scenes, friends and family, portraits, and archaeological work. Many are captioned on the verso. They range in size from 3 x 3 cm. to 19 x 24 cm. and consist of albumen prints, collodion prints, gelatin silver prints, a cyanotype and an ambrotype along with other photomechanical prints. Other material include newspaper clippings (1905-1918), two glass plate negatives, miscellaneous clippings, a Certificate for The Royal Northern Archeological Society, and Abbott's medical diploma from the University of Pennsylvania (1865).
This collection is arranged in five series: "Essays," "Diaries," "Correspondence To and From Charles C. Abbott," "Photographs and Images," and "Clippings and Ephemera."
- Collection Creator Biography:
Abbott, Charles C. (Charles Conrad), 1843-1919
Charles Conrad Abbott (1843-1919), American naturalist and author, was the first archaeologist to dig a historic site in New Jersey. Abbott, the son of Timothy and Susan Conrad Abbott, was born on June 4, 1843, in Trenton, New Jersey, and spent the majority of his life in that area. He was educated at the Trenton Academy, from 1852 to 1858, and at the University of Pennsylvania, earning his B.A. in 1861 and his M.D. in 1865. During the Civil War, Abbott served as a member of the New Jersey National Guard. In 1867, Abbott married Julia Boggs Olden (1846-1921) and they lived in the Abbott family home, "Three Beeches," along with their five children, three of whom lived to adulthood. It was on the family property, just south of Trenton, that Abbott believed that he found proof of the existence of Paleolithic man, however, over the years, his theories were disproved. After "Three Beeches" was destroyed by fire in 1914, the Abbotts moved to Bristol, Pennsylvania, where Charles C. Abbott died in 1919.
An active naturalist, archaeologist, and author, Abbott was heavily involved in local archaeology and Native American history in the Delaware Valley. In 1875 he was appointed field assistant to the Peabody Museum in Cambridge, Massachusetts, presenting them with his extensive collection of early Indian material. Later in life from 1889 to 1892, Abbott was associated with the Museum of Science and Art of the University of Pennsylvania. Abbott's most important written contribution to science was Primitive Industry or Illustrations of Handiwork in Stone, Bone, and Clay of the Native Races of the North Atlantic Seaboard (1881), although he published over a hundred short papers in publications such as American Naturalist, Popular Science Monthly, and Science Gossip. He is most widely known for his works pertaining to a nature study near his home in Trenton entitled A Naturalist's Rambles about Home (1884), as well as Days Out of Doors (1889), Recent Rambles (1892), Upland and Meadow (1886), and Travels in a Tree-top (1894).
Charles Abbott's son, Richard M. Abbott, was born in 1871. He married Margaret Appleton and was the father of Charles Conrad Abbott II. Until at least 1907, Richard Mauleverer Abbott was working as a farmer on "Three Beeches," but he eventually moved to Maryland.
Gift of the author.
No materials were removed during 2013 description work.
- Processing Information
This collection was processed by Jim Flannery, '06 in 2004. Finding aid written by Jim Flannery, '06 in 2004.
Access & Use
- Conditions Governing Access
This collection is open for research.
- Conditions Governing Use
Single photocopies may be made for research purposes. No further photoduplication of copies of material in the collection can be made when Princeton University Library does not own the original. Inquiries regarding publishing material from the collection should be directed to RBSC Public Services staff through the Ask Us! form. The library has no information on the status of literary rights in the collection and researchers are responsible for determining any questions of copyright.
- Credit this material:
Charles Conrad Abbott Papers; Manuscripts Division, Department of Special Collections, Princeton University Library
- Permanent URL:
- Firestone LibraryOne Washington RoadPrinceton, NJ 08544, USA(609) 258-3184
- Subject Terms:
- Indigenous peoples of North America -- Delaware River Valley (N.Y.-Del. and N.J.) -- Antiquities.
Natural history -- Delaware River Valley (N.Y.-Del. and N.J.)
Naturalists -- Delaware River Valley (N.Y.-Del. and N.J.)
- Genre Terms:
- Abbott, Richard M. (Richard Mauleverer), 1871-1843
- Delaware River Valley (N.Y.-Del. and N.J.) -- Antiquities.


text:
SHANGHAI, China, April 15, 2014 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- RDA Microelectronics, Inc. (Nasdaq:RDA) (" RDA" or the " Company"), a fabless semiconductor company that designs, develops and markets wireless systems-on-chip and radio-frequency (RF) semiconductors for cellular, connectivity and broadcast applications, today announced sampling of its RDA5992 SoC solution integrating WiFi, Bluetooth and FM with a GPS receiver for mobile applications. The RDA5992 single chip solution integrates an 802.11b/g/n MAC, PHY, 2.4Ghz radio, power amplifier and antenna switch with a GPS receiver featuring advanced RF design, a baseband signal processing engine and MIPS compatible XCPU processor to achieve superior positioning performance. The integrated WLAN, Bluetooth and FM capabilities can work simultaneously or independently at low power consumption levels to preserve battery life in mobile devices. "By adding GPS functionality to our popular WiFi combo chip, RDA offers customers all of the necessary connectivity components on a single CMOS chip for handheld devices," said Shuran Wei, CEO of RDA Microelectronics. "GPS positioning and location-based services are becoming increasingly prevalent across all mobile applications. The 5992 is the smallest chip of its kind and further demonstrates the strength of RDA's integration capabilities. Manufacturers can quickly and easily integrate the chip into their designs to achieve rapid time to market at a reduced cost." About RDA Microelectronics RDA Microelectronics is a fabless semiconductor company that designs, develops and markets wireless system-on-chip and radio-frequency semiconductors for cellular, connectivity and broadcast applications. The Company's product portfolio currently includes baseband, radio-frequency front-end modules, power amplifiers, transceivers, Bluetooth system-on-chip, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and FM combo chips, FM radio receivers, set-top box tuners, analog mobile television receivers, CMMB mobile television receivers, walkie-talkie transceivers and LNB satellite down converters. For additional information, please see the Company's website at http://www.rdamicro.com.
CONTACT: Lily Dong, Chief Financial Officer RDA Microelectronics, Inc. +86-21-5027-1108 firstname.lastname@example.org or Shelton Group Investor Relations Leanne Sievers, EVP 949-224-3874 Matt Kreps, Managing Director 972-239-5119 ext. 125 email@example.com


Source: Stoel Rives, November 9, 2011.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is exercising its authority and enforcing the requirements of the Clean Air Act’s renewable fuel standard (RFS) program. The EPA issued twenty-four notices of violation on November 7, 2011, to petroleum refiners, importers and exporters of renewable fuel. Following a filing last month of criminal charges of wire fraud, money laundering, and violations of the Clean Air Act (CAA) against an individual, Rodney R. Hailey, the EPA issued civil notices of violations (NOVs) to the entities that relied upon the allegedly invalid Renewable Identification Numbers (RINs) generated by Mr. Hailey. The companies involved are obligated parties under the RFS program and thereby, subject to Renewable Volume Obligations (RVOs) designed to demonstrate compliance with the renewable fuel standards set by Congress — 36 billion gallons by 2022.
Under the CAA’s current renewable fuel standards (RFS2), various entities throughout the renewable fuel supply chain including generators, importers, distributors, and blenders are subject to the complicated regulatory framework that emphasizes two important policy goals for the United States: (1) decreased reliance upon foreign sources of oil and (2) reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. To track achievement toward these goals, as well as the explicit mandate for renewable fuel, RINs must be generated by producers and importers of renewable fuel through the EPA’s electronic tracking system and be done so in close adherence to the rules administered by the EPA under the RFS2 program. RINs are equivalent to credits that are assigned each gallon of fuel, based upon the amount produced and the type of production process.
Obligated parties, like those issued NOVs by EPA, must acquire sufficient RINs to demonstrate compliance with applicable RVOs. EPA’s electronic RIN trading system provides the framework for producers, importers, exporters, and obligated parties to generate, report, use, and transfer RINs. According to the EPA’s announcement of the enforcement filings against these twenty four obligated parties: “The RFS2 regulations provide that no person shall use invalid RINs to meet their RVOs, regardless of the person’s good faith belief that RINs were valid at the time they were acquired.”
These matters are among the first enforcement actions initiated by the EPA under the RFS2 requirements. EPA is claiming the statutory maximum penalty of $37,500 per day per violation plus the economic benefit afforded the companies. Generally, penalties are subject to negotiation and ultimately reduced upon presentation of relevant information by the respondent. Like with other multi-target enforcement initiatives, those companies that resolve their allegations with EPA early may get the best outcomes. For a detailed assessment of RFS enforcement provisions, see EPA Enforcement of the Renewable Fuel Standard. For more information on Stoel Rives experience with the CAA and RFS2, please contact:
Graham Noyes at (206)386-7615 or firstname.lastname@example.org
Krista McIntyre at (208) 387-4239 or email@example.com
Martin Banks at (801) 578-6975 or firstname.lastname@example.org
Sara Bergan at (612) 373-8819 or email@example.com