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A diastase is often observed between the two front and back teeth and the space is much more pronounced in two toed sloths. Why are sloths green? 35 talking about this. Sloths feed on leaves, buds, and tender shoots from Cecropia trees. Retrieved from http://emborawild.com/facts-about-baby-sloths/. Two-toed sloths are omnivorous, with a diverse diet of insects, carrion, fruits, leaves and small lizards, ranging over up to 140 hectares (350 acres). Why this rare video of a sloth giving birth has scientists excited. Coconut, a Linnaeus’ two-toed sloth who will turn 1 on February 20, enjoyed breakfast with an audience as part of her first public showing. With this, baby sloths lick their mother’s lips and eat from there and eventually, they adapt their Mom’s diet. A wild infant sloth in the Sobrenia National Park in Panama. Litter always consist of one baby with twins rarely occurring. 8. Meet the London Zoo's New Baby Sloth. The life expectancy of a sloth varies based on the species. The baby sloth clings on to her mother for a few weeks and stays by her side for about four years. A baby sloth will stay with its mother for a full 12 months, during which time it learns all of the essential skills required to survive in the wild. 1. La Negrita and Machito, two baby sloths at the AIUNAU foundation in Colombia. Fun Facts about Sloths. Female sloths give birth to one baby a year after a gestation period of six months. 7) Baby sloths may cling onto their mothers for more than 5 weeks after birth: During this period, baby sloths are fed consistently with nutrient rich milk from the two teats located on their mothers chest. (about 8 kilograms). It represents a sudden/accidental separation between mom and baby and is a sign that the baby is extremely stressed. What do sloths eat? Humans, the harpy eagle and jaguar are the main predators of sloths. (Image credit: Shutterstock) Diet. Sloths are related to anteaters and armadillos. See more ideas about baby sloth, cute baby sloths, cute sloth. Sloth squeaks aren’t actually “cute” to sloths (or human surrogate sloth moms)! The mother usually retrieve them as quickly as she can before the birth of her placenta which would send the baby crashing down violently into the understory vegetation. When the sloth leaves its mom after about six months, it adopts part of its mother’s range, continuing to communicate with the parent through calls. A baby two-toed sloth is a new arrival at the ZSL London Zoo. Can I buy a sloth? The two-toed sloths are slightly bigger than the three-toed sloths, though they share many of the same features.Thousands of years ago, sloths were much larger, according to the San Diego Z… This early strength is crucial in order to enable them support themselves from tree branches while they independently explore their maternal tree and after they are weaned. Sloths will give birth to only one baby at a time and only one time a year. Baby sloths feed primarily on tropical leaves in the wild. It takes several weeks of hanging from the mother’s belly until the baby sloths become ready to live independently. anteaters which have similar large, curved claws, but while anteaters Baby sloths may sometimes fail to secure a firm grasp onto their mothers body and can be seen dangling freely but firmly teated to their mothers body from an umbilical cord. This is an important bonding period that helps the offspring learn and develop. Sloths, moths and algae have a beneficial relationship: The pyralid moth is a species of moth that lives in the sloth’s fleece. Ligaments in the claws and limbs lock in place, and allow them to hang effortlessly while they eat or sleep, safe from many predators. Both two-toed and three-toed species of sloth have a very strong natural grip instinct that allows them to cling to their mother's back or belly as she moves through the trees. It's mother may feed it leaves that it has partially chewed directly from her mouth to get things started. 9. 4. M. (2020, June 18). Males can reach upto 5 years before they attain maturity. A cool baby sloth fact is that a baby sloth is able to cling to it's mother's fur within the first few moments of birth. Three-toed sloths are about the size of a medium-sized dog at around 23 to 27 inches (58 to 68 cm) and 17.5 to 18.75 lbs. Beauty Sleep. The sleeping pattern of a modern day sloth is dependent on its habitat, with sloths in captivity sleeping up to 15-20 hours a day whilst sloths in the wild sleep as much as humans, at around 8-9 hours a day. It is usually 2 to 2.5 feet long, reaching 8 to 17 pounds in weight. A baby sloth will stay with it's mother for the first year or two of life, and then will move to it's own territory, usually just a tree or two away. Click Here for more animal facts Sloths are mammals There are six species for sloth divided into two groups the two-toed sloth and the three-toed sloth. With their permanently contented smiles, beady little sleepy eyes and adorably fluffy babies – sloth videos and photos have the ability to make grown men swoon with delight. 10. Beauty Sleep. It takes several weeks of hanging from the mother’s belly until the baby sloths become ready to live independently. 3. Articles about sloths with interesting sloth facts. 9) Baby sloths learn what leaf to eat by licking their mothers lips: After weaning, baby sloths consistently lick the lips of their mother to lean what food to consume as forage. Would you dare to do so when the prospect of an irate predator waiting low-key and planning to ambush is highly likely? The baby sticks with the mother for about six months, grasping its mom’s belly as she moves through the trees. Sloths learn which foods to eat by licking the lips of their mothers. All sloths actually have three toes, but the two-toed sloth has only two fingers. A baby three-toed sloth, looking at you (Dreamstime) Sloths risk more than getting their hearts broken when they start dating. Sloths are a medium-sized mammal. Sloths have been known to die while still clinging on to a tree limb and they are still grasping it. The mom sloth gives birth to only one baby at a time, just like most of our moms do. Weight can reach a high 400g and low 150g. All sloths eat the leaves of the cecropia. 12) Baby sloths reach independence at a minimum age of 5 months and maximum age of 1 years: At this age, they bid their phlegmatic mothers farewell and migrate to new trees often several yards or meters away from their birth trees (in the case of females) and considerable distance away in the case of males. Sloth Facts. Why are sloths slow? http://www.slothweek.com Fun Fact: An extinct species of sloths known as ground sloths were the size of an elephant! Two toed baby sloth can have a varied diet after they are weaned, but three toed sloths strictly stick with the diet they grew up eating from their mothers, often for the rest of their lives. Sloths are great swimmers. Two-Fingered Sloth Facts (Included in the Information Sheet): Two-Fingered Sloths have two fingers (in the thoracic limbs) and three toes (in the pelvic limbs). Sloths can swim 3 times faster than they can move on land and can hold their breath for up to 40 minutes. Facts about baby sloths 1) Baby embryos can stay nourished and grow within the torrid perimeters of their mother’s womb for upto 12 months: Two toed sloths have a gestation period of upto 12 months while three toed sloths have less than six. 5. Sloths belong to the families ‘Megalonychidae’ and ‘Bradypodidae’, part of the […] 8) Baby sloths can develop appetite for solid foods after only four days of birth: Baby sloths that are left uncared for (in rescue centers and zoo) by their mothers are often fed with solid foods like apples, bananas, flowers and other leafy materials after their five weeks artificial weaning from goat milk. Baboon facts, photos, videos and information - Baboons are very distinctive looking monkeys with long, dog-like snouts and close set eyes. Great apes facts, photos and videos..Human beings did not evolve from chimpanzees, modern chimps and gorillas do not appear in the fossil records until much more recently than homo sapiens.. e-mail us at email@example.com, Copyright 2011 - 2019 by Jenise Alongi Animal Facts Encyclopedia.com. Sloths defecate once a week. Sloths have … It takes about a month to digest a leaf, about a minute to move 15 feet and about 6 hours to make it to the bathroom and back. Sloth moms give birth in trees. Both are native to Central and South American tropical rainforests. Evolution is a hard teacher. Most of the sloths live for 20 to 30 years. They hardly fall. The one who wins gets the chance of mating with the female sloth. 1) Baby embryos can stay nourished and grow within the torrid perimeters of their mother’s womb for upto 12 months: Two toed sloths have a gestation period of upto 12 months while three toed sloths have less than six. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/03/sloth-birth-costa-rica-baby/, http://emborawild.com/facts-about-baby-sloths/. Interesting Sloth Facts To Share With Your Friends. A Photo Smile. This is a compilation of the FUNNIEST and CUTEST sloth videos. They are considered the slowest land animal on earth; Their claws are their major means of defense; They live a solitary life and usually come together when they want to mate; Sloth … 11) It is practically impossible for the average joe to distinguish between male and female sloths or the other way round, by mere physical examination: Test are often necessary to identify the gender of a new born sloth in captivity. 10 incredible facts about the sloth. While it varies on the specific species of sloth, the female sloth may remain pregnant for up to … A mother sloth is very protective of its baby and one way of raining it is to teach the baby sloth on what to eat. However, even after the “belly clinging” period is over, they stay close to their mothers for about four years. Baby sloths are born with their eyes open and with all their fur and nails! 2. In total, there are six species of sloth. 9. The name “Two-Toed” sloth is misleading, although widely used. 10. 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Summit Entertainment continues to branch out into other genre’s of film by acquiring the Seth Rogen produced comedy, formally titled, I’m With Cancer. The film stars James McAvoy as the lead with Rogen on board in a supporting role. They’ll be joined by two actresses from the Twilight camp (conveniently) Anna Kendrick and Bryce Dallas Howard.
According to THR, Summit has picked up the North American rights for the film that’s based on the true story of Will Reiser, who will be played by McAvoy. Reiser was diagnosed with cancer in his mid-20s and successfully battled the disease over several years. Rogen will play his close friend, while Kendrick will star as a young psychologist assigned to handle the young man’s case despite her lack of real life experience.
The untitled film will be directed by Jonathan Levine who also helmed the indie comedy, The Wackness. The folks over at Summit had nothing but good things to say about the acquisition.
“It’s rare to find a script that has you laughing and crying in equal measure or a cast and director as perfectly suited to get the tone of this unique and moving film as perfectly right,” Summit president of production Erik Feig said.
They didn’t really stretch with the casting for this film, but at least they have a group of actors with actual talent. McAvoy, Howard, and Kendrick sound like a match made in heaven.
What do you think of Summit picking up Rogen’s cancer comedy?


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A strongly narrated tale about obsessive love between two sisters, “Open My Heart” by young documaker Giada Colagrande starts as a quasi-voyeuristic look at forbidden passion, then slowly turns to a very Italian film noir. Though the racy material is used more ritualistically than naturalistically, story still has a perverse fascination, despite some technical clumsiness and stiff thesping. With local critical support, this mini-budgeted tyro effort could find an audience in Italy, and its Venice bow could open the hearts of offshore fest programmers.
Colagrande casts herself as the 17-year-old Caterina, a shy girl who loves art and music, pretty in an Audrey Tautou way. She lives in a modest apartment with her much older sister and lover Maria (Natalie Cristiani), a prostitute. This arrangement has been going on since their mother, also a prostitute, died when Caterina was 2. By now she’s used to Maria’s clients ringing the doorbell, but she still turns up the music to drown out the squeaking bedsprings.
Maria is her mother, lover and warden, for it soon becomes apparent the younger girl is a prisoner in the apartment. She goes out only to attend dance class, chaperoned by her sister. But this little taste of freedom sparks a mutual attraction with the school caretaker Giovanni (Claudio Botosso).
To nip their relationship in the bud, Maria coolly invites Giovanni home to bed. Though humiliated, Caterina is not beaten, and with sis in the next room she seduces him with a sexy dance number. Clever Maria turns the tables again, making Caterina participate in an unwholesome threesome. But her repressive efforts are futile against the girl’s newly discovered emotions. The film proceeds down even more perverse and unbelievable paths, until it loses touch with reality altogether and ends up a pure fairy tale.
Shooting in DV video in just two locations, Colagrande makes a virtue of her limited means by integrating the film’s necessarily minimal look with controlled shots and brief flashes of scenes.
In the central role, she bravely doffs her clothes in a series of increasingly explicit bedroom scenes. At the same time, she creates a strong impression of coy helplessness as Caterina, who gets what she wants despite massive psychological manipulation. Rest of the cast is, however, too leaden to get far with pic’s big themes, from incest and obsession to the nature of the couple.

domain: artistic


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OpenAI’s Large Language Model (LLM), ChatGPT, has offered its prediction for the price of Shiba Inu (SHIB) at the end of 2024. The AI-powered chatbot, known for its ability to generate insightful human-sounding text based on vast amounts of data, has analyzed them to provide predictions for SHIB.
With the upcoming Bitcoin halving event and the highly anticipated 2024 bull run, ChatGPT has predicted that SHIB will close 2024 at $0.000033. This price point represents a remarkable 250.3% increase from the current price of $0.00000942. However, it is important to approach this prediction cautiously, as the cryptocurrency market is notoriously volatile and susceptible to various influences.
Can Shiba Inu (SHIB) Reach this Target?
ChatGPT’s prediction is based on its analysis of multiple factors, including historical price data, technical indicators, and market sentiment. Additionally, ChatGPT acknowledges the growing influence of community engagement and broader market trends in shaping the future value of Shiba Inu (SHIB).
With the Shiba Inu developers working hard to complete all SHIB-related projects before the end of next year, a price surge is expected as the ecosystem grows and new developments and features are introduced.
While a potential increase to $0.000033 presents an enticing prospect for SHIB investors, meme coins are notoriously volatile, and SHIB might not reach that target. However, this volatility could also send SHIB far above the target. ChatGPT highlighted this volatility, stating that AI-based predictions have limitations and that analyzing historical performance does not always perfectly predict future results.
ChatGPT advised that investors conduct thorough research and due diligence before making investment decisions based on AI predictions. This includes understanding the risks associated with cryptocurrency investments, diversifying portfolios, and maintaining realistic expectations.
We are on twitter, follow us to connect with us :- @TimesTabloid1
— TimesTabloid (@TimesTabloid1) July 15, 2023
Factors Influencing SHIB’s Rise
Beyond ChatGPT’s forecast, several other factors could influence SHIB’s price trajectory for 2024. Adoption is one major factor that can increase the use of the digital currency and bolster its demand and value.
Regulatory developments related to cryptocurrencies also play a huge role, and regulatory decisions could significantly impact market sentiment and, consequently, SHIB’s price. Finally, the overall market performance plays a vital role, which is why many are looking to the Bitcoin halving and the surges that could follow it.
Adding to ChatGPT’s optimistic prediction for Shiba Inu (SHIB), a panel of experts recently predicted a 1,000% surge for SHIB, expecting the meme coin to achieve this by 2025.

domain: news


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Principles of measurement systems
Principles of Measurement Systems provides a coherent and integrated approach to the topic by covering all the main techniques and devices used, together with the relevant theory and appications that the student needs to understand. The third edition of this highly popular and well-established textbook has been extensively updated and expanded to take account of recent developments in computing, solid-state electronics, optoelectronics and other areas of measurement technology. Divided into three parts, Section A investigates the general principles and system performance under static and dynamic conditions. The principles and characteristics of sensing, signal conditioning and processing, and data presentation are covered by Section B, while Section C examines current and emerging specialised techniques which have important industrial applications.
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The general measurement system
The accuracy of measurement systems in the steady state
Dynamic characteristics of measurement systems
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amplifier amplitude angular approximately bandwidth binary calculate capacitance carrier Chapter characteristics coefficient coil component constant converter corresponding crystal damping ratio deflection bridge detector diagram diameter differential pressure displacement sensor dynamic electrical electrode equation equivalent circuit error example failure rate Figure filter flow rate flowmeter fluid force given gives heat transfer impedance inductance input signal interference layer linear liquid load mass maximum measured value measurement system mechanical microcomputer modulation natural frequency noise non-linear operational amplifier optical fibre orifice plate oscillator output signal overall parallel piezoelectric pipe potentiometer power spectral density probability density function pulse radiation random range ratio resistance sample sampled signal Section sensing elements shown in Fig shows sinusoidal standard deviation strain gauge Table thermal thermistor thermocouple torque transducer transfer function transmission medium transmitter two-port networks typical ultrasonic variable velocity voltage vortex wave wavelength zero


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Riley Nicholson came to his new job as executive director of the Symphony of Northwest Arkansas with his own hopes, experiences and expectations. So far, after half a year working under the unique conditions of a worldwide pandemic, he's found community support beyond his imagination; musicians willing to try anything once; and now, a chance for new collaborations he thought must already be old hat.
This time, that collaboration is taking place across the state, with Ballet Arkansas. It's called "Sleighride Together" and will feature the full SoNA orchestra performing under the baton of music director Paul Haas, accompanying a series of contemporary dances selected by Ballet Arkansas artistic director Michael Fothergill for the occasion.
"My previous work experience involved arts administration for ballet and dance nonprofits, so it's a world I am familiar with and interested in," Nicholson says. "There are obvious but profound connections between music and dance -- it's always fun to collaborate and see an artistic vision beyond the medium one is entrenched in. From our very first introduction, I could tell that Michael felt similarly; conversations and plans naturally developed, and here we are at the beginning of a new organizational partnership!"
Nicholson admits he didn't expect to be breaking ground.
"This is a very conscious choice to bridge Northwest and Central Arkansas," the Hot Springs native says. "Upon moving back to Arkansas, I have to say it's one of the things I was a bit surprised about -- that there wasn't quite as much cultural conversation between the two regions as I thought there would be.
"I always love it when art can break down barriers and bridge distances, and I hope in some small way this collaboration does just that," he adds.
The choreography for "Sleighride Together" was created specifically for this collaboration, says Catherine Fothergill, Ballet Arkansas' associate artistic director, and will be performed at the UA-PTC CHARTS Theater in North Little Rock. Michael Fothergill choreographed "Sleigh Ride" and commissioned Madison Hicks to create "Hallelujah," a new work.
"Working with the Ballet Arkansas dancers on 'Hallelujah' has been an honor and a dream," Hicks says. "My movement style is very unique, and I've been blown away by the way they work and their ability to capture truly anything I asked of them. I hope this piece brings joy to the audience. It is meant to be a celebration of dance, hope and love -- something we all need more of right now!"
"While Ballet Arkansas will always love performing for packed houses, we are grateful for the opportunity to perform and produce artistic content that is accessible to a broad audience through the reach of technology at a time when we are unable to gather in our traditional formats, and to collaborate with new partners that may before have been more logistically challenging to facilitate in ordinary times," Catherine Fothergill says. "It is rewarding to share 'Sleighride Together' with people from across the state and reach a new audience who may not have been able to join us in the theater in the past."
"As for the future of SoNA, great things happen when diverse creatives come together," Nicholson adds, "so we definitely will continue to find organizational partners to expand the breadth and depth of our artistic reach."
WHEN — Available Dec. 21
WHERE — Symphony of Northwest Arkansas via SoNA’s Facebook page, YouTube channel and website
COST — Free
INFO — sonamusic.org


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domain: hobby


The ignition is out so I can't crank it. That's why your idea doesn't work. I would have done that if my ignition worked.What part of my response did you not understand? I didn't tell you to BUY a battery. You can borrow one long enough to shift the car into neutral. Sheesh.
Some people just can't be helped.


Date of Award
Doctor of Philosophy
Electrical and Computer Engineering
John P. Basart
In this dissertation we present an automatic flaw detection system for heat exchanger tubes in steam generators. The system utilizes two well-known techniques, wavelets and fuzzy logic, to automatically detect the flaws in tubing data. The analysis of eddy current inspection data is a difficult task which requires intensive labor by experienced human analysts. To aid the analysts, an accurate and consistent automatic data analysis package was developed. The software development is divided into three parts: data preprocessing, wavelet analysis, and a fuzzy inference system. The data preprocessing procedure is used to set up a signal analysis standard for different data and also to remove the variations due to lift-off and other geometrical effects. The wavelet technique is used to reduce noise and identify possible flaw indications. Due to multiresolution and the unique time-frequency localization properties of the wavelet transform, the flaw signals have specific characteristics in the wavelet domain. We fully utilize those characteristics to distinguish flaw indications from noise. To further evaluate the flaw candidates and reduce false calls, we invoked fuzzy logic to discriminate between true positives and false positives. A template matching technique and fuzzy inference system were developed. The template matching technique uses signals from artificial flaws as templates to match with possible flaw signals and execute a normalized complex crosscorrelation. Through this process, we obtain both phase and shape information which are placed into a fuzzy inference system for final decision making. A rigorous test of the system using actual inspection data was undertaken. Results from tests indicate that the new techniques show a great deal of promise for automatic flaw detection. Investigating the novel techniques and integrating them into a system are the major contribution of this work.
Digital Repository @ Iowa State University, http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/
Chuang, Sheng-Fa, "Eddy current automatic flaw detection system for heat exchanger tubes in steam generators " (1997). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 11786.


text:
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domain: travel


text:
Research & analysis
We’ll help you define exactly what you want to achieve from a product launch or digital transformation project and why.
Tell me more
You wouldn’t construct a house without architectural plans, so why build an app or digital platform without knowing what you’re trying to achieve? The research phase provides the foundation for your project and is, in our experience, the single biggest success factor for any digital product.
Your research process (sometimes called a discovery phase) will be tailor-made to your particular project and will generate the data we need to report on and establish the criteria for the success of your app or website. For simplicity and clarity, we break our research process down into four clear stages; Ideate, Test, Focus, and Prioritse.
Classically, a research phase forms one part of a full digital development or transformation project, but we can offer our research services as part of a smaller, digital consultancy or product strategy engagement too.
How long will it take?
Ordinarily, a research and analysis phase lasts between two and six weeks, depending on the requirements of your specific project. This normally includes five members of our team and one or two members of your project team at any given time. The workshops themselves can expand to incorporate larger groups of respondents, depending on the research requirements.
What might it include?
During the research process, we’ll use workshops, interviews and other information-gathering tools to harvest data from stakeholders and customers. As this data is gathered, it gets funnelled into a continual review and analysis process, allowing us to present progress back to the client via a series of weekly reviews.
The insight gained during this stage helps everyone involved make informed decisions about the future shape of the digital product, creating and shaping the foundation of any development brief created later in the process. Depending on the perceived complexity of the project, we may also, at this point, start to create a set of high-level application wireframes or a basic proof-of-concept prototype of the app or platform.
Components within the research and analysis phase may include:
- Analytics analysis – Review and analysis of your data to inform the decision-making process
- User research – Organisation and facilitation of workshops to gather information directly from end-users
- Market research – Quantitative and qualitative research to evaluate your user base, potential market response and strategic options
- User experience and workflow development – Mapping the touch points and user journeys through a process of user story mapping
- Visual research and development – A visual deep dive to seek inspiration from other applications and sites
- Technology scoping and prototyping – Collaborative research to ascertain the technical approach, resource, budget and risk factors of any future stages of the project
In the final phase of the process, we’ll set priorities and deliverables using a MoSCoW process, and use our experience as a digital consultancy to make sure that these align with your organisational goals, the competitive landscape of your market, and your technical infrastructure. Once these criteria are established and agreed upon, it’s possible for us to advise on a timescale and budget for any future build.
What’s the outcome?
The deliverables from this phase of the project are a prototype of the platform and a blueprint report document (often called a discovery report) that provides a comprehensive strategic direction on how the digital product will function, how it will look, how long it will take to deliver and how much it will cost.
This report is essentially a shared vision of how we would create a bespoke digital product or service for your organisation. The phase closes with a stakeholder presentation that often marks the start of the next phase of the project – design and development.

domain: design


text:
|Publication number||US4185142 A|
|Application number||US 05/932,229|
|Publication date||Jan 22, 1980|
|Filing date||Aug 9, 1978|
|Priority date||Aug 9, 1978|
|Also published as||CA1146911A1, DE2962813D1, EP0008232A2, EP0008232A3, EP0008232B1|
|Publication number||05932229, 932229, US 4185142 A, US 4185142A, US-A-4185142, US4185142 A, US4185142A|
|Inventors||Frank Solomon, Donald F. Lieb, Ronald L. LaBarre|
|Original Assignee||Diamond Shamrock Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (24), Referenced by (5), Classifications (10), Legal Events (3)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present invention relates generally to the rejuvenation of an oxygen electrode for use in an electrolytic cell and particularly for the production of chlorine and caustic (sodium hydroxide) in such a manner as to significantly reduce the voltages necessary for the operation of such electrolytic cells and to increase substantially the power efficiencies available from such electrolytic cells utilizing oxygen electrodes over extended periods of time. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to improved methods of rejuventation of oxygen electrodes which include utilizing in situ or out of cell techniques after substantial potential decay. The techniques include hot water or dilute acid washing followed by air drying at elevated gauge pressures and elevated temperatures. These techniques substantially lower the potentials for renewed periods of time. These techniques can be used several times on the same oxygen electrode to provide greatly extended lifetimes within commercially acceptable potentials. These methods may be utilized singularly or preferably in combination to produce higher power efficiencies at lower voltages so as to produce a more energy-efficient oxygen electrode in an electrolytic cell especially suitable for the production of chlorine and caustic.
Chlorine and caustic are essential large volume commodities which are basic chemicals required by all industrial societies. They are produced almost entirely electrolytically from aqueous solutions of alkaline metal halides or more particularly sodium chloride with a major portion of such production coming from diaphragm type electrolytic cells. In the diaphragm electrolytic cell process, brine (sodium chloride solution) is fed continuously to the anode compartment to flow through a diaphragm usually made of asbestos particles formed over a cathode structure of a foraminous nature. To minimize back migration of the hydroxide ions, the flow rate is always maintained in excess of the conversion rate so that the resulting catholyte solution has unused or unreacted sodium chloride present. The hydrogen ions are discharged from the solution at the cathode in the form of hydrogen gas. The catholyte solution containing caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), unreacted sodium chloride and other impurities, must then be concentrated and purified to obtain a marketable sodium hydroxide commodity and sodium chloride which is to be reused in electrolytic cells for further production of sodium hydroxide and chlorine. The evolution of the hydrogen gas utilizes a higher voltage so as to reduce the power efficiency possible from such an electrolytic cell thus creating an energy inefficient means of producing sodium hydroxide and chlorine gas.
With the advent of technological advances such as dimensionally stable anodes and various coating compositions therefore which permit ever narrowing gaps between the electrodes, the electrolytic cell has become more efficient in that the power efficiency is greatly enhanced by the use of these dimensionally stable anodes. Also, the hydraulically impermeable membrane has added a great deal to the use of the electrolytic cells in terms of selective migration of various ions across the membrane so as to exclude contaminates from the resultant product thereby eliminating some of the costly purification and concentration steps of processing. Thus, with the great advancements that have tended in the past to improve the efficiency of the anodic side and the membrane or separator portion of the electrolytic cells, more attention is now being directed to the cathodic side of the electrolytic cell in an effort to improve the power efficiency of the cathodes to be utilized in the electrolytic cells to achieve significant energy savings in the resultant production of chlorine and caustic. Looking more specifically at the problem of the cathodic side of a conventional chloride and caustic cell, it may be seen that in a cell employing a conventional anode and a cathode and a diaphragm therebetween, the electrolytic reaction at the cathode may be represented as
2H2 O+2e- yields H2 +20H-
The potential of this reaction versus a standard H2 electrode is -0.83 volts.
The electrical energy necessarily consumed to produce the hydrogen gas, an undesirable reaction of the conventional cathode, has not been counter balanced efficiently in the industry by the utilization of the resultant hydrogen since it is basically an undesired product of the reaction. While some uses have been made of the excess hydrogen gas, those uses have not made up the difference in the expenditure of electrical energy necessary to evolve the hydrogen. Thus, if the evolution of a hydrogen could be eliminated, it would save electrical energy and thus make production of chlorine and caustic a more energy efficient reaction.
The oxygen electrode presents one possibility of elimination of this reaction since it consumes oxygen to combine with water and the electrons available at the cathode in accordance with the following equation
2H2 O+O2 +4e- yields 4OH-
The potential for this reaction is +0.40 volts which would result in a theoretical voltage savings of 1.23 volts over the conventinal cathode. It is readily apparent that this reaction is more energy efficient by the very absence of the production of any hydrogen at the cathode, and the reduction in potential as shown above. This is accomplished by feeding an oxygen rich fluid such as air or oxygen to an oxygen side of an oxygen electrode where the oxygen has ready access to the electrolytic surface so as to be consumed in the fashion according to the equation above. This does, however, require a slightly different structure for the electrolytic cell itself so as to provide for an oxygen compartment on one side of the cathode so that the oxygen rich substance may be fed thereto.
The oxygen electrode itself is well known in the art since the many NASA projects utilized to promote space travel during the 1960 s also provided funds for the development of a fuel cell utilizing an oxygen electrode and a hydrogen anode such that the gas feeding of hydrogen and oxygen would produce an electrical current for utilization in a space craft. While this major government-financed research effort produced many fuel cell components including an oxygen electrode the circumstances and the environment in which the oxygen electrode was to function was quite different from that which would be experienced in a chlor-alkali cell. Thus while much of the technology gained during the NASA projects is of value in the chlor-alkali industry with regard to development of an oxygen electrode, much further development is necessary to adapt the oxygen electrode to the chlor-alkali cell environment.
Some attention has been given to the use of an oxygen electrode in a chlor-alkali cell so as to increase the efficiency in the manner described to be theoretically feasible, but thus far the oxygen electrode has failed to receive significant interest so as to produce a commercially effective or economically viable electrode for use in an electrolytic cell to produce chlorine and caustic. While it is recognized that a proper oxygen electrode will be necessary to realize the theoretical efficiencies to be derived therefrom, the chlor-alkali cell will require operational methodology significantly different from that of a fuel cell since an electric potential having a higher current density will be applied to the chlor-alkali cell for the production of chlorine and caustic in addition to the supply of an oxygen-rich fluid to enhance the electrochemical reaction to be promoted. Also, presently the potential of the cell rises after a period of time due to deterioration of the cathode which wipes out the energy savings initially achieved. Therefore, it would be advantageous to develop the methodology for the rejuvenation of an oxygen electrode directed specifically toward the maximization of the theoretical electrical efficiencies possible with such an oxygen electrode in a chlor-alkali electrolytic cell for the production of chlorine and caustic for extended periods of time.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a methodology of rejuvenation of an oxygen electrode which will enhance and maximize the energy efficiencies to be derived from an oxygen electrode within the environment of a chlor-alkali electrolytic cell for extended periods of time.
These and other objects that present invention, together with the advantages thereof over existing and prior art forms which will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the detailed disclosure of the present invention as set forth herein and below, are accomplished by the improvements herein shown, described and claimed.
It has been found that a failed oxygen electrode which has been in use in a chlor-alkali electrolytic cell may be rejuvenated by a method comprising the steps of: washing the oxygen electrode with a solution selected from the group of water or a dilute acid solution; and drying the oxygen electrode with a gaseous substance at elevated temperature.
The preferred embodiments of the subject invention are shown and described by way of example in this disclosure without attempting to show all of the various forms and modifications in which the subject invention might be embodied; the invention being measured by the appended claims and not by the details of this disclosure.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an electrolytic cell for the production of halogen gas and alkali metal hydroxides according to the concepts of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of the relationship between elapsed time and measured potential of the cathode according to Example 5.
Referring to FIG. 1, numeral 12 refers to a monopolar divided electrolytic cell which is suitable for use according to the concepts of the present invention. It is recognized that various other designs for electrolytic cells could incorporate the methods according to the concepts of the present invention, but that for illustration purposes the present schematic more amply describes the details of the present invention. Electrolytic cell 12, as shown in FIG. 1, would generally have some environmental supporting structure or foundation to maintain each electrolytic cell 12 in correct alignment so as to build a bank of electrolytic cells for production purposes. The details of this environmental structure have not been shown for ease of illustrating the concepts of the present invention. The cell itself could be manufactured from various materials either metallic or plastic in nature as long as these materials resist the severe surroundings of the chlorine environment, and temperature characteristics during the operation of the basic chlor-alkali cell which are well known in the art. Such materials generally include but are not limited to metallic materials such as steel, nickel, titanium and other valve metals in addition to plastics such as polyvinylchloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, fiberglass and others too numerous to mention. The valve metals include aluminum, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, tungsten, zirconium and alloys thereof.
It can be observed from the drawing that the electrolytic cell 12 shown has an anode 14, a separator 16, and a cathode 18 such that three individual compartments are formed within the electrolytic cell being mainly the anode compartment 20, the cathode compartment 22, and the oxygen compartment 24.
The anode 14 will generally be constructed of a metallic substance, although graphitic carbon could be used as in the old electrodes which have largely been discarded by the industry presently. These anodes, particularly if they are to be used in a chlor-alkali cell 12, would generally be active material resistant to the anolyte such as a valve metal. A preferred valve metal based upon cost, availability and electrical chemical properties is titanium. There are a number of forms a titanium substrate may take in the manufacture of an electrode, including for example, solid metal sheet material, expanded metal mesh material with a large percentage open area, and a porous titanium with a density of 30 to 70 percent pure titanium which can be produced by cold compacting titanium powder. If desired, the porous titanium can be reinforced with titanium mesh in the case of large electrodes.
Usually, these substrate materials will have a surface coating to protect the material against passivation such as to make same what is generally known in the art as a dimensionally stable anode. Most of these coatings contain a noble metal, a noble metal oxide either alone or in combination with a valve metal oxide or other electrocatalytically active corrosion-resistant materials. These so-called dimensionally stable anodes are well-known and are widely used in the industry. One type of coating for instance would be a Beer-type coating which can be seen from U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,236,756; 3,632,498; 3,711,385; 3,751,296; and 3,933,616. Another type of coating utilized is one which tin, titanium and ruthenium oxides are used for surface coating as can be seen in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,776,834 and 3,855,092. Two other examples of surface coatings include a tin, antimony with titanium and ruthenium oxides as found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,875,043 and a tantalium iridium oxide coating as found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,878,083. There are, of course, other coatings which are available to those skilled in the art for use in chlor-alkali cells as well as other types of applications in which electrodes would be necessary for electrolytic reactions.
There are a number of materials which may be utilized for the separator 16 as shown in the drawing. One type of material, of course, anticipates the use of a substantially hydraulically impermeable or a cation exchange membrane as it is known in the art. One type of hydraulically impermeable cation exchange membrane, which can be used in the apparatus of the present invention, is a thin film of flourinated copolmer having pendant sulfonic acid groups. The fluorinated copolymer is derived from monomers of the formulas:
CF2 ═CF--R--n SO2 F (1)
in which the pendant --SO2 F groups are converted to --SO3 H groups, and monomers of the formula
CF2 ═CXX1 (2)
wherein R represents the group ##STR1## in which the R1 is fluorine or fluoroalkyl of 1 thru 10 carbon atoms; Y is fluorine or trifluoromethyl; m is 1, 2 or 3; n is 0 or 1; X is fluorine, chlorine or trifluoromethyl; and X1 is X or CF3 --CF2 --a O--, wherein a is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5.
This results in copolymers having the repeating structural units ##STR2## and
--CF2 --CXX1 -- (4)
In the copolymer there should be sufficient repeating units, according to formula (3) above, to provide an --SO3 H equivalent weight of about 800 to 1600. Materials having a water absorption of about 25 percent or greater are preferred since higher cell voltages at any given current density are required for materials having less water absorption. Similarly, materials having a film thickness (unlaminated) of about 8 mils or more, require higher cell voltages resulting in a lower power efficiency.
Typically, because of large surface areas of the membrane in commercial cells, the substrate film material will be laminated to and impregnated onto a hydraulically permeable, electrically non-conductive, inert, reinforcing member such as a woven or non-woven fabric made of fibers of asbestos, glass, TEFLON, or the like. In film/fabric composite materials, it is preferred that the laminating produce an unbroken surface of the film resin on at least one side of the fabric to prevent leakage through the substrate film material.
The materials of this type are further described in the following patents which are hereby incorporated by reference: U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,041,317; 3,282,875; 3,624,053; 3,784,399 and British Pat. No. 1,184,321. Substrate materials as aforedescribed are available from E. I. duPont deNemours and Co. under the trademark MAFION.
Polymeric materials, according to formulas 3 and 4, can also be made wherein the ion exchange group instead of being a sulfonic acid exchange group could be many other types of structures. One particular type of structure is a carboxyl group ending in either an acid, and ester or a salt to form an ion exchange group similar to that of the sulfonic acid. In such a group instead of having SO2 F one would find COOR2 in its place wherein R2 may be selected from the group of hydrogen, an alkali metal ion or an organic radical. Furthermore, it has been found that a substrate material such as NAFION having any ion exchange group or function group capable of being converted into an ion exchange group or a function group in which an ion exchange group can easily be introduced would include such groups as oxy acids, salts, or esters of carbon, nitrogen, silicon, phosphorous, sulfur, chlorine, arsenic, selenium, or tellurium.
A second type of substrate material has a backbone chain of copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene and, grafted onto this backbone, a fifty-fifty mixture by weight of styrene and alpha-methyl styrene. Subsequently, these grafts may be sulfonated or carbonated to achieve the ion exchange characteristic. This type of substrate while having different pendant groups has a fluorinated backbone chain so that the chemical resistivities are reasonably high.
Another type of substrate film material would be polymeric substances having pendant carboxylic or sulfonic acid groups wherein the polymeric backbone is derived from the polymerization of a polyvinyl aromatic component with a monovinyl aromatic component in an inorganic solvent under conditions which prevent solvent evaporation and result in a generally copolymeric substance although a 100 percent polyvinyl aromatic compound may be prepared which is satisfactory.
The polyvinyl aromatic component may be chosen from the group including: divinyl benzenes, divinyl toluenes, divinyl naphthalenes, divinyl diphenyls, divinyl-phenyl vinyl ethers, the substituted alkyl derivatives thereof such as dimethyl divinyl benzenes and similar polymerizable aromatic compounds which are polyfunctional with respect to vinyl groups.
The monovinyl aromatic component which will generally be the impurities present in commercial grades of polyvinyl aromatic compounds include: styrene, isomeric vinyl toluenes, vinyl naphthalenes, vinyl ethyl benzenes, vinyl chlorobenzenes, vinyl xylenes, and alpha substituted alkyl derivates thereof, such as alpha methyl vinyl benzene. In cases where high-purity polyvinyl aromatic compounds are used, it may be desirable to add monovinyl aromatic compounds so that the polvinyl aromatic compound will constitute 30 to 80 mole percent of polymerizable material.
Suitable solvents in which the polymerizable material may be dissolved prior to polymerization should be inert to the polymerization (in that they do not react chemically with the monomers or polymer), should also possess a boiling point greater than 60° C., and should be miscible with the sulfonation medium.
Polymerization is effected by any of the well known expedients, for instance, heat, pressure, and catalytic accelerators, and is continued until an insoluble, infusible gel is formed substantially throughout the volume of solution. The resulting gel structures are then sulfonated in a solvated condition and to such an extent that there are not more than four equivalents of sulfonic acid groups formed for each mole of polyvinyl aromatic compound in the polymer and not less than one equivalent of sulfonic acid groups formed for each ten mole of poly and monovinyl aromatic compound in the polymer. As with the NAFION type material these materials may require reinforcing of similar materials.
Substrate film materials of this type are further described in the following patents which are hereby incorporated by reference: U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,731,408; 2,731,411 and 3,887,499. These materials are available from Ionics, Inc., under the trademark IONICS CR6.
Various means of improving these substrate materials have been sought, one of the most effective of which is the surface chemical treatment of the substrate itself. Generally, these treatments consist of reacting the pendant groups with substances which will yield less polar bonding and thereby absorb fewer water molecules by hydrogen bonding. This has a tendency to narrow the pore openings through which the cations travel so that less water of hydration is transmitted with the cations through the membrane. An example of this would be to react the ethylene diamine with the pendant groups to tie two of the pendant groups together by two nitrogen atoms in the ethylene diamine. Generally, in a film thickness of 7 mils, the surface treatment will be done to a depth of approximately 2 mils on one side of the film by controlling the time of reaction. This will result in good electrical conductivity and cation transmission with less hydroxide ion and associated water reverse migration.
The separator 16 could also be a porous diaphragm which may be made of any material compatible with the cell liquor environment, the proper bubble pressure and electrical conductivity characteristics. One example of such a material is asbestos which can be used either in paper sheet form or be vacuum-deposited fibers. A further modification can be effected by adding polymeric substances, generally fluorinated, to the slurry from which the diaphragm is deposited. Also, polymeric materials themselves can be made porous to the extent that they show operational characteristics of a diaphragm. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize the wide variety of materials that are presently available for use as separators in chlor-alkali cells.
The third major component of these subject cells to be utilized according to the methods of the present invention is a cathode 18 as seen in the drawing. The cathode 18, in order to be utilized according to the methods of the present invention, will necessarily be an oxygen electrode. An oxygen electrode or oxygen cathode may be defined as an electrode which is supplied with a molecular oxygen containing fluid to lower the voltage below that necessary for the evolution of hydrogen. The basic support for an oxygen cathode will generally include a current collector which could be constructed of a base metal although carbon black might also be used. The expression base metal is used herein to refer to inexpensive metals which are commercially available for common construction purposes. Base metals are characterized by low cost, ready availability and adequate resistances to chemical corrosion when utilized as a cathode in electrolytic cells. Base metals would include, for instance, iron, nickel, lead and tin. Base metals also include alloys such as mild steels, stainless steel, bronze, monel and cast iron. A preferred base metal is chemically resistant to the catholyte and has a high electrical conductivity. Furthermore, this material will generally be a porous material such as a mesh when used in the construction of an oxygen cathode. A preferred metal, based upon cost, resistance to the catholyte and voltages available, is nickel. Other current collectors would include: tantalum, titanium, silver, silicon, zirconium, niobium, columbium, gold, and plated base metals. Upon one side of this basic support material will be a coating of a porous material either compacted in such a fashion as to adhere to the nickel support or held together with some kind of binding substance so as to produce a porous substrate material. A preferred porous material based upon cost is carbon.
Anchored within the porous portion of the oxygen cathode is a catalyst to catalyze the reaction wherein molecular oxygen combines with water molecules to produce hydroxide groups. These catalysts are generally based upon a silver or a platinum group metal such as palladium, platinum, ruthenium, gold, iridium, rhodium, osmium, or rhenium but also may be based upon semiprecious or nonprecious metal, alloys, metal oxides or organometal complexes. Other such catalysts include silver oxide, nickel, nickel oxide or platinum black. Generally, such electrodes will contain a hydrophobic material to wetproof the electrode structure. These catalyst materials may be deposited upon the surface of the cathode support by electroplating or applying a compound of the catalyst metal such as platinum chloride or a like salt such as H3 Pt(SO3)2 OH to the support and heating in an oxidizing atmosphere to obtain the catalytic oxide state or just heating to obtain the catalytic metallic state. The catalyst may be deposited on the exterior surface of the support and/or in the pores of the support so long as the oxygen and electrolyte both hve ready access to the coated pores which are catalytic sites. Of course, those skilled in the art will realize that the porosity of the carbon material, the amount and the type of catalytic material used will affect the voltages and current efficiencies of the resultant electrolytic cell as well as their lifetimes. A preferred cathode 18 may be constructed according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,423,247, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
As seen in the drawing, utilizing an anode 14, a separator 16 and oxygen cathode 18 as described above will result in an electrolytic cell 12 having three compartments, basically an anode compartment 20, a cathode compartment 22 and an oxygen compartment 24. In these three compartments, in a chlor-alkali cell, for instance, would be an alkali metal halide solution in the anode compartment 20 as transmitted thereinto through the alkali metal halide solution inlet 26. The alkali metal halide solution preferably would be one which would evolve chlorine gas, such as sodium chloride or potassium chloride. In the cathode compartment 22 would be found an aqueous solution which would be transmitted thereinto through the aqueous solution inlet 28. The aqueous solution must contain sufficient water molecules to be broken down to form the required hydroxide groups necessary for the reaction. In the oxygen compartment 24 through oxygen inlet 30 would be a fluid containing a sufficient amount of molecular oxygen to permit the cell operational characteristics. Such a substance would generally be a gas and most preferably would be air with carbon dioxide removed and humidified or pure molecular oxygen which had been humidified. The reaction products such as chlorine gas would be removed from the anode compartment 20 through the halogen outlet 32 and aqueous NaOH or KOH would be removed from the cathode compartment 22 through the alkali metal hydroxide outlet 34 and an oxygen depleted fluid either in the form of residual pure oxygen or air most preferably would be removed from the depleted fluid outlet 36.
In such a cell 12, the cathode 18 will experience a gradual increase in potential in time which indicates failure of the cathode. This is also manifested in an increase in the overall cell potential. The cathode 18, however, may be rejuvenated to reduce the potential of the cell after substantial decay has occured. Rejuvenation may be defined as a lowering of the potential across the electrodes of a cell 12 in which a cathode 18 is considered to have decayed to the point where it is no longer commercially feasible to continue production of chlorine and caustic therewith. This will generally be a failure potential in the range of -0.700 to -1.15 volts when the voltage is measured against a Hg/HgO reference electrode and a potential rejuvenation or potential lowering in the range of 0.01 to 1.0 volt.
Rejuvenation may be accomplished in situ or out of cell. Both techniques contemplate washing both sides of the cathode 18 with a dilute acid solution or distilled water having a temperature in the range of 40° to 100° C. Examples of acids would include acetic, hydrochloric, sulfuric, carbonic, phosphoric, nitric and boric. The most preferred temperature range seems to be about 50° to 80° C. Furthermore, these wash cycles can be accomplished sequentially as by washing first with an acid solution followed by a water rinsing.
The wash cycle is followed by a drying cycle which in situ would be a flushing with dry air at elevated temperatures and pressures. Generally, elevated pressures are used to avoid delamination of the electrode layers. The temperatures would generally be in the range of 50° to 100° C. and the pressures in the range of 0 to the point of electrode blow through. If the cathode 18 washing is done out of cell, then, following the drying cycle, it is advantageous to use a press to exert 1000 to 3000 pounds per square inch of pressure while maintaining the temperature in the range of 200° to 360° C. At the low end of the pressure and temperature ranges, the time period would be as great as 24 hours while at the high end of the pressure and temperature ranges the time period should be in the range of 30 to 180 seconds.
In order that those skilled in the art may more readily understand the present invention and certain preferred aspects by which it may be carried into effect, the following specific examples are afforded.
An oxygen electrode according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,423,245, was installed into an electrolytic cell as the cathode and run at 2 amperes per square inch and 60° C. until the voltage reached -0.982 volts as measured against a Hg/HgO reference electrode, when it was considered to have decayed beyond commercial usefulness. The oxygen electrode was then taken out of the cell and was soaked in deionized water for several days. An uncracked partially delaminated section of the oxygen electrode was then washed for 15 minutes in dilute acetic acid at 50° C. It was then rinsed with deionized water, dried and then pressed between two plates for 90 seconds at approximately 2000 pounds per square inch pressure. Upon restart, the following potentials was evident, showing a voltage savings initially of 0.742 volt and, finally, after 60 days, a savings of 0.589 volt over the cathode at the time of initial failure.
______________________________________Day Potential Day Potential______________________________________ 1 -240 23 -289 2 -208 24 -295 3 -214 25 -301 4 -226 26 -309 5 -238 27 -319 6 -262 28 -331 8 -270 29 -332 9 -273 30 -33110 -290 31 -34111 -291 34 -35012 -295 35 -35414 -305 36 -35715 -304 37 -35816 -304 38 -36417 -306 41 -37118 -306 42 -37619 -221 43 -38322 -381 44 -375 45 -383 49 -393 60 failure______________________________________
An oxygen electrode according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,423,245 was run in an electrolytic cell as the cathode at 1 ampere per square inch and 60° C. until the voltage reached -0.577 volts as measured against a Hg/HgO reference electrode. The oxygen electrode was then washed in situ with warm distilled water while the electrolytic cell was shut down. The cell was then slowly started up to attain the same current density and temperature after 24 hours. The potential then was -0.497 for a savings of 0.080 volt.
An oxygen electrode according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,423,245 was run in an electrolytic cell as the cathode at 1 ampere per square inch and 60° C. until the voltage reached -0.830 volt. The oxygen electrode was removed from the cell and cleaned ultrasonically in 0.1 N HCl solution. Some delamination was apparent so the cathode was then pressed between two nickel plates at about 200 pounds per square inch, heated to 115° C. and left overnight. The oxygen electrode was replaced into the electrolyte cell which was started up slowly. The potential then was -0.760 at 1 asi for a savings of 0.070 volt.
An oxygen electrode according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,423,245 was run in an electrolytic cell as the cathode at 1 ampere per square inch and 59° C. until the voltage reached -0.577 volt. The oxygen electrode was then washed in situ with 700 ml of 80° C. distilled water, and the air chamber washed with 300 ml. of 80° C. distilled water. Upon start up at 1 asi the potential was -0.497 volt for a savings of 0.080 volt.
An oxygen electrode having a substrate made of 30 mesh by 0.009 inch diameter nickel wire, woven cloth with approximately one half mil of silver plating was pressed from 0.018 inch to 0.012 inch thickness before use. The backing was a 65/35 mix of sodium carbonate/TEFLON with the sodium carbonate removed prior to cathode operation. The catalyst was a mix of 82 parts catalyst (30% silver, 70% R B carbon) and 18 parts TEFLON 30. This oxygen electrode was run in an electrolytic cell as the cathode, with 38% KOH at a current density of 0.125 ampere per square centimeter, a temperature of 60°±5° C. and approximately zero Δ pressure, until it was in failure. The oxygen electrode was then rejuvenated by washing in situ with flowing water having a temperature of 60° C. for a time period of 16 hours and subsequently dried with air flow having a temperature of 120° C. for a time period in the range of 1 to 2 hours. This procedure was repeated two times and the results can be seen in the voltage versus time plot on the graphic illustration of FIG. 2 of the drawings. The voltages in FIG. 2 are stated as the cathode against a Hg/HgO reference electrode.
Thus, it should be apparent from the foregoing description of the preferred embodiments that the methods for operation of an oxygen air cathode in an electrolytic cell herein shown and described accomplishes the objects of the invention and solves the problems attendant to such methodology for use in a production chlor-alkali electrolytic cell utilizing an oxygen cathode.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US1561775 *||Jun 22, 1923||Nov 17, 1925||Us Light & Heat Corp||Treatment of plates for storage batteries|
|US2731408 *||Jan 25, 1952||Jan 17, 1956||Ionics||Electrically conductive membranes and the like comprising copolymers of divinyl benzene and olefinic carboxylic compounds|
|US2731411 *||Dec 5, 1951||Jan 17, 1956||Ionics||Electrically conductive membranes and the like comprising the sulfonated polymerizates of polyvinyl aryl compounds|
|US3041317 *||May 2, 1960||Jun 26, 1962||Du Pont||Fluorocarbon sulfonyl fluorides|
|US3067276 *||Jun 4, 1958||Dec 4, 1962||Accumulatoren Fabrik Ag||Method of regenerating double skeleton catalyst electrodes|
|US3236756 *||Mar 28, 1958||Feb 22, 1966||Amalgamated Curacao Patents Co||Electrolysis with precious metalcoated titanium anode|
|US3242010 *||Dec 18, 1963||Mar 22, 1966||Albert G Bodine||Method of and means for applying sonic energy to fuel cells|
|US3282875 *||Jul 22, 1964||Nov 1, 1966||Du Pont||Fluorocarbon vinyl ether polymers|
|US3423245 *||Apr 18, 1966||Jan 21, 1969||Nat Union Electric Corp||Delayed action battery|
|US3467586 *||Apr 12, 1965||Sep 16, 1969||Hooker Chemical Corp||Rejuvenation of diaphragms for chlor-alkali cells|
|US3624053 *||Jun 24, 1963||Nov 30, 1971||Du Pont||Trifluorovinyl sulfonic acid polymers|
|US3632498 *||Feb 2, 1968||Jan 4, 1972||Chemnor Ag||Electrode and coating therefor|
|US3711385 *||Sep 25, 1970||Jan 16, 1973||Chemnor Corp||Electrode having platinum metal oxide coating thereon,and method of use thereof|
|US3751296 *||May 19, 1971||Aug 7, 1973||Chemnor Ag||Electrode and coating therefor|
|US3776834 *||May 30, 1972||Dec 4, 1973||O Leary K||Partial replacement of ruthenium with tin in electrode coatings|
|US3784399 *||Sep 8, 1971||Jan 8, 1974||Du Pont||Films of fluorinated polymer containing sulfonyl groups with one surface in the sulfonamide or sulfonamide salt form and a process for preparing such|
|US3855092 *||Sep 26, 1973||Dec 17, 1974||Electronor Corp||Novel electrolysis method|
|US3875043 *||Apr 19, 1973||Apr 1, 1975||Electronor Corp||Electrodes with multicomponent coatings|
|US3878083 *||May 17, 1973||Apr 15, 1975||Electronor Corp||Anode for oxygen evolution|
|US3887499 *||Aug 23, 1973||Jun 3, 1975||Ionics||Cation exchange membranes having carboxylic and sulfonic acid functionality|
|US3926671 *||Jun 5, 1974||Dec 16, 1975||Battelle Memorial Institute||Method of manufacturing positive nickel hydroxide electrodes|
|US3933616 *||Sep 24, 1973||Jan 20, 1976||Chemnor Corporation||Coating of protected electrocatalytic material on an electrode|
|US4055709 *||Aug 5, 1976||Oct 25, 1977||The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy||Rejuvenation of nickel-cadmium battery cells|
|GB1184321A *||Title not available|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US6203687 *||Dec 10, 1998||Mar 20, 2001||Elf Atochem, S.A.||Method for shutting down an electrolysis cell with a membrane and an oxygen-reducing cathode|
|US20040071865 *||Dec 28, 2001||Apr 15, 2004||Renaut Mosdale||Method for making an assembly of base elements for a fuel cell substrate|
|CN1106458C *||Dec 10, 1998||Apr 23, 2003||埃勒夫阿托化学有限公司||Film and oxygen reduction cathode electrolyzer stop method|
|DE3436723A1 *||Oct 6, 1984||Apr 10, 1986||Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie||Method for reducing the overvoltage on an activated electrode of an electrochemical cell|
|EP0922789A1 *||Dec 3, 1998||Jun 16, 1999||Elf Atochem S.A.||Shut-down process for membrane electrolytic cell with oxygen reducing cathode|
|U.S. Classification||429/49, 29/623.1|
|International Classification||C25B11/00, C25B15/00, C25B1/46|
|Cooperative Classification||Y10T29/49108, C25B15/00, C25B1/46|
|European Classification||C25B15/00, C25B1/46|
|Nov 7, 1983||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: DIAMOND SHAMROCK CHEMICALS COMPANY
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:DIAMOND SHAMROCK CORPORATION CHANGED TO DIAMOND CHEMICALS COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:004197/0130
|Oct 29, 1984||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: ELTECH SYSTEMS CORPORATION, 6100 GLADES ROAD, BOCA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:DIAMOND SHAMROCK CORPORATION, 717 N. HARWOOD STREET, DALLAS, TX 75201;REEL/FRAME:004357/0479
Effective date: 19841024
|Jun 23, 1997||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: OXYTECH SYSTEMS, INC., OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ELTECH SYSTEMS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:008568/0099
Effective date: 19970618

domain: chemistry


Availability: In stock
Product code: UF113
Non-return stepped elbow
suitable for 22mm / 25mm / 32mm pipe work
Non-return stepped elbow for the discharge section of the macerator pump.
Fits most Saniflo & Uniflo macerator pumps.
Set up at 22mm discharge but can be changed to a larger size by simply cutting off the unwanted sections. suitable for 22mm / 25mm / 32mm.
This elbow has a built in non-return valve to prevent waste water flow back.


text:
Separate names with a comma.
Discussion in 'Anime' started by Firefly_Fan, Apr 8, 2009.
Based Lucky Star! =P
lol, has there ever been a more polarizing show?
What episode are you on?
How're you liking it so far?
At the end of the series don't forget to watch Mirai Nikki Redial
It's okay. I mean it has it's moments but it certainly isn't anything that keeps me up at night. Yuno is obviously the star of the show.
You watched it for the Horror?
Yuno is awesome.
Thats what EVA was for though.
To be fair, for some reason a lot of people use it as an entry level or break in series similarly to how Haruhi was treated. But it's such a reference heavy anime, and some of the stuff pretty obscure or old, so I imagine watching it with a low power level it becomes more like you're watching K-On! in places than watching something like Hayate or Nyaruko.
Yeah, I definitely would never recommend Lucky Star to someone who hadn't seen many anime before. It's a pretty funny show but it can be hard to follow with all the references and the dialogue heavy jokes.
yea nail on head both of you
Im finding its anime lovers anime pretty much
Finished watching Rozen Maiden: Zurückspulen and Watamote yesterday, and finished up Kotoura-san last week. Pretty crazy for me, since I haven't been watching much anime in the last several months. Having all of these half-finished shows was irking me, and actually got bit by an anime bug yesterday. Also helped that I was fighting off something and felt too braindead to study.
RM:Z: 6/10. Characterization was the best part of this show. However, suffers greatly from the fact that it sticks to the manga pretty tightly compared to the previous seasons, and unfortunately Peach-Pit is great at creating atmosphere and terrible at making a story that makes sense. Essentially, the show heavily centers around the N-Field, which has never been well explained or defined, and the Rozen Maiden's role in it's use is obtuse and shallow. It really keeps the story from being very compelling. We also get zero development on Rozen himself regarding his motives or methods. I still enjoyed it for what it is, but it's still a franchise that has potential that it can't quite utilize because Peach-Pit.
WataMote: 6/10. Amusing and very cringe-inducing at times. Tomoko is a very different and odd kind of character you virtually never see in anime or manga. Takes a rather dark, cynical, but humorous stab at the anti-social aspects of otakudom. I felt it could have used more substance and comedic oomph, but it was satisfying enough to complete.
Kotoura-san: 6/10. The first 9 minutes of episode 1 are absolutely soul crushing and incredibly sad. It then becomes a very different kind of light, bubbly high school comedy centered around Kotoura, who can read minds, and her friends, particularly the boy who's interested in here, Manabe. I was amused by the concept and lightly entertained by the antics of the group, but mostly intrigued by Kotoura herself, as she's just different enough from your typical female romantic lead in these kinds of shows to be interesting. Unfortunately, the main conflict (Kotoura and her mother's heavily damaged relationship) was resolved mostly off-screen and not very interestingly, and the other conflict (someone murdering high school girls in the area whose mind Kotoura accidentally read) was really forced and clunky, and really shouldn't have even been part of the story at all. An ok way to spend time and amuse yourself, but not really much beyond that.
I've watched SAO and I still don't understand why it was a popular anime.
The first 1/2 isn't bad. I wish the whole series was like episodes 1-14. But episodes 15-25 are complete shit.
Went back to previous drops from last season and finished Love Lab. Of all my drops this was the best and if I wasn't such a moody little shit I'd have finished it originally. While you'd think it's a yuri title given the setting it has almost none outside of some joke moments. Pretty funny throughout and a ridiculous plot that just works. Characters all have their moments but Maki was without question the best and has been added to my list of favorite characters. I'd be interested in a sequel to see more of their antics and to see if any progress is made. If you liked Yuru Yuri it's worth a try.
Tried again to watch Humanity Has Declined since it's pretty well liked. But I just can't get into it and within 5 minutes I'd deleted it from my queue once again.
Well after giving everything a look finally got my watchings of this season planned, though I really need to drop some stuff:
Stuff in red is in the most immediate danger of being dropped, stuff in blue might be dropped but isn't in as immediate danger, everything else I expect to make the long haul but sometimes things surprise you.
Arpeggio of Blue Steel: Ars Nova
Non Non Biyori
Kyoukai no Kanata
Nagi no Asakara
Kill la Kill
Strike the Blood
Ace of Diamond
Log Horizon and Strike the Blood made the cut but not Yozakura Quartet~hana no uta~ ?
Sorry for intruding on a @
Log Horizon has a lot of promise you know.
Well I guess I'm as guilty of not giving Log Horizon a chance as almost everyone on this forum is guilty of not giving Yozakura Quartet~hana no uta~ but you would think that, by now, people would be paying attention to Ryo-timo's work.
I didn't watch it, when I was mapping out everything to give a shot I saw it'd had a few previous series I'd had no exposure to and took it off my to watch list before it aired. And I like Log Horizon if only for it actually feels like the creator of this has genuinely played an MMORPG. =P
I was confused by this too, but it's actually a stand-alone reboot not a sequel.
Well I don't even pay attention to people who create anime, lol.
Kill La Kill - TTGL
Sword Art Online - Accel World
Those are the only anime that I know are made by the same people :-P
But I might check out YQ~hnu~
But that's wrong! =P
They weren't even done by the same studio...
Ryo-timo is the guy who directed the Birdy reboot and who was reputedly respsonsible for some of the best parts of Noein.
If you're really desperate for me to pick up a series I'd already managed to shake off my excessively large anime watching list I can give the manga a read then see from there if I like it enough to watch...
Wibbly Wobbly Timey Wimey
Reki Kawahara created SAO and Accel World. So I wasn't talking about studios with SAO and AW
Never seen either of those :-P
But you were talking about the animes, for which he worked on neither. =P
Ninja vs Reavis Debate Points:
The anime is, so far, a lot different (better) than the manga. If you aren't trying to pick up another series then I'm not trying to push you to do so but it's a promising series with a talented director and, personally, I think it's more worth your time than some of the other stuff you're watching (Outbreak Company...).
But taste is subjective.
The Birdy reboot is an awesome series and extremely entertaining too. I don't know of too many people who disliked this one.
Noein is a really unique and interesting show but it's not for everyone. I loved it.
You have kinda peeked my interest
Completed Season 2 of Shinryaku! Ika Musume(squid girl). Holy, mother fucking shitballs... I'm in love with this comedy anime. I can't believe that I've ignored it for so damn long. It's anime like this that make me reconsider if rating anime is even fair. I will forever remember squid girl and most of the supporting characters. Squid girl is the type of anime that I wish I could erase my memory and rewatch it again.
Now I'm going to watch the ovas and mini squid special eps.
Up to ep 8 of Watamote. This anime is also a very good one and that I never expected to watch. Tomoko is really what makes this anime special and hilarious. I can also see myself rating this anime high after I complete the final eps. I can also relate to it b/c although not as extreme as Tomoko, I have gone through some of the stuff that she's gone through.
Rate: Vesti user/10
Rewatched Haibane Renmei. I chose to watch this last weekend with my niece when I was somewhat babysitting her (she's 14). Dude actually loved it and marathon'd it. I fell in love with it the first time and I fell in love with it all over again a second time.
rate:used my niece to rewatch one of my favorite anime/10
Hey, Outbreak Company is awesome! (in a middle of the road kind of way)
Plus it's the closest thing I have to a reference anime right now. If you're gonna attack something on my list at least go for Yuushibu, I mean hell I really shouldn't be watching that, I just happen to have a weakness towards one of the characters in it, so it's being given another couple of episodes to see how much that can carry it.
For an anime that's been in and out of adaptations already that past me by I'd probably rather read the manga before picking up either. If I clear off the space it wouldn't take me long, I read fast enough assuming I enjoyed it. But if you want I can give the manga a try when I clear up the time between my other watchings and readings.
Did I mention that the Birdy reboot was produced by Bones?
Squid Girl: 36.48
Haibane Renmei: 23.99
Using your niece to vicariously re-experience nostalgic memories: Priceless
The TV series?
I know that's not right but idk.
I knew that she would probably like it, but I was concerned that her male friend(he so has a crush on her) wouldn't. He's the sports, swag type. I wanted to slap the shit out of him when he began talking during the anime, but what can I do. He actually ended up liking, too. Or at least that's what he told me.
I'm sorry. I misspoke. A-1 Pictures. Dunno why I got that confused.
I guess I kind of assumed that, considering it was marked in red, you would be dropping Yuushibu in short order.
As for the Yozakura Quartet manga, I can't really recommend it. It takes a couple dozen chapters to actually start getting good and honestly, there is some pretty bad material in the first half of the manga. If it wasn't for the fact that I'd already seen the first episode of the TV reboot I probably would have dropped it (even though it really does start to get better further on in the manga).
Maybe the bolded explains why he liked Haibane Renmei so much.
That's a big wording mistake :-P
A-1 Pictures is a good studio
It wasn't so much a wording mistake as I thought in my head that it was Bones but it was actually A-1 Pictures.
A-1 pictures is indeed awesome but so is Bones.
Please, please tell me this isn't you mistaking one of the most famous animation studios for the US TV Show.... -_-
It means it's very possible/likely it'll be dropped, but it hasn't been yet. Things I've actually dropped already I just didn't list.
Well like I said it doesn't take me long to read so I'll give it a shot anyway and see how I take to it around v10 or so.
So I finally got around to starting fate stay/night and.. I'm honestly not really enjoying it thus far. I hope Fate Zero is a massive step up in pretty much every way, lol.
Well do what you will, but I warning you that it doesn't start getting good until the 5th volume and the third and fourth volumes are actually pretty bad. The anime gets off to a much better start.
Seriously, the manga has its moments but it's mostly pretty average.
Fate/Zero is almost a different series entirely. IMO it was far, far better than FSN.
It was shit, when Kirito and Asuna acted like newlyweds and temporarily stopped trying to find a way out of SAO.
I actually didn't mind that part since they didn't want one of them to die and the other be stuck alone without them, incase you missed why they did that.
But if the whole series was like episode 1-14 it would be a 3.5/5 stars for me. But because of the last arc its a -1/5 star anime for me :-P
So, Kirito should abandon his parents and friends, for a girl he barely knows.

domain: entertainment