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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease that affects more than 5 million people, accounting to 1-2 % of the population worldwide. It is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra associated with the formation of fibrillar aggregates that are composed of α-synuclein and other proteins . PD is clinical characterized by four major symptoms; tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability. Initially PD was considered sporadic, however genetic studies in patients families revealed mutations that are segregating with PD. Nowadays, in addition to environmental factors, mutations within 6 loci (SNCA, LRRK2, PRKN, DJ1, PINK1 and ATP13A2) have been clearly demonstrated to be causative to familial PD [2-4]. Among them, SNCA and LRRK2 mutations cause autosomal dominant forms of PD . Human leucine-rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has been found to be thus far the most frequent cause of late-onset PD [6, 7]. The identification of missense mutations in LRRK2 has redefined the role of genetic variation in PD susceptibility. The mutations are found in 5-6 % of patients with familial PD, and also have been implicated with sporadic PD . LRRK2 mutations initiate a penetrant phenotype with complete clinical and neurochemical overlap with idiopathic PD (IPD). Penetrance is age-related, around 75 % mutation carriers showed PD symptoms at the age of 80 [9, 10]. Tremor is more commonly observed in LRRK2 mediated PD compared to IPD . Although dementia and cognitive defects are not frequently present in patients with mutations in LRRK2, LRRK2 does associate with Lewy bodies in IPD and dementia [12-14].
LRRK2 belongs to the Roco family of proteins, which constitute a novel family of Ras-like G-proteins that have an unique domain architecture . LRRK2 is a large and complex protein with multiple domains; Armadillo repeats (ARM), Ankyrin repeats (ANK), leucine-rich repeats (LRR), a Ras of complex (Roc), a C-terminal of Roc (COR), kinase domain and WD40 repeats (Fig. 1). Most of the PD mutations are accumulated around the central core of the protein, one is found in the LRR, two in the Roc domain (with multiple substitutions), one in the COR and two in the kinase domain [16, 17]. The multiple disease-linked mutations in LRRK2 represent a unique opportunity to explore the activation mechanism of the protein and its miss-regulation in PD. In this chapter we will focus on the effects of LRRK2 on cellular signalling, the recent progress in elucidating the activation mechanism and discuss possible ways to therapeutically target LRRK2 mediated PD.
2. Cellular function of LRRK2
Although several potential LRRK2 mediated pathways and interaction partners have been identified, yet much about the cellular functions of LRRK2 and LRRK2 mediated progression of PD remains unknown . Below we highlight the evidence for a role of LRRK2 in a wide variety of these cellular pathways and discuss a possible link to other PD-related genes.
2.1. Neurite development, outgrowth and branching
LRRK2 is directly linked to neurite outgrowth. Several studies have shown that primary neurons over-expressing mutant LRRK2 have significantly reduced neurite outgrowth and branching. However, the reported reduction varies and might only be significant in long term culture [18-20]. Adult neurogenesis and neurite outgrowth is impaired in mice overexpressing G2019S LRRK2 in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and hipppocampal denate gyrus . This deficiency of neurite outgrowth can be rescued by inhibiting LRRK2 kinase activity with non-specific or more specific LRRK2 inhibitors, such as staurosporin  or G1023 , respectively. A recent study analysed LRRK2 expression in neonatal and postnatal mouse embryo and showed that LRRK2 expression can be detected in E10.5 of neural tissue. At the time of neurogenesis, prominent expression is found in the ventricular and SVZ of the telencephalon . LRRK2 is also expressed in adult SVZ, where neural stem cells generate neurons in adult brain . Both R1441G and G2019S LRRK2 impair development of neural stem cells [25-27], whereas LRRK2 deficient cells have increased neurite development [25, 28, 29]. Although the mechanisms are yet to be identified, these data show that LRRK2 is regulating neurite-, and neural development. Interestingly, LRRK2 is not only controlling neurite development via its kinase activity, also the LRRK2 G-domain and protein-protein interaction domains play a direct and important role. Tubulin, ArfGAP1, Rac1 and DVL family proteins bind to and/or are regulated by the G domain of LRRK2 and subsequently modulate the cytoskeleton [30-34]. Wnt signalling is essential for several steps in neural development, including presynaptic assembly, signal transduction at the postsynaptic cleft and adult neurogenesis [35, 36]. Overexpression of Wnt7a or inhibition of the Wnt signalling suppressor GSK3β promotes neuron differentiation and maturation [37, 38]. LRRK2 interacts with both the Wnt co-receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) and the downstream DVL proteins, suggesting that LRRK2 might function as a scaffold for Wnt signalling proteins .
It is generally accepted that neurodegenerative diseases are associated with dysregulation of autophagy . Autophagy is the regulated self-degradation of damaged organelle, ubiquitinated proteins and protein aggregates by lysosomes. Autophagy is an adaptive response which is stimulated by stress or unfavourable conditions, such as starvation, accumulation of aggregate-prone proteins, oxidative stress, and infection . Autophagy is a double-edged sword; it can promote cell survival or lead to cell death . Autophagy regulates the removal of protein aggregates, which are a common symptom in neurodegenerative diseases, and thereby promotes cell survival [43-45]. Protein aggregates such as α-synuclein , tau , and huntingtin  are cleared by autophagy. Disruption of the autophagy related genes
2.3. Mitochondrial disease
Mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of PD has been studied extensively. Although the cellular mechanism remains largely unclear, LRRK2 seems to be important for proper mitochondrial regulation. Some reports suggest that LRRK2 partly localizes in mitochondria and several LRRK2 PD associated mutations results in impaired mitochondrial function . Cells carrying the LRRK2 G2019S mutation display a general uncoupling of the oxidative phosphorylation . The mitochondrial potential and intracellular ATP levels are reduced along with increased oxygen utilization . Also shape and organization of the mitochondria are significantly affected as they appear elongated with an enhanced interconnectivity . The increased kinase activity of LRRK2 G2019S leads to an increased AMP- activated protein kinase (AMPK) level . Since, AMPK is an autophagy regulating protein, its enhanced activity results in an increased number of autophagosomes . High levels of autophagy/ autophagic vacuoles lead, as described above, to a vulnerability and thus retraction and degeneration of neurons, one of the main characteristic features of PD . Several other PD associated proteins, including α-synuclein, Parkin, DJ- 1, PINK1 and HTRA2 [64-66], show similar defects in mitochondria regulation, suggesting that LRRK2 and other PD associated proteins share common pathogenic pathways.
2.4. Common pathways for LRRK2 and other PD-relelated proteins?
Lewy bodies are protein aggregates found in degenerating dopaminergic neurons of PD patients. They are composed of many different proteins, including LRRK2 and α-synuclein [67, 68]. α-synuclein is a small protein (140 amino acids) that is located in presynaptic nerve terminal vesicles, plasma membrane lipid rafts and the nucleus [69-71]. Recent studies show that α-synuclein promotes SNARE-complex assembly [72, 73], and either overexpression or aggregation of α-synuclein interferes with vesicular trafficking [74-76]. Phosphorylation of α-synuclein is critical for aggregation and pathology. Since phosphorylation of α-synuclein serine residue 129 in HEK293T expressing LRRK2 is increased, it was initially proposed that α-synuclein is a direct substrate of LRRK2 . However, phosphorylation of α-synuclein is normal in LRRK2-/- mice , suggesting that the rather weak effect of LRRK2 on α-synuclein S129 phosphorylation in cells is most likely indirect. Expression of LRRK2 and α-synuclein is co-regulated; increase of α-synuclein in mouse striatum results in increased LRRK2 transcription . Both LRRK2 and α-synuclein interact with Rab5, which is important for vesicle trafficking [80, 81], suggesting LRRK2 and α-synuclein might share common pathways. Recessive mutations of Parkin, PINK1 and DJ-1 are causative to PD . PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) is important for mitochondrial function and its deletion leads to increased susceptibility to oxidative stress [83, 84]. PINK1 is a cytosolic serine/threonine kinase under steady-state condition and its mitochondrial localization is stabilized by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, an indicator of damaged mitochondria . Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase, which is phosphorylated and recruited to mitochondria by PINK1. The activated Parkin and PINK1 in conjugation clear damaged mitochondria via selective degradation and autophagy . Co-expression of Parkin and LRRK2 G2019S in flies protects rotenone-induced neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons . Expression of LRRK2 PD mutants in
2.5. LRRK2 and other diseases
Mutations in LRRK2 have been linked to several other diseases, including Crohn’s disease and cancer. Carriers of LRRK2 G2019S mutation have an increased risk of non-skin cancer [94, 95]. Knock-down of LRRK2 in different cancer cell lines by RNAi, results in decreased stability of the 4E-BP1 protein . Stability of 4E-BP1 protein is dependent on its phosphorylation state; it is a known downstream target of mTOR, inhibition of mTOR leads to accumulation of dephosphorylated 4E-BP and blocks cell transformation in a Kaposi’s sarcoma model . The PI3K/mTOR pathway is very frequently dysregulated in human cancer . Previously, 4E-BP was identified as a direct LRRK2 kinase substrate (see section 3.3), suggesting LRRK2 might play a role in regulating 4E-BP stability and thus the oncogenic PI3K/mTOR pathway.
Genome wide association studies linked LRRK2 mutations to Crohn’s disease (CD) and leprosy [99, 100]. CD associated mutations in the LRRK2 locus are located in non-coding regions, with an exception of the polymorphism rs3761863, which is leading to M2397T substitution in the WD40 repeats of LRRK2 . CD is a chronic inflammatory disorder which primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract. Patients with CD have defective macrophages and neutrophils, resulting in a deficient innate immunity [101, 102]. LRRK2 is widely expressed in many organs and tissue, including brain, kidney and spleen. In the spleen, LRRK2 is highly expressed in CD19+ B cells, whereas lower expression was detected in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells, macrophages, and monocytes [103, 104]. In macrophages, LRRK2 expression is induced by activation of Toll-like receptors and viral transduction . CD patients exhibit high concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, including interferon-γ (IFN- γ), which induces LRRK2 expression in macrophages . In cell-based reporter studies, LRRK2 is found to activate NFκB and inhibit NFAT, which both are important transcription factors in the immune system [103, 106]. Interestingly this effect is independent of LRRK2 kinase activity, since expression of both wildtype and kinase dead LRRK2 result in a similar phenotype.
3. Intramolecular LRRK2 activation mechanism
LRRK2 has two bona-fide enzymatic activities from its Roc and kinase domain. It has been shown that both a functional Roc G-domain and kinase are essential for the pathogenicity of LRRK2. Importantly, several of the pathogenic mutations in LRRK2 result in decreased GTPase activity and enhanced kinase activity, suggesting a possible PD-related gain of abnormal function [107-109]. However the exact molecular mechanisms by which these mutations enhance LRRK2 catalytic activity are not completely resolved so far. Because of the lack of sufficient high quality recombinant LRRK2 protein, important understanding of the complex regulatory mechanism of LRRK2 has come from work with related Roco family proteins.
3.1. Homologous Roco proteins as model to study the mechanism of LRRK2 mediated PD
Roco proteins constitute a novel family of complex Ras-like GTPases that have an unique domain architecture . Roco proteins are characterized by the presence of a Ras-like Guanine nucleotide binding domain, called Roc (Ras of complex proteins), followed by a COR domain (C-terminal of Roc), a conserved stretch of 300-400 amino-acids with no significant homology to other described protein domains (Fig. 2). The Roc and COR domains always occurs as a pair and so far no proteins are identified containing either the Roc or COR domain alone, suggesting that these two domains might function as one inseparable unit. Roco proteins were first identified in the social amoeba
3.2. Dictyostelium Roco proteins to study the LRRK2 activation mechanism
3.3. LRRK2 kinase activity
Protein kinases catalyze the transfer of γ-phosphate of ATP to the hydroxyl group of serine/threonine/tyrosine in peptide substrates. Due to the simplicity, stability, and reversibility, protein phosphorylation is chosen by nature for modulating protein functions. Phosphorylation allows specific and dedicated control over enzymatic activities, regulation of protein localization and the transition between the ordered and disordered states of proteins . Therefore, protein kinases are essential for many biological processes such as energy metabolism, cell cycle progression, transcription and cytoskeleton rearrangement. There are more than 500 protein kinases identified in the human genome, of which the majority are serine/threonine kinases, a much smaller amount is tyrosine specific and a trace amount are atypical kinases .
LRRK2 kinase activity is extensively studied since its discovery, and it is found to be essential for neuronal toxicity induced by PD mutant of LRRK2 [120, 121]. LRRK2 and Roco proteins are serine/threonine specific kinases. Previously the structures of Roco4 kinase wild-type and the PD-related mutants G1179S and L1180T (G2019S and I2020T in LRRK2) were solved . Like almost all kinases, Roco4 consists of a canonical, two-lobed kinase structure, with an adenine nucleotide located in the conventional nucleotide binding site [118, 122]. The N-terminal lobe is smaller, which is composed of an anti-parallel β-sheet and the large conserved αC-helix. It is followed by a linker connecting the larger C-terminal lobe, which is composed predominantly of α-helices and is containing the activation loop with the conserved DFG motif at the N-terminus . The ATP binding pocket is located between the N- and C-terminal lobes and forms together with the activation segment and αC-helix the catalytic site of the kinase. In its inactive (dephosphorylated) form, the activation segment of Roco4 is disordered, and not visible in the crystal structure. In the active (phosphorylated) conformation, the αC-helix is ordered and packs against the N-terminal lobe. This conformational change between the active and inactive conformation is conserved between most kinases, and often dependent on autophosphorylation of the activation loop [118, 122-124].
3.4. Mechanism of increased kinase activity in LRRK2 PD mutants
The most prevalent PD mutation in the kinase domain is G2019S, which enhances kinase activity, while the PD-related mutation I2020T shows a slightly decreased activity [108, 109, 117, 121, 141]. Recently the molecular mechanism by which the G2019S mutation enhances LRRK2 was resolved using
The structure of the PD-related mutant L1180T showed that the T1180 side-chain points into the solvent and revealed that it is most likely not directly involved in regulating kinase activity. Importantly, the data show that the PD-related effect of LRRK2 mutations result from different defects in the LRRK2 activation mechanism and suggest that different LRRK2 mutations such as S2019 and T2020 might require different ways of inhibition for the purpose of drug development [115, 142].
3.5. The RocCOR tandem
The Roc domain of LRRK2 belongs to the family of small G-proteins. G-proteins are GTP binding proteins which switch between an active GTP- and inactive GDP-bound state. The G-domain has an universal switch mechanism that carries out the basic function of nucleotide binding and hydrolysis . The universal switch mechanism between the inactive GDP and active GTP form often consist of only small structural changes in the so called switch regions . Although, the two nucleotide-bound states have only a slightly different conformation, only the GTP-bound conformation possesses high affinity for effector proteins . In Roco family members the G-domain always occurs in tandem with the COR domain. Studies with both LRRK2 and
3.6. Function of the N-terminus of LRRK2
The N- terminal part of LRRK2 consists of Armadillo repeats (ARM), Ankyrin repeats (ANK), and leucine-rich repeats (LRR) (Fig. 1). All these domains are commonly found in signalling proteins, in which they have a role in protein-protein interaction or assembly of large protein complexes . The N-terminal segment of LRRK2 is most likely involved in regulating activity and/or localization. ARM are approximately 40 amino acid long tandem repeated sequences that form superhelix of helices. ANK consist of seven structural repeats, each repeat forms two anti-parallel helices ending with a loop or hairpin [156, 157]. LRR are defined by an 11 amino acid long consensus sequence LxxLxLxxNxL, where leucine can be replaced by isoleucine, valine or phenylalanine . The LRRK2 LRR domain is composed of 13 repeats, allowing the formation of its characteristic horseshoe shaped structure due to parallel lining β- sheets with ending α- helices [139, 158, 159]. The LRR domain of LRRK2, and
3.7. WD40 domain at the C-Terminus of LRRK2
LRRK2 contains a C-terminal WD40 domain. It comprises seven repeats each of which consists of antiparallel, four stranded β- sheets resulting in a circular propeller-like structure. WD40 repeats have a high positive net charge and several hydrophilic surfaces, and are therefore often involved in membrane binding and interaction with negatively charged proteins . Two non-conserved mutations which are suggested to be involved in the onset of PD are found in the WD40 domain of LRRK2: G2385R and T2356I . A yeast-two hybrid screen showed a direct interaction of WD40 repeats with the Roc domain . In addition, LRRK2 lacking the WD40 domain has abolished abilities to form dimers, displays impaired activity and localization . Together these results suggest an important role for the WD40 domain in the intramolecular regulation of LRRK2 activity.
3.8. LRRK2/Roco activation model
We have translated all biochemical, genetic and structural data into a model for the regulatory mechanism of LRRK2 (Fig. 4). LRRK2 is monomeric and inactive in the cytosol, but attains pre-dominantly dimeric and in the active state at the membrane . These results suggest that LRRK2 cycles between a low activity monomeric state and high activity dimeric state. The previously solved structure of the Roco protein from
4. Therapeutic targeting LRRK2
The multiple allosteric and enzymatic functions within one protein make LRRK2 an excellent therapeutic target (Fig. 5). Below we highlight the recent progress in identifying LRRK2 kinase inhibitors and discuss alternative ways of targeting LRRK2-mediated PD-disease.
4.1. LRRK2 kinase as a therapeutic target
Kinases are one of the most potent classes of drug targets and have been effectively used in the treatment of cancer, immunological, neurological and infectious diseases . The majority of inhibitors directly target the ATP binding site. They are divided into three groups; most of the inhibitors reported are type I inhibitors, which target the active conformation and directly compete with ATP for the binding pocket. Type II inhibitors also bind in the ATP binding pocket resulting in a change from the active DFG-in into an inactive DFG-out conformation. Type III inhibitors directly target the DFG – out conformation. One of the approved kinase inhibitors for renal cell carcinoma treatment is Sunitinib (Sutent(®), Pfizer Inc.). It is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor which has several targets and inhibits tumor cell proliferation, and angiogenesis . LRRK2 kinase activity is critically linked to clinical effects, and the most prevalent PD mutation, LRRK2 G2019S in the kinase domain, enhances kinase activity by 2-4 folds [108, 141]. Therefore LRRK2 kinase inhibitors are an intensively pursued class of drug targets. Several non selective inhibitors were found to inhibit LRRK2 with their IC50 values in nanomolar range, including staurosporin, K252A and Su-11248 (Sunitinib) [141, 174]. Several ROCK inhibitors have also been found to inhibit LRRK2 with similar efficiencies (low micromolar range), such as isoquinolinesulfonamides hydroxyfasudil and H1152, and the structurally unrelated Y-27632. Noteworthy, not all ROCK inhibitors inhibit LRRK2; isoquinolinesulfonamides do not inhibit LRRK2 as effective as ROCK and the aminofurazan ROCK inhibitor GSK269962A cannot inhibit LRRK2 . Despite a high degree of conservation in the ATP binding site of kinases, it is possible to develop highly selective kinase inhibitors . LRRK2-IN-1 is the first one discovered by compound-centric high throughput library screening . It inhibits both wild-type (IC50 = 13 nM) and G2019S mutant (IC50 = 6 nM) of LRRK2, and shows high selectivity. Among a panel of 442 kinases, only 12 kinases were inhibited, with up to 10 µM of LRRK2-IN-1. LRRK2-IN-1 also inhibits LRRK2 activity in human cells, however dephosphorylation of LRRK2 can only be observed in the kidney and not in the brain of the mice received intraperitoneal injection of the inhibitor, suggesting that this potent and selective LRRK2 inhibitor is incapable of crossing the blood brain barrier .
The recently identified LRRK2 inhibitors, HG-10-102-01  and GNE-7915  are selective and brain penetrant . However, long-term inhibition of LRRK2 with these inhibitors leads, similar to disrupting LRRK2 in mice, to kidney abnormality [179-181]. Developing kinase inhibitors specific to PD mutants of LRRK2, not affecting wild-type, might therefore be the most promising approach. The previous solved structure of the Roco4 kinase PD mutant and Roco4 kinase in complex with the LRRK2 inhibitor H1152 might be instrumental in this process . Although current available LRRK2 kinase inhibitor can not be used for PD treatment yet , they provide an excellent tool to study PD
4.2. Alternative therapeutic approaches
Although most attention has concentrated on targeting LRRK2 kinase activity so far, only for the G2019S consistently an increased kinase activity has been reported. All other pathogenic mutations show inconsistent-, modest- or no effect on kinase activity. This suggests that different PD mutations in LRRK2 have a different defect in the activation mechanism and might require different ways of inhibition for the purpose of drug development (Fig. 5). The LRRK2 mutations in the Roc (R1441C/G/H), and COR (Y1699C) domain have a decreased GTPase activity [153, 154], suggesting GTPase activity forms a good therapeutic target. Since Ras is the most common oncogene in human cancer, many studies have focussed on identifying Ras inhibitors. Targeting the G-domain could be done by using small compounds that bind to the nucleotide binding site and resemble the GDP bound off state or increase the GTPase reaction. Due to the high nucleotide affinity and the high cytosolic concentration, it has been very challenging to identify a therapeutic target of Ras. However, since LRRK2 has a much lower nucleotide affinity and the GTPase activity is regulated by dimerization, the LRRK2 G-domain may provide a better therapeutic target.
The N- and C-terminal segments of LRRK2 contain several protein-protein interaction domains which are involved in regulating kinase activity, oligomerization, and/or localization (Fig 5). As described above, LRRK2 cycles between a low active monomeric cytosolic state and high active dimeric membrane bound state. The regulation of LRRK2 membrane association is not well understood, but probably includes dimerization, post-translational modification and protein-protein interactions [158, 170, 182]. 14-3-3 proteins bind in a phosphorylation dependent manner to the N-terminus of LRRK2, which is important for LRRK2 localization and activity . All purified or co-immunoprecipitated LRRK2 fragments are dimeric , and LRRK2 kinase activity seems to be dependent on dimerization [150, 170]. Active LRRK2 is a constitutive dimer by high affinity interaction of the COR domains, suggesting that in the cytosol the dimerization is most likely covered by regulatory proteins. Importantly, since LRRK2 activation is dependent on membrane localization and dimerization, inhibiting either of these properties may be a good therapeutic approach.
The multiple disease-linked mutations and enzyme functions within one protein make LRRK2 an excellent therapeutic target. Since several PD mutants result in an increase in LRRK2 kinase activity, the focus so far has been to develop kinase domain inhibitors as potential PD therapeutics. However, alternative approaches that target other domains of LRRK2, localization, dimerization, or allosteric modulation of the kinase domain may have significantly improved therapeutic benefits. To explore these potential therapeutic approaches, it will be essential to completely understand the molecular activation mechanism, identify upstream and downstream regulators, and characterize the cellular function of LRRK2. Work with model organism and biochemical and structural characterization of related Roco proteins from lower organisms might be important in this enterprise.
This work is supported by the Michael J. Fox foundation for Parkinson’s research and a NWO-VIDI grant to AK. We want to thank Bernd Gilsbach for his input in this chapter.

domain: literature


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domain: artistic


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A Journey of Days
A Journey of Days: Relearning Life s Lessons on the Camino de Santiago, by Guy Thatcher, takes us for a 700-kilometre walk along the camino in northern Spain, an age-old pilgrimage route walked by young and old alike for centuries. He walked the camino hoping to discover the reason for…
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domain: geography


text:
A holistic, nationwide approach to prevention cannot rely on any single strategy, setting or technique to reach everyone or create long-lasting change.
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A summary of Counting on change, a guide for policy-makers, researchers and advocates on measuring population-level progress towards the prevention of violence against women and their children in Australia
The National Plan to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children 2010‐2022 (the National Plan) brings together the efforts of governments across the nation to make a real and sustained reduction in the levels of violence against women.

domain: sociology


text:
Authors Note: This is a sequel to Enemy Invasion
It was a calm night in the Pridelands,
The Pride was sound asleep in their den on Pride Rock.
Suddenly Kovu bolted up with a start, He sniffed the air then quickly nudged Kiara to get Her to wake up. He had smelled hyenas, "Kiara wake up quickly" He said.
Slowly Kiara opened her eyes and blinked up at Him, She stood up carefully as to not disturb Belee and Denahi, who slept peacefully in her paws.
"What's wrong Kovu?" She asked, "It's hyenas Kiara" Kovu said as he bent to pick up Denahi.
"Kovu are you sure?" Kiara asked as She bent down and picked Belee up.
"I'm sure wake up Simba and Nala and your siblings" Kovu said.
Kiara set Belee down at His feet before going over to Her family.
By this time Belee and Denahi were wide awake and staring around the cave terrified,
"Daddy Are we going to be ok?" Belee asked,
Kovu smiled warmly at his daughter and bent down and rasped his tongue over Belee's ear.
"It'll be all right my precious Belee" He said.
Meanwhile Kiara had reached her parents and was crouched in front of Simba nudging him trying to wake him up.
"Daddy, Mom, wake up there's an invasion" She said urgently.
Simba and Nala were instantly wide awake and on their feet.
"Nala take our grandcubs, the lionesses, and Kiara, Kion, and Clea and go to the safe cave, I'll take Kopa and Kovu can stay with you and protect Belee and Denahi" Simba said.
Nala nodded," Simba be careful" She said.
Simba smiled at Her and a purr rose up in His throat, He leaned over and rasped his tongue affectionately over her ears "I'll be fine My Beautiful Nala" He said.
Kiara and Kovu came over with their cubs, Kopa, Clea, and Kion were following.
"Simba.. The invaders are hyenas" Kovu said.
Kiara handed Belee to Sarafina, and bent down and picked Kion up. "We need to move quickly" She said.
Nala nodded, She began to rouse the lionesses, once the pride was awake Simba picked his grandson up and led the way outside.
Once they were outside he gave Denahi to Kiara, then after gesturing to Kopa, went to warn the animals.
Nala sighed and began to led them to the safe cave.
Belee glanced up at Sarafina, fear was reflected in her eyes,
"Nona, I'm scared" She said.
"It's All right Belee, We'll be fine, Grandpa Simba and uncle Kopa and Your daddy will protect us" Sarafina said soothingly, She bent down and rasped her tongue over Belee's ears.
"Nona, How do you know that?" Belee asked.
Sarafina smiled,"I know, My Darling Belee, because Grandpa Simba is a very brave and wise king, father, and mate" She said.
Kiara smiled at her grandmother and daughter, She and Nala were walking side by side at the head of the group,
"Mom, isn't Belee precious?" Kiara asked.
"Yes Kiara, Belee and Denahi are the heart of the Pride" Nala said.
Kiara smiled and pressed her muzzle to Nala's cheek,"I love you Mom" She said.
When They got to the Safe Cave, Nala gave Denahi to Kovu and She and Sarafina went to lie down.
Kiara handed Kion to Sarabi and She went to lay down with Kovu, and Belee and Denahi.
"My Darlings, Are You all right?" She asked worriedly as Belee crawled in her paws and Denahi crawled into Kovu's paws.
Belee shook her head and nuzzled Kiara,"Mama, I'm scared!" Belee exclaimed.
Kiara pressed her muzzle to Belee's forehead, "It's all right Belee, Mama and Daddy will protect You and Denahi" She said calmly.
Across the them, nestled in Sarabi's paws, Kion watched the scene and let out a sigh.
"Kion.. Is something wrong Baby?" Sarabi asked.
Kion sighed, "Nai Nai, ever since Kiara gave birth to Belee and Denahi, She hasn't spent any time with me, I want to have Kiara's love again" He said.
Sarabi sighed, "Oh My Precious One, You have never lost Kiara's love, Kiara is a mother now and even though Belee and Denahi need a lot of her attention and love doesn't mean that You don't have Kiara's love" She said patiently.
"Nai Nai, Why doesn't Kiara spend time with me?" Kion asked.
"Dearest, Kiara has to raise Belee and Denahi" Sarabi explained.
"But Kiara never spends time with me" Kion said.
"Darling One I have a idea, How about you tell Kiara how you feel" Sarabi said.
Kion nodded,"I will thank you Nai Nai" Kion said.
He nuzzled Sarabi then walked over to Kiara and Kovu.
When He reached them, Kiara glanced up and smiled at him.
"Kiara? I need to talk to You" Kion said.
Kiara nodded,"All right Kion go ahead" She said.
Kion glanced pointedly at Kovu who was watching the scene with a smile, Belee and Denahi nestled in his paws.
"I want to talk to you.. Alone" Kion said.
Kiara glanced at Kovu who nodded, Kiara smiled and licked His cheek, then got up and followed Kion to a spot close to where Nala, Sarafina, and Clea were talking.
She laid down and Kion crawled into her paws.
"Ok Kion what's up?" She asked.
Kion sighed," Kiara.. Ever since Belee and Denahi were born, You haven't spent any time with me, And I feel that Belee and Denahi get all your love and attention" He confessed.
Kiara sighed, "Darling, That Isn't true, I love you as much as I love Denahi and Belee, But they are young and require my guidance, that's why I give them so much attention But that doesn't mean I love you any less" Kiara said.
"I understand, but I still never get to spend time with you" Kion said.
Kiara thought for a moment,"Kion I have an idea,What if each day I made special time to spend with you, and only you, We can do whatever you want" Kiara said.
Kion nodded in agreement and nuzzled Kiara. ______________________________________________________________________________
At that moment Kopa and Simba appeared in the entrance to the Cave.
Kiara exchanged a glance with Nala and Clea, Then She got up and after depositing Kion with Sarafina, went over to Simba and Kopa.
"Hi Daddy, Hi Kopa" She said as She nuzzled them.
"Danger has passed" Simba said as He returned Her affection.
"Dad and I chased the hyenas out" Kopa said, as Clea nuzzled him.
Simba rubbed his head against Nala's,"Let's go home everyone" He said.
The Pride made their way back to Pride Rock, When they reached it they went into the den and went to bed.


Tuesday, March 8, is the final day in which candidates for offices on the local and county levels in Carbon County are able to file nominating petitions.
As of the close of the business day on Friday, the Carbon County Elections Office reported there were 68 candidates filed on the Democratic side, while 50 persons filed Republican petitions.
The latest filings included:
Danielle R. Condly, 400 South Ave., Jim Thorpe, Jim Thorpe School Board, four-year term.
Amy L. Potsko, 221 Hudsondale St., Weatherly, Weatherly School Board, four-year term.


It is often said that “one who is tired of London is tired of life”. Well, you just have to look into the face of a Londoner during morning rush hour to see that a lot of people living here are tired of life! We asked four journalist students to vent some of their frustrations about their hometown…
Edited by Astrid Madberg
Kai Lutterodt: It’s Unfriendly!
Possibly Europe’s most bustling cosmopolitan city; London takes the lead in trend setting. From architecture to transport, fashion to music, on the surface this Capital has all the makings of a truly fascinating city enticing millions of foreign visitors each year
Yet London is just as easily, possibly, Europe’s least friendly city, leaving a sour taste in the mouths of visitors. Just observe the 7am rush hour for example and you’ll know exactly what Im taking about. Survival of the fittest has another meaning when a Londoner crams their way onto a packed tube, unapologetically squeezing into the armpits of a fellow tube rider.
The morning rush hour isn’t made any easier with tourists getting in the way, but give the poor foreigners a break! They are not to know they shouldn’t get in the way of a rushing Londoner first thing in the morning, let alone any other time of day by disrupting the fast pace walk of Londoners by stopping in the middle of the pavement to check their maps!
And why are Londoners so hesitant to share a smile with their fellow European visitors? Perhaps scared that the odd Bonjour Guten Tag or Hola will send flashbacks of how we suck at other languages!
Nelson Campos: It’s Expensive!
London is one of the biggest city in Europe. Most of the people living there might find it hard to cope with all the problems they are facing, especially because because on the one hand life is extremely expensive in London whether you’re a student living on your own, or an adult with a family it doesn’t make a difference.
You’re looking to spend at least 200 per week to live in a decent flat or studio which is the equivalent of 800 monthly, which is quite a lot for London citizens. Even students might find a good deal or they might share the studio with other students coming from all over the world, it is still very expensive unless those people have someone else to support them.
On the other hand, not only the life is expensive but also the transport. The city of London itself has so much to offer in terms of trains, buses, night buses, overground but the amount spent monthly or weekly by its users, is still above the normal prices you can find in Germany or France for example and this is probably why you see much more cyclists on the London roads nowadays than before!
James Childs: The Traffic!
Even if you leave your house at a reasonable time, it can be a major problem and obstacle when you need to arrive at your destination at a certain time.
Coming to university can be difficult at times, living in central London, where there is a mixture of transportation; buses, cars, motorbikes, and bicycles.
My vehicle by choice, or you could say be default is the bus, and on a day to day basis it’s pretty much very smooth, but when there is a small hiccup a
journey can be slowed down by a tremendous amount! On most instances traffic is understandable due to the fact that as a whole, students, workers and anyone else living a conventional London life will be synchronised on the road together at a certain time. But, it is really bad when an elderly person with a walking stick, who you passed on the bus three stops away starts to overtake you!
Astrid Madberg: Big Brother!
I’m not talking about the tv-show here, people! I’m talking about the fact that London is one of the most surveilled cities in the world you basically can’t
walk down any street in the city without being filmed! We are told it is for our safety but are not given the option to refuse.
The whole city is filled with signs telling us which way to look, how to get on and off a train, telling us that we shouldn’t eat smelly food, and to turn our music down. Almost everywhere there are recorded messages telling you that there is “absolutely no smoking in the lift” and that you’re “approaching the end of the escalator. Is no one else finding this deeply patronising?
Would I really miss the end of the escalator if I wasn’t told by a really mean-sounding, authoritarian woman’s voice that I should get ready to lift my feet? Would I just kind of stare into the distance and be left standing there until another recorded voice would tell me where to go?
Some argue that it is for the security of everyone but come on! There are plenty of metropolitan cities out there who do very well without this sort of nannying. And I don’t see an abundance of falls, escalator accidents or smelly food feasts when I visit them!
*Convergence Media Unit group assignment
- London named world’s second best student city (itv.com)
- Things To Do in London for (Almost) No Money (talesofacitygirl.com)
- London Vibes: Part 1 (thesixthsensefashion.wordpress.com)
- A Guide to London’s Most Beautiful Gothic Interiors (epicatravel.com)
- How to Live in London for Under £5 a Day (thrifttripping.wordpress.com)
Pingback: Vlog: Catching up on Magazine Publishing with 2nd Year LCC Journalism students | the Educationally Frustrated student


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I’ve had some fun randomly picking out games to talk about from the GenCon preview. But for this final installment, I’m picking out five of the games that interest me (that I haven’t already talked about).
Above and Below is a game that was Kickstarted back in March. It won’t be for sale at GenCon, but the final version will likely be there for preview according to designer Ryan Laukat. This is a city building game that is a mix of worker placement, card drafting, deck building, and storytelling. Players are building a town above ground, but eventually will head underground. In the caverns under the town, a story book much like the one in Tales of the Arabian Nights will be used. Each player is trying to best develop their own village and are competing for the best resources to accomplish their goals. In the end, the player with the best developed village wins.
This game looks really cool, and it’s one I’m eager to try out – I think I have a friend that backed it on Kickstarter. The art looks great, the gameplay sounds pretty unique, and it just looks like a good all-around game. Here’s Rahdo’s Run Through for a better description of how it works.
Consequential is a game I’ve been hearing about for years, and now it may be closer than ever. It’s coming from Asmadi Games and should be in Kickstarter mode around GenCon with a late 2015 release scheduled. The game is designed by Chris Cieslik, and I think originally Carl Chudyk was also involved, but his name no longer appears to be attached to the project. It’s a cooperative board game that takes place over the course of several acts, all released separately, and uses a companion app to help tell the story.
I’ve been watching this project for so long, and there have been so many false starts that it’s kind of hard to believe that it will actually be coming out soon. I think it was first being shown at GenCon 2012, so this is four GenCons later. It’s no longer quite as innovative, with apps being used in a number of games, and I think my enthusiasm has waned as it keeps not coming to fruition. But it’s still one that I’m keeping an eye on. Here’s the BGG overview from GenCon 2012, though I suspect the game is quite a bit different now.
It had to happen eventually. Deck Building: The Deck Building Game is coming from Dice Hate Me Games and designer Christopher Badell. It’s a game about building a deck. You’re spending screws to purchase wood, building your deck, and staining the deck to keep your opponent from playing rotten wood on it. It’s only a two-player game, and looks like it plays super quick. I just like the audacity of naming your game after a mechanism and then creating a pun around it. For more information, here’s the Dice Tower preview from Origins.
Discoveries, from Cédrick Chaboussit and Ludonaute, is the follow-up to the very good 2013 game Lewis & Clark. This one is a dice game because that seems to be the trend lately – make a popular game, make a dice version. Rather than being on competing expeditions, players are on the same expedition, but are trying to do the most journaling about their discoveries. You roll your dice, then use them to do various actions. You can also spend your turn to recover any dice that have been used previously. You’re trying to create sets of flora and fauna, as well as to discover new areas and journal about them. The player who has scored the most points at game end is the winner.
I’ve only played Lewis & Clark once, but really enjoyed it. It has a unique deck-building mechanism where you are constantly adding cards to your hand, and your hand is your deck. Once played, cards need to be recalled before they can be used again, which provides for some tense decisions so you’re not giving up too many points. This game has that feel with dice, but is its own game. Should be a good one. Here’s Rahdo’s Run Through for more information.
Pharaoh’s Gulo Gulo (aka Phar-oh-oh!) is a retheme and rerelease of the highly popular Gulo Gulo. Designed by Jürgen P. Grunau, Wolfgang Kramer, and Hans Raggan, this is a dexterity game about raiding Egyptian tombs. On your turn, you either reveal the first unrevealed tile or choose a tile that has already been revealed in front of you. You then must pull a boulder of that color out of a bowl. If you are successful, you move to the next space of that color. If the alarm stick or another boulder falls out, you go all the way back to start. The first person to have two successful boulder grabs in the burial chamber is the winner.
I hear a lot about Gulo Gulo, and how it’s just this fantastic kid’s game that adults are generally terrible at with their fat fingers. However, it’s been out of print for a while, so it’s good to see the game coming back. I have to say, I like the title Phar-oh-oh! much better than Pharaoh’s Gulo Gulo – Gulo means wolverine in German, so it makes no sense in this game. I know, it’s a branding thing, but still. This is one I really want to check out. Here’s a German preview video from HABA.
I do want to give a final honorable mention to Mysterium, which I’ve played and reviewed previously. The new edition from Libellud is being released at GenCon, and it’s going to be huge. Grab a copy if you can – it’s a great game.
GenCon officially opens on Thursday. If you’re going, have fun! If not, there will be lots of GenCant events to participate in. Whatever you do, have fun gaming and thanks for reading!

domain: hobby


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Do the rewards satisfy the variety of individual needs?
No. Individual needs for the staff are not met.
Are rewards both internal and external?
There are no reward thus the rewards are neither internal nor external.
Are they applied equitably and consistently?
The reward system is neither applied equitably nor consistently as it is non – existent.
Do individuals value the rewards they receive?
The individuals in this case study do not receive any awards.
Do they perceive that their efforts correlate with performance?
The teaching staff do not think their efforts correlate with their students’ performance.
Do individuals set goals as source of motivation?
The individuals do not set goals as sources of information.
Are the rewards and incentives effective in motivating desired behaviors?
There are no rewards for the teachers so one cannot assess if they are effective or not
In this case study, Mr. Notlif, is the principal of the post middle school. He has been reflected as a weak leader who has exceptional skills at keeping and recording the school’s logistics. Mr. Notlif does not encourage views from his staff. He also has poor communication channels with his staff where he does not enlighten them on recent happenings. Mr. Notlif is also does not supply teaching materials.
O'Hara, A., & Pockett, R. (2011). Skills for human service practice: Working with individuals, groups and communities. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Palestini, R. H. (2005). Educational administration: Leading with mind and heart. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Education.

domain: psychology


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The debate over Lansing City Market is now headed to court.
Waterfront Bar and Grill is suing Lansing over the city's termination of the restaurant's lease.
Its parent company filed a motion to prevent the city from evicting the restaurant from City Market.
Waterfront was told to leave by Tuesday, but it was still open for business.
The lawsuit says 25 employees will lose their jobs if the restaurant closes.

domain: food


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So this may not be a challenge for some. But we’d like you to keep track of the hours you sleep each night this month and assess the effect it has on your performance.
Your goal should be a minimum of 7-8 hours each night.
Sleep is essential for energy, concentration, workout recovery and building lean muscle; a long-term lack of it can contribute to overtraining as well (see if you have the symptoms of overtraining here). That much you already knew — but did you know that even a single week of hitting the sack too late (whether due to hard work, workouts, travel, partying, etc.) is enough to sabotage your best-laid plans? A recent study in the Journal of the American Medical Association by researchers at the University of Chicago Medical Center found that the testosterone levels of men who slept less than five hours a night for one week dropped by a whopping 10-15%, with the lowest levels reported between 2-10 p.m.
More to come!

domain: news


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Pokemon Go just can't be stopped. We've been reporting on the game since around the time of its initial release back in July of 2016, and for better or worse, Niantic's AR-based hit has consistently found its way into headlines ever since. The latest news that Pokemon Trainers have been curious about regards the game's latest update, which is version 0.89.1 for Android users and version 1.59.1 for iOS users.
What's New In Pokemon Go 0.89.1 and 1.59.1 Update
As might be expected, the update includes a selection of fixes for various bugs as well as some new functionality. According to the official Pokemon Go website, the latest update has "resolved a bug that caused the Pokemon collection screen to scroll to the top after evolving, transferring, or renaming a Pokemon," which is good news for those plagued by the persistent error. In addition, Niantic has added the ability for players to sort their Pokedex by region, which allows even more flexibility when researching which pocket monsters to track down next.
The update has also improved Pokemon scaling throughout various parts of the app, as well as provided tweaks to the incubator sorting order when initially selecting an incubator. Beyond that, the update has also addressed "various bug fixed and performance updates," the likes of which don't seem to be worth diving into much further.
It's worth remembering that the game recently saw the addition of Generation 3 creature Kyogre as a new Raid Boss, but the little aquatic critter won't be around for too long, as it's slated to disappear around mid-day on February 14. To find Kyogre, trainers need do nothing more than load up the app and seek out the nearest Raid Battle; chances are it'll be there waiting to do battle.


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Coming from a very diverse background, and originating from the United Kingdom, I have always found great satisfaction in supporting and raising awareness for those who are less fortunate. Through Hoorah 2 Heroes, I’ve been able to connect with an entire group of like-minded and dedicated people, who strive daily to help others face life’s challenges and achieve their personal goals. The work done by this group has inspired me to live my own life to the fullest, and better appreciate all that I’ve been given. As one of my fellow countrymen said during his walk across America to raise awareness of PTSD, “Fear nothing, experience everything.”
I look forward to meeting more members of the H2H family, and helping them motivate others in the future.


Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu addressed the weekly cabinet meeting on Sunday, the eve of Remembrance Day for the Fallen of Israel’s Wars, stating that, "We are here thanks to those who fell on behalf of Israel."Netanyahu said Israel would continue to aspire for peace, but would also strengthen its security to ensure the future of the country.Millions of Israelis will mark Remembrance Day on Sunday evening, and pay tribute to those who sacrificed their lives for the country’s defense.A minute-long siren will ring out across the country at 8 p.m. on Sunday, and a two minute siren will be heard on Monday at 11 a.m.IDF Chief of Staff Lt.-Gen. Benny Gantz will join President Shimon Peres for a candle-lighting ceremony at the Western Wall on Sunday evening.On Monday, the official state memorial ceremony will commence at 11 a.m. at the Mount Herzl military cemetery in Jerusalem. Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu, Peres and Gantz will be in attendance.Israel, including the pre-state yishuv, has lost 25,578 casualties to war and terrorism since 1860, according to figures released by the Defense Ministry.Defense Minister Moshe Ya'alon referred to the families of Israel's fallen soldiers as "a symbol of the perseverance of the Israeli society" in a statement released ahead of Remembrance Day on Sunday."This evening and tomorrow we will go to the cemeteries with great pain and sorrow in memorial ceremonies. We will stand there with the unparalleled strength and self-sacrifice which serve as the basis for the existence of this country," Ya'alon stated.Ya'alon added that, with their deaths, Israel's fallen soldiers had granted Israel the right to fight for its existence. "The struggle, unfortunately, has still not ended. It changes its face, takes a different form, opens up on different fronts and forces us to fight each time anew and sacrifice the best of our sons and daughters."Also on Monday, more than 1.5 million Israelis are expected to visit military cemeteries, and the Defense Ministry has organized hundreds of buses to transport people."Today threats against the country are greater than in the past, but the IDF and security forces are also stronger," he added.


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The medical profession has lately advised people what to eat to remain healthy through living a lifestyle which is likely to fight off disease, rather than stuffing oneself with medication. For instance, eating fish at least three times a week can cut the risk of bowel cancer by up to 12%, a World Health Organisation study found. Researchers said the 15-year study of nearly 500,000 people showed that those who ate fish regularly were less likely to develop tumours than those who had none, or less than one portion.
Researchers said omega-3 fatty acids found in fish are likely to be behind the protective effect. The three 100g portions could be of any fish, including traditional favourites like cod or haddock which have lower omega-3 levels than oily fish, like mackerel and sardines. Dr Marc Gunter, who led the study, said: ‘Our research shows that eating fish appears to reduce the risk of bowel cancer and should be encouraged as part of a healthy diet. Current NHS guidelines suggest we should eat at least two portions of fish a week.’
Bowel cancer is the fourth most common form of the disease in the UK and has the second highest death rate. More than 42,000 are diagnosed in Britain each year and it kills 16,400 annually. The study was carried out by the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer. Dr Anna Font, of the World Cancer Research Fund, which paid for the work, said: ‘This large study adds to the scientific evidence suggesting that consuming fish could reduce the risk of bowel cancer. The biological reasons by which fish consumption potentially lowers risk are not fully understood but one of the theories include specific fatty acids such as omega-3, found almost exclusively in fish, being responsible for this protective effect via anti-inflammatory properties.’
However, Dr Gunter admitted his team had not tracked whether the people in the study had used fish oil supplements. He said: ‘One downfall is that dietary data collected from participants did not include information on fish oil supplement intake. This may also have an effect on bowel cancer so further studies will be needed to see if fish, or fish oil, influence bowel cancer risk.’
Previous studies have suggested eating fish is a disappearing habit in the UK. The NHS advises that everyone should eat fish twice a week, including one portion of oily fish such as salmon or tuna, but research has shown 64% of people do not meet this target. It found over 55s ate the most fish, with 45% having at least two portions a week. But other groups ate far less.
Young families with children aged between five and eleven consumed the least, with only 25% having fish twice a week. The NHS recommends pregnant women should eat no more than two portions a week of oily fish because they contain traces of mercury which can cause problems if expectant mothers build up too much. Other people are advised to have no more than four portions of oily fish a week.
And there you have it. Everything in moderation where food is concerned augurs well, health wise. Be prudent and you are likely to benefit.


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ANDERSON, Indiana — An Indiana man who used a belt to strangle his longtime friend -- a jail officer and former Marine -- after a drunken altercation at a campfire was sentenced Wednesday to 10 years in prison.
Joseph M. Hartley will serve 10 years in the Indiana Department of Correction for felony battery that resulted in the death of Uriah Wilson.
Hartley accepted a plea agreement on Nov. 3. He was originally charged with murdering Wilson, 29, after a violent altercation between the two men who were drinking around a campfire on Dec. 7, 2017.
The men were friends at Pendleton Heights High School before Hartley moved to Germany after the two graduated.
An expert witness said it takes a person four to five minutes to die from strangulation.
Wilson’s mother, Louisa Wright, read a prepared statement during the hearing. She said her son served two tours as a Marine in Iraq and Afghanistan only to come home and have his life senselessly and maliciously stolen by Hartley.
Her only solace is the fact she “will hold him in heaven again one day,” she said.
Lawrence Wilson, Wilson’s father, said his son was an independent and strong-willed man who used his hair, from Mohawks to a Viking cut, as a way to express his personality. He described his son as a best friend and said they talked and sent text messages to each other every day and frequently ate lunch together.
Lawrence Wilson said there would be “no winners in this” and that he wanted the judge’s sentence to reflect the fact that his son was killed violently and intentionally, but he made no recommendations on the length of sentence Hartley should receive.
“I will leave that up to the judge,” he said.
More than 50 people attended the sentencing hearing. More than half a dozen of those were from the Madison County Jail where Wilson was a correctional officer. Seating was limited in the courtroom and several officers were directed to sit in the jury box to keep from blocking doorways.
Hartley also addressed those present prior to his sentence. He said he loved Hartley and said he was sorry for causing his death. Hartley became very emotional, making it difficult to understand what he was saying.
“Whatever happens, I’m going to do the best I can, because that is what Uriah would have wanted,” he said.
In her closing argument, Madison County Deputy Prosecuting Attorney Mary Hutchison told the court she knew Wilson personally and, while many people provided information that Hartley was a “peaceful” man, she wanted to remind the judge that, in the end, he killed his friend.
Defense lawyer Bryan Williams said Wilson and Hartley were friends because they shared so many similarities.
“There was a reason Uriah and Joe were such good friends,” he said. “He’s a great guy, fun-loving guy, good guy, things obviously just went terribly wrong that night. No one will ever know what happened, but clearly there was a fight between two friends.”
Williams said he has never been involved in a case where the defendant was found performing CPR on the person he was accused of killing.
“I’ve never had that,” he said. “That speaks volumes about this case.”


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Photography, Subjects & Themes, Street Photography
Photographs and Stories of People Experiencing Homelessness, Volume Two by Leah Denbok and Tim Denbok
This book continues where my first book left off—with forty photographs and stories of people experiencing homelessness. It is a part of my ongoing mission, begun with volume one, to change the general public’s perception of those experiencing...
Photographs and Stories of the Homeless by Leah Denbok
“I invite you to look into the eyes of the homeless… they tell a story.” Homelessness is a serious problem throughout North America—even in Canada and the United States, two of the richest countries in the world. “We must stop this madness,” says...
Heads and Tales of the Downtown Eastside by Alysha Osborne and Mihailo Subotic
There are many misconceptions surrounding those living on the Downtown East Side (DTES). Two Paycheques Away unlocks new perceptions of spirited and resilient individuals from the DTES by sharing their stories as told during their visit to the...


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Photo: Just Jared
Well, someone seems to love pearls just as much as we do. When it comes to the “born this way” artist, Lady Gaga knows how to make a statement and she proved it by showing up at the 2010 amFAR annual gala wearing pearls all over her body.
Painting her skin white, Lady Gaga dressed herself in a bikini, crop jacket, and 12 inch heels that were covered in pearls. If that wasn’t enough, she also had tons of tiny pearls glued all over her face, stomach, and legs.
We are not exactly certain of her statement but for us, she is saying “hey, we all need a few pearls in our life!” We agree Lady Gaga, we agree!


Over 100 parliamentarians from 28 countries arriving in Gwadar
QUETTA -Chairman of Senate, Sadiq Sanjrani on Sunday said over 100 parliamentarians from 28 countries, including Iran, Saudi Arabia, Bangladesh, and France, were participating in the Asia Parliamentary Assembly (APA) meeting to be held in October 29 at Gwadar on Monday.
Talking to Pakistan Television (PTV), he said that the conference being hosted by the Senate of Pakistan which would help project Gwadar in a befitting manner and bring Parliamentary leadership of Asia together for promoting peace and development.
In future Gwadar would become the centre of trade and economic activities for the entire region as it is being linked South Asia with Central Asia and Europe,he said. Sanjrani lauded efforts of the Parliamentarians, Senators and Opposition for organizing the Conference.
He expressed satisfaction over the arrangements for the meeting, adding that this meeting would further promote the name of Pakistan in international community. The economic growth would not only leave a positive impact on South Asia, but on the whole region and all the participating countries to build soft image in the world.
To another question, he said that Pak Army and Naval Forces had played a positive role regarding the security matters, while the Naval Chief had provided the special ship for the guests entertainment.
He said law enforcing agencies had controlled law and order situation in Balochistan. Sanjrani said the government of Balochistan had issued the NOC for electricity in Gwadar. While Rs.18 billion had approved by the Prime Minister Imran Khan for speedy development in Gwadar.


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THE CHURCHES AND THE PERENNIAL PHILOSOPHY
Posted on 06 November 2018, 17:14
Immediately after the Second World War, in 1946, Aldous Huxley published a much praised book, The Perennial Philosophy, where he attempted to describe what was in common between the world’s great religions. It is perhaps an oversimplification, but words of St Paul give us the gist of this wisdom: “In (God) we live and move and have our being.” Those words are central to the teaching of Jesus, especially as presented in the Gospel of St John. They are also central to the teaching of St Stephen the Martyr, and that, I think, is good reason to trust his spiritual counsel. The Perennial Philosophy would include selflessness, love, service, non-judgment, sharing, and humility. The Christian churches usually try to teach and promote all this, but the problem often is that they add other things, alien to that philosophy.
Notwithstanding, there is nothing to replace what they provide. Small private groups led by self-proclaimed gurus can be of help to individuals, but they do not provide a credible world-view accessible to young and old at varying stages of emotional and spiritual development.
The members of most churches are not slaves to whatever is seen as the official teaching, and take what they can from church worship, and leave the rest. This is especially true of the Anglican church, which is a state church designed to welcome into its fold people of varying beliefs and stages of development. Sometimes sinners (and aren’t we all?) feel sage and loved. And sometimes unfortunately not. With all their failings churches do provide a place where every body can feel safe and loved, and to experience their oneness in Spirit. I deally this is the case, but as churches are human institutions they often fall short.
For those unaware of spirit, the churches at the very least provide buildings that witness to a spiritual dimension. The churches also are organisations that endure over many centuries, that preserve priceless treasure wisdom, poetry, traditions that enable many people of all ages and backgrounds to commune with each other and the Universal Spirit. They pass on the spiritual testimonies of our spiritual ancestors down the ages. Then can truly reveal the Cosmic Christ as the Light of the World. They do much communality service, and inspire closer international relations. At their best, churches can be a light to the world, acknowledging, regardless of religion or colour, that we are children of God. At their worst they can disseminate legalism, disunity, hatred and war, denying the universal love of Spirit.
As an Anglican priest of 65 years standing I am for ever thannkful for fellow church members who have nurtured me in my spiritual path..
Notwithstanding all this, I am not blind to the ways that the churches can be destructive. Naturally the churches embrace leaders and followers who are not uniformly developed in Spirit, and this has always been the case. When theories are seen as Gospel and denied by others, then the love that should bind us together evaporates, and we have dissension and schism, and the churches fail to bear witness to the universal Christ
Churches functionas schools in spirituality and we need to acknowledge that each of us as we grow from being a young child to a mature adult, grow through various stages of moral moral development.
At first the young child may only refrain from stealing a cookie if Mummy is watching, Laterin childhood a young person may have absorbed the idea that “stealing Mummy’s cookies is wrong, or that lying is wrong, but they will probably not be able to say WHY an action is wrong. As we grow toward adulthood, we begin to get it, that a thing is wrong because it harms other people, and diminishes mutual trust.. This is why some churches are stuck in judgment of others, and in legalism.
Jesus quoted the Jewish creed in Deuteronomy “The Lord your God is One, and you must love that God with all your heart, all your soul and with all your strength, and you must love your neighbour as yourself.” Jesus added the words, “With all your mind.” He added, “On theses two commands depend all the Law and the Prophets” Everything else is to be evaluated in the light of loving God and neighbour. Jesus also taught us to be humble, not to judge another, that sin is falling away from this love, this knowledge that we are part of this God. We are always forgiven our sin, when we return to this God of love. That us because we are participants in this God.
The Gospel of John is thoroughly in line with this simple teaching. So is the teaching of St Stephen the Martyr. Where Stephen varies, is his acceptance of reincarnation. Many Christians accepted this, as also did the Jewish Essene’s. It was only at a church council under the Empress Theodora that it was voted that reincarnation was not a Christian belief.
It was suggested to me that I should write on how much the teaching of Stephen the Martyr corresponded with church teaching. As can be seen from the above, the answer is not simple
The teaching of Stephen, and the Perennial Philosophy is consistent with the picture of reality that is painted by Quantum physics. This core teaching of Christianity to consistent with the core teaching of Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Judaism.
As an Anglican priest I am thankful for all the wonderful experiences of Christ that I have been blessed with. But as an Anglican priest I also cringe at how church members have taken hard lines based on short excerpts from that library of books called The Bible. They find words condemning gays. “It is Scriptural,” they say, “it is part of Christianity to take a hard line on this matter. Yet they don’t find instructions to stone disobedient children, sanctioning slavery, or forbidding women to speak in church, “Scriptural”. Such selective quoting can shipwreck Jesus’ gospel of love.
The Stephen experience and the accompanying synchronicities was leading us to become more aware that we were participants in God, that being the goal of all the world religions, He helped us often far from perfect questioners to greater communion with God, and greater clarity about what it means to be a child of God,
Unfortunately Christian churches often do not give much space for meditation, contemplation and listening. In the absence of this we have communal prayer, inspirational stories from the Bible, and often good hymns to help people on their way, People are encouraged to pray and to lead virtuous lives, caring for others. Worshipping together and sharing Holy Communion leas us in the right direction. Friendship and lookinig after the bereaved and the unfortunate, also helps us on the way.
Let me conclude with further thoughts on Aldous Huxley. He was famous for the way he described the highest elements of the great world religions, and showed them to be very similar. He began his book, The Perennial Philsophy, with these words:
“The metaphysic that recognises a divine Reality substantial to the world of things and lives and minds; the psychology that finds in the soul something similar to, or even identical with, divine Reality; the ethic that places man’s final end in the knowledge of the immanent and transcendent Ground of all being — the thing is immemorial and universal.”
There is a level of reality beyond physical senses, that brings the events of the physical world into being. All comes into being by the “Word”, Plato’s Ideal world brings the physical into existence.
The soul is part of the Divine reality, we are “children of God”. God is Love, “In God we live and move and have our being.”
Michael Cocks edits the journal, The Ground of Faith.
Afterlife Teaching From Stephen the Martyr by Michael Cocks is published by White Crow Books and available from Amazon and other bookstores.
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July 30, 2009
The Rat Pack swings in to Long Street
A wax statue of Frank Sinatra at Madame Tussauds, Las Vegas. Photo courtesy Honey Bunny
The originals took Hollywood and Las Vegas by storm in the mid-1960s; now the Rat Pack is bringing swagger and class to Cape Town this winter on August 3-22, 2009 at the Newspace One Theatre.
You can expect to see Sammy, played by Dantanio Goodman, Dean, played by Matthew Stewardson, and Ol’ Blue Eyes, performed by American impersonator Patrick Tobin. Audiences can look forward to hearing songs such as I Only Have Eyes for You and Fly Me to the Moon performed by a live band.
In the 1960s, the legendary Rat Pack consisted of Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jnr, Peter Lawford and Joey Bishop, who performed on stage and in films together.
The Rat Pack will be doing what they do best at 44 Long Street at 20h00.
Tickets cost between R100 and R165.
For more information about the Rat Pack performances visit www.newspacetheatre.co.za or call +27 (0)74 134 6636.

domain: entertainment


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Doctor insights on:
Sores On Body That Won T Heal
Good question...: Depending on the area of the cut (such as the nose), there are fewer blood vessels present to deliver healing elements (such as fibroblasts) to the area. ...Read more
4yr old has 1 canker sore in the back, top part of mouth. How do I treat it? Will it heal on its own? Healing time?
Does the mouth naturally clean itself? Does it shed skin and rejuvenate completely? Do I need to worry about past sexual activity other than cold sore
See below: The mucosa does renew itself repeatedly and in that sense it is self cleaning. However, in addition to herpes, HPV is the other infection you need to be concerned about from oral sex. There is no urgency, but next time you see your doctor, discuss the details with her/him. For good health - Have a diet rich in fresh vegetables, fruits, whole grains, low fat milk and milk products, nuts, beans, legumes, lentils and small amounts of lean meats. Avoid saturated fats. Exercise at least 150 minutes/week and increase the intensity of exercise gradually. Do not use tobacco, alcohol, weed or street drugs in any form. Practice safe sex. ...Read more
Does acne get dry and heal up when we apply saliva on it since it contains lysozyme .what do you think ??????????????
Spit on a Zit: will not clear it up.Get a more detailed answer ›
Scabs mean healing..: In most cases. There can be slight white/yellow color in the scab. In some cases of "sores" there may be an advantage in controlled debridement (freshening up the healing wound area) under the guidance of a specialist. If you are concerned about the wound, get it checked out. ...Read more
It should be checked: I don't want to alarm you, but it is highly likely you have a basal cell cancer on the face--the most common type of skin cancers. Being age 60 living in florida, my first guess would be this type of cancer. It is often cured by simple complete excision. I certainly hope I am wrong, but this sounds quite suspicous. Please consult doc for eval. Good luck. ...Read more
Does abreva really work to heal cold sores? I feel like
It did the opposite and caused my cold sore to spread
Not effective: Docosanol (Abreva) slightly inhibits the virus in the lab, but not effective in treating oral herpes. So it's not quite quackery, but comes close. But it shouldn't make an outbreak worse, unless maybe you're allergic and it caused increased redness, itching, etc. Ask your doctor about a prescription for valacyclovir: 2 g twice, 12 hr apart as soon as an outbreak starts, is very effective. ...Read more
Have open gash about 1.5cm long on face. Don't think need stitches. Keep it moist with Vaseline until body heals, or let it dry and scab over quickly?
Need more info: How deep is the wound.? How old is the wound? Where is it located? Must keep the wound clean. To minimize visible scarring need to see a doctor to see if it can be closed with fine sutures or surgical glue. If it is more than 24-48 hrs old then may have to allow to close on its own. Keeping it clean is very imporant. ...Read more
It's day 5 of my tonsil ulcers & it doesn't seem to get any better. Can't even drink. How long does it take for the ulcers on the tonsils to heal?
Does herpetic wit low hurt on hands without popping the blisters? Or does it burn only when you pop the blister? Need to know
It will hurt: It will hurt no matter what you do. I recommend BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene)--a food preservative anti-oxidant in a dose of 2,000 mg per day (split the dose throughout the day). Download a free e-book, "Wipe out Herpes with BHT." Also, apply DMSO topically, available from a health food store or animal supply (or on line). DMSO will dry up topical lesions rapidly, painlessly. ...Read more
What to do if i read that the immune system can rid the body of HPV on its own, how long does that take?
- Talk to a doctor live online for free
- Sores in nose won t heal
- Arm sores won t heal
- Sores on feet that won t heal
- Ask a doctor a question free online
- Sores on legs won t heal
- Sores that won t heal cancer
- Head sores that won t heal
- Foot sores that won t heal
- Talk to a dermatologist online for free

domain: medical


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Hollywood hunk Leonardo DiCaprio looks set to bounce back from his Oscars snub to be the big winner at the 2014 MTV Movie Awards after picking up six individual nominations.
The Titanic actor, who missed out on a Best Actor prize at the Academy Awards on Sunday (02Mar14), is up for titles including Best Male Performance, Best Shirtless Performance and Best-Onscreen Duo with Jonah Hill for his turn as bad boy stockbroker Jordan Belfort in The Wolf Of Wall Street.
The film itself is nominated for eight prizes, as is American Hustle, while The Hunger Games: Catching Fire follows closely behind with seven. All three films are up for Movie of the Year, alongside 12 Years A Slave and The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug.
Competing with DiCaprio for Best Male Performance are Bradley Cooper (American Hustle), Chiwetel Ejiofor (12 Years A Slave), Josh Hutcherson (The Hunger Games: Catching Fire), and Matthew McConaughey (Dallas Buyers Club).
The actresses vying for the Best Female Performance award are Amy Adams (American Hustle), Jennifer Aniston (We're the Millers), Sandra Bullock (Gravity), Jennifer Lawrence (The Hunger Games: Catching Fire), and Lupita Nyong'o (12 Years A Slave).
As well as the serious acting honours, the ceremony also celebrates the light-hearted side of film, including a prize for the best kissing scene - this year's (14) contenders include Jennifer Lawrence and Amy Adams for American Hustle, and James Franco, who won a nod for smooching both Ashley Benson and Vanessa Hudgens in Spring Breakers.
The winners will be announced at the prizegiving in Los Angeles on 13 April (14). The ceremony will be hosted by Conan O'Brien.


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The White Tree Band Tickets
6:00pm, Tue 31 July, 2018
The White Tree Band is a group of Sydney's most talented musicians, who put their own spin on a range of funk, rock and pop classics.
Their 8 piece line up with full brass section is one of the most entertaining gigs in town, a show where music and comedy collide. This makes for one highly engaging and energetic performance, and not one to be missed!


SciTech has been announced as the Australian and New Zealand distributor for Advanced Microscopy Group (AMG), a division of Westover Scientific Inc.
The EVOS imaging system from Advanced Microscopy Group (AMG) is a fully integrated inverted microscope, digital camera and LCD to view, capture and archive images easily and comfortably.
The high resolution optics, camera and display are engineered to deliver the clarity and performance. EVOS imaging system has replaced traditional eyepieces with a 15” color LCD, and designing controls which are convenient and easy to operate.
- Stand-alone digital microscope system
- High-resolution digital camera (3-megapixel CMOS)
- High-definition, color LCD (1024 x 768 pixel resolution)
- Image capture and archive on SD memory card or PC via USB2 connection
- Infinity corrected LWD 4x, 10x phase, 20x phase objectives; 40x phase (optional)
- LED illumination, 50,000 hour service life
- Dual low-positioned focus controls with rubber grip.
EVOS imaging system’s efficient design helps to view specimen on-screen instead of through eyepieces. The adjustable LCD permits viewing at various angles and distances, while the low-positioned stage and controls allow you to rest your arms and hands in a relaxed position.


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Garner, 48, uploaded a video on Thursday as she enjoyed time outside on her family’s farm, her “happy place,” in Locust Grove, Okla.
The “Alias” star had on overalls that were bunched up around her waist. “Are you pregnant?” one commenter asked.
Garner shot back, “I am 48, have three healthy kids, and am not -- and never will be.”
She added: “We can lay that pupper to rest. Have I gained the Covid 19? Possibly. But that is another story.”
“Literally everyone looks pregnant in overalls,” one fan said.
Others bashed the fan for asking about the star's reproductive plans.
“Seriously are people STILL asking this??!!??” one person wrote. Another said, “Imagine thinking it’s okay to ask someone this 😂.”
One fan of Garner added: “WHO IN THE F--K ASKS THAT S--T? Girl. The ONLY permissible time you may ask a woman if she is pregnant is when she is crowning.... Periodtttt.”
Garner was last romantically linked to CaliBurger CEO John Miller, although multiple outlets recently reported the pair called it quits. They started dating in October 2018.


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Michael Bay caused widespread outrage when he suggested that the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles were going to be aliens from another world in the live-action movie he was producing that has since been put on hiatus. But if Bay’s ideas were to appeal to any one person, I guess it couldn’t get any better than one of the co-creators of the Ninja Turtles, Kevin Eastman.
While talking to MTV recently, Eastman expanded on his praise saying that Bay’s take would be the best version of the Ninja Turtles you’ve ever seen. Hyperbole to overcompensate for fan reaction, or was Bay genuinely on to something? Let’s let Eastman explain:
“From what I’ve seen, it’s easily the best Turtle movie yet. We’re talking Raid: Redemption-style fight scenes; we’re talking about epic Rise of the Planet of the Apes sort of effects. A lot of people are worried we pushed the release date from December to May, but the 30th anniversary of the Turtles is in May, so it worked out perfectly.”
So I guess the timing’s right, but what about those changes to the characters, heck even the core concept of the book? Eastman says that’s the nature of the game:
“I know that Michael and his group really like that and that Paramount was supportive of that, so I think that it’s great. I grew up reading Captain America and The Avengers and all that stuff, and over the course of the comic book history, since Avengers has been around, how many times has it been reinvented, reformatted, restructured, replatformed? Every person that’s grown up inspired by that material wants to put their stamp on it a little bit. It just keeps getting better and better, and to have that opportunity is pretty awesome.”
I suppose he’s technically correct, but no one’s ever rejiggered Captain America’s origin, or Spider-Man’s origin, to make them aliens. Regardless, Eastman says that work on the film is ongoing despite the studio’s apparent loss of faith in Bay’s awesome vision.
Here’s the complete video interview with Eastman from MTV:


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This beaded bracelet is made of natural Indian Agate gemstone and has a beautiful heart charm!
Our Gemstone Beaded Bracelets are designed to feel lightweight, comfortable, and effortless.
Stringing each natural stone is part of our mindful Intention when we create this beaded bracelet, infusing positive energies, love, and happiness within each design.
We combine meaningful symbols and natural gemstones giving this one accessory relevance in every way.
- Indian Agate Meaning
As a heart and sacral chakra stone, the Indian Agate calms anxious thoughts, honing concentration, and nudging you to step out of the chaos of negativity. Indian Agate invites you to heal anger, creating a sense of safety and security wherever you go and ultimately putting you in a place of self-acceptance and higher consciousness.
Free Premium Jewelry Box
Each bracelet comes in a luxury eco-friendly jewelry box, made of synthetic leather, a layer of velvet to protect your jewelry, and a magnetic closure.
All beads used are made from natural stone. As a result, each bead is unique and there might be slight color differences due to the nature of the stones.
This bracelet was made using a high-quality elastic cord bead to allow some stretching without compromising its strength.
Size & Fit
Inner circumference: 6.5 inches (16.5 cm).
This Indian Agate Gemstone Bracelet fits well to a wrist that measures up to 7 inches (18 cm).
To measure your wrist, snuggly wrap a measuring tape around it (with no play or space between your skin and the tape) and read the size on the measuring tape, preferably in inches or centimeters.
- Handmade in the United States
Your purchase includes:
- 1 Indian Agate Beaded Bracelet (Heart Charm)
- 1 Premium Jewelry box
*These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. The results are the sole responsibility of the wearer.

domain: design


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Have you ever tried the water from cooked rice? Most of us are not aware that this water has many health benefits. When you cook rice, remove the water and drink it. Now you must wonder why?
Rice water is rich in beneficial nutrients obtained from cooking rice.
How to prepare it: It is really easy to prepare rice water -- all you need is rice, fresh clean water and a pot. Boil the rice, and after it is cooked well, drain the water in a separate bowl and be careful not to leave any rice in the water. And finally your rice water is ready for consumption.
In this article we present you with some facts about what one glass of rice water daily can do for you:
During summer days we lose a lot of water through sweating and rice water is perfect to prevent dehydration and loss of nutrients.
It is a good source of energy
It is rich with carbohydrates and this means lot of energy. The human body needs carbohydrates for energy, hence a glass of rice water in the morning is best to start a day. Also you can drink it when you feel tiredness or lack of energy.
Drinking cooked rice water may keep certain sorts of cancer away. This is one of the great advantages of drinking cooked rice water.
The best home remedy for viral infections
Rice water is utilized often as a solution for fever as it averts water loss. It recharges the lost supplements and speeds the recuperation process.
Protection from the sun
Rice water contains a substance called oryzanol. It withstands the UV beams from the sun. Use rice water to offer your skin some assistance with taking the sun’s heat.
Can treat diarrhea
Rice water turns out to be an amazing home solution to treat diarrhea both for adults and children. Newborns are more inclined to infections and diseases such as diarrhea and must be treated on time because it can lead to harsh dehydration. A study found that rice water reduces the recurrence of the stool in infants
Rice water is rich in fiber and results to smooth bowel movements. Moreover, the starch motivates the development of useful bacteria in the stomach.
May prevent Alzheimer
There are few sources that say that cooked rice water can keep the occurrence of Alzheimer’s sickness. This is also one of the other great advantages of drinking cooked rice water.
Source: Health Advisor Team