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The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0024-2535.htm
The public library system in India: challenges and opportunities
Sardar Patel College of Engineering, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Purpose – The current situation of Indian public libraries has been viewed by some as follows: the public library system in India is condemned to remain peripheral to the actual information needs of the masses; that it is in a depressed state, and serves as little more than a warehouse of recreational reading materials, a majority of which are in regional languages. This paper suggests possible remedies on how to transform the situation, and details new technological developments which are already showing the potential to change public libraries in rural India for the better. Design/methodology/approach – A descriptive account of the contemporary situation in India with regard to public libraries, digital technologies and development possibilities, using ofﬁcial statistics and the LIS literature. Findings – The challenges that face public libraries in India are listed and a vision for their future based on the concept of “ICT for development” is sketched out. Research limitations/implications – It is difﬁcult to get an overall view of this topic: authorized statistics on public libraries in India as a whole are not collected, because these libraries are the responsibility of a variety of agencies who, for various reasons, never disclose such information on a national scale. Practical implications – The author details new technological developments, the practical outcome of which would in particular facilitate the establishment of digital library services in rural India. Originality/value – This paper provides a useful overview of a library scenario on which aggregated statistical data is hard to ﬁnd; and, from this summary of the present situation, goes on to suggest possible ways to transform the “digital divide” into “digital opportunities”. Keywords Public libraries, India, Rural economies, Economic development Paper type General review
Received February 2004 Reviewed April 2004 Revised August 2004 Accepted November 2004
Library Review Vol. 54 No. 3, 2005 pp. 180-191 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0024-2535 DOI 10.1108/00242530510588935
Introduction India can now claim to be the world’s largest democracy: its population growth has made it the second country in the world after China to cross the one billion mark. As its population grows, it is faced by enormous challenges in areas such as literacy and education, areas in which it has long been acknowledged that the public library has an indispensable role to play. This role accords with the deﬁnition in the UNESCO Public Library Manifesto (UNESCO, 2004), which declares that the public library is “the local gateway to knowledge, [and] provides a basic condition for lifelong learning, independent decision-making and cultural development of the individual and social groups”. In this vision of public libraries, they are seen as people-oriented institutions which should service the widest population possible.
However, public libraries in India are in an abject state. Possessing neither regularly renewed print collections nor vibrant non-print multimedia resources that could lure in illiterate or semi-literate folk, they suffer from a variety of infrastructure, manpower and monetary constraints, as well as being low in the priorities of policy makers and implementing bodies. At the same time as India’s expanding population looks for innovative support and services from its libraries, the country has emerged as one of the global leaders in information technology and one of the largest exporters of knowledge workers. In this digital era, the people of India should thus come to think of the public library not only as a champion of books and knowledge but as a major access point to the beneﬁts of the digital age. But again, as a developing country, the economic conditions for libraries and information centers are poor in this regard, especially by comparison with the developed world. On the one hand, there has been a signiﬁcant degree of implementation of automation and networking in special and academic libraries. But rural public libraries are almost wholly dependent on ﬁnancial support from central or state government for their collection development, infrastructure and human resources, and as a result planning for modern tools and IT facilities in public libraries has not taken place. Despite this, public libraries have a major role to play in bridging the “digital divide”. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have the capacity to open up new ways of interactive communication between the citizen, public libraries and civil society at large. But before this can happen, modernization and upgrading of public libraries in terms of ICT applications and also staff proﬁciency is required, with the view of meeting the informational, cultural and leisure needs of the underprivileged rural masses in order to increase the numbers of them who are registered library members. Current state of public libraries in India The state of public libraries varies between different parts of the country. In particular the condition of the majority of public libraries in rural areas is poor. Many of them do not have their own buildings, being located in no more than small thatched huts; or they have to share the premises of other institutions. Storage facilities are very poor and the stock of reading materials is small. According to the Constitution of India, public library development is a State responsibility. Therefore, all States are vested with the mandate to set up libraries at different levels within each State. But out of 29 States and 6 Union Territory Administrations, only 11 states have so far passed library legislation, enabling their respective state governments to provide a public library system. So, as a response to this variability in the level of development in the States, the Department of Culture of the Government of India has set up the Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF). It is intended to act as a nodal agency for development of public libraries in India and has also been given the responsibility for resource mobilization for modernization of the State and District central libraries, the development of infrastructure and training of personnel (Table I).
State Central libraries District libraries Taluka libraries Rural libraries 28 451 501 29,820
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Table I. Public library system in India
In consequence, there are now 28 State central libraries situated in different cities which are funded by the RRRLF. Presently the RRRLF is working to spread library services all over the country in active cooperation with State governments, Union Territory Administrations and voluntary organizations (NGOs) working in this ﬁeld. It is clear then that the public library scenario is not uniform in India. It is difﬁcult to collect authorized statistics on public libraries in the country, as they are under the responsibility of a variety of agencies who, for various reasons, never disclose such information on a national scale. This forces us to guess about the state of a vast number of public libraries, though it is not hard to imagine the difﬁculties they face in facilitating information and library support to the mass of over a billion population, spread over 32 lakh square kilometres, with a spectrum of literacy, intelligence, money, cultural and caste values. And just as States differ in size, population, literacy rate, status of books produced in the particular regional language, and economic growth, so does the public library system also differ from State to State. Also there are administrative problems such as the fact that rural libraries in some States form a part of the public library system and in some other States they came under the jurisdiction of the Adult Education Department or Public Relations Department. Wide-spread illiteracy is the greatest handicap for developing library services, both in certain urban and rural areas set in the traditional pattern. The RRRLF’s program of assistance is most helpful to the cause of public library services in the countryside. The program provides the best example of resource sharing of public library services at all levels and the Foundation has made great strides in promoting library service across the country. During the last 28 years, out of 60,000 public libraries scattered over the country, the Foundation has helped more than 31,000 libraries at different levels (Bhattacharjee, 2002). But a great number of these public libraries (of which approximately 70 per cent may be rural) are merely reading rooms with neither a generous supply of books, nor adequate infrastructure nor trained staff. According to the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) standards, there should be one public library for every 3,000 people. Thus, with over one billion people, India needs more than 343,000 public library units. India has around 568,558 inhabited villages and there may be just one public library for eight to ten of them. Yet one of the IFLA standards stipulates that the nearest library unit should not be more than a mile away from the residential area it serves. The discrepancy is clear. To summarise, the major constraints faced by the public library system which militate against effective dissemination of information are: . A considerable percentage of the population is illiterate or functionally literate making libraries of minimal use to them. . Poor resource allocation for infrastructure improvement and collection development for public libraries. . Lack of sufﬁcient sanctioned posts, forcing most services to be operated by voluntary non-professional staff, which damages information organization and services. . The problem of educated professionals preferring to work in special and academic libraries than public libraries. . Little emphasis on the adoption of information and communication technology for public library systems and services.
ICT driven public libraries – the need of the hour Libraries are the ideal place to offer public access to ICT resources as they are found in nearly every community and they are staffed by professionals whose job is to help people meet and manage their information needs. The public library can be understood as the public access point to the “Information highway”. If the government is serious about breaking down the digital divide it cannot ignore a sector that provides free public access to these services thus beﬁtting it for the role of major access point to the beneﬁts of the digital age. H.K. Kaul, Director of the Developing Library Network (DELNET), New Delhi, has opined that “Our public library system in the country failed totally in bringing knowledge to the doorsteps of every individual. It is advisable for us to look at the problem afresh, especially when the computer and communication technologies have now become available to us at a minimal cost” (Kaul, 2002). It is to be hoped that, with the help of the relevant technologies, public libraries will foster partnerships throughout the country to promote sharing of resources. People need to understand how to locate and evaluate the information sources available to them. The objective is to promote the free ﬂow of information and ideas in the interest of all citizens, thus creating a thriving culture, economy and democracy. ICT-driven public libraries should act as an intermediary centre with suitable awareness programs for improving literacy, awareness, welfare and cultural awakening (Figure 1). It is the intention that public libraries could offer a single integrated environment for the dissemination of information concerned with all aspects of human life. “Public libraries can act as an ofﬂine relay by downloading and sending network available information to those out of network reach, or by attracting people to nearby libraries to access [the] internet” (Miao, 1998).
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Figure 1. A proposed model of ICT-driven Public Library
The emergence of rural digital libraries in India The emergence of intranet-based “Gyandoot” digital libraries (DLs) in the Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh has changed the lives of its underprivileged rural communities. “Gyandoot” is a unique form of G2C (Government to citizen) DL activity which is intended to address the hardship imposed by transaction costs associated with government services. It connects 21 cyber cafes called “Soochanalayas” which provide services to about 10 to 15 “gram panchayats”, each of which consists of a group of 20-30 villages with aggregate populations of between 20,000 and 30,000 people. The Soochanalayas are located at block head quarters, haat bazaars and bus depots and also on the roadside where people normally travel. These cyber cafes are operated by a local operator called a Soochak, who is a local volunteer not a government person (Figure 2). Factors inhibiting the development of public libraries Access to ICT for many in India continues to be marginal due to the high cost of connectivity, which results in the exclusion of many from the emerging global information system. So despite advances in ICT, its beneﬁts have not reached the majority of the population, particularly the economically backward classes. The main reason why the public library movement has not yet reached take-off stage is paucity of funds, lack of prioritisation for it on the part of government, and absence of an integrated approach to social welfare and community development.
Figure 2. Government network infrastructure to support rural digital libraries
Lack of national policies promoting ICT as a tool for development The Government of India has started framing its IT policy but it may take time to put these policies into action. One thing is sure, early indications are that the involvement of public libraries is very small. It may be that there is concern about the inertia in the system and the huge investments which would be required to rejuvenate public libraries. But, because library IT creates a multidimensional service facility, ICT introduction here will beneﬁt the community in the long run, unlike many other single purpose service arms of the government. Political aspects We are living in a highly politicized time and democracy is a “numbers game” in which all political parties try to tailor their social commitments to suit their own interest groups. In many cases, high proﬁle decisions aim to woo a particular part of the electorate – they are taken with vested interests in mind and may not be for the beneﬁt of the people for whom the underlying policy has been designed. Linguistic and cultural diversity There are many languages in India, and even in one place more than one language may be spoken. Any information required might not be available in the language in which one is proﬁcient. We need fast and good translation mechanisms to get over this problem. Lack of resources constrain developing library services The need of the hour is the compulsory provision of free public library services. In the wake of the slogan “Education for All” follows the complementary battle cry of “Books for All”. As a consequence of making education a fundamental right, free, unhindered, easy access to books and libraries also becomes essential and should be ensured. In the case of public libraries resources should be sufﬁcient to cover print and non-print, text and pictorial, multimedia sources, ﬁlms, and so on to attract all types of persons in the vicinity. Inadequacy and problems in transfer of funds The funds required for undertaking developmental projects and forming consortia of public libraries need to be pooled from government, charitable societies, public trusts, and individual donations, as well as from subscription charges from the member libraries. However, this can be problematic, as Jagdish Arora, the national coordinator of Indian National Digital Library of Engineering Science and Technology (INDEST) Consortium has noted: “administrative problems are involved in transfer of funds from various participating libraries to the consortia” (Arora, 2001). Lack of a joined up approach Public library authorities must develop strong and sustainable working relationships with other information centres, special and academic libraries in the region in order to develop collaboration for promoting and modernizing public library services in the country.
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Possible solutions There are many challenges facing those committed to the implementation of ICT in public libraries in India, a country of one billion people where millions of Indians are connected to the internet but millions more are not yet even connected to electricity. Despite all of these daunting contrasts, the Government of India is convinced that ICT applications can help revolutionize life in rural regions for a minimum cost. Ofﬁcial guidelines Arun Shourie, Union Minister of IT and Telecommunications, India suggested the following four projects in his address to the World Summit on Information Society on 11 December 2003 in Geneva: (1) use of ICT to abolish illiteracy; (2) develop a universal networking language – so that a person in India can put his data or message on to the net in any of our 18 languages, and the machine translate it into this universal networking language; (3) bring text-to-voice and voice-to-text software to perfection for the print disabled (for further background, see also Williamson et al., 2001); (4) one of the severest impediments today that stops people availing themselves of the beneﬁts of the information society is the expense of laying a network infrastructure to their door step. We should complete research that would enable wireless signals to go to a signiﬁcant multiple of the 50/60 kilometers they traverse at present. It is high time for action, and with these clear guidelines for us to follow and implement we can see how public libraries can act as a “safety net” for those groups of people who otherwise might not have access to the networks. This would include low-income individuals, people in remote areas, and people who are not familiar with networking. The expectation should be that eventually everyone would be able to trawl the internet to ﬁnd the information they require for personal, social and economic development needs. Consolidation and expansion of the public libraries network It is acknowledged that government should take steps to provide public access to the internet, but it also should encourage the development, speciﬁcally in public libraries, of communication access centers that will play an important role in bridging the digital divide. There are proposals from the telecommunications ministry to open cyber-cafes – it would be a good idea to put them in public libraries wherever there is one in the vicinity. Public library authorities have a responsibility to ensure that library and information networks are as comprehensively available as other public utilities and provided at reasonable cost. The hope should be that the number of networked public libraries in our country will cross the one lakh mark within a couple of years and then reach the level as speciﬁed in the IFLA recommendations by the year 2020. Both existing and new libraries should have infrastructure that is at least capable of access to electronic information over national and international networks and to access local information in multiple formats. The social entrepreneurs who are actively working on ICT may, with the appropriate incentives, undertake pilot projects to connect rural villages to the internet and to the established rural public libraries network.
Work for target groups; collections of special materials; specialized information services The public library has to serve as a cultural and educational centre for the community in which it is located. In a developing country like India, public libraries should have a vigorous extension programme in order to make information more usable to their clientele. Public libraries have to play a direct role in local development – it cannot stop at just the mere technical processing of literature, some further manipulation may be needed. Speciﬁc information required by the public is beyond the reach of ordinary reference services. Public libraries also have to play a crucial role in both controlling and facilitating access to a growing number of local and remote electronic information resources and . . . “in guiding users to ﬁnd the most reliable and relevant information for their needs, what has been called as the librarian as knowledge navigator” (Shourie, 2003). Librarians working in public libraries can help people “navigate” through information. For example, by creating pathﬁnders and/or offer training sessions on how to use e-mail, search engines, or do word processing. They can also help people to develop and use new resources and forums: for example, if individuals wish to be more actively involved in an electronic medium, such as creating a public forum on local issues, librarians can help to get access to both local and remote resources. Second generation software allows portal building within a web site budget, opening up the possibility for librarians of their developing e-groups for inter-communication at different levels, and a variety of community portals. Access to health information through public libraries The days of a passive one-way relationship between doctor and patient are gone with the advent of initiatives such as the UK National Electronic Library for Health (NeLH), which opens up a one stop gateway to quality assured and up-to-date health information on the internet. Katy Lancaster has written that “the public library also has an important role to play in the provision of health information. People see libraries as familiar and accessible and as a reliable source of information” (Lancaster, 2003). During a pilot project electronic health information services were set up in public libraries in Birmingham and Hampshire. Although a variety of problems and barriers to effective use of the NeLH in public libraries were identiﬁed in the period of investigation between December 2001 and May 2002 (such as the levels of information provided, visual appearance, search facilities, the need for staff assistance and staff training), the initiative remains a valuable example of what can be achieved. Another relevant UK National Health Service (NHS) initiative would include the use of “touch screen” information kiosks located in health centres and libraries (Nicholas et al., 2002). The recommendations that have come out of these pilot projects may be used by public libraries in India, who should try to implement similar initiatives of their own for the beneﬁt of health professionals as well as patients. Such health-information initiatives are particularly vital, given that India has the largest number of HIV cases in the world. As of now approximately 5 million people are affected with this disease, and the ﬁgure could accelerate further if urgent action is not taken. Realizing the seriousness of the problem, public libraries have to serve as powerful agencies for creating awareness and dissemination of relevant information among the people of the country. The public library can support HIV/AIDS education services and prevention-based AIDS program by working to a clearly deﬁned concept of what the community needs in terms of information provision in this ﬁeld.
The public library system in India 187
E-learning through public libraries In a country like India e-learning now has great relevance, especially for extending higher education into new, previously neglected areas of its people. A large percentage of the target population is beyond the reach of formal education channels due to a variety of inherent weaknesses in the teaching system, including the lack of traditional educational infrastructure in many areas. E-learning initiatives may beneﬁt rural folk who leave formal education channels either due to lack of locally available facilities or due to other economic commitments. Public library as knowledge centre/multi purpose community centre As mentioned earlier public libraries are considered as “the local gateways to knowledge”. The Indian federal government has recently granted permission to educational institutions to set up and run community radio stations. This low cost technology can really reach out to the common people who are still battling poverty and illiteracy. The federal government has decided to give community broadcasting licenses to “Well established educational institutions or organizations recognized by central government or the state government” (Noronha, 2003). It is essential that government should allow public libraries across the country to set up similar facilities. Similarly, a number of knowledge centers (KC) have been established in our country. KnowNet is a virtual network for recognizing, evaluating and sharing local knowledge. It has created some simple and easy to use online resources to enable communities and individuals to take full advantage of the ICT revolution. The KnowNet initiative is a virtual help point that acts as a two-way communication system for extracting and hosting information on the net with its entire range of activities being carried out through the help of remote volunteers. These centers differ from ordinary libraries not just by name but also by function. KCs are making full use of computing and communication technology and repositioning themselves as learning centers. Public libraries in India should assume a similar function, emulating their role as knowledge servers by interfacing people and knowledge, consolidating information and networking global knowledge. So far, public libraries have not yet involved themselves fully in the knowledge revolution in this way. E-governance through public libraries Internationally, there is growing awareness of the capacity for ICT to transform the relationship between the State and the citizen (Grimshaw, 2003; Stoker, 2000; Nath, 2001). There are speciﬁc examples of such e-government initiatives in India also, which have implications for public library services. For example, the State Government of Kerala has deployed a project called Akshaya – the country’s largest rural wireless network (using wireless VINE technology) run by the gram Panchayats and offering e-governance and utility services to citizens of the State. Each Akshaya centre caters to between 1,000 and 1,500 households. Such centres have potential to be established within public libraries. This project will allow citizens to use a service called “Friends”. This is a single window distribution point for 35 services such as electricity bill payment, tax bills and university fees, and use of VOIP for making long distance calls. Services like online rural banking, online technology resource centres, e-enabled education centers, call center-assisted health care and e-post are in hand (Pasha, 2004).
The PRAGATI project of Pravara village of Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra aims to connect a hundred villages covering a population of more than 2.5 lakh with a wireless MAN solution (WMAN). It will empower rural populations, especially women, and improve quality of life: “[This]. . .program will help the villages in establishing local IT centers, dissemination of Information regarding Government schemes, marketing of Agricultural products, health care, education, agro-processing, economic development” (Pasha, 2002). As with the Akshaya project, this initiative shows as how there is potential to establish such local centres within public libraries. Education and training for staff Training is crucial in opening up online services for people using public libraries. Staff working in public libraries must be encouraged to attend continuing education programs and skill enhancement to use ICT technologies to the fullest extent in delivering public library services. Public libraries must be under the control of a full time library professional and they should get allowances and service conditions comparable to their counterparts in academic, research and special libraries. What is needed most is a competent librarian who can organize services in a balanced manner for all sections of the community served by the library. Developing national consortia for licensing and procurement Inter-library cooperation and coordination of resource-sharing is facilitated in the network environment – it is obviously easier for libraries to form consortia and share electronic information resources over networks. In India, Engineering Libraries have established the INDEST consortium (Arora, 2001), which is centrally funded by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), of the Government of India. This model can be transferred to the public library system, with the RRRLF central funding agency acting as a national coordinating body on behalf of public libraries with the aim of developing partnerships among public libraries and forming a national consortium across India. Conclusion There is much optimism about the potential beneﬁcial impact on society of public policy in relation to IT and to public libraries (Evald, 1996; Fors and Moreno, 2002; Yilmaz, 2002). Public libraries are often talked about as the possible solution to information poverty as they are in a position to provide free access to the internet for their communities. We look to them to promote the use of convergence technologies which reduce the disparity in knowledge distribution between rich and poor, educated and uneducated, rural and urban, men and women. Public libraries in India do have the potential to use new information and communication technologies to create online facilities and services which will further transform our lives. Although information and communication technologies in India were ﬁrst made a part of rural development in the 1980s, rural public libraries remained largely forgotten in the dissemination of information to rural populations. Moreover, IT policy formulated since the year 2000 has shown little interest in the development of rural libraries. This scenario needs to change: we the information professionals need to come forward and study the present system of operation and ﬁnd a better solution to transform straightforward reading rooms into an
The public library system in India 189
information/knowledge centre where people, weighed down by illiteracy or limited education, ﬁnd value. Edwards (2001) has rightly pointed out that, “Providing access to information has traditionally been about buildings, based around institutions offering services to onsite users. Building tomorrow’s libraries will not simply be a matter of installing rows of computers with internet access: our users will increasingly expect to be able to access material from where they live and work. Providing access will increasingly be about developing electronic information services such as internet portals and acting as a broker between content providers and remote users”. This is the challenge for public libraries in India today.
Notes 1. The population of India was 1,027,015,247 according to census of the year 2001. 2. Lakh ¼ 10 to the ﬁfth power, i.e. 100,000. 3. As background to this statement, it should be noted that a Chennai-based company has developed a language software package called “Shakti” and launched it as a viable bilingual application. It offers word processing, spreadsheet, e-mail, database management, and web authoring tools with additional options to switch to Tamil or Hindi from English at the click of a mouse. The application works with existing keywords and transliterates the text typed in English. Available at the web site: www.chennaikavigal.com/products.htm (accessed 19 December 2004). 4. KnowNet, available at the web site: www.knownet.org (accessed 19 December 2004). References Arora, J. (2001), “Indian National digital library in Engineering Science and Technology (INDEST): a proposal for strategic cooperation for consortia-based access to electronic resources”, International Information and Library Review, Vol. 33, pp. 149-65. Bhattacharjee, R. (2002), “Public library services in India: systems and deﬁciencies”, Proceedings of the 68th IFLA International Congress and Council, Glasgow, 1-9 August 2002, available at: www.iﬂa.org/VII/s8/annual/cr02-in.htm (accessed 19 December 2004). Edwards, C. (2001), “Global knowledge: a challenge for librarians”, IFLA Journal, Vol. 27 No. 2, pp. 65-9. Evald, P. (1996), “Information technology in Danish public libraries”, Program, Vol. 30 No. 2, pp. 121-31. Fors, M. and Moreno, A. (2002), “The beneﬁts and obstacles of implementing ICTs: strategies for development from a bottom up approach”, Aslib Proceedings, Vol. 54 No. 3, pp. 198-206. Grimshaw, A. (2003), “Records, document and content management in local Government: a look at the some of the latest e-government initiatives”, Information Management & Technology, January-March, pp. 14-20 and 31. Kaul, H.K. (2002), “Knowledge centres: the key to self employment and poverty alleviation”, Delnet Newsletter, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 17-18. Lancaster, K. (2003), “Patient empowerment”, Library and Information Update, Vol. 2 No. 3, pp. 36-7. Miao, Q. (1998), “To be or not to be: public libraries and the global knowledge revolution, (conference paper)”, Proceedings of the 64th IFLA International Congress and Council, available at: www.iﬂa.org/IV/iﬂa64/082-78e.htm (accessed 17 December 2004).
Nath, V. (2001), “Empowerment and governance through information and communication technologies: women’s perspective”, International Information and Library Review, Vol. 33, pp. 317-39. Nicholas, D. et al. (2002), “An evaluation of the use of NHS touch-screen health kiosks: a national study”, Aslib Proceedings, Vol. 54 No. 6, pp. 372-83. Noronha, F. (2003), “Community radio: too many obstacles”, Economic and Political Weekly, 26 April, pp. 1628-30. Pasha, A. (2002), “Wireless MAN for rural development”, Network Magazine, September, pp. 42-5. Pasha, A. (2004), “Akshaya for rural India”, Network Magazine, March, pp. 49-51. Shourie, A. (2003), “Information society: go beyond declarations”, Indian Express, 15 December, p. 7. Stoker, D. (2000), “Social exclusion, joined-up government, public libraries and the internet”, Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 53-5, Editorial. UNESCO (2004), The UNESCO Public Library Manifesto, available at: www.unesco.org/ webworld/libraries/manifestos/libraman.html (accessed 17 December 2004). Williamson, K. et al. (2001), “The role of the internet for people with disabilities: issues of access and equity for public libraries”, Australian Library Journal, May, pp. 157-74. Yilmaz, B. (2002), “Social change, industrialization and public libraries: a theoretical approach”, Aslib Proceedings, Vol. 54 No. 5, pp. 326-34. Further reading Sharma, A. and Yurcik, W. (2000), “The emergence of rural digital libraries in India: the Gyandoot digital library”, Proceedings of the ASIS Annual Conference (ASIS 2000), Chicago, IL November, available at: www.asis.org/Bulletin/May-01/sharmayurcik.html (accessed 17 December 2004).
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Income Properties: Want Renters? Go Small!
When getting into income properties as a business, it pays to know what renters are looking for. Choose incorrectly and you could wind up with a property that sits empty for too long and costs you more money than it brings in. Keeping current on the big items on renters’ lists helps you choose an income property that is worth every penny. So what is the biggest thing renters are looking for in today’s market? Renters are all about… small!
If you haven’t noticed the explosion of the tiny home market, living small might be confusing at first. Innovations in design and space-saving construction have captured the imagination of people of all ages. Cable TV shows are springing up, blogs, commercials, social media groups and an entire culture is growing around the tiny living trend. And now, the trend is creeping into the apartment market with developers building more and more “micro-apartments”. Ranging from 300 to 400 sq. ft., micro-apartments first started in more crowded and expensive cities, but are catching on in smaller markets.
Micro-apartments are somewhat like a studio apartment the size of an average bedroom. These units usually rent for about the same price as larger studio or one bedroom apartments in their markets but trade off size for amenities and furnishing. Many micro-apartments come furnished and include multi-purpose appliances for small spaces, a bed that doubles as a couch, a single sink used for both bathroom and kitchen needs, flat screen TV, free internet, all utilities included with rent and some even include maid services. The community spaces offer places for residents to watch movies together and gather for social activities.
As a growing trend, micro-apartments and tiny homes are expected to continue gaining popularity. Forward-thinking renters don’t mind trading space for extra perks and paying the same rates as older, larger apartments in their market. Additionally, more renters are interested in environmentally-sustainable and responsible housing options that are more energy-efficient and produce a much smaller environmental footprint. Living small is the lifestyle of the future. Choosing an income property that is small on space but big on innovation, amenities and special perks puts you at the forefront of this in-demand market. Let the agents at Century 21 Broadhurst help you find your best income property.

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Fraud Friday – The Case of the Missing Cow Herd
July 19, 2013
By Bob Coleman
Editor, Coleman Report
Today’s fraudster comes from an unlikely fraud bucket – veterinarians.
Small business loans to veterinarians perform much better than other loans. In fact one SBA lender started their business by only making loans to this industry.
The Oklahoma vet received one year and a day in prison for taking loan funds earmarked for 70 head of cattle and covering a margin call.
Says the FBI, “Sturgeon is a large animal veterinarian who operates the Washita Veterinarian Clinic and lives in Cordell, Oklahoma. Sturgeon also bought and sold cattle as a manager partner of 20/20 Cattle and Consulting LLC and S&D Cattle LLC. According to an information filed on February 21, 2013, from December 2007 through December 2008, Sturgeon secured several loans based on a revolving line of credit extended by Bank of Cordell. Under the loan agreements, loan advances were to be used by Sturgeon for the purchase of cattle which served as collateral for the loan funds advanced. Proceeds from the sale of the cattle were to be used by Sturgeon to pay off the loans owed to Bank of Cordell. During this same time, Sturgeon had two commodities trading accounts with R.J. O’Brien (RJO), a commodities firm located in Chicago, Illinois, that he used to make trades in agricultural commodities.
“In 2008, RJO required Sturgeon to make certain deposits in his trading accounts to meet margin calls. During the plea hearing today, Surgeon admitted that on August 6, 2008, he represented to the Bank of Cordell that he needed a loan advance of $36,000 to purchase 70 head of cattle for the purpose of influencing the Bank of Cordell to advance him the loan. However, Sturgeon admitted that the loan was not used to purchase cattle and his statements were falsely made so he could fraudulently divert loan funds to make margin calls on the two RJO commodities accounts”
He was also ordered to pay $893,000 in restitution.

domain: economics


text:
Aspen Music Festival opera director Edward Berkeley dies
Saturday’s ‘Magic Flute’ dedicated to director, who died unexpectedly hours before the performance
Longtime Aspen Music Festival and School opera program director Edward Berkeley died unexpectedly Saturday.
The news was announced from the stage at the Benedict Music Tent on Saturday night moments before a performance of “The Magic Flute,” directed by Berkeley, was to begin. The show went on, dedicated to the director, who was in his 40th season on faculty at the festival.
“The entire cast, orchestra and AMFS artist-faculty and staff are channeling their emotion into the performance tonight that we are dedicating to him, and it is an emotional moment,” said Music Fest president and CEO Alan Fletcher.
Berkeley, 76, was found unresponsive by a colleague at home in Aspen late Saturday afternoon, according to the Aspen Police Department and the Pitkin County Coroner’s office, and was dead when medical personnel arrived.
The cause and manner of death will be determined by an autopsy, expected to be performed Monday.
Berkeley’s cast and orchestra learned backstage of his death about 15 minutes before they were to perform Saturday.
Fletcher, music director Robert Spano and board chair Michael Klein shared news of Berkeley’s passing on stage and led the audience in a moment of silence before beginning the performance in Berkeley’s honor.
“However strange it may seem on the surface, to have ‘The Magic Flute’ upon hearing this news is a testament to the joy he gave all of us and the ebullience of this music speaks to the ebullience he brought to his students and the genius he brought to Aspen every year,” Spano told the crowd. “We are all going to miss him terribly.”
Berkeley directed classics and championed new operas in Aspen, while mentoring generations of emerging singers each summer. An athletic stage director, he oversaw rehearsals in his signature shorts, high socks and sneakers and traveled almost exclusively by bicycle in Aspen.
Berkeley also was a longtime faculty member at The Juilliard School and prominent theater director in New York, where he was born. A founding artistic director of the Willow Cabin Theater Co., he directed the Tony-nominated revival of the play “Wilder, Wilder, Wilder” in 1993. Berkeley also taught Shakespeare at the Circle in the Square Theater School and Pace University and worked with the New York Philharmonic, Atlanta Symphony and Boston Youth Symphony Orchestra.
For most of his tenure here, Berkeley served as director of the Aspen Opera Theater Center. This season the program is in transition, rebranded as Aspen Opera Theater and VocalARTS under co-directors Renée Fleming and Patrick Summers, with Berkeley staying on board as stage director.
“This was Ed’s 40th summer with the festival, and his contributions to the institution and to the young singers he nurtured in the program are immeasurable,” Fletcher said. “We will be fully recognizing him in the days to come, and his presence here will truly be felt for all time.”
This year’s Jazz Aspen Snowmass’ winter schedule will include five weekends of JAS Café performances taking place at The Little Nell and Here House, along with two weekends of JAS After Dark concerts at Sterling Aspen.

domain: news


text:
Durbin: “In our Republic, politicians don’t choose our voters. The voters choose us.”
WASHINGTON – U.S. Senate Majority Whip Dick Durbin (D-IL), Chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee, today delivered his opening statement during the “Jim Crow 2021: The Latest Assault on the Right to Vote” hearing. Durbin highlighted America’s long history of voter suppression laws that states have passed to disenfranchise Americans of color. He also slammed Georgia’s new voting restrictions, which will make it harder for Georgians of color to vote, and criticized the provisions included in the new law that will reduce the number of drop boxes available to voters in the Atlanta area, restrict access to and implement strict voter ID requirements for absentee ballots, and make it a criminal offense to provide food or water to voters waiting in line to cast a ballot.
Durbin called on Congress to take steps to protect the right to vote, such as passing the John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act, and enshrining an affirmative right to vote in the United States Constitution.
“Since our nation’s founding, there has been an intractable conflict between champions of democracy and defenders of white supremacy.”
“Many of the most egregious voter suppression tactics were outlawed by civil rights legislation in the 1960s. But the insidious effort to suppress the rights of voters of color has evolved and continued—most recently through a scourge of voter suppression laws introduced in state capitols across America.”
“Just this year, more than 360 bills with restrictive voting provisions have been introduced in 47 states. These new pieces of legislation may not involve literacy tests, or counting the number of jelly beans in a jar, like the original Jim Crow. But make no mistake: they are a deliberate effort to suppress voters of color.”
“It wasn’t long ago that an American could be barred from voting for failing to guess the number of jelly beans in a jar. Now, they might be not be able to vote because they are stuck in a lengthy line on a hot day—and they can’t even receive a drink of water from a good Samaritan.”
“But President Trump’s own officials at the Department of Homeland Security declared that the 2020 election was the most secure election in American history. Some of my colleagues on this committee were on the same ballot as President Trump – and they’re willing to accept the results that showed their reelections as valid. So, if our elections are secure, these laws really aren’t about ‘integrity.’ What is the problem that lawmakers in Georgia are hoping to address with the new law? The problem is obvious: too many voters are showing up.”
“In our Republic, politicians don’t choose our voters. The voters choose us. We ought to enact legislation that makes it as easy as possible to vote, while ensuring our elections are safe and secure. There are a number of steps Congress can take to advance this goal – like the John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act, and enshrining an affirmative right to vote in the United States Constitution.”
“One of my heroes, and friends, our former colleague, John Lewis said, ‘The vote is precious. It is almost sacred. It is the most powerful non-violent tool in a democracy.’ Recent efforts to prevent Americans from participating in our democracy remind us of how much work remains to protect this precious, almost sacred right.”
Video of Durbin’s opening statement is available here.
Audio of Durbin’s opening statement is available here.
Footage of Durbin’s opening statement is available here for TV Stations.

domain: sociology


text:
STUFF I'M WATCHING BECAUSE I KNOW YOU'RE DYING TO FIND OUT.
I work hard through the wee hours, often even snacking for you, to discover new shows. 😄 Honestly, this month has been a bit dry with the exception of Great News on Netflix. It's a silly, terrifically entertaining show produced by Tina Fey. Do I need to go on? It's got that great actress from My Big Fat Greek Wedding - Andrea Martin. At its core, it's a mom-and-daughter show. It's been out for a couple of years, but I just stumbled upon it. Love this show!
I also just finished watching Halston. Wow. A legend whose name I knew and connected with fashion and the infamous Studio 54. The details of his life were fascinating, but a bit sad. Nevertheless, I enjoyed viewing it.

domain: artistic


text:
17 Shouts - 466,588 Scrobbles
Born James Fletcher Henderson December 18th, 1897, in Cuthbert, Georgia and died December 28th, 1952 due to a stroke. Fletcher Henderson was very important to early jazz as leader of the first great jazz big band, as an arranger and composer in the 1930s, and as a masterful talent scout. Between 1923-1939, quite an all-star cast of top young black jazz musicians passed through his orchestra, including trumpeters Louis Armstrong, Joe Smith, Tommy Ladnier, Rex Stewart, Bobby Stark...
User-contributed text is available under the Creative Commons By-SA License and may also be available under the GNU FDL.
Top SongsTotal plays on Last.fm over the last 6 months
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- Hotter Than 'Ell - (2:52) - 573 plays


If you are a shooter video game enthusiast, you must know Call of Duty. It is a first-person shooter video game created by Infinity. In the beginning, the background of the game is World War II, but then it is set in the modern toms. As you can see, there are many videos to show how to play this game. In case you also want to make one by yourself, here will show you how to record COD (Call of Duty) with recording tools.
- Part 1. Capture Call of Duty on PC [Hot]
- Part 2. Capture Video from COD with OBS
- Part 3. Capture Call of Duty Mobile
- Part 4. Record and Save COD Video on PS4
- Part 5. Capture Call of Duty on Xbox One
- FAQs about COD
Part 1. How to Record COD Gameplay - PC
To capture Call of Duty gameplay in high quality and without lag, you need to use a high-performance screen recording software - Joyoshare VidiKit - Screen Recorder. It specializes in recording all actions on desktop, such as gameplay, online tutorial, movie, live streaming video, online video chat, and so on. It can record Call of Duty, LOL, CSGO, WOW, and more other gameplays in full screen or partial screen.
Apart from that, this smart gameplay recorder can save the recordings to AVI, MP4, MKV, WebM, FLV, 4K video, HEVC, WMV, DV, MOV, OGV, etc. It allows you to embed watermark on the video, preset recording task, highlight cursor, and more. With the built-in media player, you can watch the recorded video on this program. Also, you can use it to trim the video and take a screenshot.
- Record gameplay in 1080p like Call of Duty with no lag and fps drop
- Grab voice from the system and the microphone together or separately
- Save recordings to a multitude of formats like MP4, AVI, MOV, etc.
- Capture screen with changeable recording area as you want
- Change codec, resolution, quality, channel, and more before the recording process
Step 1Launch Call of Duty recorder
Run Call of Duty on your Windows computer, open Joyoshare VidiKit, click Record - Screen Recorder and get ready for recording. Click the "Record video and audio" option to record Call of Duty. You can turn on or off the audio recorder by clicking the corresponding icon according to your requirements.
Step 2Confirm the further settings
There is a small gear icon at the lower-right corner. Click it to bring out the Options window. In this tab, you choose where to store the recordings, choose the target format and change shortcut keys. Setting a schedule to start and end the recording is available. You can choose to hide or show the cursor. This program also allows you to add a watermark to the video.
Step 3Adjust the capture area
After preference settings, please click the "Select Area" option under the "Capture Area" to adjust the recording area. You can drag the frame to change the capture size, input value, or choose a presetting ratio from the drop-down menu.
Step 4 Record COD gameplay and edit recording
At the last step, you can directly press the "REC" button to begin the recording process. This recorder will capture the screen smoothly after the 3-second countdown. If you record the gameplay on the selected screen, you will see a small toolbar for you to stop and save Call of duty clips to edit, which allows you to skim and trim the unwanted sections during the process. A window with recorded videos will pop up once you click the "Stop" button.
Part 2. How to Record Call of Duty on OBS
If you are interested in recording gameplay, you must hear OBS. It is a free screen recording program. You can use it to capture Call of Duty with or without sound. It can not only record screen, but also can help you edit video. This program will output recording in AVI format. It is a bit complex for beginners to use though it is free and combines the recording and the editing functions together. The following is a guide to show you how to capture COD with it.
- Step 1: Get Call of Duty and OBS running on PC;
- Step 2: The OBS interface is black and blank. Please look for the "Scenes" and "Sources" windows at the bottom. Click on the "+" option at the "Scenes" window to create a new scene. Then, to add "Audio Output Capture" and "Display Capture", you need to click on the "+" icon under the "Sources" window. If you want to record the voice from the microphone, you also need to add "Audio Input Capture";
- Step 3: Press the "Ctrl" button on the keyboard and move the mouse to adjust the capture area. If you do not change the size of the recording area, OBS will automatically capture Call of Duty in full screen;
- Step 4: Begin the recording by clicking on the "Start Recording" button. To finish the recording, click the "Stop Recording" button. After that, click the "File" option on the top left corner and choose "Show Recordings" to manage your files.
Part 3. Best Screen Recorder for Call of Duty Mobile
If you want to capture Call of Duty Mobile easily and swiftly, then you should choose, download and install a screen recorder for Android or iOS like AZ Screen Recorder in advance. Featured with a series of functions like capturing facecam, adding sticker and subtitle, customizing text and logo, etc. to help your record all activities on mobile, AZ Screen Recorder allows you to export gameplay recording without any hassle. Also, you can change resolution, bit rate, frame rate according to your requirements. One of the worst defects in this HD gameplay recorder is that there is no countdown timer.
- Step 1: Download and install this screen recorder on your mobile from its official website. To edit resolution and quality, you can press the gear icon.
- Step 2: Open and play Call of Duty. Press the red record button in the AZ overlay when you want to start the recording process.
- Step 3: To finish the gameplay recording, just push down from the top of the screen and tap the stop recording button.
Part 4. How to Record Call of Duty Gameplay on PS4
Playing Call of Duty gameplay on PS4 is also available. So, many users may want to know how to record it easily and quickly. Actually, it is very easy to record all gameplays on PS4. All you need to do is open and start COD and begin the recording progress by pressing the Share button twice. You can stop the process by tapping the same button twice again. You should note that PS4 captures video within 15 minutes. After the process, hit the square button on controller or select Save Video Clip to save your recorded video.
Part 5. How to Record Call of Duty Gameplay on Xbox One
Maybe you are a diehard fan of Xbox One and want to record gameplay on Xbox One to memorialize your best gaming moments and share them to social websites like YouTube, Vimeo and more. Besides recording, you can also take screenshots within few steps. After recording, Xbox One saves your recorded files automatically and allows you to edit them.
- Step 1: Open Call of Duty gameplay like Modern Warfare on Xbox One.
- Step 2: Tap the Xbox button to access the guide. Then, navigate to Capture & Share and select Start Recording. Now you can record Call of Duty gameplay video that lasts up to 10 minutes or 1 hour according to your need.
- Step 3: Open the guide and stop the recording by using X button.
Q1. How to log out of Call of Duty Mobile?
A: Make sure that you are at the lobby screen. In the top right of the screen, find and press the three-bar option. Then, go to Settings and select Legal and Privacy. In the right corner of this page, you can hit on the Log Out button to sign out your account.
Q2. How to turn on microphone on COD Mobile?
A: To turn on microphone on cod, enter a room and find microphone and speaker icons in the upper right after you see your character. Once you have turned on microphone, your friend can hear your voice.
Q3. What is the best Call of Duty gameplay?
A: According to the information from all Internet users and game websites, Modern Warfare, Warzone, Black Ops and Vanguard are the best Call of Duty gameplays.
Q4. Is Call of Duty World War 2 free?
A: Yes, World War 2 is absolutely free for you to download and play.
Q5. How can I play Call of Duty without downloading?
A: Getting the APK and OBB files through programs like Xender and Shareit is the only way for you to play Call of Duty gameplay without downloading.
In summary, here shows you how to record COD (Call of Duty) gameplay on PC, mobile, PS4 and Xbox One with many best gameplay recorders. All gameplay recorders mentioned above are good at capturing gameplay as well as other actions on the screen. Joyoshare VidiKit is simple to operate. It can output recordings in various formats so that you don't need to use a video converter to convert the video format after recording.


text:
The Bon Vivant Gourmets were invited to the private opening ceremony for Plano's newest Japanese restaurant - Wa Kubota. Upon arrival, guests were directed to a free flowing bar offering various sakes, beers, and international wines. In attendance were city leaders, prominent heads of businesses, and even the Consul-General from the Japanese Consulate in Houston!
The ceremonies began with presentations in Japanese about the long journey towards opening a restaurant in Plano (their first venture outside of Japan), how Japanese cuisine is a fundamental and integral aspect of Japanese culture, and then welcoming everyone to thoroughly enjoy themselves for the evening. The owners then each grabbed a mallet and banged open the drum shown above, revealing a vat of pure sake. They took the square cups, filled them with sake, and passed them around to the guests. With the other restaurants in Osaka, the food (Bon Vivant) capital of Japan, and Nagoya, this seemed only natural.
It was explained in the Japanese language welcome ceremony that all of the artifacts presented around the restaurant are original historical pieces worthy of a museum. Some pieces are also originals from famous operas or represent ancient traditions.
The ambiance combines traditional wood concepts with modern chic. All of the staff are Japanese adding to the authentic appeal.
We have traveled the world and found some absolutely amazing Japanese cuisine; often in places you'd least expect it (Hong Kong/Dubai/Houston/San Diego/Santa Fe). Each place that excels at the highest levels has the same understanding in common: use of only the highest quality fresh fish and a deep knowledge of the importance and proper presentation of rice. Wa Kubota is such a place.
Decadent by any standard, the Nigiri were very abundant in size and just waiting to try some had everyone trembling with anticipation! To make matters worse, the chefs behind the sushi counter were very busy rapidly making the second round in anticipation of crowds rushing the table like the front doors of a Walmart on black Friday! This of course is an imagined caricature and the line flowed steadily all night with chefs replenishing dishes as needed. It must be said, the service was absolutely impeccable! Wait staff wondered around asking to bring anything to anyone, chefs automatically brought platters to tables, and people mingled amongst various tables in a very sociable manner.
Each piece of Nigiri had a very luscious texture followed by a rich flavor: the Hamachi (Yellow Tail) was as rich and succulent as the Sake (Salmon) and one of our personal favorites. It had a graceful hint of sweetness followed by its elegant natural flavor. The Sake was plush and the flavor exploded in the mouth, the maki and uramaki (rolls) melted their flavors together almost causing one to close their eyes and softly hum! And then there was the Unagi (Freshwater Eel) gently topped with a hoisin sauce - one of the Bon Vivants is a particular aficionado of Unagi Dons and was most impressed with the Unagi Nigiri! Soft, warm, and rich, it possessed the natural sweetness of the eel and then was perfectly balanced with the rice and sauce. It should also be noted that the wasabi appeared to have been made from scratch using the root.
When guests arrived at their tables, they found platters of various Tempura already in place. Many items were of various meats and bacon wrapped asparagus (not shown), various vegetables (including lotus root, not shown), shrimps, and scallops. The tempura was perfectly battered with just a dusting of flakes and not a second longer than needed in the fryer. This gave a dry exterior with a natural, moist, pure interior for a perfectly balanced tempura!
Another aspect that separates the best from the rest (other than the quality of fresh fish and knowledge of rice) is an ability to innovate. Innovation is key. Wa Kubota presented guests with what we called "Uni cups." Each glass contained Uni (Sea Urchin - very rare and hard to acquire despite Santa Barbara being the world's foremost purveyor. Incidentally, most of Japan's Sea Urchin are sent to Japan from Santa Barbara!), Ikura (Salmon Roe), a poached egg, tomato, and an avant-gardist conceptualization of the south - Okra! Encased in a gelatin shell, it all worked beautifully!
Towards the end of the evening, a tray of small bowls came to our table. Inside each bowl were Soba noodles, a dash of house-made Wasabi, tempura onions, seaweed slices, scallions and a small amount of broth in the bottom. Absolutely amazing!
Dessert was innovative and imaginative! Presented inside a sake box, this version of strawberry shortcake was brilliant! Layered from the bottom: sponge cake, strawberry mousse, gelatin, fresh whipped cream, strawberries, mint, and a delicious strawberry macaroon! An absolutely perfect way to end a perfect evening! The Bon Vivant Gourmets will be regulars at Wa Kubota!

domain: food


text:
German blow hits the euro
EUROPE'S single currency crashed to its lowest against the dollar for six months after a key barometer of German business sentiment showed that confidence is crumbling.
The euro dropped as low as 86.64 US cents and 60.61p against sterling, levels not seen since last November. In the past month alone, the euro has shed more than three cents.
The trigger for today's slide was the latest Ifo German business climate index, which slid to 92.5 in April from 93.9 in March, its lowest since May 1999.
An Ifo economist, arguing that another cut in euro-zone interest rates was needed, said the survey showed the slowdown in Germany was continuing. Many experts fear the euro-zone's biggest economy may be on the brink of recession and the growing pessimism is hitting the euro.
Jane Foley, currency strategist at Barclays Capital, said: 'The platform of slowing growth, rising inflation and worries about European Central Bank credibility means the euro risks breaking down rather than climbing higher.' She expects it to be down to 82 cents in 12 months' time.
Meanwhile, US Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill said the rapid downswing in the US economy ended in early February and growth is now bouncing along at between 0.5% and 2%.
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text:
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domain: biology


m 777 a 2 ultra light howitzers
Can Samrat Prthviraj break all previous Box Office Records?
Who Is The Greatest T20 Player Ever?Â
'Venom: Let There Be Carnage' is all set to release in India this Dussehra!
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Rishi Kapoor gave a strong reply to Deepika for making fun of Ranbir


text:
I have been staring at my guitar for a while now and am realizing how much I take for granted the tension of this instrument. When the strings are in tune and someone with talent places their hands to the strings and frets, melodies that will make a person’s heart soar and cry can come forth from metal and wood. What I like to forget is that a piece of metal that runs the length of the neck of the guitar, unseen, is keeping the wood straight which with time and humidity can warp, causing the guitar to become impossible to play and horribly out of tune and the harmonic echoes nearly non-existent. I want beauty from this instrument but it requires a beautiful and very necessary tension, which includes the strings that must be drawn tight, which is exactly how my soul feels right now.
Drawn tight, it is a strange thing to say because a string loose over the sound hole of a guitar will not produce any sound worthy of being noted, it will be flat, it will not hold its own amongst the cacophony of noise…. it must be drawn tight. If music is the purpose of the guitar and the string, it must be pulled taut and sometimes it will be broken but the master luthier knows how to fix such things.
I came to a conclusion this November and it really wasn’t a pretty one, it came back to identity. I have always struggled with negative titles of myself and God has been good to rid me of them, however the negative titles of myself that I have idolized are not the only thing I have been bowing to. Even the positive titles detract from who I really am, identifying myself as anything less than the daughter of the King says the Cross is not enough.
Acknowledgement of my past and shelving it isn’t enough because it still owns a piece of my heart and my God loves me enough to cut away anything and everything that will keep me fully from Him. Which includes positive titles of myself and seasons of grief that I have allowed to rule and breathe fear into my very being.
Historically November has been a month of trials and loss and at some point my fear of what might happen began to rule to the point of me feeling as though I couldn’t breathe and I might possibly snap. Having walked a season of healing and letting go (mostly) it was as though God was asking me to not forget those I have lost in November but actually give them to him. If I truly believe that they are in heaven, then why do I idolize each November as though they must die again?
For none of us live to himself, and none of us die to himself. For if we live, we live to the Lord and if we die, we die to the Lord. So then whether we live or whether we die we are the Lords. For to this end Christ died and lived again, that he might be Lord both of the dead and the living.
He died once and rose, so that they in him could die once and rise again in him.
The grief of losing parts of me and their presence in my life will come at random times, I don’t know that you ever forget these things, but I also cannot place them on the mantle of my idol making heart. That place belongs alone to God and he is asking me to trust him with November. Meaning I am to trust, in him they are safe at home, I am to trust that my pressing into him means I am safe, something I am quick to forget.
God brought these people and circumstances, good and bad, into my life so that I might understand him in a capacity that I may not have been able to do without them. They were not placed in my life to become a focal point of my existence.
I have noticed that when we lose people or things of value in our lives we are handed a book with stages of grief and I think that some get stuck in the grief because the pain becomes familiar and safe. I know that, that was my truth. However rarely have I heard someone say it’s okay to miss them and move on. If I am to be constantly pressing in for comfort from God, than me standing in my grief does not really leave a whole lot of room for Him.
So the master Luthier does what he does best, he gets my attention. He lets a string snap and then replaces it, pulling it tight across the sound hole of the guitar, so that what is played next is a sweet, sweet sound in his ears.
It is the sound of what is sometimes uncomfortable but always necessary, the tension of the strings.


WEST ORANGE, NJ — Daniel Collins, of Orange, sat in a quiet moment of reflection before a flag-retirement ceremony held at West Orange fire headquarters on Valley Road on June 14. The flag that had been draped over the casket of his father Winfred Collins, a Korean War veteran was publicly displayed for the final time. Collins wanted to honor his father, who died in August 2006, by officially retiring the flag at the annual West Orange ceremony. The flag had become damaged following a storm and sat in a partially flooded basement before being discovered. Collins is a retired Newark police officer with 17 years of service and said that his father, Winfred Collins, rarely talked about his military service.
Glennon/Sayers VFW Post No. 376 Commander Kim Ameli, who was joined at the ceremony by several other VFW members, spoke briefly at the ceremony about the symbolism of the American flag. Ameli also paid homage to West Orange resident and U.S. Army veteran Pete Longo, who was not present, but is West Orange’s last surviving World War II veteran; Longo will turn 100 years old in November.
Winfred Collins’ flag was then ordered lowered from the flagpole by West Orange Fire Chief Anthony Vecchio, who hosted the ceremony. The flag was folded and given a proper salute by those in attendance as it was walked over to the firepit, where it would be officially retired, by Firefighter Anthony Loreto. Proper flag etiquette dictates that when a flag is worn out and no longer fit to serve as a symbol of the United States, it should be destroyed by burning in a dignified manner.
The West Orange ceremony is an annual event that is held on Flag Day at West Orange fire headquarters each June 14.
Photos Courtesy of Joseph Fagan


text:
SYRACUSE, N.Y. (WSYR-TV) — Those in Onondaga County can hit the books again at the local, public libraries. In Syracuse, the Downtown Central Library and all city branch libraries are expanding hours.
Doors will reopen from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday through Friday. And appointments are no longer required.
Check with your local library for hours and to see what COVID-19 precautions are in place.
|Onondaga Co. Libraries||https://www.onlib.org/|
|Finger Lakes Library System||https://www.flls.org/|
|Mid-York Library System||http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/libdev/libs/publibs/3my.htm|
|North Country Library System||https://web.ncls.org/|

domain: library


text:
KANSAS CITY, Mo. — The Kansas City Royals announced their 2022 team award winners Monday and Bobby Witt Jr. was named the Les Milgram Player of the Year as voted by the Kansas City Chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America.
Witt becomes the fourth rookie to be named the team's player of the year, joining Bob Hamelin (1994), David DeJesus (2004) and Mike Aviles (2008).
Bobby Witt Jr. already had serious expectations from Royals fans since he was drafted by the team No. 2 overall in 2019. After his first season in the majors, he is exceeding expectations.
Despite being the youngest player to ever make his MLB debut for the Royals, Witt Jr. led the team in most of the major categories, including in games played (150), runs (82), hits (150), doubles (31), triples (6), RBIs (80) and stolen bases (30). Witt's 20 home runs were only second behind Salvador Perez, who won the team's two previous player of the year awards.
Witt Jr. also became the fifth player in Royals history to record a 20 home run and 20 stolen bases season, joining Jeff Francoeur (2011), Carlos Beltrán (1999, 2001-03), Bo Jackson (1988-89) and Amos Otis (1978) to ever achieve that feat.
He was the fifth player in the last 49 years to collect at least 20 home runs and 30 steals in his age-22 season or younger, joining an impressive list of Ronald Acuna Jr. (2019), Mike Trout (2012-13), Álex Rodríguez (1998) and Barry Bonds (1987).
Witt's 80 RBIs were the most by an American League first-year player since Jose Abreu in 2014.
In addition to Witt achieving player of the year, Brady Singer was named Bruce Rice Pitcher of the Year and Perez was named the Joe Burke Special Achievement Award winner.


The European Guide on Quality Improvement in Comprehensive Cancer Control – CANCON is the second Joint Action launched by the European Commission to harmonise the way European Union Member States fight cancer.
Cancon aims to contribute in different ways to reducing the cancer burden in the EU. It will help decrease cancer mortality by
- Improving the quality of cancer care among member states;
- Improving the quality of life of cancer patients and survivors with proposals on survivorship;
- Ensuring reintegration and palliative care and a decrease in inequalities at various levels of the cancer control field.
These key elements will be combined with other relevant aspects of cancer control to create a European Guide on Quality Improvement in Comprehensive Cancer Control.
The Joint Action represents a common effort coordinated by the European Commission (DG SANCO) and several EU Member States to harmonise the way we fight cancer in Europe. CANCON succeeds the first Joint Action on cancer, called European Partnership Action Against Cancer – EPAAC. The new Joint Action aims to improve the overall cancer control through quality based cancer screening programmes; to enhance integration of cancer care, community based cancer care approaches; and to provide concerted efforts in all aspects of survivorship, including palliative care. These key elements will be at the core of CANCON.
Moreover, Member States (MS) will discuss key cancer control topics in a MS cooperation platform, aiming to produce position papers to be used by MS in shaping their national policies.
ECPC obtained a formal recognition as Collaborative Partner, therefore, we have been called to contribute into several Work Packages. CANCON constitutes a unique opportunity for ECPC to present the views of the European cancer community on comprehensive cancer and therefore, our participation in the various Work Packages is of key importance.
High level of engagement of internal and external communications to set cancer control on the European agenda and foster networking across different fields of science. A website will be used as key tool to disseminate the European Guide, activities of the JA and public documents prepared by other WPs
ECPC Representative: Francesco Florindi
It will deliver the final document of the European Guide on Quality Improvement in Comprehensive Cancer Control. It will ascertain the methodology for the preparation of the Guide, assure the content, its quality and coherence between the chapters.
ECPC Representative: Francesco De Lorenzo
- WP7-Community Level Cancer Control
Will examine aspects of community cancer care and its interactions with other dimensions in the course of comprehensive cancer care such as continuity of cancer care after discharge from initial treatment, reintegration and rehabilitation of survivors and management of their long-term follow up, early diagnosis.
ECPC Representative: Kathi Apostolidis
- WP8-Survivorship and Rehabilitation
Develop a European organizational framework with a list of recommendations for addressing survivorship and rehabilitation and proposed tools. All phases across the cancer care continuum will be taken into consideration as well as the patient’s status. Feasibility and acceptability by all member states will be sought.
ECPC Representative: Francesco de Lorenzo
- WP9-Cancer Screening
Create principles for organizing and evaluating population based cancer screening programmes as part of the national cancer control plan in each EU MS.
ECPC Representative: Pietro Presti
You can find more information on CANCON Website.


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Lady Chatterley’s Lover, by D. H. Lawrence, Read by Margaret Hilton, Recorded Books, LLC, 1988
Once cursed (or hailed) as the filthiest novel ever written, D. H. Lawrence’s last novel Lady Chatterley’s Lover is rather tepid by today’s standard. Oh, there are all the dirty words including the two biggies (“fuck” and “cunt”), but I really don’t actually believe that it is specific language that made the book so scandalous. Most likely the cause of the book’s bad reputation in its day was the rather open discussion of women enjoying sex, not procreative “this will give my husband an heir” sex, but the down and dirty, the riding a hot, throbbing cock inside you fucking.
And it’s not written condemning the woman for enjoying it either. Certainly she’s doing it as an infidelity; certainly she’s doing it with a sorta-kinda-not-really tacit approval of her husband; but Lawrence never tsk-tsks her for it. There is a kind of tradition as far back as Chaucer of wives indulging in affairs, but writhing underneath the sometimes comic, sometimes tragic tone of these stories, is a paternal moralism in which we are expected to condemn the wife and side with the husband. The flip side of this coin, errant husbands tomcatting about, never quite comes up for censure, unless the husband is particular flagrant about it or immensely promiscuous.
There were plenty of books available at the time and prior to it that were frankly sexual, books one bought privately or through mail order and which arrived in brown paper, books which if discovered could lead to prosecution for the owner and the printer, but nevertheless not the kind of books that caused societal upheaval. Just quiet trivial scandals providing little more than fodder for gossip. These previous pieces, particularly My Secret Life among them, generally published privately, were most commonly related as autobiographies of men and their sexual conquests. In the same goose and gander phenomenon as mentioned above, these men could get as busy with as many parlor maids, prostitutes, and other lower class women as their John Thomases could stuff, but upper class women were constrained (even as a taboo to break) from consorting with their social inferiors.
These two threads more than anything, I believe, were what fueled the rage against Lawrence’s novel. That the novel clearly had some literary merit, as testified by Lawrence’s vocation as man of letters, only made the offense even graver. Which is not to say that his career hadn’t been besmirched by charges of obscenity from the get-go. His third novel, Sons and Lovers, was declaimed as obscene too, a pattern which would follow with The Rainbow and Women in Love. Yet Chatterley is the one which created the greatest stir comparatively.
To be sure, none of those previous books contain the specific language on which formal charges were brought against Lawrence, but there is a decidedly curious thing to note upon reading the actual scenes from Chatterley. At nearly every instance of the use of the objectionable terms, they happen not in the midst of the act, but either preceding it or following it, and they are always used as dialogue terms, never as narrative ones. Chatterley and her lover, the gamekeeper, Oliver Mellors, have sex, then he lets loose with some comment such as: “That was what I wanted: a woman who WANTED me to fuck her.”
Further, the actual description of the act itself is almost always euphemistic, beautiful, but euphemistic nevertheless. Consider this description:
He too had bared the front part of his body and she felt his naked flesh against her as he came into her. For a moment he was still inside her, turgid there and quivering. Then as he began to move, in the sudden helpless orgasm, there awoke in her new strange thrills rippling inside her. Rippling, rippling, rippling, like a flapping overlapping of soft flames, soft as feathers, running to points of brilliance, exquisite, exquisite and melting her all molten inside. It was like bells rippling up and up to a culmination. She lay unconscious of the wild little cries she uttered at the last. But it was over too soon, too soon, and she could no longer force her own conclusion with her own activity. [emphasis mine]
He is always baring “the front of himself” and he is forever grabbing her and doing things like “short and sharp, he took her, short and sharp and finished, like an animal.” Things happen quickly and rapturously and vaguely, then afterwards, it’s all cunts and cocks and arses. But only to talk about and never in any real explicit fashion. Oddly enough, it is the same technique employed by modern hacks like Eric Jerome Dickey. Authors present themselves as hip and sexually open and brave and full of all the dirty words, then they flinch at the actual getting down.
This is both a kind of cowardice and a kind of literary self-preservation. One can approach the sacred mystery in all its funky, nasty thrusting and liquescence and descend into a kind of anatomical role call of parts and activities, or you can stop short, avert your gaze and focus on the transcendent sensations. The former group never truly escapes the tag of “pornographer” while the latter some day might get the call up to the acceptable literary big leagues. It has oft been a dream of mine to teach a college English Literature class focusing on the naughty boys and girls of letters whose names were slurred over in their day.
At any rate, Lawrence is both less and more than his reputation. Less in the sense that time marches ever over one’s laurels, trampling them in the mud, moving the acceptable goalposts until the hard fought inches you struggled for all your life turn up on every cable channel after dark for lurid, prurient interest. Less in the sense that whatever his reputation, his books are humorless, frequently racist, sexist, and all-in-all still stiff upper lip Britishly puritanical. Times change and all your naughty bits become acceptable and all your acceptable bits become naughty.
And then again, Lawrence is more than his reputation because he did move those goalposts. Because he did dare call a spade a spade and fucking fucking. And more again because it doesn’t just come down to scrawling four letter words no matter where they turn up in the manuscript, but because it expands our minds as to what corners of real life literature can shine a light on. Because he made the natural seem natural, and not shameful and dark and some kind of nasty thing, but ordinary and everyday and pleasant. Because even divorced from reproductive acts, Lawrence’s prose often soars on a kind of all-encompassing metaphor, life reduced and made simple, yet made translucent so all the shimmering glow of existence could shudder forth, breaking out of contrived molds and literary constraints. An enemy of the alienating effects of the modernistic, mechanistic mold society was making for itself, Lawrence posited the body in an age where it seemed less necessary and in a place that chose to pretend it didn’t exist.
For this, at least for this, he had the courage, and for this at least, we owe him remembrance.

domain: literature


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Las Vegas Fentanyl Deaths on the Rise
The opioid crisis has devastated the United States in the past 10 to 15 years. Massive waves of overdose deaths hit the country and continued to climb year over year. In recent years, there was a small, but hopeful decrease in fatalities.
The problem was evident long before the COVID-19 pandemic ever entered the nation. But then, the opioid epidemic was worsened by a pandemic of another kind. And unfortunately, the results have hit Clark County, Nevada. Las Vegas fentanyl deaths are increasing, and it’s a trend that concerns everybody.
Data from a mid-July article in the Las Vegas Review-Journal yields some alarming statistics. The number of Las Vegas Fentanyl overdoses nearly equaled the number of opioid fatalities in all of 2019 in just six months. Between January and July, there were 63 opioid-related deaths in Clark County. In 2019, the county saw 64 deaths total. That’s an alarming overall jump of 125 percent.
The Clark County coroner stated that he saw as many as five opioid overdoses in a single day. These deaths stretched staff at the coroner’s office beyond their working limits. This no doubt took a mental and emotional toll as well.
Why Fentanyl, Las Vegas?
The rise of fentanyl is proving to be a problem for Las Vegas and the greater Clark County area.
Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid used as an anesthetic and sometimes prescribed by doctors to treat severe pain, often for cancer patients at the end of their lives. It is 80 to 100 times more potent than non-synthetic opioids like heroin and morphine, making it all the more likely that users can overdose. For the average adult male, a lethal dose of heroin is 30 milligrams. For the same adult male, a deadly dose of fentanyl is three milligrams.
Unfortunately, it has become common practice for street dealers to mix fentanyl into batches of heroin, making it “super-potent.” While fentanyl multiplies the effects of the substances and gives the user the high they’re looking for, it also makes the drugs’ potency highly unpredictable.
Street drugs like non-prescription fentanyl are produced in illegal laboratories. This lack of oversight and medical regulations makes it nearly impossible to know how toxic the drugs truly are. Without knowing the amount of fentanyl they are consuming, users are incredibly vulnerable to overdose. Many are even at risk of death at the hands of cut street drugs.
The issue with fentanyl Las Vegas and Nevada experienced became so severe in 2020 that the entire state was placed on ‘red alert.’ This warning made Nevada one of 28 states at high risk of opioid-related overdoses and deaths.
There’s no question that fear, anxiety, doubt, uncertainty, and isolation are taking a heavy toll on residents of Clark County. The pandemic has ravaged the mental health of all US citizens. Emotionally overwhelmed individuals, those already struggling with addiction, and people trying to cope with chronic pain subsequently turn to street opioids. With that accessibility comes the danger of accidental fentanyl death.
If you are struggling to cope with addiction or substance abuse during the pandemic, you are not alone. Just know that there are resources that can help you begin your journey back to wellness. The first step is never easy, but it’s always worthwhile. Reach out to Landmark Recovery today, and let’s take that step together.
Choose Recovery Over Addiction
We're here 24/7 to help you get the care you need to live life on your terms, without drugs or alcohol. Talk to our recovery specialists today and learn about our integrated treatment programs.

domain: medical


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A NYC based rapper/producer/engineer/designer & CEO of 730 Products working with artists across the United States & Europe providing the underground a forefront for hip-hop & R & B's longevity.
Check out website for exclusive viewing of work on the grind.
Fazeonerok,the rapper.have done collabos with artists such as Cage,snyp life,brix,the faculty,j clash uma winner,darq uma winner,draft pickz pete powerz,big l,raekwon,dj whiteowl plus more.
Faze has produced beats for styles p,snyp lif,tragedy ,nature draft pickz pete powerz,weather men,coronerz,j forte,international gem.yonkers inmates,j-blend
Fazeonerok is also the creator and founder of the hip hop underground group the Coronerz.
Coronerz is a group of mcs from tri state ny area reaching all the way to cali.following the motto TOE TAG BODY BAGGIN DA BEATS.stayin true to the roots of hiphop music and culture
Fazeone the engineer has worked in numerous studios such as powerhouse,unionmusicstudio,phenomal,ifilmusic,chung king,courner stone, plus more
Fazeone the designer with exstensive commercial art train from s.v.a & f.i.t.using vision to bring u a hip hop feel in every day hustle,grind,video,clothes,sneakers,hats,suits plus


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Kenneth R. Berg founded QLF in 1977 in Dodgeville, WI. His son, Cory Berg, company president and CEO, has overseen continued growth of QLF’s market share through geographic market expansion, expanded product offering, improved technical and market services, improved distribution capability, an expanded sales force and formation of strategic supplier alliances.
QLF has grown from a primarily Midwestern marketer of liquid feed supplements to a full-line liquid feed and cooked low moisture block organization that serves the animal feeding industry nationwide. In addition, QLF manufactures and markets a premium line of products to enhance the appearance, palatability, and performance of specialized texurized feeds primarily for horses, calves and show animals. QLF also markets and distributes quality cane molasses directly to feed manufacturers.
Years ago liquid feeds were primarily used in feed mills to increase the palatability of grain mixes. A majority of our liquid feeds are delivered direct to larger dairy and beef producers to be incorporated into Total Mixed Rations. This also offers us the ability and flexibility to design liquid feed for each individual producer.
Today in addition to being a ration palatability enhancer, liquid feeds are used to deliver a wide variety of nutrients and additives to Dairy and Beef animals.
Through our research efforts, we continue to learn that sugar functions quite differently in the rumen of dairy and beef animals when compared to starch.
Louisiana is the largest sugar cane producing state in the US. Through a unique supply agreement with SUGAR, we buy over 85% of Louisiana’s molasses production. This gives us an advantage in manufacturing consistent high quality liquid feeds.


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Berliner matrix 01262. H.M.S. Pinafore : Selection / Original Lyric Trio
|H.M.S. Pinafore : Selection (Primary title)||Charosh|
|When I was a lad ; Now give three cheers (Medley contents)||Charosh|
|H.M.S. Pinafore. Selections (Uniform title)|
|Authors and Composers||Notes|
|Arthur Sullivan (composer)|
|W. S. Gilbert (librettist)|
|Composer information source: Charosh; ADP.|
|Personnel||Notes Hide Additional Titles|
|Original Lyric Trio (Vocal group)|
- Description: Mixed vocal trio
- Category: Vocal
- Language: English
- Master Size: 7-in.
|Source(s): PCDoc: Documents consulted by Paul Charosh: Raymond R. Wile, "Reconstructed listings for Berliner Gramophone Company, April-May 1900," The new Amberola graphic, no. 68, (April 1989), 7-11.|
|Take Date and Place||Take||Status||Label Name/Number||Format||Note Hide Additional Titles|
|4/27/1900 New York, New York, or Philadelphia, Pennsylvania||Unknown||Master||Berliner 01262||7-in.||Issue information source: PCDoc.|
Discography of American Historical Recordings, s.v. "Berliner matrix 01262. H.M.S. Pinafore : Selection / Original Lyric Trio," accessed August 7, 2020, https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/matrix/detail/2000149998/01262-H.M.S._Pinafore_Selection.
Berliner matrix 01262. H.M.S. Pinafore : Selection / Original Lyric Trio. (2020). In Discography of American Historical Recordings. Retrieved August 7, 2020, from https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/matrix/detail/2000149998/01262-H.M.S._Pinafore_Selection.
"Berliner matrix 01262. H.M.S. Pinafore : Selection / Original Lyric Trio." Discography of American Historical Recordings. UC Santa Barbara Library, 2020. Web. 7 August 2020.
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List of cases
Case 1: Jean-Yves Ciers, DT France
Case 2: Pasquale Lacasella, DT, and Dr Piero Venezia Italy
Case 3: Kyoko Kokubo, DT, and Dr Jiro Abe Japan
Case 4: Yves Gastard, DT, and Dr Xavier Ravalec France
Case 5: Christian Hannker, MDT, and Dr Sabine Hopmann Germany
Case 6: Dr Radhakrishnan Vasudevan India
Hygiene notes: Dr Frank Zimmerling Liechtenstein
SR Phonares速 II prefabricated teeth were used in all the cases shown. The denture base and the denture teeth were characterized with the laboratory composite SR Nexco速. 4
For a lasting smile Many patients wish to regain a carefree smile. In these cases, removable dentures offer innovative solutions. Irrespective of the starting situation, fully coordinated products help to produce esthetic and functional high-quality results. The ultimate goal is not only to restore the patientsâ€™ smile, but also their self-confidence.
Jean-Yves Ciers, DT SĂŠvrier, France
"Patients want precision restorations that are comfortable and esthetic at the same time. These requirements can be reconciled with today's prosthodontic materials. They achieve sturdy, longlasting and esthetic results."
Pasquale Lacasella, DT Bari, Italy
Dr Piero Venezia Bari, Italy
"The patient received full dentures in the upper and lower jaw. Due to the new SR Phonares II tooth range and the IvoBase system, the dentition was restored esthetically and functionally. Today, the young patient is able to lead a normal social life again."
Kyoko Kokubo, DT Tokyo, Japan
Dr Jiro Abe Tokyo, Japan
"Everyone wants to look great and maintain their natural good looks â€“ regardless of whether this applies to existing or artificial teeth. Good looks give us the energy, courage and self-confidence that we need in order to successfully engage with our social environment."
Yves Gastard, DT Pôle d‘Odontologie et de Chirurgie Buccale du CHU Rennes, France
Dr Xavier Ravalec Saint-Grégoire, France
"Excellent adjustment of the denture base to the oral mucous membrane and an outstanding occlusion enhance the esthetic outcome."
Christian Hannker, MDT Rastede, Germany
Dr Sabine Hopmann Lemfรถrde, Germany
"This patient is an excellent example of how attractive teeth and a style make-over can influence the personality of an individual. The natural charm of this patient is enhanced by the individually created dental restorations. The SR Phonares II teeth enable the endless variety of tooth shapes and positions to be reconstructed. Furthermore, the IvoBase system ensures optimized fit of the denture base, which contributes to the patient's chewing and speaking comfort. The patient is clearly satisfied with her new teeth."
Dr Radhakrishnan Vasudevan Chennai, India
"A 70-year-old patient whose dentures fit very poorly presented to our practice. She was most concerned about the unnatural appearance of the artificial teeth. Moreover she was dissatisfied with the functional aspects of the restorations. Due to the poor fit of the denture, very painful ulcers had formed. In order to satisfy her esthetic and functional requirements, we decided to provide her with BPS dentures featuring Phonares teeth."
Dr Frank Zimmerling Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein
Hygiene notes: "Healthy oral conditions constitute the basis for the longterm function and esthetics of teeth and dental restorations. Comprehensive oral health management including at-home oral health measures and professional care ensures a long-lasting outlook in terms of function and esthetics."
www.ivoclarvivadent.com Ivoclar Vivadent AG
Bendererstr. 2 | 9494 Schaan | Liechtenstein | Tel.: +423 235 35 35 | Fax: +423 235 33 60

domain: health