Evolving technology could make cleaning the air more profitable than fouling it, say Columbia University Earth Institute scientists and a University carbon markets expert.
Many environmental journalists don’t relish their seeming role as this century’s counterpart to the Old Testament prophets proclaiming “the end is nigh.” But after hurricane Sandy, increasing numbers of Americans appear to agree with the established scientific community that increased CO2 concentrations pose problems we need to deal with.
President Obama’s inaugural address remark that “We will respond to the threat of climate change” contrasts vividly with an America still seen throughout much of the industrialized world as analogous to the deer in the headlights: unwilling or unable to take adequate steps to avert a potential, and many would say likely, calamity.
The scientific community largely advises that while grave, the climate challenge is neither hopeless nor unsolvable. We can still prevent the worst of the projected impacts, they say, though time is of the essence. And it’s just that commodity — time — that many worry is increasingly in short supply given that global temperatures are rising and severe weather events increasing even faster than climatologists had previously predicted.
Research Actions to Match President Obama’s Words
As a world leader in science and innovation, yet one viewed by many as an obstructionist over the past decade at international conferences, the U.S. is still looked to for leadership and solutions on a challenge of such clearly global dimensions. By leading in areas such as carbon capture and sequestration, some reason, the U.S. still can measure up to President Obama’s insistence that “We cannot cede to other nations the technology that will power new jobs and new industries. We must claim its promise.”
I saw signs of America’s innovative prowess during a visit to Columbia University Earth Institute scientists Klaus Lackner and Allen Wright. The two are working on a new “carbon capture” project which involves literally sucking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
The two conduct their research in a room less than half the size of most high school chemistry labs, but teeming with vials, beakers, meters, gas canisters and other devices likely unfamiliar to those not steeped in their scientific research.
The Promise of a Carbon Capture Artificial Tree
One of the tables held an array of cream-colored plastic doodads that looked like miniature shag rugs, scrub brushes and cylindrical Christmas ornaments. A smiling Lackner handed over an object shaped like the tuft of needles at the end of a pine branch. But instead of needles, they were thin streamers impregnated with sodium carbonate which chemically “mops up” CO2 from the air.
|Artist’s conception of the Columbia researchers’ artificial trees. Photo credit: Stonehaven Productions Inc.|
In effect, it was a miniature prototype for an “artificial tree.” Real trees, as we learn in biology class, breathe in carbon dioxide and breathe out oxygen. The artificial tree developed by Lackner and Wright will also stand passively in the wind like a tree. But it will remove CO2 from the air faster and at far higher levels than natural photosynthesis can accomplish. The researchers envision creating “forests” of these carbon-capturing trees to remove carbon from the atmosphere. The CO2 can then be released by a gentle flow of water, either to be used industrially or sequestered underground.
These units, Lackner says, will be roughly the size and average production cost of a car, and collect about one ton a day of carbon from the air — the equivalent of the greenhouse gases produced by 36 automobiles in a day. Ten million of these artificial trees, he estimates, would sop up about 12 percent of the CO2 that humans add to the atmosphere each year.
Existing methods for scrubbing carbon dioxide emitted by stationary sources like power plant smokestacks remains expensive and little used, and purging emissions remains just one-half of the carbon “capture and sequestration” challenge. Power plants account for about 41 percent of global manmade carbon emissions, with much of the rest produced by mobile sources — primarily cars, trucks and airplanes. The “artificial tree” technology is one of the first able to remove vehicular carbon emissions from the air.
An Alternative to ‘Emergency Standby’ of Geoengineering
The Columbia researchers’ approach has little in common with controversial geoengineering schemes to cool the planet, such as injecting vast quantities of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere to deflect solar radiation, Lackner says. Geoengineering, he says, “actively interferes with the dynamics of a system which you do not understand. … It is an emergency standby which may get us through a rough decade or two, but it’s something that I’m hoping we won’t ever need to try.”
Carbon capture, by contrast, pretty much amounts to cleaning up after ourselves. “We are already putting carbon dioxide into the system,” Lackner argues. “All that I am really saying is take it back.”
|Columbia’s Lackner seeks options to geoengineering … ‘something that I’m hoping we won’t ever need to try.’|
To environmental activists concerned that even talk of technological fixes for global warming will discourage us from the hard work of actually cutting down on greenhouse gas emissions, Lackner insists it is indeed crucial to shift toward clean alternative energies. But we won’t get there overnight. Lackner cited the recent International Energy Agency report which says that by 2020 the U.S. will produce more petroleum than Saudi Arabia. In the face of this impending glut of cheap oil, he says, it is unrealistic to think that we won’t use at least some of it.
“Fossil fuels are not going to go away,” Lackner says. “When they criticize carbon capture, it is a bit like the fiscal cliff, they are basically saying we don’t want you to have a solution and we’d rather go over the cliff. They are telling me to fight the problem with one hand tied behind my back. … We really need all of the pieces. We will certainly need technologies to compensate for the fossil fuels that we are likely to use.”
Lackner credits his daughter, Claire, with inspiring his current line of research. As an eighth grader, Claire successfully used an aquarium pump and a solution of sodium hydroxide to take carbon dioxide out of the air. That won her first prize in the school’s science fair.
The principle is not new. Similar technologies have been used in the enclosed spaces of submarines and space shuttles to scrub the air of excess CO2. What is novel in Lackner and Wright’s approach is mainly their outsized ambition, and the knotty technological problems which implementing it globally would entail. They are, for instance, still trying to find a cost-effective way to further purify the CO2 after it comes off the plastic leaves, and to securely bury the gas underground or below the ocean floor.
Challenges Economic, Rather than Technical, in Nature?
Their biggest challenge, however, is not technical but economic: How to manufacture and market the artificial trees cheaply enough and in sufficient quantities to begin to make a real dent on carbon emissions. In order for this to happen, economic incentives for taking CO2 out of the atmosphere must equal or exceed incentives currently for putting it in through the combustion of fossil fuels.
Kilimanjaro Energy, a San Francisco-based startup founded by the Columbia team to exploit their new technology, is exploring an approach for selling units to greenhouse owners whose plant growth would be stimulated by higher levels of CO2. But even if this approach succeeds, the resulting greenhouse market would be relatively small.
For carbon capture to scale up to the point where it will be meaningful, Lackner says, governments will have to step in and create viable mechanisms for paying for it. He envisions a variant on the carbon-trading idea, with energy companies required to purchase a “certificate of sequestration” for every ton of fossil fuel they extract. The fees for those certificates would then pay for the equivalent in CO2 remediation. “If you pump it out of the ground,” Lackner says, “you will need to take it out of the air.”
The advantage of this approach is that green technologies like solar, wind, and carbon capture would compete on a level playing field to create carbon remediation at the lowest possible cost. The best methods would be insured a healthy profit that would fund further research and development to make them even cheaper and more efficient.
Optimism on Economics of Carbon Capture
But are there ways that can make carbon capture profitable without first needing prior government action?
|Economist Graciela Chichilnisky is optimistic carbon capture will be financially attractive.|
Graciela Chichilnisky thinks there is. The Columbia University economist is an original architect of the carbon market idea, a cornerstone of the international Kyoto Protocol, which became international law in 2005. Among the lead authors of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 Fourth Assessment, she works from brownstone offices of Global Thermostat, a company she helped set up with Peter Eisenberger, a physicist at Columbia who was a founder of the Earth Institute.
Chichilnisky is convinced that carbon capture has to be made into a money-making proposition in its own right, and optimistic too that can happen.
Captured CO2 can be sold, for instance, to industries for a variety of industrial and commercial uses — including, most spectacularly, reconversion into relatively clean-burning carbon-based fuels, either by feeding it to oil-extruding algae, or by combining it with the hydrogen from water by electrolysis to make methanol. Chichilnisky foresees a day when oil will be manufactured in gas stations rather than transported from well-to-refinery-to-consumer as it is now.
For now, synthesizing fuels from CO2 would be a “marginally profitable” enterprise, Chichilnisky says, but she predicts that further research and development will lead the way to lower costs and eventually make the approach fully competitive with geological extraction. Other uses like carbonating beverages, synthesizing industrial-grade formic acid, producing dry ice, and a process called enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in which carbon dioxide is pumped into old oil wells as a solvent to scour lingering hard-to-get oil from the ground, are already promising, Chichilnisky says.
EOR currently boosts U.S. oil output by 10 percent a year. Chichilnisky predicts that the EOR market will rise to more than $800 billion over the next decade, creating a hugely enhanced demand for captured CO2. The U.S. government estimates that state-of-the-art EOR with carbon dioxide could add 89 billion barrels of oil to the nation’s recoverable oil resources. That’s more than four times the country’s proven reserves.
With demand for CO2, even at present levels, far outstripping supply, and companies willing to pay $100 a ton to get a hold of it, the business prospects for carbon capture look bright.
Some companies have already begun investing in this emerging technology. The California-based Global Thermostat, for instance, has set up a demonstration carbon capture plant at the Stanford Research Institute in Menlo Park. The 30-foot-high honeycomb structure captures more than two tons of carbon a day from the surrounding air. The system requires relatively low levels of heat to release the captured CO2 from the sorbent, with which it chemically bonds. Chichilnisky sees real advantages to this approach, because it means the units can be located in places like power plants, aluminum smelters, and other industrial facilities that produce large amounts of residual process-heat.
A power plant equipped with a carbon capture unit could potentially become “carbon negative,” she says. That is to say, it could take out of the air more than twice the carbon it puts in using only the heat that the plant itself creates. Not only would it take the CO2 out of the flue gases in the plant’s smokestack, but it would remove the gas from the ambient air too.
“This reverses the paradigm that links fossil-fuel power production with carbon emissions,” Chichilnisky says. And because of the efficiencies of the process that uses waste energy, the cost of CO2 production could be as low as $10 to $20 a ton, she estimates. (Compare this to what big beverage manufacturers like Coca Cola and Pepsi currently pay — about $200 a ton for the fizzy gas.)
Another place where the carbon capture units might be a boon is on oilfields that employ EOR. Producing the needed CO2 in situ would eliminate the high cost of transporting the gas via pipelines.
Ramping Up … ‘Right Place at Right Time’
Professor Chichilnisky prophecies that this evolving technology is primed to “turn the world economy on its head,” making cleaning the air more profitable than fouling it.
The challenge now has to do with figuring out how to ramp up carbon capture to levels where it would begin to put a brake on human-created climate change.
“We will need to build thousands of such plants each one capturing millions of tons of CO2 per year,” Chichilnisky says. “We have to accelerate the technology because this is the moment of truth, possibly the moment-of-no-return if we don’t act now.”
While she sees market forces driving much of the growth of carbon capture, Chichilnisky says that the push must be “enhanced, facilitated, speeded up by the carbon market” in which industries are required to pay for their carbon emissions by funding equivalent efforts dedicated to remediation. The carrot of profits from innovative carbon capture technologies, together with the stick of penalties for fouling the air, will convince carbon emitters that they need to clean up their act.
How long will this take? Ten to 20 years minimum, says Chichilnisky. “Our solution is not going to be here tomorrow morning,” she says. “But we expect to succeed beautifully because the carbon market is spreading, and even before you apply the carbon market, our technology is profitable, and it works. … And all of the carbon capture technology that we are talking about is in the U.S. It is almost a contradiction, the U.S. politically is resistant to change, my God, there are people who don’t even believe in evolution. But the big scientists are here, and the most advanced innovation is here. We are in the right place at the right time and we just have to make it happen.”
Richard Schiffman is a freelance environmental journalist living in New York. This article is adapted, with permission, from the version originally published in Earth Island Journal.


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House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy (R-Calif.) tried to stop passage of the Inflation Reduction Act on Friday by using a rhetorical question made famous by former President Ronald Reagan.
In the process, he forgot the lawyer’s No. 1 rule: Never ask a question you don’t know the answer to.
In a speech on the House floor, McCarthy asked, “Is America better off today than they were two years ago?” which referenced a question Reagan asked during a 1980 presidential debate with then-President Jimmy Carter.
Although McCarthy’s question was strictly a rhetorical device that he probably assumed would agitate Democrats, he probably wouldn’t like the answers Twitter users gave to his inquiry.
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This article originally appeared on HuffPost and has been updated.
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Vectibix, a drug developed by Amgen that is expected to make significant gains in the market for colorectal cancer drugs, has won approval in the USA, its first market.
Vectibix (panitumumab) is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) inhibitor and will eventually compete with another drug in this class, Erbitux from ImClone Systems and Bristol Myers Squibb.
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Announcing the approval yesterday, Amgen was quick to throw down the gauntlet to its rival and said it would launch Vectibix at a 20% discount to Erbitux, roughly $8,000 per month.
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The FDA approved Vectibix on the basis of the results of a clinical trial of 463 metastatic colorectal cancer patients who had already undergone treatment with fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin and irinotecan-based chemotherapy.
The mean time to disease progression or death in patients receiving Vectibix was 96 days versus 60 days in patients receiving the best standard supportive care. In addition, 8% of the patients on Vectibix experienced a tumour shrinkage that in some cases exceeded 50% of the pre-treatment size.
Both study groups showed similar overall survival. As a condition of approval Amgen has committed to a post-marketing trial to show whether the drug improves patients’ survival in patients with fewer prior chemotherapies.
The company also said it would set up a financial assistance programme that would include a cap on out-of-pocket expenses for patients receiving the drug at 5% of their gross income, as well as treatment at no cost to qualifying uninsured patients.


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Hypopharyngeal gland acinus size is a robust measure of nurse honey bee nutrition. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for dissecting, staining, imaging, and measuring nurse bee hypopharyngeal gland acini.
The nurse hypopharyngeal glands produce the protein fraction of the worker and royal jelly that is fed to developing larvae and queens. These paired glands that are located in the head of the bee are highly sensitive to the quantity and quality of pollen and pollen substitutes that the nurse bee consumes. The glands get smaller when nurses are fed deficient diets and are large when they are fed complete diets. Because nurse hypopharyngeal gland size is a robust indicator of nurse nutrition, it is essential that those studying honey bee nutrition know how to measure these glands. Here, we provide detailed methods for dissecting, staining, imaging, and measuring nurse bee hypopharyngeal glands. We present comparisons of unstained and stained tissue and data that were used to study the impact of pollen on gland size. This method has been used to test how diet impacts hypopharyngeal gland size but has further use for understanding the role of these glands in hive health.
Honey bees are essential for agriculture because they pollinate a variety of crops that are consumed by humans and animals. Much attention has been paid to the decline of honey bee populations as colony losses hover around 30-40% each year in the United States1 and 10–15% in Europe2,3. Multiple factors, including reduced access to high quality forage, likely act together to negatively impact honey bee health. Monoculture, drought, unsustainable beekeeping practices, and other factors decrease the diversity and amount of natural pollens available to colonies4,5. Because honey bees derive almost all of their dietary proteins and lipids from pollen, reduced access to pollen can severely limit individual and colony health.
The hypopharyngeal glands are secretory structures located in the bee's head between the eyes and the brain6. Under normal circumstances, the developmental and functional trajectory of the glands mirror that of the bee they are located in. At approximately 5–10 days of age, the bee performs nursing behaviors in the hive. At this same time, the hypopharyngeal glands reach their peak size and secretory capacity, producing the major protein fraction of the brood food or jelly fed to developing larvae and other adults, such as the queen. At this peak size the glands resemble a bunch of grapes where each grape is a discrete lobe structure known as the acinus (plural: acini). As the worker bee ages and takes on different tasks in the hive, the hypopharyngeal glands shrink and take on different functions, like breaking down sugars in nectar7,8. The hypopharyngeal glands are therefore correlated with the age of the bee and their age-associated task.
Nurse hypopharyngeal gland size is sensitive to the quantity and quality of protein in their diet9,10,11. When nurse bees are well-nourished, their glands are large. Whereas, the glands are small when the bee is deprived of pollen, particularly in the first week of adult development. In order to determine the nutritional status of a nurse bee, researchers typically measure the hypopharyngeal glands, either by directly measuring gland acinus size11,12,13,14 or protein content15,16 or by measuring the protein content11 or fresh weight17 of the entire head where they are located. Each method has its own pros and cons. We prefer the resolution obtained from measuring the gland acini, though this method can be challenging in two major ways. The first challenge is to properly identify and dissect the gland. The second is obtaining an accurate measure of each acinus. Under a dissecting light microscope, the glands appear clear or milky white and the borders of the acini can be difficult to define. Having tools to better define the edge of the acini, and to increase the likelihood of obtaining accurate gland measurements is beneficial to anyone studying honey bee nutrition.
Here, we show interested researchers how to dissect, stain, image, and measure hypopharyngeal glands so that accurate measurements of acinus size can be achieved. The method we describe offers researchers an easy, accurate, and replicable method for achieving multiple gland measurements in a relatively short period of time once the experimenter is sufficiently practiced. One could confidently measure the glands of almost 10 individuals in just over an hour. We offer details on both the method and materials needed to obtain these measurements. The most important aspects of the methods outlined below are the proper dissection and staining of the glands. Although we capture the magnified images and measure the acini with commercial software, the methods we present can easily be adapted to other platforms18.
1. Dissecting and Staining the Hypopharyngeal Glands from Nurse Workers
- Make a wax dissection plate by melting cool setting wax into a small (60 mm x 15 mm) or large (100 mm x 15 mm) glass Petri dish. Cool the wax completely before using the plate for dissections.
- For each bee to be processed, prepare 20 µL of a 1:20 working Giemsa solution (1:20 v/v of prepared Giemsa stain in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS: 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 10 mM Na2HPO4, 1.8 mM KH2PO4)).
CAUTION: Giemsa stain contains methanol and is flammable. It is toxic if swallowed, inhaled, or if it comes in contact with skin. It should be disposed of according to the local institution’s requirements.
NOTE: Always make a fresh working solution just for the current batch of samples because Giemsa stain quickly degrades once it is diluted. Discard the diluted stain if a precipitate develops.
- Pipet 20 µL Giemsa stain into the wells of the microscope slides and 50–100 µL saline onto the slide adjacent to the well.
- Detach the head from a bee, using the 10 mm micro-spring scissors, and embed the head front side up into the wax dissection plate using forceps and a wax-carving pen. Pin the head down into the wax plate for additional stability by inserting pins in the eyes and one in the mouth.
- Using a sharp breakable razor blade fixed into a pin vise, make a small (~2–3 mm) incision between the eyes and mandibles on each side of the face plate. Gently run the micro scissors under the face plate and cut the antennal nerve that runs between the antennae and the brain.
- Using fine forceps, grab the face plate by the mouth, flip it up, and pin it to the wax plate with fine point forceps and a pin. If needed, remove the face plate completely.
- Pipet 20 µL PBS onto the cut open section of the head.
NOTE: The glands may float up at this point or one must search for them. The glands look like a string of pearls and are located on top of the brain if intact.
- Use super fine point forceps to gently remove one of the hypopharyngeal glands (the gland may break, requiring it to be removed in segments), and immediately transfer the gland to the Giemsa stain on the microscopy slide.
- Allow the gland to incubate in the Giemsa solution for 5 min, and then use forceps to transfer the gland to the pool of saline on the same slide. If needed, cut the gland into smaller pieces with the micro scissors.
NOTE: This helps to make the glands lie in a flatter plane, thus making it easier to obtain clear images of the gland acini.
2. Measuring the hypopharyngeal Gland Acini
- Turn on the microscope and open the measurement program. Turn on the light source for the microscope if it is not already on. Set the microscope magnification to 10X.
- Find the glands and focus the magnified image in the eyepiece, without the computer. Increase the magnification to 60–80X and focus the image in the eyepiece.
- Under the 'Acquire' tab, adjust and focus the glands on the live image on the computer.
- Type image name/sample description into the 'Image Name' box and click 'Acquire Image' to take an image of the glands for further measurements.
- Select the 'Analysis' tab. Select the 'Area tool' (highlighted in Supplemental Figure 1A) and unselect 'Value' under 'Display Labels', which will also unselect 'Unit'. Set all other settings to default (Supplemental Figure 1A).
Note: The software automatically calibrates the area measurements according to the level of magnification so that the area obtained from a lower magnification is the same as that obtained from a higher magnification.
- Measure each acinus by continuously clicking or continuously holding down the left mouse button while tracing the acinus perimeter as carefully as possible. Measure at least 10 acini per bee.
NOTE: More may be needed depending on the experiment (see the Discussion). It may require multiple images/sections of the gland to find enough clear, properly oriented acini for measurement.
- Once all of the acini from a single image have been measured, select 'Create Report'. Ensure that options are selected as shown in Supplemental Figure 1B and click 'Export'.
- Save the report as desired. If a file has already been created for the set of samples and additional measurements are being added, ensure that the report file is not open so that the new data are added to the existing file.
- When finished, turn off the microscope camera and light source. Wipe the liquid and glands off the microscopy slides and safely dispose of any used material. Rinse the slides with distilled water and wipe clean with ethanol (70% v/v in water) for reuse.
Hypopharyngeal glands were dissected from nurse workers and visualized with and without stain at 60–80X magnification (Figure 1). In unstained tissue, it is difficult to find proper contrast to fully focus and define the edges of the acini. In the stained tissue, the edges of the acini are sharp because of the improved contrast between the stained tissue and the white background.
Figure 1: Unstained (A, B) or stained (C, D) hypopharyngeal glands from nurse-aged workers. Note that while the glands are visible in both cases, the stained glands are more well-defined and therefore easier to measure. Also note that the somewhat curled and coiled morphology of the whole gland results in different focal planes. The gland can be sectioned to prevent this from occurring. Scale bars = 500 µm. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Honey bee workers were collected at ≤18 h after emergence and were assigned to two different dietary regimes: a diet of spring pollen naturally present in Tucson, Arizona, USA mixed with honey or just honey with no pollen. In order to restrict the bees to these diets while in the hive, push-in wire cages were used — as described in earlier studies13,14 — confining the bees at a density of approximately one bee per square centimeter. Each dietary treatment was repeated in three hives (N = 3). Bees exposed to either dietary regime were collected at 5 d and 8 d of age for analysis of their hypopharyngeal glands. Using the dissection, staining, and measuring methods outlined above, the hypopharyngeal gland acini of these bees were measured and compared (Figure 2). In each of the three hives, three bees were measured for each age x diet treatment combination. Ten acini were measured for each bee. The acini measurements were averaged for each bee to obtain an average acinus size per bee. These values were then averaged to obtain a value for the age x treatment combination for that hive. ANOVA analysis on the acinus measurements showed that diet (F1,8= 2.65, p = 0.001), age (F1,8 = 10.03, p = 0.013), and the interaction between diet x age (F1,8= 0.02, p = 0.020) had significant effects. We observed that the hypopharyngeal glands grew over time in the bees that were fed pollen, as determined by a Tukey's HSD. This pattern has been demonstrated previously9,11,19. The size of the gland acini did not differ between the 5 d and 8 days old bees when the bees were deprived of pollen.
Figure 2: Hypopharyngeal gland sizes of well-fed nurses and those deprived of pollen. Workers were fed a diet of pollen and honey (gray bars) or a diet of honey alone (white bars) for 5 or 8 d. During this time, bees were inside of the hive and caged over honey or honey and pollen. Their hypopharyngeal gland acini were measured as described above. Error bars represent standard error for the mean acinus size across the three colonies (N = 3) tested. Three bees were measured from each colony for each treatment age x diet treatment combination. Bars connected by an asterisk are significantly different from each other according to a Tukey's HSD (α = 0.05). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Bees can also be maintained in cages separate from the hive and fed defined diets. Honey bee workers were collected at ≤ 18 h after emergence and were assigned to acrylic glass cages (100 bees per cage) with one of four dietary regimes: a diet containing no pollen or a diet containing one of three bee-collected pollens: "almond" pollen from an almond orchard monoculture, "desert" pollen from the Sonoran Desert containing a mix of desert plants, or "SE" pollen from colonies located in the southeastern United States, as described in Corby-Harris et al.12. Sucrose (50% w/v), water, and pollen (where appropriate) were provided ad libitum. Five cages were constructed for each of the four dietary treatments, resulting in a total of 20 cages. At 8 d of age, the hypopharyngeal glands of ten bees were collected and measured. Ten acini were measured for each individual. The average acinus size was calculated for each bee and these values were used to obtain an average acinus size for each cage. We observed that hypopharyngeal gland size is sensitive to both the presence of pollen in the diet (pollen versus no pollen: t1 = 5.64, p <0.0001) and the type of pollen provided (almond vs. desert vs. SE pollen: F2,148 = 8.06, p = 0.0005; Figure 3). Bees fed desert or almond pollen had equivalent gland sizes. Bees fed SE pollen had glands that were smaller than bees fed almond or desert pollen.
Figure 3: Hypopharyngeal gland sizes of nurse-aged workers fed three different types of pollen or deprived of pollen. Nurse bees were placed in cages after emergence and were fed a diet consisting of sucrose alone (no pollen) or sucrose and one of three pollens (almond, desert, or SE pollen) until 8 d of age. Error bars represent standard error for the mean acinus size in bees sampled from five cages (N = 5). Ten bees were sampled and measured in each cage to obtain an average acinus size for the cage and to calculate the variation among cages. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Supplementary File 1: Screen shots of measurement software while measuring the gland acini (A) and creating the report (B). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Hypopharyngeal gland size is sensitive to the amount of protein and pollen in the diet and is a critical marker of nourishment in young adult bees. Here, we demonstrate an inexpensive and reproducible way to dissect and measure this tissue. These tissues can be difficult to dissect, but with practice, one can obtain increasingly cleaner dissections with the tissue relatively intact. The main advantage of the method presented here is that the tissue is stained, which enables the researcher to clearly visualize the borders of each gland acinus. Without a stain, the borders of these acini are difficult to visualize and focus under the microscope which lessens the researcher's ability to obtain an accurate acinus measurement. Despite the ease of staining and obtaining a clear image for the acini, several critical points should be considered in order to obtain accurate measurements; these are discussed below.
Large glands come from well-fed nurse bees that are approximately 7–10 days of age9,20. It is always easier, especially when learning to dissect these tissues, to first practice dissecting large glands before moving onto smaller glands as they can be small, fragile, and difficult to dissect. Fresh tissue also yields the best dissections. If one must freeze the bee for a period of time prior to the dissection, know that the longer that a bee is frozen, the more fragile the tissue becomes. This can make dissections problematic. With practice and sharp forceps, the researcher will eventually overcome these issues. We have not noticed a difference in staining between frozen and fresh tissue.
Fresh stain is necessary in order to obtain proper staining of the glands. Older stain can clump, leaving the stain unable to properly permeate the tissues. It is important that fresh stain be prepared in small batches, approximately every hour. This will ensure proper contrast between the tissue and the background under the microscope, which leads to sharp images with defined acinus edges. It is also helpful to work with a range of stain dilutions if the stain does not permeate the tissue properly. We found that a 1:20 fresh working stock of stain works best, but other dilutions can also work if one desires a darker or lighter stain.
We used a camera attached to the dissecting microscope and commercially available software to measure and record the acini data. The camera and software are somewhat costly and may therefore not be available to all labs. Although it is necessary to have a camera attached to the dissecting microscope in order to obtain the image and measure the acini there are several lower cost options, including free software18, that can be used.
Here, we show the basic steps for staining and measuring the hypopharyngeal gland acini, but stress that it up to the researcher to decide how many acini to measure, whether to measure acini on one or both glands, and whether to measure multiple areas of each gland. For example, in order to detect more subtle differences among experimental treatments, one might need to measure more than 10 acini per gland and more than 10 bees per treatment. We have not noticed any acini size differences based upon their locations on the gland. We have also not noticed any differences in sizes of acini that are located on the left or right glands. If the researcher suspects any size differences, multiple areas of the hypopharyngeal gland and perhaps both glands should be measured.
Researchers should be able to successfully obtain accurate measurements of hypopharyngeal gland size using the protocol described here for dissecting and staining gland tissue and measuring acini. With practice, these measurements can be obtained rather quickly, allowing the researcher to process multiple samples in one sitting. We expect that more researchers will employ the methods outlined here as they seek to further understand the factors that influence hypopharyngeal gland size, and how these glands relate to colony health and individual behavior.
The authors have nothing to disclose.
This work was supported by internal funds from the USDA-ARS (Project Number: 2022-21000-017-00-D). The ARS/USDA is an equal opportunity employer and provider.
|Cool setting wax||Grobet USA||21.450|
|Glass petri dish, small||VWR||89000-310|
|Glass petri dish, large||VWR||89000-314|
|Super Max Wax Pen||Eurotool||PEN-520.00|
|Breakable razor blades||Electron Microscopy Sciences||72004|
|2A-SA flat/rounded tip forceps||Rubis/BioQuip||4522|
|Fine point forceps||Rubis/BioQuip||4523|
|5A-SA super fine point forceps||Rubis/BioQuip||4525|
|10 mm micro spring scissors||BioQuip||4715|
|3 mm micro spring Vannas scissors||Roboz||RS-5610|
|Glass Depression Slides, Single Cavity||GSC International||4-13057-DZ-12|
|Giemsa stain, modified solution||Sigma Aldrich||32884|
|Insect pins||ENTO SPHINX S.R.O.||02.02|
|Leica Applications Suite measurement software||Leica Microsystems||any measurement software, including free software, can be used|
- Kulhanek, K., et al. A national survey of managed honey bee 2015-2016 annual colony losses in the USA. Journal of Apicultural Research. 56, (4), 328-340 (2017).
- Jacques, A., et al. A pan-European epidemiological study reveals honey bee colony survival depends on beekeeper education and disease control. PLoS One. 12, (3), e0172591 (2017).
- Zee, R. vd, et al. Results of international standardised beekeeper surveys of colony losses for winter 2012-2013: analysis of winter loss rates and mixed effects modelling of risk factors for winter loss. Journal of Apicultural Research. 53, (1), 19-34 (2014).
- Decourtye, A., Mader, E., Desneux, N. Landscape enhancement of floral resources for honey bees in agro-ecosystems. Apidologie. 41, (3), 264-277 (2010).
- Vaudo, A. D., Tooker, J. F., Grozinger, C. M., Patch, H. M. Bee nutrition and floral resource restoration. Current Opinion in Insect Science. 10, 133-141 (2015).
- Snodgrass, R. E. Anatomy of the Honey Bee. Comstock Pub. Associates. (1984).
- Winston, M. L. The Biology of the Honey Bee. Harvard University Press. (1987).
- Johnson, B. R. Division of labor in honeybees: form, function, and proximate mechanisms. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 64, (3), 305-316 (2010).
- Crailsheim, K., Stolberg, E. Influence of diet, age and colony condition upon intestinal proteolytic activity and size of the hypopharyngeal glands in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L). Journal of Insect Physiology. 35, (8), 595-602 (1989).
- Pernal, S. F., Currie, R. W. Pollen quality of fresh and 1-year-old single pollen diets for worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L). Apidologie. 31, (3), 387-409 (2000).
- DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., Chen, Y., Huang, E., Huang, M. H. The effect of diet on protein concentration, hypopharyngeal gland development and virus load in worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L). Journal of Insect Physiology. 56, (9), 1184-1191 (2010).
- Corby-Harris, V., Snyder, L., Meador, C., Ayotte, T. Honey bee (Apis mellifera) nurses do not consume pollens based on their nutritional quality. PLoS One. 13, (1), e0191050 (2018).
- Corby-Harris, V., et al. Transcriptional, translational, and physiological signatures of undernourished honey bees (Apis mellifera) suggest a role for hormonal factors in hypopharyngeal gland degradation. Journal of Insect Physiology. 85, 65-75 (2016).
- Corby-Harris, V., Jones, B. M., Walton, A., Schwan, M. R., Anderson, K. E. Transcriptional markers of sub-optimal nutrition in developing Apis mellifera nurse workers. BMC Genomics. 15, 134 (2014).
- Sagili, R. R., Pankiw, T., Zhu-Salzman, K. Effects of soybean trypsin inhibitor on hypopharyngeal gland protein content, total midgut protease activity and survival of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L). Journal of Insect Physiology. 51, (9), 953-957 (2005).
- Sagili, R. R., Pankiw, T. Effects of protein-constrained brood food on honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) pollen foraging and colony growth. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 61, (9), 1471-1478 (2007).
- Hrassnigg, N., Crailsheim, K. Adaptation of hypopharyngeal gland development to the brood status of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. Journal of Insect Physiology. 44, (10), 929-939 (1998).
- Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., Eliceiri, K. W. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nature Methods. 9, 671 (2012).
- Jack, C. J., Uppala, S. S., Lucas, H. M., Sagili, R. R. Effects of pollen dilution on infection of Nosema ceranae in honey bees. Journal of Insect Physiology. 87, 12-19 (2016).
- Crailsheim, K. The protein balance of the honey bee worker. Apidologie. 21, 417-429 (1990).

domain: biology


||COVID-19 Service Change: Carpooling program has been suspended until further notice.
||Carpooling program for drivers and riders in Southwestern Ontario * share rides to work, school, and events with registered participants * online registry matches carpoolers by location and destination * registered participants choose to accept or reject invitations to rideshare
||Irregular hours * available by pre-arrangement
||Huron County ; Lambton County ; London ; Middlesex County ; Perth County ; St Marys ; St Thomas ; Stratford
||London and Middlesex, Huron, Lambton, and Perth Counties, St Marys, St Thomas, and Stratford
||Register on website * participating employers, educational institutions, and organizations have a separate registration area (see list on website)
||cost sharing arrangements to be made by carpoolers
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text:
∆ I am a girl ∆ ∆ I am not that straight∆∆ my top two favorite manga/anime are Fairy Tail, and Bnha∆∆ I'm a lazy bum with straight A's∆Backup: @pxssybrunch Hope you enjoy my content! ❣Petitions for change!↓
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y'all wattpad wants me to fucking quit :') it keeps deleting my chapter :'((( im trying but this is not helping me :')))
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domain: hobby


text:
A fine art auctioneer mixed up with a gang joins forces with a hypnotherapist to recover a lost painting. As boundaries between desire, reality and hypnotic suggestion begin to blur the stakes rise faster than anyone could have anticipated.Written by
Michael Fassbender was originally casted to counter James McAvoy. McAvoy and Fassbender play Magneto and Professor X in the X-Men films. Fassbender also played and starred in Frank (2014), who made a brief appearance in McAvoy's film Filth (2013). See more »
At the auction they call the painter Francesco de Goya. His name was Francisco de Goya. See more »
[auctioneer is barking prices]
There is a painting, it's by Rembrandt. 'Storm On The Sea Of Galilee', it's called, and he's in it. Old Rembrandt, he's in the painting. He's in there, right in the middle of the storm, looking straight at you. But... you can't see him. And the reason you can't see him is because the painting has been stolen.
See more »
After the closing credits have rolled, the audience hears the familiar five taps on the glass window that was an iconic audible signature throughout the film. See more »
From directing Bollywood, Sci-fi and Zombie flicks, to action thrillers to the London 2012 Olympics, Danny Boyle is the most versatile director in the industry. Currently at the top of his game, Boyle directed Trance parallel to the Olympics on the same shooting schedule in the same weeks (literally!). In interviews he said relative to the Olympics that Trance is the 'dark cousin of the Olympics'. Boyle brings us a character-based, twisty thriller, just like the ones from the 1990's that launched his career.
Trance is introduced with a Scorsese sprint-heist, where Simon (James McAvoy) is an inside man on stealing a £27,000,000 Goya painting from his job at an auction. When Simon double crosses his partner Franck (Vincent Cassell) he suffers a strike to the head, leaving him with amnesia. In order to find out where he hide the painting he must take hypnosis sessions to revive his memory. But as lines blur and hypnotic suggestion takes over, the situation gets darkly complex.
Keeping you indulged for its entire one-hundred and seventeen minutes running time the film is imperatively based on narrative. Forget CGI and the rest. To make a good film use the three things that Hitchcock says is essential in film-making, 'the script, the script and the script'. Boyle does this wondrously.
While Boyle assembled his old gang behind the camera, in front of it, they're all new faces for the film-maker, and they all rise to the occasion. Vincent Cassel at first seems to have the least interesting part of the film. The same sort of character he has played in the Ocean movies. Meanwhile other cast members such as James McAvoy and Rosie Dawson give the best performances of their careers. McAvoy in fact has never been so good. Appearing in two films on this months release (also Welcome To The Punch). He breaks his character type and shows his malevolence.
The film is a trippy heist thriller. Think Fight Club, Inception, Memento and The Sixth Sense and the style of story and endings. Trance is no exception. Even as we left the cinema other audience members where throwing around the Nolan word. But this film does seem like it has earnt the comparison. Compiled with complex script flips and twists the film is all solved in the final act, much like Nolan's films.
Having earnt its deserved rating of 15 the violence and excessive swearing are throughout. And all of the three of the main cast are seen at one point of the film both naked and abused. Interesting, eh? This is one film that should not be missed. Released tomorrow (March 26th 2013) this film is highly recommended.
Read this review and many more at our website - Gone With The Movies

domain: entertainment


On Nov. 5 and 12, 2022, Peace Lutheran Church of Grass Valley will host two 2-hour seminars discussing the revolutionary James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
Upon their unveiling on July 12, 2022, NASA announced, “ ‘Today, we present humanity with a groundbreaking new view of the cosmos from the James Webb Space Telescope – a view the world has never seen before,’ said NASA Administrator Bill Nelson. ‘These images, including the deepest infrared view of our universe that has ever been taken, show us how Webb will help to uncover the answers to questions we don’t even yet know to ask; questions that will help us better understand our universe and humanity’s place within it.’ ” (https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-reveals-webb-telescope-s-first-images-of-unseen-universe)
The seminar material will be presented by Sterling Bailey, physics professor at Sierra College; David Dunn, astronomy professor at Sierra College; and retired pastor and amateur astronomer David Mullen. The presentations will describe what the JWST is and its novel location in space, its unique observation capabilities, and how they enable the collection of never-before-seen images of our universe. Many of these recent images will be displayed on our large projection screen.
The questions we will consider include: what are the basic physics that allow observations of events that occurred millions to billions of years ago as well as recent events; and how do these new data impact our concept of the creation of the universe, our view of the human place in the universe and our theology.
The seminars are free and sponsored by the Contemporary Issues Study Group at Peace Lutheran Church. They will begin at 10:00 am on November 5 and 12 at Peace, which is located at 828 W. Main Street in Grass Valley.
For more information see www.PeaceLutheranGV.org or contact the Peace Lutheran Church Office at (530) 273-9631.
Media Contact: Carrie McDowall, (916) 761-9202 or email@example.com


Samsung Galaxy A20s, a new Samsung A series smartphone has been certified online and will be launched soon. It was spotted on the Bluetooth SIG website recently. The device has got certification from the WiFi alliance. Therefore we expect it to be introduced to the market very soon.
Samsung Galaxy A20s
This particular device is a variant of the Galaxy A20 which was announced officially earlier this year. Recently the A20s device has been spotted with four different models on the Wi-Fi certification website. This device was listed with variant model numbers- SM-A207F, SMA207M/DS, SM-A207M and SM-A2070. Furthermore, ‘DS’ model adds up dual-SIM support on the device.
The smartphone will run on Android Pie Operating system and will likely support a single-band 2.4GHz Wi-Fi network. The SM-A207F/DS model was also listed on the Bluetooth SIG website. Therefore, the company will most likely to come up with multiple variants of the device. We can hope that at least two of them will offer dual-SIM support.
The device will have a budget-friendly price just like the previous ones. Samsung has not made any official announcement regarding the launch of the new Galaxy A20s. But looking at the circumstances, we can hope that the device will be introduced to the market in the second half of 2019.
The Samsung Galaxy A20s comes with a 6.4-inch Super AMOLED Infinity-V display with a 720 X 1560 pixels resolution. It also includes a 13 MP and 5 MP dual camera module with a depth sensor. The device features an 8MP snapper for selfies and video chats.
The waterdrop notch screen gives it a magnificent look. The Galaxy A20s runs on an Exynos 7884 chipset clubbed with 3GB RAM and 32GB storage space and is expandable to up to 512GB. It also includes an Android Pie OS layered with One UI interface. The device has a 4000 mAh battery that supports 15W fast charging.
Limited information is available on the Galaxy A20s because the devices are still not officially announced. The smartphone will most likely have similar features as the Galaxy A20, e.g., a dual-camera setup, a big battery, a high-resolution FHD+ display, etc. We hope that it will also be pocket-friendly like the previous ones. We just have to wait and see until its officially announced.


text:
[A view of Carlingford Harbour, & c. from the new road to Hillsborough behind Rosstrevor].
|Main Creator:||Vivares, Thomas, engraver.|
|Format:||PRINTS & DRAWINGS|
|Published / Created:||
Proof before letters
Six engraved views of Carlingford and its vicinity were published by Jonathan Fisher in 1772, from drawings by him and engraved by various artists. See also 337 TC, 352 TC, 353 TC, 364 TC and 1459 TC.
Physical description: 1 print : engraving ; image 34.5 x 50.2 cm, plate mark 40.5 x 53 cm, on sheet 41.9 x 54.7 cm.
Citations/References: Elmes, R.M. Irish topographical prints p. 16
Attributed to Thomas Vivares after an orignal drawing by Jonathan Fisher
|Call Number||View in||Collection|
|ET 338 TC||
|Prints & Drawings|
Reproduction rights owned by National Library of Ireland.

domain: artistic


text:
Tomás Q. Morín
Tomás Q. Morín is the author of the memoir Let Me Count the Ways, his most recent work, and the poetry collection Machete. He is coeditor of the anthology Coming Close: Forty Essays on Philip Levine and translator of The Heights of Macchu Picchu by Pablo Neruda. He is the recipient of fellowships from the the Guggenheim Foundation, National Endowment for the Arts, and the Civitella Ranieri Foundation. He teaches at Rice University and Vermont College of Fine Arts.

domain: literature


text:
International Gender Champions
Project led by :
International Gender Champions, Women@thetable
The project is a leadership network of female and male decision makers from civil society, international organizations and member states committed to achieve gender equality in their activities.
In the coming year, IGC would like to be introduced at the highest level and become more involved in key international events, for example through an implication of the project in advisory groups on gender equality issues. IGC also wishes to increase its visibility, and to develop the communication around the project in Europe. The Scale-up Committee helps by providing strategic advice in the areas of communication and human resources. Tailored support is also provided regarding advocacy and political lobbying.
• 14 May 2019: Some 50 organizations worldwide signed the Declaration for Gender Responsive Standards and Standards Development and pledged to create and implement gender action plans. The Declaration constitutes the result of the Gender Responsive Standards Initiative with which International Gender Champions has been associated.

domain: sociology


THIBODAUX (AP) — A state judge has ruled that 30-year-old Jeremiah Wright cannot understand the first-degree murder charge against him or help his defense.
Judge John LeBlanc based his ruling Tuesday on reports from two court-appointed psychiatrists. He then put both reports under seal.
District Attorney Camille Morvant did not object. Neither he nor defense attorney Kerry Cuccia (KOO-chuh) submitted any evidence or asked to question either psychiatrist.
Wright is accused of beheading his 7-year-old disabled son, Jori Lirette on Aug. 14. The child’s mother, 27-year-old Jesslyn Lirette wept quietly, sniffling after the ruling was announced.
Wright will now go to a state mental hospital for treatment.
Family members did not comment either on their way into or out of the courthouse.
Copyright 2011 The Associated Press


text:
This black grille insert from Omix-ADA fits 97-01 Jeep Cherokee XJ with the Country package.
Grille Insert, Black; 97-01 Jeep Cherokee XJ
Grille inserts are a great way to dress up the front of your Jeep. These grille inserts snap right into place using factory hardware and add great styling and a unique appearance to bring the look of any Jeep to a new level. These plastic black grille inserts easily install without drilling or tools; just click them in and go.

domain: design


text:
Camping and e-biking go hand in hand, offering outdoor enthusiasts an exciting way to explore the wilderness with a little extra boost. However, ensuring that your e-bike remains charged during your camping trip can be a concern, especially if you’re far from electrical outlets. In this guide, we’ll walk you through the methods and techniques for charging your e-bike while camping, enabling you to enjoy the great outdoors without worrying about running out of battery power.
- Portable Solar Panels
One of the most eco-friendly ways to charge your e-bike while camping is by using portable solar panels. These compact panels can be easily set up at your campsite to harness solar energy. You’ll need a solar panel with a charge controller to convert the sun’s energy into a charge suitable for your e-bike’s battery. Simply connect your e-bike’s charger to the solar panel, and let nature do the work.
- Power Stations and Generators
If you’re camping in a location with restricted access to sunlight, you can rely on power stations or portable generators. These devices come in various sizes and capacities, providing you with a stable source of power. Just plug your e-bike charger into the power station or generator, and you’re good to go. Keep in mind that generators can be noisy and produce emissions, so they may not be the best choice for environmentally sensitive areas.
- Car Charging
Many e-bike batteries can be charged through a standard 12V car outlet. If you’re camping with a vehicle, you can use your car’s battery to charge your e-bike while parked. Make sure to carry an appropriate adapter or cord to connect your e-bike charger to your car’s outlet.
- Battery Packs
Battery packs or power banks can be a lifesaver when it comes to e-bike charging in remote locations. Some e-bike manufacturers offer portable battery packs that are compatible with their bikes. These packs can be charged at home or with a generator and then used to recharge your e-bike’s battery during your camping trip. Alternatively, you can purchase a universal power bank with the appropriate voltage and connectors for your e-bike.
- E-Bike Charging Stations
While rare, some campgrounds and RV parks have recognized the growing popularity of e-bikes and offer charging stations specifically for e-bike batteries. Research and plan your camping trip to include stops at such locations to ensure you have access to a reliable charging source. Additionally, check if there are any campgrounds that offer e-bike charging services in the area you plan to visit.
- Spare Batteries
Having a spare e-bike battery on hand is a convenient way to ensure you never run out of power. If you have access to a power source or a generator, you can recharge your spare battery while using the other one. This way, you can quickly swap out depleted batteries for fully charged ones and continue your e-bike adventures without any downtime.
- Regenerative Braking
Some e-bikes are equipped with regenerative braking systems that convert kinetic energy into electrical energy. While this won’t fully charge your battery, it can extend your e-bike’s range. Take advantage of regenerative braking on downhill sections of your ride to maximize the energy returned to your battery.
- Conservation Strategies
In addition to the various charging methods, consider adopting energy conservation strategies to make the most of your e-bike’s battery life. These may include:
- Using lower assist levels when riding on flat terrain.
- Reducing speed to conserve energy.
- Minimizing the use of power-consuming features like lights.
- Planning your routes to take advantage of downhill sections and regenerative braking.
By combining these strategies, you can extend your e-bike’s range and minimize the frequency of recharging.
Camping with your e-bike opens up a world of outdoor adventures, but it’s essential to plan for keeping your e-bike’s battery charged. With the right equipment and strategies, you can ensure that your e-bike remains powered up while camping in remote locations. Whether you choose to harness the sun’s energy with portable solar panels, rely on power stations and generators, or use your car’s battery, these methods offer convenience and peace of mind during your camping and e-biking excursions. Embrace the beauty of the great outdoors while enjoying the extra boost your e-bike provides, knowing that you have the means to keep the adventure going.


text:
Retired from teaching but not from learning.
1 external reference
I am a retired school teacher. I have one dog (Moondoggie) and a cat who recently came in the dog door and adopted me. I haven't named her yet, I am awaiting inspiration. I am 68 and in excellent health. I love walking and would be happy to…
Why I want to house sit
I would like to travel alone rather than with a companion all the time. I am fine with a companion some of the time, but would like to find out about traveling solo. I feel that house sitting is a perfect way to do this. I love animals. I…
I am neat. I am clean. I know how to take care of a home and the pets, children and grown ups that may come with that home. I will take care of your home the way I care for my own.
Pet care experience
- Available on these dates — get in touch to find out if they can sit for you

domain: pet


text:
Provo City officials decided on a new city flag Tuesday after two years of debate, discussions and drawings.
City officials decided to change the design after the North American Vexillological Association, a group dedicated to flag research, ranked Provo’s flag the eighth worst city flag of 150 ranked American cities. (See the Universe’s round up of the best and worst city flags in the United States.) Provo City Mayor John Curtis enlisted the help of his blog readers and locals to vote on various flag designs created in response to the ranking.
“I think residents really got interested and involved in the whole project,” said Provo City Public Relations Coordinator Whitney Booth. “We even had young kids sketching out designs and submitting them. People definitely had an opinion and wanted to be involved in this process.”
The project gained so much momentum that several of the mayor’s blog posts about flag designs received rankings on the top 10 most-read blog posts.
Curtis and Deputy Mayor Corey Norman instituted a small council to oversee creation of the flag — Jason Bates, Provo’s designated vexillologist; Sherrie Hall Everett, a former councilwoman; and Stephen Hales, a current councilman. This council monitored the process of designing and selecting the new flag. The new flag, which is Provo’s third official city flag, displays the Provo city logo on a light blue background.
The first Provo flag was adopted in 1965. It was emblazoned with a white “P” on a red-and-blue background. The second flag was designed in 1985 under the watch of Mayor Joe Jenkins. The flag had the word “Provo” written in bold, black letters and a rainbow bar beneath on a white background. The rainbow on the flag was intended to reflect the eclectic and diverse nature of the city.
Curtis explained that part of the flag design process is “learning what makes a good flag.”
The criteria for a good flag, according to the North American Vexillological Association, includes a design simple enough that a child can draw it, the use of symbols unique to a city or area, limiting colors to no more than three that contrast well, no lettering or seals and a distinctive design.
“We all think the new flag looks great. It goes along really well with our current logo and style guide,” Booth said. “We just need to print the flags now, and we’re already getting residents asking, ‘Where can I buy one?’”

domain: geography


text:
Rare Porsche 911 964 stars on the big screen
Porsche plays a leading role in the new Hollywood summer blockbuster Transformers: Rise of the Beasts
Movie fans watching the latest instalment of the Transformers film franchise should look out for the appearance of a Porsche 911. The latest movie, Transformers: Rise of the Beasts, is set in the 1990s and features a Porsche 911 Carrera RS 3.8 964. It’s the car form that’s adopted by Mirage, one of the film’s main characters, as he battles for the forces of good alongside the leader of the Autobots, Optimus Prime.
“The 911 Carrera RS 3.8 is perfect not just because the film plays in 1994, but also because of the character traits of Mirage,” said Oliver Hoffmann, head of marketing communications at Porsche. “He’s a tough character with a good heart and a bit of a rebellious streak now and again.”
Porsche only built 55 Carrera RS 3.8 models, making it an exceptionally rare 911. To avoid damaging real cars, five replicas were constructed for filming, with the engine sound from a real RS 3.8 dubbed for authenticity.


Turbosmart IWG75 Actuator 18psi
Suits Mitsubishi EVO-10
Mitsubishi Evo Internal Wastegate Actuator (IWG) provides better turbo response and greater sensitivity when managing boost pressures. Designed as a direct bolt-on replacement for the factory part, the Mitsubishi Evo IWG is easy to install and requires no special tools or fabrication. It can’t get any easier!
• Silicone diaphragm with Nomex reinforcement to withstand high temperatures.
• High grade, billet aluminium construction.
• Stainless steel rods and connecting clevis for corrosion resistance.
• Locking Collar design cap allows for quick spring changes.
Bracket, Fitting Hardware, 8.2mm Clevis End and Nut, Brown/Red 11psi Middle Spring and Brown/Pink 7psi Outer Spring (installed).
Click (Here) for Fitting Instruction.


text:
Gamer nick Darbian had 4 minutes 56,528 milliseconds to pass all levels of the cult game Super Mario Bros.
During the game Darbian were trying to reduce the time and used hidden passages, allowing you to jump levels.
Interestingly, the previous record for passing Super Mario time established this with a gamer. In October 2016 Darbian passed the game in 4 minutes, 56,878 milliseconds, breaking the record of the player named Kosmic (the duration of his game 4,57,184).
© 2017, z-news.link. All rights reserved.

domain: game


text:
Green Tea comprises a notable list of health benefits. It’s a compelling tea consumed by millions across the globe. For individuals who are rummaging around for a wholesome tea but are ultra sensitive to caffeine, Green Tea may not be an ideal choice. How about a nutritious tea which has 50 times more potent anti-oxidant properties than Green Tea without the caffeine? Let me introduce to you Rooibos, a magnificent tea originating in South Africa. Rooibos has a woody, engaging aroma complemented with an earthy, nutty and mildly sweet flavor. This is undoubtedly one of my most beloved teas with immeasurable health benefits!
It contains healthy amounts of Calcium, Iron, Zinc, Vitamin C, Potassium and several other important minerals. Rooibos has strong anti-mutagenic components which are surmised to be responsible for inhibiting chromosomal breakdown. Rooibos Tea is also incredible for your skin! It contains alpha-hydroxy acid, known to promote healthy skin. Studies have shown Rooibos to be effective against various dermatological conditions, including acne and eczema. It’s abundant in superoxide dismutase (SOD), an enzyme that scavenges for superoxide (a common free radical) and protects against oxidant induced damage. As we get older and experience cutaneous aging, SOD levels decline. SOD is one of the key components for the production of healthy skin building cells. No wonder Rooibos tea is considered to be an anti-aging tea!
Rooibos has anti-spasmodic, adaptogenic, anti-allergic, and anti-viral properties. It’s reported to help relieve insomnia, cramps, constipation, depression, asthma, allergic symptoms and to boost the immune system. I can go on ceaselessly about Rooibos Tea but unfortunately I’m out of time. Organic Rooibos Tea (Green Rooibos and Red Rooibos) is an extremely nourishing selection for all caffeine-free tea drinkers!


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London Transport Museum Ticket & 20 Top Sights London Walking Tour
Take a fascinating 5 hour London walking tour and explore London’s top 20 landmarks. After that, visit the world's finest transport museum and learn about the past, present, and future of London transport.Dive into the history, culture, and legends of one of Europe’s best-loved cities on this walking tour. Wander through Green Park to Buckingham Palace and take in the world-famous Changing of the Guard ceremony. Head to the government quarter of Westminster, and catch a glimpse of Downing Street (home of the prime minister), Westminster Abbey, Big Ben, the London Eye, and the Houses of Parliament. Visit the London Bridge area and take in Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre, St. James Palace, the HMS Belfast warship, Tower Bridge, and the Tower of London.After your walking tour, head to the London Transport Museum and explore the story of London and its transportation system over the last 200 years. Discover the link between the evolution of transportation and the growth of modern London.

domain: history


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Sunken Necklace Pearl - Gold
Or 6 payments from $39.83 What's this?
A 6mm textured pendant with a 3.5mm freshwater seed pearl, on a 45cm chain.
Handmade using 925 sterling silver with 14ct yellow gold plating
Please allow 2 weeks for these to be made for you


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Monday, February 04, 2008
Disneyland Ticket Booth Tomorrowland 1967
"Tomorrowland offers new frontiers in science, adventure and ideals," says its 1955 dedication plaque. Design could also have been added to that list, as this most ever-changing realm of Disneyland has been a challenge to Disney Imagineers from its inception. The question: how to style the future for an audience of today?
Walt Disney had admired the flair for colorful, structured motion in the designs of young artist Rolly Crump. For the all-new Tomorrowland of 1967, the Imagineer created a Central Ticket Booth which satisfied the area's broad demands: it delighted mod contemporaries, but also seemed poised to defy gravity and blast off at any moment!
Posted by Kevin Kidney at 2:04 AM
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It is amazing to see the level of design that went into practically everything!
That's the best shot I've seen of that Ticket Booth...of course I have the set of 4 that you did for the 50th, with the Adventureland one being my fave.
Very glad to have found your blog, courtesy of Chris Jepsen's O.C. History Roundup.
I really like your artwork...You are quite a talent. Hope to someday have one of your pieces decorating my place.
Take care and please keep posting!
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FSEFST:Feature Selection and Extraction using Feature Subset Technique in High Dimensional Data
Radhika K R1, Pushpa C N2, Thriveni J3, Venugopal K R4
1Radhika K R*, Department of CSE, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India,.
2Pushpa C N, Department of CSE, UVCE, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India.
3Dr.Thriveni J, Department of CSE, UVCE, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India.
4Dr. Venugopal K R, Vice-Chancellor, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India.
Manuscript received on November 14, 2019. | Revised Manuscript received on 20 November, 2019. | Manuscript published on December 10, 2019. | PP: 814-820 | Volume-9 Issue-2, December 2019. | Retrieval Number: B6907129219/2019©BEIESP | DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.B6907.129219
Open Access | Ethics and Policies | Cite | Mendeley | Indexing and Abstracting
© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Abstract: Dimensionality reduction is one of the pre-processing phases required when large amount of data is available. Feature selection and Feature Extraction are one of the methods used to reduce the dimensionality. Till now these methods were using separately so the resultant feature contains original or transformed data. An efficient algorithm for Feature Selection and Extraction using Feature Subset Technique in High Dimensional Data (FSEFST) has been proposed in order to select and extract the efficient features by using feature subset method where it will have both original and transformed data. The results prove that the suggested method is better as compared with the existing algorithm
Keywords: Dimensionality Reduction, Feature Extraction, Feature Selection, Feature Subset, High Dimensional Data.
Scope of the Article: Knowledge Engineering Tools and Techniques


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Just sharing some snapshots of Christmas cards I created this weekend for family and friends. These were fairly quick and easy, and without a lot of 3D for mailing purposes. It can get spendy mailing chunky cards! Although, these are square and did require the additional surcharge for postage.
Sorry about the messy craft space there as well! I've been busy with Christmas prep (as we all are) and have not cleaned things up much.
Inside each card is a simple square of white cardstock for personal messages, as these are only 4 inches square.


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Make your smile bright with professional tooth whitening from Adelaide Smile Centre. Zoom Whitening is a professional tooth whitening system which gives immediate, safe and effective results.
To ensure your teeth are suitable for tooth whitening, the following appointments are required to ensure you achieve the best possible results from the Zoom whitening procedure:
An examination appointment with one of our dentists is required to assess your current dental condition and ensure any oral diseases such as tooth decay or gingivitis (gum redness and inflammation). These are treated prior to any whitening.
Following the treatment of any present oral diseases, a hygiene appointment is necessary to remove all plaque and calculus (tartar) so that the whitening gel can be applied to clean tooth surfaces.
In-chair whitening is then performed. The whitening gel is applied to the teeth and the Zoom light is applied to accelerate the whitening process. The gel is removed and reapplied every 15 minutes. This is done four times (total of 60 minutes).
Following the whitening procedure, a complementary take-home whitening kit is provided enabling you to maintain your new lighter colour teeth.
Whitening quick facts
Some patients experience sensitivity during and following the treatment, but this should only last for one or two days.
We recommend using sensitivity tooth paste for two weeks prior to the whitening procedure. We will provide this to you at your hygiene visit.
Individual results from teeth whitening may vary and are somewhat unpredictable. Your oral health therapist can give you an estimate of shade difference, but there is no guarantee of results.
The safety and risk of whitening will be explained to you at your initial appointments. Informed consent is obtained prior to proceeding with any whitening procedure.

domain: medical


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We strive to surpass our name and ensure you feel relaxed, calm, confident and most of all cared for.
Gentle caring dentistry to restore the health of your smile
Like the name suggests, Redlands Gentle Dental Care is dedicated to practicing gentle dentistry for the entire family. Our patients can relax during dental care, knowing that their comfort is always our highest priority. From general to cosmetic dentistry our friendly, gentle team of dentists can help make your dental experience a comfortable one.
Our family practice is dedicated to providing solutions and achieving results for our patients so we only use the equipment and technology that will benefit your unique condition. We only recommend treatment as we would for our friends and family, always keeping your best interests at heart.
We always endeavour to establish a personal connection with our patients, who become friends for life. Your entire experience with us is personalised to you, the team at Redlands Gentle Dental Care seeks to provide an enjoyable, comfortable and efficient dental experience for each and every patient.
Having a damaged smile can often cause some level of dissatisfaction, many of your clients at Redland Gental Dental Care are now choosing a crown or bridge to help restore and whiten their teeth.


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A company has been fined $10,000 for keeping meat products intended for sale in an unlicensed cold store, the Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority (AVA) said on Wednesday (29 August).
A separate charge against Halnaz Frozen Goods of operating an unlicensed cold store was taken into consideration, according to an AVA statement.
Acting on feedback in June 2017, AVA officers investigated and found that Halnaz had rented a unit to store meat intended for sale.
The company did not have a licence from AVA to operate a cold store for storing meat. About 670kg of meat were found in the chest freezers inside the unit, which were later seized and destroyed. Such a licence is required to ensure food safety.
Offenders who possess meat or fish products which have been kept in unlicensed cold stores for sale or supply, face a fine of up to $50,000 and/or a jail term of up to two years. For a second or subsequent conviction, they can be fined up to $100,000 and/or jailed up to three years.
Offenders found operating an unlicensed cold store face a fine of up to $10,000 or a maximum jail term 12 months or to both.
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* Cover is given where known
* There is a one-drinkminimum per set
* Reservations for shows downstairs can only be made by phone:212-989-9319
"Not only is the playing extraordinary, but the germinating ideas and the conviction with which the group approaches them is something that a lot of people in this music could learn from." -Clifford Alle
One of only a handful of drummers equally well-known for his work as a composer, Eisenstadt is among the most versatile and prolific musicians of his generation. His eclectic resume includes studies with some of the most respected names in both improvised music and West African drumming, and performances in genres ranging from film and theater to poetry and dance to contemporary classical and opera. Most active in jazz and improvised music, as both an in-demand sideman and a bandleader, he has performed all over the globe, earned commissions from organizations such as Meet The Composer and the American Composers Forum, and appeared on more than 35 recordings over the past decade. His latest, Guewel (Clean Feed, 2008), was named one of the year’s best in publications such as AllAboutJazz.com, Time Out New York and the Village Voice.
Nina attended the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School for the Arts, where she studied classical, gospel, and jazz voice and new music composition. In 2005, Nina was granted an Honorary Mention from the National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts in the category of jazz voice, sang with the All City Jazz Band at Lincoln Center, and performed with singer-songwriter Josh Groban at Radio City Music Hall, Madison Square Garden, and on national television (ABC Good Morning America). This spring, Nina graduated with honors from Oberlin College, where she also studied at the world-renowned Oberlin Conservatory of Music under the tutelage of Wendell Logan, Paul Samuels, Marcus Belgrave, and mezzo-soprano Lorraine Manz.
Nina recently recorded an EP (to be released shortly) and is currently performing with her quintet in the New York area. Visit her on the web at
Jon’s conception of complete musical inclusion in his improvisation and composition is apparent in the wide-ranging body of work he has compiled in his young career. Tonight he presents his continuous additive duo project with drummer Mike Pride.
In their own words: "The set-up and breakdown of grooves and improvisational material is an attempt at melding many of our musical influences, both jazz and non-jazz, all while firmly remaining in the world of extended tenor saxophone and drum improvisation. While this world is now an accepted part of the jazz lineage, our goal is to stack levels of different genres, tempos, noise, and moods, and to constantly shift the focus within this pile: either collectively or individually. After running through these continuously churning and evolving layers, the initial motifs transform into the resulting ideas that appear later, while also reappearing in their original forms. This duality produces another level of tension. Our hope is that the listener is able to hear through these various shifting layers and to notice the progression, development, and return of the original motifs." Hear them on “I Don’t Hear Nothin’ But the Blues” (Loyal Label).
SECOND DUO: Michaël Attias-Satoshi Takeishi
Michaël Attias and Satoshu Takeishi collaborates often in Michela's trio Renku with Bassist John Hébert. Tonight, they will perform as a duo.
Vincent Quatroche is from Fredonia New York and is a Professor at Fredonia State University. Quatroche has released two CD’S of his work at Sleeping Giant Records and has published several full length collections of his poetry and prose. Quatroche was recently nominated for a Pushcart Prize. His website is www.rubbereden.com
(includes one house drink)
“Demonstrating a complete command of the sound and keys of her tenor...seems to defy logic and possibility in her speed, dexterity, and musicianship.”
- Larry A. Detwiler, Jazz Improv Magazine
Featuring poets from BigCityLit’s spring issue including
Patricia Carragon, Allen C. Fischer, Deborah Flanagan,
Joanne Grumet , Ann Lauinger, Linda Lerner, Charlotte Mandel,
Mark Nickels, D. Nurkse, eve packer, Ron Price,
Kryssa Schemmerling, Maggie Schwed, Angelo Verga ,
Barry Wallenstein, and Rob Wright.
(includes one house drink)
“The rapport between Danish saxist Kim Bock and trumpeter David Smith is nothing short of amazing on Secrets (SteepleChase), Bock’s smashing new disc. All of the originals bespeak the snap and ingenuity that can make weighty music surprisingly accessible and charming: The two horns shadow each other like a new school Dewey Redman and Don Cherry.”
Kelvin L. Williams – Time Out New York
Anne C. Fiero (poetry) & Roger Lipson (sitar)
Ngoma (spoken word, electric violin, bamboo flute, didgeridoo, vocals & beats) &
Jeanann Verlee (spoken word)
plus a staged reading of Jameson’s Irish,
a one-act play by Iris N. Schwartz & David B. McConeghey,
with (in order of appearance):
Shad Ramsey / Keith Amato / Amanda V. Hadad
Patricia Hodges / Michael Kostas / Mickey Pizzo
Heather Leonard / Kimberly Stowell
(includes one house drink)
Her trio with Frank Kimbrough and Ron Horton was formed in 2002 and has been playing in the New York area since then. This performance will be rounding out the trio with the wonderful Scott Robinson.
Her poetry has appeared in the Hartford Courant, Osiris, and she received the Editor’s Choice Award for Outstanding Achievement in Poetry by the International Library of Poetry.
Her debut trio CD, A Glance, is released on LoNote Records, and features all original compositions.
Frank Kimbrough has been active on the New York scene for more than twenty years and has been a composer-in-residence of the Jazz Composers Collective since its inception in 1992. He has recorded as a leader for Palmetto, OmniTone, Soul Note, and Mapleshade. His work has been cited by the Downbeat Critics Poll (piano TDWR 2001–2003), appearances on Marian McPartland’s Piano Jazz and NPR’s All Things Considered. He has received funding from Meet the Composer, The National Endowment for the Arts and Chamber Music America’s Doris Duke Jazz Ensembles Project. Frank’s latest CD is Lullabluebye, with bassist Ben Allison and drummer Matt Wilson He also co-leads the Collective’s Herbie Nichols Project, which has recorded three critically acclaimed CDs, and toured internationally.
Scott Robinson One of today's most wide-ranging instrumentalists, he has been heard on tenor sax with Buck Clayton's band, on trumpet with Lionel Hampton's quintet, on alto clarinet with Paquito D'Rivera's clarinet quartet, and on bass sax with the New York City Opera. On these and other instruments including theremin and ophicleide, he has been heard with a cross-section of jazz's greats representing nearly every imaginable style of the music, from Braff to Braxton. Scott has been heard numerous times on film, radio and television, and his discography now includes more than 190 recordings. His releases as a leader have garnered five-star reviews from Leonard Feather, Down Beat Magazine and other sources worldwide. One, Melody From the Sky (featuring the seldom-heard C-Melody saxophone), was recently the subject of a Wall Street Journal article by Nat Hentoff. His newest, Forever Lasting (featuring the compositions of Thad Jones and with guest artist Hank Jones), appeared on four "Best Of" lists for 2008 including All About Jazz and Jazz Improv Magazine.
". . . not competing for space . . . the aural equivalent of a flower
breaking through the sun-drenched earth."
Richard Kamins, The Hartford Courant
"Marking the release of a stark and haunting new album"...
Nate Chinen, The New York Times 12/23/05
Arrive before 6 pm to sign up.
Featured reader : Christine Goodman
Christine is Founder/Executive Director of Art House Productions, a
multimedia arts organization based in Jersey City, NJ. Christine hosts its
monthly poetry and performance series, the longest running open mike in the
Goodman serves as an Arts Commissioner for Jersey City, NJ, was awarded the
Key to the City in December 2007, and was recently named by Jersey City
Magazine as the #1 Most Influential Figure in Jersey City's Arts and Culture
Scene. As an actor, she is an honors graduate of the NYU Tisch School of the
Arts Theatre Program, has studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts, and
received a Best Actress in a Featured Role nomination by the New York
Innovative Theatre Awards.
(includes one house drink)
Susan Bernfield's full-length plays and solo works have been produced or developed at Soho Think Tank's Ice Factory Festival, O'Neill Playwrights Conference, Magic Theatre, Playwrights Horizons, HB Playwrights, Vital Theatre Company, HERE Arts Center, and New Georges, where she is the artistic director. Daniella Topol directed her play STRETCH (a fantasia), originally produced at New Georges, at People's Light & Theatre Company in Malvern, PA, in April 2010. Rachel Peters wrote the critically-acclaimed score for New Georges' production of Susan Bernfield's STRETCH (a fantasia). ONLY CHILDREN (libretto by Michael R. Jackson) premiered on the NYU Mainstage in 2008. Current projects include two operas with librettist Royce Vavrek. Rachel is an alumna of NYU Graduate Musical Theater Writing program. Daniella Topol's recent directing credits include Leslie Ayvazian's CAROL & JILL (EST Marathon), Susan Yankowitz's NIGHT SKY (Stan Raiff/Power Productions), Caridad Svich's INSTRUCTIONS FOR BREATHING (Passage Theatre), Judith Thompson's PALACE OF THE END (Epic Theatre), Trista Baldwin's SAND (Women's Project) and Sheila Callaghan's DEAD CITY (New Georges).
TINY FEATS OF COWARDICE was presented at the 2008 New York International Fringe Festival; as a work-in-progress at the 2007 Adirondack Theatre Festival in Glens Falls, New York; and has been presented in development at New York Theatre Workshop and Joe’s Pub.
“An affecting piece.” – The Village Voice
“These guys aren’t using the Fringe to launch improbable projects or careers; they’re workshopping a solid Off Broadway project-in-progress. The “tiny feats” of the title are the small victories that keep the perpetually scared Bernfield—phobic of heights, planes, people—not just among the “functioning fearful” but solidly in with the “pathetically high-functioning.” With help from a very capable backup band, she makes each fear pull its weight, emotionally and comically.” -- Time Out New York
Mike Dell'Aquila earned a degree in English with a Creative Writing emphasis from Penn State University in 2004. Shortly thereafter, he co-founded the online publication Farmhouse Magazine (www.farmhousemagazine.com), which he designed and edits. Framhouse's first anthology of fiction, poetry and essays (available on amazon.com) was released and Dell'Aquila is working with a team to create a full-fledged press. An award-winning copywriter, Dell'Aquila has also worked as a marketer for both cable television and Internet companies and is currently pursuing a Masters Degree in English from Brooklyn College. His writing has appeared in Kalliope: A Penn State Literary Magazine, the literary journal Barcid Homily, The Riverside Press-Enterprise, Buckmasters Magazine and Farmhouse Magazine. He is also working on his first novel.
Carl Capotorto was born and raised in the Pelham Parkway section of the Bronx. He received an M.F.A. in playwriting from Columbia University School of the Arts in 1984 and has been a playwright, screenwriter, and actor for more than 25 years. He played Little Paulie Germani on The Sopranos, and is currently co-developing a new original series for HBO. Twisted Head is based on his solo show of the same name, which he has performed in New York and Los Angeles.
Of Twisted Head, Ken Auletta, author of Backstory: Inside the Business of News writes: “Twisted Head is a memorable portrait of a sweet and awkward boy growing up on the sometimes mean streets of the Bronx, struggling with his imposing father, brutal peers, inattentive teachers, and his own sexual identity. Not since Mario Puzo's novel The Fortunate Pilgrim, have readers been treated to such a sweet and sour tale of growing up Italian-American and of coming to appreciate the sturdy rock that is family.”
(includes one house drink)
Cover is given where known
Many spoken words events are free
There is always a one-drink minimum per set; times are door opening times


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Of course they would they own stocks in drug companies.
They also believe in heaven and hell, Santa Clause, and HIV on a stick.
Drugs that protect you from HIV are a fraud. When will the madness end?
The PReP fantasy of prevention came about as more and more scientists and doctors realized that AIDS drugs, and recreational drugs, killed their patients, not HIV for which they all bought into the testing lie and a need to wind down this disaster of MEDICAL MALPRACTICE without the public getting hysterical.
If those who are in charge ever admitted what they are responsible for it would be HELL.
HELL fortunately doesn’t exist.
google news image dated June 27, 2018


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Our place is a cosy 2 bed Art Deco style apartment 1 min to Mosman Ferry Wharf &bus terminal. You will love our place because of its views, central location to the Harbour bridge, Opera house and &CBD. All 20 mins by ferry.
Walk to Mosman village, along the foreshore, visit Balmoral beach or Taronga Zoo.
No reviews (yet)
This home doesn’t have any reviews. If you stay here, your review will appear here.


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With its deep canyons, majestic waterfalls, and sandstone-quartz pillars towering over 650 feet high, Zhangjiajie National Forest Park in China's Hunan province looks straight out of a 3D science-fiction film. So it's no surprise that one of the park's rock formations -- the 3,544-ft "Southern Sky Column" -- inspired the fictional world of "Pandora" in James Cameron's blockbuster film "Avatar."
The park is one of several within the Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area, a UNESCO World Heritage site, according to National Geographic, and it's also one of Hunan's most popular tourist destinations. in 2012, Zhangjiajie welcomed 35.9 million visitors and had a tourism revenue of about 20.87 billion yuan (around $3.4 billion dollars), according to China Daily, all of whom flocked to see Southern Sky Column, which was renamed "Avatar Hallelujah Mountain" in 2010.
(MORE: China's Amazing Red Beach)
Zhangjiajie was recognized as China's first national forest park with an area of 4,810 ha (11,900 acres) in 1982, according to Travel China Guide. Its most notable geographic features are the pillar-like formations such as the Avatar Hallelujah Mountain.
The pillars are the result of many years of erosion, according to China.org.cn. The weather is moist year round, and as a result, the foliage is very dense. Much of the erosion which forms these pillars are the result of expanding ice in the winter and the plants which grow on them. These formations are a distinct hallmark of Chinese landscape, and can be found in many ancient Chinese paintings.
Located in a subtropical climate, Zhangjiajie National Forest Park is endowed with a unique “micro climate of forest”– cool in summer and warm in winter. It is home to abundant flora and fauna including civet cats, giant salamanders, satyr tragopans, dove trees, maidenhair trees, Chinese yews, and Chinese tulip trees, the official website states. Such a dense forest serves as a huge natural “oxygen bar.”
Tourism at Zhangjiajie has boomed so much that local media has reported a McDonald's was set to open an outlet at Zhangjiajie's Tianmen Mountain. There are now 854 hotels (housing 55,300 beds) in Zhangjiajie, according to the official Zhangjiajie Tourism website.
MORE ON WEATHER.COM: Alien Landscapes of Bisti/De-Na-Zin Wilderness


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Plus, 3 FREE Gifts! | Details Here.
The Prize Ribbon Distress Oxide Ink Pad by Tim Holtz of Ranger Ink is sure to delight you. This package includes one raised ink pad that is a combination of water-reactive dye and pigment ink that creates an oxidized effect when sprayed with water. The Prize Ribbon ink will add an amazing touch to all your paper crafting projects. This product is made in the USA.
I have basically all of the distress oxides, sow he is saw this new blue, I had to get it.it’s beautiful. I’ve made some great background with it. It blends wonderfully with the other blues. I now want to try it with many other colors. It’s a bright blue, not as dark as navy and I love it. I’ll be using this one a lot
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