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In the recent years, fast food chains have taken several steps to ensure that their food is healthier and produced in a more sustainable fashion. In major news, fast food giant, McDonald’s has announced that it is going to focus on sustainable beef.
Two Pilot Programs
To explore the production and use of sustainable beef, McDonald’s will be funding two sustainable beef pilot programs. The first program will be conducted by the Noble Foundation, which will study was that sustainability can be improved in the US beef supply chain.
McDonald’s will also be providing $4.5 million to study cattle-grazing practices to judge whether they can effect carbon impact.
While these are McDonald’s first steps towards a sustainable beef program in the US, it has been focusing on sustainable beef since 2012 when it became a member of the Global Roundtable for Sustainable Beef. Since then it has been conducting sustainability tests in Europe, Brazil and Canada.


You know the comfort of a favorite flannel shirt—now experience that softness in a bedding ensemble. Pure cotton flannel set includes comforter and shams (one with twin; two king size with king, 20”x26” with a 2” flange). Machine washable. Imported.
This dark blue bedspread features big chenille snowflakes for a color and texture that really pops. Add the matching shams for a fully dressed look. 100% cotton. Machine wash. Imported.
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Super soft, these plush blankets are must-haves on your bed, and they’re perfect for cuddling on the couch. Made of 100% polyester. Machine washable. Imported. Select from available colors listed below.
As warm and comfy as your favorite flannel shirt! 100% cotton flannel set includes one fitted sheet, one flat sheet, and a pair of pillowcases (one with twin set; two king with king set). Pocket depth of 12". Machine wash. Imported. Select from available colors and sizes listed below.
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Wrap yourself up in one of our beautiful throws, and share the other one with someone special. They look great draped on the sofa. Serenity, Fairy, Birdhouses, and Celebrate throws are 100% acrylic, and Lighthouses and Footprints are 100% polyester. Approx. 46" x 57". Made in the USA. Machine washable. Select from available varieties listed below.(Shipped to One Address)
Click on each throw to view larger:
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Stay toasty on winter’s most frigid days in these mid-length, polyfill insulated coats. The men’s version is water-resistant microfiber polyester, and includes a fleece lining, adjustable hook and loop cuffs, a detachable fleece lined hood, six outer and two inner pockets, and a drawstring waist. The ladies’ coat features two zippered outer pockets and offers stylish warmth with a detachable fur-like lined hood, quilted and water-resistant polyester shell, ribbed knit cuffs and full lining. Machine washable. Imported. Men’s and Ladies’ both are available in sizes M-XXL. Select from available sizes listed below.
Say good-bye to cold toes! This electric throw has a large pocket that envelops feet in softness and warmth. Made of super-soft Angel fleece, with a soft fiberfill center, it has four heat settings. Large enough to accommodate two pairs of feet. 6’10” cord. UL listed. Machine washable. 32”L x 20”W. Ivory.
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This lightweight, easy-to-use tool lets you clear off hard-to-reach areas like your roof. It has a high-density poly carbonate blade that won’t mar surfaces (like a shovel might) and a telescoping handle that extends up to 19’ long. Blade measures 5¾”W x 22”L. Made in the USA.
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The Illinois AIDS Advisory Council endorsed legislation for expanded AIDS education Thursday, but it vowed to fight measures that would require AIDS testing for couples seeking marriage licenses as wells as prostitutes and their customers.
The panel also pledged support for a bill that would seek confidentiality for individuals who test positive for the AIDS virus by making any violation of the privacy provision a misdemeanor.
Dr. Renslow Sherer, council chairman, outlined the group`s position at a press conference in the State of Illinois Center as the Chicago Health Department announced that the number of acquired immune deficiency syndrome cases in the city rose by 28 from Feb. 28 to March 28.
Dr. Lonnie C. Edwards, Chicago`s health commissioner, said that this brings the number of known AIDS cases in the city to 636 since the first case was reported here in 1981.
There were 18 deaths from AIDS in Chicago during the one-month period, including 8 among the 28 new cases.
Of the 28 new AIDS cases, 19 were in homosexual or bisexual men, the health department said. Four other men were intravenous drug users. One man apparently contracted the disease from a blood transfusion in 1985 while one woman among the new cases had sexual contact with a man carrying the virus. Three of the 28 new cases are under investigation.
Homosexuals, bisexuals and intravenous drug users continue to be the groups at greatest risk of AIDS, Edwards said.
At the press conference, Sherer praised the proposed state budget for allocating $4.5 million for AIDS education and research, but said the amount should be increased to $12.4 million.
``In a tight budget year we realize that $4.5 million demonstrates a commitment to strengthening AIDS education, but it`s not enough,`` said Sherer, acting director of AIDS Services at Cook County Hospital.
``If we act now, we`ll be able to set up a mechanism that will deliver cost-effective and compassionate care by getting into home and long-term medical care programs,`` he said.
``Without additional revenue, Illinois will be hamstrung in its campaign to deal effectively and humanely with this deadly virus,`` Sherer said during a press conference at the State of Illinois Center.
An estimated 14,000 Illinois residents will have contracted AIDS by 1991 and of those, half will be living, adding urgency to the council`s request for expanded services, according to a panel report.
Sherer also condemned proposed legislation requiring AIDS testing and possible quarantine as unconstitutional and extreme.
In addition, he said the proposed reporting of positive AIDS results to the Illinois Department of Public Health would discourage high-risk individuals from seeking disease prevention information and counseling.
``The bill that requires forced testing of prostitutes also includes provision for quarantine,`` Sherer said. ``Are we going to create a lifelong prison system for these people? With 30,000 prostitution arrests every year in Chicago alone, we would need a new jail.``
Sherer predicted legislative support for the AIDS education and confidentiality measures.
``There is a very different climate than last year, an understanding that action is needed and it must be far-sighted,`` he said.

domain: medical


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domain: pet


Date of Award
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Robust long term autonomy represents one of the most important targets for advancing robotic applications in the next 10 to 15 years, particularly because of the the advances in the socalled Classical Age of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) which place us in the age of Robust-Perception. Creating algorithms which allow robots to operate for years, unsupervised, in any environment is key step in the direction of true autonomy. This thesis presents a suite of algorithms to help enable robust long term autonomy, specifically robustness to a robot’s calibration parameters (internal knowledge the robot must possess in order operate) and to the environment the robot is situated in. Starting from the fundamentals of SLAM, the now de facto formulation is presented as a segue into self-calibration - the task of estimating calibration parameters such as the camera position on the robot. The following extensions are then developed: (i) an approach to treat slowly varying quantities, such as the position of a sensor drifting over years of operation, (ii) an algorithm which allows a robot to learn what movements it needs to perform in order to know its calibration parameters - using a reinforcement learning framework for self-calibration and (iii) all the insight from previous research is used to create a real-time self-calibration system which is capable of dealing with drift, unobservable parameters - for example when the robot is constrained to planar movement - and an information theoretic based segment selection mechanism which only choses “informative” segments of the trajectory in order to reduce computation time. However robustness is not only in regards to internal parameters such as a robot’s sensor position - the environment the robot operates in is dynamic - dealing with that environment is the final contribution, where an online probabilistic approximate joint feature persistence model is presented to determine which parts of the world are changing.
Nobre, Fernando, "Robust Self-Calibration and Mapping for Long Term Autonomy" (2019). Computer Science Graduate Theses & Dissertations. 171.
Available for download on Sunday, October 10, 2021


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|Gross Salary||AU$ 116,000|
|Gross Salary (USD)||US$ 91,274|
|Net Salary||AU$ 86,000|
|Net Salary (USD)||US$ 67,669|
|Kind of Work||Permanent|
|Field||IT & Telecommunication|
|Career||IT Project Manager|
"PMO OFFICER, PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND PROJECT COORDINATOR."
WHAT SALARY SHOULD YOU ASK FOR?
27.33 % of people in Australia earn more than this salary.
72.67 % of people in Australia earn less than this salary.
31.33 % of people from IT & Telecommunication earn more than this salary.
68.67 % of people from IT & Telecommunication earn less than this salary.

domain: economics


- Denard Span Possibly Out For Season
- Cubs Acquire Fernando Rodney, Designate Brian Schlitter
- Chris Perez Retires
- Hanley Ramirez To Play First Base For Red Sox In 2016
- Austin Jackson Clears Waivers, Generating Interest
- Sabathia Possibly Done For Season; Yankees Re-Sign Capuano
- Astros, Dallas Keuchel Have Discussed Long-Term Deal
- (Re)Introducing The MLBTR Mailbag
- Mariners Designate Fernando Rodney For Assignment
- Follow MLB Trade Rumors On Instagram
Trade Rumors Apps
Weekly email list
- Denard Span Possibly Out For Season
- AL West Notes: Keuchel, Newcomb, Profar, Stearns
- Mets Unlikely To Add Reliever Via Trade
- Cubs Acquire Fernando Rodney, Designate Brian Schlitter
- NL East Notes: Phillies, Papelbon, Nats, Storen, Marlins
- Braves Release Jason Frasor
- Minor MLB Transactions: 8/27/15
- Nate McLouth Unlikely To Return In 2015
- Podcast: European Ball With Agent Josh Chetwynd
- Gio Gonzalez Switches To Boras Corporation
- Quick Hits: Kepler, Hanley, Giants Pen
- Anthopoulos: Additional Trades “Unlikely” For Blue Jays
- NL Central Notes: Baez, Tucker, Marshall, Santana
- Free Agent Stock Watch: Gerardo Parra
- White Sox Release John Mayberry Jr.
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Scott Podsednik Rumors
In an interview with Peter Gammons, Scott Boras expressed his confidence that Stephen Drew and Kendrys Morales will find good contracts with teams that will put more value on their contributions than the value of (possibly second- or third-round) draft picks. With that said, Boras also believes the free agent system needs to be changed to give players more freedom and to encourage teams to spend. “We should be doing everything possible to try to get smaller market teams the necessary veteran leadership to contend,” Boras said. His suggestions include banning qualifying offers for players over 30 years old, and a monetary compensation system for teams who lose free agents under age-30 that the clubs can re-invest in signings or draft spending.
Here's some more from around the baseball world…
- An executive on a team that explored signing Stephen Drew told Andy Martino of the New York Daily News yesterday that Drew's medicals were raising some concerns. Another source tells WEEI.com's Rob Bradford today (Twitter link) that Drew is "perfectly healthy. No physical issues."
- The Red Sox are looking to add outfield depth, Jason Mastrodonato of MassLive.com reports, and Scott Podsednik is one name on Boston's current long list of external candidates. Ryan Gleichowski, Podsednik's agent, recently told Mastrodonato that Podsednik was in shape and eager to continue his career after sitting out the 2013 season. We also recently heard that the Sox have some interest in Padres outfielder Chris Denorfia.
- The Red Sox will have an estimated $96MM coming off the books following the 2014 seasons, WEEI.com's Alex Speier writes, leaving the team with lots of flexibility to re-sign David Ortiz and/or Jon Lester, as well as explore new player acquisitions.
- The Orioles seem to be using a "stars and scrubs" strategy in building their team, Fangraphs' Dave Cameron writes, and the tactic doesn't seem to be working given the clear holes on the roster and their relatively limited payroll space.
- Liz Mullen of Sports Business Journal reports (subscription required) that Dan Lozano's MVP Sports Group has hired former Dodgers director of Asian operations Acey Kohrogi to serve as the firm's head of Asian operations. Kohrogi spent 18 years with the Dodgers and helped them attract the likes of Hideo Nomo, Takashi Saito, Hiroki Kuroda, Chan Ho Park and Hong-Chih Kuo to the Major Leagues.
- The Phillies' new 25-year, $2.5 billion TV contract will theoretically pay them an average of $100MM per year, though David Murphy of the Philadelphia Daily News crunches the numbers to explain how that $100MM average will actually work out to a much smaller annual payout. MLBTR's Jeff Todd also recently examined the Phillies' TV deal and noted that the contract could just help the team continue its high-spending ways, rather than allow them to raise payroll even more.
- The Giants' bullpen and the Blue Jays' second base platoon project as the worst positions on contending teams, according to Fangraphs' Jeff Sullivan. The Giants' pen projects as below-replacement level as a group thanks to several pitchers that could be declining, while the Jays' Maicer Izturis/Ryan Goins platoon stands out as a weak spot. The Dodgers' second base spot also technically makes Sullivan's list, though he says that's only due to a lack of information about the newly-signed Alexander Guerrero.
It's strange that a top-flight pitching talent would be traded five times, but that's exactly what happened to Curt Schilling, CBS Sports' Dayn Perry points out. Schilling had been traded three times before his career really got going as a 25-year-old with the Phillies in 1992. As one might imagine, the teams that traded Schilling didn't make out very well — he was dealt with Brady Anderson for Mike Boddicker, then with Steve Finley and Pete Harnisch for Glenn Davis, then straight-up for Jason Grimsley. By that time the Phillies traded him, he was very valuable, but the Phillies only got Vicente Padilla and change for him, and when the Diamondbacks dealt him, the only players they got who turned out to have value were Jorge De La Rosa and Brandon Lyon. Here are more notes from around baseball.
- The Royals are interested in free agent DH/1B Kendrys Morales, Jim Duquette of MLB Network Radio tweets. The Royals already have a similar player in Billy Butler, but Duquette also notes that signing Morales would give the Royals the chance to trade Butler for pitching. The Royals would have to sacrifice their first-round pick, No. 18 overall, if they were to sign Morales, who declined a qualifying offer.
- Scott Podsednik is interested in continuing his career, Jason Mastrodonato of MassLive.com writes. The outfielder, who will be 38 in March, hit .302/.322/.352 with eight stolen bases in 216 plate appearances with the Red Sox in 2012. He did not play in 2013.
Yesterday, the Cardinals avoided arbitration with David Freese on a one-year, $3.15MM deal, which took care of all of their unsigned arbitration eligible players. However, the third baseman says that he wants to be in St. Louis for life, writes Derrick Goold of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. "If a long-term deal is going to happen I know for a fact that I have to do some things. I have to be a leader. I have to do what I do on the field. I have do the things expected of me," Freese said. Here's more from around baseball..
- Teams are interested in Scott Podsednik but he likely will need to wait for one that wants more help, suffers an injury, or misses out on a free agent like Michael Bourn, tweets Ken Rosenthal of FOX Sports. Earlier today, we learned that the Twins haven't ruled out making a play for the outfielder.
- Orioles General Manager Dan Duquette says he hopes to have the Jair Jurrjens situation resolved by the start of spring training, tweets Roch Kubatko of MASNsports.com. The Orioles have yet to finalize their one-year, $1.5MM agreement with the pitcher and are believed to be concerned about his knee.
- Diamondbacks GM Kevin Towers says he approached Paul Goldschmidt about a long-term deal but the 25-year-old wanted to wait before talking about it, tweets Nick Piecoro of the Arizona Republic. Goldschmidt won't be arbitration eligible until after the 2014 season and isn't scheduled to hit free agency until the winter following the 2017 season.
The Tigers are showing a lot of faith in 22-year-old Bruce Rondon by making him the frontrunner for the closer role, but Detroit would be better served by having legitimate closing options to choose from, opines Dave Cameron of Fangraphs in a piece for ESPN.com (Insider sub. req'd). Developing your own closer rather than paying free agent prices for one is a good idea, but Cameron believes that the Tigers should probably have someone to hold down the fort while Rondon gains some big league experience. Here's more from the AL and NL Central..
- The Twins haven't completely ruled out free agent outfielder Scott Podsednik, but nothing is close to being imminent, writes Darren Wolfson of 1500 ESPN. So far this offseason, the Twins have appeared to be the only club with serious interest in the veteran.
- A Twins official told Wolfson that there isn't much to the news of 41-year-old free-agent pitcher Jose Contreras was working out at the Twins' Fort Myers facility. When asked if it was meaningful or random, the official simply said, "Random."
- Cardinals pitcher Adam Wainwright says that extension talks won't derail him during spring training as they did five years ago, writes Derrick Goold of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. General Manager John Mozeliak hopes to work out a new contract with Wainwright by Opening Day while Wainwright says that he isn't setting a deadline for talks.
- Edwin Jackson is considered an important piece in the Cubs' rebuilding process, both as an experienced starter under contract through the projected turnaround years and in the short-term as support for the rotation in the event of a likely Matt Garza trade this year, writes Gordon Wittenmyer of the Chicago Sun-Times.
Despite indications to the contrary, the Twins never called to inquire about the availability of pitcher Anibal Sanchez, according to Darren Wolfson of ESPN 1500. Sanchez, of course, re-signed with the Tigers for five years and $80MM earlier this offseason. Here's more out of Minnesota, courtesy of Wolfson..
- The Twins still have interest in free agent outfielder Scott Podsednik, but they're not looking to sign free agent outfielder Ryan Sweeney. We recently learned that the Mets aren't among the teams in on Podsednik. The club had brief talks with Sweeney's representatives earlier in the winter.
- Minnesota had interest in signing free agent starter Freddy Garcia in December but they haven't checked in on him since. The Twins have also cut off contact with free agent pitcher Manny Parra. The Twins, along with the Reds and Rockies, were said to be interested in Garcia late last year.
- The Twins have not inquired about free agent shortstop Jason Bartlett, nor free agent second baseman Kelly Johnson.
- The Twins never made an offer to shortstop Cesar Izturis, who signed a minor league deal with the Reds on Wednesday. General Manager Terry Ryan & Co. never had an interest in free agent starter Aaron Cook before he signed with the Phillies either.
- Minnesota could have free agent starter Armando Galarraga on a minor league deal but aren't interested in him. The right-hander hooked on with the Astros on a minor league contract last year after being cut by the Orioles.
Mark Hale of the New York Post has a number of updates related to New York’s two teams. Here’s the latest (all links go to Twitter)…
- The Mets remain interested in Scott Hairston, Hale reports. GM Sandy Alderson has checked in on a number of outfielders, including Jason Kubel and Justin Upton of the Diamondbacks.
- Agent Dave Pepe, who represents free agent right-hander Carl Pavano, said there’s some mutual interest between the Mets and his client. "We clearly have an interest and I think they do too,” Pepe told Hale. “We’ll see where it goes.” The agent added that Pavano’s workouts are going well and that he’s drawing interest from multiple teams.
- The agent for Scott Podsednik said the Mets haven’t shown any interest in the free agent outfielder, Hale reports.
- Agent John Boggs said the Yankees and Mets are among five teams to express interest in free agent outfielder Ben Francisco. Playing time will figure into Francisco’s decision, according to Boggs. The right-handed hitting Francisco has a career line of .252/.329/.414 against left-handed pitching.
- The Yankees don’t have interest in Jim Thome, Hale reports.
Here's the latest on the Twins, courtesy of 1500 ESPN's Darren Wolfson…
- The Twins had numerous discussions with Brett Myers before the right-hander signed with the Indians, but they never made him an offer.
- Rich Harden's minor league contract with Minnesota includes a July 31st opt-out date according to Wolfson. The right-hander can elect free agency if he's not added to the big league roster by then.
- The Twins will have a scout on hand to watch outfielder Dariel Alvarez and infielder Aledmys Diaz tomorrow. The two Cuban defectors are hosting a workout for teams.
- The club has had "brief talks" with free agent outfielders Ryan Sweeney and Scott Podsednik after trading both Ben Revere and Denard Span this offseason.
- The Twins have talked about Brent Lillibridge and Yuniesky Betancourt, but they're likely to sign elsewhere. Minnesota also has interest in Brandon Inge.
- The Indians have reached out to several teams about Jeanmar Gomez, including the Twins. Gomez was designated for assignment earlier this week and Cleveland has ten days to trade, release, or waive him.
The Red Sox have signed Scott Podsednik to a Major League contract, reports Ken Rosenthal of FOX Sports (on Twitter). Boston traded the outfielder to the Diamondbacks in the Matt Albers–Craig Breslow trade, but Arizona released him a few days later.
Podsednik, 36, hit .387/.409/.484 with six steals in 70 plate appearances with the Red Sox this year and .242/.308/.291 in Triple-A. The veteran speedster also missed a little more than two weeks with a groin strain earlier this season.
The Diamondbacks have granted Scott Podsednik his release after he declined an assignment to Triple-A, reports Nick Piecoro of The Arizona Republic (on Twitter). Arizona acquired him as part of the Matt Albers–Craig Breslow trade earlier this week.
Podsednik, 36, hit .387/.409/.484 with six steals in 70 plate appearances with the Red Sox this year and .242/.308/.291 in Triple-A. The speedy outfielder also missed a little more than two weeks with a groin strain earlier this season.
The Red Sox will acquire left-handed reliever Craig Breslow from the Diamondbacks, Jack Magruder of FOXSportsArizona.com reports (Twitter links). The Red Sox will send Matt Albers and Scott Podsednik to Arizona to complete the trade.
Breslow has a 2.70 ERA with 8.7 K/9 and 2.7 BB/9 in 43 1/3 innings this year. The 31-year-old earns $1.8MM and will go to arbitration again this coming offseason. He's on track to reach free agency following the 2013 season.
Podsednik, 36, posted a .387/.409/.484 batting line in 70 plate appearances this year, but missed substantial time with a groin injury. He earns $750K at the MLB level and will become a free agent after the season.
Albers has a 2.29 ERA with 5.7 K/9 and 3.4 BB/9 in 39 1/3 innings so far in 2012. He is earning $1.08MM this year and will remain under team control as an arbitration eligible player through 2013.
Photo courtesy of US Presswire.


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Read full story for latest details. Tag(s): News
Sporting new look, Boeser striving for consistencyABBOTSFORD, B.C. — In the four NHL off-seasons since he burst upon the Vancouver Canucks straight...
East Grinstead run comes to an end as tributes flood in for ‘Gibbo’Vitality Women’s Hockey League Premier Division Review – 25 September 2021 The second weekend of the...

domain: news


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Pentagon UFO report: No aliens, but government transparency and desire for better data might bring science to the UFO world
Insulin was discovered 100 years ago – but it took a lot more than one scientific breakthrough to get a diabetes treatment to patients
New study on Dead Sea Scrolls provides more insight into the artifact's possible origins
Archaeologists have long believed that the famed Dead Sea Scrolls came from the desert following its discovery. However, a new study analyzing the scrolls reveals more information on its possible origins.
Archaeologists from the Israel Antiquities Authority or IAA conducted a DNA analysis on the fragments of the Dead Sea Scrolls that they obtained over time. They found that some of the fragments of the scrolls were written on the skins of cows and sheep. This suggests that the origin of the scrolls was not at the Judean desert where it was previously unearthed and that the scrolls were not written on goatskin as it was widely believed. Because sheep and cows do not live in the desert, this discovery suggests that the scrolls originated elsewhere, but experts have yet to determine where it may be.
Overall, over 25,000 fragments of the scrolls have been discovered in 11 different caves with various archaeological authorities trying to piece together the texts and fragments. As the scrolls are thousands of years old, many parts of the texts were damaged and beyond repair. The authors of the scrolls also remain unknown but archaeologists are keen on piecing every discovered fragment together to see the overall message.
The texts on these Dead Sea Scrolls provide more insight into life during biblical times as well as more information in the early years of Christianity. Back in 2014, during a podcast at the BBC called Beyond Belief: Archaeology and Religion, Professor Stavrakopoulou revealed how some of the text on these scrolls discussed the social issues that were prevalent during that time.
“I think it shows us that the time of Jesus and the Jesus movement that grew up around him was just one of the Jewish sects or cults in which there were all sorts of anxieties about the relationship of the Jewish people and their God to the rest of the world, particularly in relation to the Roman Empire,” said Professor Stavrakopoulou, who noted that there were many interpretations of the end of the world or apocalypse as well as interpretations of a messiah figure.
“Jesus and the movement around him was just one of those manifestations that happened to catch.”


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It would be great to believe we are all born equal. Unfortunately, gender inequality in the Australian workforce impacts income and superannuation outcomes.
On March 8th International Women’s Day is all about #EachforEqual. Aimed to drive change towards a more equal and enabled world.
In Australia, women currently retire with an average of $157,050 superannuation, compared to men with $270,710. That’s almost 42% less. Two factors influencing this inequality are:
- the lower relative income of women, and
- the impact of career breaks, most often taken to care for family.
National gender pay gap
Australia’s national gender pay gap is calculated by Workplace Gender Equality Agency (WGEA), using data from the ABS. Currently our national gender pay gap is officially 13.9%. In November 2019, women’s average weekly ordinary full-time earnings were $1,508.50 compared to men’s $1,751.40. This gap widens considerably when you realise the high percentage of women employed part-time. When total remuneration (overtime and bonuses) is included, this gap opens even further, widening an extra $200 per week.
Leadership, accountability and female representation on boards are critical drivers of progress towards gender equity
In 2019 WGEA reported on a Special Investigation on Women in Leadership. Women are now progressing into management roles at a faster rate than men. If this growth continues, it will take just two decades for women to have equal representation in full-time management positions. However, we will not see an equal share of women in CEO roles until the turn of the next century.
Stronger representation needs to start at the top. The share of female full-time manager’s increases by an average of 8.6% for companies with a female CEO.
Women may reach the top – but they’re unlikely to access the same pay
There is still a systemic gender pay gap. At every management tier, the spread of salaries available to men is much wider and higher than those available to women. The highest paid 10% men earn at least $600K in total salary, whereas the highest paid 10% women only reach $436K, a difference of over $160K. Not surprisingly, the presence of significant gender pay gaps at management level appears to be a barrier to increasing the number of women in management.
Impact of career breaks
Women often take leave from their careers or go part-time to raise children and are the primary carer of children and elderly parents. These career breaks impact the opportunity to build superannuation. Not simply through the loss of income whilst on a career break but accumulating over time when re-entering the workforce.
- Taking career breaks to raise children accounts for a 17% loss in lifetime wages for women.
- After a career break, women returning to work earn 29 per cent less than their male counterparts. According to the Harvard Business Review, the financial price paid is an 18% decrease on average, and a 37% decrease when out for three years or more.
- The ABS estimated that 82% of mother’s return to work in part-time roles.
- Lonergan Research has calculated that women’s career breaks reduce average superannuation savings by nearly $160,000.
What steps can employers take to achieve #EachforEqual in your organisation?
Flexible workplaces and paid parental leave are key to female staff retention. Employer-funded paid parental leave schemes covering 13+ weeks have been found to halve the share of managers who resign during Paid Parental Leave (PPL) in comparison to those with access to only the Australian Government scheme. Workplaces that provide on-site childcare have been found to prevent the loss of female managers during PPL by almost 20%.
Employer support to combine work and family, including flexible workplace policies, employer provided on-site childcare and employer-funded paid parental leave have a tangible impact on staff retention and will contribute to helping women move up the management ladder. Hopefully a higher representation of women in CEO roles will also serve to address the systemic gender pay gap and move us towards greater gender equality in the Australian workforce.
 ASFA Superannuation account balances by age and gender Oct 2017
 Workplace Gender Equality Agency, Gender Equity Insights 2016: Inside Australia’s Gender Pay Gap, 2016
 WGEA ‘Towards gender balanced parental leave’
Money101 have been delivering product-free, jargon-free online financial education since 2004. Our Financial Wellbeing program is designed to empower Australians to make better financial decisions, a workplace solution delivered online, anytime on any device.


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Caring for a loved one can be extremely rewarding and satisfying. It can however also be physically and emotionally demanding. Many caregivers often new to the situation, may not realize the full implications of caring for someone, and the challenges that they may potentially face. Find out what caregiver burnout is, what the common symptoms are and the best ways to combat burnout.
Many elders wish to live independently at home for longer rather than move into assisted or residential care. Illness and disabilities resulting from ageing can however mean that your loved one may need additional care and support from friends and family if they are to live in their home.
A difficult decision will often need to be made. Should you care for your loved one at their home or yours, or should you care for them from a distance? Alternatively, should you encourage them to move into residential care so that they can be cared by others, thus taking some the weight off your shoulders?

domain: sociology


IMEMC & Agencies: Tuesday evening eyewitnesses reported that a young Palestinian man was moderately hurt after being stabbed by an Israeli extremist in Jaffa Road, in West Jerusalem, the Milad News Agency has reported.
[Image By Milad News Agency]
The sources stated that Mohammad Marwan, 20 years of age, was heading back home from work when an Israeli settler stopped him asking for a cigarette, and when the settler made sure the young man was an Arab, he stabbed him.
The young Palestinian man, from Ras Al-’Amoud in East Jerusalem, was stabbed in the arm as tried to fend off the attack when he noticed the knife.
His family said that after Mohammad was stabbed, around nine more extremists, who were apparently hiding in the area, gathered around him and one of them struck the injured Palestinian on the head with a baton.
Mohammad’s cousin, who was buying some groceries at a nearby store, said he noticed one of the settlers placing a knife on his cousin’s neck, and ran towards him while shouting at the settlers who fled the scene.
He added that he witnessed an Israeli Police car driving nearby, but the officers did not even stop, and drove off, the Milad Agency said.
The injured Palestinian was moved to the Hadassah Israeli Hospital in Jerusalem, suffering an injury to his arm, in addition to bruises to the head and legs.


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Diversified Financial Services
Company Overview of International Securities Exchange, LLC
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New York, NY 10004
Founded in 2006
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domain: finance


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Many people may believe that once a recession has been declared over and most economic indicators point to a positive economy, the need for personal bankruptcy no longer exists. This could not be further from the truth and plenty of Mississippi residents are all too aware of their continued need for debt relief.
As explained by the United States Bankruptcy Court in the Southern District of Mississippi, there were a total of 427 bankruptcy cases filed in Jackson County in 2017. Of those, 282 cases were for Chapter 7 bankruptcies and another 144 were for Chapter 13 bankruptcy plans. In January of 2018 alone, another 24 Chapter 7 bankruptcy filings and 14 Chapter 13 filings have been recorded.
The number of bankruptcy cases initiated in Mississippi is something that other states have also seen. According to Nerd Wallet, many southern states in particular continue to see many consumers in need of this type of assistance. A 2016 report showed that the median for bankruptcy filings nationwide was 224 people out of every 100,000 residents in an area. In the state of Mississippi, the median bankruptcy filing rate was higher than that at 361 out of every 100,000 residents.
In the Nerd Wallet report, six other states in the country had higher bankruptcy rates than did Mississippi including Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama. Kentucky and Arkansas were also in the top 10 of the states with the most bankruptcy filings nationwide. Sadly the report also highlighted that many areas with high rates of bankruptcy also had median income levels below the national average. Some states on the list also have some of the least protections available for debtors.

domain: law


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(Very Good Condition Like New) This Godin 5th Ave Kingpin Jazz Archtop Guitar is made in Canada and is built around the traditional Gibson L5 style of a 16" Archtop guitar. This Kingpin model is fitted with a P90 pickup and the guitars finish and workmanship is a credit to Godin. (All enquiries welcome)
(As New) ( With New Genuine Archtop hard Case) This is a compact 15" full hollow body archtop and is the same size that Martin Taylor now plays. With the traditional Gretsch Cats Eye sound holes and a quality archtop guitar, it is ideal for the gigging jazz musician. A very warm Jazz sound when plugged in. (All enquries welcome)
(As new) + (Hard Case) The Gretsch (16") Archtop is one of the world most popular Archtops. Gretsch was made famous by many greats like Chet Atkins & Duane Eddie etc because it was and still is very versatile guitar for jazz, Rock, Country & Blues....... (All enquiries welcome)
(Like New) + (Hard Case) This Gretsch is a semi acoustic. It is from the Historic series. A very rare style of Gretsch guitar. Great choice of guitar for someone who likes the 335 semi acoustic style but wants something unique and compact. The color is unmistakeably Gretsch orange. (All enquiries welcome)
(VGC Like New) + (Hard Case) The Gretsch Archtop is one of the world most popular 16" Archtops. This design was made famous by many greats like Chet Atkins & Duane Eddie etc because it was and still is a very versatile guitar for jazz, Rock, Country & Blues......... (All enquiries welcome)
Very good condition and very collectible. This U.S made archtop has a lovely natural finish and does not look like it has been use very much. Only issue is there is some cracking on the upper neck binding but noting serious. No issues with the general finish. Almost like new. Very hard to find in this clean condition.
(Very good condition) + (Hard Case)2007 Natural finish. A very attractive guitar that comes to life when plugged in. The finish on this guitar makes it look like a guitar that is worth thousands of dollars more. This is a George Benson size style Jazz guitar. Nice and compact. (All enquiries welcome)
(Very Good) + (Hard Case) A rare Cort (Jim Triggs TR1) made in Korea. This is a slim Full hollow body from the late 90's. If you are looking for a real compact Jazz guitar then this one is worth consideration. It is fitted with a single Benedetto pick up and come from my own personal collections. (All enquiries welcome)
(Mint-As New) A tradition Washburn styled 16" full body Archtop guitar, with floating pick up. This archtop has a very nice warm Jazz sound. It is based on the style of the original Gibson L-5 and would be a good first archtop guitar to start with. (All enquiries welcome)
(Very Good Condition) Yamaha XEX1500N Martin Taylor Model. This is a very special kind of Jazz Guitar and it is in very good condition for a guitar that is hard to find. Please read condition remarks in View because the person who buys this rare guitar will be very please with its condition. (All enquiries welcome)
Good Condition. This very rare Vintage Swedish made Archtop is one of the first guitars designed by Jimmy D'Aquisto in the 70's for other makers. It was later named "The Jimmy" This guitar could be one of the original proto types made before the D'Aquisto name was put on it and has been in my praivate collection for some years now. (All enquiries...
(Like New) Still in its original Carton. An archtop guitar that can be use for Jazz/Blues or Rockabilly. This guitar is made in a top Korean factory and fitted with 2 x Gretsch style pickups and Bigsby but in a natural Blonde finish that you don't see Gretsches come in.

domain: artistic


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available free from Lerner eSource.
The January 27, 2012, Fukushima status report of the International Atomic Energy Agency reports this good news:
"Plant operators have brought the reactors into a 'cold shutdown condition' defined by TEPCO and the Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters as:
1) Lowering the coolant water temperature to below 100 degrees centigrade while reducing the pressure inside the reactor vessels to the same as the outside air pressure, or 1 atmosphere (atm); and
2) Bringing release of radioactive materials from primary containment vessels under control and reducing the public radiation exposure by additional release (not to exceed 1 mSv/year at the site boundary as a target)."
"Anti-nuclear movement growing in Asia" by Winifred Bird, Christian Science Monitor, January 27, 2012. Sub-headline: "Though nuclear power still has a strong foothold in Asia, anti-nuclear sentiment and protest are growing from Mongolia to South Korea to Taiwan and even - in modest ways - in China."
The section heading on page 46 of Meltdown! asks this question: "Is Nuclear Power Worth the Risk?" The section doesn't answer the question but describes the ongoing international debate about it. This article shows that the debate is continuing, and that the answer to the question is not a simple one.
"Federal Regulators Approve Two Nuclear Reactors in Georgia" by Matthew L. Wald, New York Times, February 9, 2012
This article discusses not only the news of the license approvals for two new reactors, but also the continuing questions about the long-term future of nuclear power in the United States. The approval came on a 4-1 vote, and the Fukushima meltdowns were the reason for that one objection. "The sole vote against approval was cast by the commission's chairman, Gregory B. Jaczko. He said the license would not assure that all of the safety improvements sought by the agency in response to Japan's Fukushima disaster would be accomplished before the reactors begin operating in 2016 and 2017."
"Japan Ignored Nuclear Risks, Official Says" by Hiroko Tabuchi, New York Times, February 15, 2012.
This goes along with page 45 of Meltdown!, which notes: "Nuclear power plant technology can be safe. Yet the Fukushima Daiichi power plant suffered three meltdowns, two major explosions, and several fires that sent radioactivity into the environment. None of those failures should have happened." (Emphasis in original)
"Crippled Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant at One Year: Back in the Disaster Zone" by David McNeill, The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol 10, Issue 9, No 4, February 27, 2012. An award winning journalist returns to Fukushima Daiichi one year after the meltdowns and describes the slow pace and challenges of recovery.
"Japan feared 'demonic chain reaction' at reactor, report says by John M. Glionna, Los Angeles Times, Feb. 28, 2012. The subheadline notes: "Officials feared they would have to evacuate Tokyo even as they assured the public that things were under control at the Fukushima nuclear plant, a panel finds." I include this link with some reluctance. The factual information is useful, but the language of the article is potentially biasing in the anti-nuclear direction. For example, the term "chain reaction" does not refer to a nuclear chain reaction, which is the source of energy in a nuclear power plant, but rather a succession of meltdowns and explosions that could have potentially made the disaster much worse than Chernobyl.
Also, it discusses a worst-case scenario and there is considerable debate over whether that scenario was realistic or plausible. Certainly, the policy-makers needed to be aware of that scenario and develop contingencies for it. And certainly serious researchers need to have access to the panel's deliberations. But non-expert readers may not recognize the full context surrounding the material in this article.
"Japanese Prime Minister Says Government Shares Blame for Nuclear Disaster" by Hiroko Tabuchi, New York Times, March 3, 2012. As Meltdown! notes, the political decisions about the future of nuclear power are going to be difficult--even in Japan. As the article notes in its opening paragraph, Japan's new prime minister recognizes the need for nuclear power as well as new policies to deal with it. "Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda of Japan acknowledged ... that the government shared the blame for the disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, saying that officials had been blinded by a false belief in the country's technological infallibility, even as he vowed to push for the idled reactors to be restarted."
"Japan's Nuclear Energy Industry Nears Shutdown, at Least for Now" by Martin Fackler, New York Times, March 8, 2012. As Japanese nuclear plants shut down for routine maintenance, they are not restarting because of objections from citizens who live near them. Only two of Japan's 54 nuclear plants are still operating, and that is causing economic hardship and other difficulties associated with a limited electricity supply. This article shows the mixed feelings that many Japanese people are experiencing with respect to nuclear power as the country struggles to recover from the March 11, 2011, earthquake and tsunami.
"Nuclear Disaster in Japan Was Avoidable, Critics Contend" by Martin Fackler, New York Times, March 9, 2012. This article reports that "some insiders from Japan's tightly knit nuclear industry have stepped forward to say that Tepco [Tokyo Electric Power Company] and regulators had for years ignored warnings of the possibility of a larger-than-expected tsunami in northeastern Japan, and thus failed to take adequate countermeasures, such as raising wave walls or placing backup generators on higher ground." Other critics include James M. Acton and Mark Hibbs of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, whose op-ed entitled "Fukushima Could Have Been Prevented" appeared in the Times on the same date.
"Japan's nuclear crisis: Fukushima's legacy of fear" by Geoff Brumfiel and Ichiko Fuyuno, Nature, vol. 483, issue 7388, pp. 138-140, March 8, 2012. Subheadline summary: "Japan's worst-ever nuclear accident displaced more than 100,000 people. Many could now safely return home. Yet mistrust of the government prolongs their exile." An editorial on page 123 of the same issue, entitled "Lessons of a triple disaster," notes the following in its subheadline: "The aftermath of the biggest earthquake in Japan's history, and the tsunami and nuclear disaster that followed, offers a map for preparing for the next catastrophe." Those are two of several useful online articles of a special news feature section of Nature called "The Japanese tsunami: After Shocks."
"Over the Rainbow: If there are better ways to split atoms, they will be a long time coming", The Economist, March 10, 2012, looks at the future of nuclear power, other power sources, and the impact of Fukushima in a world where climate change is becoming an increasingly more important issue. The conclusion (similar to Meltdown's) is: "In a low-emissions world, the role for nuclear will be limited to whatever level of electricity demand remains when renewables are deployed as far as possible."
Fukushima FAQs Fukushima Frequently Asked Questions page of the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) which is part of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), an intergovernmental organization of industrialized countries. The NEA's mission is "To assist its member countries in maintaining and further developing, through international co-operation, the scientific, technological and legal bases required for a safe, environmentally friendly and economical use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. To provide authoritative assessments and to forge common understandings on key issues as input to government decisions on nuclear energy policy and to broader OECD policy analyses in areas such as energy and sustainable development." In other words, it promotes the use of nuclear energy but also helps governments develop policies and regulations that can make it safe.
"Fukushima was preventable, experts say" by David Kramer, Physics Today daily edition, March 22, 2012. Subheadline: "A year after Japan's disaster, improvements in US reactor safety are still in process." Excerpt "One year after the accident, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission is close to issuing several orders to US plant operators in response to lessons learned from Fukushima. One of the orders will require NRC licensees to implement 'mitigating strategies' for accidents that exceed the worst case accident scenarios considered at the time the plants were built."
"Radiation Decontamination in Fukushima: a critical perspective from the ground" by Miguel Quintana. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, March 26, 2012. This article discusses the progress that the Japanese are making toward cleaning the areas radioactively contaminated by the Fukushima meltdowns to enable people to return to their homes and farms.
"One of Japan's damaged reactors has high radiation, little water, renewing stability concerns" by Mari Yamaguchi, Associated Press, Minneapolis Star-Trbune, March 27, 2012. Even though all Tokyo Electric Power workers have achieved "cold shutdown" for all three reactors that melted down at the Fukushima Daiichi plant in the March 2011 disaster, an internal examination of one of them (reactor #2) with special equipment raises concern about its stability. The other two reactors (#1 and #3) are more difficult to examine. To quote the article: "The data collected Tuesday showed the damage from the disaster is so severe, the plant operator will have to develop special equipment and technology to tolerate the harsh environment and decommission the plant, a process expected to last decades. The other two reactors that had meltdowns could be in even worse shape. The No. 2 reactor is the only one officials have been able to closely examine so far."
"Japan nuke-free for the first time since '70," Japan Times, May 6, 2012. Japan's last operating nuclear reactor has shut down for maintenance. Although the government hopes to begin restarting nuclear reactors in time for the summer air-conditioning season, public concern after the Fukushima meltdowns is standing in the way. The Japanese economy suffered badly in 2011 when the country began importing natural gas to generate electricity to replace the temporarily lost nuclear capacity.
The Japanese are faced with difficult choices, and other countries will also face similar questions as power shortages and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions come up against concerns about the safety of nuclear power and what to do with nuclear waste. These are the issues that Meltdown! The Nuclear Disaster in Japan and Our Energy Future leaves open for readers.
"A shiny new pipe dream: Capturing the carbon dioxide from power stations is not hard. But it is expensive. A new project in Norway aims to make it cheaper," The Economist, May 12, 2012.
On page 54 of Meltdown!, a sidebar entitled "Clean Coal?" discusses the cancellation of a carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) project to capture and bury CO2 from the smokestacks of a coal power plant because it could not compete economically. This article describes a CCS project that uses a new technique that may be economically viable. An excerpt: "There was a rush of interest in CCS in the late 2000s, including $3 billion for it in America's stimulus package of 2009. But many projects are now being cancelled. Either the developers have lost confidence in government commitments to support them or their costs have turned out higher than expected. Mongstad--a billion-dollar development owned jointly by the Norwegian government and three oil companies, Statoil, Shell and Sasol of South Africa--is a rare exception that has actually opened."
"Fukushima Radiation Estimate Doubles, But Cancer Risk Lower Than Expected," by Jason M. Breslow, PBS Frontline, Inside Japan's Nuclear Meltdown, May 25, 2012.
The latest estimate of radioactivity released in the Fukushima meltdowns is about 18 percent of the amount released at Chernobyl. (That is a bit more than noted in Meltdown!, p.41, where the estimate is 1/7 or about 14 percent.) But human health effects are very limited. That is because people were evacuated from danger zones and the radioactivity was less widespread. On the same page, Meltdown notes that the largest health risk is for the workers who have been bringing the reactors under control. The book states "That gives them a higher than average cancer risk though not a certainty of the disease." This article agrees, stating that "167 workers at the plant received radiation doses that slightly raise their risk of developing cancer."
"Japan considers nuclear-free future: Options require big boost for renewable energy sources," by David Cyranoski, Nature (News and Comment), June 6, 2012. The section of Meltdown! entitled "Is Nuclear Power Worth the Risk?" discusses the response of many nations to the Fukushima disaster. That section mentions many other countries, but it does not discuss Japan's own nuclear (or non-nuclear) future because Japan was too engaged in bringing Fukushima Daiichi under control. Now Japan is discussing alternatives that range from no nuclear power at all to using nuclear to provide up to 25% of Japan's needs. This article puts Japan's difficult decision about its energy future in perspective.
"Japan PM Says 2 Nuke Reactors Must Be Restarted,"
by Mari Yamaguchi, Associated Press, June 8, 2012. Citing serious economic risks if Japan does not begin restarting its nuclear reactors, Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda said in a news conference that he has begun to take action. Two reactors will restart shortly as the summer air conditioning season is increasing demand for electricity. Many more reactors are likely to follow. According to the article, Noda declared, "We should restart the Ohi No. 3 and No. 4 reactors in order to protect the people's livelihoods. The Japanese society cannot survive if we stop all nuclear reactors or keep them halted."
"Japan panel: Fukushima nuclear disaster 'man-made'" by Mariko Oi, BBC, July 5, 2012. A few days after the startup of the first nuclear reactor in Japan after all had been shut down, a panel of Japanese experts, the Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission (NAIIC), published their report to the Diet (Parliament) and concluded that the Fukushima accident could have been prevented if the government and industry had paid attention to known risks and acted accordingly.
This supports the section of Meltdown! titled "How Safe Are Nuclear Power Plants?", which states: "Nuclear power plant technology can be safe. Yet the Fukushima Daiichi power plant suffered three meltdowns, two major explosions, and several fires that sent radioactivity into the environment. None of these failures should have happened." (p.45) That section then goes on to discuss what engineers and regulators knew could have gone wrong but did not address.
Many other major newspapers printed stories about the NAIIC report, including this one in the Washington Post.
A July 14, 2012, Japan Times editorial about that report was titled "Japan's 'man-made' nuclear fiasco" and noted: "The commission asserted that the direct causes of the accident were foreseeable prior to the March 11, 2011, disaster. But Tepco, the regulatory bodies, and the trade and industry ministry promoting nuclear power failed to develop the most basic safety requirements, including assessing damage probability, preparing for collateral damage containment and developing evacuation plans. Both Tepco and the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA) were aware of the need for structural reinforcement at the Fukushima No. 1 plant to meet new guidelines, stated the commission, but rather than demand that it be done, NISA allowed Tepco to act 'autonomously' and none of the required reinforcements were done by 3/11."
"Japan Sets Policy to Phase Out Nuclear Power Plants by 2040" by Hiroko Tabuchi, New York Times, September 14, 2012. The Japanese government has announced its long-term nuclear energy policy in a document called "Revolutionary Energy and Environmental Strategy." Before the Fukushima disaster, Japan depended on nuclear power for 30 percent of its electricity and had planned to increase that to 50 percent by 2030. The new policy goal is to phase out all nuclear power by 2040, though some of the more recently completed plants, and other plants that were under construction when the disaster struck on March 11, 2011, may be allowed to operate until they reach their design lifetime of 40 years.
Difficult political battles over the policy lie ahead. Many Japanese citizens are unhappy that nuclear power plants may be allowed to operate so long, but other citizens and powerful business interests would like the nuclear industry to continue indefinitely. As the article notes, "While important for setting a tone, the announced strategy is subject to vast change, not only because of the long lead time, but also because the unpopular prime minister, Yoshihiko Noda, and his governing Democratic Party are likely to lose the next national election, which could be called within the next several months."
On October 12, 2012, in an Associated Press article by Mari Yamaguchi entitled "Japan utility agrees nuclear crisis was avoidable," news came that TEPCO, the Tokyo Electric Power Company had finally acknowledged that it could have avoided the disaster. The article notes that TEPCO "said in a statement that it had known safety improvements were needed before last year's tsunami triggered three meltdowns, but it had feared the political, economic and legal consequences of implementing them." As noted above, this supports the paragraph at the top of page 45 in Meltdown! that notes "Nuclear power plant technology can be safe. Yet the Fukushima Daiichi power plant suffered three meltdowns, two major explosions, and several fires that sent radioactivity into the environment. None of those failures should have happened."
The key question for readers of Meltdown! is this. If nuclear power is to be part of our energy future, how can we make sure that our political, economic, and legal system encourages utility companies like TEPCO are encouraged rather than discouraged from making necessary changes when necessary?
In the subtitle of "The Pro-Nukes Environmental Movement" (Mother Jones, January 15, 2013) author Keith Kloor poses this question: "After Fukushima, is nuclear energy still the best way to fight climate change?" As the article states, leading climate-change scientist James Hansen and renowned science author Bill McKibben say yes. However, Kloor notes that solar and wind remain important ingredients, concluding, "Maybe we shouldn't fixate on only one possible path to a low-carbon future, but rather accelerate progress along all the avenues (from nuclear and clean coal to solar and efficiency) that will get us to the same place--a planet with an atmosphere that remains hospitable. There is no guarantee any of them will get us there fast enough to stave off catastrophic climate change, but we have no other reasonable choice."
I encourage readers of Meltdown! to consider the following: There are safety concerns with nuclear power, but they can be addressed technologically if we have the political will. But do we have that will? Or will we, like Germany, try to eliminate all nuclear power, thereby increasing coal-burning and losing much of the benefit of its national push toward more renewable sources? Also consider, as the article does, the impact of the worldwide boom in inexpensive natural gas produced by hydraulic fracturing ("fracking"). Is the economic benefit so great that it is also slowing the growth of wind, solar, and biomass?
This thought-provoking article is a great starting point. But I hope you will not stop there. Please follow the questions it opens up, and discuss them with your fellow citizens and political leaders.
This article by Mark Prigg in the London Daily Mail, posted on January 21, 2013, describes radioactive contamination of fish in the waters off Fukushima. Its title, "Fish caught near crippled Japanese N-plant with 2,500 times the legal limit of radioactivity for human consumption," describes a not unexpected consequence of the meltdowns. Japan will need to monitor its food grown and its fish caught in regions where radioactive contamination from the meltdowns was possible for many years.
John A. Parmentola of General Atomics in San Diego, CA, writes that it is "Time for a game-changing nuclear technology" in a letter to the editor of Physics Today, February 2013, p. 8. He does not discuss the issue of greenhouse gases, but rather writes simply from the standpoint of meeting a rapidly growing world-wide energy demand because of population growth and economic advances. This article has a lot of technical detail, so it is recommended for adult and young adult readers.
Meltdown! does not go into detail about various nuclear reactor technologies, but anyone who thinks seriously about our energy future would be interested in a very promising new nuclear technology known as SMR for "small modular reactor," which is described in this story from Knoxville, TN. The article discusses a plan to test a prototype of the Babcox and Wilcox Company's mPower SMR along the Clinch River in Oak Ridge, TN. It notes, "The mPower reactor will be notable for what it doesn't have. Because of its self-contained design, it won't need the steam generators, pressurizers, coolant pumps and maze of plumbing seen on typical reactors. It won't need gigantic cooling towers.... Its cooling system would work on a cycle in which water cools the reactor core, boils to the top of the vessel as steam, cools, condenses and falls back to the reactor as water. This is an important safety feature because all the pumps and pipes and tanks on a typical reactor are places where leaks can happen."
Almost two-and-a-half years after the meltdowns, Reuters reports on August 8, 2013, that radioactively contaminated water continues to flow from the damaged reactors and threatens to overflow the containment into the ocean. The Japanese government has had to step in because Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) appears to be incapable of handling the cleanup alone. On the same topic, the British Broadcasting System published this article on August 22, 2013, asking if an international effort is necessary, and if so, why is Japan not requesting help from other countries.
It has always been clear that cleaning up the Fukushima site was never going to be problem-free. But it has also never been clear exactly what problems would be most challenging. This November 2013 article by Toni Feder from the Physics Today website entitled "Japan's Fukushima site is an ongoing morass" describes the current difficulties and the political implications for Japan's energy future and the world's. Its main theme is that experts from all over the world need to be involved in addressing the problems and advising policy makers about meeting the world's energy needs.
On January 30, 2014, science author and broadcaster David Suzuki published an article discussing the potential impact of radiation from the Fukushima meltdowns on fish caught in the Pacific Ocean. He notes that so far, there has been no sign of contamination, but argues that there has not been sufficient monitoring. He describes a new project from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute that involves citizen scientists who are willing to sample seawater. Readers should note that Suzuki has a clear point of view, but they should also note that he is willing to accept scientific evidence as the best way to draw conclusions.
The PBS Newshour of February 28, 2014 included a nine-minute report by Miles O'Brien on the difficult clean-up process following the March 2011 meltdowns at Japan's Fukushima Dai'ichi power station. The video cuts off right before his last paragraph, but you can read that in the transcript. A follow-up report on the impact on fish near the reactor site will be broadcast on Wednesday March 5, 2014, and a link will be added here after it airs.
A New York Times editorial on May 1, 2014 argues that the right lesson from nuclear reactor accidents should be policies that make the technology safer, not policies to phase out this important source of energy that does not add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The Times editorial board writes: "Whatever the reasons, these sobering trends [away from nuclear power], if left unattended, will make it harder for the United States to meet its goal of reducing carbon emissions by 17 percent below 2005 levels by 2020. The [Center for Climate and Energy Solutions] notes that since 1990 nuclear power has consistently supplied about one-fifth of the nation's electricity and more than 60 percent of all zero-carbon electricity."
In June 2014, several news sources including the BBC reported that the Japanese Nuclear Regulation Authority authorized the Tokyo Electric Power Company to begin building an ice wall to contain radioactive water that is leaking from the damaged reactors. Because the damaged fuel rods need to be cooled, water is constantly being pumped into them, and some has been leaking out carrying radioactive material with it. Most of that has been captured in storage tanks, but some has been released into the ocean. This wall will allow the contaminated water to freeze underground where it can remain for the several years necessary for radioactive activity to drop to safe levels.
According to a January 29, 2015, article at the Climate Central web site, the world will have to double its nuclear electric generating capacity by 2050 to meet its climate change goals (2oC increase or less). The article notes that many countries are beginning to come to terms with the Fukushima accident and that, "Globally, nuclear energy is already making a comeback with 72 nuclear reactors now under construction worldwide, mainly in Asia."
Were the Fukushima meltdowns the result of criminal negligence by Tokyo Electric Power Company executives? That question will be answered in a court of law. As U. S. News reports, the Tokyo district court will try three TEPCO executives because:
"Government and parliamentary investigative reports have said TEPCO's lack of safety culture and weak risk management, including an underestimate of tsunami threats, led to the disaster. They also said TEPCO ignored tsunami measures amid collusion with then-regulators and lax oversight.
"TEPCO has said it could have taken safety measures more proactively, but that a tsunami of the magnitude that crippled the plant could not be anticipated."
Those criminal charges were filed a week before Japan restarted its first nuclear power plant since the March 2011 tragedy and shortly after board members of a Fukushima fisheries union approved a plan to release decontaminated but still radioactive wastewater from the crippled reactors into the sea.
A 21 September 2015 peer-reviewed article in Philosophical Transactions A of the Royal Society concludes that the Fukushima disaster was preventable. As this Science Blog article notes,
"researchers Costas Synolakis of the USC Viterbi School of Engineering and Utku Kanoglu of the Middle East Technical University in Turkey distilled thousands of pages of government and industry reports and hundreds of news stories.... They found that 'arrogance and ignorance,' design flaws, regulatory failures and improper hazard analyses doomed the coastal nuclear power plant even before the tsunami hit.
"'While most studies have focused on the response to the accident, we've found that there were design problems that led to the disaster that should have been dealt with long before the earthquake hit,' said Synolakis.... 'Earlier government and industry studies,... if done properly, would have identified the diesel generators as the linchpin of a future disaster. Fukushima Daiichi was a sitting duck waiting to be flooded."
That fits with this statement on page 45 of Meltdown!: "Nuclear power plant technology can be safe. Yet the Fukushima Daichi power plant suffered three meltdowns, two major explosions, and several fires that sent radioactive material into the environment. None of these should have happened."
On February 26, 2016, nearly five years after the Fukushima meltdowns, the Japan Times reported that three former TEPCO executives would be indicted for criminal negligence. The indictments were expected to be issued on February 29, but the executives were not expected to be jailed unless convicted. The newspaper reported "The Committee for the Inquest of Prosecution said the former executives were presented with a report by June 2009 [21 months before the disaster] saying the plant could be hit by a waves as high as 15.7 meters and that they 'failed to take pre-emptive measures knowing the risk of a major tsunami.'"
In anticipation of the fifth anniversary of the disaster, Bloomberg Business published this excellent overview of the current situation at Fukushima Dai'ichi on March 9, 2016.
According to a May 2016 blog in Scientific American, nuclear energy has a future in the United States thanks to the development of small modular units.
On January 31, 2017, Reuters reported that some of the melted nuclear fuel from reactor number 2 may have been discovered during clean-up operations. If true, this may be a major step to removing dangerous nuclear material from the site. A February 3, 2017 article in the Japan Times describes high radiation levels that appear to confirm the January 31 Reuters story.
A September 6, 2017, report takes on a frequent "fake news" claim that contamination from the Fukushima meltdowns is making fish from the Pacific unsafe to eat. Related false claims are that radioactivity from the meltdowns is reaching North America at harmful levels. Peer reviewed science makes clear that those claims are incorrect. An excerpt from the article states: "These results are consistent with those of the Integrated Fukushima Ocean Radionuclide Monitoring (InFORM) project. Ongoing, scientifically rigorous, monitoring of the marine environment provides the best evidence with which to gauge the risk that the FDNPP [Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant] meltdowns represent for marine and public health here in North America."
One of the most concerning contaminants released by the 2011 meltdowns at Fukushima Daiichi is cesium-137. This Science News article from October 2, 2017, notes that the isotope has been found in higher than expected concentrations in the groundwater underneath nearby beaches. "[S]eawater tainted with high levels of cesium-137 probably traveled along the coast and lapped against these beaches, proposes study coauthor Virginie Sanial.... Some cesium stuck to the sand and, over time, percolated down to the brackish groundwater beneath. Now, the radioactive material is steadily making its way back into the ocean." Since that groundwater is not used for drinking water, it is not a public health hazard. But the results are important to know in case of future reactor accidents.
Readers of Meltdown! who want to keep up to date on global warming may want to follow the ongoing Global Warming For Young Minds blog by British author of children's science books Flemming Bermann.
See Other Resources for reports, books, and television programs published or broadcast after Meltdown!, including two remarkable Frontline documentaries.
Order Meltdown! in hardcover or eBook from the publisher
Order Meltdown! in library binding from Amazon.com
Meltdown! was featured at the 2012 USA Science and Engineering Festival Book Fair at the Washington DC Convention Center on Saturday, April 28, 2012.
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