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CanSkate - Group Lessons
Our CanSkate group classes are designed for skaters ages 4-9 with prior skating experience.
CanSkate is the Skate Canada flagship learn-to-skate program, and children are divided into groups by skill level to learn all basic skating skills, including balance; skating forward and backward; stopping; and simple jumps and spins.
Skaters in CanSkate groups will advance through the six CanSkate stages, and earn badges and ribbons based on their mastery of the three fundamental skill groups of skating: balance (forward skating, edges), agility (backward skating, stopping) and control (turns, jumps).
The coach to skater ratio in a CanSkate group is 1:10. The grouping of the children will depend on their level of expertise. All CanSkate groups are taught by Skate Canada trained and certified coaches.
- Skates (either hockey or figure skates- no skates with buckles/straps/second blade)
- CSA-approved hockey helmet
- warm clothing/layers

domain: hobby


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Focus on the long term. Diets fail when people fall back into poor eating habits; maintaining weight loss over the long term is exceedingly difficult. Most people regain the weight they've lost. In fact, some studies indicate that 90 to 95 percent of all dieters regain some or all of the weight originally lost within five years. Your program should include plans for ongoing weight maintenance, involving diet, exercise and a behavioral component. While there are some physical reasons for obesity, there are also behavioral reasons for excessive eating. For example, many women use food as a source of comfort (perhaps to deal with stress). For these women, a weight loss program with a behavioral component will offer alternatives to replace food in this role.
There's not much doubt about this one: Women need more iron than men, because they lose iron with each menstrual period. After menopause, of course, the gap closes. The RDA of iron for premenopausal women is 18 mg a day, for men 8 mg. Men should avoid excess iron. In the presence of an abnormal gene, it can lead to harmful deposits in various organs (hemochromatosis). Since red meat is the richest dietary source of iron, it's just as well that men don't need to wolf down lots of saturated fat to get a lot of iron.
Research has consistently shown that the elliptical, although easiest on joints, is worse than the treadmill, stationary bicycle, and rowing machine (not to mention activities such as swimming and intense hiking) when it comes to elevating heart rate and burning body fat. This is due to the fact that movement on these machines relies heavily on momentum and not resistance or the propelling of one's bodyweight. All these months of elliptical training has yielded mediocre results, and now you know why.
MPOWER Fitness was started with the goal of encouraging, inspiring and motivating people in a way that equips them to do anything they set their minds to do. We started as a small group of 15 in an extra room at a friend’s house on May 1st, 2015. We quickly outgrew that space and had to move our training to a local park. I soon realized that there were more and more people that needed this idea of teaching movement within exercise that transferred over into our daily movement in life. I knew immediately who would be able to help me with this goal. Looking to move back to the BCS area, I called my now head trainer, Andrew Ramirez, and asked him to join me on this very risky, yet exciting journey. Andrew agreed, and with the help of some close friends, MPOWER Fitness was born. In just 6 short months, we went from exercising in parks to opening our doors November 1, 2015. With some incredible employees, friends and family by my side, we have created an environment where people not only feel safe but are being taught how to "move" properly. The instruction taught inside MPOWER Fitness is based upon exaggerated movements that mimic everyday life. We believe that simple equipment yields simple movement and our philosophy is such that a strong mind is the prerequisite for a strong body.
For healthy bones and teeth, women need to eat a variety of calcium-rich foods every day. Calcium keeps bones strong and helps to reduce the risk for osteoporosis, a bone disease in which the bones become weak and break easily. Some calcium-rich foods include low-fat or fat-free milk, yogurt and cheese, sardines, tofu (if made with calcium sulfate) and calcium-fortified foods including juices and cereals. Adequate amounts of vitamin D also are important, and the need for both calcium and vitamin D increases as women get older. Good sources of vitamin D include fatty fish, such as salmon, eggs and fortified foods and beverages, such as some yogurts and juices.
The best training tool you're not using: a jump rope. “It may seem a little juvenile until you think of all the hot-bodied boxing pros who jump rope every single day,” says Landon LaRue, a CrossFit level-one trainer at Reebok CrossFit LAB in L.A. Not only is it inexpensive, portable, and easy to use almost anywhere, you’ll burn about 200 calories in 20 minutes and boost your cardiovascular health while toning, he adds.
Yahweh Yoga is a 55 minute class, including 15 minutes of an encouraging Bible meditation and 45 minutes of vinyasa yoga. Come and prepare your mind, body and soul for the week ahead, or end it on a positive and calming note where you are empowered by the Word of God. Set to praise and worship music this class provides an excellent opportunity to calm yourself, break a sweat, and worship.
Content on this website is provided for information purposes only. Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not in any way endorse or support such therapy, service, product or treatment and is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or other registered health professional. The information and materials contained on this website are not intended to constitute a comprehensive guide concerning all aspects of the therapy, product or treatment described on the website. All users are urged to always seek advice from a registered health care professional for diagnosis and answers to their medical questions and to ascertain whether the particular therapy, service, product or treatment described on the website is suitable in their circumstances. The State of Victoria and the Department of Health & Human Services shall not bear any liability for reliance by any user on the materials contained on this website.
A 55-year-old woman who gets less than 30 minutes of daily physical activity should eat five ounces of grains; two cups of vegetables; one and a half cups of fruit; three cups of milk; five ounces of meat and beans; five teaspoons of oils, and no more than 130 calories of additional fat and sugar. If she got 30 to 60 minutes of daily exercise, she could increase her intake to six ounces of grains; two and a half cups of vegetables; and up to 265 additional calories of fat and sugar.
The recommended daily intake for vitamin E is 15 mg. Don't take more than 1,000 mg of alpha-tocopherol per day. This amount is equivalent to approximately 1,500 IU of "d-alpha-tocopherol," sometimes labeled as "natural source" vitamin E, or 1,100 IU of "dl-alpha-tocopherol," a synthetic form of vitamin E. Consuming more than this could increase your risk of bleeding because vitamin E can act as an anticoagulant (blood thinner).
Choline: Some studies link low choline levels to increased risk of neural tube defects. Recommended levels have been established for this nutrient, but it's easy to get enough in your diet. Eggs are an excellent source of choline, for example. “Eating a few eggs a week should give you all you need,” Frechman says. “Most people can eat the equivalent of an egg a day without worrying about cholesterol.” Other choline-rich food sources include milks, liver, and peanuts.
Much of the sugar we eat is added to other foods, such as regular soft drinks, fruit drinks, puddings, ice cream and baked goods, to name just a few. Soft drinks and other sugary beverages are the No. 1 offenders in American diets. A 12-ounce can of regular soda contains 8 teaspoons of sugar, exceeding the daily maximum amount recommended for women.
In addition to diet, exercise and other lifestyle factors can also play an important role in bone health. Smoking and drinking too much alcohol can increase your chances of developing osteoporosis, while weight-bearing exercise (such as walking, dancing, yoga, or lifting weights) can lower your risk. Strength or resistance training—using machines, free weights, elastic bands, or your own body weight—can be especially effective in helping to prevent loss of bone mass as you age.
Omega-3 fatty acids are essential for the neurological and early visual development of your baby and for making breast milk after birth. Aim for two weekly servings of cold water fish such as salmon, tuna, sardines, herring, or anchovies. Sardines are widely considered the safest and most sustainable fish to eat, while seaweed is a rich vegetarian source of Omega-3s.
The trick to biking uphill is to look ahead and anticipate. “Try to plan for what's coming,” says Georgia Gould, a LUNA pro athlete and 2012 Olympic bronze medalist in women's mountain biking. “Start shifting down one gear at a time for a smooth, energy-saving transition. Ideally your cadence should stay the same as you transition from harder to easier gears.”
You should eat a healthful, well-balanced diet during pregnancy. However, you should avoid certain foods, including raw or undercooked fish, poultry and meat; raw or partially cooked eggs or foods containing raw eggs; unpasteurized juices; raw sprouts; unpasteurized milk products; and some soft cheeses (cream cheese is OK). Avoid deli meats and frankfurters unless they have been reheated to steaming hot before eating. To prevent food-borne illnesses, take the following precautions:
Calcium: For adult women aged 19-50, the USDA recommended daily allowance is 1,000 mg/day. For women over 50, the recommended daily allowance is 1,200 mg/day. Good sources of calcium include dairy products, leafy green vegetables, certain fish, grains, tofu, cabbage, and summer squash. Your body cannot take in more than 500 mg at any one time and there’s no benefit to exceeding the recommended daily amount.

domain: health


Multi award-winning Ghanaian artist Stonebwoy has been making waves across the world with his brand of Afro-pop driven reggae and dancehall over the last few years, picking up plaudits far and wide including from the likes of BBC, CNN, MTV, BET and lots more.
Off the back of hosting a packed out UK listening party at Red Bull Studios last week, Stonebwoy announces the release of his highly anticipated new album ‘Epistles Of Mama (EOM)’ out 12th December.
His 3rd studio album and the first of its kind, ‘Epistles Of Mama’ or #EOM is a double album consisting of 12 reggae songs and 12 afrobeats tracks. The ambitious project sees Stonebwoy bring together these 2 genres in one package with some specials collaborations with some of the scene’s finest including; Sean Paul, Sarkodie, Burna Boy, Kabaka Pyramid and much more. Stonebwoy explains the thinking behind the duality of the album:
“I wanted to reach out across the world, to all the lovers reggae and all the lovers of afrobeats and to bring these 2 genres together in one place.”
The theme of motherhood is key to the album `and is a message that pins many of the tracks together. Dedicated to his Mother and the morals and guidance that all mothers instill in their children, Stonebwoy explains:
“It’s inspired by the good morals, the teachings, the lessons, the anguish and the smiles of life – All the important things in life which are passed on to us by our mothers.”
To coincide with the album release, he has teamed up with dancehall queen Khalia on the crossover pop track ‘Hold On Yuh’. With visuals also out 12th December, this act is a taste of what to expect from the album and showcases his ability of combining the two genres and cultures that influence him most.


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Hank the Cowdog: Case of the F : Case of the F
In "Hank the Cowdog #12: The Fiddle-Playing Fox," Hank meets Frankie the Fox. When Hank discovers that Frankie's fiddle music charms the ladies, he asks Frankie to help him win the heart of his one true love, Miss Beulah the Collie.
- Paperback | 128 pages
- 129 x 197.6 x 9.1mm | 164.22g
- 16 Jun 2010
- Penguin Books Australia
- Hawthorn, Australia
- Illustrations, unspecified
Back cover copy
A rumor on the ranchWho ever heard of a fiddle-playing fox? Not Hank the Cowdog, that's for sure. But when several reports of unexplained fiddle music come in, Hank knows that it's his job to check things out. And to his surprise, he finds that the ranch has indeed been invaded by a fox with a fiddle! Can Hank resist the lure of the music long enough to run that rascal off his territory? Or are his days as Head of Ranch Security numbered? Find out in this hilarious adventure!
"The best family entertainment in years." -- USA Today

domain: library


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Early last year a mysterious new band called Jungle appeared on my radar with the infectious track ‘Busy Earnin’ (which I listed as my favourite single of 2014). Since then I became quickly addicted to their beautifully simple dance music videos and fresh sound. Their debut album ‘Jungle’ is smooth and polished with strong funk elements and I love it.
Before seeing them live last week I was so excited to see how their album would translate to the live sphere and watching their performances online from other festivals got me suitably excited. This is a band who could so easily get on stage with their laptops and recreate their sound but they fully embrace their live performances with an entire live band. Their recent Radio 1 Live Lounge cover of ‘Uptown Funk’ is a good demonstration of how slick they sound live. I got to interview Josh and Tom before their gig and you could see how important it was for them to provide a good show, highlighting the differences between studio music and live music. The live sound they create is so tight, 3 minute songs becoming amplified to their full potential.
Opening with ‘Platoon’, they were immediately on point and bursting into current single ‘Julia’, there was no need to warm the crowd up as they were already dancing away. This gave Jungle the opportunity to delve into slower, thoughtful tracks such as ‘Lemonade Lake’ and ‘Lucky I Got What I Want’ a little later on, the audience completely entranced. The set list was perfect and although I assumed ‘Busy Earnin’ would be the encore track, ‘Time’ was absolutely the right choice. It may even have taken its place as my new favourite Jungle track.
As with any wonderfully great band, listening back to the album the next day you slightly crave for the full live band versions with backing singers, brass section etc. I suppose what you’re really craving is the memory and the experience of feeling the music in that moment. Although people were dancing throughout the set, ‘Time’ got everyone properly grooving, hipsters and pensioners alike. Not only did Jungle put on a good show, they threw an amazing party.
You can listen to my interview with Jungle here: https://audioboom.com/boos/2963610-olivia-interviews-jungle
You can watch their Live Lounge ‘Uptown Funk’ cover here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUCaDVBhPok

domain: artistic


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Hi there...this is this week's color over at CTD blog- an anniversary card for someone special. My colors are: Taken with Teal, Black, Tangerine Tango and Bermuda Bay.
Heart-shaped flowers and stems...
Fun button element :) And cloud background paper from Welcome Neighbor DSP (SAB gift).
Pinking hearts "grass", a strip of curly DSP "ground" and a trio of little flower/ buttons. The orange DSP strip comes from a left over SU! Fancy Favor box die that I had saved... Glad it was useful for this...
What a fun color combo... thank you for the challenge and thank you to you all for taking a peek. Happy creating!
Recipe (all by SU! unless noted)
Cardstock and paper: Tangerine Tango, Bermuda Bay, Taken with Teal, Kraft, Welcome Neighbor DSP, Sweet pea DSP
Stamp sets: Happy Together (stem), Whimsical Words, Dot dot dot, A to Z
Tools: Heart punch, Pinking Heart border punch, Fancy Favor die, Boho Blossom punch
Everything else: stampin' Dimensionals, various buttons, linen thread


Sep 20, 2011, 7:31 PM EST
According to Derrick Goold of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Cardinals general manager John Mozeliak confirmed that Matt Holliday was cleared to swing a bat off a tee this afternoon.
“Over the last 48 hours, we are a little more optimistic,” Mozeliak told the media this afternoon. “The easiest way to think about it is as a day-to-day progression. He’s been cleared to swing the bat.”
Holliday hasn’t played since last Tuesday due to inflammation in his right middle finger. Mozeliak said there has been some “reduction” in the inflammation, leading to increased “optimism” that he will be available at some point during the final week of the regular season.
Holliday, 31, is batting .295/.388/.528 with 22 home runs, 74 RBI and a .915 OPS over 503 plate appearances this season. Allen Craig will continue to play left field for now as the Cardinals attempt to keep their playoff hopes alive.
- Great Moments in Media Arrogance: Marshawn Lynch edition 137
- Nationals sign former Blue Jays closer Casey Janssen 10
- Ichiro Suzuki’s deal with the Marlins is worth $2 million 31
- Orioles acquire outfielder Travis Snider from Pirates 36
- Not so fast on the Bud Selig Hall of Fame talk 50
- Blue Jays sign president and CEO Paul Beeston to extension through 2015 26
- Reds sign four-year contract extension with Devin Mesoraco 11
- The Yankees are going to try to get out of paying A-Rod his contract incentives 82
- Great Moments in Media Arrogance: Marshawn Lynch edition (147)
- Rob Manfred, new Major League Baseball commissioner, suggests ban on defensive shifts (118)
- Why “Deflategate” would never happen in baseball (93)
- The Yankees are going to try to get out of paying A-Rod his contract incentives (82)
- Comments of the Day: some of you guys aren’t big Bud Selig fans (77)


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Use this guide to get the strategies to build the emotional connections that drive long-term relationships and increase lifetime customer value.
What you'll find in this guide:
Personalized experiences help transform customers into vocal brand advocates, driving even greater reach and influence. Read our point of view on Salesforce's Guide to Emotional Loyalty so you can incorporate this concept into your loyalty program strategy.
FOR MORE ON THIS TOPIC

domain: psychology


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Ultrasonic waves propagate in plastic parts. Plastic parts absorb or attenuate ultrasonic energy more or less, which has a certain influence on the ultrasonic processing effect. Plastics generally have the distinction of amorphous materials, and hard rubber and soft rubber according to hardness. There is also a distinction between the modulus and, in a nutshell, the high-hardness, low-melting plastic ultrasonic processing performance is superior to the low-hardness, high-melting plastic. Therefore, this involves the near-far problem of ultrasonic machining distance.
Generally speaking, the molecules of different plastic raw materials are different, and the effect of using ultrasonic plastic welding machine will be different. Therefore, we must use materials with high ultrasonic weldability, such as: ABS, PC polycarbonate, etc. material. In addition, product smoothness also has an impact.
The weld line is the part of the direct melting of the ultrasonic wave, and its design effect directly affects the appearance of the final product and the production process.
Since plastic products should consider the watertightness and airtightness of the products, when selecting the machine, we should select some experienced manufacturers to customize the production plan for the products, improve the welding efficiency, and avoid plastic melting or compound overflow.
Find a professional ultrasonic welding machine?
Click Altrasonic Technology to realize it!

domain: chemistry


Although some may say the drizzly weather in London this time of year makes it an odd choice for a trip, I would argue its bustling social scene more than makes up for any shortcomings of sun. I recently jetted over to London for three days and as many events, and am happy to report the Fall social schedule is in full swing.
First up was Elton John’s annual Grey Goose Winter Ball. As guests pulled up to the Battersea Power Station, they were dazzled by the decor, with flowers everywhere and a sparkling glamor which evoked the Côte d’Azur of the 1950s. As with everything Elton does, it was very beautiful. The evening featured a three-course dinner by French chef Hélène Darroze and a live performance by “Diamond Rings” singer Emeli Sandé. A live auction of bespoke items raised $1,095,582 for Elton’s incredible AIDS Foundation. Guests included Elizabeth Hurley and cricket player boyfriend Shane Warne, as well as Rena and Makram Abboud, Julia Goncharuk, Kevin Spacey, Robert Hissom, Lisa and Robert Tchenguiz, Christina Juffali and Johan Eliasch.
The author (right) pictured with actor Kevin Spacey and friend.
Next up was The Place for Peace Gala, organized by author and philanthropist Ella Krasner, which she hosted alongside Academy-Award winning actor Forest Whitaker. The gala evening, held at London’s Banqueting House, raised nearly $500,000 for the Peace Earth Foundation. Guests flocked to the event in support of Ella, including supermodels Natalia Vodianova and Karolína Kurková, actors Jonathan Rhys Meyers and Dylan McDermott, as well as Sting’s wife, actress Trudie Styler.
Last but certainly not least was the event hosted by luxury jewelry and watch makers De Grisogono. A party hosted by this company will never fail to surprise and delight. The company’s president and founder Fawaz Gruosi presided over the private dinner, where both models and guests sparkled in De Grisogono designs.


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Manually Changing the Look of Characters
When you type text in a document, it is displayed in a particular font. Each font consists of 256 alphabetic characters, numbers, and symbols that share a common design. By default the font used for text in a new Word document is Calibri, but you can change the font at any time. The available fonts vary from one computer to another, depending on the programs installed. Common fonts include Arial, Verdana, and Times New Roman.
You can vary the look of a font by changing the following attributes:
Almost every font comes in a range of font sizes, which are measured in points from the top of letters that have parts that stick up (ascenders), such as h, to the bottom of letters that have parts that drop down (descenders), ...

domain: design


The contents of your cart with not be redirected. If you return to Kith Canada, your cart contents will still be retained.
Cotton blend heavy brushed rib fabric
Kith-branded faux shell button closure
Combined with jersey at front placket and collar
Patch pockets at front
Kith cursive logo
Flag label at pocket
Material: 97% Cotton / 3% Spandex


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A few days that of great to coming every female maternal aunt are very painful undoubtedly, appear especially dysmenorrhoea, it is painful simply on add painful. In period the female should eat the food with a few high volumes that contain iron, or it is the food that contains vitamin E these food can alleviate dysmenorrhoea, it what vegetable detailed knowledge dysmenorrhoea eats is better that what vegetable detailed knowledge dysmenorrhoea eats?
1. contains the food with fast iron
Menstruation is very much the female appears easily exsanguine shape, as a result of iron missing more, into fill the food that contains iron to abound is very important. Blood of liver of fish, lean lean, animal, animal contain iron to abound, and biology active is bigger, the plant iron that be absorbed easily to use; by human body and contains a lot ofin soja, spinach, absorptivity is inferior. So menstruationShanghai joins friendly community to touching with the city Period prandial in should notice element of meat or fish is tie-in, take some of animal more appropriately kind food, in order to satisfy the menses special need to iron.
2, the food that contains a lot ofvitamin E
Meeting limb of E of female lack vitamin perspires lack of powerly, easily, mental insecurity, dysmenorrhoea. Menstruation has dysmenorrhoeaNew love Shanghai is opposite with the city touch forum Of the symptom femaleA falls in love with the sea to be the same as a city The gender can feed oil of all sorts of greenery vegetable, vegetable more. The food that contains a lot ofvitamin E has: Yoke, legume, spinach, cole, hollow dish, peanut oil, balm, nut.
3, the food that invigorate the circulation of blood aerates
The reason of dysmenorrhoea is blood stream commonly not free, uterine position is unusual wait for those who affect classics bloodShanghai night net Normal eduction, the food that eats invigorate the circulation of blood to aerate more conduces to invigorate the circulation of blood changing silt, dredge main and collateral channels, alleviate dysmenorrhoea. Spinach, celery, caraway, carrot, banana, apple is very good invigorate the circulation of blood digests silt food. Love Shanghai is the same as edition of city mobile phone
4, lukewarm classics comes loose cold food
The female of cold sex constitution is painfulA falls in love with the sea to be the same as a city Easy hands or feet is cold when classics ice, cold sweat dripping wet, collapse faints etc, need much edible lukewarm classics to come loose at this moment cold kind food, be like: Dog meat, hotpot, chestnut, litchi, brown sugar, ginger. Among them soup of brown sugar ginger is OK the algidity with drive period inspiratory place, let temperature be able to maintain in normal level.
5, the food of benefiting body
The female is in the classics blood with period much eduction, easy dizziness has a headache, complexion is cadaverous, bec[……]
Pepper is the dressing when we make food one kind commonly used, promoting digest, the function of appetitive respect is better, can make person appetite big leave, at the same time it still has fair treatment and the effect that prevent a disease, for example cold to Wan abdomen painful, the symptom such as queasy vomiting is behaved, have the effect of certain precaution and health care, the solution with be had particular is fat, stimulative digestive effect, the action that treating chill cold field is very good also.
1, the gas below Wen Zhong
Peppery flavour laborious, sex is hot, enter stomach, large intestine classics; Have the energy of life below Wen Zhong, Fall in love with sea otter phoenix 419 sauna The effect of disappear phlegmy detoxify.
2, solution is fat, aid digestion
Peppery bases is peppery alkaline, the balmy oil that also contains certain amount, thick albumen, crude fat reachs solubility nitrogen, can dispel raw meat or fish, solution is fat, aid digestion.
Taste small dose can stomachic, poor to appetite, indigestion has remedial effect.
4, remedial chill catchs a cold
Peppery sex is tepid, the gastric abdomen of cold to the stomach be caused by is cold painful, bowel cries diarrhoea has alleviate very well action, treat chill cold.
5, anticorrosive curb bacterium
Peppery the effect that has anticorrosive curb bacterium, can solve poison of piscine shrimp flesh.
6, render palatable of dispel raw meat or fish
Black peppery piquancy is more intense than Bai Hu any of several hot spice plants, sweet in the area is hot, render palatable of dispel raw meat or fish, more at cooking splanchnic, seafood using kind dish.
7, improve female leucorrhoea unusual
The officinal value of Bai Hu any of several hot spice plants is greater, can improve female leucorrhoea unusual reach epilepsy.
8, advocate treat cold phlegmy dyspepsia
Advocate treat abdomen of cold phlegmy dyspepsia, Wan cold clear water of painful, queasy, vomiting, have loose bowels, cold dysentery; Apply treats skiing ulcer swollen, poisonous snakebite, dog is bitten; Can solve food poison again. A pulls love Shanghai to be the same as a city
Pork liver and dried small shrimps can eat together, eat what won’t produce the effect that overcomes together, and if eating together, to healthy gainShanghai joins friendly community to touching with the city It is rife, because of this everybody but need not worry too, can be at ease undertake edible, but when everybody is eating pork liverForum of baby of new Shanghai noble Had better not can drink red wine, be the nutrient value that can affect pork liver otherwise, pork liver often eats in the life, enrich the blood the effect that raises blood is first-rateA falls in love with the seaShanghai noble baby communicates an area With the city .
Pork liver cannot be mixed what eats together
1, pork liver + yam
Pork liver cannot eat together with yam. C of yam rich vitamin, the metallic microelement such as copper, iron, zinc is contained in pork liver, vitamin C encounters metallic ion, oxidize quickly and destroy, reduced nutrient value. After reason feeds pork liver, unfavorable feed yam.
2, pork liver + riveting fish
Pork liver is unfavorable feed together with riveting fish. Material of active of content of much bull kept for covering is contained in riveting fish, feed together with pork liver, can reduce the nutrient value of pork liver, bring about bellyacke, diarrhoea easily.
3, pork liver + spadger flesh
Pork liver cannot eat together with spadger flesh, can cause indigestion otherwise.
4, pork liver + chili
Fall in love with sea otter phoenix 419 sauna With what cannot pork liver eat together? Chili is a kind among them. The copper in pork liver, iron is extremely easy it is chili medium vitamin C oxidizes, reduce nutrient value.
5, pork liver + red wine
Forum of Shanghai noble baby Do not feed pork liver together with red wine, this meeting reduces the human body absorption to iron.
6, pork liver + pilchard
Pork liver cannot eat together with pilchard, meet otherwise the body is unwell.
7, pork liver + buckwheat
Pork liver and buckwheat eat meeting influence to digest together.
8, pork liver + bean sprouts
Pork liver cannot eat together with bean sprouts, can have the absorption of caustic nutriment otherwise. Because the copper in pork liver can quicken the vitamin C in bean sprouts to oxidize, lose its nutrition value.
9, pork liver + hawkthorn
Pork liver cannot eat together with hawkthorn. Hawkthorn contains vitamin C to abound, pork liver contains the C of vitamin of metallic microelement; such as more copper, iron, zinc to encounter metallic ion, oxidize quickly, can make vitamin C and metal are destroyed.
Old dry Mom is our country feeds capable person one kind famouser. When making food at ordinary times, can put old dry Mom. Additionally old dry Mom has chaffy dish footing technically this one series, when saying to doing chaffy dish so, also can buy the chaffy dish footing of old dry Mom, footing of chaffy dish of old dry Mom also belongs to our country famouser, also be right choice. Below weFall in love with the sea Will understand a few content about respect of chaffy dish footing.
Footing of chaffy dish of old dry Mom is delicious
Old dry Mom has series of chaffy dish footing. The old dry Mom that does not know you say is oily chili or other series. If you are the chili that use oil is used this kind,mix of meal, fried dish, be no good. Contact you to buy the chaffy dish footing of old dry Mom. Although be chili is done,often do Mom but taste without piquancy, but oil is more. Want to eat hot proposal not to put old dry Mom, want to eat not hot can put.
One, raw material and flavor recipe:
Anise of; of essence of 5g of 3g of 5g of 5g of 10g of 50g of any of several hot spice plants of 200g of chili of head of 500g of valve of beans of county of bovine oil 1200g, salad oil 500g, Pi, bullet, lantern, ginger, green, garlic, Chinese prickly ash, black peppery 2g, rock candy, chicken, salt 2, 31000 beautiful nets of Shanghai 5g of sweet 5g, fabaceous cardamom seed, small fennel 5g, arenaceous benevolence 3g.
2, footing of hemp hot chaffy dish makes a method
1, immerse flavor 30 minutes with clear water, rinse clean, drop does moisture;
2, bullet head chili and investment of lantern any of several hot spice plants boiling water boils 2-3 drop is scooped to do water after minute, reoccupy arrange machine is broken into pieces, become chili of cooked glutinous rice pounded into paste namely, reserve;
3, it is mature that clean boiler puts salad oil to burn heat to 7-8, put bovine oil to melt;
4, stir-fry before stewing of Jiang Cong garlic is put to fry after the oil that wait for an ox melts completely, small fire; turns after frying a fragrance
5, put valve of beans of county of chili of cooked glutinous rice pounded into paste, Pi to maintain small fire to fry restrict 90 minutes, fry make chili become white slightly, lunt desiccate;
6, put the flavor that has immersed with water to maintain small fire to fry again makeA falls in love with the sea to be the same as a city 20 minutes control;
7, piece sweet hind put Chinese prickly ash black peppery small fire is fried sweet, put essence of rock candy, chicken, salt, fire involves after frying dry lunt. Footing of hemp hot chaffy dish is made end.
8, join boil the soup-stock that has made beforehand, firing boil, can iron feed all sorts of dish to taste.
3, skill of cooking of foo[……]
In the cate of our country tradition, moon cake is to be in one of mug-up with the most welcome the Mid-autumn Festival, especially traditional 5 benevolence moon cake, but traditional 5 benevolence is the practice _ of moon cake traditional 5 benevolence is recipe of makings of moon cake stuffing what kind of? 5 benevolence be most get authority one of gay moon cake, what what use also is make for raw material with firm nutlet, commonly walnutmeat, melon seeds benevolence, sesame seed, earthnut and almond wait for 5 kinds big, also can choose the nut of other of course.
5 benevolence moon cake is one of Chinese traditional cake, countrywide each district has respective way 5 benevolence moon cake, in the Mid-autumn Festival in various moon cake most famous. ItFall in love with the sea Have burden fastidious, skin thin stuffing is much, delicious butForum of Shanghai night net Not easy and mouth, broken, facilitate carry wait for a characteristic. This kind of moon cake, submit bosomy form, the edge is roused a bit, decorative pattern and writing are clear, figure is correct, do not defeat a skin, not let the cat out of the bag, trenchant; brim assumes edge role ivory color, taste of; of underside palm red is sweet, soft belt is crisp, have a variety of nutlet sweet smell.
Cake skin: Low muscle flour 100 grams, peanut oil (or the plant is oily) 30ml, change big spoon of 1/2 of syrup 75ml, Ji Shifen (not have can save) , 1/4 of emulsifying agent of small spoon of 1/4 of edible Jian water, SP is small spoon
5 benevolence stuffing expect: Almond 40 grams, walnutmeat 40 grams, Chinese olive benevolence [melon seeds of 1] 40 gram, certain herbaceous plants with big flowers benevolence 40 grams, white sesame seed (fry sweet) 30 grams, shredded coconut stuffing ham of 10 grams, Jin Hua flesh of 50 grams, ice pink of 50 grams, cake 100 grams
Bake bake: Bake dish oiled, oven warm-up 180 degrees, bake about 20 minutes
1.Saccharic 500 grams, water 160 grams, lemon juice (or white vinegar) 3 greatly spoon
2. saleratus 1 gram, water 10 grams practice: 1. Will partially the flameout after material water boils about 20 minutes. 2. After leaving anger, add the sodium bicarbonate water of the 2nd part, refrigeration hind crystallizes no longer namely, bottle store is put after waiting for complete refrigeration,
Can put 6Forum of Shanghai noble baby Lunar above, had better make before week of the 2-3 before using stabler.
Cake skin is made
1, maltose pure juice, buck first mix is even1000 beautiful net forum of Shanghai ;
2, unboiled oil is joined 1 inside mix is even;
3, flour sift out is joined 2 inside agitate; of embellish of even, magnetism
4, the reuse after dough wakes 30 minutes.
5 benevolence: Almond, peach kernel, Chinese olive benevolence, sesame seed benevolence and melon seeds benevolence.
The method that make
1, proportion of moon cake skin, stuffing 2: 8.
Liver ill patient at ordinary times food is more important, should eat the food that contains a lot ofvitamin C more at ordinary times, eat greenery vegetable more, except a few tea that raise liver can be drunk between the life beyond this, the tea that raise liver has the effect that recuperates liver, can have the effect of auxiliary cure, have e.g. green tea fight the action that coagulate, can remove invigorate the circulation of blood to turn the result of Yu, bitter to doing a mouth because of the mouth that chronic hepatitis causes gum bleeds, have certain auxiliary therapy effect.
The best tea that raise liver
1, dandelion tea
Dandelion complete grass all can be used as medicine, medicine is fed hold concurrently with, its flavour suffering, pleasant, the gender is cold, put in classics of liver, stomach, kidney ‘s charge, clear heat is alexipharmic, medicinal powder knot detumescence, dehumidify diuresis, have especially protect the liver, effect that protects liver.
dandelion (75 grams) abluent, put into boiler, add water (1000 milliliter) adj/LIT wide crosses dandelion. The boiler on conflagration boil rear cover is built, small fire infusion one hour. Filter divides tea-leaf, wait for cool hind can drinkable.
2, honey lemon tea
Those of American liver ill expert gets · to overcome Dr. Lei Mo to suggest: Can try to join lemon in water, citric acidity can make liver generate bile, be helpful for the body discharging poison. Drink 8~10 cup everyday, every time 300 milliliter can. Honey is ladies are raised not just colour beautiful is tasted, also be the fine medicine that men protect liver.
Lemon is hit with water wet, the surface wipes a salt, chafe gently a short while, rinse clean with water, cut citric both ends. Lemon is cut two half, again slice, with a lemon, the means of a honey is put dryLove Shanghai is the same as a city Clean vitreous bottle is sealed perhaps in bottle. Screw cap, day of 5-7 of the cold storage in putting freezer can develop tone. (In the morning perhaps drinkable effect is best when 3-4 nods the skin to lack water afternoon)
3, 37 scented tea
Shanghai Long Feng forum
37 flowers use water of boiled water bubble, or bubble with tea drink, every time 4-6, its are had protect liver bright eye, fall blood pressure, fall hematic fat, promote the secretion of saliva or body fluid stop to be mixed yearningly life-giving the effect of filling gas. Everyday a cup of 37 scented tea, protect liver not only, return a variety of diseases such as medicable hypertension, tinnitus, sore throat.
With 37 flowers 15 grams, sang Xie 12 grams, boiling water develops bubble, acting tea is drinkable. Also but water simmer in water is taken, daily 2. Have the effect of fire of smooth liver have diarrhoea.
4, oolong of a surname chrysanthemum
A surname contains rich carotene in chrysanthemum oolong, VB, VC, a variety of mineral composition such as a variety of amino a[……]
Club of grind one’s teeth this kind of thing is a kind of food that dot often uses during grow permanent teeth, most parent can use oven make a few biscuit should do club of grind one’s teeth to use to the child, but there is oven among a few families, accordingly exceedingly confused to grind one’s teeth is made marvellously, small today make up teach everybody how to to use oven to make bar of grind one’s teeth. So, how to make bar of grind one’s teeth without oven?
The first, how to make bar of grind one’s teeth without oven? Because fear the club of grind one’s teeth of card of market top grade is safe problem, so Mom of a lot of treasure can choose him to start work the indulge in idle talk of the darling that make is good, and club of grind one’s teeth of the baby that make, a crucial place needs oven namely, cannot make bar of grind one’s teeth without oven? Not be of course! Microwave oven also can be replaced euqally.
The 2nd, material: Flour is right amount 200g milk powder two spoon carrot one rootlet measure: 1, above all we carrot slice, put into evaporate is soft inside boiler, the time of evaporate can grow a little a bit. When already carrot evaporate after ripe molten, hit carrot into carrot mud! HereLove Shanghai newly to be talked to touching with the cityShanghai Long Feng forum Altar Everybody wants to notice, carrot mud needs very exquisite, the bar of grind one’s teeth that such doing come out just won’t have the feeling of grain. Put the dough that has kneaded by to wake half hour. The dough that has waked is driven into chip, cut smallShanghai noble baby . (Electric baking pan is operated, need not twist shape of fried dough twist so) put inside electric baking pan, search an area from time to time, bake become angry can! Club of grind one’s teeth to darling be very be necessary, and the means of clubs of these the grind one’s teeth that make is very simple, treasure Mom fall without the circumstance of oven inside the home, but try these ways, go to the lavatory simply again already! Start work rapidly learn to rise!
How to make bar of grind one’s teeth without oven? Next, we carrot mud, 1000 beautiful nets of Shanghai Gallinaceous yoke and strong mix up1000 beautiful nets of Shanghai milk powder lump, knead the dough with smooth posse into flour! Must knead a little while more, make data sufficient mix, put the dough that has kneaded by to wake half hour left and right sides. Become the dough roll that has waked chip, cut small, because be microwave oven operation, so we can cut this small a little a bit finer, twist form of common marvellous fried dough twist of grind one’s teeth, notice both sides does not leave cusp as far as possible. Use egg liquid finally, in grind one’s teeth on one is brushed above the club, put into nextLove Shanghai is the same as a city Dichotomy bell is baked to control inside microwave oven, take search an area, bake 5 minutes or so again, be finished[……]
Love Shanghai is the same as edition of city mobile phone Article introduction
The stain of a lot of sort can appear on the person’s face, often lay insolating person in sunshine for instance, can appear very easily bask in spot, other external cause is genetic element, a lot of people appear easily fleck, still have often appear Huang Heban is waited a moment, in the life, the wife grows stain more easily than the man, because grow change of the hormone inside stain and body to matter, postpartum female grows the crowd of stain very easily namelyLove Shanghai is the same as edition of city mobile phone , issue face introduction so a few cookbook that conduce to postpartum dispel spot.
Cookbook of postpartum dispel spot:
Gong Zaoju spends congee
Material: 15g of 90g of red jujube 50g, rice, chrysanthemum,
Make: Put 3 kinds of stuff into boiler inside, add water right amount boil ropy shape can edible.
Forum of baby of new Shanghai noble Recommend reason: Big jujube contains B of the vitamin A with hairdressing stronger action, vitamin and amino acid to wait, often edible, can make facial complexion ruddy.
Dried shrimps cole
Material: Rape 200g, dried shrimps 50g, chicken broth is right amount
1, rape abluent cut grow paragraph, fry with vegetable oil stir-fry before stewing.
2, join dried shrimps, add right amount salt, candy, gourmet powder and chicken broth again, to ripe hind add amylaceous juice, make soup juice transparent can.
Recommend reason: Rape diuresis dehumidify is angry, dried shrimps is lukewarm filling kidney is in relief, beneficial of chicken broth filling empty is angry, 3 raw material are suitable, become in all fill the beautiful of puffiness of frail, disappear is tasted, often edible is ameliorable facial dropsy.
Disappear blain soup
Material: Give birth to Yi benevolence 2 two, gram 1 two, honeysuckle honey is 3 money, right amount
1, put honeysuckle be used as medicine bag, after other medicinal material is washed clean, immerse 1 hour respectivelySh1f of Shanghai Long Feng forum .
2, thoroughly cook Yi benevolence and honeysuckle first, put gram to boil again, thoroughly cook broken skin when gram can flameout, New love Shanghai is opposite with the city touch forum Frowsty half small .
3, when edible, add trifling honey according to individual taste.
Recommend reason: This soup has clear hot relieve internal heat or fever, go to blain, beauty white effect, but confined mom is unfavorable drink too much, right amount and stop.
Broth of balsam pear sheep
Material: Sealwort 1 two, n/bot glossy privet child cutlet of 3 money, sheep half jins, balsam pear is 1 root, right amount Chinese cabbage, big bone, ginger, rice wine.
1Shanghai night net , Chinese traditional medicine material is put be used as medicine bag, stew with big bone, ginger, rice wine boil a hour.
2, after purify medicine bag and big bone, ordinal put sliced meat of Ch[……]
The bean curd of crucian carp fish that stew is dish of commonner the daily life of a family, we know crucian carp fish contains high grade protein, be absorbed very easily by intestines and stomach, it is the origin of the high grade albumen of patient of a lot of chronic illnesses, increase disease-resistant capacity, in precaution disease respect has very good effect, and for the mother to lactation, drink beans of fish of a few crucian carp appropriatelyForum of Shanghai night net Corrupt soup, still have the effect of very good stimulative lactescence, we understand soup of bean curd of crucian carp fish to stew how long below. Shanghai Long Feng forum
Soup of bean curd of crucian carp fish stews how long
The fish is used had panbroiled, add boiled water (such piscine soup are whiter) probably 15 minutes, OK. Soup of bean curd of crucian carp fish is dish of a name of the Han nationality, belonging to food of food of another name for Guangdong Province is, taste salty delicacy is goluptious, crucian carp fish has the very good effect that urge breast, deserve to use bean curd, beneficial gas raises blood, be good at lienal wide in, bean curd also is full of nutrition, Sh1f of Shanghai Long Feng forum Contain protein taller, have very good stimulative effect to postpartum rehabilitation and lactescence.
Make feed capable person
Crucian carp fish 400 grams, bean curd 400 grams.
Condiment: Carry on wine 15 grams, green 3 grams, ginger 1.5 grams, refined salt 2 grams, gourmet powder 2 grams, wet amylaceous a few, salad oil is right amount.
The flow that make
Fish of 1. crucian carp, clear away clean, on piscine body both sides delimits each 3 knives, with a few salt daub even, scatter
Go up a few cooking wine.
Stripping and slicing of 2. bean curd reserves.
Dissect of 3. green ginger reserves.
4. heats up boiler to heat up oil, decoct fish, want small fire slow simmer in water.
After decoct of 5. one side fizzled out, break up to continue at the same time additionally decoct is yellow.
Decoct of 6. two sides fizzles out to pour 2 bowls of water later, add cooking wine, jiang Si.
7. conflagration is burned, Love Shanghai is the same as edition of city mobile phone Bean curd is joined when soup juice is whiten, small fire is stewed slow.
8. small fire stews Shang Zhinong stiff, add a few salt, stew a few minutes again less.
The saline tasty such as 9. , cease-fire, put garlic end, gallinaceous essence is OK.
Make feed capable person
Crucian carp fish, bean curd. Condiment: Cooking wine, green ginger, salt, edible oil.
The flow that make
① cuts bean curd the chip with 5 large millimeter, use briny floodwater on low-lying land 5 minutes, dropForum of baby of new Shanghai noble Work stand-by.
Fish of ② crucian carp goes scale and splanchnic, wipe on carry[……]

domain: food


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John B. King Jr. is a lifelong educator who is committed to a more just and prosperous Maryland. He served as President Obama’s US Secretary of Education. Today, John leads an education civil rights organization, is also a professor at the University of Maryland, College Park and a Democratic candidate for Governor of Maryland.
John is building a progressive statewide organization to not just take back the Governor’s mansion in Annapolis, but a progressive movement for real change.
You can learn more about John’s campaign at Johnkingforgovernor.com.


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THE WORLD OF FRUIT
Kira Mooney, Matteo Marcias, Mauricio Teran, Edwin Castillo
Benefits of fruits
Eating fruits give some advantages, including:
- A diet rich in fruits may reduce risk of heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and type 2 diabetes.
- Fruits contain many essential nutrients that we need more of, like:
* Potassium: Important to help combat high blood pressure, a risk for heart disease.
* Dietary fiber: Important to help reduce of heart disease, obesity and type 2 diabetes.
* Vitamin C: Important for growth and repair of all body tissues and keeps teeth and gums healthy, also prevent antioxidant defense.
* Folate/Folid acid: helps body from red blood cells and helps reduce the risk of birth defects.
- Fruits contain phytonutrients, that give a wide range of potential health benefits.
- Fiber-rich fruit satisfies your hunger with fewer calories, helping you to maintain a healthy body weight.
nutrients and health benefits associated
Mauricio: mango_contain 100 calories, I gram protein, 25 grams of carbohydrate, 23 grams of sugar, there is 3 grams of fiber.
Edwin: lemon_magnesium 8mg, phosphorus, 16mg, potassium 138mg ,sodium 2mg.
Matteo: peaches_ a source of thiamin, vitamin B-6 niacin folate pantothenic acid.
kila: grapes_90 calories, no cholesterol, vitamins C k , antioxidants, healthy carbs.
The most nutrient is the grape.

domain: medical


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A lovely, lovely painting, Ingrid. So soft and tender. You have a very individual style ... very special.
Thank you so much Alice. It's good to see you .. hope all is well with you! :o)
This is really nice Ingrid, and I love the lambs eye. I think if you can get good detail in the eye of an animal painting, it holds the viewer's interest.
I am amazed how you can make the watercolour create the shapes, texture and values. I was encouraged to try watercolour again after following your blog. My first attempt was a disaster. I have only worked in oils during my short experience with painting. Well second attempt wasn't great. I didn't like it at all immediately after finishing but the following day I revisited it and thought it's not great but not as bad as I thought. The medium is so different from oil I am lost in how to approach it. I'm like a kid with her first colouring book, great expectations but disappointed with results.
Greetings. It has such a soft look to it. Pretty
Nice to see an new painting Ingrid and another one with lots of feeling
What a lovely, delicate painting! This is really beautiful!
Hi Frank .. and thank you. I agree with you, I almost always do the eyes first, and if they are a failure then I discard the painting.Elizabeth I am the same. I start off with great expectations and so often end up thinking I would be better throwing my brushes away. I feel honoured that my paintings have inspired you to try watercolours, please don't give up. I have never tried oils, they scare me! :o) Greetings to you too Melanie .. thank you for stopping by and leaving your lovely comments.Glad you like this Ralph, thank you! Time I had another painting on the go. I have been enjoying the wonderful sunshine we have been having. Thank you so much Sandra, good to see you as always. Many thanks to you all. I must get round and look at your blogs, and see what delights there are in store for me ... take care my friends.
bravo Ingrid!I was expecting something of much lower quality after reading your amusing, charming but self-depreciating intro on your google profile.An old boy who had painted all his life (ex head of painting st. martins, london) said to me "you know Adam it doesn't get any easier"you might think of it as a descrepancy between the hopes that you set out with, the painting you imagine painting... the painting that you actually do.
Thank you so much Adam. You're right, it doesn't get any easier, but if after every painting I don't really like I find I have learnt something then that is a step in the right direction. My instincts are to go back and delete my earlier paintings, but they show the fantastic journey I am on ... and where I am going. Your art inspires me to press on with my journey, thank you!
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It’s back-to-school season! This means it’s back to YOU! Self-care is super important right now because the fall is prime time for laser skin rejuvenation. This is the season to start scheduling your series of laser skin treatments (or chemical peels, microneedling, laser hair removal, PRP Facials, etc.) because it takes time for your skin to renew itself and reveal optimal results. If you start now, you’ll have glowing skin in time for the holidays (not to mention glowing skin way before that, while you are undergoing your series.) The benefits keep building and building!
Here are expert tips for getting your very best glowing skin for fall and beyond:
Tip #1: Schedule your consultation ASAP!
Procrastination happens, but if you want your complexion to look amazing before a certain event, you must be strategic about scheduling your appointments with us. Your first step is always to schedule a consultation. This is because not every skin type is suitable for every treatment. Sometimes, a client comes in with their heart set on a specific treatment, but they may be much better suited for a treatment they aren’t aware of! During your consultation, we’ll walk you through your options so we can design an action plan that perfectly suits your budget and your goals. This can only happen with a consultation, so book yours now: 979-704-6879.
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The No. 1 mistake we see our clients make is thinking their skin treatment is a one-and-done deal. One treatment is terrific, but more skin treatments is the ticket. This is because our skin treatments literally stimulate new skin growth, triggering the production of new collagen and elastin, the building blocks for strong, supple skin. This is why we typically recommend a series of three treatments for your first skin rejuvenation experience. Each treatment builds on the last one, revealing optimal complexion corrections and glowing skin.
Tip #3: Embrace the long road to glowing skin.
Once you’ve achieved the complexion improvements you want, you’ll be able to enjoy your results long-term with periodic touch-up treatments and medical-grade skin care. Your skin is your largest organ. The thing about organs is that they regenerate slowly, over time. Your skin cells take time to regenerate and grow new skin. This is why your skin rejuvenation regimen is typically administered as a series, with each treatment spaced about four to six weeks apart. This in-between time gives your skin a chance to heal, and with every treatment, new collagen will keep building. Even when your series is done, you can expect to see improvements because your skin is still renewing itself! Our takeaway point here is that improving your complexion is a long-term strategy that includes periodic maintenance treatments and medical-grade skin care. Depending on your budget, you may wish to schedule seasonal skin treatments or maybe only once or twice a year. Don’t worry if this sounds like a lot — we can help you design an affordable regimen that is just right for you!


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These fridge/freezers are a big hit when it comes to camping of any sort, no more ice or soggy mess in a cooler! Set either side to a fridge or freezer or set both to either fridge or freezer, incredibly versatile and so easy and reliable. year warranty , transit bag and remote control all included. The low profile models are ideal for under a tonneau cover in a truck or in… Read More
We are so blessed to have met so many incredible people! Customers that have become friends there is nothing better! We are leaving on a overland trip in September with great friends we met through Wild Coast Tents but more on our Nor’easter expedition later! Herewith a few shots from a lovely couple Jessica and Jesse and their amazing dogs to inspire you! They bought a Sundog RTT and joined us at… Read More
A Wild Coast Roof Top Tent on the Wild Coast Of Africa!


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DIAGNOSIS OF THE PALATABILITY OF FRUITS OF THREE FODDER TREES IN RUMINANTS
Diagnóstico de la palatabilidad del fruto de tres árboles forrajeros en rumiantes
Saúl Rojas-Hernández1, Jaime Olivares-Pérez*1, Fredy Quiroz-Cardoso1, Abel Villa-Mancera2, Moisés Cipriano Salazar1, Luis Miguel Camacho Díaz1, Alejandro Reynoso Palomar2
1 Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, km. 3.0 Carretera Ciudad Altamirano-lguala, Col. Querenditas, CP. 40660, Municipio de Pungarabato Guerrero, México.
2 Laboratorio de Genética y Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Calle 4 Sur No. 304, CP. 75480, Centro. Tecamachalco, Puebla, México.
Corresponding author: firstname.lastname@example.org
Note received September 9, 2014,
Accepted may 11, 2015
The chemical composition, in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD) digestibility of the fruits of Pithecellobium dulce, Acacia farnesiana and Acacia cochliacantha were determined. A cafeteria test in calves, sheep and goats was developed to determine through consumption of dry matter and coefficient of preference the palatability of these fruits as a feed source. Crude protein and neutral and acid detergent fiber contents were higher in the A. cochliacantha fruit (p < 0.001) with 11.1, 55.0 and 38.3 %, respectively. Total phenols were higher (p < 0.001) in A. farnesiana fruit with 39.7 %. The IVDMD and IVOMD were greater (p < 0.001) in P. dulce fruit with 57.7 and 35.6 %, respectively. The P. dulce fruit was more palatable (p < 0.0001) for calves and those of A. cochliacanta for sheep and goats (p < 0.05). It is concluded that palatability was higher for A. cochliacanta and P. dulce fruits due to their chemical composition.
Keywords: Palatability, fruits, trees, ruminants
Se determinó la composición química y digestibilidad in vitro de materia seca (DIVMS) y orgánica (DIVMO) de frutos de Pithecellobium dulce, Acacia cochliacantha y Acacia farnesiana. Se realizaron pruebas de cafetería en becerros, ovinos y caprinos, para determinar el consumo de materia seca y coeficiente de preferencia de palatabilidad de frutos como fuente de alimento. El contenido de proteína cruda, fibra detergente neutra y acida fue mayor en el frutos de A. cochliacantha (p < 0.001) con 11.1, 55.0 y 38.3 %, respectivamente. Los fenoles totales fueron mayores (p < 0.001) en frutos de A. farnesiana con 39.7 %. La DIVMS y DIVMO fue mayor (p < 0.001) en frutos del P. dulce con 57.7 y 35.6 %, respectivamente. Los frutos de mayor palatabilidad fueron P. dulce (p < 0.0001) en Becerros y A. cochliacanta en Ovejas y Cabras (p < 0.05). La palatabilidad de los frutos de las arbóreas estuvo determinada por la composición química.
Palabras clave: Palatabilidad, frutos, árboles, rumiantes
Fodder trees have been recognized in many parts of Mexico as a strategic biomass resource for livestock, which can help meet animal feed requirements in critical periods (Olivares et ai 2013a), without diminishing nutrient intake (Seresinhe et ai 2012). The selecting of feed by animals depends on its palatability, which is a complex phenomenon that is determined by factors inherent to the animal as well as to feed properties. The preference tests developed by Mokoboki et ai (2011) have demonstrated the usefulness of conducting cafeteria tests in ruminants for determining differences in palatability of feed obtained from trees. In the Mexican tropics, Pithecellobium dulce, Acacia far-nesiana and Acacia cochliacantha trees are found scattered in pastures and in living fences where ruminants harvest the fruit to feed themselves in the dry season according to the animal's ability (Olivares et al. 2011). The objective was to determine the chemical composition and digestibility of the fruits of P. dulce, A. cochliacantha and A. farnesiana, as well as the preference that ruminants have for them as an indicator of their palatability, in order to provide additional important information regarding ruminant nutrition.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was performed in the Tierra Caliente region of Guerrero, located at 18° 20’ 30" north latitude, and 100° 39’ 18" west longitude. The climate is AwO, the driest of the warm subhumid area with summer rains. The average temperature and rainfall are 28 °C and 1010.7 mm, respectively (Fragoso 1990).
Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of fruits
Three samples of 500 g of ripe fruit from each tree were collected, dried at 40 °C for 72 h to constant weight, ground with a Willey mill with a 1 mm sieve and used for chemical composition analysis. Samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM) by drying at 105 C° for 24 h in a forced air oven (AOAC 2000; ID 954.01). Ash (AOAC 2000) and crude protein (CP) were determined by the Kjeldahl method (AOAC 2000; ID 954.01). Acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (Van Soest et al. 1991), total phenol content (TP) (Folin ciocalteu) and condensed tannins (CT) (butanol-HCL) were determined using the methodology described by Waterman and Mole (1994).
The in vitro digestibility of dry and organic matter (IVDMD and IVOMD) was determined by the gas production technique at 96 h incubation as modified by Herrero and Jessop (1996). The IVDMD was calculated as the difference between the dry matter (DM) contained in the initial substrate minus the DM in undegraded substrate). The IVOMD was calculated as the difference between the organic matter (OM) contained in the initial substrate minus the OM in undegraded substrate.
The fruits of P. dulce, A. farnesiana and A. cochliacantha, trees native to Mexico and reportedly more abundant in the country's tropical regions than anywhere else, were used (Olivares et al. 2011). The fruits were crushed to two cm particle size for feeding. The animals used were four cross male calves Bos taurus / Bos indicus with live weight of 170.0 ± 15.0 kg; eight male sheep hybrid Dorper-Pelibuey of 18.5 ± 1.5 kg live weight and eight entire creole male goats of 20.6 ± 1.8 kg live weight, housed in individual pens with free access to food and water bowls. At the beginning of the experiment the animals were dewormed with albendazole sulfoxide (4.5 mg kg-1 BW-1 oral route) and were given vitamins A, D and E.
Four calves housed in individual 2 x 4 m pens were used. The treatments were the fruits of the trees P. dulce and A. cochliacantha. Four kg DM animal-1 d--1 of each fruit were offered for two hours a day before going to pasture (7:00 to 9:00 h) in individual feeders with daily rotation, to avoid the conditioning of animals. The study lasted fifteen days, comprising eight days for adaptation and seven for evaluation.
Sheep and Goats
Eight sheep and goats were housed in individual 1 x 1.2 m pens. The treatments were the fruits of the trees A. cochliacantha and A. farnesiana. 500 g DM animal-1 d-1 of each fruit in individual troughs were offered daily with rotation to avoid the conditioning of animals. Also, oat hay as basal diet was provided as an additional fodder. The study lasted twenty-five days, 10 d for adaptation plus fifteen for evaluation.
Palatability was determined by the animals’ dry matter intake (DMI), subtracting the amount of fruit rejected daily by the amount offered (Alonso et al. 2008, Alonso et al. 2009, Olivares et al. 2013b), and the coefficient of preference (COP) was calculated from the ratio between the intake of individual fruits divided by the average consumption of fruits (Olivares et al. 2013b).
The data of the variables chemical composition and digestibility of fruit by general linear models (GLM) were analyzed in a completely randomized design; model: Yij = σ + Ti + εij where: Yij= variable response to the treatment (i) in the repetition (j); σ= overall mean; Ti = treatment effect (i); ε ij =random error of treatment (i) in the repetition (j) terms n-1 (σ2,0) (SAS 2002).
The preference study data variables (DMI and COP) were analyzed in a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement, using the statistical model: Yijk = μ + Ti + σij + Pk + (TxP)ik + εijk; Where, Yijk is the response to the ith treatment in the jth measurement in the kth period; μ is the overall mean; Ti is the effect of ith treatment (two fruits); σij is the error associated with the experimental unit in the ith treatment (four calves and eight sheep and goats; Pk is the period effect (seven days in calves and fifteen days in sheep and goats); (T x P)ik is the interaction treat-ment*period; and εijk is the error associated with periods. Comparison of means between treatments in the two designs was performed with the Tukey test (p < 0.05).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The content of CP, ADF, NDF and CT was higher (p < 0.001) in the fruit of A. cochliacantha with 14.5, 38.3, 55.0 and 4.6 %, respectively (Table 1). The total phenol content was higher in the fruit of A. farnesiana with 39.7 %. The fruit of P. dulce was the most digestible (p < 0.001) with 57.7 % in dry matter and 35.6 % in organic matter (Table 1).
In general, the protein content in the fruits of the three tree species was between 10.2 and 14.5 % on a dry matter basis, which covers the required minimum of 8.0 % to ensure the efficient functioning of the rumen micro flora (Van Soest 1994). On the other hand, ADF and NDF contents in the fruit of P. dulce (Table 1) is below that reported for fruits in other tree species (Guazuma ulmifolia, Crescentia alata, Acacia nilotica and Acacia sieberiana); however, the detergent fiber content of A. cochliacantha fruit is higher (Mlambo et al. 2011, Rojas-Hernandez et al. 2015). The highest ADF and NDF contents were found in the A. cochliacantha fruit, suggesting the presence of high concentrations of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, as described by Mlambo et al. (2011) and Olivares et al. (2013b), which decreased IVDMD and IVOMD in this fruit (Table 1).
Cafeteria test in ruminants
Bovines: The calves showed a higher consumption (p < 0.0001) of P. dulce fruit from the third to the seventh day of the experiment with 1.57, 1.70, 2.14, 2.14 and 2.20 kg DM animal-1 d-1, respectively, compared to dry matter intake (DMI) of the A. cochliacantha fruit (Figure 1). The effect of the feeding period only is observed in DMI of the P. dulce fruit with a significant increase (p<0.04) from the first day with 0.54 kg animal1 d1 to the third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh day with up to 2.20 kg DM animal1d-1 (Figure 1). The COP was higher for the P. dulce fruit (p < 0.0001) with a range of 1.74 to 1.96 units, compared to that observed for the A. cochliacantha fruit (Figure 1).
The calves’ preference for the P. dulce fruit (Figure 1) was associated with higher in vitro dry and organic matter digestibility of this fruit (Table 1). The levels of ADF and NDF affect the digestibility of food and this can have an effect on dry matter intake by the animal (Gregorini et al. 2015). The rejection of A. cochliacantha fruit by calves could be related to the higher content of total phenols and condensed tannins (Table 1), compounds responsible for the astringency and decreased palatability (Patra and Sexena 2011).
Sheep: Sheep on the fifth day of the experiment consumed more (p < 0.05) A. cochliacanthawasfruit with 0.29 kg DM animal-1 d-1 and this level was maintained until the fifteenth day of the experiment with 0.42 kg DM animal-1 d-1 (Figure 2). In relation to consumption dynamics during the study period, it was observed that fruit intake by sheep increased significantly (p < 0.0001). In A. cochliacantha fruit, it increased from the first day with 0.17 kg DM animal-1 d-1 to 0.44, 0.45 and 0.42 kg DM animal-1 d-1 on the ninth, tenth and fifteenth day, respectively. In A. farnesiana fruit, consumption initiated with 0.15 kg animal-1 d-1 and peaked on the tenth day of consumption with 0.38 Kg DM animal-1 d-1 and ended with 0.32 Kg DM Animal-1d-1 (Figure 2). The COP of the sheep for A. cochliacantha fruit ranged between 1.04 to 1.16 units and was higher (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001) than the COP for A. farnesiana fruit (Figure 2). In relation to COP dynamics during the study period, it was observed that fruit intake by sheep by tree species did not differ (p > 0.05) (Figure 2). In sheep the higher intake and COP for A. cochliacantha fruit (Figure 2) are attributed to its high crude protein and low total phenol content, compared to the levels observed in A. farnesiana fruit (Table 1); this behavior was similar to that reported by Alonso et ai (2009) and Olivares et ai (2013b) in small ruminants.
Goats: In goats there were no differences (p > 0.05) in the consumption of fruits of A. cochliacantha (0.19 to 0.49 kg DM animal-1d-1) and A. farnesiana (0.18 to 0.45 kg DM animal-1d-1(Figure 3). In relation to consumption dynamics during the study period, it was observed that fruit intake by goats increased signicantly (p < 0.0001). In A. cochliacantha fruit, it increased from 0.19 kg DM animal-1 d-1 on the first day to 0.44 to 0.49 kg DM animal-1 d1 between the ninth and fifteenth day. In A. farnesiana fruit, consumption started with 0.18 kg animal-1 d-1 and reached 0.39 to 0.45 kg DM animal-1 d-1 between the ninth and fifteenth day (Figure 3). The COP of the goats for A. cochliacantha fruit varied between 1.00 and 1.05 units and was higher (p < 0.05) than the COP they had for A. farnesiana fruit on the first day and between the ninth and fifteenth day only (Figure 3). In terms of COP dynamics during the study period, it was observed that fruit intake by goats by tree species did not differ (p > 0.05) (Figure 3). In goats the differences in the COP (Figure 3) may indicate their tendency to prefer A. cochliacantha fruit due to its protein and detergent fiber contents (Table 1), behavior similar to that reported by Alonso et al. (2008) and Olivares et al. (2013a). In goats the consumption of A. cochliacantha and A. farnesiana fruits was similar (Figure 3), which indicates their ability to adapt to eating foods with higher total phenol and condensed tannin contents and regulate their nutritional needs to the intake of diversified feeds (Torres et al. 2008, Olivares et al. 2013b).
It is important to analyze the CT and TP content of fruit (< 5 %) as it indicates its potential as feed for ruminants (Table 1); this is because reports indicate that such secondary compounds in higher amounts affect the rumen microbial population, inactivate enzymes in the rumen, precipitate proteins and carbohydrates from the diet and consequently cause poor digestion of feed, leading to increased nitrogen excretion in the feces (Patra and Saxena 2011, Lorentz et al. 2013, Hatew et al. 2014). They can also affect the health of the animal by causing hemolysis and increased methemoglobin in the blood, which can lead to the death of the animal (Mueller-Harvey 2010)
Variation among ruminants in dry matter intake of the fruits of different trees has demonstrated the usefulness of preference tests in ruminants for reporting differences in palatability of feed, where there are factors of interaction inherent to the animal and to the organoleptic properties of the feeds given to it due to their chemical compounds (Mokoboki et al. 2011, Olivares et al. 2013b).
It is concluded that the differences in the consumption of fruits and in the COP between ruminant animals were determined by the in vitro digestibility of DM and OM, as well as the content of CP, ADF, NDF and CT. The fruit of P. dulce was the most palatable for calves, whereas the fruit of A. cochliacantha was the most palatable for sheep and goats, which adapted to consuming fruit with higher levels of CT due to the physiological and chemical characteristics of their salivary secretions. The three fruits have potential as feed for ruminants in the tropics because of their low content (< 5.0 %) of secondary compounds (CT and TP) and a CP content greater than 8.0 %.
The authors thank SEMILLA-UAGro for funding this research project, which enabled the students involved to fulfill their degree requirements.
Alonso DMA, Torres AJFJ, Sandoval CCA, Hoste H, Aguilar CAJ, Capetillo LCM (2008) Is goats’ preference of forage trees affected by their tannin or fiber content when offered in cafeteria experiments. Animal Feed Science and Technology 141: 36-48.
Alonso DMA, Torres AJFJ, Sandoval CCA, Hostec H, Aguilar CAJ, Capetillo LCM (2009) Sheep preference for different tanniniferous tree fodders and its relationship with in vitro gas production and digestibility. Animal Feed Science and Technology 151: 75-85.
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Gregorini P, Vi lia I ba JJ, Provenza FD, Beukes PC, Forbes JM (2015) Modelling preference and diet selection patterns by grazing ruminants: a development in a mechanistic model of a grazing dairy cow, MIND. Animal Production Science 55: 360-375.
Hatew B, Hayot-Carbonero C, Stringano E, Sales LF, Smith LMJ, Mueller-Harvey I, et al. (2014) Diversity of condensed tannin structures affects rumen in vitro methane production in sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) accessions. Grass and Forage Science 70: 1-17.
Herrero M, Jessop NS (1996) Relationship between in vitro gas production and neutral detergent fiber disappearance in three tropical grasses. Animal Science 62: 682-692.
Lorenz MM, Alkhafadji L, Stringano E, Nilsson S, Mueller-Harvey I, Udena P (2014) Relationship between condensed tannin structures and their ability to precipitate feed proteins in the rumen. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 94: 963-968.
Mlambo V, Sikosana JLN, Smith T, Owen E, Mould FL, Mueller-Harvey I (2011) An evaluation of NaOH and wood ash for the inactivation of tannins in Acacia nilotica and Dichrostachys cinerea fruits using an in vitro rumen fermentation technique. Tropical Agriculture 88: 44-54.
Mokoboki HK, Ndlovu LR, Malatje MM (2011) Intake and relative palatability indices of acacia species fed to sheep and goats. Agroforestry Systems 81: 31-35.
Mueller-Harvey I (2010) Unravelling the conundrum of tannins in animal nutrition and health-Review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 86: 2010-2037.
Olivares PJ, Aviles NF, Albarran PB, Castelan OOA, Rojas HS (2013a) Use of three fodder trees in the feeding of goats in the subhumid tropics in Mexico. Tropical Animal Health and Production 45: 821-828.
Olivares PJ, Aviles NF, Albarran PB, Castelan OOA, Rojas HS (2013b) Nutritional quality of Pithecellobium dulce and Acacia cochliacantha fruits, and its evaluation in goats. Livestock Science 154: 74-81.
Olivares PJ, Aviles NF, Rojas HS, Albarran PB, Castelan OOA (2011) Identification, uses and measurement of fodders legumes trees in south farmers of the States of Mexico. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 14: 739-748
Patra AK, Saxena J (2011) Exploitation of dietary tannins to improve rumen metabolism and ruminant nutrition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 91: 24-37.
Rojas-Hernandez S, Oliva res-Perez J, Elghandour MMMY, Cipriano-Salazar M, Avila-Morales B, Camacho-Diaz LM, et al. (2015) Effect of polyethylene glycol on in vitro gas production of some non-leguminous forage trees in tropical region of the south of Mexico. Agroforestry System 89: 735-742
Seresinhe T, Madushika SAC, Seresinhe Y, Lai PK, 0rskov ER (2012) Effects of Tropical High Tannin Non Legume and Low Tannin Legume Browse Mixtures on Fermentation Parameters and Methanogenesis Using Gas Production Technique. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 25: 1404-1410.
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domain: literature


text:
Despite the growing importance of considering ESG factors as part of an investment process, many investors remain unclear about how to incorporate such an approach in their decision making, particularly in the context of emerging global events such as the crisis in Ukraine.
As corporate credit investors, our team’s investment process revolves around quantifiable observations of relative value and valuations that are supported by an in depth analysis of corporate credit and industry fundamentals. Our efforts to emphasize ESG within our traditional investment process has encouraged us to consider factors that are challenging to quantify and measure. The difficulty in measuring the impact of ESG initiatives and evaluating their materiality has resulted in serious debates within our team and the broader investment community. Everyone claims to be an ESG leader, but very few can back it up. Navigating this environment requires an active approach supported by a rigorous research process to maximize performance while adhering to ESG objectives.
Within a sea of ambiguity, one thing has been clear – the fossil fuel sector has generally been viewed as challenging within ESG investing frameworks. It is no secret that the extraction, refining and consumption of fossil fuels results in significant greenhouse gas emissions. Under pressure to act on climate change, many large investors, including pension plans and sovereign wealth funds, have made plans to exit investments in the oil and gas industry altogether. While these moves will certainly help to advance environmental objectives, it is worth debating if an abrupt exit is the right approach, especially considering that we continue to rely on oil and gas in practically every aspect of the global economy. We are beginning to see the impacts of a lack of investment in the energy sector as a constrained supply environment could contribute to growing inflation and negatively impact consumers, particularly those in lower-income brackets.
The recent shocking events in Europe have important implications for the cross-border flows of fossil fuels and will result in increased debate about how Western economies consume energy products. Russia is a major producer of oil and gas and a significant amount of Russia’s energy production flows into Europe and beyond. The simple reality is that the world (and Europe in particular) remains very dependent on Russian energy exports which makes it challenging for Western governments to effectively sanction Russia’s energy production. Sanctions can create hardships for all involved, and could potentially leave millions of people in the dark, without power or heat.
The terrible crisis in Ukraine and its spillover effects throughout Europe could spark a call for increased investments in renewables. As uncertainty surrounding energy supply causes spikes in price volatility, reliance on unfriendly foreign jurisdictions for energy products should accelerate a collective call to action. We could see European nations make increased investments in domestic sustainable energy production initiatives to wean their economies off Russian energy imports. Unfortunately, the impact from such investments won’t be felt in the short-term and could also come at a high cost to consumers. The transition to a more sustainable future will take time and could involve near-term environmental trade offs to balance social and economic considerations. We are already hearing calls to restart domestic fossil fuel driven generation in Europe to plug the gap from reliance on Russian energy products.
An argument can be made that energy sourced from jurisdictions where there are strong governance frameworks and commitments to future net-zero carbon emission goals can play an important role filling the gap as economies transition to greater reliance on renewables in the future. Ignoring the role that energy currently plays in our economy seems like a risk, especially considering the harmful impacts of surging inflation that pressured energy supply is contributing to.
Canada can play an important role in the transition to renewables as a safe and stable supply of oil and gas products presently. Environmentalists may argue that Canada’s oil sands have significant greenhouse gas emissions; however, if the alternative is to continue to source energy from countries with increasingly significant social and governance concerns, perhaps one shouldn’t be so quick to dismiss Canadian energy production. As we transition to a greener future, perhaps greater emphasis should be placed on investing in the energy sector of stable, friendly jurisdictions to reduce reliance on foreign oil from bad geopolitical actors. Transitioning to a sustainable future in the long-term remains one of the best ways to reduce our reliance on unfriendly regimes for oil and gas. The key question is how we get there.
It’s worth debating how the energy sectors of stable jurisdictions, with strong corporate governance and strong environmental oversight, fit into an ESG investing framework. This is where an active investment approach can add value and will require a comprehensive research process that revolves around detailed discussions with management and industry players, rather than simply relying on an issuer’s slide deck or third party ESG scores. The importance of transitioning to renewables remains more important than ever, however, to maintain economic stability and avoid chaos from an abrupt exit of fossil fuels, the path to a greener future requires careful consideration and planning.
The views and opinions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view or position of the Responsible Investment Association (RIA). The RIA does not endorse, recommend, or guarantee any of the claims made by the authors. This article is intended as general information and not investment advice. We recommend consulting with a qualified advisor or investment professional prior to making any investment or investment-related decision.

domain: finance


Office of Procurement Services Diversity Business Enterprises Program
Providing Information, Resources, and Opportunity
The Office of Procurement Services provides outreach to small or diverse businesses through its Diversity Business Enterprise program. We seek to provide relevant information and resources to assist diverse suppliers in their pursuit of business opportunities with the university.
University Information and Resources
State of Tennessee Diversity Certification
We encourage eligible suppliers to certify as a diversity business with the State of Tennessee Governor’s Office of Diversity Business Enterprise (GoDBE).
The state lists certified vendors in its diversity business directory, allowing the university and other government agencies to identify diverse suppliers easily.
For more information, visit The State of Tennessee Diversity Business Enterprise Program.
Upcoming Events for Small and Diversity Business Enterprises
UT Procurement Services participates in several state and local small business events each year.
If you would like to receive email notifications of upcoming events, click here.
Resources for University Employees
- Search for TN GoDBE Certified Vendors
- TN GoDBE Annual Report
- U.S. Small Business Administration Small Business Profiles
Employee Workshop – How UT Employees Can Support Small Business
Employees in the Knoxville area are invited to participate in this one-hour, interactive workshop that discusses how we can support local, small business while following UT procurement policy.
To view dates and register, go to https://kate.tennessee.edu/and enter “small” in the search box.


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text:
In 2005, all eyes were on Kalamazoo as the community announced a one-of-a-kind philanthropic program with an audacious “promise” – free college tuition for students who graduated from the public school system.
Eighteen years and 9,500 eligible graduates later, The Kalamazoo Promise scholarship program has been many things to many people, with undeniable positive outcomes. Compared to other communities in Michigan, Kalamazoo schools are healthier and send more kids to college.
Also, families who are relieved of the burden of college tuition can invest that money into themselves and the community in myriad ways.
“Maybe they’re making a down payment on their house, or maybe they’re going to get their master’s degree,” said Aya Miller, a Kalamazoo Gazette reporter who co-authored a package of stories on The Promise with retired reporter Julie Mack. “So it’s money that ends up being used down the line for something else to build their futures.”
But as the children born in the year The Promise launched graduate from high school, MLive’s reporting has revealed a story that is more complex, and in some ways concerning. Most notably, one generation in there is a clear divide on college success based on race.
“The people who have benefited the most from the Kalamazoo Promise have been the district’s white middle-class students, and that’s because they’re the ones who are most likely to complete college,” Mack said.
Mack, who is white, had a daughter graduate from KPS and attend Michigan State University. She never saw a bill during that undergraduate period – The Promise pays colleges directly.
“When she graduated, The Promise sent me a letter saying, ‘Just so you know, we spent $50,000 on this child to get her through Michigan State.”
But the program’s data shows that minority students are less likely to go to four-year colleges and are far less likely to graduate. Over time, large gaps in equity (total dollars paid in tuition) and graduation rates have opened on a race basis.
A Black mother of two students who went to college on Promise funds, but ultimately dropped out, was quoted in the reporting as saying that disparity leaves “a bitter taste.”
The Promise “was a really good idea for people who had (college) as a path,” she said. “And some people, like our family, we were born on a trajectory to get a job out of high school.
“So we have this pressure of The Promise, which is that it’s a great opportunity and all this kind of stuff. But really, if you’re not ready, if you haven’t been prepared on that trajectory, then how successful are you going to be?”
Promise officials have invested in counseling staff inside the organization, and at Kalamazoo Valley Community College and Western Michigan University, destinations for a good percentage of minority students. And Battle Creek, in building its own free tuition program, added historically Black colleges and universities as eligible institutions, even though they are outside of Michigan.
“When you have this opportunity in a district that the majority of the students are Black, it gives them more of an incentive to think, ‘More doors are open for me,’” Miller said.
At launch in 2005, Kalamazoo leaders painted The Promise as having the power to transform an entire community – not just educationally, but to increase city population, drive up property values and more. That hasn’t happened, the MLive reporting shows.
“Some touted this as an economic development measure – that this would break the cycle of poverty and could really transform Kalamazoo,” said Mack. “In terms of a wholesale community transformation, that has not happened – it is not a silver bullet.”
Which illustrates several points: A huge infusion of money does help, but not equally; and perhaps be careful what you promise – or at least, hope to achieve.
A generation in, there’s no question that Kalamazoo is benefiting from this generous and innovative grand idea – even if some results aren’t as hoped. That those running it have readjusted their vision and are working to make it better might be the best outcome of all.
# # #
John Hiner is the vice president of content for MLive Media Group. If you have questions you’d like him to answer, or topics to explore, share your thoughts at firstname.lastname@example.org.
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Want to see all of our latest, best enterprise journalism in one place? Click on this link: https://www.mlive.com/topic/deeper-dives/

domain: sociology


text:
We’ve all heard that trans fats are bad for our bodies, but a recent study by Spanish researchers found that they can affect our brains too! Trans fats (or trans fatty acids) are mostly man-made in a process that puts hydrogen in vegetable oil and then mixes in zinc and copper to make them more solid. The grey matter that results is then bleached to make it more appealing. This process keeps food from spoiling for longer, but it creates the worst fat for the heart, blood vessels, and the rest of the body according to Harvard University. Trans fats are also called “partially hydrogenated oils" and you can still find them in many foods, unfortunately.
Products like pre-packaged pastries, crackers, french-fries, cookies, and processed foods contain trans-fats. There was a time when 100% of crackers and 95% of prepared cookies contained trans-fats. Many companies have started using alternatives, but it’s still important to check the labels. Surprisingly, margarine, which is low in calories, is one of the worst sources of trans-fats still out there. Even a small amount of these trans fatty acids can immediately fog your brain. Taking any in makes you 48% more likely to experience depression, according to a six-year study. Trans fats have also been linked to a higher risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally, they have been shown to adversely affect learning ability, which should make you think twice about children eating French fries in the cafeteria everyday. Finally, eliminating trans-fats altogether would keep 1 in 5 heart attacksfrom ever occurring.
Apparently a longer shelf life for our food means a shorter shelf life for us. There are still many tests being run, but the safest bet at this point is to lay off the trans fats for your body and your mind. Actually, there are many fats that are beneficial to your body. Eating foods like avocados, nuts and olive oil, which contain unsaturated fats, can keep you from feeling depressed and they can help lower bad cholesterol. Life is too precious to risk for a bland treat. I encourage you to eat what you want, but satisfy your cravings at home when you can and read labels carefully when you can’t. You deserve the best in everything and the dollar menu is not “the best” of anything.


text:
Today's FoodDay section of the Oregonian is dedicated to the "100 Things We (Absolutely) Love," highlights from 2008 chosen from the submissions of staff and contributors. They picked 18 (!) of my faves and, listed by category, they were:
- Things we like to read, watch and click on: Documentaries made by Cooking Up A Story; the movie "King Corn"; and Mark Bittman's blog Bitten.
- What you'll find in our cupboards: Spices from Fiji Emporium; and castelvetrano olives marinated in fennel pollen, orange zest and olive oil.
- What we love from the farms: Organic Amish Butter and Pink Beauty popcorn from Ayers Creek Farm; papalo leaves and fresh garbanzo beans from the Amaro Brothers Produce at the Forest Grove Farmers' Market; and collard tops from Osmogaia at People's Farmers' Market.
- Places we like to visit when we leave our kitchens: Hopworks Urban Brewery (HUB).
- What we like to find in our glass: Suzanne's gimlet at 50 plates.
- What we like to eat when we're not the ones cooking: Pork belly and scrambled eggs at Toast; Cellar Door coffee; devilled eggs at Evoe; chicken wings at Vindalho; and whole fried anchovies at Clyde Common.
- What we reach for in the kitchen: Our Weber smoker.
- The mélange of favorites: Cheesemaking classes at Kookoolan Farms; Frank Morton of Wild Garden Seed in Philomath.


Invading plants may escape many of their native-range natural enemies, as predicted by the Enemy Release Hypothesis. This loss of enemies potentially distinguishes nonindigenous plants from natives, providing them with an advantage over native competitors; however, native herbivores and pathogens present in the invaded community can have significant new impacts on these invaders, reducing this advantage. Whether exotic plants avoid damage by these invaded-range enemies may depend on their phylogenetic distance from native plant species: enemies adapted to closely-related natives may be able to shift rapidly to exotics. We evaluated the influence of locally-occurring native relatives on escape from herbivorous insects at three taxonomic levels.
First, in common garden experiments using invaders drawn from a wide range of plant families, we found that the risk of attack by invertebrate herbivores was influenced by an invader's phylogenetic isolation from the local native plant community: herbivory was greater for species with closer familial relatives in the local flora. In contrast, within the family Asteraceae, field surveys indicated that damage by foliar herbivores and pre-dispersal seed predators did not decline with phylogenetic isolation from natives in the same family, though analyses that incorporated phylogenetic structure indicated that exotics consistently experienced lower levels of damage than related natives. Finally, for a single invasive native species within this family, insect damage to common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) was significantly greater in artificial populations located closer to conspecifics. Together, these results suggest that the phylogenetic and physical proximity of an invasive plant to locally-occurring native relatives can in some cases affect its chances of experiencing enemy release. Consequently, the degree to which an exotic plant is "different" needs to be assessed in the context of the phylogenetic structure of the community it invades.