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Crisis Management strategy utilized by the United States ...
CRISIS MANAGEMENT STRATEGY UTILIZED BY THE UNITED STATES 83
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FOLLOWING THE TERRORIST ATTACK ON AMERICA:
Crisis Management strategy utilized by the United
States Department of Defense following the
terrorist attack on America: A case study
Trina Wolosek Tritz
Faculty Sponsor: Douglas Swanson,
Department of Communication Studies
This qualitative study uses a case study approach to evaluate the actions taken by
the Department of Defense (DOD) following the terrorist attacks on America, and
contrast them with past crisis management failures of other organizations to define
and further develop the elements of an effective crisis response strategy. A thematic
analysis was utilized to describe the effective use of crisis management within
news transcripts of media events following the attacks, and to identify additional
themes that have emerged in response to the unexpected presence of terrorism in
America. This research concludes that the DOD effectively responded to the crisis,
and in doing so enhanced its image in the eyes of the nation.
On the morning of September 11, America was shocked by terrorist attacks that brought
part of the Pentagon and several of the World Trade Center buildings crashing down. Four
hijacked planes destroyed the major American landmarks, leaving the United States
Government scrambling to defend and protect itself, while simultaneously managing an
unexpected national crisis situation.
Recognizing and preventing crisis situations has been the focus of much research.
“However it is a mistake to believe an organization can avoid or prevent all possible crises”
(Coombs, 1999, p. 125). Crisis management and response research has been recently criti-
cized for failing to empirically back its claims. Coombs (1999) argues past research in
communication and business have offered “advice about what crisis managers should do, but
rarely provide verifiable support for the recommendations” (p. 125). This research attempts
to provide empirical backing that demonstrates appropriate crisis management and response.
Empirical backing will be created by testing the suggestions for effectively handling crisis
situations found in previous research through a case analysis on the U.S. Department of
Defense’s response to the terrorist attacks on America. This analysis should provide evidence
of effective crisis management, thus crisis management response will become stronger and
This research examines past United States government efforts to manage crisis situations.
The literature review presents the findings of past research in order to define crisis manage-
ment and identify the elements of successful crisis management strategy. A review of
America’s history with crises will provide the rationale for determining how to successfully
react to crises. This research will use a qualitative case analysis approach to compare those
strategies to the actions taken by the United States Department of Defense following the ter-
rorist attacks. In general, this study will answer Coombs’ (1999) call for verifiable support
for crisis management recommendations, furthering our understanding of crisis management
strategy and communication.
Review of Literature
Crisis management strategy
Several studies have produced strong arguments in an effort to define the ideal crisis man-
agement approach. Kauffman (2000) claimed “organizations facing a crisis should at least do
the following: 1) respond quickly; 2) tell the truth; and 3) provide a constant flow of informa-
tion, especially to key publics” (p. 422). Research done by Fines (1985) added the element of
advanced planning and training: “1) set a broad strategy in advance; 2) respond quickly; 3)
train spokespersons in advance; 4) seek third party support; and 5) centralize the spokesper-
son’s function” (p. 53). Coombs (1999) generalized effective crisis response strategy into two
key elements: compassion and information. He further claimed crisis managers must provide
crisis-related information to stakeholders and demonstrate compassion for victims. Reporting
this information, however, is a complex undertaking.
Quick, prompt responses to crisis situations are crucial. By responding quickly, public
relations practitioners, not media, fill “the information void created by a crisis with facts.
Speculation and misinformation will fill the information void if an organization is silent or
slow to respond” (Coombs, 1999, p. 126). After a quick response, information must continue
to flow out of the organization in an open and constant manner. “Openness means organiza-
tional members are available and willing to disclose information to the media and other
stakeholders” (Coombs, 1999, p. 127).
Yet public relations practitioners must be careful, because knowing too much may lead the
public to suspect you could have done something more to prevent the incident. Coombs
(1999) found that an increase of “information specificity lead to stronger perceptions of per-
sonal control. This meant the more detailed information stakeholders received, the more they
felt the organization could have prevented the crisis” (p. 137). “Publics will make attributions
about the cause of a crisis. The more the publics attribute responsibility for the crisis to the
organization, the greater the risk should be of reputational damage” (Coombs & Holladay,
1996, p. 292).
Messages coming out of the organization, preferably through a designated spokesperson,
must be honest and consistent in content. During crisis, the relationship that exists between
media and the organization is critical. According to Williams and Olaniran (1998), “when a
crisis does occur it is important that these information gatekeepers perceive the company and
its public relations personnel as dependable and believable” (p. 389). They further note that
this is more easily accomplished when “the groundwork has already been set with previous
positive relationships” (p. 389).
Probably the most effective part of the above strategy is the display of compassion.
“Compassion helps to improve the organizational reputation, to increase honoring of the
account, and to facilitate intentions to engage in potential support behavior. There appears to
be little if any social-oriented downside to expressing compassion during an accident crisis”
(Coombs, 1999, p. 135). Furthermore, compassion “was related to perceptions of organiza-
tional control. A possible explanation is the compassion conditions inclusion of taking action,
such as finding and paying for housing. The mere taking of action could be the reason com-
passion is linked to control” (Coombs, 1999, p. 135).
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DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FOLLOWING THE TERRORIST ATTACK ON AMERICA:
Lastly, the organization needs to centralize a trained spokesperson, and designate his or
her function to help ensure consistency in the information being released by the organization.
The designated spokesperson should have credibility in the public associated with the organi-
zation. The crisis management team is “usually headed by the organization’s president or
other executive officer, although the actual company spokesperson identified in the crisis
management plan was the president or chairman of the company (24%), the vice president or
director of public relations, corporate communications, or media relations (44%), and others
(32%)” (Lee, Jares, & Heath, 1999, p. 245).
Previous study of crisis management
Governmental agencies in the United States do not have a good track record of publicly
responding to crises. In fact, one of the most well known crisis management blunders is seen
in NASA’s attempt to manage the public’s response to the preflight fire in the capsule of
Apollo 1. NASA did a poor job of responding quickly to the public. In fact, Kauffman (2000)
notes it took NASA two hours to report the deaths, and then communicated purposefully mis-
leading information. “NASA responded too slowly to the fire, angering the media and
allowing rumors to circulate about NASA’s possible culpability” (Kauffman, 2000, p. 429).
“NASA’s crisis communications regarding the Apollo 1 fire exacerbated the tragedy, hurting
the agency’s credibility and tarnishing an image the agency had labored 9 years to create” (p.
The Challenger explosion 19 years later was further evidence that NASA had not learned
from its mistake. Crisis management plans NASA claimed to have created following the mis-
management of the Apollo 1 crisis were ignored, and the agency again resorted to a media
blackout. “It took more than six hours for the agency to release its first statement following
the explosion of the Challenger” (Marra, 1998, p. 468). Surprisingly, NASA is not alone in
its failure to prepare for crisis situations. “Research revealed that the majority of Fortune 100
companies will not take efforts to prepare for a crisis until they experience a crisis”
(Williams & Olaniran, 1998, p. 387).
A final example directly linked to our government was the Cuban Missile Crisis. “The
Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 provides a case study of how John F. Kennedy and Nikita
Khrushchev almost blundered into a nuclear war through the crisis management approaches
of their advisory systems” (Pious, 2001, p. 81). While some experts claim the crisis was
managed in an effective manner in the sense that it was successful, “crisis management
requires reasonably high capabilities to acquire, manage, and process data rationally in accor-
dance with effective theories about how the world works. Neither government demonstrated
such capabilities” (Pious, 2001, p. 91).
Fortunately, there is also an example of previous crisis management success. Johnson &
Johnson experienced a dangerous crisis when a terrorist poisoned Tylenol bottles with
cyanide. Yet, the company enhanced its image through effective management of crisis.
“Johnson & Johnson’s experience with the Tylenol poisonings suggests that outstanding cri-
sis communications can enhance an organization’s image and credibility” (Kauffman, 1999,
p. 430). “Organizations that have managed crises well such as AT&T and Johnson &
Johnson, did so, in part, because the senior public relations practitioner was inside the board-
room helping to set strategy, not outside the boardroom waiting to be told what to do”
(Marra, 1998, p. 473).
Crisis management and strategy research has become a critical responsibility for organiza-
tions across the country. Research has focused on past efforts to control crisis situations
through several different strategies. By reviewing literature in this area, public relations prac-
titioners can learn from the successes and mistakes of others and revise their approach to cri-
sis situations. The evidence from previous research, as demonstrated by the literature review,
suggests that crisis management is an area in need of further development and analysis. The
September 11 terrorist attack on America is our nation’s most recent opportunity to deter-
mine if the United States government has learned from past mistakes, and if so, to identify
which actions taken by the Department of Defense met with the elements of successful crisis
management strategy. By conducting case studies of historical attempts to respond to crises, a
more supportable strategy for effective crisis management can be composed.
This study proposes to deepen our current understanding of effective crisis management.
The following research questions will be explored:
RQ1- what elements of the effective crisis management strategy were utilized by
the United States Department of Defense following the terrorist bombing of the
RQ2- did the United States Department of Defense successfully utilize tactics or
strategies that are not identified in the effective crisis management strategy?
Williams and Olaniran (1998) claimed that crisis management is “the use of public rela-
tions to minimize harm to the organization in emergency situations that could cause the
organization irreparable damage “ (p. 388). Crisis management is more than an action taken
within an organization, but also “communication between the organization and its publics
prior to, during, and after the negative occurrence” (Kauffman, 1999, p. 422). For the pur-
pose of this research, these crisis management definitions will be combined: crisis
management is the use of public relations to communicate between an organization and its
publics prior to, during, and after a crisis situation in order to minimize possible harm or
damage to the organization.
Crisis management strategy
As cited in the review of literature, Kauffman (1999) claimed “organizations facing a cri-
sis should at least do the following: 1) respond quickly; 2) tell the truth; and 3) provide a
constant flow of information, especially to key publics” (p. 422). Fines (1985) added the ele-
ment of advanced planning and training: “1) set a broad strategy in advance; 2) respond
quickly; 3) train spokespersons in advance; 4) seek third party support; and 5) centralize the
spokesperson’s function” (p. 53). Coombs (1999) generalized crisis response strategy into
two key elements: compassion and information. He claimed, “crisis managers must provide
crisis-related information to stakeholders and demonstrate compassion for victims” (p. 126).
The following list attempts to encompass the above strategies formulated from previous
research in order to operationally define successful crisis management for the purpose of this
a. quick, prompt response to crisis
b. open and constant flow of information
c. honest messages that are consistent in content
d. display compassion
e. centralize a trained spokesperson and designate his or her function.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT STRATEGY UTILIZED BY THE UNITED STATES 87
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FOLLOWING THE TERRORIST ATTACK ON AMERICA: A
The United States Department of Defense was selected for this research, because it is one
of America’s most recent examples of crisis management strategy at work. Crisis manage-
ment and response has recently begun to be a major focus in the area of communication, and
the action taken by the United States Department of Defense will help elaborate on the
improved utilization of those strategies by organizations in America.
This research is a qualitative study using a case study approach. The goal is to evaluate
the action taken by the Department of Defense. This will be accomplished by contrasting the
Department of Defense’s response to the September 11 terrorist attacks with past crisis
management failures of other organizations in an effort to define and further develop the ele-
ments of an effective crisis response strategy. According to an ongoing project by Colorado
State University, a case study looks intensely at an individual or small participant pool, draw-
ing conclusions only about that participant or group, and only in that specific context. It is an
appropriate approach to use for this study, because the emphasis of this research was placed
on exploration and description of the crisis management strategy utilized by the United States
Department of Defense to gain a deeper understanding of the process.
Data was collected from news transcripts of media events following the terrorist attacks.
The actions taken by the Department of Defense were compared to the operational definition
of effective crisis management strategy based on the research of Coombs (1999), Fines
(1985), and Kauffman (1999). A thematic analysis will then be conducted on the data.
According to Boyatzis (1998), the “descriptive use of thematic analysis is desirable if the
particular methodology chosen for a study requires enhancing the clarity of results or find-
ings and the ease of communication” (p. vii). “The use of thematic analysis involves three
distinct stages: Stage I, deciding on sampling and design issues; Stage II, developing themes
and a code; and Stage III, validating and using the code” (p. 29).
The sample for this research is the crisis management communications put out by the
United States Department of Defense following the attack on America. The design is consis-
tent with case studies and analyses from the previous research of Coombs (1999), Pious
(2001), and Kauffman (1999). Themes are patterns “found in the information that at the min-
imum describes and organizes possible observations or at the maximum interprets aspects of
the phenomenon” (Boyatzis, 1998, p. vii). Each code utilized in this research includes: a
label, a definition of the theme, a description of how to identify the theme, qualifications and
exclusions of the theme, and examples of the theme (see Appendix). This code was then used
to analyze the sample to identify other crisis management strategies utilized by the United
States Department of Defense that were not identified in previous research findings.
The following section is an analysis of each research question. The initial subsections
describe how the Department of Defense adequately utilized effective crisis management
strategies. The remaining subsections explore three new themes relating to the crisis
Quick, Prompt Response
Not only did the Department of Defense and the United States Government initially
response quickly to the crisis, but they consistently maintained a quick turnover of informa-
tion throughout the ten days following the terrorist attacks. As the Commander in Chief, the
President was the first to respond to the crisis, and did so several times throughout the course
of the day on September 11. Due to the nature of the crisis, the defense of the nation was a
clear priority over the provision of information. Nine hours following the attacks on
September 11, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld assured the nation that various defen-
sive maneuvers were already in place, such as “aircraft flying protective missions at various
places in the United States.” He also verified that the military had “in fact declared Force
Protection Condition Delta and a condition of high alert — indeed, the highest alert. We did
so almost immediately upon the attacks.”
In addition to initial military response, information was also presented in a timely manner.
By responding quickly, public relations practitioners, not media, fill “the information void
created by a crisis with facts. Speculation and misinformation will fill the information void if
an organization is silent or slow to respond” (Coombs, 1999, p. 126). This was essential in
a terrorist crisis situation, because a lack of information could lead to nationwide panic. In
the September 11th briefing at 6:42 p.m. EDT, Rumsfeld admitted that the department hadn’t
received casualty figures yet, but added, “we’ll have information at some point in the future.
And as quickly as it’s possible to have it, it will certainly be made available to each of you.”
Open and Constant Flow of Information
As stated in the review of literature, “openness means organizational members are avail-
able and willing to disclose information to the media and other stakeholders” (Coombs, 1999,
p. 127). Between September 11 and September 21, the Department of Defense held 11 news
briefings, 15 interviews, and 4 other media messages for a total of 30 organized media
events. The media and public were also given opportunities to directly contact members of
the Department of Defense via email, telephone, or website. Victims of the attacks were per-
sonally contacted on a daily basis to be given a briefing on the latest developments, even if
there was no new information to provide.
However, the department also made a clear effort to intentionally restrict the disclosure of
information, especially in the initial days following the attacks. As previously mentioned,
Coombs (1999) found that an increase of “information specificity lead to stronger percep-
tions of personal control. This meant the more detailed information stakeholders received, the
more they felt the organization could have prevented the crisis” (p. 137). The Department of
Defense had to put forth an image of immediate recovery and renewed strength, yet it could
not touch on intelligence matters that would have made American’s believe that the attacks
could have been prevented.
The revelation of information increased significantly around September 14, two days fol-
lowing the attacks. Clearly, the Department of Defense held off on the provision of most
information until they were confident the information was accurate. Even after information
began to be released, spokespeople made it clear that the information was tentative. For
example, Assistant Secretary of Defense Victoria Clarke noted on September 14 that she
wanted “to emphasize, as I have been, a lot of these things we’re talking about – they are pre-
liminary assessments, preliminary numbers, et cetera.” This exemplifies the department’s
desire to be perceived as being an open source of the latest information, while simultaneously
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DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FOLLOWING THE TERRORIST ATTACK ON AMERICA:
protecting itself from possible inconsistent information in the future. Also, on September 15,
a new briefing was held by various members of the Department of Defense which provided
the public with 6-minutes of actual videotaped footage of the damage within the Pentagon.
Honest Messages, Consistent in Content
The terrorist attack was clearly a threat to national security. This left the Department of
Defense in a unique situation that required informing the nation as well as protecting classi-
fied information. Likewise, little information was available in the hours immediately
following the attack. The spokespeople for the Department of Defense utilized honesty to
confront the initial absence of available information. In his first briefing on September 11,
Rumsfeld stated, “I know the interest in casualty figures, and all I can say is it’s not possible
to have solid casualty figures at this time.”
Yet, at times it was clear that the information wouldn’t be supplied. In the first several
briefings, Rumsfeld honestly responded to questions seeking classified information by reply-
ing, “we don’t discuss intelligence matters,” and “it’s not the time for discussions like that.”
While this approach clearly contradicts crisis management theories to provide information,
Rumsfeld was merely brutally honest.
Each message sent to the media in the 10-day span following the attacks included some
underlying effort to express compassion. In his first news briefing after the Pentagon bomb-
ing, Rumsfeld made several statements conveying his message of compassion. Rumsfeld
opened the September 11 briefing by stating, “This is a tragic day for our country. Our hearts
and prayers go to the injured, their families and friends.” He also extended the condolences
of the world by adding, “we’ve received calls from across the world offering their sympathy
and indeed their assistance in various ways.” On the following afternoon of September 12,
Rumsfeld added “I do want to again express our sympathy to the families and friends and
colleagues of all those who have been harmed by this attack on our country.” General Shelton
then personalized his sentiments as he extended his “condolences to the entire Department of
Defense families, military and civilian, and to the families of all those throughout our nation
who lost loved ones.”
The crisis situation brought forth by the terrorist attack added a new dimension to crisis
response in the sense that many of the organizational members were directly impacted by the
tragedy. The majority of the victims in the Pentagon bombing where members of the
Department of Defense, which enabled the department to send a message of both compassion
and understanding. The Secretary of the Navy, Gordon R. England, pointed out just how per-
sonally the Navy itself was affected by the attack. In a press conference on the afternoon
following the attacks, he stated, “some of the individuals that were on the aircraft are mem-
bers of the Navy family. For example, one of our petty officers — his 11-year-old child was
on the plane and headed to the West Coast.” The direct emotional effect on the entire organi-
zation inspired the nation to reciprocate the sympathy extended to them by the Department of
Defense. Furthermore, compassion “was related to perceptions of organizational control. A
possible explanation is the compassion conditions inclusion of taking action, such as finding
and paying for housing. The mere taking of action could be the reason compassion is linked
to control” (Coombs, 1999, p. 135).
Due to the nature of the Department of Defense organization, it was clearly challenging
and ineffective to appoint a sole individual to correspond with the public. By bringing forth
the leaders of each section within the department, a message of unity replaced the need for a
centralized spokesperson. The organization needs to centralize spokespersons and designate
their function to help ensure consistency in the communications reaching the public. The des-
ignated spokespeople should also have credibility and status in the public associated with the
organization. Clearly Rumsfeld was at the forefront of the crisis response, behind only the
President. He was often flanked by Naval, Army, and White House officials. Rumsfeld was
the main spokesperson at well over half of the 30 media appearances. However, Deputy
Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz, Secretary of the Army Thomas White, Assistant
Secretary of Defense Victoria Clarke, Senator Carl Levin, and Rear Admiral Craig Quigley of
the U.S. Navy served as representatives of each division within the Department of Defense.
Responding to organizational crises initiated by terrorism is a relatively new and previous-
ly rare occurrence in the United States. Because the response needed was significantly
different than product-oriented organizational crises, the analysis of data picked up on three
new themes for reacting to crises. They include reassuring the public and presenting an
image of unity, as well as commending ideal reactors to the crisis and seeking revenge.
Reassurance and Unity
Previous crisis management responses dealt with crises with a more definite timeline and
cause then the subject of this research. There was a need for the Department of Defense to
not only display compassion, but to also reassure the nation, as well as the world, that the
United States of America would be protected and continue to stand behind its president. In
the opening seconds of his first briefing on September 11, Rumsfeld noted that the depart-
ment had “taken a series of measures to prevent further attacks and to determine who is
responsible.” He also made it clear that the Pentagon, a symbol of American defense and
militia, was “functioning in the face of this terrible act against our country…the briefing here
is taking place in the Pentagon. The Pentagon’s functioning. It will be in business tomorrow.”
Senator Carl Levin added, “our institutions are strong, and our unity is palpable.”
On September 12, Assistant Secretary of Defense Victoria Clarke furthered this message
by stating, “our priorities this morning, today, are to care for the injured and the dead and
their families, to work closely with the president and the national security team, and to
ensure the safety of the American people and our men and women in uniform around the
world.” She also stressed the enduring strength of the government by adding, “the
Department of Defense is open for business. We’re here, we’re operating, and we’re function-
ing very well.” American’s needed to hear that the government they had previously viewed as
invincible was going to be able to recover from the tremendous blow of the terrorist attacks.
The department of defense quickly identified the most prominent quality that unites
America and separates it from “the enemy” – freedom. Statements consistently appeared
throughout the ten days following the attacks recognizing the crisis as an attack that “strikes
directly at what we, as a people, are. We’re free people” (Rumsfeld, September 17).
Rumsfeld repeated this theme on September 18 during an interview when he claimed, “ter-
rorism strikes at what we are. We are a free people. That’s what we as a people are. And
terrorism tries to deny that freedom.” Rumsfeld extended his message of unity to the rest of
the world on September 20 by pointing out “this is not a U.S. problem. There were 50, 60
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DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FOLLOWING THE TERRORIST ATTACK ON AMERICA:
nations who lost people, some of them hundreds of people, in the attacks that took place here
on September 11th. That is why we’re seeing such overwhelming support from across the
Commending Ideal Reactors
The devastation of the terrorist attacks inspired many acts of heroism and patriotic behav-
ior. The spokespeople for the Department of Defense quickly praised the American’s who put
their own personal needs aside to help the nation in a clear effort to recognize their ideal
reaction to the crisis, and to promote further acts of selflessness and patriotism. Rumsfeld
(September 11) praised the many volunteers by expressing his gratefulness “for the many
volunteers from the defense establishment and from the excellent units from all throughout
this region. They have our deep appreciation.” Clarke furthered Rumsfeld’s message on the
morning on September 12 by saying how she was “truly impressed by the spirit of the people
in this department and the way they have rallied round, both yesterday and this morning,
coming back into this building.” She also wanted “to give the department’s thanks both to our
own people and to the nation at large for the extraordinary, truly extraordinary response in
donating blood. It’s just terrific, and it shows how American’s will pull together in a crisis.”
Punishing the Crisis Initiator
The first five days following the attack contained messages consistent with previous
researches’ definition of ideal crisis management. However, in the next several days, the
Department of Defense began to send out a clear message of revenge. This new theme was
hinted at in the days immediately following the attack. For example, on September 11,
Senator Carl Levin stated, “our determination to prevent more attacks is matched only by our
unity to track down, root out, and relentlessly pursue terrorists, and states that support and
harbor them.” Senator John Warner then added, “step forward and let us hold accountable
and punish those that have perpetrated this attack.”
Later expressions of the desire to punish individuals who initiated the attack on the United
States were communicated in messages of military and intelligence tactics. The Department
of Defense identified a target for their revenge, and promised to seek out revenge until it was
accomplished. During a September 16 interview, Rumsfeld spoke of using “the full weight of
the United States government – political, diplomatic, financial, economic, military, and
unconventional” to “smoke out” the terrorists. Later that day in another briefing, Rumsfeld
added “that we have to take the battle, this war to the terrorists, where they are. And the best
defense is an effective offense, in this case. And this means that they have to be rooted out.”
The desire for revenge is a rather natural human tendency, and the unique qualities of terror-
ist-related crises have introduced this new reaction to crisis in a very overt and pronounced
By adding the three new themes to the description of the effective crisis management
strategy utilized by the Department of Defense, individuals responding to crisis can take a
more encompassing approach to the crises that involve terrorism. In order to respond quickly,
organizations must have a crisis management response in place prior to the crisis describing
roles for each individual involved in the response, such as the centralized spokespeople or
person. If messages are not open, consistent, and honest, the organization sets itself further
back then the initial crisis. This is an unfortunate result, as an effective response to crisis can
enhance an organizations image, rather than tarnish it.
Furthermore, by displaying compassion for victims and commending ideal reactors, the
organization humanizes itself rather than enhancing a “bad guy” image. Compassion shows
understanding and sympathy, and in itself requires the organization to take action. This reas-
surance is invaluable in a terrorist situation. American’s look to their government for strength
and support. As a nation, we cannot afford to ineffectively manage crisis situations involving
national security. It is our government that enhances our unity, and if the government as an
organization fails to maintain the trust of its stakeholders through effective crisis response, all
national security and well-being may be lost.
The results of this case study may be affected by this research’s generalized definition of
effective crisis management. Research in this area is relatively limited, and crises vary too
much to create an entirely universal definition. Results cannot be applied to general theory,
but instead help us to better understand this new, real-world instance of crisis management in
response to terrorism. This research also focuses on initial reaction to the crisis situation, and
actions may change according to the long-term efforts of the Department of Defense.
According to Colorado State University Writing Center, because case studies rely on personal
interpretation of data and inferences, “results may not be generalizable, are difficult to test
for validity, and rarely offer a problem-solving prescription. Relying on one or a few subjects
as a basis for cognitive extrapolations runs the risk of inferring too much from what might be
circumstance.” Lastly, due to the high volume of victims and the difficulty of researchers to
contact them, this study lacks personal interviews from actual victims. Future research should
be conducted to further analyze individual accounts of perceived success in the Department
of Defense’s crisis management.
By conducting this qualitative case analysis on the Department of Defense’s crisis man-
agement response following the terrorist attack on America, one gains a deeper
understanding of crisis response and communication research. Most of the results correspond
with existing research as described by my review of literature. However, due to the nature of
the crisis, it became clear that there is a void in previous research in the area of crisis man-
agement involving terrorist situations.
Previous studies focused mainly on responding to crises related to products or specific
independent organizations. Clearly, the United States Government has a stakeholder audience
encompassing the nation as a whole, and cannot solve the problem in the same way as, for
example, Johnson & Johnson in their approach to responding to the product tampering in
their factories. Responding to terrorism in our homeland is a relatively new phenomenon for
our government. While previous crisis responses by NASA and other governmental agencies
are largely viewed as unsuccessful, the Department of Defense excelled without having the
advantage of previous experience in responding to crises of this nature.
Additional research is needed in defining an appropriate strategy to responding to crises
such as the terrorist attack on America. Rhetorical researchers like Timothy Sellnow have
introduced a concept of social responsibility and legitimacy that could play a significant role
in crisis response in terrorist situations. The social legitimacy perspective focuses on rebuild-
ing public trust in the longer run, while this research values a successful, prompt response to
crisis. The terrorist situation brought forth by September 11 requires patience and long-term
rebuilding. Future research should aim to consolidate both the public relations and rhetorical
approaches to responding to crisis situations in order to more effectively prescribe a long-
term, socially responsible recovery from crises.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT STRATEGY UTILIZED BY THE UNITED STATES 93
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FOLLOWING THE TERRORIST ATTACK ON AMERICA: A
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Coombs, W. T. (1999). Information and compassion in crisis responses: A test of their
effects. Journal of Public Relations Research, 11(2), 125-143.
Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (1996). Communication and attributions in a crisis: An
experimental study in crisis communication. Journal of Public Relations Research, 8, 279-
Fines, S. (1985). Crisis forecasting: What’s the worst thing that could happen. Management
Review, 75, 52-56.
Kauffman, J. (1999). Adding fuel to the fire: NASA’s crisis communications regarding Apollo
1. Public Relations Review, 25(4), 421-432.
Lee, Jaesub, Jares, S. M., & Heath, R. L. (1999). Decision-making encroachment and coop-
erative relationships between public relations and legal counselors in the management of
organizational crisis. Journal of Public Relations Research, 11(3), 243-271.
Marra, F. J. (1998). Crisis communication plans: Poor predictors of excellent crisis public
relations. Public Relations Review, 24(4), 461-475.
Pious, R. M. (2001). The Cuban Missile Crisis and the limits of crisis management. Political
Science Quarterly, 116(1), 81-106.
Williams, D. E., & Olaniran, B. A. (1998). Expanding the crisis planning function:
Introducing elements of risk communication to crisis communication practice. Public
Relations Review, 24(3), 387-400.
Sample Code Cards
1. Code “A”
2. Quick, prompt response to crisis
3. This theme is evidenced in the dates and times of the initial communication put out by
the Department of Defense in response to the terrorist crisis
4. Includes dates and time of day. Also includes elapsed time between the incident and
the first public communication by the Department of Defense in response to the crisis,
or turnover time between discovery of new information and its release to the general
public. Does not include frequency, truthfulness, or length of response.
5. Example: The first Department of Defense briefing occurred on September 11, 2002 at
6:42 p.m. EDT.
1. Code “B”
2. Open and constant flow of information
3. This theme occurs when information is continually flowing out of the Department of
Defense. Spokespeople make themselves available to the public and media.
4. Includes frequency of briefings and the organizations openness to disclosing informa-
tion to the public and media. Also includes the quantity and length of information
supplied. Does not include truthfulness, quality, or validity of information.
5. Example: The Department of Defense held 30 media events in the first ten days fol-
lowing the terrorist attacks.
1. Code “C”
2. Honest messages which are consistent in content
3. Code “C” is portrayed when the communications of the Department of Defense are
truthful, factual, and valid.
4. Includes verbal, nonverbal, and written messages. Can include the spokesperson
admitting they don’t know something as long as that proves valid. Also includes inten-
tional ambiguity to mislead the recipients of the message. Does not include amount of
5. Example: Rumsfeld (September 11)- “I know the interest in casualty figures, and all I
can say is it’s not possible to have solid casualty figures at this time.” Here the
spokesperson truthfully admits a lack of information.
1. Code “D”
2. Display compassion
3. This theme is clearly shown when the organization handling the crisis is empathetic to
the affect the crisis has on its stakeholders and public.
4. Includes displays of sympathy, apology, understanding, support, etc. May include
monetary support of victims, or efforts made to correct the situation.
5. Example: Rumsfeld (September 11)- “This is a tragic day for our country. Our hearts
and prayers go to the injured, their families and friends.”
1. Code “E”
2. Centralized spokesperson
3. Code “E” is displayed when the same individual(s) publicly respond to the crisis
4,Includes a consistent media and public contact for the provision of information in
regards to the crisis. Doesn’t include multiple spokespeople.
4.Example: Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld hosted 14 of 30 media events fol-
lowing the terrorist attack on the Pentagon.

domain: politics


text:
Peanut Butter Bread Pudding Fast, Cheap, and Easy p.184
This recipe comes out of JoAnna Lund's "Fast, Cheap and Easy" cookbook Prize Winning Peanut Butter Bread Pudding
1/4 cup Peter PanŽ reduced-fat peanut butter 8 slices day old reduced-calorie bread 1 (4-serving) package JELL-OŽ sugar-free vanilla cook and serve pudding mix 2 cups skim milk 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
Preheat oven to 375 degrees. Spray an 8-by-8-inch baking dish with butter-flavored cooking spray. Evenly spread peanut butter on bread. Fold each piece of bread in half and break into pieces. In a large bowl, combine dry pudding mix, skim milk and vanilla extract. Mix well using a wire whisk. Ad bread pieces. Stir gently to combine. Let set ofr about 5 minutes. Pour mixture into prepared baking dish. Bake for 25 to 30 minutes. Divide into 6 servings. Good warm or cold.
HINT: Could be topped with fruit of your choice. If using, count accordingly.
SparkPeople, SparkCoach, SparkPages, SparkPoints, SparkDiet, SparkAmerica, SparkRecipes, DailySpark, and other marks are trademarks of SparkPeople, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
SPARKPEOPLE is a registered trademark of SparkPeople, Inc. in the United States, European Union, Canada, and Australia. All rights reserved.

domain: food


text:
We have mentioned the reasons why it’s best to receive services from a local hearing aid provider.
Hearing care services are usually included with the cost of hearing aids. Learn more about hearing care plans offered by Pure Sound by visiting our Unbundled Pricing page. This includes cleanings, re-fittings, re-programmings, and any other issues that may arise during your adjustment period. You will not receive these same services if you purchase them online or over-the-counter (OTC).
Adapting to hearing aids takes time and patience. Additional tuning and adjustments are necessary in order to get the most out of your journey towards better hearing.
Hearing Aid/Care Services are Generally NOT included with the Purchase of Cheap Hearing Aids
Cheaper hearing aids usually do not feature these services to care for the devices. This is why they are cheaper. It’s also why many customers leave feeling unhappy with their purchase. It’s a waste of money. In fact, you will need more care and maintenance because the cheaper hearing aids are not carefully fit or programmed by a hearing aid specialist.
The investment that you make with your hearing aids is important for your hearing health, which can impact your overall health. Make sure that you are happy with your hearing aids by ensuring that you will have access to extra services when they are necessary.
If you are in need of hearing aids with professional care and services, contact us at Pure Sound Hearing to set up an appointment with one of our hearing instrument specialists.

domain: medical


text:
Biodroga MD Hyper-Sensitive Formula: Restores Skin’s Natural Balance.
Stress, environmentally-induced and genetic processes as well as plastic/esthetic surgery can impair the lipid protective barrier: The skin becomes more sensitive. BIODROGA MDTM HYPER SENSITIVE pointedly supports skin restructuring and restores its natural balance.
Particularly developed for the specific needs of sensitive skin – especially suited for SKIN PRONE TO NEURODERMATITIS* and for the care before and after ESTHETIC-PLASTIC SURGERY. For example, anti-wrinkle injections, dermabrsion, laser or fruit-acid treatments.


Public Administration Certificate Kansas Graduate Programs
Public administration certificate programs are available. Earning a graduate certificate in public administration might be a good match for individuals who currently work in the field, or for those who want to develop a better understanding of how public administration system works.
Search for public administration certificate programs on GradSchools.com.
Kansas State University
rofessional training for administrative roles in public service roles.
- Durham, KSDurham, KS
The Terry Sanford Institute offers the Master of Public Policy (MPP) degree and a PhD in Public Policy. Graduates of the MPP program are prepared for professional positions in domestic and international public agencies, research organizations, policy co...
- Durham, KS


text:
Implementation of the systemic approach in teaching and learning biochemistry in Albania
Suzana Berhan Golemi
Though newly introduced, global education has occupied a special place in the glossary of teaching. It props up both the teachers and students to have a broad view of the problems and issues and think constructively of the future and their role in modeling it. In this respect, teachers need to consider themselves as global citizens and take all the responsibilities that accompany the phenomenon of globalism. At the same time, teachers must regard themselves as members of their community. The main characteristic of teaching in the framework of global education is the partnership between the teacher and the student which finds itself expressed in the methods and numerous interactive techniques and constitutes its content. The teachers who keep teaching by employing traditional methods find it difficult to promote the active role of the students in the classroom, see the relationship of their subject they are teaching with others, and perceive the prospective of their teaching. The philosophy of global teaching integrates exactly those elements which the traditional method lacks. The focus of the philosophy of global education is the student and teaching. These days we live in a society which is constantly becoming essentially globalized and fundamentally affected by both decisions made irrespective of our will and events that take place far from us. Consequently, we are constantly under the pressure of global, cultural, social, economic, technologic, and environmental tendencies as well as changes which come about very rapidly. Therefore, it is our duty and that of the entire society to increase students’ ability to think systematically in order that they could be able to face this ever globalizing world, think constructively of their future and the role they are to play to shape it, and learn from the past. Methodology provides students and lecturers with a global image of the teaching of science. As is known, teaching is carried out through communication. Teaching all over the world is adopting this method. Learning process becomes pleasant if better communication skills of the teacher prevail upon the inherent inertia associated with the students, while they focus upon a difficult subject. This way of teaching is increasingly being highly appraised by the world academy.

domain: sociology


text:
IWP focuses on teaching all the instruments of national power - and mass media has been increasingly useful as one of these instruments during the past century. This is why IWP Professor Lee Edwards, Distinguished Fellow at The Heritage Foundation and Chairman of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, will be offering his class on Mass Media and World Politics after a hiatus of several years.
He observes that:
"The mass media have become an essential part of each nation-state. Political scientists in the past usually tried to measure a nation's power by traditional criteria, such as natural resources, population, the national economy, and the national will, but particularly since World War II, the mass media have become an important element in determining how powerful a nation is.
"During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union were major media powers, and that has continued until the present multipolar world in which China has concentrated much of its attention and resources on building a media infrastructure. Examples of how the mass media have influenced the political outcomes would be the fall of the Berlin wall, the failure of the Soviet hardliners in 1991, the release of Nelson Mandela in Southern Africa, and the seeming victory of the pro-democracy students in Tiananmen Square."
The course will review both general theory and case studies. It will use as its main textbook a work by Lee Edwards himself: Mediapolitik: How the Mass Media have Transformed World Politics, which is a study of the interaction of politics and media. The course will also study the influence of the internet, which has become a real force in the realm of mass media in recent years. The course will review the effects of such events as the controversial Wikileaks publications, how the Chinese are handling the internet, how Cuba still refuses to allow the ownership of personal computers, and how the young people of Iran - where there is not as much suppression as in places like China and North Korea - are heavy users of the internet.
IWP Vice Dean of Academic Affairs David Klocek observes: "We are very pleased that such a fine course can be offered now more often because of the growth of IWP and the increased interest in this instrument of national power. We think our students will enjoy the course."


text:
As an expectant mother, your baby’s well-being is as important to you as your well-being; this leads to being more meticulous with the things you do, what you eat, and your physical appearance.
Consuming some very nutritious foods like sago pearls during pregnancy contributes significantly to the general well-being of both you and your baby during and after the pregnancy.
What Are Sago Pearls?
Otherwise known as Sabudana by the Indians, sago Pearls are extracted from the edible parts of tropical palm tree roots.
It is very nutritious and recommended to be included in your diet due to its numerous health benefits.
It contains high-calorie content since it is mostly starch. It is gluten-free and can be an excellent substitute for wheat and grains, making it harmless to people who have celiac disease.
Nutrient Content of Sago Pearls
In terms of a variety of nutrients, Sago Pearls isn’t nutrient-dense, but it contains heavy carbs and a small number of other nutrients like protein, fat, and fiber.
Its high-calorie content is suitable for replenishing energies, especially after long hours of fasting.
This is why Indians especially consume a lot of Sago Pearls, aside from its taste.
It contains highly connected glucose molecules that give them the energy they require during fasting periods, making it a good source of carbohydrates for pregnant women.
- Carbs: 83 grams
- Protein: 1 gram
- Fat: 1 gram
- Fiber: 1 gram
- Zinc: 11% RDI
This is the nutrient content in every 100 grams of Sago Pearls.
Although it lacks other nutrients compared to carbs, it balances out adequately when combined with foods that are heavy on the other nutrients like vegetables rich in fiber, fish, or meat with high protein content and fruits.
Can I Eat Sago Pearls During Pregnancy?
Yes, due to the high-calorie content in Sabudana, consuming Sago Pearls during pregnancy can significantly benefit the baby and mother.
It provides the body with sufficient energy needed for both the baby and the mother with other nutrients (vitamin B and folate) that aid the development of the fetus. It also has a cooling effect on the body.
Benefits of Sago Pearls During pregnancy
Although the most significant benefit of Sago Pearls during pregnancy is the energy it provides the expectant mother, there are several other benefits of including Sago Pearls in your diet, whether pregnant or not.
1. It Enhances Your Task Performance
Carrying out tasks that require you to expend much energy will require you to have the needed energy for it, tasks like your daily exercises, lifting heavy items, or even just going through a fast since you wouldn’t be eating much food.
2. It Aids Weight Gain
Sago Pearls is very good for underweight people. Its dense carbs are a good source of weight gain.
It also helps for the uniform distribution of lipids in the body, which helps build essential fats responsible for the development of the body.
3. Development of the Baby
Sabudana or sago Pearls are rich in vitamin B6 and folate, which are essential for the baby’s growth. It also helps to protect the baby from neural tube defects.
4. It Improves Digestion
Sago Pearls are a good source of resistant starch, which can help improve digestion. The resistant starch goes to the stomach undigested through to the colon, promoting the growth of gut bacteria, which is a healthy bacteria that aids digestion.
The resistant starch also makes the stool bulky and prevents constipation.
5. They’re Rich In Polyphenols
Sago Pearls are also rich in polyphenols such as tannins and flavonoids, which are antioxidants that help boost immunity, reduce inflammation and neutralize harmful free molecules in the body that may cause any related diseases.
These free molecules are usually the primary cause of diseases like cancer or cardiovascular issues.
6. It Helps To Regulate Blood Pressure
Different home remedies can regulate blood pressure, but a healthy diet is one to try when trying to control blood pressure.
The potassium present in Sago Pearls can aid blood flow in the body and reduce the chances of a stroke or heart attack.
7. Rich in Calcium & Magnesium
It contains calcium and magnesium, which are suitable for developing strong and heavy bones, which reduces the risks of arthritis.
8. It Contains a High Level Of Amylose
Sago Pearls contain a high level of amylose, a long chain of glucose starch.
Amylose takes longer to digest, causing the body to release a limited amount of sugar. This helps to improve cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the body.
How to Consume Sago Pearls during pregnancy
Sago Pearls offer a variety of nutrients both in high and low content and can be consumed in different ways while still maintaining their tastiness.
You can make it into a pudding, deep-fried or shallow-fried, or pancakes.
Sago Pearls also go well when combined with other foods like vegetables, chicken curry stew, and salads. This improves the taste and nutritional value.
Recipes for Preparing Sago Pearls
Although there are different ways to enjoy Sago Pearls during pregnancy, there are a few recipes to prepare an excellent dish.
This is a simple yet tasty dish that involves using other food ingredients with great nutritional value.
- 1 cup of soaked Sago Pearls; the sago Pearls should be soaked for at least 6 hours.
- 2 boiled Potatoes
- Crushed roasted peanuts
- 2 green chilies
- ½ tablespoon of cumin seeds
- ½ tablespoon of oil
How to prepare
- Heat some oil and fry the chilies and cumin seeds for about 15 seconds
- Mix the boiled potatoes with the frying chili and cumin seeds mix.
- Add the soaked Sago Pearls and crushed roasted peanuts and mix well.
- Cover the mixture and cook on low heat for about 5 minutes.
- Stir from time to time to prevent it from sticking to the pot.
- Serve with any vegetable of your choice.
This is a great dish to add to your diet during pregnancy; asides from satisfying your cravings, it is tasty and healthy.
- 1 cup of sago Pearls soaked for at least 3 hours
- 3 cups of milk
- 2 tablespoons of chopped dry fruits
- 2 tablespoons of butter
- 1 tablespoon of cardamom powder
- 3 strands of saffron
How to prepare
1. Put the milk on low heat, sieve the soaked Sago Pearls, and add to the milk while stirring until it turns translucent. This indicates that the pearls are cooked and soft.
2. In a separate pan, fry the butter and chopped dry fruits until it turns golden brown.
3. Add the cooked Sago Pearls and milk to the fried fruits and allow to boil.
4. Add the saffron and cardamom powder and stir into a pudding.
5. Bring it to a boil for another minute and serve.
- Best Cereal For Pregnancy
- Indian Foods To Increase Breast Milk
- Can I Drink Apple Cider Vinegar While Pregnant
- Can I Drink Taro Milk Tea While Pregnant? Explained
Who should not eat sabudana?
Those on a weight loss diet should not consume sabudana regularly since it is high in calories and starches.
Additionally, consuming too much sabudana may result in digestive disorders such as bloating and constipation, especially for those with chronic conditions such as diabetes and heart disease.
Is sabudana good for gestational diabetes?
Sabudana is an excellent gluten-free energy source but contains a high glycemic index.
Consuming sabudana in moderation is therefore recommended, especially if you are diabetic. If you have uncontrolled diabetes, you should avoid sabudana and look for lower GI carbohydrates.
Does sago have sugar?
Starches are complex carbs that consist of many connected glucose molecules. Glucose is a sugar that the body uses as an energy source.
Does sago have calcium?
Mineral content in sago is limited, but it contains small amounts of copper, iron, and calcium.
These can help create bone tissues, strengthen bone mineral density, prevent the onset of osteoporosis, and prevent inflammation throughout the body.
How long does sago last?
Place cooked sago in an enclosed container submerged in water for up to 3 days in the refrigerator, while sago cooked in brown sugar can be stored for a week or so, immersed in its syrup.
Are tapioca pearls the same as sago?
Sago is an edible starch derived from the pith of tropical palm trees. In tropical regions, it is a staple food. On the other hand, Tapioca pearls are made with tapioca or the starch from cassava, a root crop.
Is sago a cereal?
Rice, maize, other cereal grains, and starches such as sago (made from the sago palm pith) and tapioca (from cassava tubers) are still the staple foods of the world’s world’s population.
Is sago acidic or alkaline?
The sago palm thrives in highly acidic conditions (low pH) and high concentrations of metals in the soil, such as aluminum, iron, and manganese, inhibiting other plants’ growth.
Consuming Sago Pearls during pregnancy is advantageous for women since they need enough energy to carry the baby.
And not just for the mother but also for the unborn child since it contains nutrients that aid fetal development and enhance blood circulation.


text:
Austin Ayers has once again rebranded his social media accounts to avoid being discovered as the fraud he is, and still trying to hide his current slew of criminal charges from those who follow him. He and his friend Ryan Focht’s (back to using the @legoflats handle on twitter after being suspended from his other account.) latest fraud is pretending that they are from Wall Street Bets, and are experts in the stock market and cryptocurrency. Their combined legal fees are gonna be expensive, so the duo is begging for donations online as they give their “expert advice) Ayers is now calling himself @kingvalhallawsb.
A quick search on Ayers’ reddit activity shows he never was a member of Wall Street Bets on Reddit, nor has he posted in that forum at all. Nor is their any evidence that he’s an expert stock advisor or a cryptocurrency expert as his Live streams consist of daily 11 plus hours of incoherent rambling, and guessing. Just another con from two dishonest men, desperate for online relevance, and stealing valor from those who are actually part of the current stock and crypto currency excitement and trend going on.
The conmen duo are also claiming that All finance apps, Twitter, Facebook, and Tik Tok are conspiring against them to stop their messages from going out. Those statements are simply not true.
Ayers and Focht will be in court on April 9 to face multiple charges including fraud, conspiracy, tampering with records, making false statements under penalty of perjury and more. If convicted Ayers faces up to 20 years in prison, and Focht faces up to 5 years in Prison

domain: finance


Local web server to serve password-protected web pages on a Particle Photon
A physical indicator showing the latest update on the daily number of new COVID19 cases.
Senor controlled DC motor with relay power switch for clutch actuator, via Photon control.
A project which can monitor the environment temperature and humidity, PM2.5 and control something remotely through Photon Particle.
STS21 Digital Temperature Sensor offers superior performance and a space saving footprint.
SHT25 I2C Humidity and Temperature Sensor ±1.8%RH ±0.2°C I2C Mini Module.
BMG160 is basically a 16-bit, digital, triaxial, gyroscope sensor which can measure angular rates.
BMA250 is a small, thin, ultralow power, 3-axis accelerometer with high resolution (13-bit) measurement at up to ±16 g.
CPS120 is a high quality and low cost capacitive absolute pressure sensor with fully compensated output.
HYT939 is a digital humidity sensor which works on I2C communication protocol.
H3LIS331DL is a low-power high performance 3-axis linear accelerometer belonging to the “nano” family, with digital I²C serial interface.
MCP9808 is a highly accurate digital temperature sensor ±0.5°C I2C mini module.
Itead Studio #DIS008


text:
Night aerial view of Garda, Italy
Night aerial view of Garda, Italy, on June 5, 2021, during the sunset. Lake Garda is the largest lake in Italy and a popular holiday location in northern Italy.
Warning: Editorial use only. Contact your sales representative for all commercial (including advertorial) and promotional uses.

domain: travel


text:
Mediterranean inspired Quinoa Salad. Inspired from a tabbouleh recipe but uses quinoa. So fresh and delish, full of protein, fiber, and nutrients.
1 cup quinoa
2 lemons, zested and juice
1/4 cup olive oil
1/2 bunch fresh parsley, chopped
1/4 cup fresh mint, chopped
2 cloves garlic, minced
1/2 cup cherry tomatoes
1 cucumber, diced
1-2 green onions, chopped
- Cook quinoa according to package instructions. Chill in refrigerator.
- Mix rest of ingredients and stir.
- Fold in chilled quinoa.
- Chill and enjoy!
Feel free to substitute vegetables with ones you love. Keeps in fridge for several days.
The nutrition facts presented here are estimates only. The brands and product types chosen can change the nutrition facts presented. To obtain the most accurate nutritional information, you should calculate the nutrition information with the actual ingredients you use.
Keywords: quinoa salad, tabbouleh, mediterranean quinoa salad, mediterranean vegetable salad


text:
A fun, friendly place to discuss just about everything.
general, hospital, spoilers, ghmb, friends, place, discuss, show, life, music, movies, shows, current, events, news, advice, gardening, family, support, just, about, anymore
Free forum : A forum for all to share awesome stories, novels, roleplaying games, and more!
#free, forum, stories, role-playing, harry, potter, hunger, games
The ultimate place to chat about role playing games.
#free, forum, lounge, place, chat, world, ultimate, role, playing, game!, game, games
The forum for the Super Smash Bros Crusade fangame.
#free, forum, super, smash, brothers, crusade, bros, jaklub, dettadeus, mario, link, kirby, pikachu, legend, zelda, pokemon, nintendo, ssbc
A place where all types of gamers can unite and have a healthy dose of debates.
#free, forum, generation7, gaming, types, gamers, unite, have, healthy, dose, debates, g7gaming, microsoft, games, sony, computer, entertainment, xbox, playstation
Free forum : Want to learn how to develop your psychic power? - Telepathy - Telekinesis - Clairvoyance - Precognition - Extra Sensory Perception Hopefully we can all work together to better our unders
psychic, telekinesis, psychokinesis, learn, clairvoyant, develop, your, power?, telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition, extra, sensory, perception, hopefully
Free forum : A place to meet and talk about The Secret Society: Hidden Mystery game from G5 Games, available on iOS, Android and Kindle devices.
#free, forum, secret, society:, hidden, mystery, societ, myster, games
Free forum : welcome to the eternal nothingness of oblivion. . . will you follow out with the followers of dawn or stay and guide the way to night fall. . . or will your rise above and spot the sun sh
social, anime, final, fantasy, kingdom, hearts, eternal, nothingness, oblivion, will, follow, with, followers, dawn, stay, guide, night
The Hunger Game RolePlay forum!
#free, forum, hunger, games, game, suzanne, collins, mockingjay, catching, fire, katniss, everdeen, peeta, mellark, gale, hawthorne, primrose, districts, panem, presi
CSA (Cyber Soul Academy) is an Academy that strives to be the best Academy there is , and it is where the best Duelists come from around the globe .
#free, forum, cyber, soul, academy, that, strives, best, there, where, duelists, come, from, around, globe

domain: hobby


text:
Geotagged photos from around the globe
Recommended sites: Travel and Meet People!
Vigeland, Oslo, Norway, 2010
Copenhagen (Kobenhavn) Denmark
Somewhere in Denmark
Prague, (Praha) Czech Republic
Birkenau (Auschwitz II) Poland
Forgot your password?
All fields are mandatory. After submitting this form, you will receive an email with instructions on how to complete the registration.

domain: geography


text:
Some series that I must watch in the near future…..
Whoa…. Now that I look back…. I lost a lot of time indeed!!! oO” There were a lot of series that I wanted to see, some were added to the list as time went by. And now I decided to finally move and do(watch) something LOL Anyways…. Here is the list of my must-see anime(I will mention the ones that are already out):
Ever since I watched Durarara (and that was a long time ago) I wanted to marathon this anime, but never had a chance to. Now that I have time, I’m planning to use up all the free time I’ll have during my winter break. Well….. at least a part of it. ^^” Anyways…….. About the anime:
During the late 1930s in Chicago, the transcontinental train, Flying Pussyfoot, is starting its legendary journey that will leave a trail of blood all over the country. At the same time in New York, the ambitious scientist Szilard and his unwilling aide Ennis, are looking for missing bottles of the immortality elixir. In addition, a war between the mafia groups is getting worse. On board the Advena Avis, in 1711, alchemists are about to learn the price of immortality.
Based on the award winning light novels of the same name, this anime adaptation follows several events that initially seem unrelated, both in time and place, but are part of a much bigger story – one of alchemy, survival and immortality. Merging these events together are the kindhearted would-be thieves, Isaac and Miria, connecting various people, all of them with their own hidden ambitions and agendas, and creating lifelong bonds and consequences for everyone involved. (MyAnimeList)
(Sorry, but I was a bit lazy to write about the plot myself xD) The plot seems very interesting. Beside…… I spy a word ‘alchemy’ in there!! O.O Not a surprise, that I was an alchemist in the previous life LOL Also, the ‘mafia’ factor is highly addictive ^3^ I’m not especially familiar with the seiyuu cast….. I heard Sanae Kobayashi in some series. Kaichou wa maid-sama, Durarara, Elfen Lied, Macross Frontier, also she voiced Allen in D.Gray-man but I watched this anime in English dub teheee ^^” The art is nice, and the animation looks really gorgeous and clean too ^^
I.Have.To.Watch.This.Anime! O____O I watched the first episode some time ago and it didn’t catch my fancy, so I dropped it. It’s actually, a weird habit of mine. To drop the series if I didn’t like the first episode. But a lot of people were praising this anime and encouraging me to watch it lately. And if I say a lot, then I mean a LOT. I’m a bit frightened to watch this, because it’s freaking depressing! And considering my emotional character this is almost mental suicide, but now I want to see it so baaaaaad *___* The information is here –> Clannad
3. Bokura ga ita
My best friend mentioned this anime once, and since that day I wanted to see this. Also, I’m at the loss of some shoujo/romance/bubbly goodness, so this would be PERFECT! ^^ information here –> MyAnimeList
OMG the image is is so ADORABLE!!!!! >3< This whole show is pure adorable! ^____^
4. Angel Beats!
Well….. I’ve seen the first episode of this anime, but I didn’t like it, so I dropped it. HOWEVER! Too much credit goes to it. Too much praising. Too high ratings. So, I think I have to give it a second try. At least, for an awesome animation. MyAnimeList
I already said, that the animation is awesome, right? Well, I’ll say it again. The animation and the art is a total kickass! *-*
5. Eve no jikan
Well…. not much I can say here)))) I was wandering in one certain forum, as someone praised this ONA, so I became interested in it. Future (seemingly) Japan, as anticipated, experiences problems with humanoid robots, because some people are treating them like real people, not androids. The main character, Rikuo finds out that the strange behavior of his house android, Sammy is because of the certain cafe with a moto – “Humans and androids should be treated the same”. A pretty interesting plot, with a moral. Niiiiiice~ I will write an impression post, after I watch it)))
6. Ristorante paradiso
Being a culture and cuisine freak I am, it’s weird that I haven’t seen this.))) I’m actually REALLY interested to see it. The art isn’t quite my style, (at ALL) but the animation looks really nice and clean. As I can judge from the OP sequence, it’s quite atmospheric as well. So, I’m all for it! ^^
I WANT A CAFE RESTAURANT LIKE THIS IN MY TOWN!! ><”
So, I guess this is all of the series I want to watch. Besides these, I still need to finish FMA brotherhood, Code Geass R2, Nodame cantabile Finale, 07-ghost and D.Gray-man. If I’m not forgetting something…. Yeah. ^^
anyone is reading this you want, you can send me suggestions on which series should I watch, ne? I’ll be happy to listen to any suggestions, besides ecchi LOL ^^

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Wednesday, 7 September 2016
Tanzania, Uganda And Kenya November Deadline To Complete Classification Of Hotels, Lodges And Restaurants
The uniform classification of hotels and the single tourist visa will make it easier for marketers to promote the region as a single tourist destination and to offer multi-destination packages.
In Kenya, hospitality facilities in 41 out of the 47 counties have been classified by the Tourism Regulatory Authority.
Only five hotels received five-star rating. No hotel in Mombasa County, a popular tourist destination, was rated five-star.
Popular brands like Serena Beach Resort, Sarova Whitesands Beach Resort, Voyager Hotel and English Point Marina were ranked as four-star.
- Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania have until November to complete classification of their hotels, lodges and restaurants using the agreed upon East Africa Community criteria.
- The ranking of hotels differs from country to country and there is no international standard of ranking hotels, as each country’s ranking system is established by its authorities.
- However, the East African region in 2009 came up with common criteria to classify hotels, lodges and restaurants across the member countries.
Industry players are waiting for classification of the remaining six counties — Nairobi, Kiambu, Machakos, Kitui, Makueni and Kajiado.
Nairobi is home to international hotel brands like Radisson Blu, Villa Rosa Kempinski, Hilton, Serena, The Tribe, Sankara and Hemmingways.
Hotels in Kampala were classified in November last year, with 78 hotels assessed and 26 receiving star ratings, ranging from two to five stars.
Kampala Serena Hotel, Kampala Sheraton Hotel and Munyonyo Commonwealth Resort got five-star rating.
The Ugandan Tourism Board will continue the classification process for hotels and accommodation facilities in other major towns such as Jinja, Entebbe, Mbarara and Gulu.
Commenting on the rating of hotels in Mombasa County, Mohammed Hersi, chief executive officer of Heritage Hotels, said missing the five-star rating was not a concern because four-star hotels tap into the middle-class market, which is bigger than the upper middle-class.
Tanzania’s Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism last week announced a plan to review and rank all hotels to meet international standards.
Deputy Minister for Natural Resources and Tourism Ramo Makani told the media that this is part of initiatives to boost the county’s tourism.
“Most hotels are not doing well; some of them are ranked as five-star, but do not meet the standards, and this cheating has been frustrating tourists,” he said, adding that the ministry has been receiving complaints over poor services offered by the hotels.
The ranking of hotels differs from country to country and there is no international standard of ranking hotels, as each country’s ranking system is established by its authorities.
However, the East African region in 2009 came up with common criteria to classify hotels, lodges and restaurants across the member countries.
Kenya’s Tourism Regulatory Authority director general Kipkorir Lagat said hotels that feel underrated have the option of reclassification at a cost of $500 — after they have addressed the concerns raised by the rating authority.
“A five-star rating will tell the whole world that you will get exceptional services in that particular facility, that is why we were strict on giving this rating to hotels that do not tick all the boxes. Some hotels lacked insurance cover, some were not Kenya Revenue Authority compliant, others lacked fire extinguishers, at others we had to check with the hotel’s human resource office to determine the qualification of staff, and so on other details,” Mr Kipkorir said.
The EAC criteria encompass close to 200 classification areas to be checked, ranging from obvious checks like quality of service, cleanliness, sewerage system, refuse handling system, occupational permits for the buildings and details on how often fumigation is carried out, among many others.
But even with the detailed checks, industry players have welcomed the classification, saying the ranking has come at an opportune time when the country is seeking to hosts international conferences.
Kenya Association of Hotelkeepers and Caterers chief executive Mike Macharia said the requirement that town hotels have a presidential suite for them to be rated five-star will give the country an upper hand when being considered to host international conference.
“Look at TICAD, we are have many presidents attending, but do we have enough hotels in the city that have a presidential suite, to accommodate these guest.” said Mr Macharia.
The agency that did the classification said a number of the hotels dropped in the ratings because they had not improved their facilities from the time when they were last rated as five-star more than a decade ago.
Big hotels located in the major cities in East Africa target delegates attending conferences, experts have been calling for attractive packages for the locals, to cover them during low meeting season.

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Keep your craft room clean and organized with this Modern Craft Table DIY Tutorial. Not only for crafters, but kids and adults who work from home. I have shared the Hacks to Use IKEA Spice Racks and Tension Rod Uses to Keep Home Organized which are easy and cheaper to get your organized. Since work was not just from opening to closing hours, a lot of people now work from home in the evenings, or there is a need for a home office due to the fact that an entire business is being run from the comfort of home. We are always in searching for a perfect table to meet the special room space. The highlight of this table is the huge storage space inside the table and the opening shelves for easy grab and storage. On the outside, the table has many small compartments for storage. It’s labled as intermediate, a bit challenging on woodworking yet productive for every bit you made for your room! Head over to Ana White and get yours started.
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domain: design


Photography by Simone Bossi.
Turin-based architectural firm
BDR bureau endeavoured to make the school an integral part of the community, reorganizing the entrance and external spaces in order to merge the campus with the local urban fabric. What was formerly the back of the building is now a large main entrance with green outdoor space, unfolding into the neighbourhood and emphasizing the concept of a community school. The ground floor is an extension of the public space, integrating amenities that are open to the public such as a gym, library, auditorium and cafeteria.
“We wanted a project able to dialogue with the existing building and revolutionize its function at the same time. New spatial elements, transparencies and additions reinterpret the original structure with the aim of opening the school to the city,” explain architects Alberto Bottero and Simona Della Rocca.
Images courtesy of BDR bureau.
A blush pink steel structure wraps around the building, creating terraces and connective spaces that play a core part in classroom interactions and teaching programs. The facades of the old building are treated with a ‘multigrain’ plaster, creating varied texture and depth. Large windows facing the courtyards enhance connectivity between different sections of the building and the outdoor spaces, helping to bring new meaning to the original layout.
“The modularity of the new frame outlines a thread-like backbone, completed by a metal net that highlights the visual permeability and the relationship with the outside,” said the architects.
An atrium stretches throughout each level, housing recreational and communal rooms on the upper two floors. Educational activities take place outdoors in green open spaces, encouraging students and professors to meet and exchange ideas.


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I’m very excited right now, because I just used the nail art kit my boyfriend got me for Christmas. He knew I was struggling to create nice designs with just polishes, so he bought me the Rio Professional Nail Art kit to improve my skills. It comes with eight different polishes which have both pen tips and slim brush tips, glitter, rhinestones, an instruction booklet with design ideas and an instructional DVD.
My finger nails are in terrible shape at the moment *sob* so while I grow them back to full length and strength (any tips?!), I thought I’d paint my toe nails instead! This was actually easier than my nails because I didn’t have to worry about using my left hand.
I began with Orly Bonder base coat, and then two coats of Barry M Gelly Hi-Shine Nail Paint in Blueberry. Once that was dry, I used the white brush from the Rio kit to create four semi-circle shapes. I used the black pen to create a dot in the middle, and then the green brush to add leaves. I finished with Sally Hansen Super Shine Top Coat. I know I need more practice, but I think the finished look is quite effective! I can’t wait to try more designs!


France recorded 83.7 million visitors to their country last year, according to the United Nations World Tourism Organization. Only one other nation surpassed 70 million mark the US, with 74.8 million, while plucky Britain trundled home in eighth place, with 32.6 million people heading to our shores not that much more than a third of the total going to France. Looked at another way, that means one country garners around eight per cent of the world’s total number of international tourists (around 1.133 billion last year).
I still seeing a chiropractor for adjustment almost every week. The jury is still out on whether it effective for me, although I do feel better after each session and anticipate over the long term there will be some positive effects. I did get some adjustments done today to address my MCL injury, so it will be interesting to see if there is any improvement this week..
Anstelle der Ablehnung von Frauen Quoten wird beispielsweise eine Frauen und Transgender Quote von 80 Prozent in ffentlichen mtern gefordert. Damit wird auch eine wichtige Kritik am burschenschaftlichen Gedankengut deutlich. Burschenschaften tragen durch ihre mnnerbndische Organisationsform mageblich zur Aufrechterhaltung und Reproduktion biologistischer und hierarchisch gedachter, geschlechterdualistischer Vorstellungen von Gender bei.
“I think it will be huge. We raised the price from $1,700 per bottle to $75,000. So 5,000 paying bottles at the new price is $375,000,000 almost all of it is profit and I think we will get 3 years of that or more. Should be a very handsome investment for all of us.” Martin Shkreli email dated Aug. 27, 2015..
If you buy followers on Instagram that means you must be a part of the business community which demands that your images look as good as possible and therein attract as much followers as possible. Instagram allows you to take pictures and videos and then share it on several other social media networking platforms such as Facebook, Flickr, Twitter and Tumblr. It is a free mobile app which has millions of active users over the world.
A 14 year old is seen in a video dancing to the 1990s hit “Macarena” in the middle of a street in the Saudi city of Jiddah. He’s wearing black headphones, a striped shirt, Nike shorts, baby blue crocs and a wide, happy smile. The video has gone viral.
Rogers started Apeel in 2012 as a doctoral student at UC Santa Barbara’s Materials Engineering Department. After promising initial results, he enlisted postdoctoral researcher Jenny Du, a chemist, and they did as quintessential entrepreneurs do: set up shop in the garage. Further experiments bore fruit in the form of a $100,000 grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (which is also a supporter of NPR)..


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All reviews water beds porta romana salt room spa rooms thermal baths multiple saunas evening buffet evening experience happy hour hams focaccia great massage finger food day pass different areas few hours milan trip
I was with my fiancee there for a night stay. It was a very lovely place. The food area it was crowd, but we waited and we get in back later and it was more free. It was served appetizers, fruits, wines, champagnes, fruit juices...More
The facilities are good, but do not book a massage as it is not worth the money you will pay. You complain, no action.
The massage is not a professional one, I can feel the nails of the Therapist and was a bit sick and...More
An afternoon in the spa was a lot of fun. The selection of things to do were super interesting and relaxing. The outside pools were a lovely temperature and the sleeping rooms were great. There is a lot of different rooms to explore and definitely...More
My husband and I went during our stay in Milan and were very happy with the Spa. The outdoor area was lovely and refreshing and the spas inside were just as nice. We did the package with the champagne and appetizers, it was nice but...More
After a 24 hour journey, I had several hours to kill before I could check in to my Airbnb. QC Termemilano was the perfect place to relax after long haul flights! The staff kindly stored my luggage for me. I loved all the different water...More
I was surprised to find this lovely spa centre in Milan city; I came here with my friends and we loved wondering around the outdoor pools, saunas, steam rooms, waterfalls etc... and of course the relaxing room (Theatre of Wonders)! We enjoyed the Roman inspiration...More
Was there on one of their busiest night, according to one of the staff. Most rooms and spaces were taken, and the crowded noise and congestion at the counters, the messy leaving around of bathrobes and slippers, insufficient capacity in the toilet, and dirty droppings...More
Myself and my girlfriend visited the spa tonight and genuinely was the best spa experience we’ve had. We opted for the under the stars package and would definitely recommend. On arrival, you would revive your complimentary gown, towels and flip flops, shortly followed by a...More
Brilliant range of pools, spa rooms and saunas. Setting is wonderful amongst ancient ruins, and ambience very relaxing.
Food and drink buffet plentiful and delicious.
Great value for money - my wife and I spent 4.5 hours there and could have spent longer. A must...More
Me and my husband went to the spa for a day which was very different. The saunas we’re lovely....but the only thing I’d say needing improvements on the day spa is the hot tubs needed to be a little hotter or have at least one...More
The pulsating core of Milan is in Centro. Duomo Square is enclosed by the gothic cathedral, the historic icon of Milan. However, shopping is what draws most crowds to this area. The classy and versatile Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II with luxury boutiques and high quality restaurants will turn any shopping or lunch expedition into a royal experience. Head to the rooftop of the flagship La Rinascente to enjoy the
view of the animated square with a panorama of the Duomo. The Corso Vittorio Emanuele II is the street for high-end shopping. Brands of all kinds and street artists attract the attention of all visitors; while at Via Santa Radegonda 16, Luini Panzerotti is a much appreciated street food shop providing unimaginable culinary experiences. If shopping takes its toll on you, consider visiting Castello Sforzesco, a 15th century castle housing several museums. Those looking to relax can go to Parco Sempione, where nature provides respite from the energy of this dynamic and international city.