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Along the Camino de Santiago
Usually the camino follows dirt roads, but at times I suffer the unforgiving impact of the pavement. Occasionally my way narrows into single-track, and I savor those moments. Wildflowers saturate the Andalucían spring. The waves of orange, yellow, and red make me smile when the pain in my feet demands otherwise.


text:
Fine Decorative Map of Asia
Detailed and attractive, separately-issued map of Asia by Tavernier, based on the work of Petrus Bertius.
The map encompasses the entirety of the continent, including the Arabian Peninsula, the Indian subcontinent, Maritime Southeast Asia, and Japan. A sliver of the American continent, separated from Asia by an unnamed strait, is in the upper right corner. In the lower left, a considerable portion of East Africa is featured, with an emphasis on the Nile.
Place names are spread throughout the map, but they are especially thick in the Arabian Peninsula, Persia, and Southern India. There are fewer toponyms and less definite borders in parts of Maritime Southeast Asia, Nova Zembla, and Northeast Asia. These areas were still being encountered and charted by Europeans, hence their lack of assurance here. Korea is shown as a peninsula, which is different than on a comparable contemporary map by Blaeu. Japan is shown in a horizontal position, a typical depiction for the early seventeenth century.
Although focused on the geography of the continent, the map also has a few embellishments. In Africa, there is a pair of lions in Egypt. An elephant is in upper India, near Lake Chiamay. Both a note and a depiction of the Great Wall of China separate China from Tartary. At sea, several ships—European and Chinese—are sailing. They would do well to look out for sea monsters, which are also in the waters. A cherubic mermaid is also in the water, blowing a horn.
The publisher’s cartouche is in the upper left corner, tucked into mainland Europe. In the upper right corner, another cartouche carries the title and acknowledgment of the work of Bertius.
Lake Chiamay first appeared on a map in 1554 when it was included on the terza tavola in the second edition of volume one of Ramusio’s Delle navigationi et viaggi. Drawn by Giacomo Gastaldi, this map of South and Southeast Asia shows a massive lake from which four rivers flow; these are commonly interpreted as the Chao Phraya, Salween, Irrawaddy, and a branch of the Brahmaputra, but also sometimes include other rivers.
Reports of the lake came from two Portuguese sources: a geographer, João de Barros, and an explorer, Fernão Mendes Pinto. Pinto wrote letters describing a great lake. Barros likely saw these letters. He, in turn, compiled a history of Asia, Décadas da Ásia, that mentioned the lake; Ramusio included Barros’ work in his own compilation of travel and exploration.
Barros describes a lake that begat six rivers, but the map in Ramusio’s work shows only four. However, Gastaldi’s 1561 map, Tertia Pars Asiae, shows six rivers leaving and two entering the lake. After appearing in such an authoritative work, the lake was taken up by other mapmakers. Many used the Ramusio/Gastaldi model. Others innovated on the theme of this geographic chimera, as no such lake exists in the area.
Luis Jorge de Barbuda’s 1584 map shows the lake farther to the north and with a different river pattern. His model was taken up by Hondius in India Orientales (1606) and thereafter by many others. The Jesuit Martino Martini gathered information from his travels in eastern and northern China to compile Imperii Sinarum Nova Descriptio (1655). Martini included the lake, but added the Red River and had the Chao Phraya originate from a different lake. Around 1570, other maps appeared that gave Lake Chiamay only two outlets.
As more Jesuit knowledge of Southeast Asia filtered back to Europe, mapmakers such as Guillaume Delisle began to question the veracity of the lake. It last was added to a map by Vaugondy in 1751; it was reprinted in map reissues, however, until at least 1783. By the early-nineteenth century, the feature was understood to be nothing more than a cartographic myth. By the early-twentieth century, expeditions had definitively proven that no such lake existed.
Melchior Tavernier was a member of a large family involved in the publishing trade in Paris in the early years of the seventeenth century. Early in his career, he apparently collaborated with Henricus Hondius, as at least one of his early maps references Tavernier as the seller of a map engraved in Amsterdam, by Hondius. He is probably best known for his publication of a map of the Post Roads of France, which was copied many times until the end of the century. He also issued an atlas under the same title as J. le Clerc's Theatre Geographique, using many of Le Clerc's maps, but incorporating others from different sources. He published composite atlases and also published works for other cartographers, including N. Sanson, N. Tassin, and P. Bertius. He is not to be confused with his nephew of the same name (1594-1665), who also engraved maps for Nicolas Sanson.

domain: history


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County council approves 2016 budget
Just a few hours before Finance Minister Bill Morneau presented the federal budget to the nation, Middlesex County council was meeting to officially approve its own budget for 2016.
Perhaps the most important item in the budget for taxpayers is the fact that there won’t be any increases to the tax rates set by the county compared with 2015 – last year’s rates already made Middlesex one of the counties with the lowest tax rates in Southwestern Ontario.
The county, however, will see an increase of 5.6 per cent increase in its budget, or approximately $1.8 million.
This hike will be absorbed by the more than $495,000 the county will receive in new assessment or real growth – meaning the construction of new infrastructure or residential areas that boost municipalities’ tax base – and the $1.35 million in property reassessment.
James Gates, Middlesex County’s treasurer, described the financial condition as excellent.
“Right now we have good reserves and reserves plans, and we have a good plan for the replacement of our assets,” he said.
However, he also warned about the need for major investment in the next few years to address some infrastructure projects, especially the replacement of bridges.
“The county’s engineer and I will be doing a report to council this year . . . included in the budget is a report to go out and
review all the bridges in the county, and based on that we’ll do an analysis and decide how much we should be increasing our budget for bridges,” he said. “Right now it is $2.5 million a year, and we should be closer to $5 or $6 million.”

domain: politics


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Image via Los Angeles Public Library Photo Collection Did that view look familiar to you? It certainly jumped out at reader Matt Nelson, who very quickly guessed that this is Eighth and Garland streets just west of the 110...
(The Seattle Public Library is hosting a write-in on Monday, November 24th from 5 to 8 pm. Gabriela Frank will be on hand to answer questions, offer writing advice, or talk about her experiences as a public novelist. The event is free. Show More Summary
Apple has added the ability to upload photos to the iCloud Photo Library through iCloud.com. While this ability was added to the iCloud beta website a couple weeks ago, website uploads are now available for anyone using the iCloud Photo Library beta on their iOS device. Show More Summary
Doll Making: A Creative Approach Laury 1970 Submitter: This book was found in the craft section of my local public library. It’s more about artistically crafted dolls you can make at home. Really, it’s just filled with creepy dolls. I know I won’t be able to get their face out of my head when I […]
This September, Luis J. Rodriguez became Poet Laureate of the City of Los Angeles. Now, after first discovering his love for books at Los Angeles’s Downtown Central Library years ago, Rodriguez plans to lead a series of public workshops and events about poetry at the city library. More from KPCC. Los Angeles is a city [...]
Congratulations to fellow blogger and historian, Keith Harris, on the publication of his new book. It’s always nice to see hard work rewarded and I hope Keith is enjoying that feeling of holding a new hardcover book. I’ve made my way through the first chapter and can’t recommend it enough. Keith’s work fits neatly into […]
Drugs in Sports Dolan, Jr. 1986 Submitter: Is drug use still a problem among athletes? I’m sure it is. However, this book, found in the stacks at my public library, is as outdated as the sweatband worn by the arm on the cover. It’s time for a new book on the same topic. Holly: […]
The American Male: A Penetrating Look at the Masculinity Crisis. Brenton 1966 Submitter: Well Boohoo! Men being oppressed. Let me get a tissue. 1966? I can understand this book being in an academic library. A public library? Patrons need updated info on topics like this. Holly: Here is a link to the Kirkus Review of […]
We’ve included a fairly gigantic version of Roger Whitacre’s May 1985 photo of downtown Denver, looking over the intersection of the 16th Street Mall and Tremont Street, which comes from the Denver Public Library’s Digital Collections, but you may want to click through to the original to zoom in even closer on the various cars […]
Just in case you savvy reporters out there would like a copy of testimony tomorrow in a big story, too bad you are too busy covering Honey Boo Boo This testimony of Carol Heinsdorf, member of APPS (Alliance for Philadelphia Public Schools)...Show More Summary
The Board of Trustees of The New York Public Library announced that, effective today, renowned attorney Evan R. Chesler will succeed Neil L. Rudenstine as its next chairman. Chesler, a Bronx native and chair of prominent law firm Cravath,...Show More Summary
"Ebola virus virion" by CDC/Cynthia Goldsmith - Public Health Image Library World War Z is coming! Or at least you would think so given the media sensationalism surrounding Ebola. But as time has shown us hysteria of Ebola is far more infectious than the virus itself. Show More Summary
Friday, November 7th featured CLP’s first ever installment of Show Your Work, a partnership between the public library and local entrepreneurs and innovators in the fields of commerce, art, and technology. This amazing event, held at our East Liberty branch, … Continue reading ?
When the Harvard Art Museums reopen this Sunday after a six-year expansion project, historic pigments foundational to the field of art conservation in the United States will be on public view.
Armistice Day just passed in this year marking the centenary of the start of World War I, and now there’s news a major public resource on that history may close. The Imperial War Museum (IWM) library in London is reportedly under threat as the institution faces a major budget cut. As the BBC stated, the Prospect trade union “said a £4M [~$6.28M] cut […]
ISLAMiCommentary | Julie Poucher Harbin Zeynep Tufekci, Assistant Professor at UNC-Chapel Hill’s School of Information and Library Science, was the guest speaker at a public talk at Duke University last week — “Algorithms and #Ferguson,...Show More Summary
Great piece by David Lankes that parallels well the "cultivating a community garden" thinking and community engagement approach I've advocated for years. Here's the main point he drives home:"(Librarians) need to know how to unlock the...Show More Summary
Sexual Freedom Guyon 1950 Submitter: This book was found in a small urban public library. It’s a 1950 reprint of a 1932 French book on sexual freedoms. 1932 views on sexual freedom in a public library? Ewww! I could see this being in an academic library. I give credit to public libraries for collecting this […]
In May of 1914, a young Norman Rockwell entered artwork in his first exhibition: a group show at the New Rochelle Public Library in New Rochelle, New York. He was 20 years old. One hundred years later, a traveling exhibition of some of Rockwell?s most iconic original works is making its European debut. Show More Summary
In honor of its 45 years on television, Sesame Street has mounted an exhibit at the New York Public Library For the Performing Arts that will thrill fans both young and old - and, yes, Big Bird, Bert, and Ernie are all there! We spoke with show archivist Susie Tofte to learn about Sesame's special magic and how it's continuing to thrive into its fifth decade on air.

domain: library


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Purpose of FMEA (Failure Modes & Effects Analysis)
- Failure Modes and effects Analysis provides a framework for analyzing potential reliability problems early on in design.
- The FMEA framework is used to identify and prioritize possible points of failure, determine their effect on the product’s operation, and identify action to reduce potential failures.


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Enventure Research has recently been appointed by the Greater Manchester Combined Authority (GMCA) to design, conduct and report on a programme of engagement with Greater Manchester residents in regard to their perceptions, opinions and experiences about data and information sharing for the public benefit.
The GMCA has recently developed an information sharing programme across the Greater Manchester area called GM Connect. The aim of the programme is to improve information sharing using digital technology in order to allow public services to be better connected and more effective, avoiding the need for duplication and providing better value for money.
In order to gather feedback from residents, Enventure Research’s experienced market research interviewers will undertake a face to face survey with a representative sample of 1,000 Greater Manchester residents from across the ten local authority areas (100 interviews in each area). To allow all residents the opportunity to participate, the consultation will be open to all Greater Manchester residents in the form of a paper and online questionnaire made available in public locations and promoted using local organisations, events and social media.
Enventure Research will also undertake a programme of qualitative research to supplement the consultation findings. Ten workshops will be held across Greater Manchester, each attended by eight to ten residents who will participate in a number of participatory activities designed to gather detailed feedback about their perceptions about data and information sharing and further insight into findings from the open consultation and face to face survey. To enable those unable to attend a workshop the opportunity to provide their feedback, 20 in depth telephone interviews will be undertake with residents. Six interviews will also be conducted with GP practice staff to gather their views and opinions.
Qualitative research participants will be recruited via the open consultation and face to face survey and will be broadly representative of the Greater Manchester population, including typically hard to reach groups.
The findings will provide useful insight to the GMCA to help it develop a resident engagement strategy and help determine key tactics for a public awareness campaign on the wider public service reform and information sharing.
Commenting on the recent win, Andrew Cameron, Research Manager, said:
“We are very pleased to be working with the Greater Manchester Combined Authority to explore Greater Manchester residents’ opinions about data and information sharing. The in depth programme of research will enable us to gather the views of a large number of residents and provide the GMCA with useful feedback to inform its GM Connect approach.”

domain: geography


His first release "Disruptive Element" (E.P) was released on his own label Biohazard, which has since been dissolved. Alan 'Jinx' Chamberlain later introduced him to someone locally with a studio. The record was a success and from then on, his music career had begun.
He listens to all types of music, bar Soul and R&B. He prefers guitar based bands such as Six by Seven, Dark Star, Radio Head and many others . He chills out to Portishead and Massive Attack. He loves a bit of Breakbeat (DJ Shadow, The Herbalizer and Fluke). "Not a day goes by where I am not involved in music, whether it is making it, listening or moaning about not having every new release".
Craig likes the way that musical styles are gradually crossing over into other genres of Dance. He says "Lately, the scene is turning into a great melting pot of Dance music. I think we will soon see all types of Dance music being played at one club". This is already happening at places such as Cream from DJs Fat Boy Slim and LTJ Bukem. The quality of Freeform dance music is greatly improving as are the current producers. It may not be long before sales equal that of House and Garage."
He holds the highest respect for his fellow producers, Energy, Austin, Helix, Sharkey, Tekno Dred. He says, "I respect anyone who has an unbridled passion for the music we are pushing and anyone showing commitment and honesty".
Over the last few years Craig's music policy has radically changed. His interest in the Indie/rock scene magnified and he is currently playing for Club NME and Club XFM. He still loves his electronic music so always includes electro and remixes into his sets. Every now and then Craig will return to his roots and release a Freeform style track. His absence from this scene and obviously not being influenced by what other artists are producing can generate interesting results!


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This intense five-day workshop is designed to incorporate elements that will help improve your photographic skills and studio efficiency. Limiting each workshop to smaller groups, will allow us the opportunity to work one-on-one with each photographer.
Each class will include live shooting sessions, in-depth Photoshop training, studio marketing and album design.
This is your opportunity to photograph alongside two of Australia’s most awarded photographers
…Hurry numbers are limited!
Where and When :
Dallas, TX, USA – 20th – 24th July 2009 – 5 Day Workshop
Chicago, IL , USA – 27th – 31st July 2009 – 5 Day Workshop
San Francisco, CA, USA – 2nd – 6th August 2009 – 5 Day Workshop
Sydney, NSW , Australia – 31st August – 4th September 2009 – 5 Day Workshop
Windsor, London , UK – 11th – 15th October 2009 – 5 Day Workshop

domain: artistic


Refused to be subbed on in the dying minutes of Croatia's match. What a bellend, throwing away an opportunity to play/score in a WC. An austrian commentator said Kalinic did the same thing quite recently, can someone confirm? If so, it's idiotic to pick the guy for a WC in the first place. Croatia is now down to a 22-man-quad. https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44524546 Edit: Kalinic also refused to play the last minutes against Brazil in June (!), top shelf team player.


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Russ goes hard on his new visuals to “Exposed”. The track dropped late last year which explores the ins & outs of what truly being an “independent” artist is. The visuals show the Georgia rapper on tour while dropping facts about his rise & hustle to be independent. Mixing,engineering, writing, producing it’s all done by him & no one else. See the full vid below.
Image via Youtube.com/RussVEVO

domain: entertainment


text:
Nearly half a million people will be pushed into poverty unless the Government lifts its freeze on working-age benefits, a thinktank has warned.
Higher-than-expected inflation rates will result in an additional 470,000 people living in poverty by 2020/21, many of whom are from working households, according to new analysis by The Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF).
The JRF has urged Chancellor Philip Hammond to ease the pressure on poor families in next month's Budget by scrapping the four-year benefits freeze - announced by former chancellor George Osborne in 2015 - and restoring inflation-linked rises.
A couple with two children receiving Universal Credit is £832 worse off per year than if benefits had kept up with prices since 2010, the JRF estimates, while a single parent with two children will have lost out by £676 each year during the same period.
Higher than forecast inflation means the hit to low-paid families will be almost £0.9bn more than the £4bn originally expected from this cut in 2020/21, it said.
Campbell Robb, JRF chief executive, said: “People who are just managing at best are being hit in the pocket by the freeze on benefits and tax credits. It means millions of families are finding life even harder to make ends meet - whether paying for the weekly food shop, covering energy bills or finding enough money to pay the rent.
“While the Treasury gains from this policy in the short-term, more children living in poverty has costs the exchequer an estimated £6.4bn per year in lost tax revenue and additional benefit spending.
“The focus should be on making sure low-income family budgets keep pace with the cost of essentials, while reducing the benefit bill through increasing employment and enabling people on low pay to increase their earnings.
“No government wants to fight an election on a record of rising poverty and falling living standards. Circumstances have changed, so policy needs to change too. As prices rise, the priority should be to protect the budgets of the lowest income families. It’s time to lift the freeze.”
It comes after Work and Pensions Secretary David Gauke vowed to press on with the Government's flagship UC reform, despite mounting concern from Tory MPs that vulnerable claimants could risk eviction or struggle to eat if they are left waiting up to six weeks for their first payment.
Calls have been made for a pause to the rollout of UC, which will merge six existing benefits into one payment, while some 25 Tories could be prepared to rebel on the issue, according to The Telegraph.
Former Conservative Prime Minister John Major intervened on Universal Credit over the weekend, saying it was "operationally messy, socially unfair and unforgiving", while Dame Louise Casey, the former government social welfare tsar, previously said aspects of the reform made “her hair stand on end”.
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domain: economics


Arvest Bank Robbery
On Thursday, January 30, 2020, the Boone County Sheriff's Office received a call of a robbery in progress located at the Arvest Bank in Lead Hill, Arkansas. Witnesses said the suspect(s) were seen leaving the area of the bank in a small silver four door car, unknown make and model. As Deputies arrived on scene, further descriptions of the suspect were given. Officers with the Boone County Sheriff's Office, Arkansas State Police, and the Taney County Sheriff's Office were able to locate the suspect vehicle on Stonington Road near the Missouri state line. Taken into custody was 29 year old David Powers and 42 year old Lori Stilley. After a search of the vehicle, all of the money stolen from the bank was recovered. Both suspects are being held at the Boone County Jail on charges of Aggravated Robbery and Possession of a Controlled Substance - Methamphetamine. Sheriff Moore would like to thank the Arkansas State Police, Taney County Sheriff's Office, and the Omaha Police Department for their help in this case.


On Nocturnalist 329 (September 13, 2021), curated by The Nocturnal Times, we present our favorite new track selections of the week.
Follow the weekly Nocturnalist playlist on Spotify, HERE
Rompasso, Imanbek feat. Karma Child – 123 (Dolly Song)
Deorro, Andrez Babii – Adios
MOTi, Gustavo Dotch feat. Deza – Afterbloom
Genix, Zashanell – All I Want
Roger Sanchez, Oliver Heldens – Another Chance
Tony Romera, CASUAL – Boogie
Elton John, Dua Lipa – Cold Heart (The Blessed Madonna Remix)
Breathe Carolina feat. SMBDY – Crossfire
CAZZETTE, Xander Rawlins – A Day To Sing About
Camila Cabello – Don’t Go Yet (Major Lazer Remix)
Cheat Codes, All Time Low – Ghost Story
Austin Millz, Aluna – Gold
Shallou – Heartaches
VINAI, LA Vision – Hide Away
Armin van Buuren, Davina Michelle – Hold On
Elderbook, Emmit Fenn – I’ll Find My Way To You
Chet Porter feat. Cherry Surf – Life’s So Good
Dusky – Local Newspaper
SLANDER, Dylan Matthew – Love Is Gone (Kaskade Remix)
Bart B More – Missing U
Christina Novelli, Richard Durand – My Guiding Light
TOKiMONSTA, Channel Tres – Naked (Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs Remix)
RÜFÜS DU SOL – Next To Me (Vintage Culture Remix)
Cat Dealers, Charlotte Haining – Nobody Does It
Mahalo – Nothing Matters
TheFatRat – PARALLAX Album
Gryffin, LOVA – Piece Of Me
Justin Mylo – Pillow Fighting
CloZee, Jaed – Please Come Home
Benny Benassi, Vedo, Raiche – Pull It
A-Trak, Wongo, Ladybug Mecca – Querida
BT, Christian Burns – Red Lights (Gabriel & Dresden Remix)
Alan Walker, Jamie Miller – Running Out of Roses
R3HAB, Jonas Blue feat. Ava Max & Kylie Cantrell – Sad Boy
Gorgon City – Skywalk
Don Diablo, Freak Fantastique – Stay Awake
4B – There 4 You
No Mana – Toys of Violence
TELYKast, Sam Gray – Unbreakable
DVBBS feat. YBN Nahmir – Victory
Nicky Romero, W&W – We’re Still Young
Michael Calfan, Hannah Boleyn – Wild Night
Delta Heavy – Work It
Follow @NocturnalTimes on Spotify, HERE.
Do you have a track you’d like featured on The Nocturnal Times weekly Nocturnalist chart? Share your upcoming releases with us at firstname.lastname@example.org for consideration.
- Spiderhound Jumpstarts 2022 with “So Good” Single
- French Duo KOWZ Puts Forth 7-Track EP ‘SEVEN’
- Kino Village to Take Over Globe Theater for Massive LA Debut ft. Morpei, Burko, Oren & More
- Studio 338 Announces 2022 Season Kick-Off Parties ft. Luciano, Loco Dice, Marco Carola & more
- WATCH: Metaverse by Slovenian DJ Brina Knauss on LIVENow on Thurs., Jan. 27
- Hear Course Control & Kevon Tyrre’s New Take on Classic “No Diggity”
Spinnin’ Records to Host Night at Bootshaus XR Featuring Blasterjaxx, Danny Avila & SLVR
Spinnin’ Records is teaming up with the German worldwide famous club Bootshaus for an exclusive VR event in their new...
Krewella Kicks off 2022 with Studio Album ‘The Body Never Lies’ & Tour
Sisters Jahan and Yasmine, better known as Krewella, exploded onto the scene in 2012 with their debut self-released EP Play...
HARBER to Headline Lavo NYC on Saturday, January 15
On Saturday, January 15, Billboard-charting DJ & producer HARBER will make his anticipated headline debut at Lavo NYC. Be sure...
The Nocturnal Times Top Electronic/Dance Songs of 2021
Another year coming to a close means we’re proud to present The Nocturnal Times Top Electronic/Dance Songs of 2021. From...
PAROOKAVILLE Drops First Names for 2022 Lineup Including Armin van Buuren, FISHER, Yellow Claw & Many More
The organizers behind one of Europe’s biggest festivals PAROOKAVILLE just dropped an early Christmas present. The sixth edition of this...
The Nocturnal Times Top Electronic/Dance Albums of 2021
50. Emmit Fenn – Far From Here [TH3RD BRAIN Records] 49. MUST DIE! – CRISIS VISION [Never Say Die Records]...


text:
Pear stocks growing in E.U., U.S
The World Apple and Pear Association (WAPA) has released its apple and pear stocks figures as of March 1, 2022, and showed a growing stock of pears in both the E.U. and the U.S. compared to 2021, while apple stocks increased less significantly.
In its statement, it said that in Europe apple stocks increased by 8.6 percent compared to 2021 to reach 2,935,962 tons, while pear stocks decreased by 14.9 percent to 388,495 tons, compared to the same period last year.
In the USA, apple stocks as of March 1 202 stood at 1,275,346 tons (+1.6 percent compared to 2021), while pear stocks reached 111,912 Tons (37.7 percent above 2021).
In Europe, the increases in stocks came primarily from g Red Jonaprince (54 percent up from 2021), Jonagold (+27.9 percent), Golden Delicious (+23.3 percent), and Gala (+18.4 percent). Varieties seeing a drop in inventories over the same month last year included Granny Smith (-20 percent) and Cripps Pink (-14.9 percent).
On the other hand, European pear stocks saw Italian varieties fall (Abate Fetel -97.8 percent and Kaiser -95.2 percent) but was partially mitigated by the stark increase in Portugal’s Rocha pears (+59,614 Tons compared to March 2021).
In the USA, apple stocks were essentially flat year-over-year. A decrease among several large varieties, such as Fuji (-20.8 percent), Red Delicious (-11.7 percent), and Gala (-9 percent) was compensated by a 216.5 percent increase in Cosmic Crisp apples, which reached 51.576 Tons, and a 36.5 percent increase in the Granny Smith variety.

domain: news


text:
If you are looking for the easiest dessert in the world, well… here it is! This 3-ingredient pumpkin fluff dip takes just 2 minutes (if that) to make.
This is BY FAR one of our most popular recipes! Buffalo Cauliflower Bites! SO good...even the biggest meat eaters love them!! Quick, simple and delish!

domain: food


text:
Stagnant Water from Unfinished projects becoming an eye sore
Saturday, June 6th, 2015
Residents have voiced concerns over two development seawall projects to reclaim beaches, but instead have created unsightly stagnant pools and other issues. One development is located on the lagoon side of town core and the other is beachfront, south of town. Among the issues noted are the accumulation of garbage and eutrophication due to the lack of free flowing water. In an interview with The San Pedro Sun, Mayor Daniel Guerrero addressed the issue, stating that the developers are expected to complete the project soon, thereby getting rid of the eyesore.
According to Guerrero, he has spoken to the developers of both areas, and they will be filling the area with sand to beautify the seawall. One of the areas, formerly known as the Sunset Grill, has recently been purchased after it was abandoned for some time by the previous owner. “We have spoken to the new owner and he plans on reconstructing the area and opening a restaurant. They have gotten the development concept approved by all necessary agents and are working on filling in where the stagnant water is. It will be fixed,” said Guerrero. Garbage has been accumulating at the Sunset Grill seawall since it was abandoned, but once construction commences, the area will be cleaned and beautified.
The other seawall is located on the beach next to Exotic Caye Resort. The developers plan to reclaim the beach area, and as such, built the wall and are in process of filling the area with sand. “We understand that Exotic Caye Resort will be undergoing major reconstruction, the seawall is part of that project. Again we have talked to them and know that they will be working on beautification of the beach,” said Guerrero.
He explained that the San Pedro Town Council expects that all developments keep their area clean. In regard to the construction of seawalls, the accumulating garbage must be removed. “By law, developers need to keep their construction site clean, and this includes seawalls and the waters around. Honestly it is in their best interest, I don’t think that they would want potential investors to pass by and see stagnant water full of garbage,” said Guerrero.
Guerrero ended by stating that SPTC will be closely monitoring the projects to ensure that the area is kept clean.
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For the first time in the history of the island's community newspaper, The San Pedro Sun is appealing to their thousands of readers to help support the paper during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since 1991 we have tirelessly provided vital local and national news. Now, more than ever, our community depends on us for trustworthy reporting, but our hard work comes with a cost. We need your support to keep delivering the news you rely on each and every day. Every reader contribution, however big or small, is so valuable. Please support us by making a contribution.Click to Donate


According to a recent national survey conducted by Fox News, former President Donald Trump has increased his lead in the Republican primary race while President Joe Biden continues to face uncertainty among Democratic primary voters.
The survey asked Republican primary voters to choose from a list of 15 potential candidates for the 2024 nomination. The results showed that Trump has doubled his lead since February and is currently up by 30 points over Ron DeSantis. Last month, Trump was up by 15 points. Mike Pence comes in third with 6%, Liz Cheney and Nikki Haley receive 3% each, and Greg Abbott comes in at 2%. All others receive 1% support or less, and just 3% are unsure. Trump made gains among almost every key demographic except for White men with a college degree, where DeSantis is up by 12 points.
The survey also revealed that 60% of the subgroup of voters who backed Trump in the 2020 general election support him in the GOP primary, while 25% go for DeSantis and 5% for Pence. Trump primary voters would back DeSantis as their second choice, and the Florida governor’s primary voters would do the same for Trump.
Republican pollster Daron Shaw, who conducts Fox News surveys with Democrat Chris Anderson, said that the rumor of Trump being indicted by the district attorney in Manhattan has helped him gain support among Republican primary voters. They view the case as politically motivated and believe that it reanimates feelings that Trump is still fighting forces they see as corrupt and out of control. Trump currently faces a lawsuit in New York regarding potential violations of federal campaign finance laws.
On the other hand, the survey showed that 52% of Democratic primary voters would prefer someone other than Biden as their party’s presidential nominee. This is about the same as last month when 53% of Democratic primary voters felt this way. However, 44% want Biden to be the nominee, up from 37% in February. This 7-point bump comes from the president solidifying support among women, white voters, voters aged 45 and above, and white voters with no degree.
Biden’s current support does not compare to what Trump received in February 2019 when 72% of GOP registered voters wanted to keep him as their nominee or support for former President Barack Obama in 2012 when 81% of Democratic primary voters wanted him to stay. Additionally, Biden’s job rating is underwater by 12 points among registered voters, and his approval among Democrats is near a record low. Moreover, 44% of those Democrats who approve of him want someone else to run, while 50% would keep him.
Despite chatter about electability, both Democratic and Republican primary voters are more concerned about their candidate’s views on the issues than if their nominee can win the general election. 73% of primary voters are more concerned about their candidate’s views on the issues, while only 18% care about their candidate’s ability to win the general election.
(YWN World Headquarters – NYC)


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The Sahel is prone to climate stressors such as droughts, winds and floods. This study employs a systematic review approach to track the frequency with which these stressors are reported in the scientific peer reviewed literature, examining publishing trends to identify which stressors are most reported, documenting the spatial distribution of these stressors from a country and regional perspective, and assessing the role played by climatic and non-climatic drivers in causing the stressors. A total of (n = 388) reports of stressors were documented in (n = 164) peer reviewed articles. From a country perspective, Southern Niger records the highest number of reports on all three stressors (15.97%), followed by Ethiopia (11.85%) and Senegal (10.56%). Regionally, West African Sahel recorded the highest number of reports on all stressors (49.97%) followed by East African Sahel (29.89%) and Central African Sahel (12.11%) respectively. Droughts are observed to be the most frequently reported stressor (n = 219), followed by floods (n = 123) and winds (n = 46). The decade 1975–1985 recorded the highest reports of stressors (n = 207), while the decade 1997–2007 recorded (n = 80) and the decade 1986–1996 recorded (n = 52). While climatic drivers are dominant (52%), there is however an increasing attribution of the drivers of the stressors to non-climatic drivers (47%). The main weakness of this study is that it uses peer reviewed papers dwelling on climate stressors as a proxy for climate stressors in the Sahel and a lot more studies could be hiding in non-peer reviewed studies, underscoring that this work provides a general and baseline overview of the climate stressors in the region.
Bibliographical noteAcknowledgements This work was supported by a grant from the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada Grant Number 756-2016-0003.
© 2017, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature.


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Caffeine and Headache: Relationship with the Effects of Caffeine on Cerebral Blood Flow
Caffeine is the most widely used psychoactive substance in the world. Most of the caffeine consumed comes from dietary sources such as coffee, tea, cola drinks, and chocolate. The consumption of caffeine is most often correlated with the positive effects following its ingestion, namely increased alertness, energy, and ability to concentrate (Benowitz, 1990; Fredholm et al., 1999; Nawrot et al., 2003). In addition to its dietary use, caffeine can also be found in a number of medications, mainly in over-the-counter and prescription preparations for weight loss and pain relief. The use of caffeine as an adjunctive constituent of analgesic medications can be dated back to 1875 when caffeine was first isolated and characterized structurally (Arnaud, 1987).
The first clinical trials concerning the possible contribution of caffeine to the analgesic properties of aspirin and acetaminophen were only performed at the beginning of the second part of the 20th century. However, the interpretation of these studies is rendered difficult by their methodological limitations (Beaver, 1966, 1981).
More recent, well-conducted studies have focused on the association of caffeine, mainly with aspirin or acetaminophen, and the contribution of caffeine to the antipain efficacy of analgesics in migraine and tension-type headache. In 1988, the FDA classified caffeine as belonging to Category I ingredients considered to be “generally regarded as safe and effective” and to Category III ingredients considered as requiring additional research to prove efficacy as over-the-counter anal
gesic adjuvants (Beaver, 1981; FDA, 1988). In 1994, a review on caffeine data by the Nonprescription Drugs Advisory Committee reported that a 130-mg caffeine dose provided significant adjuvant efficacy when combined with aspirin or acetaminophen/aspirin in a variety of pain states (Dalessio, 1994). The combination of caffeine with current prescription and nonprescription drugs in alleviating migraine and tension-type headache-related symptoms and pain has been the subject of a number of studies that will be summarized below. These studies are of clinical importance since most approved prescription drugs for headache, mainly migraine, are expensive and many have therapy-limiting side effects and contraindications (Von Seggern, 1992; Solomon, 1993; Kumar and Cooney, 1995).
ANTINOCICEPTIVE PROPERTIES OF CAFFEINE
As reviewed here, most of the actions of caffeine reflect its action as a nonspecific antagonist at adenosine receptors (Nehlig et al., 1992; Fredholm et al., 1999). Among its numerous pharmacological effects on the body, caffeine has been reported to express intrinsic antinociceptive actions in animal models (Daly, 1993); however, they depend on the type of pain stimulus: mechanical, thermal, or electrical (Seegers et al., 1981; Person et al., 1985; Castaneda- Hernandez et al., 1994; Engelhardt et al., 1997; Diaz-Reval et al., 2001). Only rare human studies have assessed whether caffeine alone has independent analgesic properties. In two studies including 301 and 53 subjects suffering from tension-type headache, caffeine significantly relieved pain in a dose-dependent manner (Ward et al., 1991; Diamond et al., 2000). The antinociceptive actions of caffeine are considered to be linked to its antagonism at the level of adenosine receptors. In the peripheral nervous system, adenosine A1 receptor activation produces antinociceptive actions by decreasing, while adenosine A2 receptor activation produces pronociceptive or pain-enhancing properties by increasing cyclic AMP levels in the sensory nerve terminals.
Adenosine A3 receptor activation produces pain behaviors due to the release of histamine and serotonin from mast cells and subsequent actions on nerve cell terminals. In humans, the peripheral administration of adenosine produces pain responses resembling those generated under ischemic conditions (Sawynok, 1995, 1998). Thus, adenosine systems appear to contribute to the antinociceptive properties of caffeine. Antinociception results from the inhibition of intrinsic neurons by an increase in K+ conductance and presynaptic inhibition of sensory nerve terminals to inhibit the release of substance P and glutamate with subsequent actions on pain perception (Sawynok and Yaksh, 1993; Sawynok, 1998) . The intrinsic antinociceptive actions of caffeine have been proposed to result from actions at supraspinal sites because manipulation of central monoaminergic pathways can inhibit such actions (Sawynok and Reid, 1996) and may involve inhibition of presynaptic adenosine receptors on cholinergic nerve terminals (Ghelardini et al., 1997). In addition, during headaches, adenosine receptor-mediated vasodilation and/or irregular vascular tone contribute to pain (Dalessio, 1979; Ferrari, 1991).
A number of studies have addressed the question of the adjunctive analgesic properties of caffeine in over-the-counter and prescription pain medications for both headache and other types of pain. For example, 65 to 100 mg of caffeine potentiate the analgesic effects of 500 mg of acetaminophen or 200 mg of ibuprofen in postpartum uterine cramping (Jain et al., 1978; Laska et al., 1983, 1984; Akin et al., 1996), postpartum pain and episiotomy (Laska et al., 1983, 1984), third molar extraction (Laska et al., 1983; Forbes et al., 1991; McQuay et al., 1996), and dentoal- veolar pain (Kiersch and Minic, 2002). Based on a pooled analysis of 30 clinical studies including about 10,000 patients suffering from various types of pain, including headaches, Laska et al. (1983, 1984) estimated that the combination of caffeine with current analgesics has a potency of 1.41, which means that it would take 41% more aspirin or acetaminophen alone to reach the same analgesic level as the combined medication.
EFFICACY OF CAFFEINE IN THE TREATMENT OF TENSION-TYPE HEADACHES
Tension-type headaches, as classified by the International Headache Society (1988), occur usually at a maximal frequency of 15 per month and respond to nonprescription medications. They are most often not accompanied by disabling pain and work arrest (Jensen and Paiva, 1993; Matthew, 1993) . In the studies detailed below, the patients recruited experienced between four and ten tension- type headaches per month during the year preceding the study (International Headache Society, 1988) . In tension-type headaches, the efficacy of the combination of caffeine with acetaminophen and aspirin has been repeatedly reported (Laska et al., 1984; Schachtel et al., 1991; Migliardi et al., 1994; Diamond et al., 2000).
In a randomized, double-blind, parallel-design trial, Schachtel et al. (1991) compared the analgesic properties of a single dose of acetaminophen (1000 mg) or aspirin (1000 mg) with caffeine (64 mg) or placebo in 302 subjects with tension-type headache. Acetaminophen and the combination of aspirin with caffeine were significantly more efficient than placebo in terms of the sum of pain intensity difference from baseline, total pain relief, and percentage of patients experiencing total pain relief. The aspirin/caffeine combination was rated superior to acetaminophen alone for the sum of pain intensity difference from baseline and percentage of patients experiencing complete pain relief.
In a series of six randomized, double-blind, two-period crossover studies, conducted under similar protocols, Migliardi et al. (1994) compared the analgesic efficacy of two combinations containing caffeine in subjects with tension-type headache. In the first four studies involving 1900 patients, tablets of acetaminophen (500 mg), aspirin (500 mg), and caffeine (130 mg) (APAP/ASA/CAF) were combined, while in two other studies involving 911 subjects, two tablets of acetaminophen (1000 mg) and caffeine (130 mg) (APAP/CAF) were combined. The patients were all involved in two treatment periods during which they took two separate medications for two different headache attacks. Acetaminophen was found superior to placebo, but the APAP/CAF and APAP/ASA/CAF combinations were significantly superior to acetaminophen alone and placebo. The caffeine adjuvant effect reached 76% for sum of pain intensity difference from baseline, 89% for percentage of pain intensity difference from baseline, and 97% for total pain relief. For peak analgesia and duration, the caffeine adjuvant effect of the two combinations compared to acetaminophen alone ranged from 63 to 85%. The pooled analgesic responses for the four studies of APAP/ASA/CAF and the two studies of APAP/CAF were virtually superimposable. The effect of caffeine in this antipain medication was totally independent of the usual dietary caffeine intake of the patients or their caffeine consumption in the 4 h preceding medication. However, the two combinations produced more stomach discomfort, nervousness, and dizziness than acetaminophen or placebo (Migliardi et al., 1994).
More recently, in a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial, Diamond et al. (2000) compared the analgesic effect of ibuprofen alone (400 mg), ibuprofen (400 mg) plus caffeine (200 mg), caffeine alone (200 mg), or placebo in 301 subjects with tension-type headache. The combination of ibuprofen and caffeine provided significantly greater analgesic effects than ibuprofen alone, caffeine alone, or placebo. This was true for the delay between the medication and meaningful improvement in headache relief, total analgesia provided over 4 and 6 h, peak relief, and the number of patients reporting these improvements. This study also showed a similar efficacy of caffeine (200 mg) or ibuprofen (400 mg) alone (Diamond et al., 2000), which is in line with the data of an older study reporting a similar efficacy of caffeine (65 or 130 mg) or acetaminophen (650 mg) alone in the treatment of tension-type headache (Ward et al., 1991).
The analgesic potency of caffeine alone was also shown in another type of headache, postdural puncture headache. The addition of caffeine to saline during the first 90 min after spinal anesthesia reduced moderate and severe postdural puncture headaches as well as the analgesic demand for 4 d. In these cases, caffeine was found to be a simple and safe way to minimize postdural puncture headache (Ford et al., 1989; Yucel et al., 1999; Vincent and Aboff, 2001).
In conclusion, in tension-type headaches, caffeine has both analgesic properties by itself and appears to be able to potentiate the analgesic properties of common antipain drugs such as acetaminophen, aspirin, and ibuprofen.
EFFICACY OF CAFFEINE IN THE TREATMENT OF MIGRAINE HEADACHES
Migraine is a recurrent disorder that produces a wide spectrum of pain and disability (Stewart et al., 1996a; Von Korff et al., 1998). An estimated 23 to 25 million Americans, 18% of women and 6% of men, suffer from migraine attacks (Stewart et al., 1992), among whom more than 50% experience at least one episode per month (Rasmussen and Olesen, 1993). Only 5 to 15% of migraine attacks are associated with mild pain and no disability; moderate to severe pain and disability are reported in 60 to 70% of attacks, and incapacitating pain, bed rest, and total disability occur in 25 to 35% of the attacks (Lipton and Stewart, 1993; Von Korff et al., 1994; Stewart et al., 1996b). The severity of the attacks is variable in a given person (Johannes et al., 1995; Von Korff et al., 1998). Most migraine sufferers (65% of men and 57% of women) manage their headache with nonprescription medications (Celentano et al., 1992), but it is not clear how effective these medications are in the treatment of severe migraine attacks. Indeed, the optimal treatment depends both on the severity of the disease and the severity of individual attacks (Lipton et al., 1994; Michel et al., 1997; Pryse-Phillips et al., 1997; Lipton, 1998).
In a series of three double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, single-dose, placebo-controlled trials, Lipton et al. (1998) examined the efficacy of the treatment of migraine symptoms in a population of 1220 subjects by a nonprescription combination of acetaminophen (500 mg), aspirin (500 mg), and caffeine (65 mg) taken orally as a single-dose treatment. Significantly greater reductions in pain intensity were seen from 1 to 6 h after treatment in patients taking the medication compared to the placebo group. The percentage of patients free of pain at 6 h was twice as high in the medication group as in the placebo group. The other symptoms of migraine, such as nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, and functional disability, were significantly improved in the medicated compared with the placebo group. Goldstein et al. (1999) extended the analysis of the studies performed by Lipton et al. (1998) to a subgroup of 172 subjects, within the initial group of 1220, that were suffering from severe, disabling migraine symptoms. They reached conclusions similar to those in the study including the whole population of migraineurs and showed the superiority of the combination of acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine over the placebo in alleviating pain and associated symptoms in this group of patients more severely disabled by their migraines. Finally, the conclusions of the two previous studies were extended to menstruation-associated migraine in a group of 967 women extracted from the initial group of 1220 subjects. A similar efficacy of the combination of the medications cited above was also found in the case of menstruation-associated migraine (Silberstein et al., 1999).
However, in the three studies cited above, the objective was to analyze whether over-the-counter, rather inexpensive, medication could be effective in reducing migraine-associated pain and symptoms. The data of the three studies (Lipton et al., 1998; Goldstein et al., 1999; Silberstein et al.,
1999) confirm the safety and efficacy of the acetaminophen/aspirin/caffeine combination on migraine symptoms but do not outline the specific role of caffeine in this combination, since no comparison was performed with combinations containing or not containing caffeine or with caffeine alone. In fact, the efficacy of the acetaminophen/aspirin/caffeine combination was postulated by Strong (1997) to be possibly linked to the presence of caffeine; however, this hypothesis is based on the observation of only one case, the author of the paper himself (Strong, 1997). He found that only the combination of medication including caffeine and caffeine alone (100 mg) were effective in his migraine attacks. However, a large-scale study is still missing to clearly outline the potentiation of analgesic properties afforded by the addition of caffeine to an analgesic drug or combination of drugs as well as the efficacy of caffeine alone in the relief of pain and other symptoms associated with migraine.
More recent randomized, double-blind, multicenter, parallel-group studies also tested the efficacy of ergotamine (1 or 2 mg) plus caffeine (100 or 200 mg) vs. calcium carbasalate/lysine acetylsalicylate (equivalent to 900 mg of aspirin) plus metoclopramide (10 mg), eletriptan (80 mg), or rizatriptan (10 mg) in migraine. In the four studies, the mixture of aspirin equivalents and metoclopramide (Le Jeunne et al., 1999; Titus et al., 2000) and the serotonin receptor agonists eletriptan (Diener et al., 2002) and rizatriptan (Christie et al., 2003) were superior to the combination of ergotamine and caffeine in alleviating all migraine-associated symptoms, such as intensity of pain, duration of pain relief, nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, and functional disability.
Recently, Geyde (2001) published his hypothesized treatment for migraines. He is proposing to use a combination of products that would act on a whole subset of physiological regulations that are impaired during migraine attacks. Migraine attacks include, but are not limited to, (1) falling blood levels of serotonin (Anthony and Lance, 1971, 1989); (2) vascular dilatation (Dalessio, 1979; Ferrari, 1991); (3) inflammatory response in intracranial structures (Pearce, 1993), and (4) in some, but not all migraines, an increasing release of the vasodilator histamine (Guyton, 1991), which continues to rise 24 h after onset (Anthony and Lance, 1971). The author is proposing to use the following combination: (1) tryptophan (500 mg) as a precursor of serotonin; (2) niacin (nicotinic acid, 100 mg) to facilitate tryptophan’s conversion to serotonin; (3) acetylsalicylic acid (650 mg) to enhance tryptophan’s conversion to serotonin and reduce prostaglandin-mediated inflammation; (4) calcium carbonate (500 mg) (Guyton, 1991), and (5) caffeine (64 mg) to reduce vasodilation (Leonard et al., 1987). This treatment was tested on 12 subjects, 9 of whom were relieved from migraine symptoms within 1 h after taking the treatment.
CAFFEINE WITHDRAWAL HEADACHES
In sensitive individuals, caffeine withdrawal typically induces headaches, among other symptoms (Griffiths et al., 1990; Nehlig et al., 1992; Silverman et al., 1992; Hughes et al., 1993). A strong positive correlation has also been described between caffeine consumption, fasting, and headaches before and after surgical procedures. For every increase in the usual daily consumption of 100 mg of caffeine (about a cup of coffee), the risk of headache immediately before and after surgery is increased by 12 and 16%, respectively, and correlates also with the duration of fasting (Fennelly et al., 1991; Nikolajsen et al., 1994). The risk of headaches is reduced in individuals who drink caffeine or receive substitutive caffeine tablets on the day of the surgery (Weber et al., 1993, 1997; Hampl et al., 1995). Therefore, it was advised by three studies that the numerous healthy patients who drink caffeine-containing beverages daily and are undergoing minor surgical procedures should be permitted to ingest preoperative caffeine (Weber et al., 1993, 1997; Nikolajsen et al., 1994).
Caffeine withdrawal symptoms disappear soon after absorption of caffeine. This effect is strongly linked to the psychological satisfaction related to the ingestion of caffeine; this is especially true for the first cup of the day. The potential reversal of caffeine withdrawal-induced headache and other symptoms by the absorption of caffeine alone has been known for over 50 years and shown repeatedly (Dreisbach and Pfeiffer, 1943; Goldstein and Kaizer, 1969; Goldstein et al., 1969; Griffiths and Woodson, 1988; Hughes et al., 1991). The occurrence of headaches on substitution of caffeinated by decaffeinated coffee predicts subsequent caffeine self-administration (Hughes et al., 1991).
VASCULAR CHANGES DURING VARIOUS TYPES OF HEADACHES
Tension-type headaches are not accompanied by vascular changes (Andersson et al., 1997; Diener, 1997; Sliwka et al., 2001). Conversely, migraine attacks and the interictal state are characterized by cerebral blood flow changes, but there is no real consensus on the nature of the cerebrovascular changes in migraine states. In the interictal state, cerebral blood flow and baseline flow velocity were reported to be higher (Facco et al., 1996; Valikovics et al., 1996; Vasudeva et al., 2003), similar (De Benedittis et al., 1999), or lower (De Benedittis et al., 1999) in migraine patients compared to the control population. There were also differences between migraines with or without aura characterized by different, even opposite, deviations in regional cerebral blood flow (Facco et al., 1996; De Benedittis et al., 1999). During migraine attacks, most often reports indicate a decrease in regional cerebral blood flow (La Spina et al., 1994, 1997; Andersson et al., 1997; Cutrer et al., 1998; De Benedittis et al., 1999; Sanchez del Rio et al., 1999) or no change in migraine with aura (Silvestrini et al., 1996). In migraine without aura, the reports indicate no change (Ferrari et al., 1995; Thomsen et al., 1995; Silvestrini et al., 1996) or a reduction in cerebrovascular reactivity and cerebral blood flow (Andersson et al., 1997; Bednarczyk et al., 1998). Moreover, sumatriptan, a serotonin receptor agonist commonly used for the treatment of migraine headache, does not change cerebral blood flow during migraine attacks (Ferrari et al., 1995; Limmroth et al., 1996).
Conversely, there is a relationship between caffeine withdrawal, the development of headaches, and changes in cerebral blood flow. The cerebral blood flow velocities are increased during withdrawal headaches, significantly decrease within 30 min after caffeine intake in all subjects, and return to baseline values after 2 h (Couturier et al., 1997). This study is in line with others suggesting that increased blood volume may be involved in caffeine withdrawal headache (Dreisbach and Pfeiffer, 1943; Von Borstel et al., 1983; Hirsch, 1984; Mathew and Wilson, 1985b).
CEREBRAL VASOCONSTRICTIVE PROPERTIES OF CAFFEINE
Methylxanthines such as caffeine or theophylline induce vasodilation, except in the central nervous system, where they raise cerebrovascular resistance; this actually contributes to a reduction in cerebral blood flow. The vasoconstrictive properties of methylxanthines have been demonstrated in humans (Wechsler et al., 1950; Shenkin, 1951; Moyer et al., 1952; Gottstein and Paulson, 1972; Magnussen and Hoedt-Rasmussen, 1977; Mathew et al., 1983; Mathew and Wilson, 1985b, 1990; Cameron et al., 1990) and in animals (Oberdorster et al., 1975; Morii et al., 1983; Grome and Stefanovich, 1985, 1986; Puiroud et al., 1988; Ko et al., 1990; Nehlig et al., 1990). The absorption of 250 mg of caffeine in humans induces a decrease in cerebral blood flow ranging from 20 to 30% (Mathew et al., 1983; Mathew and Wilson, 1985b, 1990). This decrease is independent from mood, peripheric physiological activity, and arterial partial pressure of CO2 (Mathew et al., 1983; Mathew and Wilson, 1985a,b, 1990). Caffeine induces a regional decrease in cerebral blood flow, mainly in the areas where it increases metabolism (i.e., in monoaminergic cell groupings, in the motor and limbic systems, and in the thalamus) (Grome and Stefanovich, 1985, 1986; Nehlig et al., 1990).
At this point, the efficacy of caffeine in relieving headache induced by caffeine withdrawal, which leads to cerebral vasodilatation, appears clear and seems to reflect the central vasoconstrictive properties of the methylxanthine. In tension-type headache, there do not seem to be vascular changes related to the attack, and therefore the analgesic effect of caffeine per se or combined with other antipain medication is most likely mediated by other phenomena. It cannot be totally discounted, however, that the vasoconstrictive effect of caffeine could add to the mechanisms involved in pain relief. Finally, for migraine attacks, the literature is rather in favor of a decrease in cerebral blood flow during the attacks. The origin of pain in this pathology remains to be clearly defined; pain is attributed to the dilatation of the ipsilateral medial cerebral artery and also to the dilatation and increased pulsations of the superficial temporal artery and other extracranial arteries (Olesen, 1993). The role of caffeine in pain relief in migraine is not clearly understood and has not been fully
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domain: medical


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Will dispute solicitor – how to choose
Whether you wish to challenge a will, or you find yourself on the receiving end of a will dispute, you will almost certainly need expert legal advice. At a time when you will already be vulnerable following the death of a loved one, you need to choose a will dispute solicitor. Let’s be honest, it’s probably the last thing you want to do. On the other hand, choosing the right will dispute solicitor will help the process run far more smoothly.
Choose a will dispute solicitor who knows what they are doing
Any solicitor regulated by the Law Society will have a certain level of professional qualification and ability, but not all are experts in will disputes. This is a complex area of law. Many of the rules that apply date back to the nineteenth century. Although will disputes are on the rise, the majority do eventually resolve through some form of settlement, so there aren’t many decisions from the courts to help in the interpretation of the rules. You might be breaking new ground with your dispute. You need a solicitor with the right expertise in will disputes, who can handle it.
Ask about the realistic prospects of success
As well as experience, you need to choose a solicitor who is realistic about your case and your prospects of success. Whether you are challenging the validity of a will or asking for maintenance under the Inheritance Act 1975, these claims can be difficult to win for several reasons. On balance, it is better to work with a solicitor who will be realistic about your prospects of success from the outset. Unless every solicitor you speak to assures you that you have a cast iron case, you would be better to choose the solicitor who is realistic about your chances of winning, rather than one who is wildly optimistic.
Find a contentious probate expert you feel comfortable with
Once you have established the credentials of a few will dispute solicitors, one of the questions to ask yourself is “Which one do you feel most comfortable with?”. Any legal process can be stressful and emotional. Our experience is that a will dispute can be even more so. Any will dispute involves intensely personal family issues, and emotions usually run high. You need to be working with a solicitor you are happy to talk to and to take advice from.
Consider the question of legal costs
Legal fees are expensive. They reflect the expertise of the solicitor and the professionalism they will apply to your case. It may feel like a lot of money – but for the expertise and the ability to help you resolve your case, it’s a worthwhile investment. Fortunately, many solicitors, Will Claim included, can handle will disputes on a ‘no win no fee’ basis. This means pretty much what it says – you will only have to pay your solicitors legal costs if you win your case. There will always be other costs to pay – expenses involved in pulling the case together – but in comparison, these will be small.
Look for a solicitor who champions Alternative Dispute Resolution
The traditional view of a legal dispute involving two sides locked in a court room battle doesn’t really reflect the reality of what happens today. Although some cases are impossible to resolve with out the intervention of a court, far more disputes are resolved using some form of Alternative Dispute Resolution – mediation for example. There are many advantages to using mediation to resolve a will dispute. It reduces the costs (which, even on a no win no fee arrangement is an advantage), and usually means quicker resolution of the case. Mediation also allows you to resolve your dispute with more flexibility than a decision imposed by a judge. You can read more about the advantages of mediation in our blog.
Any google search will bring up a number of entries for contentious probate specialists and will dispute experts. Our advice is to get in touch with a few solicitors with experience in this field of law. You should find out about practical issues such as their charges and whether they can handle your case on a no win no fee basis. At the same time, think about how they respond to you – do you feel they have the expertise to handle your case? Are they sympathetic – and, perhaps more importantly – realistic?
The time you spend choosing the right will dispute solicitor will be time well spent. Will Claims is a specialist will dispute practice with extensive experience handling these sensitive legal issues. We offer no win no fee arrangements in nearly every case and will always discuss your case and explain the process with you, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of your case. This means you can make an informed decision whether to pursue your case or not. If you’d like to talk to us about your claim, get in touch!

domain: law


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A Paris court rejected a legal challenge from Rev. Father Bernard Preynat, whose case inspired the Francois Ozon-directed Berlin Silver Bear winner.
‘By the Grace of God’ is a 2019 French-Belgian drama film directed by François Ozon. It won the Jury Grand Prix at the 69th Berlin International Film Festival.
Francois Ozon's Berlin Silver Bear winner has overcome one legal hurdle ahead of its planned Wednesday release in France, a Paris court ruled Monday. The court rejected a legal challenge from Father Bernard Preynat, who wanted the block the scheduled release of the film in France on Feb. 20.
The film was inspired by the case against Preynat, indicted two years ago for sexual assault and accused of molesting more than 80 boys. The priest, who denies the charges, said that the film undermines his presumption of innocence and would unfairly impact his trial. He sued to block the film's release until after his trial, which is expected to happen sometime later this year, writes Hollywood Reporter.
However, the French court rejected his bid, though the film still faces an additional legal challenge that could stop its scheduled release Feb. 20.
The director changed the names of the victims in the film, except Preynat, Cardinal Philippe Barbarin and church volunteer Regine Maire, with the latter two set to receive verdicts March 7 on charges of covering up the abuse. In a separate case heard Monday in Lyon, Maire sued to have her name removed from the film.


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Lorinda Jones Harp Concerts
Here you will find great wisdom from Lorinda Jones who has performed for a variety of audience types for many years.
This book is a guide for putting together effective programs for adults of all ages, with additional guidelines on playing in nursing homes and assisted living facilities.
The harp arrangements are in a variety of keys to facilitate singing, and are arranged in categories to make planning easier.
Songs include well-known Irish/American composed songs like When Irish Eyes are Smiling, American pop standards like Take Me Out to the Ballgame, and even Irish dance tunes and American patriotic tunes.
Just a quick note to let you know that the music book arrived and to also tell you how much I have been enjoying it!
I really like how you have it organized and your selections are great.
Thank you for the extra effort it took to get this to me, I really appreciate it.
(British Columbia, Canada)
To view a sample sheet music go to Free Resources, Harp Sheet Music
Group Sing Along
My Bonnie Lies Over the Ocean Oh, Susanna
Morning Has Broken Too-Ra-Loo-Ra-Loo-Ral When Irish Eyes Are Smiling My Wild Irish Rose Londonderry Air (Danny Boy)
Irish Dance Tunes
Britches Full of Stitches
Rakes of Mallow
Rolling in the Rye Grass/Crucaharan Cross Jack Mitchell’s Polka/Peg Ryan’s Polka
Popular American Songs (Golden Oldies)
Lorinda Jones Harp Concerts Take Me Out to the Ballgame Daisy Bell
In The Good Old Summertime Let Me Call You Sweetheart Old Folks At Home
America The Beautiful Yankee Doodle
The Marine’s Hymn America The Caissons Go Rolling Along
Relaxing Songs (Hymn/Classical/Lullaby)
Brahm’s Lullaby Ode To Joy
Be Thou My Vision


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A photo that Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield took from space last year gained traction again on Sunday, the 25th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall.
The image, which Hadfield originally tweeted on April 17, 2013, shows the stark differences that still remain between East Berlin and West Berlin more than two decades after the wall was torn down on Nov. 9, 1989. Built in 1961 by East Germany (also known as the German Democratic Republic) to prevent its residents from escaping, the wall cut off the communist East from the democratic West during the Cold War.
Berlin at night. Amazingly, I think the light bulbs still show the East/West division from orbit. pic.twitter.com/JiawRa3JJv
— Chris Hadfield (@Cmdr_Hadfield) April 17, 2013
Hadfield photographed Berlin at night from the International Space Station, 200 miles above Earth. He also took this photo of the city a month earlier:
Berlin. A great city, undivided. I went through Checkpoint Charlie in 1977, a very strong and serious memory. pic.twitter.com/7TBGoKVJnW
— Chris Hadfield (@Cmdr_Hadfield) March 21, 2013
Living standards in East Germany still lag behind its western counterpart.
"Although we've made a lot of progress in the 20 years since the wall fell, we haven't had the money we would have liked to equalize the two parts of the city," Christa Mientus-Schirmer, a member of Berlin's city government, told The Guardian last year.
In East Berlin, there are "sodium-vapor lamps" that have a yellower color, while West Berlin has fluorescent lamps, which emit a whiter color, a spokesperson for the city's street furniture department, told the newspaper.


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The research examines various determinants of human resource (HR) planning affecting competitive advantage in a manufacturing firm. Some of such considerations are future orientation, goal orientation, strategic staffing, training, compensation, labor market condition and performance management. Data were collected from 100 employees based on a structured questionnaire. The study harnessed reliability test, regression analyses and Pearson’s correlations for data analysis. Results showed that goal orientation, labor market condition, performance management and training were significantly related to competitive advantage. In contrast, future orientation, strategic staffing and compensation were unrelated to the firms’ competitive advantage. Findings suggest that considering on these determinants prior to human resource planning might contribute manufacturing firm to attain competitive advantage.
|Number of pages||8|
|Journal||KASBIT Business Journal|
|Publication status||Published - Dec 2013|


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We noticed that you're using an unsupported browser. The TripAdvisor website may not display properly.We support the following browsers: Windows: Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome. Mac: Safari.
Staff exceptionally helpful especially Wendy. We came there after a horrible night in a different Motel and were very happy with the room, accommodations, beds and wifi. This motel will be our number 1 pick when we are back that way.More
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Response from ripb, Manager at Baymont Inn & Suites Cave CityResponded 12 August 2017
Thank you so much for the review of our hotel. Wendy is truly a gem and is our Operations Manager. We are very happy to hear you enjoyed your stay. We hope all your travel plans went just as well as your stay with us....More
Additional Information about Baymont Inn & Suites Cave City
Address: 799 Mammoth Cave St, Interstate 65, Exit 53, Cave City, KY 42127-8427
Location: United States > Kentucky > Cave City
Price Range:US$65 - US$83 (Based on Average Rates for a Standard Room)
Hotel Class: 2 star
Number of rooms: 40
Free High Speed Internet ( WiFi )
Business Centre with Internet Access
Things to do
US$65 - US$83 (Based on Average Rates for a Standard Room)
Star rating provided by Expedia.
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Dear, we welcome pets under 40lbs by weight and we charge nominal fee as pet charge.Do book a room at our place and we will take care of it or call us directly at any time to answer any questions.
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"The back side of the hotel was very quiet. I really didn't hear any noise anywhere!"

domain: travel


text:
The International Capital Market Association (ICMA) and the Japan Securities Dealers Association (JSDA) will hold their 3rd joint conference on Developments in Green, Social and Sustainability Bond Markets in Tokyo on 9 October 2019 following the remarkable scale and seniority of attendance at the 2018 event and the Japanese market’s strong growth.
The Asia-Pacific green bond market is growing faster than any other region (35 per cent increase in issuance from 2017 to 2018) and has the most issuers (222) of any region. The Japanese market has been amongst the most dynamic, with issuance growing by around 66 per cent to US$4bn equivalent in 2018. In the context of the vast scale and global importance of the Japanese bond market, growing Japanese activity in sustainable finance is attracting widespread attention.
Also, many of the national governments in Asia-Pacific, including Japan, are innovators in sustainable finance policy and guidelines. The Japanese Ministry of the Environment’s guidance on green bonds and associated measures, including the knowledge sharing platform, present an advanced example of official support for the market. Among Asian regional bodies, the ASEAN Capital Markets Forum has adapted the Principles for regional purposes.
Japan has also been a leader in promoting the SDGs, an initiative with which its securities industry has proactively collaborated. The Principles support pursuit of the SDGs through the mapping of the Principles to the SDGs, published in 2018.
The event will bring important updates and debates on the rapid evolution of the market and official guidance internationally. The Tokyo conference will once again bring together issuers, underwriters, investors, policymakers, market infrastructure and service providers who are active in the Asian green and social bond markets.