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Divorce Online Contact Number
If you’re seeking methods to maintain costs down and also make your separation less demanding, locating an alternative to the conventional court procedure is crucial. And also, for many individuals, paying a lawyer thousands of bucks to take care of the process is just impossible.
Representing on your own is a great way to save cash, but submitting a divorce in the courts without help can be frustrating. Also when your state court has cost-free self-help information readily available, browsing the process and also identifying which forms to make use of can still be frustrating and Divorce Online Contact Number complicated.
Luckily, there’s a, simpler stress-saving choice with a degree useful that drops in between needing to do it yourself your divorce as well as employing an attorney: on the internet separation solutions.
What Is an Online Divorce?
An online separation is one where you use an on the internet service to walk you with action in your divorce, such as preparing the divorce papers, composing a divorce negotiation agreement, as well as submitting the paperwork with the court. These solutions take the guesswork out of your divorce: Based upon your reactions to an online meeting or set of questions, the service will certainly submit the documentation you require to submit and tell you where to submit it (or just how to e-file it in some regions). Some on the internet divorce solutions even submit the forms for you at an added cost.
Are Online Divorces Legal or Legit?
If you’re concerned about whether online divorce is legit or legitimate, felt confident that it’s totally lawful to have a solution complete the divorce documentation for you. As soon as you authorize the documents and they’re submitted with the court, they’re lawfully binding. A court will certainly examine your documents and also release a final separation (or “dissolution of marital relationship”) mandate just like in any other separation.
Naturally, some solutions might be a lot more trusted than others. When you’re comparing them and also reading testimonials (much more on that particular below), seek Divorce Online Contact Number for how long the solution has been about and also whether it supplies any kind of guarantees– such as complete reimbursement if the court does not approve your divorce papers or doesn’t finalize your divorce for some reason.
Is an Online Separation Right for You?
On the internet separation is appropriate for “uncontested” separations. An uncontested separation is one where both spouses want a separation and also agree on all the problems in their divorce, including:
- Just how to split residential property, possessions, and debts
- Whether one spouse will pay the other spousal support and the terms of the spousal support (the quantity of the payments and how much time they’ll last).
- Whether one partner will pay child support, as well as just how much, as well as.
- Just how to divide parenting time as well as wardship.
- In addition, Divorce Online Contact Number you’ll need to select a “no-fault ground” for the separation, such as “difference of opinions” or “irretrievable failure of marriage.” On-line separation services don’t permit you to accuse your spouse of infidelity, drug abuse, or desertion, or one more “fault ground.”.
Prior to you can finish your separation, you’ll need to have the resolution of your concerns drawn up in a separation negotiation contract (also called a “marital negotiation agreement” or a “marriage splitting up contract”). Several on-line divorce solutions will certainly help you assembled the contract as part of a divorce bundle or for an extra fee.
Online divorce is except you when:
– Your partner does not want a separation.
– You and also your partner can not settle on kid assistance or custody, or have a complicated custodianship circumstance (as an example, a kid with special needs).
– You as well as your spouse can’t agree on spousal support (likewise called spousal support or upkeep).
– You and also your spouse can not agree on how to split possessions or debts.
– You and your partner have comprehensive residential or commercial property or a complicated monetary scenario.
– There has actually Divorce Online Contact Number been recent spousal misuse or residential violence, or.
– You hesitate on your own or your kids.
Likewise, some online divorce services will not deal with a divorce where the filing partner can’t situate the various other spouse.
Mediation Might Assist You Get Approved For an Online Separation.
If you do not see eye-to-eye with your partner regarding among the issues in your separation, but believe that you may be able ahead to an agreement with a little assistance, take into consideration divorce arbitration. During mediation, a neutral professional mediator will certainly collaborate with you as well as your partner to discuss as well as with any luck aid you settle any kind of disagreements over concerns like residential or commercial property division, kid guardianship and also assistance, as well as alimony. Although many divorce arbitrations happen personally, you can additionally deal with a separation arbitrator online to conserve cash and benefit from even more versatile scheduling alternatives.
Exactly how to Pick an Online Separation Carrier.
You’ll need to find an on the internet service that manages separation in your state. As on-line separation comes to be a lot more common (thank you, pandemic!), increasingly more Divorce Online Contact Number services have actually broadened their services nationwide. Yet before you get too attached to a certain service, validate that it takes care of separations in your state.
Once you have actually located a few options, you can dig deeper to discover the very best suit for your demands. The majority of on the internet separation solutions have informative sites where you’ll find in-depth info about what they can and also can’t do for you, as well as a summary of how the process functions and also what costs and also costs you can anticipate.
Try to find services that describe their procedure clearly and also extensively, considering that this is a solid sign that the solution will continue to offer comparable clearness when you’ve signed up. Have a look at any kind of demos on the web site. Just in case the solution doesn’t meet your expectations, discover if there’s an assurance or guarantee. You may additionally consider whether the service has good security action on its internet site, because you’ll be offering a lot of secret information.
How Much Does Online Divorce Expense?
Online separation service fee $199 to $2,500, and also you can split the charge with your spouse. Also at the greater end of the array, that’s a huge financial savings contrasted to the cost of separation with two lawyers and also a trial. These charges don’t generally include court filing charges, notarization costs, or service of procedure fees, which can amount to a number of hundred bucks more.
Some service fee a level cost; others have a subscription-type model where you pay monthly for as long as it requires to complete your divorce. If you’re wary of obtaining stuck in a repeating subscription, DivorceNet’s Online Divorce uses a single level charge.
While offline do it yourself separations can be less expensive, they require you to do even more study and also research; you require to locate the types you need to file for your certain circumstance– as well as you may even need to develop several of your very own legal files.
Action in an Online Divorce.
Once you as well as your spouse have determined to divorce and agree to use an on the internet separation service, the action in your separation normally continue as complies with.
- Develop an account. With any type of online divorce solution, you’ll be asked to develop a user account that’s password safeguarded. You’ll need to respond to a few fundamental concerns regarding yourself as well as your partner to get going and validate that you’re eligible to use the service.
- Gather as well as enter your information. Once you’re signed up, it’s time to enter in the details needed to complete your separation paperwork, such as details regarding your monetary situation, residential property, and any kids. Generally, entering the details right into the on the internet solution’s application takes regarding a hr, yet you could need even more time to research study as well as gather everything you need. Keep in mind that also when you and also your partner agree on just how to handle your monetary concerns and kid safekeeping and also assistance, the court will require you to make thorough disclosures regarding these subjects in your paperwork.
- Evaluation all of your information. You will have the possibility to assess and modify all of the responses you supplied to the interview or survey you filled out.
- Create as well as finish your forms. After you have actually verified the details you’ve offered, the solution will certainly generate finished variations of all the forms you require to file, which ought to consist of a marital negotiation contract. You might need to fill out additional info, such as your instance number or updated revenue info, on a few of the kinds. With the majority of solutions, you can download and publish as lots of duplicates of these kinds as you want or you can request the solution to mail paper copies to you. You’ll need to sign the records prior to sending them to the court– the solution will let you know where to authorize, exactly how to sign (either by electronic signature or pen-and-ink trademark), and also whether you’ll require to have anything notarized.
- Submit the kinds with the appropriate court. If you’ll be filing the documents yourself, the service you’re working with will provide you with comprehensive guidelines of where and also exactly how to submit. In numerous states, the court will desire you to submit a preliminary set of forms initially, including the primary separation “request” or “issue,” followed by a 2nd collection of records later on. (For example, in Texas, after submitting an Initial Application for Divorce, you’ll bring the remainder of the documents to a hearing: a signed Marital Settlement Agreement, a Last Mandate of Separation kind, a Child Assistance Worksheet (if you have small youngsters), as well as a Revenue Withholding Order (for kid support or spousal support.) The divorce service you choose ought to provide guidelines regarding which develops to submit initially.
- Offer your partner the separation paperwork. You’ll likely need to “serve” your partner with the paperwork. Also when partners are filing an uncontested divorce, most states call for that the divorce paperwork be filed by just one spouse, that after that serves the various other partner with the documents. In lots of states, you can ask your partner to sign a waiver of service form instead. If your state does not have a waiver type, or your spouse won’t sign it, you might need to hire a process server. (If the service you’re collaborating with documents your documentation with the court, you’ll simply need to see to it you’ve sent total as well as signed duplicates to the service).
- Judicial evaluation of your paperwork. A lot of on-line services do an excellent work with completing the appropriate paperwork for you– the possibilities of the court declining it are slim. Divorce Online Contact Number Yet the court could notify you that you need to fix or finish something in your paperwork. And it’s not uncommon for a courthouse to ask you to fill in a different variation of a kind or a new cover sheet called for by that courthouse. Once more, be sure to ask about what kind of warranty the online divorce service offers in the event your paperwork is denied.
- Await the separation to be settled. The amount of time it takes a court to settle a divorce differs hugely state to state. Depending upon where you live, your divorce might be wrapped up within a month Divorce Online Contact Number or more of declaring, or it may take as long as a year. Some states have a mandatory waiting duration prior to a court can approve your divorce. For instance, The golden state needs a delay of six months after the request is filed prior to the court can wrap up the divorce; Texas calls for 60 days. The on-line separation service you work with must have the ability to provide you with a quote of how long it will take for your divorce to be last. Be sure to get a copy of the final separation decree for your documents.
There are lots of on the internet divorce services, but not all are equivalent. Your best choice is to locate a service that has been around for at least a few years and also has positive online evaluations. Trustpilot is an outstanding resource for trustworthy evaluations of on the internet divorce services. (DivorceNet’s on the internet divorce service likewise passes “3StepDivorce” in numerous evaluations.) You might likewise take into consideration looking into Divorce Online Contact Number blog sites that are focused on the separation process, many of which give summaries of numerous solutions by real users (check to see to it that the descriptions are not paid recommendations).
Since they’re usually so budget friendly, there’s little drawback to experimenting with an on-line divorce service when you’re intending to file an uncontested divorce. If you inevitably make a decision that a DIY service isn’t right for you– for instance, you alter your mind about getting divorced or find you need to work with an attorney besides– you won’t feel like you’ve cost a fortune.


The shock seemed to work in my favor.
Since your Boss already knows you aren't really sick, why not arrive early to celebrate at the Church of Monday Nite Football?
It might provide the necessary hangover needed to cover your illness stories for the next day.
Worship services will begin around 8 AM, and probably even before the gates open.
Former Charger great Junior Seau has provided a theme for this tailgate meal,
fried chicken & watermelon.
Now Junior's recent comments didn't really bother me, because they didn't bother LaDainian Tomlinson.
I can accept the fact it was a joke between the two.
Some people can't, but that is the price of making a personal comment in a public forum.
I will be coming to San Diego not only to get drunk, but also to honor Junior, who I have admitted to naming small animals after.
Hopefully, our famous son will get some love from the fans when he exits the southwest visitor's tunnel for the first time in his illustrious career.
It will be as strange for him as it will be for us.
If you were considering wearing your # 55 and decided against it, consider it again.
What better reason is there to wear it one last time, than to honor a man who left so much of himself out on our home field?
Personally, I'm hoping for a tremendous standing ovation before the game...
Though once the game starts, he is on his own.
Gary Molyneux can be reached at DrMesmitism@aol.com
I'll be Back in my Old 55...
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Should The Broncos Keep Safety T.J. Ward?2016 was a solid campaign for T.J. Ward, before it ended with him on injured reserve. Heading into the final year on his contract, and considering the talent Denver has at the…
Mile High HuddleFriday at 2:17 PM


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Soulful Productions presents Sweet Bubbling Nights
Saturday, June 23, 2018
Doors & Silent Auction 7:00pm
600 Hamilton Street, Vancouver
Presale starts February 23, 2018
Sweet Bubbling Nights starring Sibel Thrasher, Justine Tyme, Marcus Mosely, Willie Taylor, Candus Churchill, Carlotta Gurl, Daniel Szabo and the Vancouver Metropolitan Orchestra conducted by Ken Hseih with choreography by Ikue Ueno and House of La Douche.
A gala evening in support of the LGBTI Pulse Memorial Scholarship® which provides financial support to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex (and Queer) youth worldwide who are in pursuit of a university or college degree.
Percentage of ticket sales and 100% of silent auction proceeds will benefit the Scholarship.
($19.99 + $4 s/c)
($37.50 + $4.50 s/c + $3.50 FF)
($27.50 + $4.50 s/c + $3.50 FF)

domain: artistic


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So, I think I’ve reached a turning point with my business plan. I’ve been trying to create my own “brand”, my original look and style for awhile. Once I decided to paint with conviction and not necessarily mainstream, I noticed an increase in my sales. Growth in my social media has really taken off and I’m absolutely having the time of my life.
“Sunsets are proof that no matter
every day can end beautifully.”
My family knows that I am a lover of sunsets, always have been. My youngest son is especially in tune with my love for the evening sun. He loves being the one to bring the sky to my attention. He makes me so proud. I want both of my kids to notice the little things in life that we sometimes take for granted. The colors are breathtaking and I really tried to capture those here with this makeover.
Here is my third piece in this series, Summer Sunsets. I went more literal with this one. It wasn’t necessarily my plan but once I started, it evolved pretty quickly. The colors layered so well and blending just made the sunset come alive. Below is my inspiration image. Love, Love, Love.
Pinterest image from art.com
I used paint from CeCe Caldwell’s again for this piece. I gathered up Middleton Mustard, Pueblo Pepper, Blue Montana Sky and LoomisEggplant. You can see some pink in there too but that color was just left on the brush I used ( because that’s how I roll ). The CanyonCopper metallic wax was the obvious choice for this finish. I just used it to highlight a few areas.
I’ve had a few people suggest the blue on the bottom right looks like trees and foliage. I didn’t see that at first but isn’t that amazing?!?! I love that someone could see something I didn’t.
This compliment from a reader blew me away.
She wrote, “I have to say, you are probably the most inspiring furniture refinishing artist I have come across. You have inspired me more than anyone else I have seen. I was in such a slump at my own shop with all my projects piling up. I have for sure had creators block and you have brought of my slump. Thank you.”
Are you kidding me? Those are words that will bring tears to my eyes, flood gates open. I kept reading that over and over again. I
find my own inspiration through your comments, your kindness, your honesty.
The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network.
The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user.
The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes.The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you.
The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes.


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Energy Equipment and Services
Company Overview of BJ Services Company LLC
James W. Stewart
Executive, DineEquity, Inc.
|Age||Total Calculated Compensation||This person is connected to 2 Board Members in 2 different organizations across 4 different industries.|
See Board Relationships
4601 Westway Park BoulevardPhone: 713-462-4239
Houston, Texas 77041
Board Members Memberships
Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Director, Member of Executive Committee and Member of Finance Committee
EducationThere is no Education data available.
Annual CompensationThere is no Annual Compensation data available.
Stocks OptionsThere is no Stock Options data available.
Total CompensationThere is no Total Compensation data available.
|John C. Miller||Chief Executive Officer, President and Director|
|J. Clifford Hudson||Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President|
|Sardar Biglari||Executive Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, President, Executive Chairman of Steak n Shake Enterprises Inc, Executive Chairman of Steak n Shake Operations Inc and Chief Executive Officer of Steak n Shake Enterprises Inc|
Biglari Holdings Inc.
|Frank G. Paci||Chief Executive Officer and President|
Einstein Noah Restaurant Group, Inc.
|Gregory A. Trojan||Chief Executive Officer, President and Director|
BJ's Restaurants, Inc.
|$850.0K||Compensation as of Fiscal Year 2013.|

domain: economics


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Allergic rhinitis (AR) is sub-optimally managed in the community and is responsible for a significant health and economic burden. Uncontrolled AR increases the risk of poorly controlled asthma and presents an increased susceptibility to thunderstorm asthma. With the availability of treatments over-the-counter, bypassing the health care professional (HCP), the role of the patient is paramount. Research on the role of the patient in AR management in the current environment is limited. This study aims to explore the patient perspective of AR management and understand why it is sub-optimally managed in the community. Patient perspectives of AR management were explored utilizing a qualitative, phenomenological approach. Adults with AR were included in the study and interviewed. Transcripts were analyzed for recurrent themes and emergent concepts. Forty-seven participants with AR were interviewed about their experiences. Patient reports of delayed diagnosis, treatment fatigue and confidence in the ability to manage their AR themselves, heavily influenced their management preferences. Patients also described barriers associated with AR management including financial expense as well as being mistaken for having an infectious disease. Patients described examples of the impact on their quality of life caused by their AR, yet they strongly believed they could manage it themselves. This belief that AR is a condition that should be entirely self-managed, contributes to its burden. It amplifies patients’ separation from HCPs and having access to guidelines aimed at optimizing their AR control.
In 2014-2015, allergic rhinitis (AR) affected 4.5 million i.e., 19% of Australians, becoming the most prevalent respiratory condition in the mid-teenage years; peaking in working aged adults.1 Its prevalence and poor control is of worldwide concern.2,3,4,5,6,7 The burden of this highly prevalent respiratory condition, while often trivialized, is staggering, with uncontrolled AR impacting on the quality of life (QOL), work productivity, school performance, social interactions driving ability and sleep8,9,10 of those who suffer from the condition.
In Australia, the burden of AR has recently been highlighted as a consequence of a fatal “Thunderstorm Asthma” event.11,12 During this event, an unprecedented, unexpected demand was made on health care facilities by people in respiratory distress, 90% of which had a history of AR.13,14 Questions arose about how such a fatal event could have been avoided, given the availability of comprehensive, evidence-based guidelines both for the treatment of AR and asthma.15,16,17,18,19
AR management guidelines present a step-wise strategy, which couple allergen (trigger) avoidance, medication management (including over-the-counter [OTC] and prescription medicines), and immunotherapy in specific, severe cases of AR. However, despite this multidimensional approach, the reality is that allergen avoidance is not effective for most patients and immunotherapy is limited to only a very select group of patients, thereby the mainstay treatment of AR relies on medication management.20 Therefore, in exploring the burden of AR, attention must be drawn to the medication management of AR by health care providers and the subsequent medication self-management practices of individuals with AR.21,22,23,24,25 Of particular interest is the latter.
It is well recognized that patient self-management plays a major role in the successful management of chronic illnesses.26,27,28 While this has been explored in the related field of asthma, in which patient medication self-management has been shown to play a significant role in overall treatment success;29 our understanding of medication self management in AR is limited. While large-scale studies in Europe and the Americas have provided us with detailed information about patient medication preferences along with the co-existence of bothersome symptoms and loss of productivity,3,22,23,24,25,30,31 they fail to explain why patients chose to self-medicate in the way they do, despite often living with sub-optimally managed AR.
The aim of this study is to gain an in-depth understanding of the experiences, beliefs and reasons behind the medication self-management practices of patients with AR.
Fifty-seven people contacted the research team expressing interest in participating in the study. Of these, forty-seven people with AR from New South Wales, Australia, were interviewed for this study, with the remainder not being able to be contacted by the research team following initial expression of interest. The 47 participants, were aged from 18 to 86 years of age with a median age of 39 and 28 were female. Eight participants were from rural communities in NSW and 39 from the Sydney metropolitan area. Interview duration ranged from 9 to 67 min with an average duration of 23 min. Four interviews were conducted face-to-face at the Woolcock Institute and the remainder were conducted over the telephone. Participants who chose to participate over the telephone were sent participant information and consent forms via email or post based on their preference. The majority of recruited participants were on the Woolcock’s volunteers database and had responded to the letters of invitation or had heard of the study through snowballing.
Data saturation was obtained following the forty-second interview after which no new information was described by the subsequent participants. However all forty-seven volunteers were interviewed to ensure saturation.
Seven themes were identified that best represented the patient’s perspective of AR management. The semi-structured interview guide appears in Table 1. This already appears in the methods Data Collection Section.
Delayed diagnosis and misdiagnosis
A large proportion of participants reported a challenge associated with getting a correct diagnosis. In most of these cases, they had experienced symptoms from childhood and reported symptoms for many years. They were assumed to have a cold or flu and expressed relief at the point when it had been diagnosed as AR. A huge burden being lifted as a result of knowing what their symptoms were caused by, rather than relief of symptoms. They reported seeing multiple HCPs before a suitable treatment was found.
Why do I always have a cold? P13
There was also a subset of participants who had identified as having developed AR in adulthood. They reported a delay in diagnosis, they did not expect to develop AR later in life, often they had never experienced any symptoms earlier in life and although less common, some participants reported having being treated for asthma and only later being diagnosed as having AR instead.
I’m 52 and I didn’t get asthma until I was in my 40 s and then a few years ago I had what I felt was a cough that just kept going on and on. The doctor said no, it was hay fever. So it was allergic rhinitis. P10
The delay in diagnosis of AR, especially in childhood often meant participants had been exposed to a gamut of tests and treatments prior to and following their diagnosis of AR. They described a childhood filled with many investigations, medications, doctor’s appointments and alternative treatment options.
My parents did everything under the sun. They’ve gone everywhere. P31
As a result of this, they reported a sense of treatment fatigue, i.e., a sense of having explored all available options with regards to treating their AR and having exhausted any desire to pursue further investigations or treatment options. They had concluded that there was nothing available to eliminate their symptoms. They had also developed skepticism about products that claimed to be “new” and would eliminate AR. Participants no longer believed that there were any options that they had not explored and that all new products were similar to old products, just in new packaging or marketed differently. They felt they could no longer generate energy to explore “new” treatments as they assumed they would be disappointed with the efficacy as they had been in the past with other products with similar claims. Consequently, these participants no longer enquired about treatments with HCPs nor did they do their own research about AR. They stated that the only thing that sparked their interest to reconsider their AR management were media reports about a “breakthrough” in AR treatment.
I keep my ears open for breakthroughs, but there aren’t any. P1
There’s just nothing I can do to relieve it and the other thing too is I’ve given up buying drugs over the counter because I know they don’t work. P10
Confidence in their ability to manage AR themselves
Participants reported confidence in their ability to manage their AR independently. After years of trying different medications and consulting HCPs, patients felt that they had learnt enough and tried enough treatments to determine for themselves what was best. This was especially the case when considering symptom relief, identifying risk factors and preferences with regards to mode of treatment delivery. With regards to symptom relief, the participants expressed a high tolerance of their symptoms and were satisfied with a small reduction in symptom severity.
As soon as I take them all the symptoms dissipate. They won’t certainly go away. But they certainly dissipate. P30
So Zyrtec, Beconase, the sprays. Like the nasal sprays and the tablets, whatever brand really. Claratyne, I’ve tried all of them. P57
The chronic nature of AR allowed them to recognize patterns of symptoms, identify triggers and develop avoidance strategies. Patients felt that HCP appointments were a significant impingement on their own time and that their own efforts in managing their AR were a more efficient use of their time. Using their own skills to manage their AR let them accommodate their treatment preferences best, both with respect to method of delivery and expectation regarding symptom relief. Some participants prepared for a predicted worsening of symptoms due to an upcoming exposure to triggers by taking antihistamines preventatively, based on their own experimentation and belief for what is best for them.
I usually get itchy eyes when the pollen count is really high and also when it’s dusty and I sneeze a lot as well. P18
That is more of a preventative measure - I stock up on it 2 weeks in advance - which minimises the effect of the symptoms. Heading up to spring and so the body, I believe, builds up a sort of immunisation or builds up a resistance to the hay fever. It allows me to deal with it on a - in a much better fashion. P31
There were three predominant sentiments that were reported by participants when describing their preferences for managing their AR, all of which related to medication use and selection. Firstly, a preference not to medicate at all with the exception of a nasal saline wash or mist. Secondly, those who reluctantly medicate, when they felt the symptoms were otherwise intolerable. Thirdly, those who want to take any form of treatment in order to be symptom free.
The first group that had a preference not to medicate, represented people who did not believe that medication worked and those that had beliefs against medication. A subset of participants felt that they had tried all available AR treatments and nothing cured or completely eliminated their symptoms, therefore taking symptom-relieving medicines was a waste of time and an unnecessary risk of experiencing adverse effects. Other participants who wished not to medicate, said that they ideologically preferred not to use medicines for their AR.
So I don’t really like sticking chemicals up my nose. P25
I want someone to tell me that just having a carrot a day or something gross like a zucchini will fix everything. I’ll be like ‘ok, I’ll do it if I really have to’. P17
I don’t particularly like taking medication. P19
The second group medicated when they perceived it necessary, sharing some of the sentiments of participants who preferred not to medicate at all. They too felt that no treatment completely eliminated their symptoms, hence did not sense a purpose in using regular medicines and experiencing the expense and commitment associated with it. They preferred not to have to use any medicines, but in some circumstances perceived their symptoms to be intolerable and unacceptably impeding on their productivity or quality of life. In such circumstances, this cohort of participants had a preference for using non-sedating oral antihistamines for their ease of use, availability, onset of action and perceived effectiveness. The majority of participants had at some point used an intranasal corticosteroid [INCS], however very few were still using it. The main reason for discontinuation was the perception that it did not work, even though they had used it for weeks or months at a time. Some participants reported they had undergone immunotherapy at some stage in their lives. For some, this meant a significant reduction in their symptoms and symptoms thereafter were manageable with the occasional use of oral antihistamines. For others, it cemented the ideology that nothing would cure their AR and these participants were not motivated to try any further treatments.
I wait for the symptoms to occur because I’m very anti-drug and the symptoms are so severe to the point where I actually can’t work, because it is like a head cold. P30
I have to take something otherwise I am a mess. Only when it gets really really bad. A couple of times a week. P56
I’d use them just while there is a lot of flowers and dust in the air, the change of season in springtime and that sort of thing. If it started coming on then I’d use it for a week or something and see how I went without it. P50
The final group, which medicated to be symptom free, used more medicines more frequently than the other two groups. AR presented a significant burden to them and their quality of life that they were willing to take regular medicines preventatively to try and control their symptoms. This cohort of participants reported an exploration of alternate medicines in order to relieve the symptoms of AR. They explored alternate therapies in circumstances where traditional medicines had not met their needs. These participants were most likely to have undergone immunotherapy.
[What prompted you to see a naturopath in the first place?]
Just desperation I think. P21
I’d have to rely on them daily. To be able to cope, yeah…to work I’d have to rely on them - even the eye sprays - to get me through the day because it gets really bad, really irritating. They [symptoms] just reduce for a few hours. P39
An individuals’ approach/attitude to taking AR medicine was not influenced by the severity of symptoms or the impact on quality of life. Regardless of the participant’s severity or medication preferences, there was an overwhelming preference for use of oral medicines due to ease of administration and use, portability, palatability, perceived effectiveness and onset of action (compared with INCS). Participants reported that when they were using a medicine, which they perceived as adequately relieving their symptoms, they would not explore alternative options. There was however a belief among the majority of participants that they would develop a tolerance to oral antihistamine medicines if they repeatedly used the same product. They believed that this could be avoided if they occasionally were to switch brands.
I alternated between them, but I found the Claratyne was the most effective, so I ended up just buying Claratyne from then on. P56
No it[non-sedating antihistamine] seems to be working well, cost effective, I don’t get any side effects from it, but yeah. P44
Because [antihistamines] are smaller and I can swallow them without water. P13
I didn’t find them [INCS] that effective. I still use them if I feel like I have to.
But I just don’t find them that effective. So I don’t really rely on them to do
what they need to do. P57
Some, participants had consulted an ear, nose, and throat surgeon. Where additional nasal issues were identified and ear-marked as potentially benefitting from surgical intervention (e.g., deviated septum), there were mixed responses in the uptake. There was almost an equal distribution between people who were willing to explore surgery as an option versus those who preferred to avoid it. Some thought a one-off intervention was worth considering where others felt that the risk and significance of surgery substantially outweighed any potential benefit. Some participants reported a significant improvement in the ability to breathe after they had surgery, only then realizing that they had accepted a poor standard of breathing in the past.
Participants reported that in some circumstances their choices regarding AR management were based on cost. Cost arose as an issue when describing treatment selections, visits to a doctor and procedures to formally diagnose AR. The perception of financial burden of AR treatments was evaluated based on the person’s perception of its monetary value versus perceived effectiveness. In some instances further investigation, such as a skin prick test, was deemed expensive and were not perceived as necessary. Participants felt they had identified their triggers through observation of pattern and exposure history. Similarly, the financial expense of medication was questioned based on how effective it was perceived to be and the difference it made to the person’s quality of life.
[Preference for medication], yeah by price basically. P34
A lot of it depends on how expensive they are as well. P41
That’s always been a goal of mine to be able to have the pre-test to find out exactly what the triggers are. But I pretty much know what they are-know not specifically, but I know what they are. Pollens and dust pretty much. It doesn’t really bother me, so I haven’t done it and it’s expensive. P50
It worked quite good[INCS] but at the time I didn’t have the money to buy it because it was so expensive. P25
I had to use it-to do one spray of the steroid one and another spray of the other one otherwise it wouldn’t work. Until eventually the steroid did take over but it didn’t happen straight away. It was really annoying because I’d spent all this money on the spray but I had to use the other one. P25
There was a strong sentiment among the participants that they did not want to be labeled as having an illness. They referred to it as nuisance or an irritation, rather than a chronic respiratory disease. For some, this meant that they deliberately did not discuss their AR with anyone and internalized their management entirely. They felt that discussing it with others would not achieve anything except bring them more unwarranted attention.
The whole idea is, in front of people I want to just come across as unaffected. P47
Participants reported that the symptoms of AR brought unwarranted attention, particularly sneezing and nasal congestion. They felt that there is a stigma associated with sneezing and nasal congestion due to others misinterpreting the symptoms as belonging to a contagious cold or flu. Participants reported having to constantly explain to people that they have AR and are not infectious and do not need to be isolated or kept away from school or the workplace. The symptoms of AR also caused them to feel embarrassed among their colleagues and peers.
There’s a big stigma and focus on people sneezing…so I often say to people I don’t have a cold, it’s hay fever. P14
It’s embarrassing you know, having these symptoms. P14
People think I’ve got a cold. PH
We’ve got a bridge club and they always say, ‘if you’ve got a cold, stay home, we don’t want you here’. I’ve had to tell people, ‘well it isn’t a cold that I have. I’ve just got it all the time’. P7
Impact on wellbeing
A theme that repeatedly displayed variation among participants was the perception of the impact AR on their life. Responses ranged from AR being regarded as an “inconvenience” to something that if persistent, can make them feel depressed. Participants who felt AR was a nuisance, regardless of its severity, did so because they compared it to having a life-threatening condition. Ultimately, they felt that AR did not warrant more attention than they had given it because it would not end their life.
You get not depressed but kind of like depressed I suppose the word is. It’s very debilitating. You can’t believe it but it’s true. P33
It is an annoyance, but it’s not a lethal, life threatening disease or anything. It’s not life crippling. It’s just inconvenient, really. P56
No, no that bad [not symptoms everyday]. I’d neck myself if it was every day. P2
Many identified the impact of AR on daily activities extended beyond themselves and their immediate family.
I have a young family now so sleep is a little more precious to me [than it used to be, hence have sought referral to a specialist]. P8
People with AR were more likely to notice the impact of AR on their life when it interfered with their workplace productivity. Treatment options were explored and determined based on how AR affected their ability to perform at work. Participants became tolerant to a certain impact on their quality of life brought upon by AR. This tolerance would be challenged and further treatment would be sought when the impact on quality of life was heightened, sometimes due to factors unrelated to AR, (e.g., poor sleep quality associated with AR was no longer tolerated when sleep quality was also challenged with the arrival of a newborn baby).
I’m tired and it’s hard to concentrate and feel unwell. P14
To go to work, I’d have to rely on them [antihistamines],even the eye sprays, to get me through the day because it gets really bad, really irritating. P39
I can’t work, now I’m allergic to rats… I couldn’t continue with research in that area. A career working with animals would have been out for sure. P14
This research provides important fresh insights to the reasons why people with AR sub-optimally manage their condition and goes to explain what has led to patients choosing to carry the burden of AR management themselves. This study of patient’s perspective has identified that patient’s choice to self-manage their AR is linked to sub-optimal experiences with HCPs and confidence in their own abilities to treat their AR with OTC medicines. AR guidelines are developed for use by HCPs32 and by self-managing their AR in isolation, patients are moving further away from the reach of these guidelines and into unguided territory, compounding the burden it has on the community.
In conducting this research, one striking point was noted; when patients consider the management of their AR, there is a dominant focus on medication management. While self-management is multifaceted33 and includes elements of trigger avoidance and monitoring in addition to medication management, the patient’s perspective of management and their role in it is focused on pharmaceuticals and the options they have. There are several aspects that impact on this, as highlighted in the following discussion.
The delayed diagnosis/misdiagnosis of AR plays a formative role in the patient’s sub-optimal management. Disenchantment with HCPs’ ability to identify their problem steers them on the path of self-management, in a sense, towards a “self-help” approach. This goes to set up a vicious cycle, and increased burden of AR, as delayed diagnosis results in a delay in seeking medical advice until symptoms are intolerable,3 a finding similar to that experienced by patients with chronic rhinosinusitus.34
Treatment fatigue (defined as a decreased desire to explore further treatment based on exhaustion from pursuing previous unsuccessful pathways) was synonymous with and often a consequence of delayed diagnosis. Treatment fatigue caused patients to be reluctant to explore further therapies or consult HCPs. While treatment fatigue is often associated with poor adherence,35 treatment fatigue in AR seems to be less about adherence and more about disillusionment with multiple failed attempts to control their AR with the treatments available. Treatment fatigue in AR also expands to the patient’s rigmarole of health care consultations and investigative procedures, without AR symptom resolution. To overcome treatment fatigue, patients must be offered support and counseling regarding their AR as has been shown for other chronic respiratory disorders such as asthma.36
Patients believe that AR is a condition that they should be self-managing. This is influenced by the availability of medicines over the counter (OTC). As patients try different medicines, they develop confidence in their ability to do so, continuing the cycle of self-management and treatment trials. Being able to choose their medicines OTC37 facilitates them in accessing their preferred oral, quick relief, occasional-use medicine and avoid the disliked intranasal sprays.23,38 The preference for quick relief occasional-use medicine is evidence of their perception of AR as an acute condition, rather than a chronic disease.
This research highlights that it is not just the availability of OTC medicines that drives the patient to self-manage their AR. These patients reported that they know what works best for them and suggested that their HCPs have not entirely understood their goals for their AR. Understanding of patients’ treatment aims and goals has been shown to improve their AR management39,40,41 and should be taken into account when developing their management plan.
In considering these findings it is important to consider possible solutions. Possible solutions should include simple pathways for recognition and diagnosis of AR in primary care,42 and the development of tools and support mechanism for patients through therapeutic partnerships with HCPs.43 Of critical importance, is that tools available to patients should be dynamic, accommodate for changing AR severities and provide guidance in instances of a “flare up” as seen in written asthma action plans.33 The MACVIA-Allergy Diary App44 is able to provide the patient with some guidance on self-managing their AR but further research needs to be conducted to investigate how HCPs can best collaborate with patients to optimize its use.
This study was potentially limited by the sample, which is likely to under-represent patients with mild AR. While a majority of participants reported being diagnosed with AR, the inability to confirm the patient’s diagnosis of AR is a potential limitation. It should be noted however that the demographics of the study population were consistent with that reported previously for the Asia-Pacific region.38
In conclusion, our findings strongly demonstrate that the patient’s experience with AR is unique, varied and very much a condition in which patients self-manage with medications that are easily and abundantly available to them. AR management is influenced by patients’ experiences prior to receiving a diagnosis following which their knowledge and beliefs about AR and its treatments are formed. These results highlight the critical need to increase the dialog between HCPs and their patients regarding AR, improve the understanding of the significance of AR and optimize its management and for HCPs to acknowledge patients’ expectations and beliefs with regards to treatment. HCPs must engage patients, embrace AR self-management and work collaboratively with patients to optimize their AR management.
This study took the form of a qualitative exploration of patients’ perspectives of AR management and was conducted as a part of a larger study exploring AR management in the community.
A phenomenological approach was utilized to explore the phenomenon of AR. Participants were asked to describe their experiences with AR and given “free range” to voice what AR meant to them.
Inclusion criteria: People aged 18 years or older, who identified themselves as having AR and were able to speak English, were eligible for inclusion in the study.
Recruitment: Advertisements for the study were placed on the website and Facebook page of the Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia. Letters of invitation were sent to individuals with AR on a volunteers’ database at the Woolcock Institute (a database created for the purpose of connecting patients with respiratory and sleep conditions, who have responded to advertisement fro study participation). People with AR, who expressed interest in participating, were required to contact the research team to give consent and make an appointment to be interviewed. Snowballing was welcomed and participants were permitted to alert others with AR about the study. Participants did not receive any reward or remuneration for participating in the study.
Participants were given the option of being interviewed in person at the Woolcock Institute or over the telephone. Interviews were conducted by one researcher (BC). They were audio recorded on a digital audio recording device, transcribed verbatim and stored electronically. Participants were informed that their responses were completely de-identified and would not be traced back to them as individuals in any circumstances. Written participant consent was obtained prior to the commencement of the study.
Sample size: Phenomenological research requires interviews to be conducted with 5–25 people.45 Participant recruitment continued until data saturation was achieved with consideration of the phenomenological research sampling frame guidelines.46
Semi-structured interview guide: The semi-structured interview guide, based on empirical data and a phenomenological framework32,47,48 covered a range of topics/facets of AR management (including pharmaceutical management, non-pharmaceutical management, perceived impact on quality of life, barriers and challenges associated with AR and recognition of patterns of AR flare-ups) and served to guide the qualitative framework of the research.45
The interview commenced with open ended questioning in which participants voiced their initial thoughts or their most pertinent perceived issues. Secondary and clarifying questions were asked to encourage further thoughts and experiences to be articulated.
The specific questions included in the interview guide are displayed in Table 1. If during the interviews, information arose that had not been considered previously, BC would make a note to explore this point in subsequent interviews.
Qualitative data analysis and representation: In phenomenological data analysis, “significant statements” that represent how the participant experienced the phenomenon are identified as “codes”. These codes are then categorized into themes that are used to write a description of the experiences of the participants with the phenomenon being researched.45
A mixed deductive—inductive approach was utilized in the qualitative analysis of the interview transcripts. The mixed analysis approach sought to identify themes arising from the identification of codes in AR literature (deductive) as well as identification of codes from the analytical reading of the data (inductive). The deductive analysis identified the participants’ responses to themes that were known to be important with regards to AR management in the literature. Such codes included treatment preferences, symptoms, investigations and HCP consultations. These themes were often prompted with the interview guide if not immediately described by the participant. Inductive analysis of the transcripts included the identification of codes that were presented organically through the interview process but were not necessarily explored by the interview guide.45
The researchers (BC, SBA, and VK) met weekly to review a summary of the interviews conducted during the week based on notes taken by BC, while conducting the interviews. Data saturation was identified following reports of no new perspectives being provided by participants with regards to their AR management.
The initial process of analysis involved a detailed description of what BC and SBA independently observed in the transcripts and categorizing those observations into codes. Some of these codes represented deductive analysis e.g. descriptions of medicines used while others were inductive and were observed without pre-determined identification of the code, e.g. being mistaken for having a cold. Following the independent categorization conducted by BC and SBA, meetings were held with VK and KY to discuss the codes and the transcripts, look for common elements and categorize them into agreed themes. The breadth and scale of interviews meant that there were many individual and unique perspectives of AR management described by the participants, where the volume is prohibitive of all being reported in this paper. BC and SBA found that participants gave very detailed accounts of the pharmaceutical regimens they use for managing their AR. Codes describing participants pharmaceutical management of AR were categorized into themes by BC and SBA, describing their preferences and the reasons behind them, rather than detailed descriptions of the regimen. In addition to the descriptions of pharmaceutical regimens BC and SBA identified common themes overarching many of the transcripts. These themes were chosen to be reported in this manuscript based on what BC, SBA, VK, and KY perceived to be most important to the participants during their interviews. Further results not reported here will be reported at later stage in subsequent manuscripts.
ATLAS.ti was used to facilitate the qualitative analysis by providing an organizational structure to link the codes, themes and their supporting quotes among the interview transcripts.49
Once analysis was complete, the participants were not given the opportunity to provide feedback on the findings but were able to request a summary of the results.
This study was approved by the University of Sydney Human Ethics Committee. Methods were performed in accordance with COREQ regulations and guidelines.50
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We would like to acknowledge the participants who voluntarily took part in this research.
S.B.A. is a member of the Teva Pharmaceuticals Devices International Key Experts Panel, has received research support from Research in Real Life, has received lecture fees and payment for developing educational presentations from Teva and Mundipharma; and has received Honoraria from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, for her contribution to advisory boards/key international expert forum. V.K. has received honoraria from AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer. K.Y. has received honoraria for speaking and consulting from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Meda, Mundipharma and Pfizer. The author declares no competing financial interests.
Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Cvetkovski, B., Kritikos, V., Yan, K. et al. Tell me about your hay fever: a qualitative investigation of allergic rhinitis management from the perspective of the patient. npj Prim Care Resp Med 28, 3 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41533-018-0071-0
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domain: health


text:
— It's funny how much changes in just seven days.
The Pittsburgh Steelers looked absolutely horrible against Houston, but rebounded to look like the S.O.S. (Same old Steelers) against Tennessee.
Why was that?
For the most part, they followed my advice!
Last week, I advocated the Steelers recommit to the run, use someone other than Rashard Mendenhall, start Max Starks, sit Aaron Smith and tackle better.
Look what happened when the Steelers decide they want to run the ball on a consistent basis: Ben Roethlisberger throws five touchdowns and is only sacked once; Hines Ward and the rest of the receivers are constantly open; and a Steeler running back (Jonathan Dwyer) rushes for over 100 yards.
I truly believe all that happened because Mendenhall wasn’t playing and losing yardage. I liked how Isaac Redman and Dwyer ran the ball. They hit the holes hard and weren’t jitterbugging in the hole like Mendenhall.
I’d rather see Redman and Dwyer get a second shot at being the featured back this week to see if last week was just an aberration rather than have Mendenhall start as is being reported. Honestly, if Mendenhall is healthy enough to start this week, what’s the big deal of letting Redman and Dwyer have a crack at running the ball over the first half?
Speaking at getting another crack at playing a lot, I think Cameron Heyward earned increased playing time last week when he had a sack and almost had another when Matt Hasselbeck was whistled for intentional grounding. He had a much better showing than Smith has had all year.
Enough of the back patting, the one thing I didn’t mention last week but worked wonders was having Roethlisberger take 3- and 5-step drops.
I had always wondered if Big Ben was capable of taking short drops, but his performance Sunday showed he can.
But from what I’ve heard, the whole 3-step drop - and in essence the short routes - game plan will be short-lived, because offensive coordinator Bruce Arians isn’t in favor of it, so I wouldn‘t be surprised to seeSt Big Ben running for his life this weekend or next.
For the record, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette writer Ed Bouchette isn’t either, but the Steelers need to keep Roethlisberger upright and short drops will do that.
I’m sure most of you know what the definition of insanity is. For those that don’t know, it’s ‘doing the same thing, but expecting different results.’
In other words, having Roethlisberger take 7-step drops and throwing deep with a sub-par offensive line and expecting him to not to be under constant pressure is insane.
Yet, that’s what Arians wants to get back as soon as possible. I’ve heard reports that Arians intends to call more 7-step drops this week.
If they are true, it’s going to be a long day for the Steelers and Roethlisberger!
Maybe the Steelers should pay attention to another popular saying - ‘Those who don’t pay attention to history are doomed to repeat it’ - and do what I say in this column!
Agree, Disagree or just want to comment contact Corey at firstname.lastname@example.org.
Sailors make 1st PIAA playoff start
While Saturday will serve as his Sailors’ first foray into the PIAA playoffs, Lakeview High head football coach Dan York is going along for the ride, taking it all in stride.
Stopping shy of stifling a yawn, York calmly said, “We consider the playoffs the playoffs. When you make the playoffs out of our region (1-A), you’ve already gone up against some of the better teams in the state. So whether it’s the districts or state, it’s still the playoffs.”
Lakeview wins 1st ever D-10 football title
NEW WILMINGTON — Lakeview may have a long way to go to equal Sharpsville’s success in the sport of football, but the Sailors jump-started the process Friday night.
With Blake Reddick roaring into the record book, the Sailors shut out Sharpsville, 27-0, in the District 10 Class A championship game at Greyhounds Stadium.
While Sharpsville’s program has the pedigree — 8 championships and 14 title tilt appearances, plus the 1997 PIAA plateau — Lakeview launched its 1st crown since the district football playoffs’ 1985 inception.
EXTRA INNINGS: St. Louis shuffles the Cards, stacks the deck?
WHILE THE rest of the National League Central Division sits back and watches, St. Louis has shuffled the Cards with two trades, stacking the deck to become the favorite to repeat in 2014.
Although St. Louis won both its division and league pennant in 2013, outfield defense and shortstop offense worried the Cardinals throughout the season.
Last Thursday, the Cards shipped third baseman David Freese to the Angels for center fielder Peter Bourjos, considered by more than a few experts to be the best defensive centerfielder in baseball.
NCAA Football: Rock 6-1 after 17-3 win over Cal U
Slippery Rock University rode a length-of-the-field scoring drive by its offense and a goal-line stand by its No. 1-ranked defense late in the first half of action Saturday to a 17-3 win over 14th-ranked visiting California (Pa.).
NFL: Steelers top Jags as Mendenhall makes return
Mike Tomlin isn’t ready to say the Pittsburgh Steelers are back. Not after watching his team sleepwalk through the second half against Jacksonville on Sunday.
IndyCar Racing: Crash takes Wheldon’s life
Every race car driver heads onto the track understanding this race could be the last and hoping it won’t be. On Sunday, IndyCar drivers got a harsh reminder when the worst happened to one of their own.
NHL: Sabres beat Penguins 3-2
The Buffalo Sabres have had trouble with the Pittsburgh Penguins whether Sidney Crosby and Evgeni Malkin play or not.
NHL Quick glance: Montreal at Pittsburgh
A breakdown of the National Hockey League game Thursday night between the Pittsburgh Penguins and visiting Montreal Canadiens.
High School Highlights: Oct. 19, 2011
A look at the last few days in local high school fall sports action.
Leading Off: Oct. 19, 2011
News and notes from the local, regional and national sports scene.
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domain: news


Turn right at the end of “The Street” in Brundish, East England, and you’ll find a workshop where vintage Volvo cars are being restored and turned into rally cars. Of course, with a little help from Original Prusa 3D printers. Welcome to Emma’s and Rob’s kingdom – Amazon Cars!
If you own an old car, you know how hard it is to find a mechanic who can get rare parts and fix things like they used to. The good news is that these skilled people still exist, and their love and passion for old cars are simply incredible. Emma and Rob Henchoz are this kind of people – for more than 20 years, they’ve run a family business specializing in Volvos of the 60s and 70s. They repair, tune, replace, and even develop and help – as they like to say – “to keep classic Volvo drivers up to speed.”
Restoring these cars requires skill and ingenuity in getting the old and new parts. And that’s where 3D printing comes in – helping to make the parts that are no longer available, making custom new parts that boost the performance, and quickly developing parts to customize a car into a racing machine.
The history of Amazon cars goes down to 2001 when one of their parts suppliers mentioned to Rob that he was retiring. So they bought his business and established their own company, which focused more on motorsports. Over the years, they’ve navigated through numerous challenges and adapted to various trend shifts like the rise of YouTube or changes and complications brought by Brexit. They even have a Patreon with a series of instructional videos on old Volvos maintenance.
When discussing old cars over tea (the rumors are true – in England, it’s mandatory to drink tea all the time!), you wouldn’t have guessed that their backgrounds are very different from what you’d expect: Rob was an electronics engineer with the Royal Navy, and Emma was a geologist. But they were both passionate about vintage cars and racing. You can read about their older vehicles on their website. Even their daughters are skilled drivers, and Amy, the elder one, still occasionally drives races with Rob!
Welcome to Volvoland
After that cup of tea, Rob gave us a tour of the workshop: A huge warehouse filled both with whole cars and boxes full of various parts. Each vehicle has a different story. Like a shiny white Volvo, the first one Rob and Emma bought. On weekdays, it was their regular drive. On weekends, their rally car. Ultimately, they only retired it from the races because it was “simply too good-looking to rally.” One of the other cars gave their company a name – the dark green Volvo Amazon!
“This is one of the finest examples of this car you’ll see,” Rob proudly says. “Very well cared for, in mint condition,” he adds. And he’s right; the car simply looks stunning. It’s a model from 1967 called 123GT – one of the 1500 ever built. We had to resist the temptation to ask Rob to take it for a ride…
3D printing essential parts
3D printing is used for two primary purposes at Amazon Cars. The first one is remanufacturing parts that are no longer available. A good example is air filter boxes. They are placed on top of the carburetor. Thanks to 3D printing, Rob customized them to fit into a particular car model. Some Volvos need an engine breather, meaning the box needs a small hole with a breather tube. With 3D printing, Rob modified the part and even added a 3D-printed tube with an m18 thread. If the Volvo doesn’t need a breather, you can simply plug the hole with a printed screw with a hexagon head.
Another handy upgrade for Volvos with SU carburetors is a 3D-printed oil tank holder. When driving competitively (a nice way of saying you’re racing), you can consume all of the oil in the damper dashpots in a single day. It is, therefore, convenient to have an oil supply on hand. Rob made a simple cup near the carburetor to refill the pot quickly and effectively.
The front hood mountings are also 3D-printed – an elegant solution that saves weight (when racing, every gram counts!). The top and bottom brackets are printed with ASA to withstand the heat and pressure under the hood. “It works beautifully,” says Rob.
Last year, Volvo contacted Rob and Emma with a Volvo 140 restoration project missing a small but crucial part: Windshield clips. They are no longer produced, and 23 are needed to secure the windscreen. Rob didn’t have them in stock. However, using a 3D printer with ASA filament, he managed to produce perfect replicas. Both Rob and Volvo were satisfied with the outcome.
Custom racing parts
The second use case for 3D printing is custom racing parts. For racing, you need various equipment, instruments, and special modifications. Rob showed us several examples in the cabin of one of his cars he was preparing for a race. We were amazed at how many 3D-printed parts we found – even near the gear-shift lever – a perfectly fitted printed cover prevents water from going up the gear-shifting tunnel and splashing the crew inside while driving through deep water. Oh yes, these things happen more often than you’d think!
Creating mounting devices is a perfect task for a 3D printer – make a custom frame with holders and screw holes in a shape to fit perfectly. “It’s much more elegant than having to shape, cut, bend, and drill a sheet of aluminum,” says Rob.
One of the things Rob is very proud of is his Curta computer. It’s a mechanical calculator invented in the late 40s, and Rob uses it as a navigator for special stages during the race. It’s a compact yet sophisticated device (often nicknamed “The math grenade”) – by adjusting some levers and gears, it can calculate time, speed, and distances – or even fuel consumption. And to ensure that the levers don’t move accidentally, Rob made a custom locking mechanism. And the Curta storage in the car is also 3D-printed! BTW you can even print a Curta.
How did they start 3D printing?
3D printing was recommended to Rob and Emma by a friend who already used an Original Prusa 3D printer in his electronics-making company and had a very positive experience with it. After seeing a perfect example of manufacturing custom parts, they first bought a cheap 3D printer. It failed to meet their expectations horribly. So they invested in an Original Prusa MK3S and haven’t stopped 3D printing ever since!
“Looking at our business today, I can’t imagine doing our work without it,” says Rob, smiling. “Well, I can, but it would be slow and expensive,” he adds, showing us their 3D printer working in an Ikea Lack-based enclosure on a PETG print. That is the material they use mostly – along with ASA.
As our visit ends, Rob knows what was on our minds the whole time and lets us at least roam one of the cars a little bit. The feeling was well worth it!
“Nothing beats 3D printing,” says Rob, smiling as we said our goodbyes and left in a modern car that suddenly felt like it had no soul.
Well, nothing beats 3D printing AND vintage cars!
Jakub Kmošek, Štěpán Feik and Tanya Nedeva


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Since the first trailer, players wanted to know if any character classes were added in the recently launched Helldivers 2.
However, no predefined classes in Helldivers 2 let you play with different characters.
But that does not mean that you cannot customize your character and play style to suit your preferences and needs.
Continue reading more about Classes in Helldivers 2.
Table of Contents Show
Option With No Classes In Helldivers 2
Unlike some other games that have predefined classes, Helldivers 2 does not limit you to a specific role or function.
You can choose your loadout and equipment based on your personal preference, play style, and mission objectives.
However, this does not mean that you have no options or variety in Helldivers 2.
Moreover, the game offers a wealth of customization options and strategic depth that allow you to create your own unique Helldiver.
Here are the options that can help you create your unique character in Helldivers 2:
One of the main ways to customize your character is by choosing your Stratagems.
Stratagems are powerful abilities and items that you can call in during a mission.
You can unlock new Stratagems by completing missions and collecting Samples.
Furthermore, you can also upgrade them to make them more effective.
Armor is very important in customizing your character and progressing in Helldivers 2.
You can choose from different light, medium, and heavy armor types that have unique passives and abilities.
You can also choose armor based on your gameplay style to give yourself the best chances possible.
Another way to customize your character is by choosing your weapons.
You can equip a primary and a secondary weapon, grenades, and melee weapon.
Similarly, you can unlock new weapons by progressing through the ranks and purchase some weapons as DLC.
Likewise, you can also switch between different firing modes, such as single, burst, and auto, to suit different situations.
You can also aim down sights for more precision and immersion.
How To Customize Your Character In Helldivers 2?
To customize your character in Helldivers 2, you need to access the Helldivers Mobilize menu.
Here, you can select your armor, weapons, and Stratagems.
You can also view your stats, achievements, and rank. Here are the steps to customize your character in Helldivers 2:
- To access the Helldivers Mobilize menu, you must be on the ship or in the lobby. You can also change your loadout before dropping into a mission by using the Hell Pod.
- To select your armor, go to the Armor tab and choose from the available options. You can also preview how your armor looks by rotating your character model.
- To select your weapons, go to the Weapons tab and choose your primary and secondary weapons. You can also see the stats and description of each weapon.
- To select your Stratagems, go to the Stratagems tab and choose up to four Stratagems. You can also see the cooldown and description of each Stratagem.
Types Of Armor In Helldivers 2: Classes Alternative
There are three types of armor in Helldivers 2: light, medium, and heavy.
Each type of armor has different advantages and disadvantages, as well as different passives and abilities.
Here is a brief overview of each type of armor:
1. Light Armor
Light armor has less protection, but you move faster and have a shorter detection range from enemies.
It is ideal for stealthy and agile Helldivers who prefer to avoid confrontation and use long-range weapons.
Some examples of light armor are the SC-34 Infiltrator, the Mk5 ‘Tactical’, and the Mk5d ‘Desert’.
2. Medium Armor
Medium armor has balanced protection and mobility, as well as a moderate detection range.
It is suitable for versatile and adaptable Helldivers who can handle different situations and use various weapons.
Some examples of medium armor are the Mk6 ‘Black Ops’, the Mk5f ‘Woodland’, and the Mk5s ‘Arctic’.
3. Heavy Armor
Heavy armor has more protection, but you move slower and have a higher detection range.
It is perfect for tanky and resilient Helldivers who can take a lot of damage and use powerful weapons.
Some examples of heavy armor are the Mk15 ‘Heroic’, the M6 ‘Defender’, and the Mk7 ‘Commando’.

domain: hobby


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18+ | Commercial Content | T&Cs apply | Begambleaware.org
David Alaba is on the verge of ending his long spell with Bayern Munich, as he prepares to run down the last six months of his contract with the German outfit. As one of the top left-backs who is still in the prime, Alaba is attracting a lot of interest from top clubs across Europe. Liverpool are understood to be one of the teams who are in for his signature. The Reds are badly in need of defensive reinforcements this season, but a signing like Alaba will be for the long-term. However, Liverpool are facing strong competition from Real Madrid.
After a lot of reports that Real Madrid were able to come to a pre-contract agreement with Alaba, the Bild has reported that no such deal is in place. It is not often that a top player like Alaba comes on the free transfer market even when they are in the prime of their careers.
It is highly unlikely that Bayern Munich will be ready to let Alaba leave in this January transfer window for a small transfer fee. A signing like Alaba could be useful for Liverpool in this current scenario, as manager Jurgen Klopp has had to do without many of his first choice defenders for most of the season. The likes of Joe Gomez and Virgil van Dijk have missed major chunks of the campaign due to injuries.
After making more than 400 appearances and winning multiple honours like the Champions League and Bundesliga titles, Alaba is understood to be taking his time over his next destination. Bayern have still not lost hope about retaining the player, but contract talks have completely stalled. As of now, Liverpool and Real Madrid are the two major clubs with a strong hope of signing the defender. However, Barcelona could also enter into the picture once the outcome of the presidential election is known.


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100 Tips for 2011 » 10 sweet saving tips for 2011
It might be the right year for you to start saving money for a variety of reasons -- emergencies, retirement, health care or a possible job loss. If you're already saving money, 2011 may be the year to revisit the return on your checking, savings and other accounts.
These tips will get you moving in the right direction.
Start an emergency savings account
The biggest barrier to saving is not being in the habit of saving. The best way to get in the habit is to pay yourself first by having money directly deposited from your paycheck or even your checking account into a dedicated emergency savings
account. This can be done concurrently with other goals such as paying down debt or saving for retirement, not instead of those goals. You won't miss what you don't see, and putting your savings on autopilot is a great way to reinforce the savings habit when unplanned expenses inevitably come along and chew a hole in what you've saved. You're only one paycheck away from beginning to replenish your savings balance.
Get a high-yield savings account
OK, maybe these days "high-yield savings account" is a contradiction in terms, but there are three requirements when looking for a place to put your rainy day fund. It must be liquid, meaning you can get to the money whenever you need it. It must be free of investment risk. And you must earn a return that preserves your buying power against the erosive effect of inflation.
The top-yielding savings accounts and money market deposit accounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. meet all three of these requirements. And they can be obtained with little or no minimum deposit, and are available to consumers anywhere in the 50 states. Check Bankrate.com for the highest-yielding, FDIC-insured savings accounts available nationwide.
Find a free checking account
Having the wrong checking account can take hundreds of hard-earned dollars out of your pocket every year. The average interest-bearing checking account charges a monthly service fee of $13.04 and requires maintaining a balance of more than $3,800 at a near-zero rate of interest to avoid fees.
Instead, look for one of the many accounts that charge no monthly service fees or per-transaction fees, and don't require a minimum balance. Bankrate.com found that 65 percent of large banks and thrifts in markets around the country still offer a noninterest, free checking account. An additional 23 percent offer an account that can become free by signing up for direct deposit or using a debit card a handful of times per month.
Although large banks are jumping off the free-checking bandwagon, free checking accounts can still be found at smaller community banks, credit unions and online banks. Check out Bankrate.com's tips on avoiding fees and find a free checking account that meets your needs.

domain: finance


Why Do We Need Memoirs?Play
Over the past ten years the neglected literary form of the memoir has come to the fore, with both professional writers and non-professionals recalling the past in order to help all of us understand better the context of our times. These works fill the gaps between dates and trends and demographics and economics not with data but with personal reflections in the form of stories. On this week's show, we spoke with two such memorialists: Celia Morris, author of "Finding Celia's Place" and Esther Kahn, author of "As I Remember It."
Writer Celia Morris's first husband was the prominent Harper's Magazine editor and writer, the late Willie Morris. In her book "Finding Celia's Place" Morris chronicles life in the world of letters from Texas to New York to Washington from the perspective of a young woman growing up and living in the midst of the modern women's movement from its beginnings up to the present.
In "As I Remember It," a memoir which she wrote and published on her own, teacher and philanthropist Esther Khan tells the story of a near-century of living. Her purpose for writing a memoir is perhaps more immediately personal: to memorialize her late husband Albert who encouraged her to go back to school, to work and do more with her life. Her book also tells the multigenerational story of three families, immigrant and established, whose lives become intertwined and thrive in Boston.
This program aired on August 26, 2001.


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By Mark Yarbrough on
Vehicle2005 Chevrolet Impala 4dr Sedan (3.4L 6cyl 4A)
ReviewI test drove several cars, I liked the impala the best. Now having owned it for @6 months, I must say, I still love it! Nice ride, nice stereo, nice everything..
Best FeaturesStereo, Look and feel.
Worst FeaturesCan't think of anything.
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From: 30,00 €
707 Headband cannabis seeds by Humboldt Seeds belong to a feminized Sativa-dominant cannabis strain that results from the cross between a Mendocino elite clone and a True OG elite clone. This combination offers an excellent strain that adds a refined edge to the cannabis world.
707 Headband cannabis seed is the fruit of a close collaboration between a group of growers of the Mendocino county and HSO. It is a wonderful, fast-flowering, easy-to-grow, big plant that grows vigorously and yields great amounts of large, compact buds, staking being necessary to hold its weight.
Suitable for Sativa lovers, this marijuana strain performs well indoors as well as outdoors in a Mediterranean/temperate climate or in the pleasant atmosphere of a greenhouse. It will surprise you with its many properties and will certainly impress the most demanding growers.
707 Headband cannabis seeds produce a strong flavour and aroma, with clear notes of pine and lemon. Their long-lasting, powerful, cerebral effect will send you on a mind-blowing psychedelic trip.
|Product Type (Class)
|THC Content (%)
|CBD Content (%)
|Plant Height (Outdoors) (cm)

domain: agronomy


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1997 Ducati 916S Monoposto
Used 1997 Ducati 916 351 miles
Sleepy Eye, MN
Power is from a fuel injected, liquid cooled 916cc L twin paired with a six speed gearbox, and the tank and bodywork are finished in red over a gold trellis frame. Features include Brembo brakes, desmodromic valves, a solo seat and tail section, and a single-sided swingarm.This 916S shows 351 miles and is offered with original purchase paperwork.The solo seat and sculpted tail section sit above the mufflers, license bracket, and turn signals.
September 28 on USClassifieds4all


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Childrens Mental Health Week 1st - 7th February 2021
From 1-7 February 2021, we’re taking part in Place2Be’s Children’s Mental Health Week.
This year’s theme is Express Yourself.
Place2Be has created activities and resources to help children (and adults) to explore the different ways that they can share their thoughts, feelings and ideas.
There are lots of resources on the Children’s Mental Health Week website that you can use with your child at home; including activity ideas, tips for parents and carers, and an online assembly which will be available from Monday 1 February.

domain: medical


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Sunday, December 29, 2013--7:20 am CST
I read somewhere that Jim Carrey doesn't doing dramas anymore. is that true. I hope not. I've seen him in dramas, he's a very good dramatic actor as well as a great comedic actor.
Have a blessed 2014,
Terry (Dallas, Texas)

domain: celebrity


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Telstra shares did OK yesterday as it maintained its dividend in the face of more pressures on its businesses in the six months to the end of December.
They ended the day up 2.5% at $3.25, outperforming the wider market which faded in the afternoon and closed down 0.10%.
Its December half results on Thursday revealed a double-digit decline in underlying earnings and a fall in revenue of the same size – with COVID, the NBN and the continuing competition in mobile the trio of nasties for the company in six months.
Telstra said its revenue fell 10.4% to $12 billion in the December half, while net profit dipped by 2.2% to $1.1 billion.
The company took a hit of around $170 million from COVID in the half and is looking for that cost to moderate as vaccinations are rolled out in the six months to June.
But despite the bad news, shareholders will receive an interim of 8 cents a share and CEO Andy Penn assured shareholders they would receive the same amount for the second half.
He said the company was looking for a rise in earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation in the June half year and the company expects full-year underlying earnings before interest tax depreciation and amortisation in the range of $6.6 billion to $6.9 billion.
That will be down from the $7.4 billion in the 2019-20 financial year. – a fall of $600 million to nearly $1 billion (at worst).
Mr Penn also indicated that company’s core but wounded mobile division would return to growth by the end of the financial year.
Mr Penn said the company was looking for external investors for its recently separated tower company (which will generate more cash and allow the prospect down the track of a spin off or IPO).
“After a decade of disruption following the creation of the nbn, and with its rollout now declared complete, we can clearly see the path to underlying growth ahead of us,” Mr Penn said in a statement filed with the ASX on Thursday.
The company said underlying earnings before interest tax depreciation and amortisation fell 14.2% to $3.3 billion over the half, due to the large payments to NBN Co and the extra costs from the coronavirus pandemic, which among other issues caused declines in international roaming revenues and additional expenses for customer support.
The pandemic also saw Telstra add $100 million in costs for pausing its job cuts of 1,400 positions. Those cuts were restarted last week and another 800 positions will go as well by the end of this year.
The result follows an announcement in November that Telstra’s group of companies would be split into three separate entities – InfraCo Fixed, InfraCo Towers and Serve Co.
Mr Penn said a search for external investors for the tower division would take place in early financial year 2022. No doubt trhe usual flock of wannabees will appear – led by a flock of super funds.
Now that a Macquarie offshoot wants to buy rival Telco and cable group, Vocus, will the bank rule itself out of any attempt to snuggle up to Telstra?
IBISWorld Senior Industry Analyst Liam Harrison yesterday forecast that “Telstra will likely continue suffering revenue declines over the next year, as it continues to roll out its Telstra2022 plan and focuses on improving profitability.”


November 29, 2014
Amit Mitra criticises Centre’s move to hike FDI in Defence
West Bengal Finance and Industry Minister Dr Amit Mitra criticised the Centre’s decision to gradually raise the FDI in defence manufacturing to 100 per cent saying that it was like “putting the cart before the horse.”
Speaking at a CII session in the city on industry defence linkage, Dr Mitra said that the move would bear no fruit until and unless the developed countries such as the USA had “dismantled the technology denial regime” that restricted the transfer of defence technologies to emerging nations.
“As regards the USA, till six years ago, out of the 14 groups of defence technologies, there was bar on the transfer of 10 under the technology denial regime and there were qualifiers on two more. This effectively left only two groups of minor technologies that could be transferred to India,” Dr Mitra said.
“I am told that there have been some improvement on this front (as regards the relaxation on number of technology transfers) but even the defence experts do not know what the exact numbers of denial now.”
Dr Mitra said that his party, the Trinamool Congress, had “independently and separately raised this important question” while opposing the 100 per cent FDI in defence manufacturing.
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