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By Erin Fazzari, MPT, CLT, CWS, DWC
Have you seen legs like those shown in the images below in your practice? These images show lymphedema and venous stasis ulcers, illustrating the importance of collaboration between clinicians in two disciplines: lymphedema and wound care.
Over the last 12 years as a physical therapist specializing in lymphedema therapy and wound care, I’ve had the opportunity to treat many patients with wounds in multiple settings. I’ve also had the opportunity to collaborate with medical professionals in multidisciplinary treatment centers where lymphedema therapists and wound care clinicians act as a team. Through this experience—and through review of the literature—I’ve learned that such a team has improved patient outcomes.
To help the team reap maximal benefits, I’d like to share information related to lymphedema, its management, and how collaboration in multidisciplinary treatment centers can enhance outcomes.
In Part 1 of this two-part series, I discuss pathophysiology related to wounds and lymphedema and begin the discussion of collaboration.
To understand the role of lymphedema therapy as it relates to wound care, it’s first necessary to take a step back and define both chronic wound and lymphedema. A chronic wound is a wound that doesn’t heal in an orderly set of stages and in the predictable amount of time that most wounds do. Delayed healing may result from a variety of underlying factors, such as poor systemic immune function, malnourishment, chemotherapeutic agents, high bioburden, repetitive mechanical trauma, and cytotoxic agents.
Lymphedema is a condition of localized fluid retention and tissue swelling characterized by high-protein edema caused by a compromised lymphatic system. All exterior regions of the body (for example, face, neck, torso, extremities, and genitals) can be affected. Common causes of lymphedema and accompanying diseases that can contribute to lymphedema include heredity, filariasis, trauma, surgeries, lymph node dissections, radiation therapy, malignancy, obesity, diabetes, chronic heart failure, dependent mobility and, of course, venous disease—the principal culprit of our wound for discussion, the venous stasis ulcer.
The venous stasis ulcer is one major debilitating result of advanced venous disease. Venous ulceration is the most common cause of lower-extremity ulcer, accounting for half of these ulcers and affecting 1% to 2% of the U.S. population, with 3% to 5% of patients older than age 65.
Venous stasis ulcers and lymphedema
So how are the venous ulcer and lymphedema related? The venous and lymphatic systems are closely intertwined. When explaining the systems to patients, I often refer to the lymphatics as the sewer system of the venous system.
Most wound care clinicians are familiar with the pathophysiology that results in venous disease and the cascade of events that leads to a venous ulcer. Many clinicians, however, aren’t as familiar with the role of the lymphatics in this process.
Under optimal circumstances, the venous system is responsible for the removal of 90% of interstitial fluid at the capillary level. The remaining 10% is the responsibility of the lymphatic system. However, the lymphatics have a built-in safety net to manage excess interstitial fluid that occurs when the veins function inefficiently or ineffectively. Venous reflux may be present, but edema in the tissue isn’t yet visible when the lymphatics are able to manage the load. Edema in the lower extremities, as well as other areas of the body, is visible only when both the veins and lymphatics are no longer capable of managing the load.
The lymphatics are also responsible for the removal of large macromolecules from the interstitial space, including proteins that are unable to diffuse back into the venous system at the capillary level. A venous stasis ulcer occurs when the increase in protein concentrations in the tissue results in chronic inflammation and infiltration of white blood cells and fibroblasts. This leads to fibrosis of the edematous tissue, dilation and insufficiency of lymphatic tissue, and damage to endothelial cells, further reducing lymphatic flow and enhancing the destructive process.
The body’s physiologic responses illustrate the close anatomic and physiologic connection between the two systems. Consequently, it should be a priority for us, as clinicians, to address both the lymphatic and venous systems when edema is detectable in the tissue.
The anatomy and physiology of these systems have a huge impact on our patient population. Each year in North America, 5 to 7 million chronic wounds occur. Lower-extremity venous stasis ulcer is the most common of these, with an incidence of 2.5 million. In the United States alone, chronic leg wounds account for 2 million lost workdays per year.
When it comes to lymphedema, 1 in 30 people worldwide are estimated to be afflicted with this debilitating disease, not including those suffering from venous disease.
World organizations have begun to recognize the importance of addressing lymphedema and wound care collaboratively. (See World action on lymphedema and wound care.) As noted earlier, anatomy and physiology don’t separate the venous and lymphatic systems, so wound care and lymphedema clinicians need to work collaboratively to help patients.
A good place to start collaborating is to understand that the disciplines of lymphedema therapy and wound care have many common goals, including:
- reducing and stabilizing edema
- achieving ulcer healing
- preventing recurrence
- preventing infection
- maximizing tissue healing.
Multidisciplinary teams are the wave of the future of health care. Consider how a team approach with lymphedema and wound care professionals would enhance your practice, and watch for Part 2 of this series, which will further address common goals, review the gold standard of management (complex decongestive therapy), and illustrate how collaboration in multidisciplinary treatment centers can enhance patient outcomes.
Ditzler K. Collaborating lymphedema and wound care [lecture]. Penn Medicine at Radnor, Radnor, PA; 2014.
Foldi M, Foldi E. Foldi’s Textbook of Lymphology: For Physicians and Lymphedema Therapists. 3rd ed. Munich, Germany: Urban & Fischer, 2012.
Law K. Addressing the Whole, Not Just the Hole: A Collaborative Approach for Patient Success [Lecture]. Penn Medicine at Radnor, Radnor, PA; 2014.
MacDonald J, Asiedu K. WAWLC: World alliance for wound and lymphedema care. Wounds. 2010; 22(3):55-9.
MacDonald J, Geyer, MJ, eds. Wound and lymphoedema management. World Health Organization: 2010 http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599139_eng.pdf
Macdonald JM, Sims N, Mayrovitz HN. Lymphedema, lipedema, and the open wound: the role of compression therapy. Surg Clin North Am. 2003;83(3):639-58.
Norton S. CDT theoretical review course for the certified lymphedema therapist. Norton School of Lymphatic Therapy; 2005.
Pawel D, Franek A, Kolank M. A comparative clinical study on five types of compression therapy in patients with venous leg ulcers. Int J Med Sci. 2013 Dec;11(1):34-43.
Sen CK, Gordillo GM, Roy S, et al. Human skin wounds: a major and snowballing threat to public health and the economy. Wound Repair Regen. 2009 Nov-Dec;17:763-7.
Erin Fazzari is a physical therapist at Good Shepherd Penn Partners: Penn Therapy and Fitness, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.


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E. Ramírez-García1, K. Moreno-Tamayo1, S.C. Briseño-Fabian2, S. Sánchez-García1
1. Unidad de Investigación en Epidemiología y Servicios de Salud, Área Envejecimiento, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, México; 2. Unidad de Medicina Familiar No.14, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Col. Moctezuma D.F, México.
Corresponding Author: S. Sánchez-García, Unidad de Investigación en Epidemiología y Servicios de Salud, Avenida Cuauhtémoc No. 330, Edificio CORCE. Tercer piso. Col. Doctores, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México. Código Postal 06725. México, email@example.com; firstname.lastname@example.org.
J Aging Res Clin Practice 2017;6:143-148
Published online August 10, 2017, http://dx.doi.org/10.14283/jarcp.2017.17
Objective: Determine the prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in community-dwelling older adults with favorable health conditions using the diagnostic criteria from the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP). Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting/Participants: Including 197 older adults representing a population-based sample (n = 1,252) from baseline (year 2014) of the Cohort of Obesity, Sarcopenia and Frailty of Older Mexican Adults (COSFOMA). Measurements: Anthropometric and body composition measurements were performed using bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA). Walking speed was determined with walking time of 4.5 m (<0.8 m/s), grip strength with dynamometer (women <20 kg and men <30 kg) and muscle mass using BIA (muscle mass index: women <6.1 kg/m2 and men <8.5 kg/m2). The cutoff point for low muscle mass was set at 2 SD below average for a group of young adults. For obesity, body fat percentage >60th percentile was considered (38.4% female and 26.7% male). A p value <0.050 was considered statistically significant. Results: Mean age of the 197 older adults (44.2% female and 55.8% male) was 66.4 years (5.6): women 66.6 years (5.6) and men 66.4 years (5.8). The prevalence of sarcopenia was 7.1% (women 6.9% and men 7.2%). The presence of sarcopenic obesity was 2.5% (women 1.1% and men 3.6%). Conclusion: The magnitude of sarcopenia in older adults is important despite the absence of adverse health effects. This finding provides a reference point for future studies.
Key words: Sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, low muscle mass, favorable health conditions.
The aging process is linked to a physiological decrease in organ function (1). The progressive and involuntary loss of muscle mass and strength known as sarcopenia (2) has become relevant because the condition increases the probability of presenting adverse health outcomes such as falls, physical disability, loss of autonomy, lower quality of life and increased mortality (3, 4). This phenomenon can develop in parallel to obesity, leading to musculoskeletal catabolism and decreased physical performance, which may lead to the development of sarcopenic obesity (SO) (5).
The prevalence of sarcopenia in older adults has presented important variations with values ranging from 0.1%−85.4% attributed to the diagnostic method, cut-off points used, study population and even geographical area, among others (6). Likewise, SO may present variations depending on the frequency with which obesity occurs in the study population (5, 7). In 2010 the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) agreed on a practical and diagnostic definition for clinical and research purposes in order to unify measurement methods and to obtain accurate estimates of this disease (2).
A recent systematic review on the prevalence of sarcopenia (8) suggests that ethnicity plays an important role in referring to diagnostic criteria; therefore, it has been recommended to clearly define the profile of the study population.
Because sarcopenia represents multifactorial causality (9), its prevalence can be modified by the epidemiological profile of the study population because of its relationship with other comorbidities. Sarcopenia can occur more frequently in older adults with health challenges than those with favorable health conditions (10). In this sense, it is interesting to study sarcopenia in a population sample of older adults with favorable health conditions because it can serve as a point of comparison for the study of sarcopenia regardless of other unfavorable health conditions. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of sarcopenia and SO in older adults with favorable health conditions living in Mexico City using the diagnostic criteria of the EWGSOP.
An observational, cross-sectional, population-based study was carried out in adults ≥60 years of age. Subjects were beneficiaries of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) and lived in Mexico City. Data represent the baseline (year 2014) of the Cohort of Obesity, Sarcopenia and Frailty of Older Mexican Adults (COSFOMA), which included 1,252 participants with heterogeneous health conditions. Participants were chosen through a simple random selection from a master frame of the 48 Family Medicine Units (FMU) of the IMSS in Mexico City (11).
Sample size for determination of the prevalence of sarcopenia was calculated assuming that 33% of the older adults presented sarcopenia (12), with an accuracy of ±2% and a 95% confidence interval. The minimum sample size was 857 older adults.
A subsample of older adults with favorable health conditions was selected for the study according to the following inclusion criteria: functional capacity, well-conserved cognitive and nutritional status (evaluated from the Barthel Index >90 points, Mini-Folstein Mental State Examination ≥25 or ≥19 in illiterate subjects, Mini-Nutritional Assessment ≥24, respectively) and good self-perceived health. Exclusion criteria were those subjects with comorbidities included in the Elixhauser index, polypharmacy (≥3 medications), hospital admissions in the last year, depressive symptoms and anxiety (≥16 points in the revised version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression CESD-R; ≥23 points on the Short Anxiety Screening Test in Seniors, SAST, respectively). Also excluded were those subjects who presented a history of fracture(s) in the upper or lower limbs, use of pacemakers, or those who intentionally presented weight loss (≥3 kg in the last year, in addition to having detection and control of overweight or obesity by health personnel). Participants without electrical bioimpedance (BIA) data were eliminated.
The subsample consisted of 197 older subjects with favorable health conditions who had standardized anthropometric measurements (weight and height) and body composition as well as sociodemographic information (age and gender).
Evaluation of sarcopenia and SO
Sarcopenia was evaluated based on the criteria proposed by the EWGSOP, measuring muscle mass (MM) using BIA with RJL Systems BIA 101, walking speed (WS) by 4.5 m walking time (usual pace) and grip strength (GS) with Takei TKK 5001 dynamometer (Takei Scientific Instruments Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).
The presence of low MM defined as muscle mass index (MMI) was <6.1 kg/m2 in women and <8.5 kg/m2 in men. The cutoff point for low MM was set at 2 SD below the gender-specific mean of a group of young Mexican adults (Table 1); low WS <0.8 m/s; low GS <20 kg women and <30 kg in men. In addition, the severity of sarcopenia was classified as severe if it fulfilled three criteria, moderated by at least two criteria (low MM, lower WS or GS) and presarcopenia with only low MM. SO was defined based on the EWGSOP criteria plus high body fat percentage (BFP) ( >60th percentile by gender and assessed by BIA). Figure 1 shows the evaluation process for the mentioned criteria.
SD, standard deviation; MMI, muscle mass index. †Statistical value (Student t test for independent samples).
FHC, older adults with favorable health conditions; ↓MM, low muscle mass index; ↓WS, low walking speed; ↓GS, low grip strength; BFP >P60, body fat percentage >60th percentile.
BIA was performed with a standard technique using a single frequency of 50 kHz. Four electrodes were placed in a distal position (two electrodes at the hand level and two electrodes at the ipsilateral foot) in supine position and with the lower limbs in abduction at 45° and the upper limbs at 30° abduction. After analysis, the values of resistance and reactance were recorded. MM was calculated using the formula of Jansenn et al. (11).
Frequencies were calculated for qualitative variables and mean and SD for quantitative variables. For comparison of proportions, Χ2 test or Fisher test was performed and mean comparison using the Student t test for independent samples. Pearson correlation was calculated to determine the relationship between the quantitative variables of the diagnostic criteria of sarcopenia and SO (MMI, WS, GS and BFP); p value <0.050 was considered statistically significant. Data were analyzed using the IBM-SPSS 23 program (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) for Windows.
The group of older adults with favorable health conditions was comprised of 197 subjects of whom 44.2% were women and 55.8% were men. Mean age was 66.4 (5.6) years; women 66.6 (5.6) and men 66.4 (5.8). There was no significant difference in age between men and women (p=0.835). Regarding the sarcopenia criteria, 13.2% presented low MM, 10.3% female and 15.5% male, p=0.293; low WS 12.2%, 11.8% women, 12.5% men, p=0.896, and low GS 51.8%, 56.3% women, 48.1% men, p=0.256. The mean of the BFP estimate for the entire sample was 30.0 (8.1), 35.6 women and 25.6 men, p <0.001. The 60th percentile for BFP was 31.7%, 38.4% female and 26.7% male. In Table 2, the main anthropometric characteristics and physical performance of the study sample are presented. The correlation among the three criteria and the BFP was low to moderate. In all cases it was statistically significant (p <0.050).
SD, standard deviation; MM, muscle mass; MMI, muscle mass index; WS, walking speed; GS, grip strength; BFP, body fat percentage. †Statistical value of Student t test (for independent variables).
The different combinations of the diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia as well as their respective prevalences are shown in Table 3. The overall prevalence of sarcopenia was 7.1%, women 6.9% and men 7.3%; however, no statistically significant differences were found (p=0.919). The combination of criteria with a higher prevalence was low MM + GS (4.6%) followed by low MM + GS + WS (1.5%) and, finally, low MM + WS (1%). The low GS + WS group had a frequency of 12.2%. When comparing the different combinations between men and women of the EWGSOP criteria in low MM + GS + WS (p=0.256); low MM + WS (p=1.000); low MM + GS (p=0.481), no statistically significant differences were observed.
†Fisher exact test; *Χ2; MM, muscle mass; WS, walking speed; GS, grip strength; SO, sarcopenic obesity; Y, criteria present; N, criteria absent, respectively; a. Severe sarcopenia; b. Moderate sarcopenia; c. Presarcopenia.
The group most affected by sarcopenia was that with the oldest age (≥80 years) with a prevalence greater than double (16.7%) compared to the group of 60−69 years (6.9%), which was very similar to the intermediate group of 70−79 years (6.5%); however, no statistically significant differences were found between these groups (p >0.050).
Frequency and distribution of the severity of sarcopenia by gender and age groups is shown in Table 4. The severity group where the highest prevalence was found was moderate sarcopenia (5.6%). It should be noted that the presarcopenia group also had an important prevalence (6.1%). When analyzing severity by gender, a pattern was observed in women as follows: severe 0%, moderate 6.9%, presarcopenia 3.4%. However, in men the frequency of severe sarcopenia was 2.7%, moderate 4.5%, and 8.2% presarcopenia, respectively. Comparison by gender was not statistically significant (p >0.050); 2.5% of the entire sample met the criteria of sarcopenic obesity, 1.1% in women and 3.6% in men without significant differences (p=0.270).
EWGSOP, European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People; †Fisher exact test; * Chi-cuadrada.
In older adults with favorable health conditions, 7/100 have sarcopenia without a gender predominance, suggesting that sarcopenia similarly affects women and men with favorable health conditions.
In this study the findings were within the range (1%−29%) reported in the literature in older people who were evaluated for sarcopenia from the criteria proposed by the EWGSOP (8). It should be noted that the prevalence of sarcopenia in studied populations may be affected by the health conditions of older adults. To our knowledge, only one study in Latin America adheres to the EWGSOP criteria and, in particular, to the recommendations for the measurement of muscle mass. This study was performed in a population ≥60 years of age living in the Brazilian urban community (14). A general prevalence was reported of 15.4% (16.1% in women and 14.4% in men). In this study, the prevalence by gender did not show statistically significant differences as in the present study. It should be mentioned that, in the Brazilian study, multiple adverse health effects were included in the analyzed sample, which could be attributed to a higher prevalence.
A study carried out in Spain (12) with an adult community-dwelling population 70−80 years of age characterized as “healthy” evaluated the prevalence of sarcopenia based on the criteria proposed by the EWGSOP. This study reported sarcopenia prevalence of 33% for women and 10% for men. Comparing this with the findings of the present study, the prevalence in men is similar; however, that of women is only slightly more than threefold. It should be pointed out that, in both studies, control of adverse health effects was considered to characterize a sample of older adults in the best health conditions; however, they differ in the prevalences found in females. This may be due to the fact that the Spanish population included adults older than those in the present study and, in addition, simple selection was based on less rigorous criteria that could allow inclusion of some health deficits. It is also thought that this difference may be related to the biological characteristics in which the expression of various biological markers associated with the pathophysiology of sarcopenia is implicated (15-18) and will depend on the genetic components present in the individuals of each study population. Together these present a series of interactions with characteristics of the external environment such as the geographic or regional area, culture, habits and lifestyles that can facilitate the series of events that trigger the pathological process of sarcopenia.
The proportion of presarcopenia is striking because this resembles that of general sarcopenia. This group is of special interest for its follow-up because it meets the criterion of low MM and is the most susceptible to change to a diagnosis of sarcopenia. In the future this could represent the increase in the number of cases with the deleterious effects that it entails. When observing the prevalence of presarcopenia by gender, no difference was found between women and men. There are probably data indicating that gender plays an important role, at least in this group of presarcopenic individuals. Therefore, gender-specific biological characteristics may be present during the development of sarcopenia.
For SO, a prevalence of 2.5% was found in the general population, being more than threefold as high in men as in women (3.6% and 1.1%, respectively). Worldwide prevalence of SO ranges from 3.6−94.0% (19-21). Currently, several methodologies are used for its measurement without agreement (19). This has allowed wide variations in its measurement, considering the different characteristics of the study population.
In the present study the prevalence of SO was low and no difference was found according to gender. This idea reinforces the principle that if the sample was expanded it would possibly show significant statistical differences and may point to a greater affection in males in the analyzed population. The group with severe sarcopenia had a similar behavior where males were the most affected. According to these findings, the most complex forms of sarcopenia occur in males. In addition to this, the prevalence found is low compared to that reported in other studies and may be due to the fact that the analyzed study sample had favorable health conditions. This fact conditioned the selection of those with the least exposure to factors that could influence the appearance of this disease.
Another group of interest was the group who presented low GS + WS because it had a prevalence of 12.2%. This group presents two of the criteria for the diagnosis of sarcopenia without the condition of low MM. It is not classified as sarcopenia, but it is striking because these criteria are also considered for the diagnosis of frailty according to the Fried model (22). Therefore, a potential diagnosis of frailty for this group could be suspected. This group appears to represent the limit between the diagnoses of sarcopenia and frailty. Based on this, its identification would suggest a priority follow-up group for the diagnosis of frailty or sarcopenia because it demonstrates high potential for outcome for either pathological entity. However, these findings are only suggestive and would require longitudinal studies to explore these aspects.
It was considered important to control the sample for the exclusion of multimorbidity and acute disease processes because this allowed greater certainty of the measurement of sarcopenia and the avoidance of the approach of other diseases related to similar pathological processes as in the case of cachexia. Although the selection process of the sample based on the criteria allows sarcopenia to be analyzed under favorable health conditions, it was also a limitation because it conditioned the reduction in the number of participants in the age groups, mainly in those persons >70 years old. However, the extent of sarcopenia in this age group was observed despite its small size. There was no age trend in sarcopenia, which is consistent with that reported in other studies (12,23-26). However, in the future a more in-depth longitudinal analysis is considered necessary.
Because sarcopenia is an entity that may manifest as one of the outcomes of the interaction of other health states (10,27), analysis of this condition isolated from a large number of factors influencing the occurrence of sarcopenia allows a point of comparison for other investigations. It is worth mentioning that one of the most recommended methods of muscle mass measurement in research (and suggested worldwide) was used because it is one of the most usual, objective and reliable methods and allows us to compare to what has been reported in other regions.
Estimates of sarcopenia and SO were performed from a sample representing >50% of community-dwelling older adults residing in Mexico City and the metropolitan area (28). This population is of great importance because it is one of the geographic areas with the greatest number of elderly inhabitants (29).
The magnitude of sarcopenia in older adults is important despite the absence of adverse health effects. This finding provides a reference point for future studies.
Acknowledgments: We thank the authorities and staff of the South and North Delegations of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) of Mexico City for support for this study.
Funding: This work was supported by the Sector Fund Health Research and Social Security SS/IMSS/ISSSTE/CONACYT (México) SALUD-2013-01-201112 and the Fund for the Promotion of Health Research, IMSS, FIS/IMSS/PROT/PRIO/13/024. The funders had no role in the design, execution, analysis and interpretation of data, or writing of the study.
Author Contributions: The following authors contributed to the theme of the study (E.R.-G., S.S.-G), planning analysis (E.R.-G., S.S.-G, K.M.-T) and interpretation of the results (E.R.-G., S.S.-G, K.M.-T, S.C.B.-F.) as well as in the reading and criticism of the writing (E.R.-G., S.S.-G, K.M.-T, S.C.B.-F.). We express that we have read and approved the manuscript and we are in agreement with the final version and the order of the authors (E.R.-G., K.M.-T, S.C.B.-F., S.S.-G).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest in relation to this study.
Ethical standards: The present study adheres to the ethical principles for research in humans according to the original Helsinki Protocol Declaration. The COSFOMA protocol was approved by the National Commission of Scientific Research and Ethics Commission for Health Research (Registration numbers COFEPRIS 13 CI 09 015 213 for the Research Committee and COMBIOETICA 09 CEI 00920160601 for the Research Ethics Committee) of the IMSS. Prior to data collection, written informed consent was requested from each participant.
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21. Batsis JA, Mackenzie TA, Barre LK, Lopez-Jimenez F, Bartels SJ. Sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity and mortality in older adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014;68:1001-1007. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.117.
22. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G, others. Frailty in older adults evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001;56:M146–M157.
23. Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, Romero L, Heymsfield SB, Ross RR, Garry PJ, Lindeman RD. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:755–763.
24. Chien M-Y, Huang T-Y, Wu Y-T. Prevalence of Sarcopenia Estimated Using a Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Prediction Equation in Community-Dwelling Elderly People in Taiwan: PREVALENCE OF SARCOPENIA IN TAIWAN. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56:1710-1715. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01854.x.
25. Tichet J, Vol S, Goxe D, Salle A, Berrut G, Ritz P. Prevalence of sarcopenia in the French senior population. J Nutr Health Aging 2008;12:202-206.
26. Cuesta F, Formiga F, Lopez-soto A, Masanes F, Ruiz D, Artaza I, Salvà A, Serra-Rexach JA, Rojano I Luque X, Cruz-Jentoft AJ. Prevalence of sarcopenia in patients attending outpatient geriatric clinics: the ELLI study. Age Ageing 2015;44:807-809. doi:10.1093/ageing/afv088.
27. Kalyani RR, Corriere M, Ferrucci L. Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014;2:819-829. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70034-8.
28. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 2013. Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012. Resultados por entidad federativa. Inst Nac Public Healt Mx. Publishing Physics Web. https://www.insp.mx/produccion-editorial/novedades-editoriales/3057-ensanut2012-resultados-entidad-federativa.html. Accessed 26 June 2016
29. Consejo Nacional de Población C, 2010. México en Cifras. Proyecciones de la Población 2010-2050. Publishing Physics Web. http://www.conapo.gob.mx/es/CONAPO/Proyecciones. Accessed 4 June 2016.

domain: medical


This CD project is a brief overview of our seventy year history of "sacred" praise music never before heard outside of the Pentecostal Church walls. This music is uniquely string instrument driven with the steel guitar as lead instrument. When played it sounds similar to the human voice. In the history of this "sacred" praise music many great Steel Guitar players have come and gone, yet no one has ever recorded or even documented this awesome legacy of music. This CD is our attempt to preserve the music that we love and respect before it is lost forever.
Del Ray Grace Sr - Steel Guitar
Angela Russell - Lead Guitar
Jay Caver - Lead Guitar
Del Ray Grace Jr - Drums/Bass
Eugene Grace - Drums
Tressa Boles - Vocals
Loretta O'Bryant - Vocals
Kelli L Grace - Spoken Word
Edwin Grace - Spoken Word
Curtis Grace - Spoken Word
Freshman Album - "Glorious Truimph"
“In the Bible, Psalms 150:4 says Praise God on the stringed instruments and with dancing. And that’s exactly what we plan to do…” Using Bible Scripture to validate our praise, is how Del Ray Grace Sr. chooses to introduce the Amazing Grace Praise Band’s freshman CD to the music world and the praises go higher and higher from there.
“Glorious Triumph” is an excellent introduction to the Jewell Dominion style of Sacred Steel Guitar Praise Music for those who have never heard it before.
Sophmore CD Project entited "Let The Praise Begin"
“Just when the music industry thought all forms of Christian Music had been identified, the sacred strings sound of the Amazing Grace Praise Band emerges”. This is the bold proclamation being heralded by Minister Edwin K.Grace as he announces the Amazing Grace Praise Band’s return to the music scene with their sophomore CD project “Let the Praise Begin”.
“Let the Praise Begin” is not a song title per se, but a theme that is used throughout the CD to encompass the overall content of this project.
Amazing Grace Praise Band Sacred Strings "Let The Praise Begin
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The Amazing Grace Praise Band were initially formed at the State Line Church Of The Living God, sitt...The Amazing Grace Praise Band were initially formed at the State Line Church Of The Living God, sitting on the state line between Michigan and Ohio, where they were introduced into the tradition of Jewell Dominion music (Sacred Steel), providing a sublime backdrop to the prayers of Pastor Ella Mae Dupree and other ministers.
Although the church closed in 1995, it’s message lives on through the music of the Amazing Grace Praise Band led by Del Ray Grace Sr whose motivation is to “document and preserve what I considered to be a hidden treasure in the world of Gospel Roots Music” – a mission he has succeeded in with the release of ‘Let The Praise Begin’, abetted by the burgeoning interest in Sacred Steel led by the Randolph Brothers.
Del Ray Grace Sr is aided in his mission by Jay Caver (lead guitar), Del Ray Grace Jr (bass/drums), Angela Grace Russell (guitar), Eugene C. Grace (drums), with vocals by Tressa S. Boles and Loretta O’Bryant, and spoken praise introductions and asides from Kelli L. and Edwin K. Grace.
If you are unfamiliar with or unaware of Sacred Steel music then you have no way of being prepared for a music that is exhilarating in it’s power and intensity - Del Ray Grace’s steel guitar soaring into the heavens, the purity and passion inherent in it’s tone as timeless as the ministry it seeks to deliver. There are six instrumentals on this set that allow Grace Sr to stretch out, his steel guitar taking on an almost human timbre as it preaches his faith and message – the opening track, ‘Taste Of Grace’, riding a shuffle rhythm reminiscent of the ‘Shortnin’ Bread’ riff. ‘State-Line Praise’ swings irresistibly – ‘Sacred Sounds’ has a lilting Hawaiian feel and reminds me of ‘Help Me Make It Through The Night’ – whilst ‘Joyful Noise’ is exactly that, a lilting virtuoso steel performance with a spoken sermon.
Many blues singers spent their formative singing years ensconced in the gospel tradition, and many would argue that it’s roots lie in the church – a thesis that is enhanced when listening to tracks like ‘You Can’t Hurry God’, where Tressa Boles’ impassioned vocals are “moaned” over a mesmerizing guitar and tantalizing steel guitar riff, giving it a decidedly North Mississippi Hill Country blues feel. ‘What Is This?’ also has a deep blues feel with aching vocals and steel guitar – whilst ‘Old Ship Of Zion Part 1’ is a heartfelt spiritual where Loretta O’Bryant’s vocals bring to mind the image of a tender female Blind Willie Johnson - an utterly compelling performance. (www.sacredstrings.com)
Pure Joy, Joy, Joy
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The Amazing Grace Praise Band truly brings the fever back into gospel music. The great musicianship ...The Amazing Grace Praise Band truly brings the fever back into gospel music. The great musicianship and the superb family harmonies are inspirationally passionate and truly unique .Of all the gospel group's that I've heard in 29 years of music publishing THIS ONE HAS GOT THE SOUND ,THE SOUL and DELIVERS The Message with PURE JOY ,JOY ,JOY AND DEVOTION.!! I Really Love it -
The Rhythm Section Is Superb
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This Sacred Music album features steel guitar as the primary instrument on each of the thirteen sele...This Sacred Music album features steel guitar as the primary instrument on each of the thirteen selections presented. The musicians in this group are very talented. They not only play steel but double on other instruments and vocals. The music presented here is very spirited in praise of the Lord. If your foot is not keeping time while listening to this offering, then something is wrong. What a refreshing change from the type of music we normally expect to hear on steel guitar. The rhythm section is superb and overal musical quality is excellent.
A great praise CD of wonderful black, soulful gospel music.
[+ Show ]
The Amazing Grace "Sacred Strings" Praise Band's Glorious Triumph is a great praise CD of wonderful ...The Amazing Grace "Sacred Strings" Praise Band's Glorious Triumph is a great praise CD of wonderful black, soulful gospel music. According to the liner notes, "Until recently, this unique music had never been heard outside of the Jewell Dominion church services."
The instrumentation consists of a steel guitar, bass guitar, drums and guitar. The vocal work is very soulful and beautiful, and several selections feature spoken words out of the Bible. Many songs are traditionals, arranged by the group members to fit their group's sound.
I recommend this CD to folks who enjoy praise and worship music to glorify the Lord's name and who might also enjoy this music in a different format than what they may be used to in their everyday listening.
Many different ways to worship the one true God.
[+ Show ]
The band’s spiritual emphasis is accomplished in part by featuring a rotating trio of equally passio...The band’s spiritual emphasis is accomplished in part by featuring a rotating trio of equally passionate steel players as well as a judicious use of volume in which steel-produced melodies and solo lines don’t often dominate. In fact, on numbers like "Jay’s Jam" and "Victory Praise," the itchy and insistent rhythm guitar parts nearly mask the steel, diffusing the notion that there are any "star" players in this outfit.
If your idea of a holy sound, though, is one of subdued reverence, you’d better hold on to your proverbial pew. The bulk of the disc is comprised of high-stepping instrumentals that combine rhythm and blues roots with irrepressible gospel-styled fervor. If you have a heart for Christian unity, take the time to hear and share one of the many different ways the one true God can be worshipped.
Glorious Triumph a must get!
[+ Show ]
Glorious Triumph is the Ohio-based group's 13-song album, and features solo steel guitar virtuosity ...Glorious Triumph is the Ohio-based group's 13-song album, and features solo steel guitar virtuosity from Del Ray Grace Sr., along with occasional front line efforts from Yolando Ramsey and Eric Russell. Supporting is a talented crew of vocalists who lend their pipes in the praise festival.
With the odd exception or two, the album is a set of newly arranged traditional songs. "Sing Till The Power" and "Amazing Grace Remix" are among stellar tracks. And put a star beside "Give Thanks", a tremendously melodic and soulful instrumental offering based on the popular chorus.
The Crouch classic "Jesus Is The Answer" is fired up by Grace's blazing steel, with Tressa Boles (known for her work with Chris Byrd and Tru Victory) lending her smoldering alto to the arrangement.
Original compositions include the rollicking "Eric' Praise", featuring Eric Russell up front, "Jay's Jam" and the title track, "Glorious Triumph", a praise that builds on Moses' song from Exodus 15, extolling God for His triumph over His enemies.
Glorious Triumph goes down as a much-get for 2005.
This CD makes me want to grin and shout
[+ Show ]
The Amazing Grace Praise Band includes 3 steel guitarists: Del Ray Grace Sr., Eric Russell and Yolan...The Amazing Grace Praise Band includes 3 steel guitarists: Del Ray Grace Sr., Eric Russell and Yolanda Ramsey. They don't play all at once, though - each song on this CD features just one steel guitarist. A few of the songs also feature vocals and recitations. This CD makes me want to grin and shout. The band has a bluesy, rocking feeling that is full of joy and life. The steel guitarists often improvise single string lines, using a wah pedal to invoke the quality of the human voice. "Glorious Triumph" is an excellent introduction to the Sacred Steel style of playing for those who have never heard it before. And if, like me, you're already a Sacred Steel devotee, you will surely enjoy this CD's unpretentious delivery of the Word of God in music.
True Musical Accomplishment
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The Amazing Grace Sacred Strings Praise Band has delivered a true musical accomplishment that is a m...The Amazing Grace Sacred Strings Praise Band has delivered a true musical accomplishment that is a masterful as it is innovative. I love the concept behind this album...If you want to gain appreciation for a new sound, if you want to break a sweat or even if you just love supporting Toledo-based artists in their pursuits... go purchase this album. Doing something different and doing it well is always a Glorious Triumph!
It Is the instrumental tracks that rock this disc
[+ Show ]
Amazing Grace Praise Band “Glorious Triumph”: “In the Bible, Psalms 150, Verse 4 says ‘Praise God wi...Amazing Grace Praise Band “Glorious Triumph”: “In the Bible, Psalms 150, Verse 4 says ‘Praise God with the stringed instruments and with dancing. And that’s exactly what we plan to do …” That’s the way the CD starts, and I’m tellin’ ya, that’s all she wrote, ‘cuz the band takes off from there. In the vein of Robert Randolph and the Family Band, this Toledo group rocks the house — or the church, as the case may be. Eric Russell is assured a place in heaven, by virtue of his steel-guitar playing alone, as is amply witnessed on the opening track “Eric’s Praise.” And it is the instrumental tracks that rock this disc — which is not to take away from Kelli Grace, Tressa Boles and the other vocalists on this homegrown production. Praise the steel guitar. (www.sacredstrings.com)
Our sets are anywhere from 30 minutes to 3 hours. Our main venues are festivals, christian wedding receptions, banquets, church functions and concerts.
There are no upcoming dates at this time.


Cooler Master MasterAir G100M RGB CPU Cooler...
- Low profile aluminum extrusion fin with only 60mm height
- Universal mounting for Intel® socket LGA 1156 / 1155 / 1151 / 1150 / 775
- Compatible with Intel® lastest sandy bridge platform - socket 1155
- Cross shaped design centralizes airflow for heat dissipation
- Push-pin design for easy installation
- Silent operation at 19dBA only


MacBook Air 11" Mid 2012 Parts
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Two part cleaner dissolves old thermal paste on heat sinks and processors. One 30 ml bottle of thermal material remover and one 30 ml bottle of thermal surface purifier.
MacBook Air Plastic Feet
Replace the black plastic feet on the lower case of your laptop. These feet are compatible with most 11" or 13" MacBook Air laptops.
2.5" Hard Drive Enclosure with USB 3.0 Cable
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text:
The makers of Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif-starrer Tiger Zinda Hai have released a new still from the movie that the actress shared on Instagram. Although the latest still looks stunning, there seems to be some resemblance with Deepika Padukone and Vin Diesel's still from her Hollywood movie XXX: The Return of Xander Cage.
Katrina shared the new still that shows her hugging Salman while the superstar's back is facing the camera. Since the photo appeared on social media, fans have been going restless to see the two former love-birds romance on-screen again.
However, this latest still from Tiger Zinda Hai seems to be quite similar to the one that Deepika shared before the release of XXX: The Return of Xander Cage.
Deepika was seen hugging Vin as the latter's back was towards the camera; much like how Katrina and Salman's still appeared. Even the two actress' position is quite similar in the two photos.
So, did the makers of Tiger Zinda Hai copy the idea used in XXX: The Return of Xander Cage or is it just a coincidence?
Directed by Ali Abbas Zafar, Tiger Zinda Hai is the sequel of blockbuster Ek Tha Tiger. Salman and Katrina are all set to romance on-screen after a long time. Their pairing has always been liked by the audience, and this time fans are expecting to see an even better chemistry.
Post her breakup with Ranbir Kapoor, Katrina and Salman have been bonding big time. The duo also seems to be quite comfortable in each other's company.

domain: news


text:
16th Annual WIF (Women in Film) Oscar PartyNeueHouse Hollywood, HollywoodHollywood’s women joined hands in solidarity by kicking off Oscar weekend at the 16th Annual WIF (Women in Film) Oscar party, celebrating the 65 women nominated for Academy Awards for their work in 2002.Solidarity is still needed, as the dismal recent studies that show women received only 27% of the possible non-acting nominations, despite being nearly 50% of the worldwide population.
That fact was part of the night’s conversation, including last year’s Oscar-winning screenwriter Sian Heder (“Coda”), who told the collected crowd that, “There’s a kind of camaraderie with women filmmakers right now.
I feel like the louder we are for each other, the more we can amplify each other’s voices, support each other’s stories, shout about each other’s movies – that’s how we move this forward.”Joining the crowded bash were women like Ruth E.
Carter, who later at Sunday’s Academy Awards made history by winning her second Oscar for Costume Design. That makes her the only Black woman to own two Oscars.Many other women, from actresses Marlee Matlin, Dakota Johnson, Garcelle Beauvais, Li Jun Li and Jordana Brewster to producers, directors and other creatives including Chloe Zhao, Gail Berman, Diane Warren and a legion of others added their presence to supporting the cause of making women a bigger part of the filmmaking process.Read more on thewrap.com
Get the latest stars news and celebrity rumours with exclusive stories, photos, videos and interviews.
Breaking up, scandals, engagements, divorces, gossip – all you need to know about the private lives of your favorite celebs.
Get to know the latest showbiz news along with exclusive interviews and even more. All this is waiting for you on the main page 24 hours a day, 7 days a week! Who, where, when, with whom, how, why and for what!? Stay tuned to know first!
Just follow us daily and we will provide you with the current news from the life of famous stars and celebrities.
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On April 21, 2023, MAGSA was awarded a $2.8 million grant through the Bureau of Reclamation’s (BOR) WaterSMART Program to help fund the purchase and installation of electromagnetic flow meters with telemetry for 925 groundwater wells, along with six weather stations in the region. This grant has led to the creation of MAGSA’s Meter and Telemetry Rebate Program.
MAGSA’s Implementing Rules and Regulations require meters to be outfitted by January 31, 2025 on all wells designed to produce more than 2 acre feet of water annually located within MAGSA’s boundaries. The Meter and Telemetry Rebate Program is designed to alleviate landowner costs associated with MAGSA’s meter requirement. The Program will cover about 40% of the costs associated with purchasing and installing meters, telemetry, and a year of monitoring services.
Once the grant contract is in effect, MAGSA will mail growers a detailed packet outlining the Meter and Telemetry Rebate Program application process. If you do not currently receive mail from MAGSA, contact us at (559) 515-3339 to ensure you’re added to our mailing list. You can also find updates about this program on the funding page below.


text:
This time I think I will feature my Sampler quilt that I designed for a class at Tiny Stitches. The purpose of the quilt is to introduce more advanced blocks and techniques to students who have learned the basics. It is a large lap sized quilt when completed as I did.
It features some of my favorite blocks, including a grandmothers flower (it isn’t actually a flower garden with one flower).
I also loved the spool block but the students, not so much.
Some of the blocks I designed and some I got from EQ7. I used a white on white background and 9 batik fabrics for the blocks, plus the sashing/border and cornerstones. One regret is that the cornerstones don’t show up enough. I wish they had more contrast.
It was fun making and designing the quilt and I am enjoying teaching the class.
The quilt is approximately 60 x 72 inches.
Techniques include EPP, hand applique as well as standard piecing
Designed, pieced and quilted by me
Categories: Throw sized quilt, professionally quilted by me
Be sure to go to the Blogger’s Quilt Festival page and check out all the wonderful quilts.

domain: hobby


text:
Start date. July 2019. Supervisor. Dr Deb Roy, Department of Chemistry, College of Science. Project overview. Swansea University is seeking a top-class candidate to undertake a PhD studentship in the field of scalable advanced nano-materials.
Subject areas. Computational Engineering. Project description. Cardiovascular disease accounts for 37% of all deaths in the EU (and 45% of all deaths in Europe), and the current pharmacological treatments often require a long period of development and regulatory approval, involving animal and human testing.
Bioelectronics is an exciting new field at the intersection of the life and physical sciences with the central theme of creating new medical therapies through the connection of biological structures with modern electronics.

domain: biology


text: New website for a Willington/Wellington family traced back to the early 1700's from Bristol and nearby Shirehampton in England. The surname was recorded as Willington in the 1700's and early 1800's, with Wellington becoming common during the later 1800's. Many descendants immigrated to Australia during the 1800's. Earliest known ancestors were hoopers, coopers, farmers, and mariners. During the middle of the 1800's Stephen Willington was the innkeeper of Lamplighter's Hall near Shirehampton, and his brother John was the Gunpowder Magazine keeper of the Powder House on the Avon river. The website contains descendent tree details, surname lists, census and immigration details, links to forums, other genealogy sites and geographical/locality information, and lifestyle articles of interest.

domain: geography


R18n is an i18n tool to translate your Ruby application into several languages. It contains a core gem and out-of-box wrapper plugins for frameworks or environments (Rails, Sinatra, Merb, desktop).
For more feature descriptions and a tutorial see the r18n-core directory. For special How To see the plugins directory for your environment.
Merb R18n plugin is maintained by teamon: github.com/teamon/merb-i18n.
Nice Ruby-style syntax.
Custom translation loaders.
Translation support for any class.
Time and number localization.
Several user languages support.
user: edit: Edit user name: User name is %1 count: !!pl 1: There is 1 user n: There are %1 users
t.user.edit #=> "Edit user" t.user.name('John') #=> "User name is John" t.user.count(5) #=> "There are 5 users" t.not.exists | 'default' #=> "default" t.not.exists.translated? #=> false l Time.now #=> "03/01/2010 18:54" l Time.now, :human #=> "now" l Time.now, :full #=> "3rd of January, 2010 18:54"


text:
This item is in the following categories:
Format: Paperback / softback
Length: 192 pages
Publication date: 08 April 2021
Publisher: St David's Press
'Call them to remembrance' - now published in an ehanced second edition including 120 illustrations and maps - tells the stories of the 13 Welsh rugby internationals who were killed during the First World War.
Dimension: 168 x 244 x 15 (mm)
Edition number: 2 Enhanced edition

domain: history


text:
Walker, Malcolm, 1950- :Beetham. Sunday News, 6 December 1981.
Reference Number: A-316-2-009
New Zealand National Party leader Robert Muldoon and Labour Party leader Bill Rowling are prisoners in the same cell, both chained to a ball labelled 'Beetham' [Bruce Beetham, leader of the Social Credit Party]. Both National and Labour needed to court the support of the Social Credit Party.
1 image, categorised under Clippings and Cartoons (Commentary), related to Sir Robert David Muldoon, Malcolm Walker, Rt Hon James Brendan Bolger, Bruce Craig Beetham, Sunday News (Newspaper), New Zealand National Party, New Zealand Democratic Party, New Zealand Labour Party, Political parties, Politicians, Prisoners and New Zealand. Parliament - Elections, 1981.
Various artists :Collection of newspaper clippings, photocopies and bromides of cartoons by Van der Voo (A-316-1), Malcolm Walker (A-316-2), Mark Winter (A-316-3), Neil Lonsdale (A-316-4)., Reference Number A-316 (18 digitised items)
Extent: 1 newspaper clipping.Newspaper print from black ink drawing, 163mm x 267mm.. Single art work
Conditions governing access to original: Partial restriction - Use digital copy in preference to original.
Usage: You can search, browse, print and download items from this website for research and personal study. You are welcome to reproduce the above image(s) on your blog or another website, but please maintain the integrity of the image (i.e. don't crop, recolour or overprint it), reproduce the image's caption information and link back to here (http://mp.natlib.govt.nz/detail/?id=46745). If you would like to use the above image(s) in a different way (e.g. in a print publication), or use the transcription or translation, permission must be obtained. More information about copyright and usage can be found on the Copyright and Usage page of the NLNZ web site.

domain: library


text:
Its almost been exactly a year since George W. Bush left the White House – a place he called “home” for eight full years. But recent events in Haiti appear to have transcended the once and future bipartisan landscape, bringing back the former president from his relative secluded and quiet, post-presidential life. Yesterday Bush was a guest on Meet the Press with Bill Clinton, and he candidly shared his feelings towards being back in the spotlight.
The television appearance for President Bush only happened under strict conditions that topics never veered off of humanitarian aid in Haiti. Writing for the NY Times, Peter Baker reports:
But Mr. Bush resolutely stuck to his vow to stay out of the political debates consuming Washington. He held his tongue, as he has for a year, even as President Obama has deflected criticism by pointing to the troubles he inherited and while many from Mr. Bush’s old team, led by former Vice President Dick Cheney, waged a vigorous campaign against the current president.
The Sunday interviews were organized on the condition that they stuck to Haiti, an adviser said. “Now’s not the time to focus on politics,” Mr. Bush said on “Face the Nation” on CBS. “It’s time to focus on helping people.”
If anything, he seemed reluctant to be back. “I frankly don’t miss the limelight,” he said on “State of the Union” on CNN. “I’m glad to help out, but there’s life after the presidency, is what I’ve learned, and I’m going to live it to the fullest. And this is part of living it to the fullest, to help other people.”
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My jira instance was working fine than it was broken because of not enaugh space in the disc in the database server. After i added some space in the db server , i get that message every time i want to transition an issue. Log files doesn’t indicate nothing wrong. Please help me
For JSM June Challenge #2, share how your non-technical teams like HR, legal, marketing, finance, and beyond started using Jira Service Management! Tell us: Did they ask to start using it or...
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text:
Cowgirls Don't Cry
|"Cowgirls Don't Cry"|
|Single by Brooks & Dunn featuring Reba McEntire|
|from the album Cowboy Town|
|Released||October 20, 2008|
|Label||Arista Nashville 88697-43591|
|Brooks & Dunn singles chronology|
|Reba McEntire singles chronology|
"Cowgirls Don't Cry" is a song written by Ronnie Dunn and Terry McBride of McBride & the Ride and recorded by American country music duo Brooks & Dunn. It was released in October 2008 as the fourth and final single on their studio album Cowboy Town. One month after its chart entry, it was re-recorded and re-released as a duet with Reba McEntire. The song is Brooks & Dunn's 41st and final Top 10 hit on the Billboard country charts and McEntire's 56th.
"Cowgirls Don't Cry" is a mid-tempo with a fiddle intro. Its lyric focuses on a female character who faces hardship. In the first verse, she is a little girl who has just been given a pony to ride, and although she repeatedly falls off, she does not cry. By the second verse, she is an adult, and her husband is having an affair, although again she does not cry. She discovers in the third verse that her father is dying, and places a phone call to him. He then tells her, "Cowgirl, don't cry".
An alternate version of this song that features Reba McEntire's vocals on the final chorus was released to radio after she and the duo performed the song on the Country Music Association Awards on Wednesday, November 12, 2008. In addition, a video was released that featured both the duo and McEntire. Starting with the chart week of November 29, 2008, the song was credited on the U.S. country charts as "Brooks & Dunn featuring Reba McEntire". The Reba McEntire collaboration was officially released as a digital single on February 10, 2009. The duet version features a key change in the final chorus, which is not present in the original recording. This re-release is the version that appears on the compilation album #1s… and Then Some.
On the chart week of January 31, 2009, the song entered Top Ten on the Billboard country singles charts, giving Brooks & Dunn their forty-first Top Ten hit and breaking a record previously held by Alabama for the most Top Ten country hits by a duo or group. In addition, it became McEntire's fifty-sixth Top Ten country hit, breaking Dolly Parton's record for the most Top Ten country hits for a solo female.
|US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)||2|
|US Billboard Hot 100||44|
|Canada (Canadian Hot 100)||49|
|US Country Songs (Billboard)||16|
- Brooks & Dunn release Cowgirls single with Reba
- Keel, Beverly (2009-01-26). "Brooks & Dunn single sets record". The Tennessean. Retrieved 2009-02-17.[dead link]
- Holland, Margy. "Brooks & Dunn Make Chart History". CJFW. Retrieved 2009-01-23.[dead link]
- Bronson, Fred (2009-01-22). "Billboard Chart Beat". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 22, 2010. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
- "Brooks & Dunn Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
- "Brooks & Dunn Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
- "Brooks & Dunn Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard.
- "Best of 2009: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2009. Retrieved December 13, 2009.

domain: entertainment


text:
France debates the N-word
The last time France was this agitated by the term “negre” was in October 2010, when Jean-Paul Guerlain, the renowned perfumier, declared on television that he had “worked like a negre” to develop his perfume Samsara.
“For once, I set to work like a Negro,” said the millionaire heir. “I don’t know if Negroes have always worked like that, but anyway …”
His comments sparked protests, anti-racist groups held demonstrations in front of the Guerlain boutique on the Champs-Elysees, calling for a boycott of his products. Three organisations would subsequently sue Guerlain for his statement, lamenting “the state of ordinary racism that still permeates French society”.
In March 2012, a French court found the 75-year old Guerlain guilty of making racist remarks, and fined him 6,000 euros, despite his claim that “work like a Negro” was a “common expression” in his generation.
The prosecutor declared the first part of his statement “dated and disagreeable” but not illegal, but the second part a threat to “public order” since it linked “laziness” to a “group of people by virtue of their origin or race“.
Injurious and racist
This past week French airwaves and editorial pages have again been filled with discussions about the term negre, its history and appropriateness. And few seem to recall that exactly four years ago a French judge deemed the term “injurious and racist” and a threat to public order.
READ MORE: French minister shocks with Muslim veil-slavery comment
This most recent kerfuffle was prompted by comments made by the French minister for women’s rights Laurence Rossignol on a television show. Asked what she thought of the decision made by fashion companies such as Marks & Spencer and Dolce & Gabbana to produce Muslim-style garments, the minister repudiated these companies saying the products were not “socially responsible”.
When the interviewer noted that some Muslim women choose to wear hijabs and abayas, Rossignol retorted: “Of course, they are women who make the choice … there were also … American negroes who were in favour of slavery.”
The reaction was swift. On Twitter, a student quipped: “In America, rappers are forbidden from using the n-word on air, but in France a minister can use it on a news programme.”
A petition asking for her resignation gathered more than 19,000 signatures in 24 hours.
There was an element of absurdity to the drama as English-speaking journalists agonised over how to translate negre, and as Rossignol defended her choice of words by citing the abolitionist work of philosopher Montesquieu – not a great public relations move, given the Enlightenment philosopher’s views of Islam (as a faith that induces laziness and demographic decline.)
Diversity in France
The African-American experience hangs over most discussions of race and diversity in France. Of late, French politicians have preferred not to make references to America’s racial past or model of integration.
This is in part because French minority activists often point to the civil rights movement and the election of Barack Obama as a way to highlight France’s lack of comparable progress.
French officials have sounded particularly defensive since the urban riots of November 2005. When a diplomatic cable written by the US embassy in Paris surfaced in 2011, highlighting “the failure of white Christian France to view its dark-skinned and Muslim compatriots as citizens in their own rights”, French diplomats were furious.
And it is partly to distance France from American racial thinking that President Francois Hollande has proposed legislation to remove all references to “race” from the French constitution.
Just last December, when Foreign Affairs magazine asked the French ambassador to Washington, Gerard Araud, why the children and grandchildren of Muslim immigrants in France “had trouble integrating” – he retorted: “May I ask you why African Americans have problems of integrating ten generations after they arrived in the US?“
Islam and blackness
But this time it was a French politician, Rossignol, who made the reference to America’s racial history, unleashing a torrent of trans-Atlantic comparisons, and confirming what French activists have long argued: that in France – as in the US – there is now an indelible association between Islam and blackness.
It is truly shocking that Rossignol, a minister representing the political left and a founder of [the anti-racism group] SOS Racisme would use this language, says Rokhaya Diallo, a prominent Senegalese-French activist and correspondent for the US-based Black Entertainment Television.
“She lacks respect for women who choose to wear the veil, she doesn’t think they have a right to dress as they please” – and “when she says ‘the more womens’ rights advance, the shorter skirts will become’ it’s incredible … so we will only achieve emancipation by exposing our bodies?“
The protests have been met with anger. As scholars took to the airwaves to explain that the term negre may have been used during the 1930s and 1940s in France, but fell out of favour during the 1960s with decolonisation, and that today most blacks prefer the term “noir” or “black”, critics dismissed this US-style “political correctness” and “cultural relativism”. Commentators wondered why blacks in France can use the term negre but not whites.
Rossignol has conceded that her use of the word “negre” was a “slip” – but added: “Apart from the slip of the tongue, I don’t take back a word that I said.”
Meanwhile, a range of public figures from feminist philosopher Elisabeth Badinter to industrialist Pierre Berger are now calling for a boycott of “Islamic fashion“.
Lost in much of this din is that as anti-black and anti-Muslim political rhetoric reaches frightening levels in France, on April 1, a court in Lyon chose to sentence a 22-year Turk to three months in prison for “anti-white” racism, after he insulted an elderly white man on a commuter train.
France works in mysterious ways.
Hisham Aidi is a Harlem-based writer. He teaches at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs.
The views expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Al Jazeera’s editorial policy.
The post France debates the N-word appeared first on African Media Agency.

domain: sociology


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Episode 4 of the Disney+ series saw Pugh's return as Yelena Belova, who was first introduced in 'Black Widow.'
As Hawkeye settles into the back half of its six-part limited run on Disney+, the series is delivering on fans’ biggest expectations while introducing plenty of new juicy theories and big questions that’ll need to be answered over the final two episodes. And while there’s plenty to dig into with episode 4, which saw Clint Barton (Jeremy Renner) and Kate Bishop’s (Hailee Steinfeld) burgeoning partnership tested and possibly severed, “Partners, Am I Right?” finally introduced Yelena Belova (Florence Pugh) into the mix as the budding duo’s number of enemies continues to grow.
While speaking to ET, directors Bert and Bertie, who helmed episodes 3 through 5, break down the Black Widow Assassin’s return and that epic fight scene involving Clint, Kate, Yelena and Maya Lopez (Alaqua Cox).
Given the series takes place after the Blip in a post-Avengers world, Hawkeye is formally connecting the storylines established in both Avengers: Endgame with Natasha Romanoff (Scarlett Johansson) and the events of Black Widow, which saw the introduction of Yelena, who was recruited by Contessa Valentina Allegra de Fontaine (Julia Louis-Dreyfus) to hunt down Clint and avenge her sister’s death.
“To bring her story into this was such a dream come true,” Bert says, before Bertie adds that they saw Black Widow before it came out and were privy to how the stories would come together while preparing to film the episode. “So, being a fan of Florence and what she had done with Yelena’s character, [it] was very exciting.”
When it came to working on episode 4, both directors had nothing but praise for Pugh, who they say came in with a strong command and understanding of her character and what she wanted to do with her new storyline. “Watching her decision-making and being really brave with the character not only was inspiring, but also just a lot of fun,” Bert says, joking, “What’s great about her is she’s batsh*t crazy. She’s like us!”
Bertie adds that while Pugh had strong ideas, it was a collaborative process the whole way through. “For instance, we'd chosen a certain outfit for her to wear, but she was like, ‘I get that. But also, this is Yelena we’re talking about,’” the director recalls. “She was so good at choosing things for great reasons.”
Late in the episode, as Clint and Kate attempt to retrieve the Rolex stolen from the Avengers compound, the two find themselves besieged by both Yelena and Maya on the rooftop across the street from the latter’s apartment. While the fight starts off with Clint paired off with Natasha’s sister and Kate going fist-to-fist with Maya, they eventually all come together with Clint unsure who he’s fighting as all three women battle it out.
As Bert points out, “they were all after something else,” which they strived to make sure was apparent onscreen. “We always believe a fight scene is so much stronger when there’s a story running through it,” she continues.
“It was about being in the moment with the characters,” Bertie says, before explaining how they took advantage of the fluid style of choreography to simulate another one-shot sequence as the camera shifts back and forth between the fighting pairs. In the process, they also wanted to ramp up “that confusion from Clint’s point of view.”
The directors praised all four actors for their physicality and ability to bring the fight to life. “Jeremy loves being involved in it,” Bert says, before adding that “the stunt team was quite surprised” by what Steinfeld could do on set. Additionally, “there was this one moment where we were going to swap out Florence with a stunt person and she was like, ‘I can do that.’ And she did it and it was incredible.”
She adds, “Having actors that are so able and so capable and so willing to be part of the physicality of it means that we can keep my cameras on them for longer and keep the audience in the action for longer. So, it was a gift to us."
The fight ends with a noticeable pause between Kate and Yelena, before the latter eventually escapes. Kate pulls an arrow on Yelena, who discourages her from releasing it with a silent nod. Bertie, who says Pugh has such a presence as Yelena, explains it’s a “look of warning, like, ‘Don’t mess with me.’ But also, there’s something a little bit deeper where you feel like this isn’t the end of their story together.”
New episodes of Hawkeye premiere Wednesdays on Disney+.


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- Pelosi Reacts to Death of Al Qaida Hostages
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- Freshman's Campaign Issue Gets D.C. Attention
The chairwoman of the Senate Intelligence Committee torched the Central Intelligence Agency in a floor speech Tuesday morning, charging the agency with spying on her committee’s computers in a possibly illegal search that has been referred to the Department of Justice for possible prosecution.


text:
Indonesia is a diverse country and thus, enjoys a rich culture and tradition. This country is a home for more than two hundred and thirty million people with various religious and cultural backgrounds. This huge population makes the country a mixture of a lot of festivals, cultural events, and ceremonies. Indonesia is populated with different ethnic groups, languages, and religions. Even the minorities have many local celebrations. This makes the list of festivals in Indonesia really long. You will never be short of choices regarding days for celebration, throughout the year there is some or the other kind of special or important day that needs to be celebrated or has some kind of religious belief attached with it.
The best way to know the culture of a city is by indulging in its vibrant festivals. Read on to know the most popular festivals in Indonesia and how they are celebrated across the nation!
18 Famous Festivals In Indonesia 2022
Planning a vacation to Indonesia and looking for the most vibrant festivals here? Come around and take a look at the different religious beliefs of this beautiful country and pick the one that you would want to attend when you’re there!
- Rambu Solo Ceremony – TBA
- Nyepi – 3rd March 2022
- Jember Fashion Carnival – TBA
- Baliem Valley Festival – 8th-10th August 2022
- Sekaten – 25th November 2022
- Pasola – March 2022
- Waisak – 16th May 2022
- Galungan – 14th April 2022 – 24th April 2022
- Independence Day – 17th August 2022
- Mappanretasi – April 2022
- Bau Nyale – February/March 2022
- Dieng Culture Festival – August 2022
- Lampung Krakatau Festival – 21st to 25th August 2022
- Yadnya Kasada – 6th – 7th July 2022
- Eid-Ul-Fitr – 2nd – 3rd May 2022
- Bidar Boat Race – August 2022
- Cap Goh Meh – 15 February 2022
- Tomohon International Flower Festival – August 2022
1. Rambu Solo Ceremony
This festival is also known as Toraja Funeral Ceremony, Rambu solo ceremony is one of the best festivals in Indonesia. Usually, between July and September, this is celebrated all over Indonesia by a group of people called Toraja. Tana Toraja is the land of Toraja, a highland situated in Southern Sulawesi. Toraja is a group of minor people who believe in a lot of rituals and ancient rites, this place is also known as the land of heavenly kings. These people perform quite fascinating funeral rites to send the spirit of the dead or mark their new journey to the afterworld in order to prevent any kind of miss happening to the deceased family.
Bali Holiday Packages On TravelTriangle
This is the day that marks the beginning of the new year according to the Balinese calendar. The Saka new Year, commemorated every Isaaawarsa base on the Balinese calendar, is mostly celebrated around the month of March but might change every year. This observes a day of fasting and meditation, so, you will find everything is closed in Bali that day, which makes it one of the most awesome Indonesia festivals 2022. Many rituals, ceremonies, prayers are done on the days preceding it. This is celebrated by all the people of Bali, together.
When: 3rd March 2022
3. Jember Fashion Carnival
As by the name we all can sense that this festival marks the fashion trend of Indonesia. This festival is known to be the icon of east Javas contemporary culture. This day fashion parades can be seen, as spellbinding as ever, and marking the spectacular modern costumes that define the root of multiple traditions and cultures across Indonesia.
Around 1,000 participants from all over Indonesia starting from kindergarten students to the general public come together to acknowledge this amazing carnival. Drums, flutes and many instruments power up one of the enchanting music festivals in Indonesia 2022.
4. Baliem Valley Festival
This festival is celebrated around the month of August. This is celebrated by different groups of tribal people and is the msot essential harvest festival of Indonesia. There is a belief that streams in the heart of these people that war is not just a conflict but also a symbol of fertility and prosperity. The festival is about the mock war between the local tribes, around 30 to 40 people from 20 different tribes come in their traditional dress and fight against each other.
When: 8th-10th August 2022
Sekaten is one of the traditional festivals in Islamic celebration and this marks as well as acknowledges the day of the birth of the prophet Muhammad. It is celebrated in the week of his birthday every year. This festival is time for some social stratification in the country and non-Muslims are taught about Islam, also converted towards the end of the celebration. The entire week-long celebration is designed and centered towards attracting non-Muslims to the celebration by including events such as prayer, music, and any spectacular parade. The final goal of Sekaten ceremony is the convection of non-Muslims to Islam and this festival is held annually in the Javanese month of Maulud.
When: 25th November 2022
This is celebrated in the month of February and March. Pasola is the main attraction of many places across East Nusa Tenggara. This is one of the most enchanting and renowned festivals celebrated across the world. People acquire a seat on horses and throw hola on each other to unseat the opponent. It is a Sumba Ritual which aims to keep the spirits happy.
When: March 2022
Planning your holiday in Bali but confused about what to do? These Bali travel stories help you find your best trip ever!
Since Indonesia is the place and home for Buddhism, this festival is counted as one of the most important festivals in Indonesia 2022 . This marks and acknowledges the birth, enlightenment, and death of Lord Buddha. The whole of Indonesia is decorated very beautifully. This is celebrated at the time of May and June. It is a huge day for all the Buddhist monks and pilgrims.
When: 16th May 2022
An important Hindu festival in Bali, it is celebrated for welcoming the gods, inviting them as well as the ancestral spirits to dwell in the homes of their descendants. During this festival, incantations and firecrackers are used as a symbol to drive off evil spirits, while expressing gratitude to the Gods by inviting them down to earth with celebrations, offerings and dancing.
When: 14th – 24th April 2022
9. Independence Day
Independence Day in Indonesia is celebrated with just as much enthusiasm and pride as any other country. This national festival of Indonesia is the most prestigious day for this country and is the biggest celebration here. Celebrated every year on 17th August, this day of pride is essentially a commemoration of Indonesia's Proclamation of Independence that was signed on 17 August 1945. It is marked by cheerful flag ceremonies in schools and offices and parades in public spaces where people pray for the martyrs and war heroes, sing the national anthem, and reread the proclamation text.
When: 17th August 2022
Mappanretasi is one of the ceremonies carried out at the coast of Bugis, Pagaran, Tanah Bambu district and Kalimantan Selatan. Sea party is enjoyed for three weeks in the month of April and culmination is held in the last week of the same month. At the peak of the event, their fishing boats are sent to the sea as gratitude to the God Almighty Karana for abundant deep sea products that are obtained and used by the community, especially the Baruhan Pagatan.
When: April 2022
11. Bau Nyale
If you happen to be in Lombok during the months of February and March, then you should go to the beach where you will find hundreds of locals catching fish. Not just any fish, it is a special kind of worm-like fish that wash off to the shores only during these months. The legend has it that Princess Mandalika drowned into the waters of Lombok to escape an arranged marriage. She took rebirth as worm fish called Nyale. Locals also believe that by eating this fish, men will become more energetic and women more beautiful. This is amongst the most popular festivals in Indonesia.
When: February/March 2022
12. Dieng Culture Festival
Another popular Indonesian celebrations occur here in the month of August. Diend Cultural Festival is mainly celebrated in the Dieng Plateau of Java and there is a reason for that. When the children in this region hit puberty, their naturally straight hair starts to form dreadlocks. Crazy, right? So, every year in August, their heads are shaved off to get rid of the dreadlocks. This ceremony is called Ruwatan Anak Gombel. On this day, traditional lanterns are released in the sky and puppet shows are held for the masses. It is an exciting time to be here as the atmosphere is cheerful and lively.
When: August 2022
13. Lampung Krakatau Festival
Indonesians celebrate weird festivals even the eruption of Mount Krakatau. In 1883, the eruption of the volcano destroyed over 70% of the island and the ash in the sky even spread 4500 km away to New York and Norway. Then, in 1991, locals began to celebrate life on the island between June to October to remember the day. Many cultural performances and events are held in Lampung Province. It is one of the most happening festivals in Indonesia 2022.
When: 21st to 25th August 2022
14. Yadnya Kasada
Yadnya Kasada is a festival celebrated by the Tenggerese community in East Java during May and September. It is believed that a childless couple prayed to Mount Bromo and was blessed with 24 kids on a condition that they should sacrifice 25th kid. When they did not do sacrifice their child, the volcano erupted and took the child away with it. Therefore, to appease gods, locals make a pilgrimage to all the way to Mount Bromo and make sacrifices of goats, vegetables, flowers, and money into the volcano. This is one of the most loved festivals of Indonesia.
When: 6th – 7th July 2022
Indonesia has a significant Muslim population, therefore, Eid is one of the most important festivals of Indonesia. It is what Diwali is to us Indians. Eid-ul-Fitr is celebrated in the month of June when employees receive their bonuses and workers travel back home. People decorate their houses and make delicious food like lemang, dodol, sambal goreng, and cookies to celebrate the spirit of Eid.
When: 2nd – 3rd May 2022
Suggested Read: 10 Best Villas In Nusa Dua For A Luxurious Indonesian Vacation
16. Bidar Boat Race
Though it is usually celebrated in accordance with the Independence Day in Indonesia, it still deserves a special mention for itself owing to all that makes it grand and gorgeous! It’s among the most awaited holidays and festivals in Indonesia that takes place in the Palembang region in south Sumatra. It’s a delight to watch large boats made out of hardwood trees raced over the water on this special day.
These boats can be well over 20 to 30 metres long and are usually adorned in bright paints and patterns, all of which is bound to remind you of the Kerala Boat Race! Propelled by about 70 racers, this boat race over the waters of Sungai Musi is bound to be one of the most spectacular Indonesia festivals 2022!
When: August 2022
17. Cap Goh Meh
Another popular Indonesian festival is Cap Goh Meh. This is essentially the Chinese New Year in Indonesia that brings together the significant Chinese population in this country. The Cap Go Meh festival involves massive fanfare and celebrations in all the major cities of Indonesia, where you’ll be able to enjoy lantern parades, food festivals, as well as the traditional Chinese lion dance called Barongsai. You’ll find the streets to be filled with dragon dancers, palm-readers, illusionists, and acrobats.
If you are looking for the best spot in town to catch the celebration, you should head to Semarang and Bogor in Java, Singkawang in west Kalimantan, or to Kermaro Island in south Sumatra. Celebrated with as much spirit and enthusiasm as any other famous festival in Indonesia, Cap Goh Meh should not be missed if you’re visiting this country in the month of March.
When: 15 February 2022
18. Tomohon International Flower Festival
Held in Sabta Pesona every year on the major coast of Tomohan, this unique flower show puts up the most colourfully decorated floats brought over from various districts of the country (or outside it) for people to enjoy. Last year’s theme of China and Singapore blew the guests’ minds, making it one of the best traditional festivals in Indonesia!
So, visitors are eagerly waiting for this year’s theme of the 7 Wonders of Tomohon to bring something fresher and more vivid to the floor. The 7 wonders of Tomohon will apparently feature 7 natural wonders of this region, like 7 mountains, 7 lakes, 7 waterfalls, and such. Don’t forget to check out the archipelago art as well as the cultural performance here during the festival. This is among the most popular Indonesia festivals.
When: August 2022
If you ever get a chance to celebrate or get involved in these festivals in Indonesia or other Indonesian cultural events it can be a life-changing experience. How about we create an amazing Indonesia vacation for you? Also, if you know of any other festivals in this country, let us know in the comments below.
Disclaimer: TravelTriangle claims no credit for images featured on our blog site unless otherwise noted. All visual content is copyrighted to its respectful owners. We try to link back to original sources whenever possible. If you own the rights to any of the images, and do not wish them to appear on TravelTriangle, please contact us and they will be promptly removed. We believe in providing proper attribution to the original author, artist or photographer.
Please Note: Any information published by TravelTriangle in any form of content is not intended to be a substitute for any kind of medical advice, and one must not take any action before consulting a professional medical expert of their own choice.
Frequently Asked Questions About Festivals In Indonesia
How many cultures are there in Indonesia?
There are 300 ethnic groups in Indonesia each with their own sets of customs and traditions. Javanese make 40% of the ethnicity.
What is famous Indonesian food?
Sate and Beef Rendang are to of the most famous Indonesian food items that you must try on your holiday in Indonesia. Fried rice, oxtail soup, and Pempek are other famous delicacies.
Do they celebrate Christmas in Indonesia?
Yes, Christmas is celebrated in Indonesia since 10% of the population is Christian. This makes 20 million Christians on the island. You will find a number of churches on every island in Indonesia where you can visit for prayers and celebrations.
Do they celebrate Halloween in Bali?
Though Halloween is not a part of the Balinese culture the celebration of the same has started to take place at some venues in Bali. This is the result of the influence of Western culture.
Do Balinese celebrate Deepavali?
No, Balinese do not celebrate the Hindu festivals of Deepavali or Holi. Nyepi is an important Hindu festival in Bali, Indonesia.
Which is the most popular Balinese festival?
Galungan Festival is one of the most popular and most significant Balinese festivals. This festival is observed to celebrate the victory of good (dharma) over evil (adharma).This is a 10-day long festival which is celebrated every year in accordance with the 210-day Balinese calendar. It is believed that during this festival, all Balinese Gods and the ancestral spirits visit the Earth and return on the called, Kuningan.
Which is the main religion in Indonesia?
The majority of religion in Indonesia is Islam. Going by the 2010 Indonesian census, 87.18% of Indonesian population identify themselves as Muslim. With these figures, Indonesia is one of the countries in the world that has maximum Muslim-population.There are different sects in Islam. Among the entire population of followers of Islam in the country, 99% are Sunnis, 1% are Shias, and 0.2% are Ahmadis. Christianity is the second-highest population in Indonesia with 7% population being Protestant Christians and 2.91% population being Catholic Christians.Other religions in the country include, 1.69% Hindu, 0.72% Buddhist, 0.05% Confucianist, 0.13% other, and 0.38% unrecorded.
Which is the famous festival in Indonesia?
Indonesia observes and celebrates several religious, cultural and music festivals. There are about 15 major festivals celebrated in the country. The majority population of Indonesia follows Islam, constituting about 87.2% Indonesian population.Therefore, Eid, especially Eid-Ul-Fitr is one of the most famous festivals in Indonesia. A national festival celebrated across the country is the Independence Day of Indonesia. It is celebrated on the 17th of August every year.Apart from these, Rambu Solo Ceremony, Nyepi, Waisak, Baliem Valley Festival, Bau Nyale, Galungan, and Lampung Krakatau Festival are some of the major festivals in Indonesia.
What are the celebrations in Indonesia?
Indonesia observes numerous festivals throughout the year for different reasons.
What are the traditional food in Indonesia?
The following are the most popular traditional food in Indonesia: 1. Sambal 2. Satay 3. Bakso 4. Soto 5. Nasi Goreng
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text:
Best-selling children’s Kay de Silva presents “Snakes”. The book uses captivating illustrations and carefully chosen words to teach children about “the farmer’s friend”. The guide uses fascinating pictures and carefully selected phrases to educate kids about “the farmer’s friend”.
This series is called one of the very beautiful on the kindle. The graphics are exceptional on the complete color kindle and look amazing even in black and white. The description within the large text below is easy enough for early readers or for a parent to direct a kid through.
Additionally, there are photo captions, which offers more info to discuss with your son or daughter. Instead, a child of any age (even the child in you) may value its elegance and merely examine the pictures.
This book depicts the wonder of the world of Snakes in all its glory. Children are given a well-rounded understanding of this beautiful reptile: its anatomy, feeding habits and behavior. The following Snakes are featured:
* The magnificent Anaconda
* The fearsome Boa Constrictor
* The majestic Cobra
* The gentle Corn Snake
* The social Garter
* The fierce Inland Taipan
* The awesome Python
* The ominous Rattlesnake
* The stealthy Sea Snake
I enjoyed compiling this book. I even learned a couple of things on the way. Maybe you may also.
- File Size: 1403 KB
- Print Length: 34 pages
- Simultaneous Device Usage: Unlimited
- Sold by: Amazon Digital Services, Inc.
- Language: English


text:
California Lawsuit Claims EMT Sexually Assaulted Woman With Parkinson’s Disease in Ambulance
An EMT sexually assaulted a woman with Parkinson’s disease while she was strapped to a gurney in the back of an ambulance, a California lawsuit says.
The lawsuit, filed on May 19, says that the company that employed the paramedic, American Medical Response, engaged in a pattern of “negligent hiring, supervision and lack of oversight” and “enabled” predators.
On Dec. 23, an 82-year-old woman, who is not named in the lawsuit, fell at an assisted living home in San Mateo County. Miguel Nieblas Ontiveros, a paramedic with American Medical Response, responded in an ambulance with another EMT, according to the lawsuit.
Read the source article at yahoo.com

domain: law