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Few EU countries meet targets for saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake. Dairy products usually represent the single largest source of SFA, yet evidence indicates that milk has cardioprotective properties. Options for replacing some of the SFA in milk fat with cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) through alteration of the cow’s diet are examined. Also, few people achieve minimum recommended intakes (~450–500 mg/d) of the long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Enrichment of EPA+DHA in poultry meat via bird nutrition is described and how this would impact on habitual intake is discussed.
lipids; animal nutrition
Results of observational and experimental studies investigating the association between intake of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) have been inconsistent.
We studied the association of fish and the fish-derived n-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with the risk of incident AF in individuals aged 45–64 from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort (n = 14,222, 27% African Americans). Intake of fish and of DHA and EPA were measured via food frequency questionnaire. Plasma levels of DHA and EPA were measured in phospholipids in a subset of participants (n = 3,757). Incident AF was identified through the end of 2008 using ECGs, hospital discharge codes and death certificates. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios of AF by quartiles of n-3 PUFAs or by fish intake.
During the average follow-up of 17.6 years, 1,604 AF events were identified. In multivariable analyses, total fish intake and dietary DHA and EPA were not associated with AF risk. Higher intake of oily fish and canned tuna was associated with a nonsignificant lower risk of AF (p for trend = 0.09). Phospholipid levels of DHA+EPA were not related to incident AF. However, DHA and EPA showed differential associations with AF risk when analyzed separately, with lower risk of AF in those with higher levels of DHA but no association between EPA levels and AF risk.
In this racially diverse sample, dietary intake of fish and fish-derived n-3 fatty acids, as well as plasma biomarkers of fish intake, were not associated with AF risk.
Dietary very long chain omega (ω)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been associated with reduced CVD risk, the mechanisms of which have yet to be fully elucidated. LDL receptor null mice (LDLr-/-) were used to assess the effect of different ratios of dietary ω-6 PUFA to eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid (ω-6:EPA+DHA) on atherogenesis and inflammatory response. Mice were fed high saturated fat diets without EPA and DHA (HSF ω-6), or with ω-6:EPA+DHA at ratios of 20:1 (HSF R=20:1), 4:1 (HSF R=4:1), and 1:1 (HSF R=1:1) for 32 weeks. Mice fed the lowest ω-6:EPA+DHA ratio diet had lower circulating concentrations of non-HDL cholesterol (25%, P<0.05) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (44%, P<0.05) compared to mice fed the HSF ω-6 diet. Aortic and elicited peritoneal macrophage (Mϕ) total cholesterol were 24% (P=0.07) and 25% (P<0.05) lower, respectively, in HSF R=1:1 compared to HSF ω-6 fed mice. MCP-1 mRNA levels and secretion were 37% (P<0.05) and 38% (P<0.05) lower, respectively, in elicited peritoneal Mϕ isolated from HSF R=1:1 compared to HSF ω-6 fed mice. mRNA and protein levels of ATP-binding cassette A1, and mRNA levels of TNFα were significantly lower in elicited peritoneal Mϕ isolated from HSF R=1:1 fed mice, whereas there was no significant effect of diets with different ω-6:EPA+DHA ratios on CD36, Mϕ scavenger receptor 1, scavenger receptor B1 and IL-6 mRNA or protein levels. These data suggest that lower ω-6:EPA+DHA ratio diets lowered some measures of inflammation and Mϕ cholesterol accumulation, which was associated with less aortic lesion formation in LDLr-/- mice.
ω-6:EPA+DHA ratio; ω-3 fatty acids; atherosclerosis; inflammation; macrophage cholesterol accumulation; LDLr-/- mouse; diet; elicited peritoneal Mϕ
Bioactivities of Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) depend on their chemical forms. The present study was to investigate short term effects of triglyceride (TG), ethyl ester (EE), free fatty acid (FFA) and phospholipid (PL) forms of omega-3 fatty acid (FA) on lipid metabolism in mice, fed high fat or low fat diet.
Male Balb/c mice were fed with 0.7% different Omega-3 fatty acid formulation: DHA bound free fatty acid (DHA-FFA), DHA bound triglyceride (DHA-TG), DHA bound ethyl ester (DHA-EE) and DHA bound phospholipid (DHA-PL) for 1 week, with dietary fat levels at 5% and 22.5%. Serum and hepatic lipid concentrations were analyzed, as well as the fatty acid composition of liver and brain.
At low fat level, serum total cholesterol (TC) level in mice fed diets with DHA-FFA, DHA-EE and DHA-PL were significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Hepatic TG level decreased significantly in mice fed diets with DHA-TG (P < 0.05), DHA-EE (P < 0.05) and DHA-PL (P < 0.05), while TC level in liver was significantly lower in mice fed diets with TG and EE compared with the control group (P < 0.05). At high fat level, mice fed diets with DHA-EE and DHA-PL had significantly lower hepatic TC level compared with the control diet (P < 0.05). Hepatic PL concentration experienced a significant increase in mice fed the diet with PL at high fat level (P < 0.05). Furthermore, both at low and high fat levels, hepatic DHA level significantly increased and AA level significantly decreased in all forms of DHA groups (P < 0.05), compared to control groups at two different fat levels, respectively. Additionally, cerebral DHA level in mice fed diets with DHA-FFA, DHA-EE and DHA-PL significantly increased compared with the control at high fat level (P < 0.05), but no significant differences were observed among dietary treatments for mice fed diets with low fat level.
The present study suggested that not only total dietary fat content but also the molecular forms of omega-3 fatty acids contributed to lipid metabolism in mice. DHA-PL showed effective bioactivity in decreasing hepatic and serum TC, TG levels and increasing omega-3 concentration in liver and brain.
Omega-3 fatty acid; DHA; EPA; Lipid metabolism; Triglycerides; Ethyl ester; Phospholipids
The high incidence of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome in South Asians remains unexplained. I propose that a defect in the activity of Δ6 and Δ5 desaturases and consequent low plasma and tissue concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as γ-linolenic acid (GLA), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and formation of their anti-inflammatory products prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), prostacyclin (PGI2), PGI3, lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, maresins and nitrolipids could be responsible for the high incidence of insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome and ischemic heart disease (IHD) in South Asians. This proposal is supported by the observation that South Asian Indians have lower plasma and tissue concentrations of GLA, DGLA, AA, EPA and DHA, the precursors of PGE1, PGI2, PGI3, lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and nitrolipids, the endogenous molecules that prevent platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, thrombus formation, leukocyte activation and possess anti-inflammatory action and thus, are capable of preventing the development of insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and premature ischemic heart disease. Genetic predisposition, high carbohydrate intake, lack of exercise, tobacco use and low birth weight due to maternal malnutrition suppress the activity of Δ6 and Δ5 desaturases that leads to low plasma and tissue concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their products. This implies that adequate provision of polyunsaturated fatty acids and co-factors needed for their metabolism, and efforts to enhance the formation of their beneficial metabolites PGE1, PGI2, PGI3, lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, maresins and nitrolipids could form a novel approach in the prevention and management of these diseases in this high-risk population.
Little evidence is available for the validity of dietary fish and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake derived from interviewer-administered questionnaires and plasma docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentration.
We estimated the correlation of DHA and EPA intake from both questionnaires and biochemical measurements. Ethnic Chinese adults with a mean (± SD) age of 59.8 (±12.8) years (n = 297) (47% women) who completed a 38-item semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire and provided a plasma sample were enrolled. Plasma fatty acids were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.
The Spearmen rank correlation coefficients between the intake of various types of fish and marine n-3 fatty acids as well as plasma DHA were significant, ranging from 0.20 to 0.33 (P < 0.001). In addition, dietary EPA, C22:5 n-3 and DHA were significantly correlated with the levels of marine n-3 fatty acids and DHA, with the Spearman rank correlation coefficients ranging from 0.26 to 0.35 (P < 0.001). Moreover, compared with those in the lowest fish intake quintile, participants in the highest quintile had a significantly higher DHA level (adjusted mean difference, 0.99 ± 0.10%, test for trend, P < 0.001). Similar patterns between dietary DHA intake and plasma DHA levels were found. However, the association between dietary fish intake and plasma EPA was not significant (test for trend, P = 0.69).
The dietary intakes of fish and of long chain n-3 fatty acids, as determined by the food frequency questionnaire, were correlated with the percentages of these fatty acids in plasma, and in particular with plasma DHA. Plasma DHA levels were correlated to dietary intake of long-chain n-3 fatty acids.
N-3 fatty acid; Biomarker; Food frequency questionnaire
Saury oil contains considerable amounts of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) with long aliphatic tails (>18C atoms). Ingestion of saury oil reduces the risk of developing metabolic syndrome concomitant with increases in n-3 PUFA and long-chain MUFA in plasma and organs of mice. We therefore evaluated changes in postprandial plasma fatty acid levels and plasma parameters in healthy human subjects after ingestion of a single meal of saury.
Five healthy human adults ingested 150 g of grilled saury. Blood was collected before the meal and at 2, 6, and 24 hr after the meal, and plasma was prepared. Plasma levels of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and long-chain MUFA (C20:1 and C22:1 isomers combined) increased significantly throughout the postprandial period compared with the pre-meal baseline. Postprandial plasma insulin concentration increased notably, and plasma levels of glucose and free fatty acids decreased significantly and subsequently returned to the pre-meal levels.
Our study suggests that a single saury meal may alter the postprandial plasma levels of n-3 PUFA and long-chain MUFA in healthy human subjects.
Saury; n-3 PUFA; MUFA; Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Higher dietary intake and circulating levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) have been related to a reduced risk for dementia, but the pathways underlying this association remain unclear. We examined the cross-sectional relation of red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid levels to subclinical imaging and cognitive markers of dementia risk in a middle-aged to elderly community-based cohort.
We related RBC DHA and EPA levels in dementia-free Framingham Study participants (n = 1,575; 854 women, age 67 ± 9 years) to performance on cognitive tests and to volumetric brain MRI, with serial adjustments for age, sex, and education (model A, primary model), additionally for APOE ϵ4 and plasma homocysteine (model B), and also for physical activity and body mass index (model C), or for traditional vascular risk factors (model D).
Participants with RBC DHA levels in the lowest quartile (Q1) when compared to others (Q2–4) had lower total brain and greater white matter hyperintensity volumes (for model A: β ± SE = −0.49 ± 0.19; p = 0.009, and 0.12 ± 0.06; p = 0.049, respectively) with persistence of the association with total brain volume in multivariable analyses. Participants with lower DHA and ω-3 index (RBC DHA+EPA) levels (Q1 vs Q2–4) also had lower scores on tests of visual memory (β ± SE = −0.47 ± 0.18; p = 0.008), executive function (β ± SE = −0.07 ± 0.03; p = 0.004), and abstract thinking (β ± SE = −0.52 ± 0.18; p = 0.004) in model A, the results remaining significant in all models.
Lower RBC DHA levels are associated with smaller brain volumes and a “vascular” pattern of cognitive impairment even in persons free of clinical dementia.
We investigated the fatty acid profiles of muscle from large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea R.) of different age. One- and two-year-old fish were cultured in floating net cages and sampled randomly for analysis. Moisture, protein, lipid and ash contents were determined by methods of Association of Analytical Chemist (AOAC) International. Fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography. Crude protein, fat, moisture and ash contents showed no significant differences between the two age groups. The contents of total polyunsaturated fatty acids and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were significantly higher and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content was significantly lower in the two-year-old large yellow croaker than in the one-year-old (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in the contents of total saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids, or the ratio of n-3/n-6 fatty acids among the large yellow croakers of the two age groups. We conclude that large yellow croakers are good food sources of EPA and DHA.
Fatty acid; Large yellow croaker; Age
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, namely docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and can ameliorate many of obesity-associated disorders. We hypothesised that the latter effect will be more pronounced when DHA/EPA is supplemented as phospholipids rather than as triglycerides.
In a ‘prevention study’, C57BL/6J mice were fed for 9 weeks on either a corn oil-based high-fat obesogenic diet (cHF; lipids ∼35% wt/wt), or cHF-based diets in which corn oil was partially replaced by DHA/EPA, admixed either as phospholipids or triglycerides from marine fish. The reversal of obesity was studied in mice subjected to the preceding cHF-feeding for 4 months. DHA/EPA administered as phospholipids prevented glucose intolerance and tended to reduce obesity better than triglycerides. Lipemia and hepatosteatosis were suppressed more in response to dietary phospholipids, in correlation with better bioavailability of DHA and EPA, and a higher DHA accumulation in the liver, white adipose tissue (WAT), and muscle phospholipids. In dietary obese mice, both DHA/EPA concentrates prevented a further weight gain, reduced plasma lipid levels to a similar extent, and tended to improve glucose tolerance. Importantly, only the phospholipid form reduced plasma insulin and adipocyte hypertrophy, while being more effective in reducing hepatic steatosis and low-grade inflammation of WAT. These beneficial effects were correlated with changes of endocannabinoid metabolome in WAT, where phospholipids reduced 2-arachidonoylglycerol, and were more effective in increasing anti-inflammatory lipids such as N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine.
Compared with triglycerides, dietary DHA/EPA administered as phospholipids are superior in preserving a healthy metabolic profile under obesogenic conditions, possibly reflecting better bioavalability and improved modulation of the endocannabinoid system activity in WAT.
The molecular pathways by which long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) influence skeletal health remain elusive. Both LCPUFA and parathyroid hormone type 1 receptor (PTH1R) are known to be involved in bone metabolism while any direct link between the two is yet to be established. Here we report that LCPUFA are capable of direct, PTH1R dependent activation of extracellular ligand-regulated kinases (ERK). From a wide range of fatty acids studied, varying in chain length, saturation, and position of double bonds, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic fatty acids (DHA) caused the highest ERK phosphorylation. Moreover, EPA potentiated the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH(1–34)) in a superagonistic manner. EPA or DHA dependent ERK phosphorylation was inhibited by the PTH1R antagonist and by knockdown of PTH1R. Inhibition of PTH1R downstream signaling molecules, protein kinases A (PKA) and C (PKC), reduced EPA and DHA dependent ERK phosphorylation indicating that fatty acids predominantly activate G-protein pathway and not the β-arrestin pathway. Using picosecond time-resolved fluorescence microscopy and a genetically engineered PTH1R sensor (PTH-CC), we detected conformational responses to EPA similar to those caused by PTH(1–34). PTH1R antagonist blocked the EPA induced conformational response of the PTH-CC. Competitive binding studies using fluorescence anisotropy technique showed that EPA and DHA competitively bind to and alter the affinity of PTH1 receptor to PTH(1–34) leading to a superagonistic response. Finally, we showed that EPA stimulates protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation in a PTH1R-dependent manner and affects the osteoblast survival pathway, by inhibiting glucocorticoid-induced cell death. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that LCPUFAs, EPA and DHA, can activate PTH1R receptor at nanomolar concentrations and consequently provide a putative molecular mechanism for the action of fatty acids in bone.
A number of polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to inhibit the growth of malignant cells in vitro. To investigate whether fatty acids modify the growth of human pancreatic cancer, lauric, stearic, palmitic, oleic, linoleic, alpha-linolenic, gamma-linolenic, arachidonic, docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids were each incubated with the cells lines MIA PaCa-2, PANC-1 and CFPAC at concentrations ranging from 1.25 microM to 50 microM and the effect of each fatty acid on cell growth was examined. All the polyunsaturated fatty acids tested had an inhibitory effect, with EPA being the most potent (ID50 2.5-5 microM). Monounsaturated or saturated fatty acids were not inhibitory. The action of EPA could be reversed with the anti-oxidant vitamin E acetate or with oleic acid. The cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors indomethacin and piroxicam had no effect on the action of EPA. The action of EPA appeared to be associated with the generation of lipid peroxides, although the level of lipid peroxidation did not always appear to correlate directly with the extent of cell death. The ability of certain fatty acids to inhibit significantly the growth of three human pancreatic cancer cell lines in vitro at concentrations which could be achieved in vivo suggests that administration of such fatty acids may be of therapeutic benefit in patients with pancreatic cancer.
Although it is believed that fish ω-3 fatty acids may decrease breast cancer risk, epidemiological evidence has been inconclusive. This study examined the association between fish and fish ω-3 fatty acids intake with the risk of breast cancer in a case-control study of Korean women.
We recruited 358 incident breast cancer patients and 360 controls with no history of malignant neoplasm from the National Cancer Center Hospital between July 2007 and April 2008. The study participants were given a 103-item food intake frequency questionnaire to determine their dietary consumption of fish (fatty and lean fish) and ω-3 fatty acids derived from fish (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)).
Using a multivariate logistic regression model, high intake of fatty fish was associated with a reduced risk for breast cancer in both pre- and postmenopausal women (OR [95% CI] for highest vs. lowest intake quartiles, p for trend: 0.19 [0.08 to 0.45], p < 0.001 for premenopausal women, 0.27 [0.11 to 0.66], p = 0.005 for postmenopausal women). Similarly, reductions in breast cancer risk were observed among postmenopausal subjects who consumed more than 0.101 g of EPA (OR [95% CI]: 0.38 [0.15 to 0.96]) and 0.213 g of DHA (OR [95% CI]: 0.32 [0.13 to 0.82]) from fish per day compared to the reference group who consumed less than 0.014 g of EPA and 0.037 g of DHA per day. Among premenopausal women, there was a significant reduction in breast cancer risk for the highest intake quartiles of ω-3 fatty acids (ORs [95% CI]: 0.46 [0.22 to 0.96]), compared to the reference group who consumed the lowest quartile of intake.
These results suggest that high consumption of fatty fish is associated with a reduced risk for breast cancer, and that the intake of ω-3 fatty acids from fish is inversely associated with postmenopausal breast cancer risk.
While cardiovascular and mood benefits of dietary omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are manifest, direct neurophysiological evidence of their effects on cortical activity is still limited. Hence we chose to examine the effects of two proprietary fish oil products with different EPA∶DHA ratios (EPA-rich, high EPA∶DHA; DHA-rich) on mental processing speed and visual evoked brain activity. We proposed that nonlinear multifocal visual evoked potentials (mfVEP) would be sensitive to any alteration of the neural function induced by omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, because the higher order kernel responses directly measure the degree of recovery of the neural system as a function of time following stimulation. Twenty-two healthy participants aged 18–34, with no known neurological or psychiatric disorder and not currently taking any nutritional supplementation, were recruited. A double-blind, crossover design was utilized, including a 30-day washout period, between two 30-day supplementation periods of the EPA-rich and DHA-rich diets (with order of diet randomized). Psychophysical choice reaction times and multi-focal nonlinear visual evoked potential (VEP) testing were performed at baseline (No Diet), and after each supplementation period. Following the EPA-rich supplementation, for stimulation at high luminance contrast, a significant reduction in the amplitude of the first slice of the second order VEP kernel response, previously related to activation in the magnocellular pathway, was observed. The correlations between the amplitude changes of short latency second and first order components were significantly different for the two supplementations. Significantly faster choice reaction times were observed psychophysically (compared with baseline performance) under the EPA-rich (but not DHA-rich) supplementation, while simple reaction times were not affected. The reduced nonlinearities observed under the EPA-rich diet suggest a mechanism involving more efficient neural recovery of magnocellular-like visual responses following cortical activation.
Higher intake of monounsaturated fat may raise high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol without raising low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. We tested whether increasing the monounsaturated fat content of a diet proven effective for lowering LDL cholesterol (dietary portfolio) also modified other risk factors for cardiovascular disease, specifically by increasing HDL cholesterol, lowering serum triglyceride and further reducing the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol.
Twenty-four patients with hyperlipidemia consumed a therapeutic diet very low in saturated fat for one month and were then randomly assigned to a dietary portfolio low or high in monounsaturated fatty acid for another month. We supplied participants’ food for the two-month period. Calorie intake was based on Harris–Benedict estimates for energy requirements.
For patients who consumed the dietary portfolio high in monounsaturated fat, HDL cholesterol rose, whereas for those consuming the dietary portfolio low in monounsaturated fat, HDL cholesterol did not change. The 12.5% treatment difference was significant (0.12 mmol/L, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.05 to 0.21, p = 0.003). The ratio of total to HDL cholesterol was reduced by 6.5% with the diet high in monounsaturated fat relative to the diet low in monounsaturated fat (−0.28, 95% CI −0.59 to −0.04, p = 0.025). Patients consuming the diet high in monounsaturated fat also had significantly higher concentrations of apolipoprotein AI, and their C-reactive protein was significantly lower. No treatment differences were seen for triglycerides, other lipids or body weight, and mean weight loss was similar for the diets high in monounsaturated fat (−0.8 kg) and low in monounsaturated fat (−1.2 kg).
Monounsaturated fat increased the effectiveness of a cholesterol-lowering dietary portfolio, despite statin-like reductions in LDL cholesterol. The potential benefits for cardiovascular risk were achieved through increases in HDL cholesterol, further reductions in the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol and reductions in C-reactive protein. (ClinicalTrials.gov trial register no. NCT00430430.)
Supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish oil may prevent development of heart failure through alterations in cardiac phospholipids that favorably impact inflammation and energy metabolism. A high-fat diet may block these effects in chronically stressed myocardium. Pathological left ventricle (LV) hypertrophy was generated by subjecting rats to pressure overload by constriction of the abdominal aorta. Animals were fed: (1) standard diet (10% of energy from fat), (2) standard diet with EPA+DHA (2.3% of energy intake as EPA+DHA), (3) high fat (60% fat); or (4) high fat with EPA+DHA. Pressure overload increased LV mass by ≈40% in both standard and high-fat diets without fish oil. Supplementation with fish oil increased their incorporation into cardiac phospholipids, and decreased the proinflammatory fatty acid arachidonic acid and urine thromboxane B2 with both the standard and high-fat diet. Linoleic acid and tetralinoloyl cardiolipin (an essential mitochondrial phospholipid) were decreased with pressure overload on standard diet, which was prevented by fish oil. Animals fed high-fat diet had decreased linoleic acid and tetralinoloyl cardiolipin regardless of fish oil supplemention. Fish oil limited LV hypertrophy on the standard diet, and prevented upregulation of fetal genes associated with heart failure (myosin heavy chain-β and atrial natriuetic factor). These beneficial effects of fish oil were absent in animals on the high-fat diet. In conclusion, whereas treatment with EPA+DHA prevented tetralinoloyl cardiolipin depletion, LV hypertrophy, and abnormal genes expression with pressure overload, these effects were absent with a high-fat diet.
Omega-3 fatty acids; cardiac hypertrophy; heart failure; cardiolipin; phospolipids
Experimental studies suggest that the risk of prostate cancer is reduced with the intake of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from marine foods, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, few human studies have been conducted due to difficulties in assessing the dietary intake of these fatty acids. The authors examined the relationship between prostate cancer risk and EPA and DHA in erythrocyte biomarkers in a population-based case–control study in Auckland, New Zealand during 1996–1997 involving 317 prostate cancer cases and 480 age-matched community controls. Reduced prostate cancer risk was associated with high erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine levels of EPA (multivariate relative risk = 0.59; 95% confidence interval 0.37–0.95, upper vs lowest quartile) and DHA (multivariate relative risk = 0.62; 95% confidence interval 0.39–0.98, upper vs lowest quartile). These analyses support evidence from in vitro experiments for a reduced risk of prostate cancer associated with dietary fish oils, possibly acting via inhibition of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoid biosynthesis. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaign
prostatic neoplasms; diet; biomarker; eicosapentaenoic acid; docosahexaenoic acid
B10.RIII and B10.G mice were transferred from a diet of laboratory rodent chow to a standard diet in which all the fat (5% by weight) was supplied as either fish oil (17% eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA], 12% docosahexaenoic acid [DHA], 0% arachidonic acid [AA], and 2% linoleic acid) or corn oil (0% EPA, 0% DHA, 0% AA, and 65% linoleic acid). The fatty acid composition of the macrophage phospholipids from mice on the chow diet was similar to that of mice on a corn oil diet. Mice fed the fish oil diet for only 1 wk showed substantial increases in macrophage phospholipid levels of the omega-3 fatty acids (of total fatty acid 4% was EPA, 10% docosapentaenoic acid [DPA], and 10% DHA), and decreases in omega-6 fatty acids (12% was AA, 2% docosatetraenoic acid [DTA], and 4% linoleic acid) compared to corn oil-fed mice (0% EPA, 0% DPA, 6% DHA, 20% AA, 9% DTA, and 8% linoleic acid). After 5 wk this difference between the fish oil-fed and corn oil-fed mice was even more pronounced. Further small changes occurred at 5-9 wk. We studied the prostaglandin (PG) and thromboxane (TX) profile of macrophages prepared from mice fed the two diets just before being immunized with collagen. Irrespective of diet, macrophages prepared from female mice and incubated for 24 h had significantly more PG and TX in the medium than similarly prepared macrophages from male mice. The increased percentage of EPA and decreased percentage of AA in the phospholipids of the macrophages prepared from the fish oil-fed mice was reflected in a reduction in the amount of PGE2 and PGI2 in the medium relative to identically incubated macrophages prepared from corn oil-fed mice. When this same fish oil diet was fed to B10.RIII mice for 26 d before immunization with type II collagen, the time of onset of arthritis was increased, and the incidence and severity of arthritis was reduced compared to arthritis induced in corn oil-fed mice. The females, especially those on the fish oil diet, tended to have less arthritis than the males. These alterations in the fatty acid pool available for PG and leukotriene synthesis suggest a pivotal role for the macrophage and PG in the immune and/or inflammatory response to type II collagen.
Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), in particular the long chain marine fatty acids docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA), are linked to many health benefits in humans and in animal models. Little is known of the molecular response to DHA and EPA of the small intestine, and the potential contribution of this organ to the beneficial effects of these fatty acids. Here, we assessed gene expression changes induced by DHA and EPA in the wildtype C57BL/6J murine small intestine using whole genome microarrays and functionally characterized the most prominent biological process.
The main biological process affected based on gene expression analysis was lipid metabolism. Fatty acid uptake, peroxisomal and mitochondrial beta-oxidation, and omega-oxidation of fatty acids were all increased. Quantitative real time PCR, and -in a second animal experiment- intestinal fatty acid oxidation measurements confirmed significant gene expression differences and showed in a dose-dependent manner significant changes at biological functional level. Furthermore, no major changes in the expression of lipid metabolism genes were observed in the colon.
We show that marine n-3 fatty acids regulate small intestinal gene expression and increase fatty acid oxidation. Since this organ contributes significantly to whole organism energy use, this effect on the small intestine may well contribute to the beneficial physiological effects of marine PUFAs under conditions that will normally lead to development of obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes.
The synthesis of phospholipids in mammalian cells is regulated by the availability of three critical precursor pools: those of choline, cytidine triphosphate and diacylglycerol. Diacylglycerols containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) apparently are preferentially utilized for phosphatide synthesis. PUFAs are known to play an important role in the development and function of mammalian brains. We therefore studied the effects of unsaturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids on the overall rates of phospholipid biosynthesis in PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) all significantly stimulated the incorporation of 14C-choline into total cellular phospholipids. In contrast, monounsaturated oleic acid (OA) and the unsaturated palmitic (PA) and stearic (SA) acids did not have this effect. The action of DHA was concentration-dependent between 5 and 50 μM; it became statistically significant by 3 hrs after DHA treatment and then increased over the ensuing 3 hours. DHA was preferentially incorporated into phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS), while AA predominated in phosphatidylcholine (PC).
membrane metabolism; phospholipids; docosahexaenoic acid; eicosapentaenoic acid; arachidonic acid; PC12 cells
Plasma and red blood cell fatty acid (RBC FA) composition have both been proposed as biomarkers for cardiovascular (CV) risk. Since case/control studies using samples obtained after a CV constitute a source of supporting evidence, demonstrating that FA profiles are not affected by a myocardial infarction (MI) would improve our understanding of the usefulness such studies. The primary goal of the present study was to determine the impact of an MI on RBC and whole plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels and to do so with sufficient power to conclude that there was no effect. FA profiles were obtained from rats 24 hours after an MI or a sham-MI and compared to control animals by tests for differences and equivalence. In RBCs, neither DHA nor EPA were changed and were statistically equivalent in control and MI rats, as were a majority of other FAs and FA composite indices; only shingolipid-associated fatty acids had abundances that were changed in either MI or sham-MI animals. In whole plasma 8 of 22 FAs were changed in MI or MI and sham-MI rats, including EPA which was reduced from 2.53 (2.3, 2.8)% to 1.71 (1.4, 2)%; mean (95% CI). In conclusion, the levels of EPA, DHA, and most other FAs in RBCs are unaffected by an MI or by sham surgery, whereas the same cannot be said of plasma. This finding suggests that differences between cases and controls have prognostic implications.
Fatty acids; myocardial infarction; eicosapentaenoic acid; docosahexaenoic acid; heart; red blood cell; biomarkers
Rationale: Acute lung injury (ALI) remains an important cause of mortality in intensive care units. Inflammation is controlled by cytokines and eicosanoids derived from the n-6 fatty acid (FA) arachidonic acid (AA). The n-3 FA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and mediators derived from EPA and DHA possess reduced inflammatory potency.
Objectives: To determine whether the ability of fat-1 mice to endogenously convert n-6 to n-3 FA, and thus generate an increased ratio of n-3 to n-6 FA, impacts experimental ALI.
Methods: We investigated ALI induced by intratracheal instillation of endotoxin in fat-1 and wild-type (WT) mice, assessing leukocyte numbers, protein concentration, and prostaglandin and cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, as well as free FA in plasma, and lung ventilator compliance. Body temperature and motor activity of mice—markers of sickness behavior—were also recorded.
Measurements and Main Results: In ALI, fat-1 mice exhibited significantly reduced leukocyte invasion, protein leakage, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and thromboxane B2 levels in lavage fluid compared with WT mice. Free AA levels were increased in the plasma of WT mice in response to endotoxin, whereas EPA and DHA were increased in the fat-1 group. Ventilator compliance was significantly improved in fat-1 mice. Body temperature and motor activity were decreased in ALI. fat-1 Mice recovered body temperature and motor activity faster.
Conclusions: fat-1 Mice exhibited reduced features of ALI and sickness behavior. Increasing the availability of n-3 FA may thus be beneficial in critically ill patients with ALI.
fat-1 mice; eicosapentaenoic acid; sickness behavior; inflammation; acute lung injury
Consumption of ω-3 fatty acids from fish oil, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), decreases risk for heart failure and attenuates pathologic cardiac remodeling in response to pressure overload. Dietary supplementation with EPA+DHA may also impact cardiac mitochondrial function and energetics through alteration of membrane phospholipids. We assessed the role of EPA+DHA supplementation on left ventricular (LV) function, cardiac mitochondrial membrane phospholipid composition, respiration, and sensitivity to mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening in normal and infarcted myocardium. Rats were subjected to sham surgery or myocardial infarction by coronary artery ligation (n=10–14), and fed a standard diet, or supplemented with EPA+DHA (2.3% of energy intake) for 12 weeks. EPA+DHA altered fatty acid composition of total mitochondrial phospholipids and cardiolipin by reducing arachidonic acid content and increasing DHA incorporation. EPA+DHA significantly increased calcium uptake capacity in both subsarcolemmal and intrafibrillar mitochondria from sham rats. This treatment effect persisted with the addition of cyclosporin A, and was not accompanied by changes in mitochondrial respiration or coupling, or cyclophilin D protein expression. Myocardial infarction resulted in heart failure as evidenced by LV dilation and contractile dysfunction. Infarcted LV myocardium had decreased mitochondrial protein yield and activity of mitochondrial marker enzymes, however respiratory function of isolated mitochondria was normal. EPA+DHA had no effect on LV function, mitochondrial respiration, or MPTP opening in rats with heart failure. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with EPA+DHA altered mitochondrial membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition in normal and infarcted hearts, but delayed MPTP opening only in normal hearts.
eicosapentaenoic acid; docosahexaenoic acid; myocardial infarction; mitochondrial permeability transition pore
Emerging evidence relates some nutritional factors to depression risk. However, there is a scarcity of longitudinal assessments on this relationship.
To evaluate the association between fatty acid intake or the use of culinary fats and depression incidence in a Mediterranean population.
Material and Methods
Prospective cohort study (1999–2010) of 12,059 Spanish university graduates (mean age: 37.5 years) initially free of depression with permanently open enrolment. At baseline, a 136-item validated food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate the intake of fatty acids (saturated fatty acids (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), trans unsaturated fatty acids (TFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and culinary fats (olive oil, seed oils, butter and margarine) During follow-up participants were classified as incident cases of depression if they reported a new clinical diagnosis of depression by a physician and/or initiated the use of antidepressant drugs. Cox regression models were used to calculate Hazard Ratios (HR) of incident depression and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for successive quintiles of fats.
During follow-up (median: 6.1 years), 657 new cases of depression were identified. Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) for depression incidence across successive quintiles of TFA intake were: 1 (ref), 1.08 (0.82–1.43), 1.17 (0.88–1.53), 1.28 (0.97–1.68), 1.42 (1.09–1.84) with a significant dose-response relationship (p for trend = 0.003). Results did not substantially change after adjusting for potential lifestyle or dietary confounders, including adherence to a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern. On the other hand, an inverse and significant dose-response relationship was obtained for MUFA (p for trend = 0.05) and PUFA (p for trend = 0.03) intake.
A detrimental relationship was found between TFA intake and depression risk, whereas weak inverse associations were found for MUFA, PUFA and olive oil. These findings suggest that cardiovascular disease and depression may share some common nutritional determinants related to subtypes of fat intake.
In a recent study, we showed that the combination of aspirin plus the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) synergistically inhibited platelet function. As aspirin, EPA, and DHA have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties, we hypothesized that the ingestion of EPA and DHA, with and without aspirin, would reduce plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines and angiogenesis factors more than aspirin alone and before aspirin was ingested.
Using multiplex technology, we investigated the effects of aspirin (single-dose 650 mg on day 1), EPA+DHA (3.4 g/d for days 2-29), and aspirin with EPA+DHA (day 30) on plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines and angiogenesis factors in healthy adults.
Aspirin alone had no effect on any factor versus baseline, but EPA+DHA, with and without aspirin, significantly reduced concentrations of 8 of 9 factors. Although EPA+DHA plus aspirin reduced concentrations of a subset of the factors compared to baseline, neither aspirin alone nor the combination significantly reduced the level of any analyte more robustly than EPA+DHA alone.
These data suggest that EPA+DHA has more pronounced down-regulatory effects on inflammation and angiogenesis than aspirin. The implications of these findings for the use of combined therapy for cardiovascular disease remain to be clarified.
eicosapentaenoic acid; docosahexaenoic acid; lipid mediators; fatty acids; angiogenesis; hemostasis; platelet function; cytokines; aspirin


text:
Employee retention practices in household electronic appliances sector in KwaZulu-Natal.
Mvuyana, Nkanyiso Siphiwe.
MetadataShow full item record
The study analyses employee retention practices in household electronic appliance manufacturing sector. The study was aimed at identifying and establishing the key motivational variables being used by household electronic appliance sector in KwaZuluNatal, in retaining their best employees. The study looked at the extent to which these variables are influencing employees to stay or leave the company. The study adopted the cross-sectional survey research design by investigating the extent to which the selected motivational variables influence employees’ decisions. Quantitative research design was used because its findings are generalizable and easy to understand. The study was conducted at Whirlpool South Africa (SA), an organization based at Isithebe Industrial area in the North of Durban. The population of the study was conducted using the middle managers and all employees totaling 155 employees. There was an 87% response rate on the population chosen. The findings of the study indicated that remuneration and benefits were the most motivational factors that respondents felt needed to be improved followed closely by communication and training and development. The analysis concluded that managing and keeping best employees was vital and an ultimate need in order to maintain a competitive advantage over other organizations. The study outcomes recommended that better pay and benefits, communication between employees and management, improvement on training and development, succession planning and job design be prioritized in order to maintain continuity.

domain: literature


text:
Albumin (Human) 25%, Albuminar-25 is a sterile aqueous solution of albumin obtained from large pools of adult human venous plasma by low temperature controlled fractionation according to the Cohn process. It is stabilized with 0.02 M sodium acetyltryptophanate and 0.02 M sodium caprylate and pasteurized at 60°C for 10 hours.
All Source Plasma used in the manufacture of this product was tested by FDA-licensed Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) for HBV, HCV, and HIV-1 and found to be nonreactive (negative).
Albuminar-25 is a solution containing in each 100 mL, 25 grams of serum albumin, osmotically equivalent to 500 mL of normal human plasma. The pH of the solution is adjusted with sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, or acetic acid. Approximate concentrations of significant electrolytes per liter are: Sodium 130-160 mEq; and potassium nmt 1 mEq. The solution contains no preservative. This product has been prepared in accordance with the requirements established by the Food and Drug Administration and is in compliance with the standards of the United States Pharmacopeia.
Albuminar-25 is to be administered by the intravenous route.
The heat treatment step employed in the manufacture of Albuminar-25 pasteurization of the final container at 60°C for 10 hours, has been validated in a series of in vitro experiments for its capacity to inactivate Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1), and the following model viruses: Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV-an enveloped virus used as a model for hepatitis C virus), Pseudorabies (PrV-a large, enveloped virus), and Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EMC- a small non-enveloped virus).
For each virus studied, three independent experiments were conducted using Albumin (Human) 5%, Albuminar-25 and Albuminar-25 with the following results in the Table. (See Table.)
Click on icon to see table/diagram/image

domain: chemistry


text:
The Valuable Villagers mod is a wonderful enhancement to the video game to provide you more from your towns. When you go back as well as take a look at it, it's no various to previous video games where each goal would certainly give you set personalities, only this time around you could noticeably see each character's timeline. Dynasty Warriors 9 does not stray too far from the simple fight that made it renowned however it does introduce some new moves with the State Combination System.
The significant advancement of Dynasty _ Warriors 9 _ is the transition to an open globe The completely of China is available to you and also the map really feels that huge. Players will certainly have the ability to switch between several characters on the battlefield to form brand-new approaches and take down the pressures of wickedness.
How to get Gems by Craft Warriors hack
We lately narrated our ten favored characters in Dynasty Warriors 9 and also among the best things about these personalities, as well as every other officer in Dynasty Warriors 9, is that utilizing them for a very long time does not need to get stagnant. As your Officers beat opponents, they will get Musou which allows them to do effective assaults beyond their normal ability. Craft Warriors is an approach and also management game where players can develop a warrior camp, which they will certainly have to direct in battle versus various other adversary clans.
Craft Warriors hack Gems
The Empire Warriors series has been taking place for a long period of time, as well as it's been surviving greatly the same. Now, reflecting Koei's first push into activity video games with the original Empire Warriors titles, designer Omega Force has jumped ahead again to complete in a drastically different genre room. At the exact get it now same time, the pace of the video game outside of the combat is a whole lot slower, the voice acting truly could make use of enhancement, and certainly the modification of genre leaves simply the one video game mode and also no regional multiplayer.
Now, all of us know that Empire warriors were on the PS2, after that the PS3 as well as Xbox 360 and then largely the PS3 as well as Ps4 - yet Empire Warriors 9 has jumped back to the Xbox One - Why am I bringing this up? Brawl - Concern = MEDIUM: Quarrel is an essential tool in several Warrior decks to regain and also try control of a board that has actually grown out of control.

domain: game


text:
Recently, the local authorities in Aruba have received the green light to start administrating the Pfizer Booster shot. They will give the shot to individuals older than 60 years, including those working in healthcare in direct contact with patients.
Persons older than 60 years need to receive their booster shot to increase the protection level in persons in this age category. Compared to the younger group as compared to the younger group. The first and second Pfizer vaccines are slightly less effective in persons older than 60 years. The booster shot is similar to the first two vaccines, but it increases the effectiveness of the first and second vaccines.
To manage the flow of people and comply with the safety protocols at the vaccination site, DVG categorizes the group older than 60 years according to age. The first group to receive their booster shot will be older than 80 years, followed by persons older than 70 years, and finally those older than 60 years.
The vaccines will arrive soon from the Netherlands, and Aruba will once more have enough vaccines to vaccinate everyone.
Requirements for the booster shot:
- Only individuals older than 60 years of age or healthcare workers who work in direct contact with patients
- Booster shot is only for individuals who have received the first and second Pfizer Vaccine or the first Johnson & Johnson over 6 months ago.
- The Booster shot will only be administered with appointment and not on a walk-in basis. The Department of Public Health (DVG) DVG will use the Health App or email to send the invitation. DVG will contact those who do not have an email address by phone.
At the moment, there is no medical need to provide the booster shot to those under the age of 60 except those with a compromised immune system who can receive the booster shot with a doctor’s prescription. In the future, the booster shot might become available for those under the age of 60 years who wish to get the extra layer of protection.
The DVG continues to encourage everyone older than 12 years to get their covid vaccine at the office of the DVG. For more information, please call 280.0101 or 522.4200.

domain: medical


VIEWS: 4 PAGES: 8 CATEGORY: Supports POSTED ON: 6/29/2010
The present invention relates generally to display racks and more particularly to display racks made of corrugate cardboard or similar materials which can be cut into a pre-designed pattern and folded in order to create the unique display rack ofthe present invention.It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that point of sale displays often occur with the use of display racks and that such display racks, when assembled, are bulky and space consuming. The bulk of such display racks and the spacerequired for their use is acceptable once the display rack is assembled and in place at the retail establishment using it. However, getting the display rack to the retail establishment oftentimes requires shipping the display rack through commercialcarriers and the like. Extra bulk increases the expense of such shipments and, in addition, if the display rack is shipped in its assembled condition, it oftentimes gets damaged in transition. Such display racks are particularly susceptible to damagewhen they are made of corrugate cardboard and the like, being rather fragile and subject to being crushed by excess weight being placed upon them.For the foregoing reasons, it is desirable to have a display rack made of corrugate cardboard or of similar substance which can be shipped in a disassembled condition. Such a rack, in its disassembled condition is preferably shipped as flatpackaging without exposing the display rack to the risk of being crushed during transit. To this end, there have been several attempts to design a display rack which can be manufactured through the use of several pieces that can be shipped in a flatcondition and when received at the retail facility, folded and assembled to create a useful point of display device. One such attempt is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,135,093 issued to Abrams in 1938. Abrams device shows a display rack withcompartments that can, in turn, be subdivided; but the device, in order to have multiple compartments requir
"Display Rack - Patent 5316156"


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MUNSTER | Abstraction…A Second Look is on display in the Atrium Gallery at The Center for Visual and Performing Arts, 1040 Ridge Road, Munster, Indiana now through Dec. 1. This exhibit is FREE and open to the public. Public viewing hours for this exhibit are Monday through Friday 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Saturday 9 a.m.-4 p.m. and Sunday 11 a.m.-4 p.m.
Can an artist win auto races and still paint winning paintings? Do artists have lives unrelated to their art? The French impressionist painter Callibotte was a sailor. The writer Joseph Conrad was an expert sailor as well as a sea captain. The Renaissance painter Rubens was a successful diplomat.
Tom Brand has done more than just paint. He has competed in road races. The last car he raced was a Formula 1 Cooper. He has also sailed for years. He restored a classic wooden sailboat that had been out of the water for 20 years. To support himself and his family, he was a journeyman printer and at one time owned his own printing company.
The surface glow and luster of his paintings is achieved through the use of under painting and glazes, a studio technique developed during the Renaissance that is rarely found in modern abstract work. This technique combined with his thoughtful sense of form, color and composition sets his work apart and will bring the viewer back again and again.
Tom Brand moved to Northern Indiana in 1996 and became very active at the Lubeznik Center for the Arts in Michigan City, Indiana. He has been on the Board of Directors serving as secretary and also served as the chairperson of the Collections Committee. Mr. Brand exhibits often and has won many awards for his paintings.
For more information about exhibitions at South Shore Arts visit www.southshoreartsonline.org

domain: artistic


text:
OYO upgrades its app for hotel owners and offers financing, marketing support and timely payments
- OYO has launched a partner network for its 8,700+ asset owners.
- OYO is the 6th largest hotel chain in the world currently.
- In India, over 15 cities have 200
OYO hotelsper city.
AdvertisementOYO is beefing up technology platform and is now looking to build a partner network of hotel owners, much like the big technology giants like Microsoft, HP, Amazon, who have a network of distributors, vendors and retail partners.
The move seems to be targeted at extending the company’s reach and brand to a wider and deeper audience on the hotel owner side. OYO, which hasn’t yet celebrated its 5th anniversary, has been growing fast and taking on big hotel chains like Hyatt, Choice hotels among others. Now, in a bid to grow to the world’s largest hotel chain (it currently ranks sixth), OYO has turned its focus to hotel owner or asset partners, promising them several new services.
OYO which already has an app for travellers for bookings, had a parallel app for hotel owners to manage the same and also their business transactions. OYO has now upgraded the app (called Co-OYO) to offer hotel owners financing help through its network of Indian banks, marketing support to boost their reach, help in compliance with regulations through access to top law and accounting firms and timely payments by assuring an interest of 18% on delayed payments. The hotel chain has also included technological solutions like OYO OS, a property management system.
These new services will be available to over 8,700 hotel owners in OYO’s current network.
At the launch of the network called OPEN - OYO Partner Engagement Network,
“Today with the launch of OPEN, we are laying the foundations of a structured way of exchanging ideas, providing support and most importantly, building a relationship of trust on which we hope to build the next several decades to come. We are doing this in several ways but in this fast moving world, being in touch on a real-time basis is key and therefore for the very first time in the hospitality industry, we are proud to launch the Co-OYO app which will transparently provide business metrics,” said Aditya Ghosh, CEO, India & South Asia, of OYO Hotels.
OYO has 175,000+ rooms in India, whereas in China it has 322,000+ rooms and in the rest of the world put together, it is adding 60,000 rooms every month. In India, over 15 cities have 200 OYO hotels per city.
“Some of the largest hotel chains in India which have been around for 100 years have 20,000 rooms, And OYO in 30 days added 60,000 new rooms. I have been asked this question are we growing too fast? I believe we are not growing fast enough,” said Ghosh.
Airbnb picks up a stake in its Indian rival Oyo Rooms
OYO partners with Softbank to create a joint venture for its Japan business
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domain: news


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Kilcoyne, Susan H., Gannon, Katy, Shoghi, K., Zhang, ShuYan and Kellerher, Joe (2015) A study of residual stresses and their effect on thermo mechanical fatigue in complex geometries. In: European Conference on Neutron Scattering ECNS 2015, 30th August - 4th September 2015, Zaragoza, Spain. (Unpublished)
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It is known that residual stresses within engine components, such as turbine housings, can combine with service generated stresses and cause unexpected failures during operation, therefore it is important that all the stresses (residual and induced, compressive and tensile) are fully characterised and understood.
The use of neutrons as a tool to measure the strains within a material is well established; however, applying this technique to complex engineering components can prove challenging. This research investigates the measurement of residual stresses in complex geometries found within the turbine housing component of a turbocharger using neutron diffraction. The effect of various production methods on residual stress distributions is also explored.
Successful strain measurements were taken using the Engin-X instrument at the ISIS spallation source from three turbine housings selected from various stages in the manufacturing process, allowing a study of the effect of heat treatment and machining on stress magnitudes and direction. The turbine housing consists of various sections greater than the maximum 60mm path length of the neutrons, therefore path lengths must be carefully chosen to achieve acceptable neutron count rates. Engin-X benefits from an automated experimental setup to make the selection of this limited path length easier on complex shapes. The turbine housings were mounted on to a positioning table allowing translation in X, Y, Z directions and also rotation in , . Each of the housings were scanned using laser scanners and this in conjunction with the virtual path length measurement software SScanSS allowed automated measurements of acceptable path lengths to be made. On this occasion measurements in one principal direction were measured and the correct measurement methodology established.
Continuation of this work was then carried out on SALSA at the ILL reactor source. Measurements were made on turbine housings, one as cast and one heat treated. The internal divider wall of each turbine housing was examined as this is an area where crack initiation can occur. The results showed that, heat treatment can reduce compressive residual stresses. However, compressive stresses are thought to slow the onset of crack initiation and could be beneficial in the material, this will be investigated further in future work.
It is hoped that this information will be used to improve production methods and result in improved simulation methodologies to allow accurate predictions of thermal fatigue and fracture locations to be established.
The authors wish to thank Dr Jon James (Open University) for his help in setting up the experiment and for the use of the SScanSS software.
|Item Type:||Conference or Workshop Item (Poster)|
|Subjects:||Q Science > Q Science (General)|
|Schools:||School of Applied Sciences|
|Depositing User:||Sue Kilcoyne|
|Date Deposited:||02 Jun 2015 15:34|
|Last Modified:||11 Dec 2016 06:30|
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15 minute Lemon Garlic Butter Scallops
1 lb. dry scallops
2 tbsp olive oil
4 cloves minced garlic
4 tbsp butter
2 tbsp parsley
1 tsp red pepper flakes (optional)
2 tbsp lemon juice
Salt & Pepper to taste
1. Defrost 1 lb. of dry scallops overnight in the fridge to keep their natural texture and for best results. But if you're pressed for time, you can run them under cool water. When scallops are defrosted, pat them dry with a paper towel.
2. Pour olive oil into large skillet over medium heat. Add scallops to skillet in single layer and do not crowd them. Season with salt & pepper, to taste. Cook until golden brown until translucent in the center, about 2-3 minutes each side. Remove scallops onto plate and set aside.
3. Melt butter in the same skillet. Add garlic, red pepper flakes, lemon juice and parsley. Cook until fragrant, about 1-2 minutes. Spoon over scallops served over salad, rice, or pasta. Enjoy!

domain: food


Two businesses downtown will be renovated, thanks in part to grants provided by the St. Cloud Economic Development Authority.
Of these, Waldo’s Pizza and Dolsie’s Lunchbox Grille received $11,750 in funding.
The Downtown Exterior Improvement Grant exists to “provide an incentive to stimulate outside visible investment in downtown real estate,” city documents say.
According to city documents, EDA is offering up to $10,000 per grant while funds are available. The grant is for him a 50/50 match. So an applicant who received $10,000 has spent at least $10,000.
According to city documents, “property owners and business owners are encouraged to consider improvements that incorporate aesthetic, environmental, cultural, and historical elements to enhance the downtown character and architecture.” “These improvements should create a cohesive and engaging environment.”
According to EDA, priority is given to projects that “positively contribute to downtown revitalization efforts, deliver significant and measurable improvements not otherwise possible, and have a private-to-public ratio greater than 2:1.” increase.
Waldo’s Pizza received a $10,000 grant to use two-tone stucco for the exterior of the building and add awnings and lighting. The estimated project cost is $30,000.
Waldo’s Pizza owner Mike Henning said he underwent “major” repairs this spring, removing the vinyl siding that had covered the building’s exterior for the past 30 years.
He hopes the stucco project, partially funded by the grant, will take place this fall, but progress is weather dependent.
Henning said the new stucco will be more complementary to the overall downtown aesthetic.
“When I bought the building, I knew it was the ugliest building downtown,” he said. “That’s what we wanted to do in the future.”
Dolsie’s Lunchbox Grille also received a $1,750 grant to replace the awning.
Four projects requesting a combined $36,000 were not recommended for funding.


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An excerpt from our new podcast about HBO’s “Westworld” and a discussion about Spike Lee’s “Do the Right Thing” set the stage for an insightful discussion about how an audience responds to your film.
A few weeks ago JD, Yolanda and I apparently felt like we didn’t have enough time arguing and debating with each other on “Radio Film School”, so we decided to take our passionate debates to a new “frontier”—HBO’s “Westworld.” Our new podcast “Wrestling with Westworld” is a weekly fun, funny, and engaging discussion about the new hit show. On the very first episode, we had a great conversation about audience reception and a filmmaker’s ability to effectively and accurately convey their message to the audience. I felt it would be very informative to share with my RFS audience.
As a follow up to the “Westworld” convo, I share a discussion that JD and I originally had last year about “Do the Right Thing.” In it we address Spike Lee’s comments that he believes the Danny Aiello character, Sal, is a racist, whereas both JD and I don’t necessarily think he is. As the writer/director, did Spike do a good job of communicating to the audience that Sal is indeed a racist? That’s what we explore. Special “guest star” appearance by filmmaker Ryan Booth.
Music in this Episode
Music was curated from FreeMusicArchive.org. In order of appearance, the music in this episode was:
- Fire Ahead by Jahzzar (CC B-SA)
- Black Lung by Broke for Free (CC BY)
- Night Owl by Broke for Free (CC BY)
- Old Western Firefight by Cullah (CC BY-SA)
- Western Firefight 2 by Cullah (CC BY-SA)
Click here to learn about Creative Commons licenses and meanings.
If you have a question about the movie business you’d like answered, or if you just want to drop us a line to say “Hi”, email us at firstname.lastname@example.org. Better yet, use the “Send Voicemail” button at the bottom of our website to leave a voicemail message. Follow Ron on Twitter @DareDreamerFM, or follow the show @RadioFilmSchool. Join the discussion at facebook.com/radiofilmschool.

domain: entertainment


Lauren Conrad is the proud mother of a new puppy she adopted from a Los Angeles area animal shelter.
The actress has posted several photographs of Fitz on Instagram, warning people it’s impossible to resist adopting an animal.
“Never go to the animal shelter ‘just to look,'” she wrote on Instagram. “It never ends that way.”
Fitz has been making himself comfortable with Conrad’s other adopted dog, Chloe, as you can view below.
“All I want to do is take pictures of this little cutie,” Conrad wrote on Instagram, where her fans’ reactions were overwhelmingly supportive and positive.
“Really awesome of you to adopt instead of buy a pet, Lauren.”
“Thank u for rescuing an animal from a shelter!”
Visit Conrad’s Instagram account for more pics before visiting your local shelter to adopt a dog today!
Possibly Related Posts:
- Jon Stewart and Wife Tracey Stewart Adopt Horse
- Ringling Brothers, Barnum & Bailey Elephants Retire To Sanctuary
- Jaimie King Creates Vegan-Friendly Makeup Alchemy From ColourPop
- SeaWorld Phasing Out Whale Breeding Program
- Pamela Anderson Launches Vegan Shoes


Unic Rotarex® light steel structures
Production facilities equipped with the latest technology available today.
Production of the structures
We produce the best quality light steel structures using high-quality galvanized steel. Our structures are European-certified by TÜV SÜD München.
We use the latest technology on the market today, our production line (Framecad) manufactures cold-formed galvanized steel profiles by a precise plan. The profiles are cold-formed, drilled, cut, and printed with explicit assembling codes.
Based on the 2D and 3D assembling plans even beginners manage to assemble the structure we produce, showing a revolutionary product that gains more marketplace every day.
We put on the market a modern product that, besides the CE marking on the label, also has barcodes that are scanned at delivery following procedures agreed with TÜV SÜD München.
Visit Unic Rotarex® production facility in order to see for yourself why our customers are satisfied.
Preassembling in factory
At the client’s request, we preassemble in structural elements all elements which, by form and size, fit into the transportation mean. The preassembling is done with self-drilling Grabber screws, the best screws of this type on the market. Pre-assembling in the factory is preferred, due to its supervising, we will obtain superior quality. During pre-assembling, we also apply the sealing tape on all profiles which come into direct contact with the concrete slab.
Each structural element is packed in one or more manipulable packs.
The packs are temporarily stored in clean and dry places until delivery.
Loading into the transportation mean is done with lifting equipment or manually.
Packing is done with heat-welded PVC stripes and a sticker label is applied on each pack.
On each pre-assembled element, a sticker label is applied. The packed structural elements may be formed by one or more packs, according to their size. The name of the pack will be the same and it will differentiate by C1 (package 1), C2, C3, etc.
On the sticker label is printed the CE marking, the manufacturer’s name, and address, the customer information, the standard, and execution class in which the goods were produced. Also, we find data about the project, the name of the element, the declaration of performance number, the date in which it was produced, the number of tying stripes and its position on the packing list. All this information is accompanied by a bar code that can be laser scanned and eases the delivery.
Temporary storage and delivery
After manufacturing, we store the structural elements and the packs in dry and clean places until delivery.
Delivery is done based on the packing list by scanning the bar codes of the labels, operation which guarantees that the whole order will be delivered at the agreed place.
Loading in the truck is done by grouping the same size elements or packs as so as during transportation the goods will stay in place. At unloading the workers must be careful at the packs that could move during transportation not to fall on them or produce accidents. We recommend to pre-sort the elements and the packs at unloading and to read the general instructions on the packing list for manipulation and storage.
Assembling on site
The structural elements are assembled as a load-bearing structure of the construction on the site, on the concrete foundation. Self-drilling screws fasten the elements together. The assembler inserts them using a threaded machine according to the assembling plan and the technical documentation. For the positions of the 2D elements that are not clear enough, we use the 3D plan.
A team of 4-6 workers can easily assemble the structure. The vast majority of items are light, easy to handle, and fix on positions.
The grip on the concrete foundation is done with anchors according to the plan.
A rubber sealing tape is fixed between the concrete and the sole of the structural element.
The plans are so explicit and the structural elements are so regular that they can be assembled without measuring tools.
We will achieve a modular structure, perfectly aligned on all levels. In this way, any construction team can easily plate it with prefabricated elements.
The tools you need for the assembly are few and cheap. Any person with a minimum of technical knowledge can assemble by himself.
Assembling instructions help you understand more clearly the technical documentation, the assembling plan and the 3D plan but also sorting the materials, reading the plans, understanding the system’s specificities, and the permitted manual modifications on the structures or association with other materials. For any other concerns, the Unic Rotarex® team offers free consultancy services over the phone. All beginners managed to assemble our structures using these methods.
Unic Rotarex® assembling teams can train the new customers to assemble our structures at the start of the collaboration.
Partner companies agreed by Unic Rotarex® can assemble the structures for customers who do not wish to make these works by themselves.


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Well, we have reached our last reflection.
I was very intrigued by the case study. It was a somewhat random story, but it had very interesting repercussions. I’ll be honest it made me frightened to be a nurse leader because of all these difficult ethical dilemmas and legal issues. I also had an interesting finding on Modern healthcare. I wanted to share some of it: In Paradise, California there is only one acute-care hospital. They were force to evacuate as the Camp Fire closed in. There were about 600 staff members that had to pack into a conference room in the next time over. They people there revealed, “We asked the people in the room if they had lost their homes; almost everybody put their hand up in the air,” recalled Jill Kinney, a spokeswoman for the hospital, Adventist Health Feather River, which remains closed. Sadly they believe that the majority of the 100-bed hospital and 1,000 full and part time staff members lost their homes in the wildfire. There were more than 12,000 homes destroyed. It is unclear where these employees would live if they did return. People wonder, “where do they people go now?”. Further, “catastrophic wildfires like the Camp Fire can have the secondary effect of prompting long-term staffing shortages if the communities surrounding them are so devastated people decide to put down roots elsewhere”. There are many questions as to what will happen in California with the aftermath of the fire devastation.
So this week we talked about motivation as a part of our research. I liked finding ideas on how to motivate employees because one day we may be asked to do that as leaders of our own organization! Most significant to me was: Have opportunities for Continuous learning- If employees are engaged at work and have opportunities to improve their skills and increase their knowledge then they will be happier and more fulfilled. There should be a weekly newsletter or some sort of announcement that shows available trainings, education, classes, etc.
Also, I was very intrigued by my modern healthcare article that I read. It said that there was a discussion for American medical Association to talk about expanding preventative are coverage access to Canadian pharmacies. The House of Delegates will continue to debate a number of policies which will make it easier for patients to purchase drugs from licensed Canadian pharmacies. The conditions are “when product integrity can be assured”. The delegates also discussed out whether the physicians’ group should be allowed to call on private health plans to cover “evidence-based preventive services” without making patients pay an out-of-pocket expense such as a co-pay. Further discussion will talk about gun violence and whether concealed-carry permits should be allowed. I find this interesting because if we allowed guns it might make pharmacies and hospitals feel safer. Also, in terms of the expansion of care to Canada, I think that it is great. This is important to nursing because our health care system is different than any other one around the world. By universalizing our care I think it would have more positive than negative results.
This week I was really intrigued by the modern healthcare magazine article I read. I thought it was interesting talking about all of the bargaining and deciding where and how to cut costs. Still, I wouldn’t recommend that activity for the future because it was confusing, had little guidance, and frankly didn’t flow with what we had been learning. We definitely needed more education on that topic before assigning it. Anyway, I want to talk about the very interesting article that I read this week. It was about improving patient health literacy because there are some serious gaps in our healthcare system that are very concerning. In 2013 In Rio Grande Valley Health in McAllen, Texas it became apparent that the organization’s patients had trouble talking with the physicians about their health during doctors visits. With further depth into the problem they saw that the majority of the problem was the language barrier. Not only was it that about 7,500 of the patients in this Southern Texas border speak English as a second language. The bigger problem was that the patients felt very intimidated because their understanding of their health and the medial terminology was very minimal. Many times they would respond just “Yes, I understand”. In reality, they did not understand and many times were sent home with not any clue how to maintain their health or followup post-procedure. This is very concerning to me as a nurse because it is against my ethical values to send someone home without appropriate knowledge of their own health or how to take care of themselves. I think we need to be more wary about how much our patients actually understand. Instead of asking if they understand we should ask them to teach us back what they understand. This gives us better grasp if they truly are safe to return home with the knowledge they need.

domain: sociology


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AKTIVITAS ANTIHIPERGLIKEMIA FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT DAUN SALAM (Syzygium polyanthum) TERHADAP TIKUS PUTIH YANG DIINDUKSI ALOKSAN MONOHIDRAT
Salam Leaf (Syzygium Polyanthum) Antihyperglycmic Activity in White Rats Induced by Alloxan Monohydrate
Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) is traditionally used for diabetes treatment in Indonesia. It’s contains antioxidant that prevent the free radicals due to hyperglycemic condition. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the ability of the ethyl acetate fraction of bay leaf in male white rats had hyperglycemia due to alloxan administration. This study used laboratory tests in which up to 24 white rats were randomly separated into six groups. Intraperitoneal administration of alloxan at a dose of 170 mg/Kgbw is used to induce hyperglycemia. A group of healthy rats (K-) were administered 0,5% CMC Na suspension 1mL/day. A group of hyperglycemic rats (K+) received metformin at a dose of 45 mg/Kgbw/1mL/day, while a group of hyperglycemic rats (P0) received 0.5% CMC Na suspension at a dose of 1mL/day. Three hyperglycemia treatment groups received different amounts of ethyl acetate fraction of bay leaf for 14 days. The P1 group received 125 mg/Kgbw/1mL/day of bay leaf ethyl acetate fraction extract, the P2 group received 250 mg/Kgbw/1mL/day, and the P3 group received 500 mg/Kgbw/1mL/day. Blood glucose levels were measured before and after alloxan administration, and then again on day 14. After 14 days of treatment, all rats were euthanized, and blood from the heart was collected to examine the insulin levels. To determine the differences between treatments, statistical analysis utilizing ANOVA was used, followed by Duncan's test. The findings revealed administered an ethyl acetate fraction of bay leaf can lower blood glucose and increased insulin levels in rats had hyperglycemia.
Aryaeian N, Khorshidi Sedehi S, Arablou T. 2017. Polyphenols and their effects on diabetes management: A review. Med J Islam Repub Iran; 31:134.
Badole, S.L, N.M. Patel, P.A. Thakurdesai and S.L. Bodhankar. 2007. Interaction of Aqueous Extract of Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel-Champ with Glyburide in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Mice. eCAM: 1-6.
Deshmukh, Narendra S. 2016. Safety assessment of McB-E60 (extract of a Momordica sp.): Subchronic toxicity study in rats. Nutritional Health Institute Laboratories LLC. Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Fiorentino TV, Prioletta A, Zuo P, Folli F. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and its role in diabetes mellitus related cardiovascular diseases. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(32):5695-703. doi: 10.2174/1381612811319320005. PMID: 23448484.
Hidayati, Mutia Devi (2015) Pemisahan Dan Identifikasi Antioksidan Dan Inhibitor α-Glukosidase Dari Daun Salam. Undergraduate thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
Idakwoji, P.A., Ekpo, D.E., Joshua, P.E., Njoku, O.U., Nwodo, O.F.C., 2021. Ethanol extract of Tephrosia bracteolata leaves and its fractions ameliorates alloxan-induced diabetes and its associated complications in Wistar rat model. Int. J. Diabetes Dev. Ctries. 41 (3), 456–468.
Ighodaro, O. M., Adeosun, A. M., Akinloye, O.D. 2017. Alloxan-induced diabetes, a common model for evaluating the glycemic-control potential of therapeutic compounds and plants extracts in experimental studies. Medicina 53(6); 365- 374.
International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 8th Edition. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation, 2017.
Mayes PA (2002) Metabolism asam lemak tak jenuh dan eicosanoid. Jakarta: Sikumbang EGC: 242-259
Meles, D.K. 2007. Alkaloid Achyranthes aspera linn Menyebabkan Nekrosis dan Apoptosis Sel Mieloma. Media Kedokteran Hewan. Vol.23.1.
Obasi, D., C. and Ogugua, V., N. 2021. Effect of Ruzu Herbal Bitters on the Liver Function and Lipid Profile Parameters of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology. 27(10):101057
Shareghi Brojeni M, Salimi M, Mirmohammadsadeghi Z, Haghparast A, Eliassi A. Comparison of Effects of Light Anesthetics, Diethyl Ether and Carbon Dioxide, on Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus D1 and D2 Dopamine Receptors- and Glucosensitive Neurons-Induced Food Intake in Fasted Conscious Rats. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2018;9(4):269-274. doi:10.32598/bcn.9.4.269
Szkudelski, T. 2001. The Mechanism of Alloxan and Streptozotocin Action in B Cells of the Rat Pancreas Physiol. Res. 50: 536-546,
Ullah Asmat, Khan Abad, Khan Ismail, Diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress—A concise review, Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, Volume 24, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 547-553, ISSN 1319-0164,
Widharna, R.M., Ferawati, Tamayanti, W.D., Hendriati, L., Widjajakusuma, E.C., 2015. Antidiabetic effect of the aqueous extract mixture of Andrographis paniculata and Syzygium polyanthum leaf. Eur. J. Med. Plants 6, 82–91.
Widyawati T, Purnawan WW, Atangwho IJ, Yusoff NA, Ahmad M, Asmawi MZ. ,2015. Anti-diabetic activity of Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) leaf extract, the most commonly used herb among diabetic patients in Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia. Int J Pharm Sci Res 6:1698.
Copyright (c) 2022 JURNAL KAJIAN VETERINER
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.


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Carisma Therapeutics, Inc. announced (March 2021) that the first patient has been dosed in the Phase 1 multi-center clinical trial for CT-0508, studying the potential of chimeric antigen receptor macrophages (CAR-Ms) for cancer immunotherapy, specifically in solid tumors. Dr. Debora Barton, MD, Chief Medical Officer at Carisma is here to talk about this novel approach in gene-based therapy development, as it is the first time CAR–engineered macrophages are being studied in humans. CAR-T cell therapy has revolutionized how cancer is treated and revealed the power of gene-based therapies, and it has met challenges with solid tumors. Carisma’s novel approach to immunotherapy may uncover potential treatment options that aim to address the unmet needs of patients, who are battling hard-to-treat cancers.
Debora Barton joined Carisma Therapeutics in November 2019. She brings 18 years of oncology experience, both in academia as a practicing physician and in the biotechnology/pharmaceutical industry. In her role as CMO, Dr. Barton brings extensive clinical and oncology experience, having practiced for nine years while assuming integral roles in medical affairs, and clinical development for more than 13 years within the biotech and pharmaceutical industries. Most recently, she served as Senior Vice President, Clinical and Safety at Iovance Biotherapeutics, a late-stage cellular therapy biotech. In her previous positions, she built clinical development and drug safety teams, established an infrastructure for the orchestration of clinical studies, and played an instrumental role in obtaining FDA Breakthrough Designation for a cell therapy product and gaining the approval of a radiopharmaceutical agent by both the FDA and EMA. Dr. Barton also spent a combined 10 years at Celgene and Novartis, always focused on improving the lives of cancer patients. She completed her medical training at Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, and her Oncology Fellowship at Federal University of São Paulo, in Brazil.


The Town of Pittsford's Summer Concert Series features great blues this Friday, 7/25 with Steve Grills in Carpenter Park at the Port of Pittsford. Our concerts are held Friday evenings through August 15, beginning at 7PM in July, 6:30PM in August. We feature a variety of great music throughout the season. For a complete schedule, see our online Community Events schedule. Many thanks to our generous 2014 Summer Concert Series Sponsors: Doyle Chevrolet Subaru, Harris Beach Attorneys at Law, Messner Carpeting-Rugs-Flooring, Pittsford Federal Credit Union and Rotolite-Elliott.
For additional information, contact the Town of Pittsford Recreation Department at 248-6280.
(Click on the image to enlarge it)


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Network Rail and Highways England have published the first phase of the Solent to the Midlands Multimodal Freight Strategy.
The study forms part of Network Rail’s long-term planning process and Highways England’s route strategy and pioneer projects work, both designed to identify investment priorities for the future.
It found that roads are critical to complete the door to door journeys for shorter distances, such as regional and local movements or the last mile from a rail freight interchange, while rail is most cost effective over longer distances and for higher loads.
In addition to this, the study says that rail and road both have similar reliability in terms of journey times, key for freight consumers where much freight is time dependent.
It adds that modal shift to rail provides an opportunity to free up road capacity on the Solent to Midlands corridor, especially for those journeys that are greater than 50 miles (80km) and greater than 100 miles (160km) for bulk and consumer goods respectively.
The study uses data in innovative ways to identify where there may be freight flows that currently use road but could be better served by rail. It also outlines the significant benefits that modal shift to rail offers both to freight end-users but also to the wider road and rail networks.
Phase 1 of the strategy outlines the potential for change and the scale of the benefits that could be achieved.
It is the culmination of a year’s work between the two organisations and represents a further step forward in the collaboration between Highways England and Network Rail in multimodal strategic planning and other areas.
Network Rail managing director for the system operator Paul McMahon highlighted the common aims of Network Rail and Highways England.
“Both our organisations have a shared goal of keeping Britain moving, as well as contributing to achieving the government’s target of net-zero carbon emissions by 2050,” he said.
“This study contributes to these goals by demonstrating how both networks could be used more efficiently in terms of their overall capacity and their carbon footprint.”
Highways England executive director of strategy and planning Elliot Shaw added: “Highways England and Network Rail operate two of the country’s most important transport infrastructure networks for the freight and logistics industries.
“The Solent to Midlands Joint Strategic Study is a good example of us working together to identify the optimum solutions that could benefit road and rail users, the economy and the environment.”
Linking the port of Southampton with the distribution centres and economic hubs of the Midlands, North and Scotland, the Solent to the Midlands route is one of the most important freight corridors in the UK.
The A34, managed by Highways England, links the Solent Ports and the Midlands and is closely mirrored by the equivalent rail route, owned and operated by Network Rail. The parallel nature of the road and rail routes means that it is an ideal candidate for cross-modal analysis.
Department of Civil Engineering https://www.ibu.edu.ba/department-of-civil-engineering/


A perfect tasting menu relies on balance, and on not fatiguing a customer’s palate. Based on that theory, no meal should be more than 25 bites. Season 4 of THE MIND OF A CHEF premieres fall 2015 on PBS.
To educate, inform and engage our two-nation region with exceptional and trusted content across multiple platforms.
The premier provider of extraordinary public media that instills wonder and curiosity across generations and borders.


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In this classical building physics example HTflux has been used to carry out damage analysis. An external wall had shown significant formation of mould. Reviewing the constructions plans reveals that the planner of the building intended to lessen the impact of thermal bridging by fitting 3cm XPS interior insulation at the base area of the affected wall.
A first GLASER 2d Simulation of the relvant detail provides interesting results:
- The fitting of the interior indeed increases the minimum surface temperature of the wall in such a way that the level required by the according standard is satisfied. From this point of view the trick with the interior insulation has worked.
- The simulation shows condensation behind the XPS insulation panels, however the level of condensation is acceptable as this amount can easily be absorbed by the concrete.
- The heat flux view however clearly demonstrates the thermal bridge is still very active. Only the low temperatures at the base of the wall have increased.
This first simulation does not yet explain the formation of mold on the wall. Further investigation reveals that a closet was covering most of this wall. That naturally means that the heat transfer to the wall is strongly reduced. Heat transfer through air convection and radiation are only possible to a very limited extent. To reflect this situation a new rectangular object with the dimensions of the closet is drawn into the simulation. The object is assigned as a climate boundary condition having the same interior temperature of 20 degrees but an increased thermal transfer resistance of 1,0 m²K/W. The real value is depending on various parameters however this value is suggested by the German DIN Fachbericht 4108-8 related to the according standard. The dimensions of the new object reflect the size of the real cupboard.
This adjusted simulation leads to quite different results:
The combination of the unresolved thermal bridge and the reduced heat transfer to the surface of the wall now leads to dramatically lowered temperatures across the wall. Temperatures drop below the dew point on an approx. 40cm wide area starting right above the interior insulation. In the base area where the insulation is located the surface temperatures are higher and no mold formation can be observed (see photo). This mold pattern can be explained by the simulation very well.
N.b. the quantification of the condensation in this surface area is not reliable as the Glaser method is only able to predict the amount of condensation inside of building elements. The amount of condensation occurring on surfaces is dependent on many parameters such as volumetric flow, temperature and humidity of the surrounding air. Temperatures below the dew point on wall surfaces have be avoided in any case.
Note: You are permitted and encouraged to use images from this page or to set a link to this page, provided that authorship is credited to “htflux.com”.

domain: design