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It’s Like This
By BOB PALMER
JEFFERSON – Republicans voting in Tuesday’s primary do have a choice for state representative. They can have right or way-right.
Four-term incumbent Chris Paddie of Marshall has solid conservative credentials and is endorsed by every PAC with letters for a name from the NRA to TAR.
Mark Williams from Carthage not only has drunk the far-right Kool-Aid, but he sells it.
Last week,the Jimp visited with both Paddie and Williams in separate, wide-ranging interviews.
Williams waved a list of Republican Party platform issues and chastised Paddie for tepid support of many of that document’s planks.
Among the issues Williams cited were “Constitutional Carry” and a “Fetal Heartbeat” bill. Constitutional carry would grant Texans a constitutional right to carry firearms, not requiring them to first get a license. Fetal heartbeat would create an even stricter abortion restriction.
Paddie correctly points out that he did not vote against either bill, since neither bill made it out of committee and he did not serve on the committee where the bills were sent to die from old age.
Williams fumes that Paddie should have least added his name to the list of sponsors.
Paddie was leery of backing a bill that could morph into something unacceptable during the legislative process.
A story is passed around the political campfires that Harry Truman once observed that the platform is what you stand on to get on the train. You don’t take the platform with you when the train leaves the station.
What we have here is a scene played out across campaign stumps since Sam Houston did not like the looks of Mirabeau B. Lamar. Williams paints Paddie as a slick politician. If being articulate, smart and experienced is the definition of slick, then Paddie should plead guilty.
The larger question, however, is what do you want in a state representative. Some think the representative should stick to their views even when it is not the political thing to do. Laws get passed only when a majority of each house agrees. To get that majority requires making deals and backing Joe’s bill, because he will vote for mine.
This election is really about redistricting. We have a census this year. That’s why Beto O’Rourke is doing everything he can to elect Democrats to the state House of Representatives. Once this primary is in his rearview mirror, Paddie plans to join the state-wide GOP effort.
Flip nine Republican seats and you will have a Democratic Speaker of the House and a DOA Republican congressional redistricting map.
All of this is to say, that if Williams is elected, he will not be re-elected or will no longer be the Marion County representative after 2022.
As either the chairman or vice-chairman of the House redistricting committee, Paddie can draw line on a map to suit himself. Williams will not even have a Crayola in the coloring contest.
Something similar happened in 2010 in District 3. Conservative Republican Erwin Cain upset Democrat Mark Homer. Cain immediately declared his opposition to fellow Republican Speaker Joe Strauss. District 3 was blown up during redistricting and the pieces served to the more senior representatives surrounding it.
With 10,000 population, Marion County will be a tempting morsel to be gobbled up by its neighbors, if a Paddie is not there to hold onto District 9.
Many find this primary a contest between principle and politics. Paddie is certainly a conservative Republican. He may just not be Republican enough for some. You can certainly vote for Williams, who appears to be a very hard working campaigner spending his own money in this long-odds fight.
Just understand principle can come with a political price tag.
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4/26/2013 8:41:00 AM Eagles, Chargers race at Worthington
Worthington Invitational The Windom Eagle girls placed fifth and the boys finished sixth Thursday at the Worthington Invitational.
Windom's girls scored 70 points. Luverne ran away with the girls' title with 218-1/3 points. Westbrook-Walnut Grove/Red Rock Central finished seventh with 47.
Windom's boys finished with 56 points. Luverne won the boys' title with 176½ points. WWG/RRC was third with 99½ points.
Windom's girls grabbed a pair of event wins. Holly Larson took first in the discus (98-6) and Megan Muller won the pole vault (9-6) and was second in the 100 dash (13.69).
Christianna Green added a runner-up finish in the 3,200 (13:20.13). Amy Muller was third in the pole vault (7-6) and Windom was third in the 4x100 relay (50.09).
Windom's boys were led by a runner-up finish by Michael Rivera in the 100 dash (11.57). Rivera was also fourth in the long jump (18-7½). Victor Ogeka took third in both the long jump (19-1¼) and 200 dash (24.23). Windom was third in the 4x100 (48.36) and 4x200 (1:37.99).
WWG/RRC's boys were led by three-event champion Jeff DeCock, who won the long jump (20-11¼), triple jump (40-4¾) and high jump (6-2) and took third in the 400 (56.10).
Adam Holman was second in the triple jump (38-1¼). Levi Bunting took third in the 110 hurdles (17.18). Derek Christians was third in the 300 hurdles (46.00) and pole vault (9-6). Tristan Joel was fourth in the high jump (5-6). Meng Vang took fourth in the pole vault (9-0).
WWG/RRC's girls were led by Melanie Kedl, who won the 400 (64.21) and was third in the high jump (4-8) and fourth in the 200 (28.58). Chloe Arfsten took second in both the pole vault (8-6) and high jump (4-8).
Next meets: Check for updates after each meet. Windom: at New Ulm, April 29 MLA: at St. James, April 30 WWG/RRC: at Pipestone, April 30


Reigning Supercars champion Scott McLaughlin's team will have some work ahead of them after a nasty crash in Bathurst 1000 practice.
McLaughlin had flown around Mt Panorama earlier in the day but hit trouble in the dying stages of the session when he lost control of his Ford Mustang.
LOVE IS IN THE AIR: Kyly Clarke 'spotted kissing' Supercars driver
The Supercars champion already put together the fastest lap on Friday, but was intent on pushing his Shell V-Power car to the limit.
The 27-year-old was on track to better his previous best lap as he let rip down the back half of the iconic Bathurst race track.
However, McLaughlin lost control of the car and spun out, slamming into a wall with less than two minutes left of the one-hour session.
"I just ballsed up the downshift and then that was all it was," McLaughlin said.
"You're using the engine braking so much that as soon as you miss one you're out of the groove - that's all I did.
"I tried to half-recover it but as soon as I parked the bottom arm out I was a bit of a passenger.
The accident gives McLaughlin's team some repair work to do before Friday afternoon's qualifying session, however, the driver was confident the damage wasn't top extensive.
"I think it will be all right. The car is super racy, oh my God. It felt mega," McLaughlin added.
Battle heats up ahead of qualifying
Holden young gun Bryce Fullwood produced the second-quickest time, followed by Ford veteran Lee Holdsworth in third.
After claiming both practice sessions on Thursday, rising Tickford star Cameron Waters came in fourth.
His co-driver Will Davison earlier showed why he is still one of the leading Supercars drivers after a scintillating first session on Friday.
Left without a full-time drive following his 23Red team withdrawing from the championship due to the impacts of COVID-19, Davison has been parked for most of 2020.
But in teaming up with Waters at Mt Panorama, the pair have a serious shot at taking out the great race.
A two-time Bathurst 1000 winner, Davison finished in front of Holden veteran Garth Tander, while Ford drivers Dale Wood, Tim Slade and Michael Caruso completed the top-five.
In an eventful first-up Friday practice, two red flags were raised after Jayden Ojeda and Jordan Boys came off track in separate incidents.
Most co-drivers enter the season finale without taking the wheel of a Supercar this year after the traditional lead-up enduro events were cancelled.
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This exceptional 39 acres is the last remaining tract out of Maple Ridge Farm. The former owner was unable to continue working the farm due to declining health and liquidated the farm to avoid foreclosure. This is the last chance to obtain a piece of this stunning farm at ...
Approximately 671 acres of vacant land and 2 caves close to the Big Niangua River near County
Road K in Dallas County, MO.
Over 2 miles on the Niangua River
2.5 miles (straight line) from Bennett Springs hatchery
2 Cave systems: McKee and Saltpater Caves
This 129 acres of gently rolling pasture and woodland is perfect for horse lovers. Features a natural pond, open pasture/grazing land, 1.5 acre fenced exercise area, stable with three 14' x 16' stalls and tack room, 80' x 100' shop building with 3 bays and 16' ceilings plus ...
Trinity Forest is a historic & intensively managed forestry property with healthy varying ages of pine plantations & intermittent Stream-side Management Zones (SMZ's) along creek drains. Excellent public road frontage & access with excellent internal road system for forestry...
Utah's 7,934-square-mile San Juan County covers nine percent of the state's total land area. Of the 29 counties in Utah, San Juan County ranks 17th in terms of the size of its population (15,772, according to 2015 Census estimates). Mining and mineral extraction-related services are the main economic drivers in this part of Utah. Recent Lands of America data places the average value of land and acreage for sale in San Juan County at $6,136 per acre. On average, the price of land for sale was $675,000 and the median land-parcel size was 110 acres. Land for sale in San Juan County totaled 110 acres and $675,000 in overall land value, with the city of Monticello featuring the most land for sale in the county. Farmland was the most common type of land for sale in San Juan County.
Redd Livestock Company Ranch
Sitting quietly & secluded on these 1000 ft high mountain bluffs, is the 1769 +/- acres known as Redd Livestock Company Ranch. The views from South Canyon Point Bluffs are outstanding. It appears as if you can see forever. The bluffs form a horseshoe shape, and help ensure limited access. The Red-rock and Sandstone Vistas offer a picturesque view, that is accented by the most colorful sunrises and sunsets you could imagine. Rock formations on the valley floor add to the intrigue of how all of this was formed, and still exists today. Being covered in Junipers, Pinions, grasses, and unique wild flowers helps make the ranch home for abundant wildlife.
Redd LC Ranch was established in the mid-sixties as a Cattle-R
Kent "Duke" BoyingtonSt. James Sporting Properties

domain: geography


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This comprehensive text provides practical approaches to adapting empirically supported treatments for eating disorders for clinicians working with patients of diverse backgrounds and presentations, or within non-traditional treatment settings across levels of care.
The book describes empirically- and clinically-informed treatment adaptations that impact delivery of real-world services for eating disorder patients and generate interest in testing adapted treatments in randomized controlled trials. Featuring contributions from researchers and clinicians with expertise in developing, delivering, and testing interventions for eating disorders, each chapter focuses on a specific population, setting, or training approach. Practical applications are then illustrated through case examples and wisdom gleaned through the contributors’ own clinical studies and experiences.
Readers working with a diverse population of eating disorder patients will gain the necessary skills to support their patients on the journey to recovery and self-acceptance.
Table of Contents
About the Editors
About the Contributors
PART I: Adapting Evidence-based Treatments for Novel Populations
Chapter 1: Cultural Adaptations of Evidence-based Treatments for Eating Disorders
Mae-Lynn Reyes Rodríquez and Debra Franko
Chapter 2: Modifying Treatments to Recognize the Pursuit of Muscularity, and Related Eating Psychopathology, Among Men
Mitchell L. Cunningham, Jason M. Nagata, and Stuart B. Murray
Chapter 3: Where is the Evidence of Evidence-Based Treatment for LGBTQIA+ Individuals Experiencing Eating Disorders?
Jerel P. Calzo, Ethan E. Lopez, Scout Silverstein, Tiffany A. Brown, and Aaron J. Blashill
Chapter 4: Utilizing Alternate Caregivers and Support Persons in Eating Disorder Treatment
Cristin Runfola and Linsey Utzinger
Chapter 5: Implementing Eating Disorder Treatment Before and After Bariatric Surgery
Kasey Goodpaster, Allyson Diggins, and Leslie Heinberg
Chapter 6: Evidence-Based Treatments for Youth with Overweight/Obesity
Ashley Jennings, Abigail R. Cooper, Sara Fruchter, Gina Dimitropoulos, and Katharine Loeb
Chapter 7: Adapting Evidenced-Based Therapies for Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
Kendra R. Becker, Lauren Breithaupt, Jenny H. Jo, Kamryn T. Eddy, and Jennifer J. Thomas
Chapter 8: Treating Eating-Related Problems in Non-Eating Disordered Populations
Rebecca Bernard, Jessie Menzel, and Kerri Boutelle
Chapter 9: Eating Disorders and Disordered Eating in the Military Family
Alexandria Morettini, Natasha A. Schvey, Dakota Gillmore, and Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
Chapter 10: Integrating Evidence-Based Treatments for Eating Disorder Patients with Comorbid PTSD and Trauma-Related Disorders
Timothy D. Brewerton, Kathryn Trottier, Julie Trim, Tricia Meyers, and Stephen Wonderlich
Chapter 11: Treating Eating Disorders in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period
Bronwyn Raykos and Hunna Watson
Chapter 12: Tailoring Treatments to Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Lisa Smith Kilpela, Francesca Gomez , and Carolyn Becker
PART II: Applying Evidence-Based Treatments in Nontraditional Treatment Settings
Chapter 13: Delivering Evidence-Based Treatments for Eating Disorders in the Home-Based Setting
Eva-Molly Dunbar, Christina C. Tortolani, Sandra Estrada, and Andrea Goldschmidt
Chapter 14: Using Remote Methods to Deliver Evidence-Based Treatment for Eating Disorders
Claire Trainor, Sasha Gorrell, Kristen Anderson, and Daniel Le Grange
Chapter 15: Using FBT and Adjunctive Family Interventions in a Partial Hospitalization Program for Adolescents with Eating Disorders
Terra L. Towne, Stephanie K. Peck, and Roxanne E. Rockwell
Chapter 16: Ensuring Continuity of Family-Based Care across Levels of Treatment
Renee D. Rienecke and Elizabeth Wallis
Chapter 17: Primary Care-Based Treatment for Eating Disorders
Richard Chung and Devdutta Sangvai
Chapter 18: eHealth Interventions for Eating Disorders
Johanna Sander, Sally Bilić, and Steffi Bauer
Afterword: Novel Research, Training, and Supervision Opportunities for Evidence-Based Treatment Adaptations
Carol Peterson, Emily M. Pisetsky, and Lisa Anderson
Christina C. Tortolani, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor at Rhode Island College, adjunct faculty at Brown Medical School, and a licensed psychologist specializing in eating disorders.
Andrea B. Goldschmidt, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor (Research) at Brown Medical School who conducts research on maladaptive eating and overweight/obesity across the lifespan.
Daniel Le Grange, Ph.D., holds a distinguished professorship at the University of California, San Francisco, and is Director of the Eating Disorders Program in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. He is also Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience at the University of Chicago.
"This new book is a thoughtful and useful addition to the field. It addresses many important, common scenarios typically encountered in eating disorders work, yet rarely discussed. A variety of unique situations are examined in detail. The adaptation of evidence-based approaches to novel settings and delivery methods will be highly valuable to practicing clinicians. I recommend the book highly!"
Scott Crow, PhD, Professor of psychiatry, University of Minnesota
"This book, edited and written by eating disorder experts from across the globe, attempts to bridge the gap between research and clinical practice: as ED treatments evolve, clinicians need to know how to effectively administer treatments with populations and in environments that were not part of the original clinical trials. This work will be a great resource for those practitioners looking for guidance in working with patients from diverse backgrounds and presentations."
Lucene Wisniewski, PhD, FAED, Clinical Director, Center for Evidence Based Treatment Ohio and Case Western Reserve University
"This is a very welcome book that takes the reader beyond the usual account of evidence-based treatments. It is a good reminder that a large number of patients do not fit the stereotype of the 'typical' patient, indeed novel populations and settings are very much what every clinician encounters in their practice all the time. A key aspect of evidence-based practice is respecting the needs and preferences of clients and their families and this book provides an excellent guide how to achieve this."
Ivan Eisler, OBE, PhD, FAED, joint head of the Maudsley Centre for Child and Adolescent Eating Disorders at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and emeritus professor, Kings College, London

domain: library


text:
Welcome to HealthcareMagic Forum.
The weight increase depends on several reasons
1. Intake of nutritious foods.
2. Absorption of nutrients
3. Your genetic built etc
Hence do not worry that masturbation
prevents you from weight gain.
If you feel masturbation can reduce weight gain, then it can be used effectively for obesity.
Wish you Good Sexual Health
Dr. A CHAKRAVARTHY MBBS; MBA; (MHSc Reproductive & Sexual Medicine)
Consultant Sexual Medicine / Sexology, TRIVANDRUM, Kerala
+91 - 94477 05077 / 99464 25577
International Association For Sexual Medicine
www.chakravarthys.net / www.sexual-medicine.org

domain: medical


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These refillable L-size albums, with self-adhesive white sheets, come in foiled-wrapped covers and hot-stamping. Its soft metallic gold and silver cover exudes elegance and sophistication, making them perfect for wedding albums, wedding photo books, or any special events or celebrations.
Every album has a protective case and 20 sheets (40 pages) of wood-free white self-adhesive refills. Each page can fit either 3x 4R, 2x 5R, 2x 6R or 1x 8R photos. It is designed to allow additional refills to be added when necessary.
Dimensions: W337 x H330 x D31mm
Mounting Area: W270 x H315mm
Note: Product may vary slightly from images due to photoshoot lighting conditions and screen settings.

domain: artistic


text:
Trajectories Through the New Testament and the Apostolic Fathers
Normal Price: $107.95
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Availability: Available to Backorder, No Due Date for Supply
Trajectories Through the New Testament and the Apostolic Fathers by Andrew F. Gregory
Book DescriptionThe two-volume work The New Testament and the Apostolic Fathers offers a comparative study of two collections of early Christian texts: the New Testament; and the texts, from immediately after the New Testament period, which are conventionally referred to as the Apostolic Fathers. The second volume, Trajectories through the New Testament and the Apostolic Fathers , discusses broad theological, literary, and historical issues that arise in the comparative study of these texts, and which are of importance to the study of early Christianity. It deals with the most important current debates concerning both the Apostolic Fathers and the New Testament, such as baptism, Pauline theology, the function of apocalyptic elements, Church order, and Jewish and Christian identity.
Buy Trajectories Through the New Testament and the Apostolic Fathers book by Andrew F. Gregory from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780199230051
(235mm x 157mm x 29mm)
Imprint: Oxford University Press
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Publish Date: 9-Aug-2007
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Books By Author Andrew F. Gregory
Reception of the New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers, Paperback (August 2007)» View all books by Andrew F. Gregory
This is the first volume of the two-volume work The New Testament and the Apostolic Fathers. It presents a comprehensive and rigorous discussion of the extent to which the writings later included in the New Testament were known to and used by each of the Apostolic Fathers.
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Trajectories Through the New Testament and the Apostolic Fathers book by Andrew F. Gregory and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
Author Biography - Andrew F. Gregory
Christopher Tuckett is Professor of New Testament Studies and Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford.
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Reading Order - Behind the veil books
The Devil's Deal is the first series set in a magical version of our world, called the Veil. These books have magical creatures of all types living among us and this series is about Lucifer, the fallen angel. It is more adult than the mythology books and contains graphic steamy scenes from book one.
Please note that The Devil's Deal contains steamy scenes and some swearing and is only suitable for adults.
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The consequences of low testosterone levels (aka low-T) have been primarily investigated in middle-age and older men. However, low-T in young men aged 20-39 years can confer health risks as well...
Low total testosterone levels are associated with an adverse blood lipid profile, which includes high TG and low HDL, [1, 2] and a decline in total testosterone levels predisposes men to increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality.[3-7]
Prediabetes is a condition in which blood glucose level is higher than normal but does not reach the level for diabetes diagnosis.[1, 2] Studies have shown that people with prediabetes tend to develop type 2 diabetes within 10 years, and are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
Among US adults over 18 years, the prevalence of prediabetes has increased from 29.2% in 1999 to 36.2% in 2010. Considering the entire US population in 2010 (approx. 309 million, data from US Cencus), this corresponds to 112 million US adults, or over one third of the US population.
Data from non-diabetic men have revealed an inverse association between insulin resistance and testosterone levels; i.e. a higher degree of insulin resistance is associated with lower testosterone levels.[4-6] This raises the question whether prediabetes, which is a state of increased insulin resistance, is also associated with low testosterone. However, few studies have investigated testosterone levels in men with prediabetes, and the risk of testosterone deficiency in men with prediabetes has not been reported.
Because the prevalence of prediabetes is affecting such a large number of Americans, and is on the rise, it is important to investigate how this condition might affect testosterone levels. Knowing that can help
detect men who are likely to have testosterone deficiency and might be at risk for health derangements caused by low-T.


France sees drop in foreign tourists’ bookings following attack in Nice
France has witnessed a drop in air travel bookings after the Bastille Day attack in Nice in which 84 people were killed.
According to ForwardKeys, a travel analysis company, even before the July 14 attack, flight reservations to France were down by 16 per cent for the two months compared to the same period in 2015 due to the Paris attacks in November.
The Spanish company, which has access to databases of more than 200,000 online and physical travel agencies, further stated that Nice, and France on the whole, have been impacted by the attack with an immediate fall in the international visitor arrivals.
As an immediate reaction, international visitor arrivals in Nice dropped by 9.4 per cent as compared to the previous year. Across France, there was a drop in arrivals by 8.8 per cent.
It added that air travel bookings have fallen by a fifth for August and September. While the slump across France was 20 per cent, in Nice it was 19 per cent when compared to the same time period in 2015.
The downward trend had started after the November 13 attacks in Paris in which 130 people were killed. Even if the situation started to normalise, arrivals by regular flights between January and the first week of July were down 5.8 per cent compared to the same period in 2015.
The attack in Nice also resulted in a decline in the occupancy rate of five star hotels by 5 to 10 per cent in the city and on the Riviera until July 22.
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Smack in the middle of the fashion district, across from St Andrew’s Park, 455 Adelaide is a combination of glass townhomes and lofts. There are 93 lofts with views of the city and park, floor to ceiling glass and 10 foot exposed concrete ceilings. There are 10 modern glass townhomes ranging in size from 1199 sq ft to 1652 sq ft. They will have floor to ceiling glass, 10 foot ceilings and backyards. The development will feature zen gardens, a two storey lobby, extended height entry doors, exposed concrete columns with flared capitals and individually controlled heating and cooling systems. If you would like to see more floorplans, just drop us a line and we’ll share them with you.
Showing 55 properties out of 65 currently available on the market.

domain: design


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Crispy rice [rice, cane sugar, sea salt, vitamins and minerals (ferric orthophosphate (source of iron), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin A (palmitate), vitamin B3
(niacinamide), folic acid, zinc oxide, vitamin B12, vitamin D3, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B1 (thiamin mononitrate)], tapioca syrup, sugar, shortening (palm oil, canola oil), fructose, glycerin, fruit and vegetable blend (apple extract, onion extract, broccoli, kale, cranberry, raspberry), agar, natural flavors, egg white powder, sea salt. Contains: Egg.
Please note that safety is our main priority. We require all brand partners to participate in recurrent verification processes to confirm existing information and actively report any updates to ingredients and/or production facilities. Please be sure to double check for certifications that satisfy your requirements, and read the product’s label when you receive it, adhering to the manufacturer’s guidelines.

domain: food


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Greensville County, VA Traffic Lawyer
A Greensville County, VA traffic lawyer, knows the trepidation that can occur during a routine traffic stop. Even if you do not realize the reason for the traffic stop, know that it’s likely that law enforcement has pulled you over for a reason. Whether you were speeding, unsafely passing did not correctly stop at a traffic sign, or failed to yield to a pedestrian, the consequence may result in a traffic ticket. Traffic tickets are a great example of the consequences of driving on the road over the speed limit. However, what is also important to note, is that traffic tickets can be forgiven as well, and more legal matters do not always have to take place. This can happen, through factors such as the ticket being paid on time, or a person having a clean record, when it comes to how many tickets they got in the past. Now; whether you believe you did anything wrong or not, it may be in your best interest to consider the services of The Law Offices of Mark T. Hurt. With their support, drivers have an opportunity to dispute the traffic ticket to avoid the possibility of additional points on their license. While many people will pay the ticket and move forward, it may be beneficial to consider speaking with a lawyer as they can provide guidance and answer the many questions you may have.
There are different reasons, as to why accidents tend to happen on the road from which you can receive a ticket. Sometimes, it can be due to a driver driving under the influence. Other times, accidents can happen on the road, because someone is speeding, and they attempt to jump ahead of a car, run through a red light or a stop sign, etc. However, sometimes accidents can also happen, due to a mass amount of traffic. At times where there is a lot of traffic, with all the cars on the road and the unpredictability of people, there is a great chance for accidents to happen. An example of this, would be two people driving, with one of the people deciding to tailgate. However, because the individual is tailgating, there is a risk that the car in front of them would have to come to a sudden stop. If this happens, an accident that would cause a mass pile up, would run the risk of happening. When instances such as these happen, it is important to take legal action. A strong example of this, would be through a Greensville County, VA traffic lawyer to help your case and avoid any sort of traffic ticket you might have received no matter what happened.
What are the options after receiving a traffic ticket?
After a traffic ticket, it can seem as though the only option available is to pay the ticket and move on. However, remember that this may come with lasting consequences, such as increased insurance premiums and points on your driving record. Some alternatives may be available after a traffic ticket is issued. A lawyer may assist with contesting the ticket or having charges reduced.
Why Do People End up Getting Traffic Tickets?
One of the biggest reasons, as to why individuals end up getting traffic tickets, is because of how careless they are one the road. However, there is more to it, than merely going over the speed limit. One of the reasons why people can also get tickets, is because they are being aggressive and reckless towards other drivers. One of the strongest examples of this, would be road rage. Road rage is when an individual is aggressive towards other drivers, such as through jumping ahead of them, trying to cut them off, and more. However, road rage also relates to tailgating as well.
What is Tailgating? And How Does it Relate to Traffic Accidents?
Tailgating is when another driver wants a driver ahead of them to speed up. However, because they are impatient, usually instead of honking their horn, the driver will start to drive up close to the driver in front of them, being aggressive and trying to force them to go faster. However, one of the biggest issues pertaining to this, is not just the aggressive factor, but also that being reckless, with tailgating being an example, can lead to accidents. If an individual is driving close to another drive in front of them, and the driver in front has to suddenly put on the brakes, there could be consequences.
What Are The Consequences That Could Arise From Tailgating Accidents, in Relation To Traffic?
One of the biggest consequences that could take place would pertain to the driver having to suddenly put on the brakes, which would cause a collision for both drivers. Moreover, if the street is a busy one, there could be more severe consequences, such as a pileup, due to the tailgating that took place. Now; in relation to traffic, if there is a pile up, due to someone tailgating, the traffic lawyer situation at hand, would be much more difficult to handle. The reason, is because there would be many more cases that traffic lawyers would have to deal with, in relation to the number of people involved, the number of people injured and/or dead, and more.
Why Should a Person Have a Right To a Lawyer, When it Comes To Traffic Incidents?
The reason why a person needs to have a right to a lawyer, is because people have a right to fight for claims that they may feel are unfair. THis is why when it comes to potential legal cases, people are stated that they not only have rights, but they also have the right to remain silent, because anything that they say can and will be used against them in a court of law. As such, when it comes to traffic accidents, one of the most essential factors to always consider, is that it is important to collect evidence of the traffic incident that took place, so that people can make a strong case, when it comes to evidence that they want to present.
What Determines How Much a Traffic Ticket Costs?
How much a traffic ticket costs, depends on the offense that took place. This is especially true, when it comes to ticket warnings and how many tickets an individual has gotten in the past. Moreover, in relation to the ticket offense, how much one can cost, also depends on various acts that a person committed, such as getting a traffic ticket, in relation to drinking and driving.
Does a traffic ticket require making an appearance in court?
Whether you have to appear in court will depend upon the case’s specifics. Should you choose to plead guilty, you will pay the ticket and not be required to appear in court. While you may have to appear in court if you decide to fight the ticket with a Greensville County, Virginia traffic lawyer, you may not have to appear in court as they can represent you. Overall, a traffic ticket sometimes requires making an appearance in court. One of the biggest reasons, is because when it comes to traffic tickets, usually needing to be in court, depend on the violation that occurred. Also, factors such as whether someone has a DUI, or how many tickets the person got in the past, can play a major factor as well.
What is a points system?
When convicted of a traffic violation, they will be assigned demerit points to their record. In Virginia, these points remain on their record for two years from when the ticket was issued. Each time a person receives a traffic violation, additional points are applied to their driving record. The number of points added can vary based upon the severity of the traffic violation. As these points add up, there can be more severe consequences. In addition to demerit points, safe driver points are available when a driver is free of violations for one year or after taking a safe driver’s course.
Is it possible to have points removed from a driving record?
Too many points can impact a driver’s ability to retain their license; additionally, points on a license can affect how the judge views you should future infractions be received. Drivers can take a few steps; the first is to take a driver’s training course preemptively. If you have received a ticket and have several points on your record, it’s in your best to retain a lawyer who can help fight the ticket and potentially prevent additional demerit points on your record. What some people fail to realize about traffic tickets, is that they can damage someone’s record, to the point where they are no longer allowed to drive. Moreover, the reason why this is the case, is because constantly getting tickets, tells the law that someone does not deserve to drive, since they cannot obey the rules of the road.
What are reasons to fight a ticket?
After getting a ticket, you may be wondering if you should just pay the ticket and get it over with. But unfortunately, just because you paid the ticket doesn’t mean it goes away. In fact, most people experience an increase in their insurance rates after getting a ticket, especially if it isn’t the first driving offense. By fighting a ticket, even if the chances of winning seem slim, it still gives you better odds than not trying at all. Reasons you may want to fight a ticket include:
This is the first ticket you’ve ever gotten.
If you have never received a ticket before, then fighting this one will be important to protecting your driving record and keeping it clean for as long as you can. Those who have ticket-free driving records pay less auto insurance rates compared to those with a history of traffic violations. If you are a safe driver and don’t expect to get another ticket in the near future, it may be worth the time to dispute the ticket to prevent your record from being tarnished.
The officer caught the wrong driver.
It is possible that the police officer pulled over the wrong driver. There may have been something that hindered the officer’s full view, which caused them to be confused as to which driver committed the violation. Since there are so many vehicles out on the road that look alike, an officer can easily pull over the wrong person. Proving that you aren’t the driver who should get the ticket isn’t easy, but it’s not impossible either, so consider speaking with a traffic ticket lawyer today for some guidance on the situation.
You already have points on your driving record.
In most states, there is a tracking points system that records the traffic violations. If you reside in one of these states, you may have been given a suspension of your license after accumulating a certain number of points. If that happens, you must fight each ticket that you receive thereinafter. If you are concerned about your driving record and are hoping to get a ticket dropped, contact a ticket lawyer for strategy.
Four Other Legal Issues that Could Be Impacted by a Traffic Ticket
One of the many reasons why it could be to your benefit to work with a Greensville County, VA traffic lawyer from The Law Offices of Mark T. Hurt is that incurring a traffic ticket citation on your driving record could impact more than just your wallet. While paying a traffic ticket generally doesn’t cost much, having this mark on your record could result in unintended negative consequences in other areas of your life. Four other legal issues that could be impacted by a traffic ticket include:
- Employment – depending on what kind of work you do, getting a traffic ticket could get you in trouble with your employer or could even lead to your termination. If you are unsure of whether a traffic ticket could impact your employment, know that a Greensville County traffic lawyer at The Law Offices of Mark T. Hurt would be happy to review the terms of your employment contract and advise you as to whether having a traffic ticket on your record could be consequential for your livelihood.
- Insurance Contracts – depending on the terms of your insurance contract, incurring a traffic ticket could either violate your insurance agreement as it stands or could lead to a rise in your premiums. As a result, the true cost of a traffic ticket could be far more significant over time than it seems to be at first glance. Say that your insurance premiums go up $20 per month as a result of your ticket. You will end up paying hundreds more each year due to your alleged infraction. Spending a little money to fight your ticket now could save you money in the end.
- Family Law Disputes – if you and your child’s other parent are having a disagreement about custody or you have certain provisions within your parenting plan that pertain to travel, incurring a traffic ticket could place you in hot water with your ex and could even place you in hot water with a family law judge. For example, if your ex insists that you drive irresponsibly with your kids in the car and you are trying to fight against that allegation as part of a broader custody battle, incurring a traffic ticket could bolster your ex’s claims.
- Probation – while it is rare that incurring a traffic ticket would violate the terms of someone’s probation, it isn’t unheard of. A probation violation could land you in jail. If you are on probation and your recent traffic ticket could lead to the loss of your freedom, connect with our firm immediately.
If you have been questioning whether connecting with the experienced legal team at The Law Offices of Mark T. Hurt will be worth your time and effort, consider the ways in which many areas of your life could be affected if you don’t work to remove your recent traffic ticket from your driving record. In the event that our Greensville County traffic lawyer team can help to make your life easier, we’d certainly like to be afforded the opportunity to try.
The Law Offices of Mark T. Hurt
But, maybe you aren’t just worried about tickets — maybe you’ve been in an accident. How would a traffic attorney help then? What a traffic lawyer would aid in doing, is they would assess the situation from an in depth perspective. Examples of questions that they would ask, would pertain to who was involved in the traffic accident, were there any injuries suffered, the damage to the car or cars that was done, and more. What this aids in doing, is helps to demonstrate how and why each case should be handled differently. Moreover, when it comes to accidents and cases, they would be handled in a way that encourages different types of cases. A strong example of this, is demonstrated through The Law Offices of Mark T Hurt. Cases focus on personal injury within accidents, disability, different types of vehicle accidents, and more. This kind of work for any legal business, helps to branch out and build an audience, where there is a strong focus on different case types. Contact us today if you need a traffic lawyer.
On the other hand if you’ve received a ticket, at this point, you probably just want the ticket problem to be over and done with, but it may be worth fighting if there’s any chance it could get dropped or reduced. Tickets can add points to a driver’s record and cause them to lose money financially not only in the short-term with paying the ticket itself, but in the long term with insurance rates as well. The Law Offices of Mark T. Hurt can offer several advantages for those who have received traffic tickets. Traffic tickets may seem minor, but they can become a severe issue for those with multiple demerit points on their record. If you have received a ticket, it may be in your best interest to speak with a Greensville County, VA traffic lawyer to learn more about the proper course of action.
How Should You Fight Your Speeding Ticket?
At the very least, dealing with a speeding ticket can be annoying. You may need to take time out of your day to go to court, you may need to use grocery money to pay off your ticket, or you could be annoyed that you were late getting into the office when you were stopped for your ticket. However, speeding tickets can be more than just annoying. If you have other speeding tickets on your record, you may be worried that you need to attend a driving class, will get your license suspended, or could be worried that your insurance premiums will go up. Whatever your reason for not wanting a speeding ticket, it can be helpful to work with an attorney who can walk you through the different options of what you can do to fight this ticket.
How do you know if it’s the right time to fight a speeding ticket?
Many people assume that a speeding ticket is not worth fighting. In fact, if you can pay it and avoid going to court, that is probably the best move, right? Not necessarily. When you pay your speeding ticket, you are automatically admitting that you were guilty of speeding, whether you were or not. If you are okay with admitting this guilt and paying a fine, then you can avoid going to court. However, if you are willing to fight your speeding ticket, you can do so with the help of a lawyer, like a speeding ticket lawyer in Greensville County, VA from a law firm like The Law Offices of Mark T. Hurt.
What are speeding ticket defenses?
When you choose to fight your speeding ticket, there are a few different arguments you may present.
- The presumed limit. With this defense, you can choose to argue that you were not exceeding the speed limit posted on the road or you can argue that while you may have been speeding, you were going at a speed limit that was safe based on external factors, like traffic conditions or the weather.
- Absolutely speed limit. With this defense, you are trying to break down the accusations that the officer is presenting. This means you may say you were not actually speeding, the radar gun the police officer was using was not calibrated properly, or the officer incorrectly assumed you were speeding when it was someone else.
Should you work with a lawyer?
Often, people think they do not need to work with a lawyer after they are given a speeding ticket because they assume a speeding ticket is not that big of a deal. However, a speeding ticket can greatly affect things like your insurance and, in some instances, your job. If you are concerned that a speeding ticket on your driving record could cause issues with your work or insurance, it is important to work with a lawyer you can rely on. Reach out to a local office today to get help from a lawyer you can trust.
What is a notice to appear?
You may have received a traffic ticket for equipment violation or minor driving offense. These kinds of tickets are reviewed and handled in traffic court. The ticket itself will have information about how you can respond to it and which county court will be handling your case, among other details. As your Greensville County, VA speeding ticket lawyer from The Law Offices of Mark T. Hurt can answer, once the court processes your ticket, they will send you a notice to appear, which tells you how to pay the fine, what the fine is, how to contest the ticket, and your due date.
Can I just ignore the ticket?
Typically, you will have the choice to pay the ticket but not contest it, or contest the ticket in court. By contesting the ticket, you are asking for a trial hearing, in which you will state to the court that you are pleading not guilty. If eligible, you may be given the option to attend traffic school instead of paying the ticket. And if you got a fix-it ticket, you can submit proof that you addressed the problem. As your Greensville County speeding ticket lawyer would advise, it is not recommended that you just ignore the ticket. If you do so, it can cause the ticket to accumulate in price and result in further consequences later.
Does asking for fines to be reduced ever work?
If you did not attend court by the listed deadline or did not pay, you can ask the court to reschedule. But you must send in this request as soon as you can, otherwise, you may risk losing your opportunity to state your case in court. If you are unable to afford the fines, you may ask the court to reduce it because of the financial hardship it would cause. The court may choose to allow more time for you to pay, lower the fine, or have you fulfill community service instead.
Why should I try to fight my ticket?
There are many reasons why you would want to fight your ticket. Firstly, you may be at risk of losing your privilege to drive if you get too many points on your DMV record within a certain period of time. Your insurance rates may also go up, usually for a few years, and you may end up losing your ability to earn money if your employment relies on you having a clean driving record. With help from a Greensville County speeding ticket lawyer, you may be able to have your ticket reduced or dropped, in which you won’t have to worry about it affecting your future.
Is it necessary to hire a traffic ticket lawyer?
You can elect to pay your ticket or fight it without a lawyer. It is not required that you hire a lawyer, but it can prove beneficial to do so. If you pay the ticket, then you are basically admitting fault (unless you have the option to attend driving school). If you attempt to fight it, you may find that the entire process is confusing and not set up for an outcome in your favor. The officer and the court handling your ticket have the advantage because they know how processing tickets work. As your Greensville County speeding ticket lawyer from The Law Offices of Mark H. Hurt may forewarn, unless you have someone to guide you through and use some strategy on your behalf, you may risk losing your case and having to pay the ticket anyway.

domain: law


text:
Postpartum depression is a condition that many new mothers face after giving birth. A new baby may appear like a joy, but for several new moms, it is not. A sudden shift in hormones can trigger this depression. This article can help you fight depression at its core.
Try and maintain your regular social activities. You may not feel up to doing many things when you are feeling depressed, but it is important to maintain your friendships. It is still crucial to do them, though. Keep on doing the things you normally would. Giving up your regular routine will just make your depression worse.
If you’re depressed, try changing your thinking patterns. If you think or say bad things about yourself, analyze if you would say it to someone else. You may be too hard on yourself or set goals that are too high. Reframe your negative thoughts into something more positive, like a solution for your issue.
Cultivate outside interests or activities to help with your depression. Those who suffer from depression need activities and events to look forward to. There is a wide world of activities out there, including going to art shows, doing yoga, or watching anime with friends. However you choose to spend your time, you will be working very positively against the forces of depression.
While general sadness is something quite distinct from clinical depression, certain treatment techniques can work for both. One of the most important things to remember is to avoid your depression triggers. If you know of some action, person or situation that creates depression for your, avoid it if at all possible.
Taking care of yourself, putting on makeup or nice clothes can help to boost your mood. Put on some nice clothes and go out. Not just to go to a formal event, but to feel good about yourself and to get away from your home. How you look when you are around others will help to lift your spirits, and make you feel better about yourself.
If you are feeling depressed for more than a week or so, you should see a doctor to find the causes and treat them. A professional can give you an accurate diagnosis, and inform you of any treatment options that are available. A professional can also determine the type of depression that you have.
Writing in a journal can do wonders for your depression. Writing down your feelings and thoughts can do a lot to make you feel better. Writing about your depression can also help you to identify patterns.
Be aware of how bad your depression is. There are different levels of depression, from mild all the way to the most severe cases of clinical depression. Light to moderate depression is felt by millions around the world, often going unnoticed by most. Mild depression is usually called “the blues,” while moderate depression has an affect on daily life. Someone suffering from clinical depression tends to withdraw from the world and behave differently. Share all of your feelings with the person in charge of your therapy.
As stated in the beginning of the article, postpartum depression is a condition that effects new mothers. Many people neglect to realize they have depression. But, it is a condition that needs to be treated. Ideally, you have learned about the symptoms and treatment for depression.


text:
Ultimate method for a long-lasting water-repellent effect of 6 to 12 months. Provides superior shine and protection. Prevents dust from re-adhering to the surface and keeping the car looking new and cleaner for longer.
Turtle Wax Sealant Hydrophobic Wax is the ultimate method for long-lasting durability and a super water-repellent (water-bulging) effect on the surface of the car. This easy-to-use product can be sprayed on and wiped away with a minimum of effort. It provides superior shine and protection and provides an unparalleled water-repellent effect that lasts 6 months to a year.
When used as part of your regular maintenance schedule, it keeps the car looking new and cleaner for longer. The super water-repellent effect helps to prevent dust from re-adhering to the surface. Turtle Wax Sealant Hydrophobic Wax contains brighteners, water-repellent additives and functional protectants that bond to a car paint surface for extremely long-lasting protection.

domain: chemistry


text:
Breath Of The Wild Cover Art The Legend Of Zelda Poster 61cm x 91.5cm (24" x 36")
You’d better be on your ’A’ game, because Link is ready for battle in 'The Legend of Zelda: Breath of The Wild!'. This epic cover art poster sees the games protagonist mid-leap bursting from the earthy patterned backdrop, dressed in his distinctive green get up, armed with the hero’s bow. This maxi poster will make the perfect addition to any gamers room, and remember ‘It’s dangerous to go alone!’.
Add gloss lamination to protect and display your poster
- Protects your picture from dirt, grease and moisture
- Easy to put up and take down without damaging your poster
- Great way to display your poster without framing
- Professionally sealed inside two sheets of laminate
- Attractive glossy finish
- Size: 61cm x 91.5cm (24" x 36")
- Stock ID: 244679
- View all Posters…
People Who Bought This Poster Also Bought
The PopArtUK Guarantee: 100% Satisfaction or Your Money Back!
We're so confident you'll love your purchase, if for any reason you are not 100% satisfied we will be happy to exchange your goods or give you a full refund - guaranteed!

domain: entertainment


text:
Movie was released on 2000-12-21, the IMDB rating is 7,3 (upd: 08-04-2020) and lasts 136 min. Directed by Gus Van Sant.Overview
Gus Van Sant tells the story of a young African American man named Jamal who confronts his talents while living on the streets of the Bronx. He accidentally runs into an old writer named Forrester who discovers his passion for writing. With help from his new mentor Jamal receives a scholarship to a private school.


Universal XML API
What's up with .NET? Windows developers will likely be spending a lot of time with this initiative over the coming months and years. This tip, excerpted from InformIT, discusses a universal API for XML, and discusses how different classes interact with one another.
XpathNavigator provides a generic access API over multiple types of document sources. The XmlDocument class of the DOM world, the XmlDataDocument class that bridges the DOM world with ADO.NET and the DataSet, and the XPathDocument class that we focus on in this article for XPath/XSLT document processing are all capable of producing an XPathNavigator from their XML data sources. They signal this capability to outside clients by implementing the IXPathNavigable interface, which has a single method named CreateNavigator that returns an instance of XPathNavigator. XslTransform, the workhorse class for XSLT processing in .NET, is able to consume XPathNavigator and XPathDocument instances to transform documents in an efficient manner.
XPathNavigator shares the cursor-style access paradigm and the read-only limitation of XmlReader. If you need to create XML content, you have to look at the XmlDocument or XmlWriter classes. Fortunately, XPathNavigator is well suited for quick and easy information retrieval. Data retrieval and cursor movement are accomplished by methods and attributes anchored on the XPathNavigator class. The attributes in the following list are remarkably similar to the XmlReader class.
To read the article from which this tip is excerpted, click over to InformIT. You have to register there, but the registration is free.


text:
East Lake Hedgeley Lakes
Across East Lake again
A picturesque landscape of high hills, open moorland, gently rolling farmland and the scenic River Breamish!
BREAMISH VALLEY winds through the Cheviot Hills of north Northumberland, meandering through the Northumberland National Park. Home to a wide range of wildlife, trees and flowers, the ancient landscape also boasts numerous Neolithic and Bronze Age hillforts and burial sites.
As part of the Northumberland International Dark Sky Park, Breamish Valley is a stargazer's paradise: it has the clearest night skies in England!
And being just a few miles from the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty of Northumberland's unspoilt coastline and beaches, there's something for everyone to enjoy!
There was a time, not so long ago, when the casual visitor to Powburn could have been forgiven for thinking that there were substantially more hens than people living in the village! So, it’s perhaps understandable that, given we need a lot of eggs for the B&B, it wasn’t long before a flock of utility hens were added to the garden.
Having looked at the weather forecast for tomorrow [22 July 2017], it is due to rain for most of the day,I think we should cancel the BBQ [arranged for 3:30pm; 22 July 2017; Breamish Hall garden] and reschedule it for another day. Please can you let people know.

domain: travel


Despite the new “X Factor” theme twist that the show has now officially busted out, we cannot exactly say with full confidence that we’re the biggest fan in the world of what they’re throwing out there for us to see. Divas Week seems like the same sort of theme we’d see any other season, and it leads to getting songs we’re already familiar with and then some.
Still … let’s not complain about it for the entirety of this review piece. Let’s just go ahead and get to reviewing how all of the individual contestants are going to fare! We’re going to be updating this LIVE as the show goes on, so be sure to refresh the page often to get more of our take on some of the singers. One quite note: Apparently they’ve included “legends” in here to go along with “divas,” just to have it a little more sense as to why Michael Jackson and Vanilla Ice are involved. Also, we’re getting another legend in John Legend helping out before everyone hits the stage to perform.
Ryan Lawrie, “Rolling in the Deep” – To be fair to Ryan, this was much better than we thought it was going to be. He hit the majority of the notes, but his big issue is just that he doesn’t have that big, booming voice you really need for Adele. He did the best he could with it.
Gifty Louise, “Lay Me Down” – Probably her best performance this season. She’s got the voice to pull off Sam Smith, and as we saw in the pre-taped package, she had a deep emotional connection to the song thanks to her mother. She had all of the tools to give a great performance here, and she delivered with that and then some.
5 After Midnight, “Valerie” – We can’t say that this was perfect vocally, but at the same time their energy is infectious. In terms of dancing and working the stage, they may be better than any group in the history of the show. We certainly don’t think this was “terrible” as Simon Cowell put it.
Sam Lavery, “Earth Song” – She did a great job with these vocals, and gave about as good of performance of “Earth Song” as you’re going to see on a singing show. Full disclosure: We hate this song. She almost made us like it.
Matt Terry, “I’ll Be There” – It was a journey from one Michael Jackson song to another here, with Matt taking on a much-covered song with a ton of emotion. He’s got a really good shot of winning the whole thing — he’s a great singer, he works the stage, and he’s the sort of artist who tends to win this show. The one thing that he may need to be wary of is that he went a little sharp at the end.
Honey G, “Ice Ice Baby” – A little bit of behind-the-scenes info: Apparently Honey G was forced to perform a straight version of the Vanilla Ice hit by David Bowie’s estate with a little bit of “Under Pressure” dance break in there. We got bored after about a minute of it — Honey G’s biggest problem here was that she seemed to tire out during the dance break and was fairly lifeless the rest of the way.
Relley C, “Natural Woman” – She’s had a rough week, but she was still able to make it up on stage and perform like nobody’s business! While we’re really used to covers of this song, we do think it’s worthy of advancing to the next round.
Emily Middlemas, “How Will I Know” – Clearly our comments to give Emily back her guitar are falling on deaf ears, but at least this was more her speed in terms of being smaller, more intimate, and a chance to let her voice really shine. Hopefully that package with Ryan doesn’t get her attacked on Twitter by all of his fans.
Four of Diamonds, mash-up – The harmonies and the vocals in here were very good, and we feel like they are starting to mesh really well. Nicole Scherzinger may be ridiculous at times, but she was right on her money in her critique for the girls here. The one thing that they are really missing is a little bit of fire and an edge. They’re not too different right now from every other group out there.
Saara Aalto, “It’s Oh So Quiet” – This was odd, but at the same time Saara can really perform! While it’s definitely not going to be everyone’s cup of tea, at the same time we are very grateful she’s here just to give us something different. We need creativity in this competition!
If you want to get some other news right now when it comes to “The X Factor,” including some of our singer rankings from before the show, just be sure to head over to this link right now! (Photo: ITV.)


text:
IBEROSTAR Hotels & Resorts closes 2010 with a turnover of 881 million Euros, representing 9% increase over the previous year. Currently, the Spanish hotel chain has a portfolio of 101 hotels, 67,400 beds and over 21,000 employees in the countries where it operates.
Escalating political turmoil and violence in the Middle East is blemishing a robust lodging recovery in global markets for Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide Inc. (HOT).
Restaurant industry sales are expected to reach a record $604 billion and post positive growth in 2011 after a three-year period of negative real sales growth, according to National Restaurant Association research released today. The Association’s 2011 Restaurant Industry Forecast projects an industry sales increase of 3.6 percent over 2010 sales, which equals 1.1 percent in real (inflation-adjusted) terms.
Radisson Blu Lyon has announced it is committed to developing sustainable tourism. Initiatives that are being put in place include helping children at local orphanages, reducing the paper consumption levels in the hotel and inviting guests to visit ‘green’ places of interest.

domain: news


|Publication number||US4908275 A|
|Application number||US 07/160,479|
|Publication date||Mar 13, 1990|
|Filing date||Feb 25, 1988|
|Priority date||Mar 4, 1987|
|Also published as||DE3860618D1, EP0281038A2, EP0281038A3, EP0281038B1, US5004520|
|Publication number||07160479, 160479, US 4908275 A, US 4908275A, US-A-4908275, US4908275 A, US4908275A|
|Inventors||Masahiro Tsuji, Susumu Kawauchi, Hiroshi Nakayama|
|Original Assignee||Nippon Mining Co., Ltd.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (17), Classifications (20), Legal Events (6)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
______________________________________P 0.005-0.05 wt %, B 0.005-0.05 wt %,Al 0.01-0.5 wt %, As 0.01-0.5 wt %Cd 0.01-0.5 wt %, Co 0.01-0.5 wt %,Fe 0.01-0.5 wt %, In 0.01-0.5 wt %,Mg 0.01 = 0.5 wt %, Mn 0.05-0.2 wt %,Ni 0.01-0.5 wt %, Si 0.01-0.5 wt %,Sn 0.01-0.5 wt %, Te 0.01-0.5 wt %,Ag 0.01-1 wt %, Cr 0.01-1 wt %,Hf 0.01-1 wt %, Zn 0.01-1 wt % andZr 0.01-1 wt %,______________________________________
______________________________________P 0.007-0.02 wt %, B 0.007-0.02 wt %,Al 0.05-0.2 wt %, As 0.05-0.2 wt %Cd 0.05-0.2 wt %, Co 0.05-0.2 wt %,Fe 0.05-0.2 wt %, In 0.02-0.2 wt %,Mg 0.05-0.2 wt %, Mn 0.05-0.2 wt %,Ni 0.05-0.2 wt %, Si 0.05-0.2 wt %,Sn 0.05-0.2 wt %, Te 0.05-0.2 wt %,Ag 0.05-0.5 wt %, Cr 0.05-0.5 wt %,Hf 0.05-0.5 wt %, Zn 0.1-0.8 wt %, andZr 0.05-0.5 wt %,______________________________________
This invention relates to a film carrier having leads suited for mounting and packaging semiconductor chips and other electronic components on printed-circuit boards and also to a method of manufacturing the same.
Semiconductor chips such as ICs and LSIs are usually as small as several millimeters square and about 100 microns thick and are difficult to mount as they are on printed-circuit boards. To facilitate the mounting, it is customary to contain each chip in a certain housing known as an IC or LSI package.
The IC or LSI package basically has a structure in which a semiconductor chip is attached to a heat sink, or a heat-radiating metal sheet, and electrode terminals of the chip and leads for connection to external circuits are joined by bonding wires.
The leads project from the package like the legs of a centipede, and are also called pins.
Such IC and LSI packages prevailing at present day are classified into two dominant types; dual in-line package (DIP) having two rows of pins extending vertically downward from the package body at opposite sides thereof and flat package (FP) with pins projecting from all four edges of the package body in the same plane.
The FP type is advantageous over the DIP type because it can use some more leads (pins) and thereby slightly increase the packaging density on printed boards.
However, the recent tendency toward even higher degrees of integration for LSIs has accordingly increased the number of pins for the individual packages. The FP and DIP types are both failing to keep up with the tendency, and there is a need for a new packaging system capable of accommodating the rapidly increasing number of pins.
In an effort to meet the requirement, a new mounting and packaging system using a "film carrier" (also known as tape carrier or tab) has been developed.
The film carrier, as shown in FIG. 1, is based on a length of tape 2 formed with sprocket holes 1. The tape 2, or the base using a polyimide, polyester, polyether sulfone (PES), polyparabanic acid (PPA) or such like resin, is covered with a copper foil. The foil in turn is photoetched to provide copper inner leads (fingers for chip bonding) 3 and copper outer leads (fingers for external connections) 4. The numeral 5 indicates testing pads.
The inner leads 3, outer leads 4, and the like in a fine pattern are collectively called leads in this specification.
The process steps in common use will now be described in some more detail. The Polyimide or other resin base of a lengthy tape is perforated to provide device holes, a copper foil about 35 micron thick is laminated as a circuit-forming metal to the perforated tape, and the copper foil is coated with a resist, a pattern is printed, exposed to light, developed, and etched. After the removal of the resist and, where necessary, after an additional step of plating, a fine pattern of leads as in FIG. 1 is formed.
As FIG. 1 illustrates, a fragment of the base film is punched in the center to provide a device hole for mounting a semiconductor chip or the like, and leads formed from the copper foil are arranged in a high density in the hole to partly project thereinto. The width of the leads is sometimes as narrow as several ten microns.
At the electrodes of a semiconductor chip there are usually formed bumps for connection to the inner leads on the film carrier. The electrodes (bumps) of the semiconductor chip and the inner leads of the film carrier are joined by the gang bonding method for simultaneous connection of all terminals involved. When the leads are to be mounted on a printed-circuit board, the outer leads of copper foil are cut out together with the semiconductor element from the film carrier (by punching) and then mounted on the printed board.
The tape carrier formed this way offers many advantages including the following:
(1) It can be handled in the form of a (long) tape and precisely positioned as desired using the sprocket holes.
(2) Unlike wire bonding, the bonding seldom deforms the inner leads and permits the provision of terminals to a much finer pitch (on the order of 80 microns).
(3) The gang bonding allows for a single-step bonding regardless of the number of terminals involved.
(4) Burn-in tests of the chips as attached to the carrier are possible.
(5) The thin, flexible carrier permits correspondingly thin, flexible type of packages.
(6) The chips after packaging can be easily replaced.
This film carrier is particularly well suited for high-density package type LSIs that require larger numbers of pins than usual.
For the metal conductors (leads) to be used on the above film carrier, which are required to have high electrical conductivity, tough pitch copper foils 20 to 50 μm thick have hitherto been employed. However, the tough pitch copper (pure copper) foils have number of drawbacks and none have proved satisfactory. In order to attain a high density arrangement of fine leads it is necessary to secure enhanced etching accuracy. To this end the copper foil must be made as thin as possible. Nevertheless, the fine copper leads, formed by photoetching the copper foil about 20 to 50 μm thick as stated above, tend to soften on heating during the course of fabrication. Also they are easily deformed as the resist is peeled off during etching of when the flow of plating solution changes or the film carrier comes in contact with rolls conveying it. The deformation of the fingers can lead to shorting of the terminals or imperfect bonding.
When a copper foil is bonded to a resin base with an adhesive, intimate adhesion between the foil and resin is obtained and reliability improved by the use of a high curing temperature and an adhesive for high temperature use. However, this involves a relatively long curing period (usually several hours) and presents a problem of easy softening of the ordinary pure copper foils.
An additional disadvantage with the conventional rolled copper foils forming the leads has been anisotropy in mechanical properties. There are sharp distinctions between their longitudinal (rolling direction) and lateral (normal to the rolling direction) tensile strengths and elongations.
In view of the foregoing and other considerations, the copper foil as a metal conductor on a tape carrier is required to possess the following properties:
(1) High electrical conductivity as a metal conductor.
(2) Toward the requirement for thinner foils, greater strength than pure copper, and no possibility of deformation during fabrication.
(3) Sufficient heat resistance to withstand the heat of approximately 200° C. to be encountered during the manufacture of the tape carrier.
(4) No anisotropy in strength or heat resistance, which is essential for the fingers extended in four directions.
(5) Smooth surface to permit the bonding of IC elements at the back of the fingers.
(6) Flatness of the shape for the same purpose as above.
(7) Ease of etching.
(8) Good adhesion to the resin involved.
As far as conventional tough pitch copper (pure copper basis) foil concerned, it is impossible to satisfy with all requirements stated above.
In this connection, tough pitch copper foils generally used have a following compositions:
Cu: 99.96-99.97 wt %
O2 : 0.025-0.035 wt %
concomitant impurities: not more than 0.05 wt % (Fe, Pb, etc.)
The object of this invention is to provide a film carrier which brings improvements in strength and heat resistance of the leads, thus making the reduction in their thickness possible, and eliminates the anisotropy of their mechanical properties, with the ability of being etched with increased accuracy and meeting the growing requirement for high-density multipin arrangement, and also a method of manufacturing the same.
To accomplish the above object, it is necessary to enhance the strength and heat resistance of a rolled copper foil used in a film carrier and simultaneously to eliminate or lower the anisotropy of the copper foil by preventing the growing of (100) orientation which is recrystalization texture. Under many investigations, the inventors have obtained the finding that the addition of one or more of P, B, Al, As, Cd, Co, Fe, In, Mg, Mn, Ni, Si, Sn, Te, Ag, Cr, Hf, Zn and Zr each in a specified amount is very effective for the above object. According to another finding further obtained, it is perferable to suppress oxygen content to not more than 50 ppm for further enhancing heat-resistance-improving effect by the aforementioned additive elements. Based on such findings, this invention provides a film carrier comprising a resin base film and a rolled copper foil laminated thereon said rolled copper foil forming leads for mounting semiconductor chips or other electronic components in place, characterized in that said rolled copper foil is made of a copper alloy composition consisting essentially of a total of 0.005 to 1.5% by weight of one or two or more selected from a group consisting of
______________________________________P 0.005-0.05 wt %, B 0.005-0.05 wt %,Al 0.01-0.5 wt %, As 0.01-0.5 wt %,Cd 0.01-0.5 wt %, Co 0.01-0.5 wt %,Fe 0.01-0.5 wt %, In 0.01-0.5 wt %,Mg 0.01-0.5 wt %, Mn 0.01-0.5 wt %,Ni 0.01-0.5 wt %, Si 0.01-0.5 wt %,Sn 0.01-0.5 wt %, Te 0.01-0.5 wt %,Ag 0.01-1 wt %, Cr 0.01-1 wt %,Hf 0.01-1 wt %, Zn 0.01-1 wt % andZn 0.01-1 wt %______________________________________
and the remainder Cu with inevitable impurities, preferably with oxygen content of not more than 50 ppm. This invention also provides a method for manufacturing a film carrier characterized in that the leads of the film carrier for mounting semiconductor chips or other electronic components in place are formed by the steps of providing a rolled copper allow foil having the composition defined above, preferably strain relief annealing it after its final cold rolling and then laminating the annealed foil onto a resin base film followed by etching.
As additive elements, one or more of In, Ag and Sn is particularly preferred.
FIG. 1 is a schematic explanatory view of a typical film carrier; and
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the tensile strengths and elongations at varying annealing temperatures of a copper alloy foil for use in the present invention and of a tough pitch copper foil.
The alloying ingredients of the rolled copper foil that constitutes the present inventions, namely, P, B, Al, As, Cd, Co, Fe, In, Mg, Mn, Ni, Si, Sn, Te, Ag, Cr, Hf, Zn, and Zr, all improve the strength and heat resistance of the copper. They also inhibit the development of the (100) orientation that is the recrystallized texture structure of copper, and thereby correct the anisotropy.
However, there are upper and lower limits to the percentages of these alloying ingredients to be added, as will be elucidated below.
If the P or B content is less than 0.005% by weight, or the Al, As, Cd, Co, Fe, In, Mg, Mn, Ni, Si, Sn, Te, Ag, Cr, Hf, Zn, or Zr content is less than 0.01% by weight, the result will not be as satisfactory as expected. Conversely if the P or B content is more than 0.05% by weight, or the Al, As, Cd, Co, Fe, In, Mg, Mn, Ni, Si, Sn, or Te content is more than 0.5% by weight, or the Ag, Cr, Hf, Zn, or Zr content exceeds 1% by weight, a serious decrease in conductivity will result. The total amount of one or two or more ingredients selected from the above group is confined within the range of 0.005 to 1.5% by weight. The lower limit of 0.005% by weight is fixed for the addition of a single ingredient. As regards the upper limit, the addition of two or more ingredients in a combined amount greater than 1% by weight does not always cause an appreciable decrease in conductivity due partly to the formation of intermetallic compounds. Any amount in excess of 1.5% by weight, however, causes a serious conductivity drop.
Preferable amounts to be added are as follows:
______________________________________P 0.007-0.02 wt %, B 0.007-0.02 wt %,Al 0.05-0.2 wt %, As 0.05-0.2 wt %,Cd 0.05-0.2 wt %, Co 0.05-0.2 wt %,Fe 0.05-0.2 wt %, In 0.02-wt %,Mg 0.05-0.2 wt %, Mn 0.05--0.2 wt %,Ni 0.05-0.2 wt %, Si 0.05-0.2 wt %,Sn 0.05-0.2 wt %, Te 0.05-0.2 wt %,Ag 0.05-0.5 wt %, Cr 0.05-0.5 wt %,Hf 0.05-0.5 wt %, Zn 0.1-0.8 wt % and -Zn 0.05-0.5 wt______________________________________ %
Among said additive elements, the addition of one or more of In, Ag and Sn is preferable.
The material having addition of In or Sn to the alloy composition of the foil that forms the leads is particularly excellent material with higher conductivity and controllability of the half-softening temperature in the range of 200° to 300° C. [Here the term half-softening temperature refers to the temperature at which the copper material usually is desired to soften when bonded with an IC chip (320° C.) and when joined to a substrate (270° C.).] Moreover, it permits the copper material to be easily etched away with the commonly employed etching solutions of ferric chloride (FeCl3) or copper chloride (CuCl2).
Further, it is preferable to control the oxygen content in a copper film to not more than 50 ppm. When the oxygen content is controlled to not more than 50 ppm, heat resistance is remarkably enhanced. Less than 50 ppm oxygen, by contrast, enables a trace of element or elements to impart remarkable heat resistance. This is presumably attributable to the fact that a high oxygen content oxidized the alloying element added and the resulting oxide no longer contributes to the heat resistance. An oxygen content below 20 ppm is preferred.
The thickness of a copper foil generally has the range of 20 to 50 μm, but this invention is suitably applicable to a thinner foil having a thickness of 15 to 30 μm.
Such rolled copper alloy foil is made by hot rolling an ingot having a predetermined composition, appropriately repeating cold rolling and annealing and then effecting final cold rolling to a thickness required.
It is preferred that the final cold rolling is followed by strain relief annealing for the following reason. The reason is that material, as cold rolled, retains a large residual stress buildup inside. The stresses are released by the heat the material encounters during the fabrication into a film carrier (e.g., the heat at the time of joining to the resin layer or at the time of etching pattern printing). This results in shrinkage of the copper alloy foil, which can lead to deformation. The strain relief annealing that follows the final cold rolling is intended to prevent this deformation of leads to be formed from the copper alloy foil. This is no special limitation to the procedure of strain relief annealing; a suitable one of the conventional annealing methods may be used. For example, a treatment at 100° to 500° C. for 20 seconds to 1 hour may be carried out.
Typical examples of tensile strengths and elongations of a copper alloy foil for use in the present invention and a conventional tough pitch copper foil will now be explained with reference to FIG. 2. Test specimens of the copper alloy foil for use in the invention are designated Sn-containing (0.15% Sn) copper alloy foil specimens 8a, 8b, 9a, and 9b, and comparative test specimens are those of a conventional tough pitch copper, designated bright foil specimens 6a, 6b, 7a, and 7b. FIG. 2 clearly shows that the Sn-containing copper alloy foil specimens 8a, 8b retain high tensile strength at annealing temperatures (15 minutes) above 300° C.
The tensile strengths of the tough pitch copper foil specimens 6a, 6b are seen sharply declining at temperatures from about 120° C. upward, indicating very low heat-resisting strengths. This suggests seriously low reliability of the film carriers having leads made from the conventional heat-affected tough pitch rolled copper foil. With regard to the directionality of rolling, or the longitudinal (rolling) direction and lateral (normal to the rolling) direction, as can be seen with the conventional tough pitch rolled copper foil specimens in FIG. 2, there are marked differences in tensile strength (between the longitudinal, 6a, and lateral, 6b, directions) and in elongation (between the longitudinal, 7a, and lateral, 7b, directions). The differences are pronounced in the temperature region of 160° to 200° C. wherein the material is subjected to heat. A shift in position or deformation due to such anisotropy adds to the inaccuracy of the connection to components.
With the specimens of the Sn-containing copper foil as shown typically for use in the present invention, the high heat resistance as mentioned above is attained. Furthermore, practically no such anisotropy as with the comparative foil in the longitudinal and lateral tensile strengths (8a and 8b) and elongations (9a and 9b). These properties contribute greatly to the reliability of the film carrier having fine leads in a high density pattern.
Similarly high heat resistance was attained with other alloy compositions for use in forming leads in accordance with the invention.
By the use of a high quality copper foil as described above, it becomes possible to manufacture a film carrier by which the density of multi-pin arrangement can be remarkably increased. As described previously, a substrate or base film is made of a resin such as polyimide, polyester, polyether sulfone, polyparabanic acid etc. A continuous elongated base film is punctured to form sproket holes, device holes for containing IC tips or other devices etc. and a copper foil is laminated thereon with a polyester- or epoxy-based adhesive. Such film including an adhesive layer is called three-layer film in the art. Thereafter, the copper foil is subjected to a series of treatments including printing, exposure, development and etching to form fine patterns as shown in FIG. 1. Then, as necessary, platings with gold, tin, lead, solder etc. are made to produce a film carrier.
The material of the invention will be described more fully below in connection with Examples thereof.
Alloys of varying compositions according to this invention, as listed in Table 1, were melted each in a high-frequency melting furnace and cast into an ingot each. Each ingot was hot rolled at 900° C. into an 8 mm-thick plate and then cold rolled to a thickness of 1 mm. The resulting sheet was annealed at 500° C. for one hour and cold rolled to a thickness of 0.2 mm. Further annealing at 500° C. for one hour and cold rolling yielded a 0.025 mm-thick foil.
Each test material thus prepared was evaluated by the following tests. Strength was determined in terms of tensile strengths measured in the directions parallel and normal to the rolling direction. Heat resistance was determined in terms of the softening temperature in a heating period of 5 minutes. Electrical conductivity tested is expressed in % IACS. With each alloy foil a three-layer film carrier of a polyimide film was actually made and inspected for any deformation of the fingers.
As Table 1 clearly shows, the alloys of the invention are excellent in strength, heat resistance, and conductivity. With only limited anisotropy, the alloys give film carriers free from deformation. These properties make them suitable as copper alloy foils for film carriers.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________ Tensile strength (kg/mm2) Softening Alloy composition (wt %) parallel to normal to temperature Conductivity Deformation as Cu Element added rolling direction rolling direction (°C.) (% IACS) film__________________________________________________________________________ carrierAlloy 1 bal. P 0.01, Sn 0.1 48.3 48.5 350 88 Noof the 2 " B 0.02 48.1 48.0 350 94 "invention 3 " Al 0.1 47.7 48.2 300 87 " 4 " Co 0.07 49.4 49.6 350 85 " 5 " In 0.1 51.8 52.4 350 95 " 6 " Fe 0.05, Mn 0.05 49.0 48.8 350 92 " 7 " Mg 0.06, Te 0.1 46.5 47.0 400 98 " 8 " Ni 0.1, P 0.008 50.4 50.2 375 91 " 9 " Cr 0.3, Si 0.03 53.0 53.1 425 88 " 10 " Ag 0.2 47.6 48.0 400 98 " 11 " Hf 0.02, Zr 0.15 52.3 52.6 475 96 " 12 " Te 0.2 45.0 45.3 400 97 " 13 " Zr 0.9, Si 0.2 55.7 56.5 500 90 " 14 " Zn 1.0, Sn 0.1 49.0 49.5 375 91 "Comparative 1 " -- 43.0 45.7 200 102 Yesalloy 2 " P 0.003 44.8 45.5 200 95 " 3 " Sn 0.007 44.3 45.8 200 99 Yes (some) 4 " Fe 0.6, Al 0.2 57.0 58.2 500 52 No 5 " Zn 1.5, Ni 0.6 53.6 54.0 475 47 "__________________________________________________________________________
Alloys of varying compositions for the leads on the film carrier according to this invention, as listed in Table 2, were melted each in a high-frequency melting furnace and cast into an ingot each.
Next, each ingot was hot rolled at 900° C. into an 8 mm-thick plate and then cold rolled to a thickness of 1 mm. The resulting sheet was annealed at 500° C. for one hour and cold rolled to a 0.2 mm thickness. Further annealing at 500° C. for one hour and cold rolling yielded a 0.025 mm-thick foil.
The foils were then annealed under the strain relief annealing conditions given in Table 2. Each test material thus prepared was evaluated by the following tests. Strength was determined in terms of tensile strengths measured in the directions both parallel and normal to the rolling direction. Heat resistance was determined in terms of the softening temperature in a heating period of one hour. Electrical conductivity tested is expressed in % IACS. With each alloy foil a three-layer tape carrier of a polyimide film was made and inspected for any deformation of the leads.
As Table 2 clearly shows, the alloys of the invention were excellent in strength, heat resistance, and conductivity. With only limited anisotropy, the alloys give film carriers free from deformation of the leads. These properties make them suitable as copper alloy foils for film carriers.
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________ Strain relief Tensile Softening Alloy compositoin (wt %) annealing strength temperature Conductivity percentage Cu Element added condition (kg/mm2) (°C.) (% IACS) Skrinage__________________________________________________________________________Alloy 1 bal. P 0.01, Sn 0.12 200° C. × 3 min. 47.8 300 85 0.003of the 2 " B 0.01, Ag 0.1 300° C. × 1 " 47.5 300 96 0.002invention 3 " Al 0.05, As 0.02 200° C. × 2 " 47.6 250 92 0.003 4 " In 0.1 200° C. × 3 " 51.2 300 95 0.003 5 " Co 0.05, Te 0.1 250° C. × 1 " 48.3 325 93 0.003 6 " Fe 0.05, Mn 0.05 200° C. × 2 " 47.7 300 92 0.003 7 " Cr 0.1, Zr 0.05, Si 0.02 500° C. × 0.5 " 52.0 350 88 0.002 8 " Ni 0.1, Zn 0.4 200° C. × 2 " 46.2 275 92 0.003 9 " Mg 0.06, Hf 0.03, Cd 0.01 250° C. × 3 " 47.6 300 94 0.003Comparative 1 " P 0.01, Sn 0.12 -- 48.7 300 86 0.040alloy 2 " B 0.01, Ag 0.1 -- 48.0 300 96 0.038 3 " Al 0.05, As 0.02 -- 48.2 250 92 0.038 4 " In 0.1 -- 51.8 300 95 0.040 5 " Co 0.05, Te 0.1 -- 49.1 325 93 0.042 6 " Fe 0.05, Mn 0.05 -- 49.0 300 92 0.043 7 " Cr 0.1, Zr 0.05, Si 0.02 -- 52.0 350 88 0.040 8 " Ni 0.1, Zn 0.4 -- 47.5 275 92 0.039 9 " Mg 0.06, Hf 0.03, Cd 0.01 -- 48.0 300 94 0.043__________________________________________________________________________
Alloys of varying compositions for the leads on the film carrier according to this invention, as listed in Table 3, were melted each in a high-frequency melting furnace and cast into an ingot each. In order to limit the oxygen content to 50 ppm or less, a copper material containing not more than 50 ppm oxygen, termed oxygen-free or low-oxygen copper, is used and the alloy is melted and cast in a reducing or inert atmosphere to avoid the oxidation of copper. Each ingot was hot rolled at 900° C. into an 8 mm-thick plate and then cold rolled to a thickness of 1 mm. The resulting sheet was annealed at 500° C. for one hour and cold rolled to a 0.2 mm thickness. Further annealing at 500° C. for one hour and cold rolling yielded a 0.025 mm-thick foil.
Each test material thus prepared was evaluated by the following tests. Strength was determined in terms of tensile strengths measured in the directions both parallel and normal to the rolling direction. Heat resistance was determined in terms of the softening temperature in a heating period of one hour. Electrical conductivity tested in expressed in % IACS. With each alloy foil a three-layer film carrier of a polyimide film was made and inspected for any deformation of the leads.
As Table 3 clearly shows, the alloys of the invention were excellent in strength, heat resistance, and conductivity. With only limited anisotropy, the alloys give film carriers free from deformation. These properties make them suitable as copper alloy foils for film carriers.
Other samples of the invention subjected to strain relief annealing are given in Table 4. The Table 4 shows the shrinkage percentages of lead members of two alloy compositions, with strain relief annealing (Test specimen Nos. 1 and 2) and without (Nos. 3 and 4), under the influence of heat to be possibly encountered (200° C. for 10 minutes). As is clear from Table 4, the stress rel annealed specimens shrank only one-tenth or less the percentages of those not annealed. Similar tendencies were noted with the other copper alloy compositions for use in making the film carriers according to the invention. The shrinkage of the lead members does not always cause deformation of the film carriers, but it can be a factor that induces or promotes the deformation. Strain relief annealing, therefore, is desirable.
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________ Tensile strength (kg/mm2) Parallel Normal Softenging Alloy composition (wt %) to rolling to rolling temperature Conductivity Deformation as Cu Element added Oxygen direction direction (°C.) (% IACS) film__________________________________________________________________________ carrierAlloy 1 bal. P 0.01, Sn 0.1 0.0018 48.3 48.5 300 88 Noof the 2 " B 0.02 0.0035 48.1 48.0 275 94 "invention 3 " Al 0.05, As 0.02 0.0020 48.2 48.6 250 92 " 4 " Co 0.05 0.0042 48.7 49.0 300 97 " 5 " In 0.1 0.0011 51.8 52.4 300 95 " 6 " Fe 0.05, Mn 0.05 0.0016 49.0 48.8 300 92 " 7 " Mg 0.06, Cd 0.03 0.0008 47.0 47.5 275 96 " 8 " Ni 0.1, P 0.008 0.0015 50.4 50.2 300 91 " 9 " Cr 0.3, Si 0.03 0.0010 51.5 51.7 350 92 " 10 " Ag 0.2 0.0032 47.6 48.0 350 98 " 11 " Hf 0.03, Zr 0.1 0.0010 50.3 50.5 350 97 " 12 " Te 0.2 0.0017 45.0 45.3 350 97 " 13 " Zr 0.9, Si 0.2 0.0006 55.7 56.5 450 90 " 14 " Zn 0.4, Sn 0.1 0.0014 48.0 48.2 300 94 "Comparative 1 " -- 0.0010 43.0 45.7 140 102 Yesalloy 2 " Sn 0.1 0.0153 47.3 47.8 220 98 Slight 3 " In 0.1 0.0115 50.7 51.4 180 95 Yes 4 " Hf 0.03, Zr 0.1 0.0067 49.2 49.5 225 97 Slight 5 " Zn 1.5, Ni 0.6 0.0025 53.6 54.0 350 47 No__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 4______________________________________ PercentageTest Alloy Composition of*speci- (wt %) Strain relief shrinkagemen Element annealing on heatingNo. Cu added Oxygen condition (%)______________________________________1 bal. P 0.01 0.0018 200° C. × 0.003 Sn 0.1 3 min.2 bal. In 0.1 0.0011 300° C. × 0.003 1 min.3 bal. P 0.01 0.0018 -- 0.035 Sn 0.14 bal. In 0.1 0.0011 -- 0.003______________________________________ *Percentage of shrinking on heating at 200° C. for 10 min.
Film carriers capable of achieving greater packaging densities than heretofore required of the leads are under development to keep up with the rapid tendency toward multipin arrangements along with the increasing degrees of integration for ICs, LSIs, and the like. The finer and narrower arrangements and configurations of leads are posing deformation, shorting, anisotropy, and other very serious problems. This invention has now solved all these problems and contributes greatly to the technical progress in the art and to the realization of an excellent film carrier, and further to its manufacture.
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|U.S. Classification||428/457, 428/458, 428/461, 428/901, 257/E23.072|
|International Classification||H05K1/00, H05K1/09, H01L23/498|
|Cooperative Classification||Y10T428/31692, Y10T428/31681, Y10T428/31678, Y10T29/49121, Y10S428/901, H01L23/49866, H05K1/0393, H05K1/09, H05K2201/0355, H01L2924/0002|
|European Classification||H05K1/09, H01L23/498M|
|Feb 25, 1988||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: NIPPON MINING CO., LTD., 12-32, AKASAKA 1-CHOME, M
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:TSUJI, MASAHIRO;KAWAUCHI, SUSUMU;REEL/FRAME:004857/0626
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|Sep 3, 1991||CC||Certificate of correction|
|Aug 31, 1993||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Aug 29, 1997||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Aug 24, 2001||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12
|Dec 29, 2003||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: NIKKO MATERIALS COMPANY LIMITED (AKA KABUSHIKI KAI
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