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J Cancer 2014; 5(5):328-335. doi:10.7150/jca.8310 This issue
1. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center;
2. Department of Nuclear Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center;
3. Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Objective: To assess the diagnostic performance of 18F-FDG PET-CT in differentiating soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) from benign fluid collections (BFs).
Materials and methods: Four readers independently reviewed 100 lesions on 18F-FDG PET-CT and subjectively classified each lesion as an STS or BF and scored the spatial pattern of 18F-FDG avidity (SP) of each on a 4-point ordered scale (thin, moderate, thick, solid).
Results: Subjective assessment by readers allowed sensitive (91%-98%) differentiation of STSs from BFs, with lower specificity (59%-91%). The STSs had significantly higher SUVmax (median 10.7, range: 2.0-33.7) than BFs (median 2.8, range: 1.1-12.3). Reader agreement in assessment of SP had average κ = 0.61 (range 0.46-0.70). Classification of thick or solid SP as STS yielded an inter-reader averaged sensitivity and specificity of 69% and 98%, respectively. The presence of thick or solid SP resulted in 14.1-fold increase in partial odds of STS. Each unit increase in SUVmax resulted in 1.35-fold increase in partial odds of STS. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and 95% intervals for SUVmax alone and SUVmax + SP overlapped. The average subjective assessments for the four readers and estimated performance of using SP alone were both contained within the 95% intervals of the two ROC curves.
Conclusions: 18F-FDG PET-CT is a sensitive modality for differentiating STSs from BFs. SUVmax and SP are significantly associated with STS. Classification schemes based upon SUVmax alone or augmented with SP can be useful for distinguishing STS from BF.
Keywords: FDG PET-CT, Sarcoma, Benign Fluid Collections, Hematoma, Seroma, Abscess.
Soft-tissue sarcomas (STSs) are mesenchymal-origin neoplasms characterized by locally aggressive behavior and a propensity for metastases . Intra-lesional heterogeneity, a well-documented phenomenon in STSs [2-8], can lead to imaging characteristics on US, CT, MRI, and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET that can be confused with those of benign fluid collections (BFs), such as hematomas, abscesses, and post-operative fluid collections [3, 9-33].
This overlap in imaging appearance leads to diagnostic dilemmas in two main clinical situations: at initial diagnosis of a soft-tissue mass, and in differentiation of recurrent STS from a BF on post-operative imaging. In either setting, the clinician must decide between biopsy and short-term follow-up imaging, each with its own limitations and important implications for patient care. Biopsy of all suspected lesions would not only be costly, but sampling error can lead to equivocal results. Follow-up imaging can avoid this issue by demonstrating growth, stability, or regression, but can delay the diagnosis and appropriate treatment of malignant lesions.
18F-FDG PET-CT offers the potential of non-invasively helping to make this distinction. However, previous studies of differentiating STSs from benign lesions have met with variable success and have included few or no BFs [2, 13, 34-36]. In addition, the majority of these studies have used the degree of 18F-FDG avidity, as assessed by metrics such as standardized uptake values (SUVs), while ignoring other data available in 18F-FDG PET examinations, such as the spatial pattern of 18F-FDG avidity (SP). SP has not been as extensively investigated as SUV [36-42], and may provide additional information about the biological behavior of soft-tissue lesions on 18F-FDG PET .
This study will test two hypotheses about the use of 18F-FDG PET-CT in differentiation of STSs and BFs. We hypothesized that 1) 18F-FDG PET-CT can differentiate STSs from BFs, and 2) SP can provide useful information in differentiating STSs from BFs in addition to that provided by SUVmax.
Institutional review board approval was obtained for this HIPAA-compliant protocol. A retrospective study was performed using a search of FDG-PET/CT reports from 1/1/2006 to 12/31/2011 using keywords "hematoma," "seroma," "abscess," and "sarcoma." Reports were reviewed for all 3,938 cases. Images were reviewed when a report was unclear or indicated the presence of an STS or BF in the extremity. A total of 100 cases (44 BFs and 56 primary, recurrent, or metastatic STSs) met our inclusion criteria (Table 1). We limited the study to lesions in the extremities in order to decrease the likelihood of interpretation errors caused by normal adjacent structures such as bowel. When multiple studies were available from the same patient, the study on which the finding first appeared was selected. In cases of multiple lesions, only a single representative lesion from the patient was selected in order to avoid the bias toward malignancy when a large numbers of lesions were present. The readers were directed to the specific lesion in question prior to opening the study. The reference standard for STS was biopsy. The reference standard for BF was biopsy, decrease in size, or stability for at least 6 months off treatment as per imaging, or development immediately following surgery (too quickly for a malignancy to typically develop). Abscesses were confirmed by aspiration and microbiological analysis.
Inclusion criteria for lesions.
|- STS: Biopsy|
|- BFs: Biopsy, or appearance immediately after surgery, or no growth on imaging > 6 months off therapy.|
|Size > 3.0 cm|
|Location in the extremities (including hips, buttocks and shoulders)|
|- Lesion completely visualized on PET|
|- Lack of significant misregistration|
|Absence of confounding lesions|
|- Adjacent malignancy in cases of BF|
|- Adjacent fluid collection in case of STS|
All 18F-FDG PET/CTs were performed at our institution according to standard guidelines and uniform image acquisition and processing protocols. Patients were instructed to fast for at least 6 hours prior to imaging and had a measured blood glucose level of less than 150 mg/dL at the time of radiopharmaceutical administration. Patients received 10 to 20 mCi of 18F-FDG, and were allowed to rest quietly in a darkened room for about 60 minutes before images were acquired on a PET/CT scanner (Discovery, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI). CT images were acquired without oral or intravenous contrast, and used for attenuation correction of PET data.
Four readers with 7 years, 6 years, 6 years, and 3 years of experience in interpretation of 18F-FDG PET/CT at a large cancer center that specializes in the care of STS underwent a 30-minute training session using cases not included in the subsequent imaging review. The readers were told that the lesions that they would be assessing would either be STSs (primary, recurrent, or metastatic) or BFs (post-operative collection, hematoma, or abscess). The readers independently reviewed the images on dedicated workstations (Advantage Workstation (AW), GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI) and were allowed to review all PET and CT images in the selected study using custom and adjustable window settings, but were blinded to historical data, other studies, and the final diagnoses. The readers were asked to 1) assess the SP of a specific lesion on a 4-point scale (thin, moderate, thick, or solid) independently of the degree of 18F-FDG avidity on a score sheet (Fig. 1), and 2) make a subjective determination based on their experience as to whether each lesion represented an STS.
Score sheet used by readers to assess the spatial pattern of 18F-FDG avidity (SP) of lesions on a 4-point scale. The readers were also asked to make a determination based on their experience as to whether each lesion represented an STS.
Standardized uptake value (SUV) was calculated as
where A is the tissue tracer activity in microcuries per gram, I is the injected radiotracer dose in millicuries, and M is the patient mass in kilograms. The maximum SUV (SUVmax) for each lesion was measured by placing a 3D volume of interest around each lesion.
Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare the 4-point ordered avidity scale by reference standard diagnosis, and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to compare SUVmax. Kappa statistics were used to assess reader agreement of SP. Agreement was classified by convention based on Kappa values as slight (0.00-0.2), fair (0.21-0.40), moderate (0.41-0.60), substantial (0.61-0.80), and almost perfect (0.81-1.00) .
Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic utility of using SUVmax alone and combined with SP for differentiation of STS from BF. The resultant receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are provided. The discrimination analysis for SUVmax alone used frequentist inference with Delong's 95% confidence interval (CI)  for the area under the ROC curve (AUC). The bootstrapping approach provided in the pROC library was used to compute 95% pointwise CIs for the ROC shape. Youden's optimal threshold using SUVmax alone is reported .
Because independent variable SP is assessed with uncertainty among the four readers, a joint model was used to conduct inference using all of the observed information. The combined inference used a Bayesian hierarchical model to integrate over the inherent inter-reader variability for evaluating SP. For each patient, the presence of thick or solid SP was treated as a binary random variable. Let πi denote the probability that the ith patient presents thick or solid SP (i = 1, …, n). A conditional multiple logistic regression model was used to adjust the ith patient's log-odds ratio for presence of STS as a linear combination of an intercept, a partial effect modifying SUVmax, and a partial effect modifying πi. Beta (1, 1) prior distributions were assumed for the πis reflecting maximum entropy. Non-informative normal prior distributions were assumed for the intercept and regression coefficients. Results are reported to reflect discrimination of STS in the presence of the estimated inter-reader variability for evaluating SP in the form of marginal 95% pointwise posterior credible intervals (pCI) for the AUC and ROC shape. Summaries of the resultant partial regression coefficients associated SUVmax and SP are provided. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.3, R.2.12.2, and OpenBUGS 3.2.1.
There were 100 patients, ranging from 9 to 89 years of age (median age 54 years), with 42 females and 58 males. There were 100 lesions (Table 2), of which 56 were STSs and 44 were BFs. Of the 56 STSs, 38 (68%) were primary, 14 (25%) were recurrences, and 4 (7%) were metastases. Of the 44 BFs, 32 (72.8%) were post-operative fluid collections, 9 (20.5%) were hematomas, and 3 (6.8%) were abscesses. Of the 9 hematomas 3 were of unknown etiology, 3 related to catheter placement, 2 were related to surgery, and 1 was related to anticoagulation. The abscesses were associated with immunocompromised status in patients receiving chemotherapy, either related to direct inoculation following minor injury or in the setting of systemic bacteremia.
The diagnostic performance of 18F-FDG PET-CT using the subjective assessments of the 4 readers is shown in Table 3. The mean sensitivity of the readers for detection of STSs was 93% (range: 91% - 98%) and the mean specificity was 77% (range: 59% - 91%).
We next assessed the data available in 18F-FDG PET studies, including SUVmax and SP. The SUVmax for the lesions is shown in Fig. 2. The median SUVmax for all lesions was 5.5 (range: 1.1-33.7). The STSs had a significantly higher SUVmax (median 10.7, range: 2.0-33.7) than BFs (median 2.8, range: 1.1-12.3) (p<0.0001). The median SUVmax of abscesses (11.6, range 4.3 -12.3) was higher than that of the other BFs (2.7, range 1.1-8.4) (p=0.009).
The readers scored the SP of the STSs and BFs on the 4-point avidity scale (Fig. 1). Reader agreement was substantial (κ = 0. 61) and varied among the different SPs, being highest for the thin SP (κ = 0.70) and lowest for the thick SP (κ = 0.46, Table 4). Examples of SPs with 100% reader agreement are shown in Fig. 3.
The SP of STSs was more likely to be assessed as thick or solid by all readers (p<0.0001). Modeling the diagnostic efficacy of a system that classified lesions with a thick or solid SP as an STS yielded an inter-reader averaged sensitivity and specificity of 69% and 98%, respectively.
Bayesian multiple logistic regression analysis attained significance for both SUVmax and SP. The presence of thick or solid SP resulted in an estimated 14.1-fold increase in the partial odds of STS with 95% pCI=(3.74, 54.1). Moreover, each unit increase in SUVmax was associated with a 1.35-fold increase in the partial odds of STS with 95% pCI=(1.18, 1.60).
The ROC curve based on SUVmax alone (Fig. 4, red curve) produced an AUC=0.89 (95% CI 0.83 - 0.96). The optimal discrimination between STS and BF was at SUVmax = 5.15 (Fig. 4, red dot), yielding a sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 89%. Classification using both SUVmax and SP (Fig. 4, blue curve) resulted in an AUC=0.96 (95% pCI = 0.94 - 0.98). Comparing the two interval estimates of AUC revealed that the resultant improvement in the discriminability of STS from BF using both SUVmax and SP did not achieve statistical significance at the 0.05 level. The average of the subjective assessments for the four readers (Fig. 4, see asterisk) and estimated performance of using SP alone (Fig. 4, see open circle) were contained within the 95% interval estimates of both ROC shapes.
Number and type of lesions studied.
|Malignant fibrohistiocytic tumors||17 (30.4)|
|Undifferentiated sarcomas (NOS)||13 (23.2)|
|Synovial sarcoma||6 (10.7)|
|PNET/Ewing sarcoma||3 (5.4)|
|Alveolar soft part sarcoma||2 (3.6)|
|Epithelioid sarcoma||2 (3.6)|
|Clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue||1 (1.8)|
|Post-operative fluid collection||32 (72.8)|
Histological subtypes of sarcomas according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer classification . MPNST, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor; NOS, not otherwise specified; PNET, primitive neuroectodermal tumor.
Reader performance by subjective assessment.
|1||91 %||91 %|
|2||93 %||75 %|
|3||98 %||59 %|
|4||91 %||82 %|
|Mean||93 %||77 %|
Reader Agreement of Spatial Pattern of 18F-FDG Avidity
SUVmax by type of lesion. Bars represent the range, boxes represent the 25th-75th percentile range, black circles represent the mean, and horizontal lines represent the median. The median SUVmax of STSs was 10.7 (range: 2.0 -33.7). The median SUVmax of all BFs was 2.8 (range: 1.1 -12.3). The median SUVmax of post-operative fluid collections (Post-op), hematomas, and abscesses were 2.7 (range: 1.1 -8.4), 3.5 (range: 1.3 -5.1), and 11.6 (range: 4.3 -12.3), respectively. *, statistically significant difference (p < 0.05).
Examples of lesions with 100% observer agreement on assessment of SP. a Thin SP a1 A 77-year-old woman with a seroma (arrow) 17 days following excisional nodal biopsy (SUVmax = 1.7). a2 A 66-year-old woman with a seroma (arrow) 3 months following excisional nodal biopsy (SUVmax = 2.0). a3 A 21-year-old man with a seroma (arrow) 10 days following excisional nodal biopsy and hydrocele repair (SUVmax = 3.9). b Moderate SP: b1 A 46-year-old man with undifferentiated sarcoma (SUVmax = 19.4). b2 A 38-year-old man with a fungal abscess (SUVmax = 11.6). b3 A 78-year-old woman with recurrent myxoid pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma (SUVmax = 5.9). c Thick SP: c1 A 67-year-old man with metastatic undifferentiated sarcoma (SUVmax = 6.3). c2 A 65-year-old man with pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma (SUVmax = 30.3). c3 A 45-year-old man with synovial sarcoma (SUVmax = 10.9). d Solid SP: d1 A54-year-old woman with rhabdomyosarcoma (SUVmax = 15.7). d2 A 43-year-old man with pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma (SUVmax = 2.7). d3 A 48-year-old woman with myxoid liposarcoma (SUVmax = 2.9).
Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Curves. ROC curves and 95% CIs for SUVmax (red) and SUVmax + SP (blue) in the classification of a lesion as an STS. The two CIs overlap. The average performance of the readers (*) is within the 95% CI of the two curves. The estimated performance of using SP alone (open circle) is also within the 95% CI of the two curves.
Our results showed that 18F-FDG PET-CT is a sensitive (mean 93%, range: 91% - 98%) modality for the differentiation of STSs from BFs (Table 3). The mean specificity of 77% (range: 59% - 91%) was lower than the sensitivity. However, given the importance of making a prospective diagnosis of a sarcoma, the high sensitivity affirms the value of 18F-FDG PET-CT in the early diagnostic workup of patients suspected of having a primary or recurrent sarcoma, especially given that the studies were interpreted in the absence of historical and clinical data. Our results are in the range of sensitivity (91% - 100%) and specificity (73% - 100%) reported in the literature on differentiating STS from benign soft-tissue lesions [5, 6, 16, 35, 36, 46], although these studies included few or no BFs.
We found statistically significant differences in the SUVmax of STSs (10.7, range: 2.0-33.7) and BFs (2.8, range: 1.1-12.3). In addition, SUVmax was significantly independently associated with STS in the presence of SP.
We also examined the contribution SP to the differentiation of STSs from BFs. SP has not been as extensively investigated as SUV [36-42], and may provide additional information about the biological behavior of soft-tissue lesions on 18F-FDG PET . SP can be assessed qualitatively or quantitatively. Qualitative assessments of heterogeneity, degree of peripheral nodularity, and apparent peripheral thickness of lesions have been used in the past to differentiate benign from malignant lung  and peripheral nerve sheath  tumors, and to distinguish between high-grade and low-grade STSs . Quantitative algorithms for objective characterization of SP have been used to estimate prognosis in patients with STSs [37, 40, 41] and to assess treatment response in patients with head and neck cancers . Widespread adoption of these quantitative methods has likely been hampered by practical concerns such as time constraints in busy clinical practices. We chose to focus on a qualitative assessment of SP to provide a more readily applied clinical method using an intuitive 4-point scale (Fig. 1) for subjective evaluation of SP (Fig. 3).
Agreement among the readers in scoring the SPs had a mean κ = 0.61 (range 0.46-0.70). This mild degree of inter-observer variability is likely subjective. STSs were more likely to be assessed as thick or solid across all readers (p<0.0001), and we found that SP was significantly independently associated with STS in the presence of SUVmax.
The shape of the ROC curves may suggest that the incorporation of SP (Fig. 4, blue curve) improves discrimination of STS from BF compared to SUVmax alone (Fig. 4, red curve); however, the difference between the AUCs lacked statistical significance, and the shapes of the 95% intervals overlapped. The average of the subjective assessments for the four readers (Fig. 4, see asterisk) and estimated performance of using SP alone (Fig. 4, open circle) were contained within the 95% interval estimates of both ROC shapes, suggesting that the sensitivity/specificity tradeoffs derived from the subjective assessments of the 4 readers are similar to the tradeoffs provided by the quantitative methods.
Our study has several limitations. First, it was retrospective and 18F-FDG PET-CT is not routinely used for detecting abscesses or hematomas in our clinical practice. This likely introduced a selection bias regarding our patient population, which tended to include large numbers of simple post-operative fluid collections (72.8%) detected on routine surveillance, and relatively few hematomas (20.5%) and abscesses (6.8), which are usually characterized by MRI or ultrasound at our institution. Given that inflammatory lesions such as hematomas and abscesses tend to have higher SUVmax and present greater diagnostic challenges, our results will need prospective validation with a more diverse population of lesions.
We found an "optimal" SUVmax threshold of 5.15 for classification of STS using SUVmax alone, arbitrarily assuming equal costs for misclassification of a lesion as an STS and a BF. In clinical practice, the implications of a false negative diagnosis of an STS would likely outweigh those of a false positive diagnosis; however, in the interest of objectivity we adopted the more conventional assumption of equal costs in our analysis, avoiding specification of subjective utility weights. In addition, this SUVmax threshold should be used with caution, given the variability that exists in SUV measurements across institutions .
An apparent limitation of our study concerns the inclusion of lesions with the solid SP. It can be argued that these cases present little or no diagnostic challenge, since they would be expected to represent STSs. Given the degree of inter-observer variability for the solid SP (κ = 0.63, Table 4), our results indicate that this SP is not necessarily straightforward. This may be secondary to the “blooming” effect that is evident when FDG uptake is indicated on fused images.
18F-FDG PET-CT is a sensitive modality for the differentiation of STSs from BFs. Multivariate analysis showed that SUVmax and SP are both significantly independently associated with STS. Classification schemes based upon SUVmax, alone or augmented with SP are expected to help effectively discriminate STS.
The authors would like to thank Dr. Naveen Garg, M.D. for creating the software used to search the RIS database and Dr. Wei-Lien Wang, M.D. for a helpful discussion on classification of STSs. The work was partially supported by the NIH/NCI under award number P30CA016672 and used the biostatistics research group.
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Corresponding author: Behrang Amini, MD, PhD. The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1475, Houston, TX 77030. baminiorg Phone: (713) 792-5181 Fax: (713) 563-6633.


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The keynote speaker in London was Andi Demi, the head trader for the London Trading Group who manages a team of traders and handles a multi-million pound portfolio. He joined the industry in 2001 and has immersed himself in markets with work at JP Morgan, Schroders, and Barclays Global Investors. This has provided him with decades of experience trading equities, futures, and FX markets.
Andi is also experienced in mentoring and teaching students and traders. Andi has academic experience in economics, international securities, investment, and banking. His expertise is in technical analysis, and he is known for having a deep understanding of macro factors that influence markets.
FX trader and fundamental analyst Henry Green also addressed the London seminar group. Henry started trading his personal funds while attending university and spent the time growing and honing his trading skills through seminars, exhibitions, and lectures on a wide variety of financial topics and issues.
After receiving a degree in real estate, Henry continued his interest in technical analysis and continued to regularly produce positive monthly returns in an effort towards an upward progression curve. Henry’s professional success is tied in large part to his disciplined lifestyle.
He applies the same principles to trading that he does to training for a triathlon, including structure and rules, which help him succeed against the markets and against the racing competition.
Paris Keynote Speaker
In Paris, the seminar was addressed by Pascal Trichet, who has been trading since 1981. He became an independent trader in 2000 and works in a variety of markets and indices, including forex, futures, and options.
Pascal coaches individuals and businesses in trading, especially with what to do when a trade doesn’t succeed. He has earned numerous awards for his trading and coaching.
The Paris crowd also heard by Benjamin Mauger, trading manager at Paris-based Trade Me Away. Benjamin teaches fundamental analysis and technical analysis and is an expert in quantitative methods. He has taught individuals and organizations around the world about various trading outlets and strategies.
Seminar Tops and Activities
All three seminars covered a wide variety of topics and lasted an entire day. In London, participants started with an introduction to Alvexo, then went deeper into learning about how to build a technical approach to trading and mastering the psychology of trading.
In the afternoon, topics included how to work with money and risk management when trading forex and how to create a systematic and strategic approach to trading. The day concluded with a current market view providing live currency analysis, a final word by speaker Andi Demi, and Alvexo’s final trading platform.
In Singapore, the schedule was equally packed and designed to provide participants with a wide range of knowledge and skills. The morning started with an introduction to Alvexo and The Forex Army and how the partnership can elevate profitable forex trading.
Sessions also included insight from a broker into why nearly all traders keep losing money and a comprehensive plan to solve problems with years of research.
After lunch, participants learned about The TFA Sniper, a unique trading software that allows users to view nine time frames of information as they trade with advanced auto trading, Fibonacci levels, and a built-in trade manager.
Topics included secret methods to using the software, as well as strategies of how to put together proprietary knowledge to create the best possible trades. Teams were then able to get together to put their skills and plans into action to create a strategy and routine that would move them forward.
They also installed TFA Sniper and learned to track their progress. The day closed with expectations of what will come with the partnership between Alvexo and the TFA Sniper.
In Paris, participants learned about various prospects for 2017, especially after a rollercoaster 2016. There were also sessions on various strategies and index methods, as well as deeper looks into different forms of analyses and various markets. Aside from the two keynote speakers, the event concluded with a question and answer session with Alvexo, allowing participants to get a fuller understanding of the investment world.
The Alvexo seminars highlight a new wave in trading, especially with the partnership with The Forex Army and the new software it brings. With regular training from the best in the business, Alvexo continues to lead the way in an ever-changing trading environment.

domain: finance


Amino Acid Validation Targets for AARI®
Patented solution to validate the integrity of amino acid-based fingermark development
These patented Validation Targets are specifically designed for determining the effectiveness of amino acid-based fingermark development processes including Ninhydrin, DFO, and 1,2-Indandione.
- For use with all commonly used amino acid treatments
- Unique barcode identifier
- Pat-pending: GB2205397.9
Amino Acid Rapid Imager
Streamlined visualisation and mark-up of fingermarks
Dramatically increase the speed and accuracy of fingerprint visualisation on items of porous/semi-porous evidence using a fully-integrated detection and imaging system with intelligent AI Assist Ridge Detection software.
Using AARI, tasks that previously took many hours of manual processing can now be achieved in minutes.


Lewes planner Tom West has only worked for the city for two years, but his impact has been immeasurable.
West was named this year’s recipient of the Elaine Bisbee Award, which is handed out each year to a city employee who displays dedication, dependability, reliability and excellent work habits, and who is team-oriented and committed to providing quality service. The award is typically handed out at city council’s March regular meeting, but officials surprised West with it Feb. 11.
“Tom is a highly experienced planner who brought those skills to Lewes,” said Mayor Ted Becker. “As the city has continued to experience significant growth both within the city and on its borders, Tom has been able to provide expert assistance to the Lewes Planning Commission and city council.”
He continued, “Tom has been able to help the city in working with both Sussex County and the Office of State Planning Coordination. The members of the planning commission have benefited from the detailed background information Tom has been able to provide on specific projects.”
Before moving to Lewes, West worked 30 years as a planner for the Chester County Planning Commission in Pennsylvania, developing comprehensive plans, working closely with the county’s 73 municipalities and engaging the public in the process.
In Chester County, West was part of a team that developed the county’s comp plan, called Landscapes. It won state and national awards for public engagement. West and his Chester County colleagues were also successful in establishing the Vision Partnership Program, an initiative that rewarded local municipalities with grants for adopting policies or engaging in projects that were in line with the county’s comp plan.
West earned a bachelor’s in planning from West Chester University in Pennsylvania and followed it with a master’s in public administration with an emphasis in planning, also from West Chester.
West was born and raised in Chester County and often visited the Delaware beaches. His father moved to the Lewes area in his retirement years.


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What is Homeostasis?
Homeostasis is defined as the maintenance of the internal temperature of the body irrespective of the fluctuations in the body’s external conditions. Homeostasis refers to the body’s ability to achieve and maintain a particular state of equilibrium. This term was given by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. Homeostasis, in particular, is the body’s tendency to control and maintain internal conditions, such as temperature and blood sugar, at a fairly constant and stable level.
- Heart Attack, Symptoms, Causes, Risks and Treatment
- Biological Molecules and its Types, Concepts of Biology
- Nephrology and Nephrology Education and its related Diseases
Types of Homeostasis
There are three main types of homeostatic regulation in the body. Although their names are unknown, you see them every day.
When you think of homeostasis, the first thing that comes to mind is temperature. It is the most important homeostatic system. Thermoregulation is basically the regulation of body temperature.
All organisms, from large mammals to small bacteria, must maintain a certain temperature in order to survive. Some of the factors that influence this ability to maintain a stable body temperature include the regulation of these systems and overall body size.
Endotherms: Some creatures, also called endotherms or “warm-blooded” animals, do this through internal physiological processes. Birds and mammals (including humans) are endothermic.
Ectoderms: Other creatures are ectoderms (sometimes called “cold-blooded”) and rely on outside sources to regulate their body temperature. Reptiles and amphibians are both ectoderms.
The colloquial terms “warm-blooded” and “cold-blooded” don’t really mean that these organisms have different blood temperatures. These terms simply refer to how these creatures maintain their core body temperature.
Temperature regulation also affects the size of the organism, or more precisely the ratio of surface area to volume.
Large Organisms: Larger organisms have a much larger body volume, which causes them to generate more body temperature.
Small Organisms: On the other hand, smaller animals generate less body temperature, but also have a greater share of surface area and volume. They lose more heat than they produce, so their internal systems have to work harder to keep their body temperature stable. This is true even for children, especially premature babies.
Osmoregulation works to maintain proper water levels and create electrolytes inside and outside the cells of the body.3 the balance of salt and water in the membrane plays an important role, just like in osmosis, that’s why it’s called “os moregulation”. In this process, the kidneys are responsible for removing excess fluid, dirt, or electrolytes. Osmoregulation also affects blood pressure
Your body also regulates other chemical mechanisms to keep systems balanced. They use hormones as chemical signals, for example in the case of blood sugar. In this case, to maintain homeostasis, the pancreas releases insulin when blood sugar is high or glucagon when blood sugar is low.
Impacts of Homeostasis
Homeostasis includes physical and behavioral responses. On the moral side, you can look for warm clothes or sunlight if you start to get cold. You can also put your body inside and keep your hands close to your body to prevent heat.
Like endotherms, humans have several internal mechanisms that help regulate body temperature. When body temperature drops below normal, a body reaction will be triggered to restore balance. The blood vessels in the extremities of the body are closed to prevent heat loss. Shaking also helps the body produce more heat.
When the temperature is higher than normal, the body reacts. Have you ever noticed how your skin turns red when it’s too hot? It is the body that tries to restore balance. If you have too much heat, your blood vessels will expand to allow your body to produce more heat. Sweating is another common way to lower your body temperature, so you often start to feel embarrassed and sweaty on a very hot day.
How Homeostasis is maintained?
Most homeostatic systems listen for signals of distress from the body to determine if key variables are outside their proper range. The nervous system senses these developments and sends them to a control center, usually in the brain. The control center then instructs muscles, organs, and glands to correct muscle performance. According to Anatomy and Physiology online, the cycle of continuous disruption and adjustment is called “negative feedback”.
For example, the human body maintains an internal temperature of about 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius). When you overheat, the heat sensors in your skin and brain become alarmed and start a chain reaction of sweating and redness.
When it cools, the body responds to the cold and reduces blood flow to the skin. Similarly, when sodium levels rise, the body tells the kidneys to retain water and secrete excess salt in concentrated urine, according to two studies funded by NIH.
Animals also change their behavior in response to negative feedback. For example, when it is too hot, you can put on a layer of clothing, soak in the shade or drink a glass of cold water.
Modern Models of Homeostasis
The concept of behavior originated in Cannon’s description of homeostasis in the 1920s and became the first explanation of how homeostasis works. However, over the past decade, many scientists have shown that while genes can predict response to homeostasis, they do not.
This is another model of homeostasis known as “apostasies,” which, according to the 2015 Anthropological Survey, suggests that it can change following temporary changes in mood in response to change. The meaning can change according to circadian rhythms, menstrual cycles, or daily temperature changes. A 2015 Advances in Physics study found that activity may be altered in response to a physical event, such as malaria, or to compensate for multiple homeostatic processes occurring simultaneously.
“It’s not clear what the joint means, but it could be a plastic adapter,” said Art Woods, a biologist at the University of Montana in Missoula. “This model allows us to provide an expected response to future failures to correct the point.”
For example, a 2007 study found that while waiting for food, the body releases more insulin, ghrelin, and other nutrients. Instead of regulating blood sugar and energy production, this immune system reserves water for future calories.
The ability to change specific positions allows animals to adapt to short-term problems, but can also fail despite long-term problems such as climate change.
“The functioning of the always reactive system can be positive in the short term,” he said. But they don’t have to be long.

domain: medical


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This week I discovered Freestyle Football (also known as Freestyle Soccer) while shooting one of the best freestyle aficionados, Jeremy “Jereminho” Park.
The shoot was for SPORTSY, the top mobile training app that makes it fun for kids to learn, practice and become better at key skills in a variety of sports.
Freestyle Football can be traced back over 1500 years to an ancient art form. More recently, Nike introduced freestyle football in 2000 and competitions like RedBull Street Style have pushed the sport forward. Street performers have also developed standards for the game as well as increasing awareness of the sport.
Masters of the Game launched the first World Championships in Freestyle Football and is now recognized around the world and is supported by the Freestyle Football Federation.
You’ll get to see the demos and tutorials on SPORSTY soon.

domain: hobby


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Owl Crate is a monthly subscription of books and bookish items. Each OwlCrate contains one new Young Adult novel, as well as 3-5 other bookish items all matched to the monthly theme. I love finding new authors and new companies that Owl Crate uses to curate and send a perfectly themed box. Everything is always so spot on and I love them all.
The information card tells a little bit about all the items in this month’s box along with little comments on why they were selected or other fun tidbits. The theme follows through even with the info. It is always decorated to go along with that month.
DEAL: Use coupon code INSTAWISH to save 10% on your entire subscription.
Everything in my March Across the Galaxy OwlCrate box.
The Informational booklet has become a staple in the boxes.
We get interviews with the author and some of the suppliers of the extra items, a sneak peek of the next OwlCrate and a comparison of the exclusive cover versus the regular cover.
The book comes in a plastic bag each month and the exclusive cover sticker is on the outside of the bag.
I take the sticker off the bag and place it on the inside sleeve of the jacket. This way I will always know why the book looks different then what I can see online if I was to go to look.
Heart of Iron by Ashley Poston ($12.32) – I blew through the Lunar Chronicles Books last summer and with this one bringing to mind that series and then referencing Firefly I’m not sure OwlCrate could have picked a better book this month. I can’t wait to dig in and see what spacey adventure awaits!
An action-packed tale full of romance, royalty, and adventure, inspired by the story of Anastasia. Perfect for fans of Six of Crows, Cinder, and the cult classic television show Firefly.
Seventeen-year-old Ana is a scoundrel by nurture and an outlaw by nature. Found as a child drifting through space with a sentient android called D09, Ana was saved by a fearsome space captain and the grizzled crew she now calls family. But D09—one of the last remaining illegal Metals—has been glitching, and Ana will stop at nothing to find a way to fix him.
Ana’s desperate effort to save D09 leads her on a quest to steal the coordinates to a lost ship that could offer all the answers. But at the last moment, a spoiled Ironblood boy beats Ana to her prize. He has his own reasons for taking the coordinates, and he doesn’t care what he’ll sacrifice to keep them.
When everything goes wrong, she and the Ironblood end up as fugitives on the run. Now their entire kingdom is after them—and the coordinates—and not everyone wants them captured alive.
What they find in a lost corner of the universe will change all their lives—and unearth dangerous secrets. But when a darkness from Ana’s past returns, she must face an impossible choice: does she protect a kingdom that wants her dead or save the Metal boy she loves?
The book also came with a note from the author.
Did you notice I again didn’t include a signed bookplate in my extras this month? That is because OwlCrate is now sending autographed books! While they aren’t saying it will be this way every month we have gotten them the last couple of months.
Check out the edges of the pages on the book! The staining is amazing and even more stunning in person.
We even got a character posted to go with everyone in the book this month.
Kady Grant candle from Wick Fable – A candle inspired by the heroine of The Illuminae Files Kady Grant with the scent of Blood Orange and some fun glitter included. While I’ve never read that series it also reminds me of Clary from The Mortal Instruments books. I’m more of a TV show girl for that one but it was who I first thought of when I saw the candle.
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 Pint Size Heroes ($2.68) – What a great inclusion with a galaxy themed box. While I know the guardians are from comic books I think most people know them from the movies and with the new Avengers: Infinity Wars kicking off soon it is very timely. I love these movies and can’t wait for anything with The GotG gang in it.
We got Mantis! I couldn’t me more excited since she is pretty awesome and not a character I have anything from already.
Star Wars bookmark by Lexy Olivia – A classic line that I’m pretty sure everyone knows and is gorgeous on this hand-painted watercolored bookmark.
Pin – Each month we also get a pin from OwlCrate that represents that months theme.
Galaxy Print Infinity Scarf – A gorgeous infinity scarf in my favorite color Purple! This galaxy print scarf looks fantastic wrapped around and ready to go. It is really large and layers wonderfully around my neck.
While it looks fantastic layered up you can really see the detail in the galaxy print when it is all laid out.
Lunar Chronicles Inspired Mug by Sasha Natasha – I said above that I devoured the Lunar Chronicles and this mug is a great inspiration however it goes for every story really. It also holds a spot in my Disney loving heart since who doesn’t love to start everything with Once Upon a Time?
What do you think of this month’s out of this world Owl Crate box? This was the perfect theme and box for me. From the spaciness of it all to the color theme of purple through out they really couldn’t have been any more me if they tried. I can’t wait to dive into this book and see where in the universe it takes us. They really had me when they brought up Firefly but the whole story sounds fantastic.
The April 2018 theme is Shadow & Secrets! This month’s box will include an exclusive edition AND the book will be signed by the author!
❣ Do you enjoy mischief in the moonlight? Back-alley deals and dangerous games? Our April book pick will take you on a journey through a sinful city full of characters with loose morals, secret identities and sly tricks. The world building is enchanting, with a mysterious plot that will hook you immediately!
❣ The book will be an exclusive edition, and will be signed by the author!
❣ This exciting box will be filled with goodies inspired by Six of Crows, The Mortal Instruments, Harry Potter, The Young Elites and more!
❣ Graphic by Hey Atlas Creative
Each box will also include a delicious item from Bones Coffee Company!
The back of the information booklet also tells us a bit more about the April box.
Do you enjoy mischief in he moonlight? Back-alley deals and dangerous games? Our April book will take you on a journey through a sinful city full of characters with loose morals, secret identities and sly tricks. The world building is enchanting, with a mysterious plot that will hook you immediately. The book will also be an exclusive edition, signed by the author! The box will also feature items inspired by Six of Crows, The Mortal Instruments, Harry Potter, The Young Elites and more! There will also be some delicious coffee from Bones Coffee Company! If you’re a fan of dark fantasy you won’t want to miss this box!
What did you think of this month’s Owl Crate theme? Are you ready for next month’s?

domain: literature


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Gender And Neoliberalism – Elisabeth Armstrong
1 in stock
This book describes the changing landscape of women’s politics for equality and liberation during the rise of neoliberalism in India. Between 1991 and 2006, the doctrine of liberalization guided Indian politics and economic policy. These neoliberal measures vastly reduced poverty alleviation schemes, price supports for poor farmers, and opened India’s economy to the unpredictability of global financial fluctuations.
During this same period, the All India Democratic Women’s Association (AIDWA), which directly opposed the ascendance of neoliberal economics and policies, as well as the simultaneous rise of violent casteism and anti-Muslim communalism, grew from roughly three million members to over ten million.
Beginning in the late 1980s, AIDWA turned its attention to women’s lives in rural India. Using a method that began with activist research, the organization developed a sectoral analysis of groups of women who were hardest hit in the new neoliberal order, including Muslim women and Dalit women. AIDWA developed what its leaders called inter-sectoral organizing, that centred the demands of the most vulnerable women in the heart of its campaigns and its ideology for social change.
Only logged in customers who have purchased this product may leave a review.

domain: sociology


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3 Flavor Variety Bundle Cinnamon/Berry/Coconut 7oz
Shipping calculated at checkout.
Can't decide on a flavor? Then this one's for you with a sweet discount. One bag of each flavor of Just Plain Ola (Cinnamon, Very Berry and Toasted Coconut) so you can decide which one is your new favorite! All flavors of Just Plain 'Ola are grain-free, gluten-free, paleo, vegan and plant-based.

domain: food


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By every measure the state uses, we are seeing a second surge. In 85 of Minnesota’s 87 counties, there is too much Covid for schools to have full in-person classes. The number of infections, hospitalizations and deaths are the highest since June. And cold weather increases the risk of transmission as activities move indoors.
Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz has announced an expansion of the state’s saliva testing program, which he says will significantly increase the state’s COVID-19 testing capacity, help reduce community spread, and offer more options for those who want a free test.
Today on the show, Host Leah Lemm looks at how schools are supporting their students under seemingly constantly changing conditions, especially given how internet access has been crucial for distance education for learners and educators of all ages.
Tune in to Stay Human for a celebration in words and music of Indigenous Peoples Day. The Mayor of Grand Rapids reads the official resolution, and Bi’idanakwut, of Leech Lake, talks about his citizenship. We’ll hear from Crystal Echohawk with IllumiNative, and feature an excerpt from the podcast Native Lights – Where Indigenous Voices Shine.
Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz convened the fifth special session of the year where he extended the state’s COVID-19 peacetime emergency.
According to Walz, the 30-day extension into November is needed to ensure the state can continue to react quickly and effectively to the pandemic.
Minnesota has officially entered the fall season. Already doctors, clinics and hospitals are preparing for an increase in COVID cases, brought on by the change in weather. They’re working with manufacturers to stock up on necessary equipment and supplies.


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You definitely do not have to cost yourself from a job chance, but you do not have to sell yourself short either. For smaller businesses which provide all kinds of support ( instead of a established price product as shops do) providing customers with an notion of what it is they can expect to cover a specific task is a simple fact of life. So it’s always far better to go with somebody who gives the assignments for a moderate cost alongside providing the highest quality assignments.


- About product and suppliers:
Alibaba.com offers 385 steering yoke products. About 49% of these are drive shafts, 16% are auto steering system, and 15% are other auto steering system.
A wide variety of steering yoke options are available to you, such as universal joint, driveshaft, and inner c.v.joint. You can also choose from free samples.
There are 380 steering yoke suppliers, mainly located in Asia. The top supplying countries are China (Mainland), India, and Taiwan, which supply 89%, 10%, and 1% of steering yoke respectively.
Steering yoke products are most popular in South America, Western Europe, and North America.
You can ensure product safety by selecting from certified suppliers, including 149 with ISO9001, 138 with ISO/TS16949, and 10 with Other certification.


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Georgia Tech baseball will look to take the first game of their season series against Georgia Southern on Tuesday night.
The Georgia Tech baseball team is coming off a solid opening weekend performance, taking two of three against University of Illinois-Chicago (W), Richmond (L), and West Virginia (W), on Tuesday, they’ll look for their third win of the season. The Jackets on Tuesday will make the three-hour trip down to Statesboro on Tuesday to take on the Georgia Southern Eagles.
The Eagles are 1-2 after their opening weekend series against No.20 Auburn. The Eagles were clobbered in the season opener 11-2 but bounced back for a strong 7-5 victory on Saturday before losing in extra innings on Sunday. It was a quality weekend effort from the Eagles.
Last season, the Jackets swept the season series between the two programs including a 7-1 victory in Statesboro last February.
More from Yellow Jacked Up
- Georgia Tech Women’s Basketball: Yellow Jackets find out opponent for Big Ten-ACC Challenge
- Georgia Tech Football: What the new ACC scheduling format means for the Yellow Jackets
- Georgia Tech gets six new commits to 2023 class after official visits
- Georgia Tech hosts a plethora of 2023 recruits this weekend
- Dontae Smith slated for big season in 2022
Getting the start for the Jackets on Tuesday night will be sophomore Brant Hurter. Hurter, the Jackets weekday starter last season, collected a 5-4 record as a freshman and posted a 6.04 ERA over 14 appearances which included 11 starts. Hurter often got himself in trouble a season ago with being wild at times with 23 walks and 9 hit by pitches.
One of his better starts on the season, however, came against Georgia Southern. Hurter on March 27th, pitched seven fantastic shutout innings, allowing just four hits while striking out 10. The Jackets could use another start of that magnitude on Tuesday against the Eagles.
For the Eagles, Tuesday will be their season opener and on the hill will be junior Joe Nahas, a junior college transfer out of Chesapeake College in Maryland. Nahas as a sophomore at Chesapeake went 10-1 with a 3.18 ERA over 73.2 innings, he struck out 142 in the process.
The Jackets offense will look to bounce back on Tuesday against Nahas after struggling in the last the two games of their weekend against Richmond and West Virginia. As a team, the Jackets are hitting just .238 entering Tuesday night.
Only three Jackets are hitting above .300 with Michael Guldberg leading the way with a .500 batting average. Austin Wilhite and Kyle McCann are also hitting above .300 while McCann also provided a team-leading two home runs over the weekend. He also leads the team in RBI with three. On the other side, the Eagles are not fairing much better, hitting .238 themselves through their first three games.
First pitch on Tuesday night is set for 6:00 pm at J.J Clements Stadium. Fans can catch the game via 91.1 WRECK or watch it via ESPN+.

domain: news


TRENTON, NJ – Today the DEP finalized rules on 25 permits to address combined sewer overflow (CSOs). These rules will not clean up our waterways. The permits are more about giving the Christie Administration cover to show they are doing something on the water issue. However, the administration cannot hide their dirty water record behind the DEP announcement. The number of impaired waterways in New Jersey is growing at an alarming rate. Meanwhile the administration has been rewriting rules to protect water, rolling back county water quality management planning, and opposing legislation that would fund local CSOs cleanups. New Jersey is close to last in the nation in addressing CSO problems, according to the EPA.
“This rule does not clean up our waterways. It will actually continue to allow millions of gallons of raw sewage to enter our waterways for decades. The plan sets up a voluntary planning process that will take years to complete. When the planning process is over, there is no money to implement those plans. There is a need for at least 14 billion dollars for CSOs and that money doesn’t exist,” said Jeff Tittel, Director of the New Jersey Sierra Club. “Until there are actually cleanup plans and funding in place, these are not permits, but rather permission to keep on polluting.”
“New Jersey has had one of the worst records in the country when it comes to combined sewer overflows. Every time it rains, it pours raw sewage into our waterways and even into people’s homes. EPA has allowed New Jersey for far too long to get away this problem, and now has finally stepped in and required these permits New Jersey has been ignoring for decades. DEP hasn’t done this on their own. EPA is requiring them to have these permits. Now that there are permits, will the EPA require them to clean up their waterways? This proposal right now is a drop in the bucket compared to what is needed. There needs to be billions of dollars in infrastructure improvements and that funding is not there. A plan without an implementation is a mirage. Every time it rains the sewage will continue to flow. Under these permits, you can continue to discharge the same amount as you develop a plan and implementation schedule while you find money to do the work. The CSO permits do not actually clean up the waterways, the discharge point just get a permit number,” said Jeff Tittel.
The Legislature has pushed for bill S-579, which is up this Monday, that would allow the stormwater utilities established by the county, municipality, or local utilities authority to charge a fee for use of the stormwater management systems to create, maintain, improve, clean up, and fix stormwater management systems. Dilapidated storm water systems exacerbate the problem by increasing the water in combined sewers and this will help reduce the amount of water in sewers during major storm events. Christie has opposed this bill.
“Funding from this bill would help clean up these discharges, where there currently is no funding. But the Governor opposes the bill,” said Jeff Tittel. “We have exempted redevelopment projects across the state, but especially in urban areas, from addressing and fixing stormwater problems. We need to spend over $46 billion on fixing and upgrading our water infrastructure. Meanwhile the problems are getting worse. As long as our Governor continues to weaken environmental protection and oppose funding mechanisms this is a nice press release but will not cleanup waterways.”
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Combined sewer overflow undermines the revitalization of our cities and older towns because no one wants to invest in areas that are flooded with raw sewerage after heavy rains. This problem increases water treatment costs and causes many of our beaches and waterways to close. This funding will help prevent these discharges in the future.
Without utilities we do not have a funding mechanism to clean up combined sewer overflows which are a health hazard. This also hurts the ability of cities to revitalize themselves. According to recent studies, it would cost about $14 billion to clean up CSOs in New Jersey. We need this as a mechanism to do it.
“The biggest source of pollution we face is nonpoint pollution and we need to retrofit our stormwater basins to protect our waterways. Cleaning up combined sewer overflows has many benefits. This will help revitalize our waterfront neighborhoods and communities as well as making our waterfronts more open to fishing and other recreational uses,” said Jeff Tittel. “Without funding, this program is a mirage. We need a mechanism to pay for it otherwise we will be waist deep in sewage every time it rains.”
The Christie administration has an ongoing record of weakening of clean water protections. The Governor has basically gotten rid of the Drinking Water Quality Institute. The administration has not adopted standards for perchlorate and PFOA even though we have the science in place to adopt protections. They have downgraded and eviscerated the DEP Division of Science and have replaced it with the Science Advisory Board which is primarily made up of polluters and corporate interests. The DEP is holding closed door meetings with polluters to rewrite and weaken the stormwater, flood hazard area, category one, and stream buffer regulations. The administration has delayed adoption of the Water Quality Management Plans. This delay has allowed the DEP to rewrite the rules to allow for more sewer service areas in environmentally sensitive areas and more pollution into our waterways. The DEP Waiver rule would allow the Commissioner to waive compliance with over 120 agency programs.
“Over 40 years after the Clean Water Act was passed New Jersey still has serious water polluting problems threatening not only our waterways, but drinking water as well. We are concerned that the Christie administration’s anti-environmental agenda will actually make water pollution in New Jersey worse. His Administration has rolled back protection for C1 streams & stream buffers. They have allowed sewers into environment areas and for larger sewage package plants. They have weakened nutrient standards for discharge. The old saying is this glass half empty or half full? It doesn’t really matter because given the Christie administration you do not want to drink what is in it anyway,” said Jeff Tittel.


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On a lovely evening in Pasadena, Sue Owen described the NASA ISRO SAR mission, primarily aimed at mapping the damage caused by natural disasters using synthetic aperture radar and interferometry.
What does that really mean?
I couldn’t tell you. But there was some super cool space stuff discussed.
Joking, only partially though.
When a natural disaster occurs there is a lot of questions raised. How bad was the earthquake? How many people are affected? What magnitude? Where do we direct aid?
These can be answered in part, through the mapping of damage. Data points and collected by scientists help us understand how much earth has changed as a result of a natural disaster. Examples of these measurements include sea-level increases, ground dispersion, infrastructure damage, etc. But how do we know how much change has occurred? Well, that’s where your friendly neighborhood space agency swoops in.
Making these measurements from space makes sense, you can measure on a global scale (Nepal to Mexico to Hawaii). As well, humans are left out of harm’s way. I always think of the reporter who inevitably ends up in “the eye of the storm.” That can’t be safe.
One of the ways this is done is Geodetic imaging, which monitors the shifting of tectonic plates through the use of high precision GPS. While the GPS we have in our phones is accurate up to 5 meters, the GPS tracked via permanent stations is accurate 1-2 millimeters in the horizontal, and 5 millimeters in the vertical. Whoa. Also cool to note, apparently the government has this neat little site to talk about GPS accuracy.
Many of these permanent GPS stations are located in places you would expect, the Western US and Japan being especially populated (popping up… like daisies!). No, I will not cool it on the Mulan references.
But then, synthetic aperture radar busted its way into the presentation, and it held the audience captive for the rest of Sue’s talk.
The great thing about synthetic aperture radar (SAR being its street name) is that it can assess how much the land has changed by taking “photos” of the ground. Radar can pass through cloud cover, which make it an obvious choice over traditional photography, in addition to being able to cover a larger portion of ground.
What these can create are these somewhat trippy graphics called “interferograms” (the newer, hippier Instagram).
The satellite emitting the radar will have to make two passes over the natural disaster to measure the rate of change and ground displacement. Each color cycle is called a fringe, and one cycle of color (from blue to blue) indicates a certain amount of ground movement. Thus, the closer together the bands of color are, the greater the distance of displacement in that area (lots of movement).
Changes detected by SAR can be localized to individual city blocks. As well, these maps of damage are often passed into the hands of FEMA and other agencies to plan aid for disaster relief.
Sue had a number of super interesting visuals in her presentation that I was unable to find online, but I assure you, the amount of precision in this technology is downright impressive.
The trouble of this program is the reliance on the use of other country’s cooperation. NASA does not currently have its own SAR satellite, so the mission partners with Italy, Canada, Japan, and other countries in order to access data. Not all these countries are able to put aside the commercial and civilian mission that fund these SAR to map areas just hit by disasters. Thus, time delays are common.
The good news is that in 2022, NASA will launch its own SAR satellite (WOO!).
Bad news is until then, we have to push countries for open and free data policies. Ha…. haha…. ha.
Boundaries aside, this mission is mega cool. And further fossilizes my perception of the people of NASA as superheroes.

domain: geography


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Back pain is a simple thing that can get really disabling. The nagging pain in your lower back can meddle with your daily routine and put you on stress. With work pressure and personal commitments adding to up, popping those painkillers becomes the only option for most of us. A recent study published in ‘Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases’, suggests that back pain medication may not help you much. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may, on the other hand, cause many other health issues. The study found that only one in six patients experienced relief from back pain. In other cases, those on NSAIDs were 2.5 times more susceptible to gastro-intestinal issues like stomach ulcers and bleeding.
Experts from The George Institute for Global Health, Australia conducted experiments to test the effectiveness of existing medicines that used commonly used for treating back pain. The team examined more than 6000 people from 35 trials. It was found that only one in every 6 patients received any considerable benefit from consuming such medications. The team also brought to light the fact that, in most cases, the effects of NSAIDs are short-lived and often harm people’s health. Taking these facts into account, the experts urged to focus more of preventive measures over treatment.
Back pain can be caused by a host of different reasons. From an old injury resurfacing, to excessive sitting, sedentary lifestyle and incorrect posture – the culprit can be any or a cocktail of all. Prevention would certainly involve taking short breaks at work, investing in physical exercise, practicing flexibility enhancing techniques like yoga, assuming a correct sitting posture and eating a balanced diet. A series of backward bending yoga postures can help relieve back pain. Some of these would include asana like:
– Bhujangasana (cobra pose)
– (Matsyasana (fish pose)
– Setu Bandhasana (bridge pose)
– Trikonasana (Triangle pose)
– Dhanurasana (bow pose)
– Balasana (child’s pose)
“There is nothing like swimming to get rid of lower back pain. It gives you a complete body workout and helps loosen the stiffened back muscle,” Dr. Amal Ghosh, Clinical Tutor (Rtd), N.R.S. Hospial, Kolkata.


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FUNDING Circle has opened its Innovative Finance ISA (IFISA) to new investors.
The peer-to-peer business lending platform opened its IFISA to existing users last November but has now said that the tax wrapper, offering projected returns of 7.2 per cent, is open to the wider public.
James Meekings (pictured between co-founders Samir Desai and Andrew Mullinger), UK managing director and co-founder of Funding Circle, said £80m has already been lent through its IFISA by existing investors.
“We’re proud of what more than 79,000 investors have achieved over the last eight years by lending through Funding Circle,” Meekings said on Wednesday.
“On average investors have earned 6.4 per cent per year after fees and bad debt, creating tens of thousands of jobs by supporting businesses all over the UK. We’re excited to now offer tax-free access to this stable and attractive investment option.”
The IFISA account is a flexi-ISA, meaning you can withdraw any available funds without affecting your annual £20,000 ISA subscription limit, providing you transfer them back in by the end of the tax year.
As with other IFISAs, investors will not be able to transfer existing P2P loans.
There will be a minimum investment of £1,000.
The IFISA was given a staggered rollout for existing investors at the end of last year to manage demand.
It means the ‘big three’ P2P platforms – Funding Circle, Zopa and RateSetter – have now all opened their IFISAs to new investors.
Read more: HMRC’s IFISA numbers come under scrutiny
Read more: Budget, personal allowance ‘hampered’ IFISAs


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I have had a lovely making day with my friend Gill Pinkney-gillpinkney.blogspot.com. We take it in turn to go to each others houses, drink lots of tea, eat cake and generally put the world to rights. Today I was finishing things off, I have a terrible habit of having several things on the go at once. Gill was nuno felting a scarf.
adding a linen corsage and button to a hand stitched cuff
I took some home made lentil and vegetable soup, Gill supplied lovely wholemeal buns and then a carrot cake slice for afters.
putting brooch backs on corsages
We listened to lovely music, sorted through Gill's button collection and my work box and did a few swops - some gorgeous linen lingerie buttons (a particular favourite of mine) mother-of-pearl buttons for some beads and pins. Think I came out on top on that one! Thank you Gill.
more corsages finished
So all in all a very good productive day, I left Gill throwing her scarf into her kitchen sink - all in the name of felting honestly! I will leave you with a picture of some buttons I picked up at my local flea market on Saturday, just gorgeous. Until next time, hope you have all had a lovely day.

domain: artistic


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The Wyoming Board of Equalization recently overturned a Wyoming Department of Revenue ruling that said the installation of large signs was a construction activity.
The taxpayer was a sign company that manufactured, sold, and installed large signs. The signs were installed over the entryways of retailers. The original ruling determined that the taxpayer was a contractor because the signs it installed were real property. This determination meant the taxpayer owed sales tax on all materials and supplies used to install signs.
For a sign to qualify as real property, the parties involved must intend that it become a permanent part of a structure. The Board of Equalization determined that the signs were not real property because (1) the parties involved understood that the signs would be removed if they were no longer needed, (2) they were designed to be easily removed, and (3) they did not provide value to subsequent tenants.

domain: law


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- MEDIA CENTER
A family photo taken by photographer Chen Lin of the Wa ethnic groups in Southwest China's Yunnan province.[Photo provided to China Daily]
Four years ago, when photographer Chen Lin traveled to a rural village inhabited by the Miao ethnic group in Southwest China's Guizhou province, he happened to encounter a local wedding, where the bride wore a traditional handmade Miao-style costume－with sophisticated embroidery that had taken several years to finish－while the groom was in a modern suit. Chen was surprised because, among the Miao people, even the man usually wears a dazzling costume for his wedding, known for its silver decoration and fancy embroidery.
The groom told Chen that he left the village to work in a big city five years ago. The young man thought the modern suit is more fashionable and convenient to wear than Miao costumes. It was then that the photographer recognized the need to record the diverse costumes and architecture of China's different ethnic groups.
"If I don't start taking photos, I'm afraid these things will fade into memory and, in as little as 10 years, it will be impossible to see these traditional aesthetics," says Chen, referring to the inevitable influence of modernization on the lives of the ethnic groups.
Since 2016, Chen has devoted himself to his five-year project to take photos of the families of 56 ethnic groups living in different provinces in China. His tally so far is 37 of the groups.
Each ethnic group has their own culture and language. The simple way to identify them is by their appearance and their houses. Chen decided to focus on families in traditional costume, especially big families with four generations all together.


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The Changing Workplaces, Changing Lives Campaign
This is a transformational moment for Catalyst. Our Changing Workplaces, Changing Lives Campaign—the first major gift campaign in our history—offers corporations, foundations, and philanthropists the opportunity to invest in our mission to be the catalyst for workplace inclusion through providing knowledge and solutions that expand opportunities for women.
Together we can improve the lives of women and communities across the globe. The Changing Workplaces, Changing Lives Campaign aims to raise a minimum of $20 million over five years. The three-pronged campaign includes:
Longitudinal Research to sustain our rigorous data platform and broaden our work tracking global, long-term trends for women in the workplace.
An Inclusive Leadership Initiative to equip women and men to lead 21st-century organizations. We will incorporate our knowledge and experience into leadership development curricula to support corporations and policy makers as they train, support, and garner the expertise of the talented women in the markets where they operate.
Global outreach to support gender parity in new markets. We will target regions that are ripe for change, adapting our knowledge and tools to suit local conditions.
We invite your support, participation, and leadership. To learn more, please contact Svetlana Mostovsky, Vice President, Corporate Development.