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Diversity is considered as a process that helps in identifying various different aspects among the people of a team. There are various types of diversity which involves cultural, political, functional etc. Every aspect has some difference influence on the factors of the operations and services that are being implemented (Klarsfeld, Booysen and Kuvaas, 2016). Equality is also considered as a very essential element which means all the members of the group or team are considered as equal in every aspect. Whether it is about the division of responsibilities or about providing the benefits, everyone should be treated equally.
There is a huge importance of diversity in today's changing Britain because it helps in maintaining a great rate of the reputation. Also, it can lead to a better level so that the organisations can be able to gain the popularity as well as productivity at much higher rates. Even in the internal and the external environment, diversity plays a very important role. It helps in minimizing the issues such as racism, discrimination etc. because doing the discrimination of the other on the basis of colour, race, gender is not acceptable at all (Thompson, 2016). It is because this sort of behaviour can hurt the sentiments of the other person and also can have a negative effect on the mental stability of the person.
There can be various factors that get benefited after involving diversity in an organisation. Some very common and well known examples of it includes the minimized rate of issues such as racism etc. In an organisation, there might be the possibility that people from various different culture's are working, so for managing and maintaining their safety, diversity can be termed as an effective way which can further help in an effective processing of the operations and services as well.
It has been observed that in Qbic hotel, some employees were doing some sort of partiality and discrimination with some customers which were not from their caste (Colgan, 2015). So, as the management of the hotel is considered to be efficient enough, so after monitoring the issue, those employees were terminated and from then, there has been no such report of the issue. Therefore, the hotel has its focus on treating and welcoming each and every customer in a very efficient way. Also, it has helped the hotel to achieve a higher rate of popularity as well as productivity.
The practical steps that the business can take is to ensure proper monitoring inside the organisation, whether it is about the corridors or the rooms, if there will be proper motoring by the management, every staff member as well as employee will ensure that no such action can happen. This can help in making the operations more effective and appropriate.


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Target hiked, Best Buy sliced ’08 ad spend
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- John Vomhof Jr.
- Staff writer
Minnesota’s retail giants, Target Corp. and Best Buy Co. Inc., took vastly different approaches to marketing in 2008 as their sales slowed.
Target slightly increased its advertising spending as it pushed its value offerings in television and newspaper ads, while Best Buy trimmed its marketing budget as it redirected funds to other parts of its business, such as its Reward Zone customer-loyalty program and store employees.
Meanwhile, retail giant Wal-Mart Stores Inc. — now the chief rival for both Target and Best Buy — drastically increased its advertising spending to drive home its low-price message.
Minneapolis-based Target boosted its total advertising spending 2.2 percent to $760.1 million in 2008, while Richfield-based Best Buy reduced its media buying by 17.7 percent to $298.3 million, according to estimates from New York ad-tracking firm TNS Media Intelligence. Wal-Mart’s advertising spending increased a staggering 62.4 percent to $863.9 million in 2008 as it increased its television, magazine and radio advertising.
Those statistics include spending on measured media, which includes television, radio, newspaper, magazine, billboards and online banner ads. They do not take into account other forms of marketing such as e-mail promotions or online viral marketing.
TNS estimates that nationwide ad spending across all segments fell 4.1 percent to $141.7 billion last year, with leading retailers such as J.C. Penney Co. Inc., Kohls Corp., Macy’s Inc. and Sears Holdings Corp. among the firms that trimmed their ad budgets last year.
Sharply cut marketing budgets were uncommon, said Mike Gatti, executive director of the Retail Advertising & Marketing Association, an arm of the National Retail Federation in New York. “We didn’t really see anybody really pull back too much. I think what really everybody did is that they said, ‘OK, let’s look at what’s going on here. What’s the potential? What can we do within our budgets?’ ”
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domain: finance


Welcome to Columbia!
The City of Columbia and the University of Missouri are always working together to create a harmonious relation between long-term residents of Columbia and students at MU. Each year we distribute Welcome Kits and explore opportunities for social gatherings to promote a neighborhood environment that is respectful to everyone. Everyone can help in this effort by getting to know your neighbors and respecting local laws.
Are you new to Columbia? Check out the city’s website for information about setting up utilities, bus routes, city laws and ordinances, parks and recreational activities, and more!


Today Jamie Stone, MP for Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross, has submitted a named day question to the Department for Transport (DfT) asking to suspend the MOT system.
The DVSA has suspended MOTs for all heavy goods vehicles for up to three months from 21 March. However, for car, motorbike and light van drivers, the Department for Transport continues to keep MOT testing in place, encouraging many people to break self-isolation
Mr Stone submitted the following question to the Department for Transport:
"To ask the Secretary of State for Transport, if he will make an assessment of the potential merits of suspending MOTs during the covid-19 outbreak."
This follows an exchange on Twitter with a constituent, Frank Robinson, who explained:
"On Wednesday I have to take my dad's car for its MOT. Up to 3 people will have contact with my father's car including myself. This puts us al at risk. Can't MOTs be suspended for a few months?"
After submitting the question to the Department for Transport, Mr Stone said:
"I intend to chase this up with DVSA as a matter of urgency. People should not be worrying about their MOT when they're supposed to be at home self-isolating. If MOTs have been suspended for heavy goods vehicles, it makes sense that this provision should be extended to all vehicles.
"Safety must always come first. Whilst in normal times, I would not advocate this kind of measure, it is critical that we do everything we can to discourage people from spreading Coronavirus."
Notes to editor:
- Named Day question has to be answered by the Government within three 'sitting days' - so it should be answered by the end of this week.


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An organization’s financial management strategies can make the difference between making profits and incurring losses. A financial secretary is hired to handle and oversee the financial responsibilities of a business. This professional receives money paid to the company, verifies, records and banks it as necessary. In some cases, the financial secretary oversees online transactions and manages overseas accounts. Employers look for business, finance or accounting graduates who are trustworthy and highly efficient with numbers.
Receiving and Making Payments
Managing cash inflows and outflows is one of the most pressing management duties for any business, according to a 2009 article at Reuters.com. The financial secretary is the company's point of contact for clients looking to make payments. She advises them on the payment options the business accepts, receives the money and processes it into company accounts. The finance secretary also is responsible for paying the organization's suppliers and service providers in a timely manner.
A slight error in the recording a financial transaction can lead to a big problem. Financial sectaries use their remarkable attention to detail to ensure money moving in and out of the company is recorded accurately. Good records will help you track the financial performance of the business, identify source of receipts, prepare financial statements and file tax returns. If the organization's record keeping policies are not effective, the financial secretary will be tasked to assess them and make suitable adjustments.
The job of a finance secretary involves making frequent trips to the bank. He ensures all received funds, whether in cash or check, are banked on a daily basis. In instances where funds are wired into the company's account, he checks with the bank to verify transaction details. If you have been hired into this position, you are required to help the company embrace electronic banking technologies, enabling you to make deposits easily. Electronic banking is a cost and time-saving technological innovation that can enhance business efficiency.
Although some organizations hire procurement officers to oversee asset acquisitions, financial secretaries do the same job in others. They use their educational knowledge in finance to evaluate the pricing of various products before authorizing purchase. For instance, if the company wants to buy new workplace computers, the finance secretary allocates the required funds and helps in the procurement process. She develops a procurement plan that helps the company to buy goods and services at the right price, from the right source and in the right quantity.
Based in New York City, Alison Green has been writing professionally on career topics for more than a decade. Her work has appeared in “U.S. News Weekly” magazine, “The Career” magazine and “Human Resources Journal.” Green holds a master's degree in finance from New York University.


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(SPOT.ph) When the Department of Tourism, then under Sec. Wanda Teo, released its "When with Filipinos" campaign in September 2016, the public was quick to post their reactions. Tweets ranged from mistaking it as a "Cornetto ad" to something as political as "When you're with Filipinos, make sure he is not a police or your family is in danger." [sic] So when Bernadette Romulo-Puyat assumed office in 2018, everyone eagerly awaited her new advertising campaign for the tourism agency. Finally, on February 18, the Department of Tourism (DOT) rolled out its slogan: The tried-and-tested "It's More Fun in the Philippines" but with a fresh look—a new logo and a new font.
The campaign, which is primarily crowdsourced, encourages everyone to post their local travel photos on social media and tell the world why it's more fun in the Philippines. Of course, you should use the hashtag #ItsMoreFunInThePhilippines. Puyat explained that for every photo, the agency will donate U.S.$10 to the World Wide Fund for Nature.
You can also download the free font called Barabara, which is inspired by the typeface of hand-painted jeepney signboards, to go with your snapshot. Unlike the previous font used for "It’s More Fun in the Philippines," the new look has more curves around the edges and features an all-caps set. The fresh logo also dropped the Philippine map and stuck with a design that "weaves the unique colors of the Philippines together," Puyat pointed out.
AJ Dimarucot, Filipino graphic designer and director of the Communication Design Association of the Philippines, is a big fan of this "bold move to create a special typeface for a huge government endeavor such as a tourism campaign." In an interview with SPOT.ph, he described the creation of this custom-made font as a wonderful homage to everyday local artists like sign painters and letterers. The agency could have even gone as far as collaborating with those artisans from all over the country.
"I’m even more impressed with the fact that they have given this font away for free and allow a conversation through design, something I am passionate about. As with any form of rebranding exercise, there will always be a divide. As long as there is a dialogue and design is being talked about, then I’m all for it no matter what side you’re on," he continues.
Jowee Alviar, co-founder and creative director of TeamManila Lifestyle, has similar thoughts: "The font is very representational of what we see around the Philippines. The handwritten letters is seen on signages, jeepneys, boats and ports in different forms and styles. As a graphic designer, I always try to be inspired by my surroundings and the jeepney lettering has been one of them."
"It's More Fun in the Philippines" was created in 2012 under former Sec. Mon Jimenez through the help of advertising agency BBDO Guerrero—the same group that rehashed Puyat’s tourism campaign. The catchphrase was lauded for its flexibility, allowing anyone to use it in memes and on official DOT billboards.
Speaking before the press during the launch at the National Museum of Natural History, which incidentally was the former building of the Department of Tourism, Puyat explained why she revived the old slogan: "I actually believe in continuity. In other countries, they never change their campaign. In Malaysia, it’s been 'Malaysia Truly Asia.' In India, it’s been 'Incredible India.' I am the third Tourism secretary to use the hashtag. I believe it’s because it works. The Philippines has embraced the hashtag. We’ve made it our own. Why not continue what’s good?" But more than the revamped design, the campaign also highlights sustainable tourism which the agency started with the rehabilitation of Boracay, and now with other tourist destinations like Coron, El Nido, and Siargao.
What do you think of the new look? Let us know in the comments section!

domain: artistic


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This diary in cool Dino World design keeps thoughts and secrets safe. The book is equipped with a lock, which can only be opened by secret code. When the lock is opened, the melody of the song Rise by Jonas Blue sounds. Inside the approx. 20 x 15 x 3 cm diaries have 80 lined pages which are also decorated with dinosaur motifs.
Depesche 10557 Diary with Code and Sound Dino World Green / Colourful - B07PRJ7BLP


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Cangrejada is a mouthwatering Mexican seafood dish that is prepared with fresh crabmeat, tomato, onion, cilantro, lime juice, and a variety of spices. This dish, which is both flavorful and simple to prepare, can be served either as an appetizer or as the main course. The following is an in-depth and step-by-step guide that will teach you how to make cangrejada:
- 1 lb of fresh crab meat
- 2 large ripe tomatoes, diced
- 1 medium-sized onion, chopped
- 2 cloves of garlic, minced
- 1/4 cup of fresh cilantro, chopped
- 1/4 cup of lime juice
- 1 teaspoon of ground cumin
- 1 teaspoon of chilli powder
- 1/2 teaspoon of salt
- 1/4 teaspoon of black pepper
- 2 tablespoons of olive oil
Steps to making Cangrejada
Step 1: Prepare the crab meat
If you are using fresh crabmeat, you will need to clean and pick through the crabmeat to remove any shells or cartilage. You can do this by using your hands or a fork. Be careful not to break up the meat too much. If you are using canned crabmeat, simply drain it and set it aside.
Step 2: Prepare the vegetables
Chop the onion and dice the tomatoes. Mince the garlic cloves and chop the cilantro. Set these ingredients aside.
Step 3: Cook the vegetables
Heat the olive oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat. Add the onions and garlic and cook until the onions are translucent about 5 minutes. Add the tomatoes, cumin, chilli powder, salt, and black pepper to the skillet. Cook for another 5-7 minutes, or until the tomatoes are soft and the mixture has thickened.
Step 4: Add the crab meat
Add the crabmeat to the skillet and stir gently to combine with the tomato mixture. Cook for another 2-3 minutes, or until the crabmeat is heated through.
Step 5: Add the lime juice and cilantro
Remove the skillet from the heat and add the lime juice and chopped cilantro. Stir gently to combine.
Step 6: Serve
Cangrejada can be served warm or cold. You can serve it as an appetizer with tortilla chips or as a main course with rice and vegetables. Garnish with additional cilantro or lime wedges if desired.
- If you prefer a spicier cangrejada, you can add more chilli powder or diced jalapeno peppers to the tomato mixture.
- You can use any type of crabmeat you like for this recipe, such as lump crabmeat, claw meat, or backfin crabmeat.
- If you don’t have fresh lime juice, you can use bottled lime juice instead.
- To make this recipe even easier, you can use canned diced tomatoes instead of fresh tomatoes.
Cangrejada is a delicious Mexican seafood dish that is also very simple to prepare and is suitable for serving at any event. It is a flavorful and satisfying meal that can be served as either an appetizer or the main course due to the combination of fresh crabmeat, tomatoes, onions, cilantro, lime juice, and spices that are included in the recipe.
Cangrejada is one of those dishes that can be made at home by virtually anyone with a little bit of time and effort if they follow this step-by-step guide. Why not give it a shot and demonstrate to your loved ones and friends that you have some serious talent in the kitchen?

domain: food


Bridge debate delays finalization of library plan
County Council to launch public process to amend Urban Renewal Plan
If a 10-year-old revitalization plan drafted for Silver Spring is amended to permit a pedestrian bridge above Wayne Avenue, the Montgomery County Council is likely to approve the proposed span connecting the Wayne parking garage to the Silver Spring Library.
The council will now launch a public amendment process to the 1999 Silver Spring Urban Renewal Plan, which prohibits pedestrian bridges above certain streets in downtown Silver Spring. A pedestrian bridge is included in the council-approved design for the library to ensure safe access for children, seniors and the disabled.
If the plan is amended and the bridge approved, it would be against recommendations from some residents and the county's Planning Department.
The bridge would connect the fourth level of the Wayne Avenue garage to the third level of the library, planned for the corner of Wayne and Fenton Street, with handicap parking near the bridge entrance.
In a Thursday meeting of the council's Health and Human Services Committee, county officials held a lengthy debate on whether sufficient disabled parking and access to the library could be provided without the bridge, which could cost the county an estimated $684,000.
Officials arguing in favor of the bridge said it would satisfy vulnerable populations at a heavily-trafficked intersection. Of the 1.1 million annual visitors expected for the library, more than half will be children, seniors or disabled, according to county statistics.
The Purple Line is expected to be built through the site, which would move the crosswalk at Wayne and Fenton closer to the Wayne garage. Planning officials said those changes would allow the necessary access to the library at no cost.
Additionally, a pedestrian bridge would take people off the streets and be a detriment to nearby businesses, they said.
"Some people will use the garage, some people will walk. … Whether the Purple Line is there or not you need to get people across," said John Carter, Park and Planning's chief of urban design and special projects.
The crosswalk at Wayne and Fenton could also have a median and a cross signal favorable to pedestrians, Carter said.
Some county officials, including councilmembers in attendance, said those intersection improvements should be implemented anyway, in addition to the pedestrian bridge.
"We have set this up as mutually exclusive options but they are not," said Gary Stith, director of the Silver Spring Regional Center. "… We can't wait for the Purple Line to come in to make improvements because who knows how long that will be."
Carter said the handicap parking lost by not adding a pedestrian bridge could be provided in the underground parking garage that will serve a 10-story apartment building also built on the site.
To meet Americans with Disabilities Act guidelines, eight spaces would be needed and more would likely be required because the new library will be the site of county's Disability Resource Center. Stith said if there were no pedestrian bridge, each additional underground parking space costs $60,000, making the spaces to meet ADA requirements nearly as costly as the pedestrian bridge itself.
The public can testify during the amendment process to the urban renewal plan, a public hearing for which should be held in at least one month.
In a Feb. 5 community meeting to discuss the pedestrian bridge, residents were mostly split on whether to include one for the library. The Silver Spring Citizens Advisory Board took an informal poll in its monthly meeting last week and the majority of members opposed a bridge.


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Thirteen years after welfare reform in the U.S., 57% of immigrant-headed households (legal and illegal) with a child are using at least one welfare program, according to a new report from the Center for Immigration Studies (CIS). The reason for this is partly due to the large share of immigrants with low levels of education and their resulting low incomes — not their legal status or an unwillingness to work, the report reveals.
Based on the latest data available, from 2009, the share of immigrant households with children relying on one or more welfare program is 18% higher than native households with children. Among the report's other major findings:
1. Immigrant households with children tend to use food assistance programs and Medicaid at much higher rates than native households with children. Use of cash and housing programs tends to be similar to natives.
2. A large share of the welfare used by immigrant households with children is received on behalf of U.S.-born citizen children. But even households with children that were comprised entirely of immigrants (i.e., all the children were born abroad) still had a welfare use rate of 56%.
3. Households with children with the highest rates of welfare use are those headed by immigrants from the Dominican Republic (82%), and Mexico and Guatemala (75%). Those with the lowest use rates are from the United Kingdom (7%), India (19%), Canada (23%and Korea (25%).
4. The states where immigrant households with children have the highest welfare use rates are Arizona (62%); Texas, California, and New York (61%); Pennsylvania (59%); Minnesota, and Oregon (56%); and Colorado (55%).
The Center estimates that 52% of households with children headed by legal immigrants used at least one welfare program in 2009, compared to 71% for illegal immigrant households with children. (Illegal immigrants generally receive benefits on behalf of their U.S.-born children.)
The CIS argues the report can serve as a measure of the impact immigrants have on American society and whether or not they are creating a net fiscal burden for the country. Welfare programs comprise a significant share of federal, and even state, expenditures. Total costs for the programs examined in the CIS study were $517 billion in fiscal year 2008. Moreover, those who receive welfare tend to pay little or no income tax. The group argues however, that the report also sheds light on how we treat immigrants who are legally admitted to the country, such as welfare eligibility, citizenship requirements, and assimilation efforts.
The CIS concludes, "Accessing welfare programs can be seen as an indication that immigrants are having a difficult time in the United States. Or perhaps that some immigrants are assimilating into the welfare system. Thus, welfare use is both a good way of measuring immigration’s impact on American society and immigrants’ adaptation to life in the United States."
The major welfare programs examined in the CIS research include SSI (Supplemental Security Income for low income elderly and disabled), TANF (Temporary Assistance to Needy Families), WIC (Women, Infants, and Children food program), free/reduced school lunch, food stamps, Medicaid, public housing, and rent subsidies.

domain: sociology


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Stadium Foes, Chargers Stick To Game Plans As Measure C Goes To Voters
City of San Diego voters will determine Measure C . Eric Anderson has details. The 100 plus page ballot measure is complicated. The idea is straight forward. Vote yes on Measure C in the city can build a stadium and convention Center Annex in the city's East Village. That's where Chargers spokesman Fred mass joined us. Under the measure the region's hotel room tax goes to 16 1/2%, allowing his city agency to borrow $1.1 billion. Mass says the NFL will kick in the rest. For cities like San Diego that don't have the robust corporate base, the Silicon Valley has. You have different circumstances. If you want to keep your team there will be have to be some envelopment. He is quick to stress that funding will come from out of town visitors. He says locals won't pay at all if they don't stay in the San Diego hotel. It's an important fabric of who we are as the city and that means you support your team. If you want the Chargers Tuesday, you have to vote for this. The team needs votes. The city attorney says Measure C creates a special tax and that requires a two thirds vote to pass. In an effort to round up the votes, the team donated four point Measure C creates a special tax and that requires a two thirds vote to pass. In an effort to round up the votes, the team donated $4.1 million to the campaign. If the vision argument isn't convincing, officials say how about the money. It will create demand for more local hotel rooms. The project should generate $750 million in hotel revenue over the next 10 years. I started as a skeptic and I realized it was smart. San Diego hotel owners balk at the tax hike. And hired there own auditors. Uncertainty is what worries Jeff Kawar, they are mandated to review every ballot measures economic impact. We see measures where the tax increase is sufficient to cover the project related costs, conversely we've seen scenarios where the TLT increase would not be sufficient. This stadium is likened to a Christmas tree ornament. It's something that's designed to win votes. When you're looking at public dollars, you need to have a discussion and negotiation. Bowling said her group has only raised a few thousand dollars but she's optimistic the proposal will be defeated. She says most people already know how they feel. Sometimes there are complicated measures that are on the ballot that people don't quite know what to think about them. April Boling wants to see the measure lose soundly. That will keep the Chargers from pursuing the site if the measure only feels by a few percentage points. Fred mass says the team is focusing on retaining its relationship. It's the way they teach the children values about teamwork or the valleys of players like Antonio Gates or Philip Rivers, people who they are proud to have the kids were there jerseys. We can't lose that. The downtown Stadium convention center plan was born after NFL owners rejected the Chargers plan for a new Stadium with the Raiders in a Los Angeles suburb. The team retains an option to move to Los Angeles after this season. Right now, officials say there is no Plan B, they are only focused on passing dose Measure C . The whole of San Diego will vote on the initiative to build a new stadium. The neighborhoods that are most effective would be the neighborhoods next to. Logan Heights, Sherman Heights, residents, are upset the Chargers did not consult them. After drafting the initiative the team is agreed to focus on local concerns like the threat that the massive development may result in gentrification, that could price people out of there homes and businesses. In the studio to talk about this we have Brent Beltran a member of the group Barrios Against Stadiums and a writer for the San Diego Free Press. We also have Marcela Escobar-Eck act -- a land use consultant for the Atlantis Group. Brent, let's ask you about your concerns about the Chargers Stadium. There is support in your neighborhood but some concerns. We are a community of San Diegans, charger fans. Agrippa charger fan. My family are all's charger fans. My concerns are that building a stadium and convention center in the ensuing development will drastically increase property values in my community. Unfortunately, most of the people in my community are renters. We have the rents go up so dramatically, it's going to push a lot of the longtime residents and businesses out of my community. That's my main concern. Marcella, I understand there is a strategy in which the Chargers propose a land trust. We understand the concerns the neighbors have and barrio Logan is a community that is on the rise and we recognize that land values, not only will go up but are going up. There was a recent purchase by Comic Con by -- of three buildings. Barrio Logan is at the cusp of evolving and we recognize the neighbors have concerns. One strategy the Chargers are offering is to create a land trust to deal with some of the issues that you heard about some folks who aren't actually owners, but are renters and want to remain a part of an important community with a lot of history and heritage. The thought would be, one of the most expensive things in San Diego for development is land. Even developing projects that are moderate rate workforce housing projects, land value becomes the most expensive part of the equation. The thought would be to create inland trusts that could be then used to develop, not only rental but possibly for sale will and moderate income housing units to offset some of those issues. We would work with the community once the initiative passes to come up with parameters, to figure out how people would qualify and how it would benefit existing benefits -- ran is -- This would involve expenditure on the part of the Chargers. What is the guarantee that they would do this? This is not in the initiative. It is not in the initiative. The guarantee, there is a letter that I will leave with you, once the initiative passes there will be a joint Powers Authority formed. That authority will hold everyone accountable, especially to make sure the neighborhoods around the stadium are taking care of. We have offered up a land trust, but other solutions and we feel that as a part of the JP a comma -- some of these promises were made by the Padres and were not kept. The initiative for the Padres was a recommendation, this is addressed. Brent, what is your reaction to this? I think it's a fantastic idea, if it took place 10 years ago. If it happens now, what's going to prevent the people to not get pushed out of our community. How will they developed this and not keep the rents down in the meantime. I just don't see the reality of that. I see something like this being something for future residents, for future working class people that don't live there now. Those that live there right now, are going to be pushed out with or without this. Is the issue that it would take a long time to set this up? No. We would do it concurrently with the development. It would be a process that's concurrent. We can't control the prices of today and that's true in all of San Diego. We can look towards the future. Is this something that you feel, Brent, is not going to work week is prices are already rising? Prices are rising. The available land is not that much. How many years will it take for something is built for residents? It takes time to gather land and create and build. By the time this process is over, the residence that used to live and barrio Logan will live in El Cajon, Santee and farther east. How will it help those people? Marcella, you mentioned Petco Park. Maybe you have concerns that it did not work too well there, the promises that were made ahead of time. What makes you think that the residents should trust that it will work this time? As I mentioned, in the situation of Petco Park, I can only say that I've heard promises weren't kept. I have no basis for that. I think, as far as the promises going forward, we have a strong commitment we feel that can happen concurrently and we are open to sitting down with the community and forming a group to figure out how the residence that have always been a part of the fiber of the community are protected. We are open to suggestions. If there are specific recommendations, we are opening -- open to listening. Brent, is there anything from Petco Park? I know there are people in Sherman Heights that are upset with the process, there are people that have been working with us against this medium -- the Chargers Stadium. The people were very disappointed with what happened with the Padres. That's all I know. We aren't just talking about property values changing, we are talking about the possibility they might be pushing the homeless more into barrio Logan and Logan Heights. And parking and traffic always comes up. The homeless problem is not something that is just a charger issue or stadium issue. That is an issue we all have to be a part of the solution. On the parking issues, we are looking at those. One thing we have spoken to the residence about has been the possibility of a resident only parking permit, similar to what exists in the college area. And working on other issues so there are no infringements on there neighborhood. When the initiative passes, we will have an open dialogue about actual, detailed solutions that are embraced by the neighborhood. Prints -- Brent, the concerns of the community to the team, do these suggestions give you hope that the team is willing to work with the community? I think they are willing to work in some way, with the community. At this point it's an afterthought. If they were interested in the needs, they would have sought us out prior to this and worked with us before. They have wanted to stadium downtown for over a decade, if there was really interest in the Chargers working with our communities, they would've approached us sooner. Marcella how do you react to that? I don't think it's ever too little too late. I think there are always opportunities to move forward. I can tell you just as recently as months ago, we attended a barrio Logan meeting. This will take time in the development and we think there are opportunities to sit down with the community leaders to ensure we address the concerns. I will think both of you Brent Beltran and Marcella Escobar at -- Marcella act. I'm Alison St. John in for Maureen Cavanaugh and you are listening to KPBS Midday Edition. If you happen to be paying attention to your local city Council agendas you might've noticed an item that involves large sums of money for a new emergency communication system called NexGen. Because of the wildfires, San Diego is very well aware of how vital it is to have a communication system. Back in 2003 there were serious gaps and make it hard for emergency responders to work together. That was improved in 2007, it needs to be upgraded to the tune of $17 million. Here to talk about it is Sue Willy, communications systems manager and manages the regional communication systems. This is an upgrade to our current system why does it need to be upgraded. The primary reason is that it won't operate forever, we are based on the mid-90's technology and the support for those both hardware and software are no longer available. Essentially you can't get parts for it anymore and it is like having an old piece of equipment on a car that is no longer viable. Our goal is to replace the system before it comes to a point where we have problems. 70 million is quite a bit of money and it's a big chunk of local city budgets, not San Diego because they have there own system. It's the other 18 city, Oceanside, Chula Vista, it's a significant amount. Why is it that expensive? We have the largest radio systems in the United States. Our system covers 9000 square miles. While we have over 50 radio sites and more than 20,000 user radios on the system, that represent first responders. We have public service agencies that use the system as well. It's large and there's a lot of users of the system and the technology is complex. The cost to replace it is because of how system -- big the system is. It's a question of whether there's a security of the region being compromised while it's being changed over. I believe our migration strategy will allow us to continue eight on the older system. That's part of our planning, to make sure we do that without interrupting operations. What's being communicated, is that audio, radio? It's the communication between all of our 911 dispatch centers and whoever they are dispatching to calls. It's a communications between the responders, between fire and police, ambulances, trauma hospitals, all of those happen over the radio. What about video? It's useful for agencies to have video. Our system does not provide video. It's voice communication. There are other public safety communication systems that agencies are able to tap into for various video feeds. Those vary depending on which agency and what they used to support video, whether it's GIS mapping and that is dependent upon each agencies. Once the $70 million is spent, will it make our region safer or is it just keeping the same? It will definitely be an improvement. We implemented the original in the mid to late 1990's. With the current technology and it will no longer support the number of users. There is no room for growth. There is no capacity left. The new system is based on a national standard that did not exist in the 90's. All public safety agencies are going to this new standard, which allows us to interact with people that come in to help us with wildfires. It adds a layer of interoperability and it in -- it increases our capacity. The FCC has a limited amount of radio spectrum allocated to public safety agencies, commercial cellular care or send an broadcast -- agencies. The new technology doubles our spectrum capability. We get one channel and we get to channels out of that. We can support more radio calls without adding any additional infrastructure. There are 240 agencies, I think KBS is a part as well. Will it communicate with people in Orange County, since the boundaries there? Not across range County, if they come into our County the new standard allows those agencies to interoperate. We would be able to communicate with responders in Orange County. We would be able to communicate with other agencies that use our system. The standard software allows you to program other agencies radios with your information. Just in terms of the budgets, how long will this last? When will cities have to put in more millions to upgraded again? We estimate from the time that we actually are able to implement the system and go live, it will have a 15 year life span. 15 years. Okay. Thank you. That Sue Willy communication systems manager at the San Diego County Sheriff's Department.
The 100-plus-page ballot measure is extensive, detailed and complicated. But the idea is straightforward: Vote yes on Measure C, and the city can build a stadium and convention center in the city's East Village.
That's where Charger spokesman Fred Maas joined us to talk about the plan.
He discussed the measure in the middle of the tailgate parking lot beside Petco Park, the sports facility that's home to the San Diego Padres. A large Metropolitan Transit Service bus yard, a brewery and the Wonderbread building are located nearby. All are in the project’s footprint and would be moved or torn down to make way for a new stadium and convention center structure.
1. Measure calls for shared funding
Measure C calls for an increase in region's hotel room tax. The tax would jump from 12.5 to 16.5 percent. That allows a city-created agency to borrow roughly $1.15 billion. The Chargers and the NFL would add $650 million.
"For cities like San Diego, that don't have the robust corporate base that Silicon Valley has, or the multibillionaire owner like you have in Los Angeles, you have different circumstances here. If you want to keep your team, there's going to have to be some investment," said Maas, a special consultant hired by the Chargers.
Maas is quick to stress that the taxpayer funding for the $1.8 billion project will come from out-of-town visitors. Locals won't pay at all, he argued, as long as they don't stay in a San Diego hotel.
The football team said there is a lot at stake for San Diego.
"It's an important fabric of who we are as a city and how we sell ourselves as a city," Maas said.
"Either we’re a tourist destination or we're America's finest city. And that means your sports teams. Your support for your sports teams. So if you want the Chargers to stay, you ought to vote for this," Maas said.
The city attorney says Measure C creates a special tax which requires a two-thirds vote to pass.
"If you want to keep your team, there's going to have to be some investment," said Fred Maas, a special consultant hired by the Chargers.
In an effort to round up those votes, the team donated $4.4 million to the “Vote Yes on C” campaign. Some of that money is being spent on television spots. One ad features former San Diego Mayor Jerry Sanders.
"You know I think we should all support Prop C because it's more than football. It's about the future of the city, it's about the vision, a grand vision for the city, and it's about jobs and the economy," Sanders said in the ad.
If the vision argument isn't convincing, Chargers officials ask voters to consider money.
2. There are arguments for and against the financials
The team argues the project will create demand for more local hotel rooms.
The Chargers hired consultant Rob Hunden to review the stadium and convention center idea. He concluded that the project will generate $750 million in new hotel room revenue over 10 years.
"I started out as a skeptic," Hunden said.
He worked with convention planners to evaluate if a convention center annex was a feasible business venture.
"So the more we got into it, we realized that, ‘Hey, this is a smart idea.’ They're not going to be overtaxing. They've got a pretty sound proposal in front of us, from everything we could tell," Hunden said.
The hotel industry hired its own consultant, Thomas Hazinski, who concluded the project creates $2.3 million a year in new hotel tax revenue, but the project's construction and operating costs would top $67 million a year.
And the San Diego Taxpayers Association won't support the plan because it fears the city's general fund might be tapped if revenues fall short of projections.
San Diego's Independent Budget Analyst reviewed the proposal because of a mandate to review the fiscal impact of all ballot measures going in front of voters. That fiscal review was full of uncertainty.
"We've seen scenarios where the project cash flows, in other words, the tourism occupancy tax increase is sufficient to cover the project related cost. Some of the tourism marketing funding that's promised and ultimately would flow some revenue to the city's general fund," said Jeff Kawar, deputy director of the Independent Budget Analyst's office.
"When you're looking at public dollars, you really need to have a discussion and negotiation," said April Boling, a member of the No Downtown Stadium group.
"Conversely, we've seen scenarios that are plausible scenarios where the (transient occupancy tax) increase would not be sufficient to cover the project-related cost," Kawar said.
3. Opponents are organized, but not well-funded
Some opponents have joined forces under the "No Downtown Stadium" banner.
They say San Diego's downtown region doesn't need a football stadium, calling the convention center add-on a Christmas tree ornament hung on the project to convince people to vote for the measure.
The group is not pleased how the Chargers put the plan together.
April Boling is a key member of the No Downtown Stadium group. Like others, she likens the stadium's convention center add-on to a Christmas tree ornament — something she says is designed to win votes. Boling wants to keep the Chargers in San Diego, but she's not pleased how the team's plan came together.
"When you're looking at public dollars, you really need to have a discussion and negotiation," Boling said.
Measure C opponents only raised a few thousand dollars, but Boling remains optimistic the proposal will be defeated.
"This is not a measure, I don't think, where people need to have it explained to them. Sometimes there are very complicated measures that are on the ballot that people don't quite know what to think about them so they need education. This is not one that needs education," Boling said.
Boling wants to see Measure C lose, soundly, by more than 50 percent. She worries the Chargers will pursue the downtown stadium plan if the measure fails to get two-thirds support on Election Day, but still rises above the 50 percent threshold.
Chargers officials say they are not considering what happens if the measure loses on Election Day. Consultant Maas said there is no plan B because they are only focused on passing Measure C.
Maas said the team depends on fans and the fans depend on their relationship with the team.
"It's the way they teach their children values about teamwork," Maas said. "Or the values of player like Antonio Gates or Philip Rivers, people who they're proud to have their kids wear their jerseys. We can't lose that. It's so important to who we are as a city and to those families. We owe it to them."
The downtown stadium convention center plan was born after NFL owners rejected the Charger's plan for a new stadium with the Raiders in a Los Angeles suburb. The team retains an option to move to Los Angeles after this season.

domain: news


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The federal government of Canada announced on Tuesday that the travel ban to India would be lifted next week after months of being in place. According to the announcement, flights to India will be resumed after September 26, given that the additional COVID-19 protocols will be observed.
The travel ban on India was imposed on April 22 this year after the number of their COVID-19 test-positive cases ballooned to extremely high levels. Since then, the ban has been subjected to multiple extensions, including the one announced on September 21.
Apart from prohibiting commercial and passenger flights coming from India, the ban also required travelers from the said country to obtain a negative PCR test conducted by a laboratory from a different nation. Moreover, the latter should be on the list of approved countries certified by the Canadian government to be accepted.
With the travel ban to be lifted next week, passengers coming from India must present a negative molecular test from Delhi airport’s Genestrings Laboratory. Travel Canada also stressed that test results will be thoroughly checked before boarding.
Moreover, individuals who already have two total doses of the vaccine are directed to upload their immunization records to the ArriveCAN app. As for travelers from India arriving in Canada through an indirect flight, they are still required to obtain a negative PCR test conducted by a laboratory from a different country other than India.

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This is a stunning antique Art Nouveau ring in sterling silver set with a Czech glass cabochon. The crown setting is gorgeous and features flowers and leaves in a classic Art Nouveau design. The stone is much nicer than I could capture in the photographs. It is a faux opal in green with a lot of iridescence. This is a very unusual and beautiful ring. It is marked Sterling on the inside of the shank
The ring is a size 5 1/5 and could probably be resized by a jeweler. It is in good condition with some surface scratches to the stone and one small chip on the edge which cannot be seen when worn.
6 other shoppers have this item in their Cart or Wish List
Antique and Vintage Jewelry and Decorative Arts
Free Domestic shipping on orders over $175. Follow me on Facebook and Twitter - Ornaments on Ruby Lane Ornaments_onRL

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Looking to revolutionize your health and wellbeing? Welcome to “The Science Behind Health”, a blog dedicated to providing you with the latest research-backed tips and tricks for achieving optimum health. Our mission is simple: To empower you with the knowledge and insight required to make informed decisions about your health, so that you can live life to the fullest. Join us as we explore everything from nutrition and exercise, to mental wellness and beyond!
The benefits of a healthy lifestyle
A healthy lifestyle has countless benefits. For one, it can help you maintain a healthy weight. It can also lower your risk of developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and various types of cancer. Additionally, it can boost your mental health and help you live a longer, happier life.
There are many ways to live a healthy lifestyle. Eating a nutritious diet is crucial, as is getting regular exercise. Also important are getting enough sleep, managing stress properly, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption. Making small changes in these areas can have a big impact on your overall health.
The best health tips backed by science
There are a lot of health tips out there, but not all of them are backed by science. That’s why we’ve scoured the internet for the best health tips that are supported by evidence.
Here are some of the best health tips backed by science:
1. Eat more fruits and vegetables.
Eating plenty of fruits and vegetables is associated with a lower risk of many chronic diseases, including heart disease, stroke, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. What’s more, it can also help you maintain a healthy weight. So make sure to load up on those fruits and veggies!
2. Get enough exercise.
Regular exercise is one of the best things you can do for your health. It can help prevent heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancer. It can also improve your mental health and help you maintain a healthy weight. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity (like brisk walking) every day.
3. Don’t smoke tobacco.
Smoking tobacco is one of the leading causes of death in the world. It increases your risk of lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, and other diseases. If you don’t smoke tobacco, don’t start – and if you do smoke tobacco, quitting will have major benefits for your health.
4 . Limit your alcohol intake .
Too much alcohol can lead
The importance of exercise
Exercise is important for many reasons. It can help you maintain a healthy weight, improve your mental health, and reduce your risk of developing chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.
Regular physical activity can also help reduce your risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as colon cancer. And it can help improve your bone health.
If you’re not sure where to start, talk to your doctor or a certified personal trainer who can develop an exercise program that’s right for you.
The benefits of a healthy diet
A healthy diet has many benefits that extend beyond weight loss. A healthy diet can improve your energy levels, help you maintain a healthy weight, and reduce your risk of developing chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.
Eating a healthy diet can also improve your mental health. Research has shown that people who eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are more likely to have lower rates of depression and anxiety than those who consume a diet high in processed foods.
The importance of sleep
There is a reason that we feel exhausted after a sleepless night – our bodies need sleep in order to function properly. Sleep is essential for our physical and mental health, and can have an impact on everything from our weight to our mood.
Here are some of the ways that sleep affects our health:
Physical Health: Sleep is important for our physical health. When we sleep, our bodies have a chance to repair and heal. Sleep also helps to regulate our immune system, so that we are less likely to get sick.
Mental Health: Sleep is also crucial for our mental health. Getting enough sleep can help improve our mood, memory, and concentration. It can also reduce stress and anxiety levels.
Weight: Lack of sleep can lead to weight gain. This is because when we are tired, we tend to make unhealthy food choices and are less likely to exercise.
Heart health: Getting enough sleep is important for heart health. Studies have shown that people who don’t get enough sleep are at a higher risk for heart disease and stroke.
The importance of stress management
Stress is a normal part of life that can often be beneficial. For example, stress can help you stay alert and motivated. However, too much stress can have negative effects on your health. It can make you more susceptible to illness and may even shorten your life span. That’s why it’s important to manage your stress levels.
There are several ways to do this, but one of the most effective is exercise. Exercise releases endorphins, which have mood-boosting effects. They can also help reduce stress hormones like cortisol. Other Stress management techniques include relaxation methods like yoga or meditation, journaling, and spending time in nature.
Making time for activities that reduce stress can be difficult, especially if you’re already feeling overwhelmed. But it’s important to remember that managing stress is an investment in your health—one that will pay off in the long run.
The Science Behind Health blog is a great resource for those looking to learn more about health and better understand the science behind it. With comprehensive guides on various topics, ranging from nutrition to exercise, this blog provides readers with valuable information that helps them make informed decisions about their own health. Whether you are hoping to improve your overall wellbeing or just want to learn more about how lifestyle choices can affect our bodies and minds, this blog offers insightful tips backed by scientific research.

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Setting up effective online sales and marketing funnels can be time eating for businesses, particularly with the increase of much more advanced online technologies.
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What Is ClickFunnels 2.0? ClickFunnels 2.0 Email Setup
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Launch Your Sales Funnel ClickFunnels 2.0 Email Setup
When you’ve tailored your sales funnel web pages, added your products and services, and set up your repayment and delivery options, you prepare to launch your sales funnel. ClickFunnels 2.0 consists of functions that enable you to examine and enhance your funnel to optimize its effectiveness.
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ClickFunnels 2.0 supplies a central center where businesses can create, handle, and track their sales funnels. This feature permits businesses to have a clear summary of their entire funnel environment and make adjustments as required, simplifying the procedure of funnel management. ClickFunnels 2.0 Email Setup
How Much Does ClickFunnels 2.0 Cost?
ClickFunnels 2.0 offers 3 pricing plans, each with its own set of functions. Below is an overview of each plan:
ClickFunnels 2.0 Basic Plan cost $147/month:
The Basic plan includes access to the funnel builder, page editor, pre-built funnel themes, and combination with preferred payment entrances like Stripe and PayPal. Nonetheless, it restricts the variety of funnels, web pages, and site visitors that businesses can have per month.
ClickFunnels 2.0 Pro Plan costs $197/month:
The Pro plan includes everything in the Basic plan, as well as additional features such as follow-up funnels, backpack associate program, and funnel hacker discussion forum access. It also includes more funnels, web pages, and site visitors each month contrasted to the Standard plan.
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US 6717826 B2
The present invention provides an apparatus and method for reducing the voltage stress in a single-stage single-switch (SSSS) converter by modulating the predetermined operating frequency of the converter lower responsive to increasing voltage stress. A control circuit (116) and associated cooperable frequency setting capacitance (CT) and resistance (RT) are coupled to the primary circuit (112) and the secondary circuit (114) of the SSSS converter via a switch (120). A frequency foldback device (180) is coupled to CT or RT and cooperable therewith to lower bus voltage stress by modulating the switch frequency. The operating frequency is modulated (i.e. reduced) from the predetermined operating frequency upon detection of a voltage threshold transition.
1. An apparatus for providing operating frequency modulation of the switch in a single-stage single-switch converter for reducing voltage stress, comprising:
a capacitor having a capacitance and coupled to a controller associated with said switch;
a resistance coupled to said controller and cooperable with said capacitor for determining an operating frequency for the switch, wherein said resistance determines the charging current applied to said capacitor; and
a frequency foldback device adapted to reduce said determined operating frequency and having an input for receiving an indication of the bus voltage of said converter for comparison to a threshold and coupled between said capacitor and said resistance and operable to reduce said charging current applied to said capacitor responsive to a threshold detection.
2. The apparatus of
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9. The apparatus of
This application claims the priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e)(1) of copending U.S. provisional application No. 60/354,066, filed on Jan. 31, 2002 and incorporated herein by reference.
1. Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to power electronics and, more particularly to a single stage single switch power factor correction circuit with reduced voltage stress.
2. Description of Related Art
A conventional method of solving the problem of harmonic current in a power supply is the power factor correction (PFC) circuit. For example, input AC power is rectified by a bridge-type rectifier device and input to a PFC circuit for power correction, then converted by a voltage converter for outputting to a load.
In this single-stage approach, input current shaping and isolation are performed in a single step. Further, this single stage is implemented with only one controlled semiconductor switch. These single-stage single-switch circuits integrate a step-up inductor and an energy storage capacitor. When the single switch is switched on, the electric current flow through the inductor to a first transformer coil for providing energy to a secondary coil of a DC voltage transformer and storing energy in the inductor. When the switch is switched off, the energy stored in the inductor is delivered to the energy storage capacitor.
The voltage on the bus or boost capacitor varies with the inputted AC power. Therefore, if the AC power is a wide-range AC input and the load has wide variations, then the voltage on the capacitor will vary enormously depending on the design thereof. In order to endure high voltage and have a sufficient capacitance for decreasing the variation in the output voltage, a capacitor with higher capacitance and higher voltage rating is required. However, this type of capacitor is very expensive and bulky. Because of this problem, currently used single-stage single-switch PFC circuits generally suffer from excessive voltage stress on their energy storage capacitor which limits their use and drives up cost.
One approach to this problem includes the addition of a “feedback” winding to reduce the voltage stress as described in, “Single Stage, Single Switch Input Current Shaping Technique with Reduced Switching Loss” by Laszlo Huber and Milan Jovanovic, IEEE Volume 15, No.4, July 2000. With this feedback winding approach, two additional primary windings are employed to keep the voltage of the energy-storage capacitor below a desired level in the entire line and load ranges (e.g., 400 V at the universal line range of 90-264 Vrms). However, this feedback approach has shortcomings which leads to increased cost and increased complexity of the converter.
The present invention achieves technical advantages as method and apparatus for reducing the voltage stress in a single-stage single-switch (SSSS) converter by modulating the predetermined operating frequency of the converter lower responsive to increasing voltage stress. A control circuit and associated cooperable frequency setting capacitance (CT) and resistance (RT) are coupled to the primary circuit and the secondary circuit of the SSSS converter via a switch. A frequency foldback device is coupled to CT or RT and cooperable therewith to lower bus voltage stress by modulating the frequency of the switch. The operating frequency is modulated (i.e. reduced) from the predetermined operating frequency upon detection of voltage threshold transition.
For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is made to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 illustrates a single-stage single-switch power factor correction circuit;
FIG. 2 illustrates a circuit diagram of frequency foldback in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative circuit diagram of frequency foldback in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 4 illustrates an alternate circuit diagram of frequency foldback in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
The numerous innovative teachings of the present application will be described with particular reference to the presently preferred exemplary embodiments. However, it should be understood that this class of embodiments provides only a few examples of the many advantageous uses and innovative teachings herein. In general, statements made in the specification of the present application do not necessarily delimit any of the various claimed inventions. Moreover, some statements may apply to some inventive features, but not to others.
Throughout the drawings, it is noted that the same reference numerals or letters will be used to designate like or equivalent elements having the same function. Detailed descriptions of known functions and constructions unnecessarily obscuring the subject matter of the present invention have been omitted for clarity.
Referring now to FIG. 1 there is illustrated a simplified diagram of a single-stage single-switch power factor correction (PFC) circuit in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. AC power is received on the AC input terminals and DC power is output at output terminals Vo. The PFC circuit includes a primary circuit 112, a secondary circuit 114 and a control circuit 116. Rectifier bridge diodes 118 rectify the AC voltage received on the input terminals, from AC power mains for example. The PFC circuit further includes a power switch 120, such as a power field effect transistor, and a magnetic component 122, such as a power transformer or coupled-inductor. The transformer 122 includes a pair of primary windings and a secondary winding. The diode (D1) of the primary circuit 112 determines which primary winding is energized when the power switch 120 is conductive. A storage capacitor (Cbus) provides energy to operate the PFC circuit when the mains voltage is low as well as providing intermediate energy storage required of PFC circuits.
The secondary circuit includes a rectifier circuit (capacitor Co and diode D2) for rectifying the current flowing from the transformer secondary. The control circuit 116 controls the On time of the power switch 120 to maintain a regulated DC voltage on the output terminals. The control circuit 116 can be a traditional pulse width modulation (PWM) control I.C. It varies the duty cycle (On time/Period=duty cycle) to the controlled switch 120. It also contains an oscillator which sets the switching frequency, an error amplifier and other ancillary circuitry. It can also contain over-voltage and/or over-current protection circuits.
The frequency is determined by the selection of resistor RT and capacitor CT. In this example, RT sets the charging current which is fed into CT. Once RT is set, the oscillator period is determined by the selection of CT through the relationship I=c*dv/dt. The dv is determined by the internal circuitry of the controller, the upper and lower oscillator threshold voltages, c is CT, I is the current established through RT and dt is the oscillator period. There may be a scaling of the currents and/or voltages and perhaps offsets as well, but this doesn't significantly change the oscillator operation.
This type of circuit is generally know as a voltage source converter. A further description of the power stage topology for this type of voltage source converter is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,301,095, Teramoto et al., issued Apr. 5, 1994, which is incorporated herein by reference. Although the present invention is describe in terms of a voltage source converter, it can be used for similar type circuits.
In accordance with the present invention, a frequency foldback device 180 is coupled to CT or RT and cooperable therewith to lower bus voltage stress by modulating the operating frequency. The operating frequency is modulated (i.e. reduced) from a predetermined operating frequency when a monitored switch current or bus voltage meets a predetermined threshold.
Referring now to FIG. 2 there is illustrated an embodiment of the frequency foldback device 180 shown in FIG. 1. Resistors R1 and R2 are coupled in a voltage divider arrangement as an input to comparator U1. U1 also has a voltage reference (VREF) coupled to another input. Resistors R1 and R2 divide down the bus voltage (VBUS) so that it can be compared to the relatively low VREF. U1 changes states once the threshold established by VREF has been reached. The output of U1 is coupled to the gate of transistor Q1. Further, a resistor (Re) is coupled between the source of Q1 and ground. The drain of Q1 is coupled to a node between the I.C. Controller and capacitor CT. Resistor RT is also coupled to the I.C. Controller.
Thus, when the voltage on Cbus rises above the threshold, the output of U1 changes states from low to high, transistor Q1 is turned On which effectively forces a constant voltage across Re. This effectively enables Q1 to operate as a current sink. This current sink formed by Q1 and Re pulls a fixed amount of current away from CT, i.e. the charge current to CT is reduced. This increases the time it takes for CT to reach its upper threshold thereby lowering the frequency which causes the voltage on Cbus to drop.
Preferably, the frequency is lowered significantly, i.e. from the conventional 100 kHz to as low as approximately 20 kHz. A result of this magnitude of frequency drop is a reduction in bus voltage stress from approximately 455V to 419V. Since the maximum voltage rating of a typical Cbus capacitor used for this type of application is 450V, the present approach enables the converter to operate without overstressing or damaging the capacitor.
It should be noted that the present technique could also work if U1 was configure as an op amp. Instead of an abrupt change in state it would operate in a linear mode. This would have the effect of varying the frequency smoothly instead of abruptly.
Referring now to FIG. 3 there is illustrated another embodiment of the frequency foldback device 180 shown in FIG. 1. Here, the source of Q1 is coupled to ground and the drain is coupled to a resistor Rc which is further coupled in parallel with RT. The circuit of FIG. 3 functions similarly to the circuit of FIG. 2, however, instead of reducing the current available to CT by providing an alternate path through Q1 (as in FIG. 2), Q1 is turned On and driven into saturation when an appropriate trip point is reached (determined by the selection of R1 and R2 and the VREF input to U1). This effectively places Rc in parallel with RT. This also reduces the charging current to CT which reduces the switching frequency which reduces the voltage on Cbus.
It should be noted that this technique could also work if U1 was configured as an op amp or comparator. Instead of an abrupt change in state it could operate in a linear mode. This would have the effect of varying the frequency smoothly instead of abruptly.
FIG. 4 shows another method for implementing this technique. The circuit operation is essential the same as previously describe. Resistors R1 and R2 as well as U1 have the same function. In FIG. 4, Q1 and Q2 are configured in a current sink arrangement. Rc sets up the reference current for Q1 and Q2. These transistor then pull charging current away from Ct when the reference voltage of U1 is exceeded thereby reducing the switching frequency.
Further, it should also be noted that the description of FIGS. 2, 3, and 4 apply to discrete component implementations. The same techniques can be implemented within an integrated circuit in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In this case the circuit configuration would be a little different (by necessity) but the function would be the same.
It should also be noted that the control I.C. can have an external separate Ct and Rt or one or both of these components can be internal to the control I.C. (116 in FIG. 1).
There has been an attempt to reduce bus voltage stress by modulating operating frequency, however, it was implemented in converters which operated in the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) and the frequency was increased (as opposed to decreasing the frequency) to reduce the stress. The present approach applies to converters which operate in the continuous conduction mode (CCM). Operating in CCM has the advantage of reducing the peak switch and inductor currents in the converter. For the same power level, DCM would have much higher peak currents and therefore have higher stress on the components. In some cases this also leads to higher losses i.e. reduced efficiency. This in turn can drive cost up due to higher cost components and/or more challenging thermal design.
It is counter intuitive to lower the frequency. On first glance it would seem that raising the frequency would keep the converter in CCM and this would help reduce the voltage. Attempts have been made to reduce voltage stress by increasing the operating frequency because the thought was that at light loads the converter entered DCM operation and this was causing the voltage to rise. Raising the frequency would logically cause the converter to stay in CCM longer. So, reducing the frequency goes against the logic. Second, a converter operating in CCM is typically immune to frequency shifts. A converter operating in DCM has a dc transfer function which is load dependant. The dc transfer function for a converter operating in CCM is load independent. Therefore changing the frequency should have no effect on the converter. With the present approach however, it does.
Other advantages of the present approach are that it is easily implemented and it lends itself to implementation in an integrated circuit which has the potential of being low cost compared to additional magnetic components of other solutions.
Although a preferred embodiment of the method and system of the present invention has been illustrated in the accompanied drawings and described in the foregoing Detailed Description, it is understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed, but is capable of numerous rearrangements, modifications, and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth and defined by the following claims.


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“There is the mud, and there is the lotus that grows out of the mud. We need the mud in order to make the lotus.” – Thich Nhat Hanh
Thich Nhat Hanh, Buddhist monk and teacher, uses this analogy to explain how understanding and love come from suffering. Our own suffering helps us empathize with those around us. Many times, when people are suffering, they act in ways that are not compassionate. They may say things that are hurtful. They may do things like cut in line, steal, or even physically hurt others. When we see these kind of acts, we see those people are not acting with compassion, and it is easy to view those who engage in such behavior by their acts, instead of their humanity. However, if we can take the time to see where these acts come from, we see they come because those people suffer. We, too, know what it is like to suffer. I would venture to say that we all have lashed out at others due to our own suffering. We can recall things like feeling very ill, and yelling at our kids. We may have been short on sleep, then been short with others as a result. We may have had our feelings hurt by what was said to us, and responded in kind. We can see that we most likely wouldn’t have responded unmindfully if we had felt healthy, rested and happy instead of sick, exhausted and upset. Because we, ourselves, have acted without compassion while suffering, we can find it easier to sympathize with those people that lash out while hurting. That sympathy is the understanding and love that is born out of our own suffering. When we can hold understanding and love in our heart, it is easier to be compassionate.


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Former f(x) singer Sulli has died at age 25.
Authorities told South Korean news agency Yonhap the K-pop star’s manager found her dead at her home in Sujeong-gu, Seongnam in the Gyeonggi province of South Korea — after he was unable to reach the star via phone.
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Police believe the singer, real name Choi Jin-ri, may have have committed suicide despite not yet having found any note to that effect, according to the news agency.
“It seems that Choi was living alone at the house,” a police official reportedly said. “It looks like she ended her life but we will investigate, open to all possibilities.”
Sulli retired from her K-pop career in 2015, after struggling with abuse she received online. She returned to acting the following year, but left f(x) for good.
Sulli first rose to fame in 2005 at the age of 11 when she played Princess Seonhwa of Silla in the SBS drama Ballad of Seodong. She joined f(x) in 2009, and had success with the girlband with songs including Pinocchio (Danger), Electric Shock and Hot Summer.
She took a hiatus from the group in 2014, before officially quitting a year later.
Her last musical release came in June, when the star dropped Goblin — her debut solo release.


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As the clamour for curbing runaway prices of steel in the domestic market is gaining momentum, one of India's largest integrated steel companies Jindal Steel and Power Ltd has said the government should resist the temptation to cap prices of the commodity and not set a benchmark on profitability in an open economy.
Addressing a webinar organised by Care Ratings, V R Sharma, the managing director of JSPL said the government should instead lead by example by asking PSUs like Steel Authority of India Ltd and Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd to reduce prices. He further said mining PSUs like National Mineral Development Corporation -- the largest iron ore miner in the country, and Odisha Mineral Corporation should similarly reduce prices of iron ore -- one of the key raw materials for steel making, which would also lay the ground for steel companies to bring down prices.
"Steel prices have gone up in India but it is in line with global trends. Our costs have also gone up as iron ore prices have increased too," Sharma said. "Steel companies have been carrying losses in their books for so many years and this (high prices) will enable us to offset those losses. Profit is not bad, even the government earns more money through GST when prices are high. In an open market economy, nobody can say how much profit a company can make. You can punish us if there are unfair trade practices like hoarding of goods or cartelisation."
Prices of hot rolled coil have increased 46 per cent to Rs 52,000 per tonne in November compared to Rs 37,400 per tonne in July this year. Similarly rebar TMT used in housing and construction sectors has touched Rs 50,000 a tonne. This kind of increase is affecting steel consuming industries like infrastructure, real estate, automobile and consumer electronics, where demand is still relatively muted which limits their scope to pass on the price increases to end consumers.
It has even prompted Nitin Gadkari, the minister for micro, small and medium enterprises and road transport and highways, to shoot a letter to Prime Minister Narendra Modi and steel minister Dharmendra Pradhan expressing concern over the rampant price rise.
"There has been a 55 per cent hike in steel prices in the past six months. I have written to PM and Steel Minister (Dharmendra Pradhan) for a decision on this," Gadkari said earlier this month. "A long-term policy is needed for steel and cement manufactures... a uniform policy. If the price hike had been in the range of 15-20 per cent, it could have been justified but it is abysmally high. It inflates project costs and makes them unviable."
Small and medium enterprises are facing the brunt of this at a time when the outlook on consumption and recovery in the overall economy is still uncertain. The Rs 34,000-crore domestic forgings industry says high steel prices have hammered the industry, which is now battling for survival.
"Steel prices have increased by 25 to 30 per cent in the last three months, putting the forging industry at serious risk, particularly when we are still recovering from COVID-inflicted business losses and the resultant pressure on cash flow, and cash reserves. The industry is still going through a very difficult time and is not in a position to absorb losses," said Vikas Bajaj, President, Association of Indian Forging Industry. "I believe that rising demand for steel, low steel production for the domestic market due to increased steel exports, are the prime reasons for price hikes. We have requested the government to consider a ban on steel and iron ore exports so that demand of steel within the country can be met in a cost / price effective manner."
With the mood turning against the industry, Sharma of JSPL admitted that prices need to get stable over the next few months and the industry needs to be cautious about any further hike.
"Steel prices affect everybody in the economy and viability of projects do depend on it. We need to tread with caution and I do not expect any increase in price in the next few months," he said.


BY GABE LICHT
DELANO, MN Delano Public Schools’ Performing Arts Center opened recently with a number of performances.
During Monday’s Delano School Board work session, the discussion turned to how much the district should charge for use of the facility.
Delano Community Education Director Diane Johnson researched the fees charged by 10 area school districts ranging from Chanhassen in the east to Dassel-Cokato in the west. Facilities researched ranged in size from the 300-seat facility in Orono to the St. Michael-Albertville’s 1,450-seat facility.
Based on her research, Johnson made preliminary proposals for fees.
First of all, there would be no charge for school activities and groups, classified as category 1.
Category 2 would include nonprofit groups based in the district made up of 75 percent or more district residents for nonfundraising events. Johnson said this has historically been the most common group to inquire about renting school facilities in the past.
Delano’s proposed rate for category 2 users is $50 per hour or $250 per day. That hourly rate compared to an average rate of $62.83 per hour for nine of the other facilities, with most of them not having a daily rate.
Category 3 would include nonprofit groups made up of less than 75 percent district residents; nonprofits and faith-based organizations that use the facilities for fundraising activities, including offerings, admission, and entry fees; for-profit businesses located in the district using facilities for recreational or educational, and non-revenue-producing activities.
Johnson proposed category 3 fees to be $100 per hour or $500 per day. That compares to average hourly fees of $117.78 at nine other facilities.
Category 4 would include every other group.
Rates for that category would be $200 per hour or $1,000 per day, compared to the average of $182.78 per hour at nine other facilities.
There could also be fees for things such as an adult and/or student technician; custodial cleaning; the use of a sound board, light board, microphone(s), LCD projector, DVD player, risers, grand piano, studio piano, or orchestra pit; the use or removal of the acoustic shell; and/or pit cover removal.
Board member Carolyn Milano said she would like to see estimates for what would be generated from those fees based on the past use of other facilities.
Johnson said fees are expected to generate several thousands of dollars per year. She noted that staff members spend many hours managing those facilities, and she has asked them to track just how many hours.
Chris Rear, of ICS Consulting, will also consult with Wold Engineering representatives to try to collect data about costs of operating similar facilities at other districts.
Board members agreed that fees should be structured to cover all PAC-related expenses.
“We don’t want to put a burden on the budgeting process,” Lisa Seguin said. “At the end of the day, we want an understanding of year-over-year (expenses). We need to somehow keep track of that the best we can. We try to be transparent. We’re not doing it because we want to make a profit. We’re doing it to cover our operating expenses . . . It’s good to have data so they know we’re not charging an arm and a leg because others do.”
Superintendent Matt Schoen said the next steps would be to “get sharper data as much as we can, get numbers on the board, and continue to review them throughout the school year.” He hopes the fee structure can be simplified before moving forward.
A decision on the fee structure could come as early as the Monday, Dec. 17, meeting in the new media center at Delano High School.
Odds and ends
In other business, the board:
• learned that the general fund increased by $575,000, about $79,000 more than expected. Business Manager Mary Reeder also noted that a portion of $1 million in debt service funds that were not spent will be returned to district taxpayers.
• approved personnel matters, including the resignation of DHS math teacher Abigail Bohler and Tiger Activity Center Supervisor Karen Hoffman, and the 2018-2020 custodial contract.
• debriefed the recent listening session, during which many residents shared concerns about access to facilities. In the future, listening sessions will likely feature two topics, rather than three topics. The board plans to host listening sessions on a quarterly basis.
• heard from student school board representative Spencer Poll about Delano Intermediate School students’ concerns about lockdown drills. “It just seemed the delivery behind it was a bit poor, and seemed to be what scared students,” he said. Schoen responded that he had provided feedback to DIS administration that there was heightened concern so that adjustments can be made.
• accepted $48,769 in donations from 12 different entities.
• approved the first and only reads of Policy 201-Legal Status of the School Board and Policy 404-Employment Background checks due to nonsubstantive and legal reference changes.
• approved the first of two reads for Policy 104-School District Mission Statement, Policy 406-Public and Private Personnel Data, Policy 603-Curriculum Development, and Policy 616-School District System Accountability due to substantive and legal reference changes.
• approved a student trip to Germany.
• authorized the issuance of certificates of election to board members Corey Black, Mark Larson, and Seguin, and board member-elect Jennie Rosenow.