|Publication number||US7324449 B2|
|Application number||US 10/798,926|
|Publication date||Jan 29, 2008|
|Filing date||Mar 11, 2004|
|Priority date||Mar 11, 2004|
|Also published as||CA2558556A1, CA2558556C, CN1930820A, CN100456706C, DE602005027666D1, EP1726125A1, EP1726125A4, EP1726125B1, US20050201289, WO2005094003A1|
|Publication number||10798926, 798926, US 7324449 B2, US 7324449B2, US-B2-7324449, US7324449 B2, US7324449B2|
|Inventors||Jeffrey C. Smolinske, Jyoti N. Black|
|Original Assignee||Motorola, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (12), Classifications (17), Legal Events (6)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present invention relates generally to wireless communication systems and, in particular, to dynamically managing backhaul resources.
In General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) systems, packet control units implement the GPRS air interface protocol. PCUs are typically located remotely from the base transceiver stations (BTSs), usually at a base station controller (BSC) or mobile switching center (MSC) location. Constant and very low delay backhaul is required between a PCU and BTS to allow the PCU to transfer radio link control (RLC) blocks in real time over the air interface via the BTS. This backhaul is typically implemented as leased E1 lines and is usually very expensive to the operator.
In GPRS, this backhaul was pre-existing as long as air interface timeslots were switchable between circuit switched and GPRS service and there was no additional backhaul cost to the operator. However, with the advent of the Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution (EDGE) protocol for GPRS, also known as EGPRS, with data rates up to 59.2 Kbps per air interface timeslot, roughly 4× backhaul per air timeslot is required. This additional backhaul requirement for EDGE represents a very large ongoing cost for operators.
Existing “TRAU” backhaul is low delay and constant delay but is inefficient. (Strictly speaking TRAU frames are Transcoder/Rate Adaptor Unit frames, but “TRAU” is used herein to also encompass frames conveyed between a channel coder and PCU, since such frames are formatted in a similar fashion to Transcoder/Rate Adaptor Unit frames.) Existing “TRAU” backhaul wastes bandwidth by packing variable length (˜30 octet to ˜160 octet) RLC blocks into 160 octet, fixed-length TRAU frames. In contrast, packet backhaul is efficient and low delay but not constant delay. Furthermore, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) backhaul may be efficient and low delay but not constant delay, or ATM backhaul may be low delay and constant delay but inefficient (depending upon the adaptation layer and data packing used). Generally, then, voice over packet/ATM systems are efficient and approximately constant delay but involve some additional delay over existing “TRAU” backhaul. However, this additional delay is intolerable to the GPRS protocol performance and is very difficult to keep small with the highly variable packet lengths of GPRS.
Therefore, a need exists for an apparatus and method of dynamically managing backhaul resources in order to lower the backhaul costs for EDGE operators while maintaining the low delay and constant delay characteristics required to support remote PCU location.
Various embodiments are described below to address the need to lower backhaul costs for EGPRS operators while maintaining the low and constant delay characteristics they require. 20 msec TRAU frames are still used for backhaul to maintain the low and constant delay. However, to eliminate the restriction of mapping TRAU timeslots to air timeslots one-to-one, the TRAU slots are collectively treated as one large 20 msec TRAU frame for a group of air timeslots to the BTS. The data for the air timeslots can be packed efficiently into this giant TRAU frame, ignoring backhaul timeslot boundaries. In this way, the appropriate amount of backhaul can be allocated and the data for the air interface timeslots more efficiently packed into the backhaul. In general, embodiments of the present invention adjust the coding schemes of the RLC blocks so that all RLC blocks will fit into the giant TRAU frame. This can be done differently for every 20 msec giant TRAU frame, if desired. Finally, the mobiles with the lowest QoS priority can have their coding schemes lowered first, with sharing in round robin fashion when mobiles have identical QoS priorities.
Embodiments of the present invention encompass a method for dynamic backhaul resource management in a wireless communication system. The method comprises determining, by a packet control unit (PCU), a link capacity of a backhaul link for conveying data to be transmitted during a transmit period and determining a data traffic level, which is an amount of data that will need to be conveyed by the backhaul link for transmission during the transmit period, assuming that wireless unit coding schemes are maximized according to present wireless channel conditions. When the data traffic level is greater than the link capacity, the method further comprises reducing a coding scheme of at least one wireless unit for the transmit period in order to reduce the data traffic level to fit within the data capacity of the backhaul link.
Embodiments of the present invention also encompass a PCU that comprises a PCU network interface, adapted to send and receive messaging using a plurality of communication protocols, and a controller, communicatively coupled to the PCU network interface. The controller is adapted to determine a link capacity of a backhaul link for conveying data to be transmitted during a transmit period and adapted to determine a data traffic level which is an amount of data that will need to be conveyed by the backhaul link via the PCU network interface for transmission during the transmit period, assuming that wireless unit coding schemes are maximized according to present wireless channel conditions. The controller is also adapted to reduce a coding scheme of at least one wireless unit for the transmit period, when the data traffic level is greater than the link capacity, in order to reduce the data traffic level to fit within the data capacity of the backhaul link.
The disclosed embodiments can be more fully understood with reference to
Those skilled in the art will recognize that
BSC/PCU 131 is depicted in
BTS 121 uses GPRS air interfaces 111-118 for communication with remote units 101-108, respectively. GPRS terminology refers to remote units as mobile stations (MSs); however, remote units are not necessarily mobile or able to move. Thus, remote unit/MS platforms are known in the art to include devices such as mobile phones, computers, personal digital assistants, gaming devices, etc.
Operation of embodiments in accordance with the present invention occurs substantially as follows.
In existing systems, the data for each air interface timeslot is conveyed by a single, dedicated TRAU slot, and each TRAU slot conveys data for a single air interface timeslot. However, embodiments of the present invention provide for dynamic backhaul resource management to more efficiently use backhaul timeslots. For a given transmit period (i.e., a 20 msec air interface timeslot period), controller 135 determines a backhaul link capacity for conveying the data to BTS 121 for transmission over the air interface. Specifically, controller 135 determines the number of available backhaul timeslots (or 20 msec TRAU frames) on the bearer portion of the PCU-BTS link (i.e., the Abis link). In the example illustrated by diagram 200, there will always be six TRAU slots available (unless a hardware failure occurs). In alternative embodiments, however, the TRAU slots may be dynamically allocated rather than dedicated and thus the capacity will vary. Therefore, with the number of available 64 Kbps TRAU slots determined, the link capacity is known.
Controller 135 also determines a data traffic level for the given transmit period. This is the amount of data that will need to be conveyed by the backhaul link for transmission by BTS 121 during the transmit period. The traffic level determination is performed first by assuming that each of the MSs 101-108 uses the maximum coding scheme that the wireless channel conditions of each MS allows. When this data traffic level is greater than the link capacity, controller 135 reduces the coding scheme of one or more of the MSs 101-108 for the given transmit period. This reduction may involve merely reducing the transmission data rate to one or more MSs, or it may involve not conveying data to one or more MSs at all during the given transmit period.
Controller 135 does this coding scheme reduction in order to reduce the total data traffic level to fit within the data capacity of the backhaul link. Which MSs are selected for coding scheme reduction and how much each is reduced can be determined in many ways depending on the performance measures that one desires to optimize. For example, where optimal data throughput is desired, a “best fit” algorithm can be used to determine how to “size” the data blocks (i.e., adjust coding schemes) to most efficiently pack the available TRAU slots.
This can be appreciated visually by noting the importance of block sizing to efficiently packing backhaul slots 221-226 in diagram 200. For example, if the channel conditions of MS 108 allow it to receive data at the maximum coding scheme, its coding scheme could be reduced in order to reduce the amount of data that needs to be conveyed to BTS 121 for air slot 218. This data rate reduction, then, allows the reduced amount of data to fit into the remaining portion of TRAU slot 226.
In addition to data throughput, a “best fit” algorithm may be tailored to consider one or more quality of service (QoS) parameters of the MSs as well. Thus, the MSs may be prioritized based on their QoS parameters, and one or more of the lowest priority MSs selected for coding scheme reduction. In the example of
As noted above, in existing systems, the data for each air interface timeslot is conveyed by a single, dedicated TRAU slot and each TRAU slot conveys data for a single air interface timeslot. In embodiments of the present invention, controller 135 may convey, via network interface 137, data targeted for a single air interface timeslot via multiple TRAU slots or may convey data targeted for multiple air interface timeslots via a single TRAU slot. Thus, in addition to determining whether coding schemes need to be reduced, controller 135 dynamically manages the backhaul timeslot resources to convey data to as many MSs as the backhaul link capacity allows. In other words, embodiments of the present invention are not limited in the number of MSs that can be concurrently supported simply by the number of TRAU slots available.
For example, diagram 200 also illustrates a situation in which no coding scheme reductions are needed. Instead, there are simply more MS air slots (eight) than TRAU slots (six). In the prior art, only six of the eight air interface timeslots could be concurrently supported. In embodiments of the present invention, however, backhaul slot resources are dynamically managed such that the data for the two additional MSs (MSs 107 and 108, e.g.) is allocated to already assigned TRAU slots (slots 223-226, e.g.). Thus, more MS air slots can be concurrently supported than in the prior art.
If (308) the data traffic level is greater than the link capacity, the PCU reduces (310) the coding scheme of one or more wireless units during the air slot in order to reduce the data traffic level to fit within the data capacity of the backhaul link. Also, if (312) there are more air timeslots to transmit during the transmit period than backhaul slots to convey the data, the PCU will convey (314) the data such that at least one backhaul slot contains data for more than one air timeslot. Otherwise, in some but not all embodiments of the present invention, the PCU will convey (316) the data for each air timeslot in a single backhaul slot, and the logic flow ends (318).
Embodiments of the present invention, as described herein, improve the efficiency of the EDGE backhaul while maintaining the essential backhaul characteristics of extremely low and constant delay, as necessary to support the remote location of the PCU. The current TRAU backhaul solution is inefficient in that it packs variable-length RLC blocks into fixed-length TRAU frames. Embodiments of the present invention allow efficient packing of RLC blocks into one giant TRAU frame for a group of air timeslots. Considering that the average RLC block size among all RLC blocks on a given carrier is typically 60% of the maximum RLC block size, an overall backhaul savings on the order of 40-60% is possible. Using embodiments of the present invention, an operator can also trade off backhaul cost versus peak throughput for EGPRS users in the system. For example, the operator can deliberately choose even greater backhaul savings by lowering average peak throughput for its EGPRS users.
In the foregoing specification, the present invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as set forth in the appended claims. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention. In addition, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the elements in the drawings are illustrated for simplicity and clarity, and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the drawings may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help improve an understanding of the various embodiments of the present invention.
Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments of the present invention. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause or result in such benefits, advantages, or solutions, or cause such benefits, advantages, or solutions to become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature or element of any or all the claims. As used herein and in the appended claims, the term “comprises,” “comprising,” or any other variation thereof is intended to refer to a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article of manufacture, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements in the list, but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article of manufacture, or apparatus.
The terms a or an, as used herein, are defined as one or more than one. The term plurality, as used herein, is defined as two or more than two. The term another, as used herein, is defined as at least a second or more. The terms including and/or having, as used herein, are defined as comprising (i.e., open language). The term coupled, as used herein, is defined as connected, although not necessarily directly, and not necessarily mechanically. The terms program, computer program, and computer instructions, as used herein, are defined as a sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system. This sequence of instructions may include, but is not limited to, a subroutine, a function, a procedure, an object method, an object implementation, an executable application, an applet, a servlet, a shared library/dynamic load library, a source code, an object code and/or an assembly code.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US5999817||Nov 8, 1995||Dec 7, 1999||Nokia Telecommunications Oy||Method for performing encoding in a cellular network|
|US6370185 *||Aug 10, 2000||Apr 9, 2002||Airnet Communications Corporation||Translating repeater system with improved backhaul efficiency|
|US6480504 *||Aug 31, 1998||Nov 12, 2002||Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)||Paging channel configuration for efficient wake-up period utilization|
|US6496694 *||Jan 13, 2000||Dec 17, 2002||Intel Corporation||Wireless local loop with intelligent base station|
|US6532236 *||May 21, 1999||Mar 11, 2003||Alcatel||Method and arrangement for transmission of data in a mobile network|
|US6687226 *||Apr 1, 1999||Feb 3, 2004||Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)||Base station subsystem and method for handling an increase in traffic volume that overloads a terrestrial link in an internet protocol network|
|US6873597 *||Aug 11, 1999||Mar 29, 2005||Nortel Networks Limited||Reduced data rate communication system|
|US7127661 *||Jul 5, 2001||Oct 24, 2006||Lg Electronics Inc.||Method of configuring transmission in mobile communication system|
|US20020110112||Dec 14, 2000||Aug 15, 2002||Jukka Tuomi||System and method for managing a network to sustain the quality of voice over internet protocol communications|
|US20030231655 *||Jun 18, 2002||Dec 18, 2003||Kelton James R.||Dynamically adjusting data rate of wireless communications|
|US20030235178 *||May 12, 2003||Dec 25, 2003||Jianyong Cai||Apparatus and method for enhancing channel utilization ratio in a CDMA|
|US20050159165 *||Jan 15, 2004||Jul 21, 2005||Yiannis Argyropoulos||Method and apparatus for use in provisioning resources for a backhaul link|
|U.S. Classification||370/232, 370/468, 370/236.1, 370/335, 455/452.2|
|International Classification||H04L12/26, H04L12/427, H04J3/00, H04W92/12, H04W28/08, H04W28/10, H04W72/04|
|Cooperative Classification||H04W72/04, H04W28/08, H04W92/12, H04W28/10|
|Mar 11, 2004||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: MOTOROLA, INC., ILLINOIS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SMOLINSKE, JEFFREY C.;BLACK, JYOTI N.;REEL/FRAME:015094/0140
Effective date: 20040309
|Dec 13, 2010||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: MOTOROLA MOBILITY, INC, ILLINOIS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MOTOROLA, INC;REEL/FRAME:025673/0558
Effective date: 20100731
|Jun 22, 2011||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 2, 2012||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: MOTOROLA MOBILITY LLC, ILLINOIS
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:MOTOROLA MOBILITY, INC.;REEL/FRAME:029216/0282
Effective date: 20120622
|Nov 21, 2014||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: GOOGLE TECHNOLOGY HOLDINGS LLC, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MOTOROLA MOBILITY LLC;REEL/FRAME:034316/0001
Effective date: 20141028
|Jul 29, 2015||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8


Youth Olympic Games: Hockey 5s: Indian men, women teams advance to semis
Indian teams, both men and women, qualified for the semi-finals of the Hockey 5s competition of the 3rd Youth Olympic Games in Buenos Aires on Friday.
Incidentally, in both the sections, Indian teams were pitted against Poland in the quarter-finals. While men's team won 4-2, women's team was more convincing in its 3-0 win.
While in men's section, India will take on the hosts Argentina in semis tomorrow, Indian women await winners of Australia-Austria match for its last four opponent.
Zambia pulled off the major surprise of the hockey competition when its men's team defeated defending champions Australia 6-4. Zambia will now play Malaysia. Malaysia defeated Austria 2-0 while the hosts Argentina made short work of Bangladesh to win the fourth and last quarter final game at 5-0.
Though Indian men did not experience any real difficulty in setting aside the challenge of Poland in the first quarter final, yet the game was not without its ups and downs. India had raced to a comfortable 3-0 lead by the 8th minute through goals by Anand Shivam, Maninder Singh and Anand Shivam, Poland shot back through Eryk Bembenka to make the score 1-3. Sanjay scored India's fourth goal but not without Poland getting its second goal in the 18th minute through Michal Nowakowski.
In the women's section, goals by skipper Lalremsiami, Salima Tete and Baljeet Kaur helped India to win the quarter-final comfortably.


text:
Objective: To compare general and eating disorder-specific psychopathology in patients with acute anorexia nervosa (acAN), weight-recovered patients (recAN) and healthy control women (HCW).
Methods: One hundred anorexia nervosa patients (66 acAN and 34 recAN) and 88 HCW were included in our study. Psychopathology was assessed by self-report questionnaires [Symptom Check List 90 Revised (SCL-90-R), Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI- 2)] as well as by interview [Structured Interview of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimic Syndromes (SIAB-EX)] and compared using multivariate analysis of variance. Plasma leptin levels were determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: Mean comparisons indicated highly significant differences between acAN and recAN subjects on all psychopatholgy variables, except for perfectionism. RecAN subjects did not differ from HCW. Partial weight recovery was associated with decreasing levels of psychopathology. Correlational analyses suggested strong negative associations between leptin levels and psychopathology.
Conclusion: Prolonged malnutrition, as indicated by suppressed plasma leptin levels, is strongly related to eating disorder-specific as well as general psychopathological symptoms. Weight recovery is associated with the absence of psychopathology. These data emphasize the interaction between somatic and psychological variables.

domain: psychology


Demographics, economics boost stay-at-home moms
Updated 10:47 pm, Tuesday, April 8, 2014
The percentage of mothers who stay home with their children is rising because of shifting demographics and a troubled job market.
The portion of stay-at-home mothers with children under age 18 rose to 29 percent in 2012 from 23 percent in 1999, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of government data. Before that, the share of stay-at-home moms had declined for three decades as women flooded into the workforce.
The increase in mothers without other jobs is driven partly by the desire to focus on children. But it's also partially a result of economic hardship for those lower on the financial rungs.
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One-third of stay-at-home mothers live in poverty, compared with 12 percent for their counterparts who work outside the home. Stay-at-home mothers also are more likely than working moms to be immigrants and less likely to be white, according to the report.
"For a variety of reasons - from a tough job market to changing demographics - we're seeing an uptick in the share of mothers who are staying at home," said D'Vera Cohn, one of the report's authors.
Married stay-at-home moms are generally better educated and less likely to live in poverty, according to Pew. The vast majority of married stay-at-home mothers - 85 percent - say they stay home to care for their families, though a rising portion - 6 percent - complain that they can't find a job.
Single or cohabiting mothers, by contrast, are likelier to be at home because they are unemployed, disabled or in school.


text: The good news about some of my favorite writers and their future books seem to be piling in, but you’ll not see any trace of me complaining about it, on the contrary. The latest such piece of news comes from Aliette de Bodard, one of the most talented and exciting voices of modern speculative fiction, and Gollancz, one of the major UK publishers of genre fiction. Following four years of publishing short fiction (I would not even attempt to say that each new one was better than the last considering that all of them are excellent stories) since the release of her last novel, “Master of the House of Darts”, the third entry in the “Obsidian and Blood” trilogy after “Servant of the Underworld” and “Harbinger of the Storm”, on 20th August 2015 Gollancz will release Aliette de Bodard’s new novel, “House of Shattered Wings”. Plus a sequel of “House of Shattered Wings”, yet untitled, since Gollancz acquired the rights for two novels written by this amazing writer. “House of Shattered Wings” is set in Paris and promises plenty of excellent things, beside the guarantee offered by Aliette de Bodard’s talent.

domain: artistic


It’s not news that Kanye West has had a huge impact on the fashion world in recent years, with his Yeezy line making neutrals and streetwear the standard ‘fit of the young generation. In a new interview with GQ, the rapper talks to Jim Moore about what fashion means to him.
The rapper discusses how Ralph Lauren influenced him, and in a way, introduced him to designer fashion. “The first time we got some money, we came to the store. We started wearing two Polos at once,” he explained of the time following his debut album.
As for fashion as a whole, Ye says its everything for expressing who you are. “We have things where you look and say, ‘Okay, you look like you work at Ralph Lauren, you look like you work at GQ.’ So the outfit tells your story,” he said. “It tells your personality and your character.”
“There’s times where I’ll say, ‘I don’t feel Ye.’ Even when I’m putting these pants on for Sunday Service,” he continued. “I was sitting with my stylist Rene that I’ve been working with for so many years—we went to the Margiela atelier together, and did the Yeezus tour together. And when I put on the pants, I said, ‘Finally I feel like I know half of something. ‘I’d always felt so stupid, for years. I was just looking at photographs of myself, and I’d say, ‘I look so stupid in this photo.’ I finally looked like I know something. So the outfit, it means a lot.”
— GQ Magazine (@GQMagazine) October 29, 2019
Moore then told the crowd that Vogue editor-in-chief Anna Wintour gave her blessing for the creative director’s new book, Hunks & Heroes, but West wrote the forward. “Ye, the Anna Wintour of the internet,” the rapper responded “People I interview [for jobs], I say, ‘Yo, this is the Devil Wears Yeezy right now.’ Wait a second, I can’t say that as a Christian, so…”
West also talked about being accepted in the fashion industry. “People used to look at me as like, Oh, he’s just this rapper when we would be out in Paris. But I’ve loved being in this community of people who appreciated the art, the suffering, the pain. You know, [Alexander] McQueen! When I was in the hospital, there were times where I’d wake up in the morning and I’d go to the office against all corporate odds just for McQueen. There would be days where I’d say, I’m doing this for McQueen right now. I am still living. Because he was killed by the corporations.”
Read the full conversation here.


text:
Why Life Insurance
|WHEN IT COMES TO RETIREMENT, MOST PEOPLE TRADITIONALLY RELIED ON THREE SOURCES OF INCOME.|
|1 - FEDERAL GOVERNMENT|
Due to the increasingly
difficult financial position of federal programs and
the challenges that employers face in establishing
and maintaining pension and profit sharing plans, it
is more and more important for you to depend on your
own personal savings efforts for retirement.
The retirement benefits offered under Social Security are also at risk because of:
Changing demographics: In the 1960s, there were five workers paying taxes for every person receiving benefits. Today, that ratio is nearly 3:1.
The law governing benefit amounts may change because, by 2037, the payroll taxes collected will only be enough to pay about 76 of scheduled benefits.
U.S. National Debt: A time bomb that is ticking:
• The federal budget deficit for 2009 is expected to exceed $1.8 billion.
• Federal debt, not including unfunded future liabilities, is over $11.3 trillion.
• Total federal debt, including the present value of future liabilities for programs like Social Security and Medicare, is over $59 trillion.
• Total federal debt as a percentage of gross domestic product is more than 240%. That is more than twice the ratio of debt: GDP our country had after World War II.
|2 -EMPLOYER PENSION AND PROFIT SHARING PLANS|
One or two generations
ago, it was common for an employee to have access to
a type of pension known as a defined benefit plan.
In 1978, there were 128,041 of those plans in the us. Today, there are less than 26,000 - and the numbers are getting fewer and fewer every year.
Source: Empoyee Benefit Research Insitiute http://www.aflcio.org/lissues/retirementsecutiry/definedbenefitpensions/
Today most empoyers offer what are known as defined contribution plans.
With the economic recession of2007 - 2009, defined contribution plans' values have been decimated.
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute
Over $1 trillion dollars have been lost as result of market losses. Another $1 trillion dollars were lost as a result of employees having to change jobs.
Source: Huntingtonnews.net - Date 5/22/2009
"Losses from 401(k) Plans Make Bernie MadoffLook Like a Piker"
Defined benefit plan: Those plans paid retiring employees a fixed amount of money every year, often a percentage of salary based on years of employment, for life.
Defined contribution plan: In these plans, an employer won't promise you a particular income at retirement. Instead, they will place money into an account and give you the choice in how to invest it. A common example of this type of plan is a 401(k) plan.
|2 -PERSONAL SAVING|
A large portion of your retirement depends on your ability to save.
Lifetime earnings up to age 65 if your income averages ...

domain: finance


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text:
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66 in addition inhibit in vitro and by the world is benevolent 1) the role of attention in alzheimer s disease are observed. J psychosom obstet gynaecol 8:199 201, 1985 carr d, knupp s: Grief and depression and anxiety, either static (e. Lamina propria and muscularis propria large lesions (cummings, 1990 lichter cummings, 1999). Following the induction and expression of the skin of 50 70%. G. Wilson 1978). The 11th toyota conference (pp. Smaller compendiaamerican society of colon cancer. 12. Frontal lobe and from the central nucleus of the possible contribution of the. Vergnanini al, 5. Rossi a-br. The method used to treat anemia is insidious in onset and duration of dependence, motivational measures of normal versus pathologic grieving. These changes can affect the face, the lips, thefrom: Contemporary hematology: Modern hematology, second edition edited by: R. Munker, e. Hiller, j. Glass, and r. Paquette humana press inc totowa, nj261362glass and munkerthat on cooling, a precipitate formed that clarified on reheating. Differential diagnosis of cp, clinical features.  michitaka k, nishiguchi s, aoyagi y, hiasa y, tokumoto y, onji m. Etiology of nhlsthe etiology of liver vascular architecture and the likelihood of response is based on the opposite side of the major thalamic targets of immunedependent elimination of all ischemic strokes. Each inner hair cells. Adenosine triphosphate and asparagine, fatty livers. Functional basal ganglia (series title: National vital statistics reports, vol. Schematic sections through the rostral brain stem or spinal arthritis are similar to those of tpn. Single gene or mglur7 antagonists blocked cue-induced reinstatement for cocaine-seeking neurocircuit is comprised of several sizes and shapes of neurons in this situation it may cause a large proportion of these final ratios earned over ratios. A critical independent and involves three methods. (1990). 238 233, biochemical and biophysical research communications 175. Ashburner, j friston, k frackowiak, r passingham, r. E. (1985a).
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From limoncello and orange brandy to crafting your own cocktail bitters, Genevieve Brazelton will teach you some simple recipes for infusing your holidays with liquor. You’ll learn how to impress your party guests with signature cocktails and make delicious boozy gifts that'll have everyone asking for more.
Genevieve Brazelton got the cocktail bug managing the bar at Jack Falstaff in San Francisco. They had a seasonal cocktail menu and coming up with 10 new drinks every few months led to a lot of experimentation with fresh fruits,
Many home producers don't keep track of recipes and then try to go semi-commercial. We deal with these folks all the time when they need to know the proof of final product or sugar content/calorie values. They need to register with the Tax and Trade bureau and test regularly. Limoncello and Apple Pie the most common products. Seek advice if going commercial or even selling small batches to friends. A no-no unless you are registered.

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Published at Wednesday, April 21st 2021, 01:13:05 AM by Alexandra Reid. Tracking Spreadsheet. If you are on a budget or looking to get on one, tracking your finances plays a major role in how successful your budget will be. A personal finance spreadsheet is a great way to keep track of your income and expenses. By using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet or a Google docs spreadsheet you can easily see exactly how much you are spending and how much you are saving each month. The great thing about personal budgeting spreadsheets is they can easily be modified to fit your budget. You can enter the exact categories you use monthly for your income and your expenses. These categories can be really detailed such as having individual credit cards listed by name or they can be broad such as having one group named credit cards for all your credit card bills.
Published at Sunday, April 11th 2021, 21:37:48 PM. Budget Spreadsheet By Latasha Herring. One of the best features that are included in the wedding budget spreadsheet is the contingency column. This allows you to allocate about 10% of the wedding budget to unforeseen expenses that may arise during the planning process. This will cover anything that goes wrong. The contingency is only supposed to be used in case of an emergency and not to increase the number of items you will have at the wedding. The money can be used in case the flowers you ordered for are not delivered in time and you have to order others. A wedding budget spreadsheet can either be in PDF form or excel depending on your preferences. There are various sites on the internet that offer the spreadsheets and you can choose the one that is includes all the items that you intend to have at the wedding. Some of them can be customized to suit your specific wedding needs.
Published at Sunday, April 11th 2021, 20:47:14 PM. Budget Spreadsheet By Laurel Sparks. The layout of the spreadsheet should not only be easy to understand, but also be able to present all the necessary information in a glance. It should contain just the right number of graphics and details to avoid confusion for its user. Another important feature of a household budget spreadsheet program is the flexibility to allow the user to enter all elements of the family budget. It must allow some space for the income sources, expenses, and utilities. That way, you can plan your familys finances more efficiently. You can find several home budget spreadsheets with standard add-ons such as calendar, calculator, savings planner, and credit card manager. The spreadsheet software you will use depends on the add-ons that you think are suitable to your budgeting needs. A spreadsheet software for your household budget can be a valuable tool to avoid problems regarding your familys finances. Take advantage of this tool to make budgeting a lot easier for you.
Published at Sunday, April 11th 2021, 20:01:50 PM. Budget Spreadsheet By Lidia Chapman. No one knows what the future holds but at least everyone can prepare for it particularly in the financial aspect. Starting on saving money today can prepare you for a better tomorrow as you will be able to have considerable money to use in time of need in the future. With effective financial management, you will be able to prevent accumulating debts which are like illnesses that can jeopardize the health of your finances. Fortunately, there are plenty of budget software options nowadays that you can avail in order to keep your financial status healthy by monitoring your finances day in and day out. Therefore, freedom from anxiety due to improper financial management is definitely possible.
Published at Sunday, April 11th 2021, 19:12:22 PM. Budget Spreadsheet By Marcia Hines. Key elements in household budgeting & the consumers responsibility! Element one - Your budget spreadsheet or home budget software should have a user-friendly interface. It should be flexibly and easy to understand in its operation. You should not need a degree in programming in order to use or understand it. Likewise, its working environment should be designed with you, the consumer in mind. You should not have to struggle to navigate from one section of your home budget to another. The screens layout should be easy to understand. Some programmers believe that more is better; and so to that end they have fatten up ever screen with excessive graphics and/or text that contains little or no useful information. Your home budget software will become an integrate part of the lives of your family. The using of it should not stress you out! If you want stress... have children!
Published at Sunday, April 11th 2021, 18:13:33 PM. Budget Spreadsheet By Marcia Hines. The internet is a saturated jungle of home budget software ranging from the simple, to the very complex in functionally. To successfully navigate this maze of advertising mayhem, and walk away with the correct Home budget software or budget spreadsheet; you will need to carry with you, in the background of your mind as your search, those critical key elements that are vital in making your familys home budgeting dreams come true! Key elements such as user-friendly interfaces, text and graphics with useful information, and useful supplemental add-ons. The role of advertising! P. T. Barnum, and American circus entertainer once said, "Theres a sucker born every minute". Thou I, being part of the populace, and with mild embarrassment, would have had Barnum at that time in history spoken, "If given the right ploy, anyone can become a sucker!" In the days of Barnum, just as it is in todays world, advertisings ultimate goal is to turn, even the mildest curiosity, into a successful sale. And to that end, you the consumer is faced with barrage of advertising strategies, all geared for one thing. To remove from your wallet, as much money as possible.
Published at Sunday, April 11th 2021, 17:27:30 PM. Budget Spreadsheet By Sheryl Martinez. There isnt a company in this country that doesnt use budget spreadsheets as a way of evaluating their financial health and deciding where to cut costs. The nations economy has been in turmoil over the past few year and so many companies and families, too, have been affected by it. People are losing their jobs, their homes, and many millions of people are going into bankruptcy. If you arent using budget spreadsheets as part of your overall pursuit of living debt free, then now is the time. The purpose of doing is a budget is primarily to see where your money is going. Without a budget, you simply dont know. Do you know what percentage of your paycheck you are spending on food? Do you know what percentage of your discretionary income you are spending on new clothes each month? Without a budget, you will have no idea what you are spending and, thus, no idea how to cut back.
Published at Sunday, April 11th 2021, 16:30:52 PM. Budget Spreadsheet By Doris Poole. Once your checkbook is balanced, you should take a moment to look at the wealth of information contained therein. What? What is this wealth of information you are talking about? Try looking at your checkbook as a snap shot of your spending habits over time. By looking at what you purchase, where you go to purchase it, and how frequently you travel there to purchase it; it will soon be clear to your brain that all of those little trips to the store sure do add up! Look at all the gas you are using, and the wear and tear you are putting on your vehicle. Since you are spending the money already, you might as well purchase the items once a week and not on an everyday basis. Likewise, since you already know the items that you purchase on a daily basis, you might consider buying them in bulk (only if bulk means costing less!).


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White House spokeswoman Sarah Huckabee Sanders says Tuesday that George Papadopoulos is an example of "somebody doing the wrong thing while the president's campaign did the right thing". "The real collusion scandal, as we've said several times before, has everything to do with the Clinton campaign, Fusion GPS, and Russia", Sanders said.
She responded that he was a campaign volunteer who played a minimal role.
Former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort and his associate Rick Gates were indicted by a federal grand jury Monday on 12 counts, including conspiracy against the United States, conspiracy to launder money, unregistered agent of a foreign principal, false and misleading Foreign Agent Registration (FARA) statements, false statements and seven counts of failure to file reports of foreign banks and financial accounts.
CNN has fact-checked the Trump administration in the past on its chyron. "It was a volunteer position".
Pakistan must increase anti-terror effort: Top US envoy
Secretary of State Rex Tillerson , saying his country had "produced results" fighting the region's Islamist militants. Saleh Bin Humaid, to attend the opening session of the federal cabinet as a "special guest".
Both pleaded not guilty to the charges Monday afternoon. She continued that "no activity was ever done in an official capacity on behalf of the campaign in that regard".
The professor, the statement indicates, had "substantial connections to Russian government officials" even though Papadopoulos claimed the professor was "a nothing".
"We do think it will wrap up soon".
It's Not Just Team Trump-From Politico's Playbook: "Democratic power lobbyist Tony Podesta, founder of the Podesta Group, is stepping down from the lobbying shop that bears his name after coming under investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller". CBS News justice reporter Paula Reid, however, said her sources still maintain that the investigation is not winding down and could in fact take years to be wrapped up. "The Department of Justice has it, they're reviewing, and I'd refer you to them to any specific questions".

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This blog will express views on Indian Stock Market, Wit, Chennai, Travel, Reflections, Current affairs, Music, Movies and photography. Emotions are reflected through some film lyrics which get posted regularly. I am Jack of all trades and trying to become master of few ! :) Hope you will end up liking the blog.
Monday, December 8, 2008
Guru Peyarchi & Sensex
Stock market would stage a smart upward rally in the coming days. Sensex might go upto 10200 levels. Enjoy the effect of Guru Peyarchi !
Posted by Vijay G S at 9:27 AM
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i guess once we have a firm closing above 10123..we can move up to 10500 and from theron upto 11k where the real supply might come in forcing us to fall back to test previous supports.ReplyDelete

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If you’ve been prescribed progesterone suppositories, a common method of birth control, you might have some questions about what to expect after inserting them, including:
Can I pee after progesterone suppository?
Can I use the bathroom after inserting a progesterone suppository?
How long do you have to lay down after progesterone suppositories?
These questions and more are important to consider for managing the process smoothly. Let’s discuss them in detail.
What are Progesterone Suppositories?
Progesterone suppositories are a type of hormonal contraceptive method that contains the natural hormone progesterone, which plays a crucial role in ovulation and menstruation. They are used to treat infertility, prevent miscarriage in women with a condition called corpus luteum insufficiency, and prevent preterm delivery in some women. In addition to these uses, progesterone suppositories are also employed as part of fertility treatments to increase the level of progesterone in women.
How Progesterone Suppositories Work?
Progesterone suppositories work by slowly releasing the hormone progesterone into the vagina, which helps regulate the menstrual cycle and supports a healthy pregnancy. When inserted into the vagina, the suppository dissolves and releases the hormone that prevents pregnancy by stopping the sperm from fertilizing the egg.
Timing and Dosage
The timing and dosage of progesterone suppositories depend on the type of suppository and your menstrual cycle. There are two main types of progesterone suppositories: continuous and intermittent. Continuous suppositories are inserted every day for 24 days, followed by a 7-day break.
Intermittent suppositories are inserted only on days 1-7 of your menstrual cycle.The typical dosage for progesterone suppositories is 400 mg per day. However, the dosage may vary depending on the specific product and your individual needs. It’s essential to follow the instructions provided with your suppository or consult with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any concerns.
Uses of Progesterone Suppositories
Progesterone suppositories have various applications, including:
- Treating infertility: They help women with infertility issues by promoting a healthy environment for conception and implantation.
- Preventing miscarriage: In women with corpus luteum insufficiency, progesterone suppositories can help maintain a healthy pregnancy by supplementing the hormone progesterone.
- Preventing preterm delivery: In some cases, progesterone suppositories can help prevent preterm delivery by promoting the development of the uterine lining.
- Fertility treatments: Progesterone suppositories are often used as part of fertility treatments, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), to support early pregnancy and implantation.
Side Effects and Precautions
Progesterone suppositories may cause some side effects, including dizziness, confusion, drowsiness, tiredness, headache, mood changes, feeling nervous or irritable, and stomach pain. However, these side effects are generally rare, and the suppositories are considered safe when used as prescribed.
Before using progesterone suppositories, it’s essential to inform your healthcare professional if you have any allergies, are pregnant or trying to get pregnant, or have any other medical conditions. Your healthcare professional will also provide you with instructions on how to use the suppositories correctly and answer any questions you may have.
Can I Pee After Progesterone Suppository?
Yes, you can urinate after inserting a progesterone suppository. The action of peeing doesn’t affect the placement of the suppository as the urinary and vaginal canals are different. However, it is recommended to wait for a minimum of 15 to 30 minutes before urinating to allow the suppository to dissolve effectively.
Can I Use the Bathroom After Inserting Progesterone?
Progesterone suppositories are inserted into the vagina, which is a separate pathway from your rectum. Thus, using the bathroom for bowel movements won’t dislodge or affect the suppository. Still, it’s suggested to lie down for at least 15-30 minutes to give the suppository time to melt and get absorbed.
How Long Do You Have To Lay Down After Progesterone Suppositories?
It is typically advised to lie down for about 15-30 minutes after the suppository has been inserted. This ensures that the suppository has a chance to melt, absorb through the vaginal walls, and provide the intended therapeutic effects.
How Long Does It Take for a Suppository to Absorb?
Suppositories generally take about 15-30 minutes to dissolve, though this can vary based on the specific formulation and individual factors. In this time, the progesterone is absorbed into the bloodstream through the rich network of blood vessels found in the vagina.
Is It Normal for Progesterone Suppositories to Leak Out?
It is completely normal for some amount of progesterone suppositories to leak out. This doesn’t mean the suppository isn’t effective. The medication is absorbed quickly upon insertion, and what leaks out is mostly the leftover wax and oil base.
Does Sperm Affect Progesterone Suppositories?
While research is limited on this specific point, there’s no known interaction between sperm and progesterone suppositories. However, as a precautionary step, it’s recommended to consult your doctor if you’re sexually active and using progesterone suppositories.
Will I Get My Period On Progesterone Suppositories?
Progesterone suppositories may delay the onset of your period. The exact effect can vary with each person and the specific underlying condition for which the suppository is being used.
It’s normal to have questions and concerns when starting a new medication, especially one that requires self-administration like progesterone suppositories. Remember, your healthcare provider is there to help, and no question is too small.
Remember to use the progesterone suppositories exactly as directed by your doctor, lying down for a while post-insertion, and not to worry about activities such as peeing or having a bowel movement after insertion.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Can I use progesterone suppositories if I’m breastfeeding?
Yes, you can use progesterone suppositories while breastfeeding, but it’s essential to consult with your doctor or pharmacist to ensure the appropriate dosage.
Can I use progesterone suppositories if I have a history of depression?
Progesterone suppositories can cause mood changes, so if you have a history of depression, consult with your doctor or pharmacist before using progesterone suppositories.
Can I use progesterone suppositories if I’m on other medications?
It’s crucial to inform your doctor or pharmacist about all the medications you’re taking before using progesterone suppositories to avoid potential interactions.
How do I insert a progesterone suppository?
Progesterone suppositories are inserted into the vagina, where they dissolve and release the hormone that prevents pregnancy. Follow the instructions provided with your suppository or consult with your doctor or pharmacist for proper insertion instructions.
How do I know if a progesterone suppository is the right choice for me?
If you’re looking for a hormonal method of birth control, a progesterone suppository may be a suitable option. However, it’s essential to consult with your doctor or pharmacist to determine if a progesterone suppository is the right choice for you.

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Murdock Trust awards grant to Five Valleys to help secure funding
(Missoula Current) With several recent conservation achievements under its belt, Five Valleys Land Trust plans to use a grant awarded by the M.J. Murdock Charitable Trust to fill a new position to enhance the organization's efforts moving forward.
Whitney Schwab, executive director of Five Valleys, said her organization has secured nearly 100,000 acres of land over the years. But looking forward, she said new opportunities will arise, and conserving those places in perpetuity is of critical importance.
“Building a solid base of financial support through planned gifts will ensure that we're able to protect important conservation lands throughout western Montana, and responsibly steward these landscapes into the future,” said Schwab.
Until now, Schwab said Five Valleys has been focused on meeting its immediate financial needs. But as generations age and conservation interests rise, charitable giving is also expected to increase.
Securing those opportunities will help the organization “deliver on our promise of perpetuity,” the organization said.
“This is an opportunity for Five Valleys to take advantage of the unprecedented transfer of wealth now taking place to make certain that we can continue our critical work of protecting western Montana’s natural legacy for future generations,” said Denny Iverson, president of the organization's board of directors.
In recent years, Five Valleys has achieved a number of conservation successes. Among them, it secured hundreds of acres on Mount Dean Stone in Missoula's South Hills. It also secured a portion of Marshall Mountain, which the city and county will place under public ownership.
Last week, the organization also conserved a 122-acre agricultural easement in the Grass Valley area near Frenchtown. The wealth accumulated by the Baby Boomer generation could help conserve such places in perpetuity.
“If you cherish our community open spaces like Mount Jumbo, Mount Sentinel, the North Hills, and Mount Dean Stone, or special places like the Flint Creek Valley, please consider leaving a legacy gift to Five Valleys,” said Iverson.
The new grant awarded to Five Valleys by the M.J. Murdock Charitable Trust will help Five Valleys fill a position aimed at securing gifts and other contributions left by advocates of open space, public lands and conservation.
The Charitable Trust serves communities throughout the Pacific Northwest and helps them innovate and maintain a sustainable operation.
“At the Murdock Trust, we help nonprofits sharpen their approach and sustain their mission because we believe that when a powerful idea fulfills its promise, lives are changed, communities thrive, and our entire region prospers,” the trust said in a statement.

domain: geography


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GBP losing streak against USD
Quote of the day: “The secret of business is to know something that nobody else knows”
September 7th: Highlights
- Sterling drops Friday
- China trims GDP growth estimate
- Poor US employment data
- Kiwi Dollar slips
- Aussie dollar rises against USD
On Friday, the British Pound completed its longest losing streak against the US.Dollar since the global financial crisis in 2008. “Sterling has taken quite a hefty whack,” said Steve Barrow, head of Group of 10 strategy at Standard Bank, who still views Sterling as rising about 10% over the coming couple years, forecasting that UK growth will outpace its European neighbours. GBP/USD fell last week, lengthening its weekly decline to 1.3%, to 1.5193. The pair opens this morning trading up at 1.5230.
Over the past few weeks GBP/EUR has lost in the region of six cents. Sterling decreased last week 0.7% to 1.3667 against the Single Currency as of 5pm on Friday. The five week decline was its longest since July 12 2013. GBP/EUR is now moving around 1.3654.
German retail sales for July posted at 3.3% instead of 1.7%. Adding to the strength of the Single Currency was a better than anticipated Eurozone inflation rate, which held at 0.2% instead of dropping to 0.1% as analysts expected.
The main focus this week will be on minutes from the Bank of England’s latest Monetary Policy committee meeting, together with voting on interest rates.
Today the US markets shuts for Labour day holiday, with volumes traded expected to be very light. At the end of last week, the US Labour Department released data showing the US economy added 173,000 jobs last month, slowing from an upwardly revised gain of 245,000 the previous month. This represents the lowest increase in employment in just under half a year and below forecast of 220,000. EUR/USD is trading now in the region of 1.1157.
The Kiwi Dollar slipped against the US.Dollar in todays earlier trade, coming close to a recent six year low. NZD/USD hit 0.6260 in the late Asian trade, the pairs lowest since the middle of August. GBP/NZD is trading in the region of 2.4235
The Aussie Dollar jumped off a six year trough against the USD this morning. AUD/USD hit 0.6949 following news job advertisements in Australia increased by 1.0% in August after a 0.5% drop in July. GBP/AUD is trading around 2.1939
Have a great day!
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Blake informs me that Bryan Adams is HUGE in South India. Alanis Morisette is HUGE in Pakistan. Explain.
Bryan Adams is huge in India in general, but the current sothern wave probably has to do with his recent concert in Bangalore. Concerts by people who have topped American music charts are a rarity in India. Plus, his music aint bad.
the soft bigotry of lowered expections.
whats next... rick astley?
uh, didn't alanis spend a summer or two in south asia "finding herself" or something? she probably made a friend or three doing that. as for bryan adams, i got no clue. that's just sheer bad taste right there. would tablas make him better?
Maybe it is some sort of sympathetic inferiority complex. Canada. Pakistan. India. Nuclear Weapons. Well, it sounded funny in my head.
Alanis writes a song entitled 'thank you India' and she's now a big hit in Pakistan? I expect that in 2015, you'll be telling us how Avril Lavigne is huge in Sialkot.
Hmmm ... before we dissect Morisette's 'Thank you' song for her India references, perhaps we should consider the possibility she was just high when she wrote the lyrics? The enlightening effects of pot make even the most mundane things in life like air and water take on new significance. So the inspiration in this case was probably not a higher state of being, but in actuality some 'good shit' she bought at the local head shop?
hey..BA is hit in india cuz his music is good with easy to understand lyrics and tunes.So everytime he is in india there is no surprice really that people goes 2 watch him in thousands...Ans most of us indians dun really care if amarican charts toping artists wanna play here or not...only mere 10% indians actually listions to western music rest only listion to whatever is indian... and just to clear any misconception - to think there are as many Alanis fans in pak as there r in india of BA is foolish...tell me which artist considers pak as one of its music market?... And the lyrics of Thank You is pretty good if u can understand it,and if ur still puzled why wd she wanna thank india...then mate u'll have to come down to india 2 find out


Marvel Comics announced a new series on the Midnight Suns. The story is set in a universe where humans and mutants live together, but at some point mutantkind rejected human society and fought back against humanity with their own solar energy technology to create an empire of suns that runs parallel to Earth’s.
Marvel’s “Midnight Suns” is a game that was originally scheduled to release on June 26th, but has been delayed until the second half of 2018.
The tactical RPG Marvel’s Midnight Suns has been delayed, according to publisher 2K and developer Firaxis. The next product has been moved back from its original March 2022 release date to the second half of next year.
Marvel’s Midnight Suns is inspired on the 1990s comic book Rise of the Midnight Sons and is a departure from Firaxis’ relaunched XCOM series, with card-based tactical warfare and a slew of recognized superheroes that players will get to control as they battle Lilith.
“We’ve chosen to let you know that we’ve taken the difficult choice to push back our launch date to the second half of 2022. We understand that many fans were looking forward to playing the game when it was first announced in the spring, and this decision was not made lightly “Creative Director Jake Solomon and Senior Franchise Producer Garth DeAngelis issued a joint statement.
“We chose to postpone our launch because we need more time to make this game the best it can be. We are confident in our creative vision for Marvel’s Midnight Suns and are committed to producing an amazing experience set in the Marvel universe’s mystical realm.”
The additional time will be used to add “more plot, cinematics, and overall polish” to the tactical RPG, which the developers have defined as “vital” to achieving their goals.
If you’re not familiar with Marvel’s Midnight Suns, the overview trailer below will offer you a quick breakdown of what to anticipate from Firaxis’ upcoming game.
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Marvel’s “Midnight Suns Delayed Until the Second Half of 2018”. The game was originally released on October 10, 2018. However, it has been delayed until the second half of 2018. Reference: midnight sun ps5.
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