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Congratulations to the Geography Spatial Analysts Team at the Office for National Statistics who have won the overall inaugural Geography in Government award.
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Wednesday people roundup
PGGM Investments, KAS Bank, LGPS Advisory Board, Janus Capital, Legg Mason, Aviva Investors, Spence & Partners, International Accounting Standards BoardPGGM Investments – Michel Braber has been appointed risk manager at PGGM Investments, the €182bn asset manager for the healthcare pension fund PFZW. He joins from custodian KAS Bank, where he has been adviser for institutional risk management since 2011. He has also served as a member of the investment committee of the company’s pension fund.LGPS Advisory Board – Roger Phillips has been named chairman of the advisory board for local government pension schemes (LGPS) in England and Wales. Phillips, deputy to inaugural chair Joanne Segars, is a former leader of Herefordshire Council and has also chaired the Local Government Association’s pensions committee.Janus Capital – Chris Justice has been promoted to COO and head of Europe. He was previously based in Hong Kong as head of strategic initiatives for the APAC and EMEA regions. Prior to joining Janus in 2013, Justice was managing director at Quam in Hong Kong, where he led a team of research analysts and asset managers. Legg Mason – Rick Andrews has been appointed head of international marketing. He joins from Aviva Investors, where he was most recently a consultant, leading the reorganisation of the Global Business Development function.Spence & Partners – Simon Cohen has been appointed head of investment at the UK actuarial and consultancy firm. Cohen became a Fellow of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries in 2000. He has worked for three major consultancies, holding senior roles in investment consulting and management positions. International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) – Takatsugu Ochi has been appointed for a second three-year term, while Pat Finnegan is set to retire. Ochi has previously served as assistant general manager of the financial resources management group at Sumitomo Corporation and as a member of the IFRS Interpretations Committee. Finnegan was appointed to the board in July 2009, having previously served as director of the Financial Reporting Policy Group at the CFA Institute Centre for Financial Market Integrity, as well as a former managing director at Moody’s Corporate Finance Group.

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ALTHOUGH a brief account of the Castle of Heidelberg | resided at this fortress, which we will distinguish as has already appeared in this work *, yet the great the old Castle, and possessing large estates on the beauty, both picturesque and architectural, of this Rhine, was created by his brother Pfalzgraf of the far-famed ruin, and its long period of historical im- | Rhine. He added largely to the Castle, built the portance, authorize the insertion of a further descrip- Benedictine monastery at Schönau, and converted a tion; which, being chiefly drawn from the ancient cloister of the same order, situated at Neuburg, about archives of the place, will embrace a summary of its a mile up the Neckar, into a convent for ladies of entire history.
rank. (This building still exists under its original In order to commence from the earliest known name of the Stift Neuburg, and is occupied as a date, we must relate that the appellation Heidelberg Summer residence by a gentleman of large fortune.) Castle was originally borne by a fortress situated Conrad died at Heidelberg, 1195, leaving an only about half a mile above the present magnificent daughter Agnes, who married Henry of Brunswick, structure, which, both according to tradition, and the to whom devolved the government. By her he had nature of the foundations still visible, was built by two children, Henry and Agnes, and residing chiefly the Romans as a defence against the native hordes on his patrimonial lands, in no way contributed to infesting the valley of the Neckar. They were fur- the prosperity of Heidelberg. His son and successor ther protected by a wall leading from this fortress survived him but three years, dying childless at the down to the river, which, terminating in a tower, age of twenty. Upon this event the Emperor, Frederic controlled any attack by water. This tower, with a the Second, (the Emperors of Germany having, in portion of the wall, are still discernible in an old those times, the arbitration of such matters, and building called the Marstall, now used as a lying-in appointing and deposing the lesser powers as they hospital. After the retreat of the Romans, from pleased,) nominated Louis the First of Bavaria, Germany, this upper fortress was maintained as of the house of Wittelsbach, successor to the Palastronghold, and subsequently became the residence tinate lands. The people, however, resisted this of the earlier Pfalzgrafen, or Palatinate Counts. The choice, took their appointed sovereign prisoner, and first historical notice of these potentates, which can only released him at a high ransom. By a marriage be safely quoted, relates that Conrad von Hohen- of policy between Otho, son of Louis, and Agnes, staufen, (born 1127,) Duke of Suabia, and half- daughter of the late count, matters were seemingly brother of Frederic Barbarossa, Emperor of Germany, adjusted, and Louis permitted to reside in comparative See Saturday Magazine, Vol. III., p. 139.
peace at the old Castle, but his bloody murder, which Vol. XII.
took place six years later, in 1231, proves that there | 1401. He built that part of the Castle called to this were still powerful malcontents around him. His day the Rupert building, and which forms one of the son Otho succeeding, the hereditary line was con most ancient and picturesque portions still remaining. tinued. This prince is the first whom we find styled In his regal capacity he resided chiefly at Oppenheim, Pfalzgraf and Churfürst—a title derived from the old but was buried at Heidelberg, having equally divided German word kuren, to choose, and fürst, a prince, the Palatinate lands among his four sons. and borne as a distinction by those reigning sove- Louis the Third, the Bearded, or Pious, received, reigns who possessed the privilege of electing the as eldest son, Heidelberg for his portion, and may be emperors of Germany; we render it fitly by the term considered as the founder of the Heidelberg line. Elector. Otho united the Palatinate and Bavarian He married in 1402, Blanche, daughter of Henry the estates, purchased additional lands, and is supposed Fourth of England; the first connexion of this state to have laid the foundation of the lower Castle, of with our country, to which it has subsequently been which this account especially treats.
so vitally allied. In 1414 and 1417, Louis attended This splendid structure stands upon a platform of the church convocations at Constance, where John the rock about three hundred feet above the river, ori- | Twenty-second, the deposed Pope, was committed to ginally called the Jettenbühl; from a tradition of one his charge, and confined for some time at Heidelberg, Jettà, a heathen prophetess who dwelt in a chapel and ultimately at Manheim. This Prince conupon this site, and to whom, being in high repute for tributed much to the progress of the university and her miracles and oracles, the people flocked from all improvement of the Castle and town. He completed countries. This personage was seldom visible, but the fine church of the Holy Ghost in the marketthe prophetic words emanated from a window of the place, which had been commenced under Rupert chapel, and were caught by the crowd assembled the First, and dying in his sixtieth year, was inbeneath. One of her prophecies which have been terred within its walls. To him succeeded his son handed down to the present generation, testifies that Louis the Fourth, who becoming entangled in some palaces in which kings should reside, should cover petty wars, died, it is said, of chagrin, in his thirtieth her lowly hill, and that numerous buildings should year, leaving an only son, Pbilip, in the cradle. His occupy the valley beneath. And truly, if all her brother, Frederic the First, surnamed the Conqueror, peeps into futurity proved as clear-sighted, she duly was appointed regent to the infant prince, and subearned her reputation. Further, the tale goes, that sequently reigned conjointly with him. In those having wandered one day through the woods till she times the law of primogeniture was but partially reached a certain fountain, and a cloud, we conclude, enforced, and in several instances we find brothers being drawn over her prophetic vision, she was sur: wielding the Palatinate sceptre together. Frederic prised by a savage she-wolf, who quickly put an end was an excellent Regent; he strengthened and ento the prophetess of the Jettenbühl. The scene of this larged the Castle, and although engaged in a succestragic event still bears the name of the Wolfsbrunnen, sion of wars, contrived that they should all conduce or Wolf's Fountain. It lies in a picturesque hollow to the prosperity and aggrandizement of his states. about a mile from the town, and is to this day re- He was connected in a left-handed marriage with sorted to, without any apprehension of a similar fate, the beautiful Clara Dettin, of Augsburg, and dying by the youth and beauty of Heidelberg.
in 1476, was buried by his own desire in the dress of But to return to the Pfalzgrafen. To Otho succeeded a monk, in a Carmelite Cloister he had founded at Louis the Severe, who, in his connubial transactions, Heidelberg; leaving Philip the First, or the Sincere, somewhat resembled our Henry the Eighth, having to govern alone. This prince united to a chivalrous married three wives, one of whom he beheaded. nature, a great taste for the politer arts.
By his This count dying in 1295, was succeeded by his son summons, many of the literati of that period resorted Rudolph the First, whose administration is marked to his court, and were detained in the service of the as a period of much suffering to the Castle and university. surrounding dominions. He was driven from his
In the year 1484, a high tournament was held in possessions by the Emperor Albert, and is supposed the great court of the Castle, to which all the titled to have died in Austria. The succession, nevertheless, and gentle blood, far and near, were bidden. This was bestowed upon his son, Adolphus the Simple, who, period calls forth all our liveliest conceptions of chipreferring a life of indolence to the government of valrous magnificence, and never, perhaps, was this broad lands, surrendered the sceptre to his brother lordly Castle worthier tenanted than in good Count Rudolph the Second, not, however, till he had restored Philip's time. Tradition still tells of the valour of the Castle to a habitable condition. Tenth on the the knights, the beauty of the dames, and the wine line of succession now appears Rupert the First, and wassail which flowed around; and, although the brother of Rudolph, born 1309, whose name is con- great tun* was not then in being, there was, doubtless, spicuous as the author of numerous benefits to the as little lack of mouths to drain, as of vessels to country, and especially as the founder of the Heidel- contain the produce of the Neckar vineyards. A berg university, whose flourishing schools still remain few years later, the Emperor Maximilian honoured a monument of his enlightened liberality. He it was this Pfalzgraf with a visit, and was received with all who first resided regularly at Heidelberg, and added the pomp of the times. About this period, also, as Jargely to both town and Castle. He died without the story goes, a pike was caught in the royal ponds issue at the advanced age of eighty-one, and the at Kaiserslautern, weighing 350 lbs. From an inscripgovernment devolved upon Rupert the Second, son tion upon a ring round its neck, it appeared that it of Adolphus the Simple, who, however, seems to had been placed there in 1230, by the Emperor have inherited less of his father's than of his uncle's Frederic the Second; having thus enjoyed the good nature, for we find him seeking the advancement of things of this life during an interval of 267 years his people, driving the Jews out of the town, an act and upwards. This is, fortunately, the only instance considered meritorious in those times, and presenting on record of a fresh-water fish of these majestic thirteen of the deserted houses to the university. dimensions, otherwise a race of sharks weighing This Pfalzgraf was succeeded, after a reign of eight twenty-five stone, might have been rather an awkyears, by his son Rupert the Third, elected, in 1400, ward addition to our annals of natural history. King of Rome, and crowned as such at Cologne, in
* See Saturday Magazine, Vol. III., p. 140.
In spite of the hospitality which had been shown his taste for architecture; and being furnished with to the Emperor, Count Philip was not secured from designs from Raphael and Julio Romano, applied hostilities ; for a year later, on his claiming the Bava. them in the erection of that splendid portion, called rian succession for his son, Maximilian declared him to this day, Otho Henry's building. This forms the under the ban, and sent a numerous army against the west side of the Tournament Court, and contains the Palatinate. Both the town and Castle, however, Ritter Saal, or Knight's Hall, and a princely suite of were so well manned and fortified, and the inhabit- apartments, the façade of which, adorned with cologants so devoted to their count, that the enemy only sal figures from Scripture and Pagan history, offers a caused a temporary annoyance, and soon evacuated unique specimen of the florid and gorgeous architecthe land. Philip died 1508, and was buried in the ture of those times. All these improvements were church of the Holy Ghost.
effected in the marvellously short space of three Louis the Fifth succeeded to the government, and years, for we find the death of this spirited sovereign pursued his father's plans of improvement. He en- recorded in 1559, who dying without issue, the couraged learning, protected the university, and states devolved to Frederic the Third, of the house of greatly added to the size and strength of the Castle. Simmern, also connected by no consanguinity that He it was who commenced that formidable bulwark we can discover, either with his immediate or more round the entire building, part of which, towards the remote predecessors. west, is still standing, a monument of strength. This Prince introduced the Calvinistic doctrines in Besides this, the so called Thick-tower, overlooking opposition to those of Luther, which is the first menthe town, of which only a section now remains; the tion we have obtained of religious disputes in the square-tower, still in good preservation, the bridge, history of the Palatinate. His controversial occupathe bridge-house, the Stückgarten, &c., &c., were all tions, probably left him no time for more secular purerections of his reign. In 1524, this Elector pro- suits,-at any rate we perceive no additions or alteclaimed a trial of cross-bow shooting, at which many rations to the Castle recorded in this reign. He died German potentates attended. This, however, appears in 1576, and was buried in the church of the Holy the pretext rather than the object of their meeting ; Ghost, succeeded by his son Louis the Sixth, who which was, in reality, to concert some means of differing on doctrinal points from his father, revived arresting the progress of those intestine or peasant the religion of Luther, and dismissed the entire Calwars, which at that time ravaged Germany. In 1537, vinistic court. This Elector also appears to have we read of a tremendous thunderstorm which broke left the Castle as he found it, and dying in 1583, was over Heidelberg, when the lightning striking the gathered to his forefathers. He left a young son, older Castle above, which had been maintained but was succeeded by his brother, John Casimir, merely as a fortress and magazine for powder, the styled Pfalzgraf and Administrator, who officiated as whole structure was rent into the air, with an explo- Regent to the young prince. This former is celebrated sion audible for miles around. Nor did the damage as the founder of the first great tun, and of the end here, for the huge masses of masonry falling on building containing it. A small chapel in the upper the town and Castle beneath, crushed whole buildings, part communicated with the cellar below, a circumand occasioned much loss of life and property. stance which savours somewhat of the monkish habits
Louis the Fifth, dying 1544, was buried in the of his predecessors. In this reign, the doctrines church of the Holy Ghost, and succeeded by his of these two reformers again changed places, John brother, Frederic the Second. This prince, although Casimir being a zealous disciple of Calvin, and again he had blamed his predecessor for his expensive love the court and state were cleared of all obnoxious of building, continued, nevertheless, the improve- dependants. ments on a large scale; and among other additions, raised the octagon-tower, which still forms one of the most beautiful features of the ruin. He rendered ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BIBLE FROM THE great services to the Emperor, and was permitted in
MONUMENTS OF ANTIQUITY. requital, to bear the Reich's Apfel or imperial crown
No. VI. in his arms, which, after this date, repeatedly occurs in the escutcheons about the Castle. Frederic ap
The EstABLISHMENT OF THE ISRAELITES IN
THE LAND OF GOSHEN. pears to have been a gay bachelor; he always purposed marrying into some royal family, and for this The Egyptians had long been exposed to the ravages end entered into successive negotiations with different of the wandering tribes, who possessed the Arabian courts, but did not finally take upon himself the yoke of peninsula, and who were sometimes robbers and matrimony till he had completed his 50th year, when sometimes merchants. Though commercial interhis choice fell on Dorothea, daughter of the deposed
was maintained with these tribes, as king of Sweden, by whom he had no children. He found exemplified in the history of Joseph, who was died in 1556, and was buried with his forefathers. brought into Egypt by one of their mercantile caraWith him expired the Heidelberg line, and we can vans, yet they were always viewed with jealousy and discover no connexion either immediate or collateral, suspicion. When the brethren of Joseph, therefore, with Otho Henry, of the house of Neuburg, who came down to Egypt for the purchase of corn, it was succeeded to the Palatinate states.
by no means an improbable charge to accuse them This prince, although bound by no hereditary ties, of being spies, come “ to see the nakedness of the proved an excellent parent to his newly acquired land.” Nakedness here does not allude to the barrendominions, and by the height of architectural splen- ness produced by the seven years of famine, but to dour to which he raised the Castle, has established a
the want of natural or artificial defences on the claim on the reverence of all artists and antiquarians. eastern frontier of Egypt, through which most inHaving, during his youth, visited the Holy Land, and vaders have entered that land from the days of the collected a number of Greek and Arabian manu- Hycsos down to those of the Ayubite sultans. Though scripts, he presented them to the university, and the sons of Israel denied the charge, we find that thereby founded the famous library which was sub- | they did not deem it improbable or unnatural, for sequently nearly destroyed during the thirty years they refute it by showing that they did not belong to war. During his travels in Italy he also cultivated a wandering tribe, but to a stationary family. “Thy
servants are twelve brethren, the sons of one man in | mark of honour to give some eminent guest a tray or the land of Canaan.” (Gen. xlii. 13). And Joseph's table to himself. There are even now no removes or proof of their integrity, “ send one of you, and let changes of courses at these entertainments; all the him fetch your brother," manifestly shows that it viands are piled together on the tray or table, and
a means of determining whether they were the number, variety, and delicacy of the dishes are wanderers, like the Hycsos, or settled, and, therefore, usually proportioned to the rank of the guest. peaceful agriculturists.
Hereafter we shall have occasion to notice, that a Now the monuments abound with proofs that such similar plan was followed in making offerings to the suspicions were not unfounded, for they exhibit the gods ; indeed, it is exceedingly probable, that the Egyptians as engaged in constant war with the pre- Egyptians derived their first notion of an altar from datory tribes on their eastern frontier, and the cruelty the banquetting tables of their kings and princes. with which the captives were treated, proves that the This custom of ranging separate trays or tables hostility engendered by these wars was more deep for groups of guests, greatly facilitated the arrangeand deadly than was usual, even in the most savage ment of the company according to rank, a circumfeuds of other nations.
stance to which the orientals have ever attributed We find indeed that the Egyptians extended their considerable importance. In the narrative of the hatred of the wandering races even to the innocent; entertainment given by Joseph to his brethren, we when the honesty and amicable disposition of the are told “they sat before him, the first-born accordchildren of Israel were so fully recognised, that they ing to his birth-right, and the youngest according to were invited to dine with the prime minister, we find his youth; and the men marvelled one at another." it recorded that “the Egyptians would not eat bread (Gen. xliii. 33). Their surprise was occasioned not with the Hebrews, for that is an abomination to the by the circumstance of seeing a distinction made, Egyptians." This passage serves to explain a cir- but by the accuracy with which they were arranged cumstance which has been the cause of much con- in their proper order, as they supposed there were no troversy among the commentators,—the reason why means of determining their relative seniority. A the descendants of Abraham were named Hebrews. similar circumstance occurs in an ancient Chinese tale, Some assert that they were thus called from Heber, where the order in which an apparent stranger salutes one of their ancestors,—an untenable hypothesis, as the members of his family, leads to the discovery of his there is no circumstance recorded respecting Heber, identity. Benjamin's portion was probably served on which would entitle him to give his name to a tribe; a separate tray or table; we are told that “his mess others, with more probability, derive the name from was five times so much as that of any of his brethren;" a llebrew verb, which signifies “ to pass over;" but whence some persons have very absurdly inferred, they restrict the allusion to Abraham's having "passed that he ate five times so much as they did, which, of over” the Euphrates, when he came from the land of course, would be impossible, unless they were very his fathers to dwell in Canaan. But since the word niggardly supplied; but from what we have already Hebrew signifies " a passenger," it is evident that it said, the meaning is clear, the expression simply indimay be received as a designation of the wandering and cates that a greater variety of delicacies were offered pastoral life of the early patriarch. Abraham, Isaac, for his selection. and Jacob were “dwellers in tents," not inhabitants The monuments show us that, in the very earliest of cities; the Egyptians had no cause for hating the ages, Egyptian luxury had led to the invention of descendants of Heber, or the offspring of any one countless forms of pastry and confectionary, as we who had come from beyond the Euphrates, but they had occasion to remark in noticing the history of had every reason to detest nomades, or wanderers, Pharaoh's baker. and the very name of Hebrew intimated that those When his brethren were about to depart, Joseph so called led a wandering life.
directed his steward to conceal his silver-cup in the The circumstances of the entertainment given by sack of Benjamin. We have more than once noticed Joseph to his brethren, can only be understood by a the early use of ornaments formed from the precious reference to the oriental customs at feasts, which metals among the Egyptians; extraordinary attention have varied very little since the days of the Pharaohs. was paid to the form and decorations of their drinking The guests did not, as with us, sit down to the same cups, and we find that some of the richest tributes table, but a separate tray or table was provided for which the Pharaohs received from the southern every two, or at most every three guests, from provinces, especially Meroe and Nubia, were gold
and siver vases. Joseph's steward declares that this cup was not only used for drinking, but also for divination. “Is not this it in which my lord drinketh, and whereby indeed he divineth ?” (Genesis xliv. 5.) Divination by the cup is only one form of the divination by a fluid mirror, which, from the earliest ages, has prevailed in the East, and which, after the Crusades, became a popular form of witchcraft in modern
Europe. Indeed, the credulous and ignorant in some 1997
of the remoter districts of England, still believe that fortune-tellers can predict future events by inspecting
the accidental arrangement of the grounds in a tea1999
cup or a coffee-cup. We cannot identify this form ។ 30
of divination on the monuments, but the most ancient DE MED
traditions bear testimony to its prevalence; one of these intimates that those who conjure indiscreetly
with the magic cup expose themselves to great danger, AN ALTAR-TABLE, WITH FOWLS, BREAD, FRUITS, &ć. and it is possible that the circumstance was mentioned
in order to terrify the sons of Jacob. It must be which they furnished themselves, without paying any recollected, too, that it is Joseph's steward, not Joseph attention to their neighbours. It was a distinguished himself, who speaks of conjuring with the cup.
After Joseph made himself known to his brethren, speak of each other with a virulence and affected he sent "wagons" to bring his father and family down contempt which could only have been engendered by into Egypt; it appears that such vehicles were un- centuries of mutual hatred and mutual injury. But known, or, at least, uncommon, for the moment that with the Egyptians this natural enmity was systemaJacob saw them, he recognised the land from which tized by the exertions of the priestly caste, who they came. On the monuments, the only wheel- sanctified policy by religion, and forbade their folcarriages usually seen, are the war-chariots; but lowers even to partake of a social meal with the it is manifest that the use of these conveyances objects of their jealousy and their animosity. must have led to the employment of wagons and The defenceless land of Goshen was, therefore, similar vehicles for the transport not only of goods, worse than useless to the Egyptians; it was the high but of women, children, and sick persons. Indeed, road for the invasion of the pastoral tribes with whom, Joseph expressly intimates that such was the use for then, as now, a foray was esteemed an honourable which these vehicles were intended. “ Take you enterprize, and it could not well be used as pasture, Fagons out of the land of Egypt, for your little ones for the Egyptians employed to tend cattle in that and for your wives.” (Gen. xLv. 19.) Within a very region must have, in some degree, adopted the usages recent period the representation of a four-wheel of their enemies. This sufficiently appears from the vehicle, extremely like a farming wagon, or wain, has words which Pharaoh addressed to Joseph, “if thou been discovered among the paintings in a tomb, at knowest any men of activity among them, then make Thebes, wherein the mummy of a person of high them rulers over my cattle.” (Gen. xlvii. 6.) The rank was found.
Hebrew words translated “men of activity," more The policy which induced the reigning Pharaoh to properly signify "men of military habits," such as give the land of Goshen to the colony of the Israelites, the Israelites were likely to acquire by a nomade life, may readily be understood by a reference to the map and of which they were certain to need the exercise of Egypt, and to what we have already said respect- in guarding the royal herds of a frontier province. ing the inveterate hostility between the Egyptians The policy of Pharaoh is now intelligible; as Dr. and the wandering tribes of Arabia and Syria. Goshen Hales very properly remarks, “Goshen formed the was the name of the rich pasturage districts between eastern barrier of Egypt towards Syria and Palestine the eastern bank of the Nile, and the upper shores of the quarters from which they most dreaded invathe Red Sea. It was a frontier province exposed sion-whose nakedness was now covered in a short to the ravages of the Arabians and Syrians, and time, by a numerous, a brave, and an industrious was almost useless to the Egyptians, whose habits people: amply repaying, by the additional security and customs were utterly at variance with the usages and resources which they gave to Egypt, their hosof a nomade life. When we read that every pitable reception and naturalization.' And thus shepherd is an abomination to the Egyptians," (Gen. Joseph, while he provided for the comfort of his xlvi. 34,) we must not imagine with many commen- family, conferred an inestimable advantage on the tators that they had any religious objection to the monarch whom he served. mere occupation of tending flocks and herds; indeed, Two years of the famine alone had expired when so far was this from being the case, that we find an Jacob and his posterity came down to colonize the entire caste of herdsmen among the Egyptians, and land of Goshen. Five years yet remained during flocks of sheep and goats, droves of black cattle, and which the Egyptians had no resources but the royal herds of other tamed animals are frequently depicted granaries, which had been amply stored by the proon the monuments. The prejudice was against those vident care of Joseph during the seven years of restless tribes, from whose incursions they suffered plenty. Nor is there any difficulty in supposing that so severely, and they probably feared that, if any the granaries could contain a sufficient supply for the Dative Egyptians settled in Goshen, they might gra- entire population of Egypt during the space of seven doally acquire a taste for a wandering life, and, per years. The monuments contain ample proofs of the haps, in the end, favour an invasion.
care that the Egyptians bestowed on the storing and This enmity between agricultural and pastoral preservation of corn, and the great extent of their populations brought into close contact, is still exem- granaries. pufied on the north-eastern frontiers of Persia. No. Some persons, indeed, have insinuated rather than thing can exceed the mutual contempt and rancorous expressed a doubt, of the possibility of preserving hatred between the Turcomans and Tartars, who lead corn for so long a time; but in a climate so remarka nomadic life in the steppes and deserts north of the ably dry as that of Egypt, there is no limit to the Oxus, and the settled agriculturists of Persia. They period durinr which grain may be kept sound We

domain: history


Unistar Nuclear has plans to build the first of a series of nuclear power plants about 50 miles south of my home in Annapolis at a place called Calvert Cliffs. Right now, there are two 850 MWe PWR units originally supplied by Combustion Engineering operating at that site.
Throughout its history, Calvert Cliffs has been a precedent setting site. Following the passage of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)- which was signed into law on January 1, 1970 by President Richard M. Nixon – Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (CCNPP) became a test case that eventually established the completion of an Environmental Impact Statement for all new nuclear reactors constructed in the United States. The specific concern of the organizations that sued to halt the construction of the plant was that the Atomic Energy Commission had not done an adequate job of assessing the impact of heated water on the Chesapeake Bay.
The AEC’s position was that its job was to assess the special risks associated with using radioactive substances while the states had the responsibility for more common forms of pollution like thermal discharges – which are common for all kinds of steam plants no matter what the heat source. However, NEPA Section 102(c) provides that every federal agency shall:
include in every recommendation or report on proposals for legislation and other major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment, a detailed statement by the responsible official on –
(i) the environmental impact of the proposed action,
(ii) any adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided should the proposal be implemented,
(iii) alternatives to the proposed action,
(iv) the relationship between local short-term uses of man’s environment and the maintenance and enhancement of long-term productivity, and
(v) any irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources which would be involved in the proposed action should it be implemented.
The federal judge assigned to the case determined that licensing a nuclear plant was – by his definition – a major federal action that required strict adherence to NEPA section 102. As a result of the decision, nuclear plant licensing was suspended for 18 months while other plants went through the exhausting process that included moving large quantities of money from ratepayers into the pockets of the consultants that perform the requisite studies.
After many years of cost-increasing delay and following the preparation of a detailed EIS, Calvert Cliffs Unit One began commercial operation in 1975 and Unit Two started supplying customers in 1977.
Calvert Cliffs also had a chance to set a precedent in a more positive way. In March of 2000 CCNPP became the first nuclear plant to successfully navigate the NRC license extension process and achieve a 20 year extension of its original 40 year license. The existing plants are now licensed to operate until 2034 and 2036 respectively. BGE, the plant’s owner at the time, decided to go through the process earlier than necessary in order to ensure that a pending decision to replace the plant’s steam generators would provide economic returns through the extended licensing period.
According to a December 25, 2007 article in the Baltimore Sun titled Nuclear power has new shape, CCNPP will once again lead the way. The new plant will not use the once through cooling using Bay water directly that caused the original concerns about thermal pollution. Though the heat has proven to be a non-issue for the Bay, the current concern is the fact that the intake flows cause some quantity of fish and other wildlife to die in the filtering screens on the plant intakes.
The new plant will also not use the iconic 600 foot tall, mushroom cloud shaped cooling towers that are commonly associated with nuclear plants – though they are also used by coal fired plants. As a Chesapeake Bay area resident, I am happy about that – those tall towers are butt ugly.
Instead CCNPP Unit Three (and possibly a yet to be discussed Unit Four) will use a forced draft cooling system that is about 1/3 as tall, though quite a bit broader than the ones used for the last generation of nuclear and coal plants. In addition to the reduced visual impact of the new design, they will be more effective during the hot summer days that are pretty common in the mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States. They will cost a bit more originally, but the ability to sell more power during the peak load periods in the summer might make the cost a wash depending on the assumptions for electricity production costs.
Since I have heard Michael Wallace of Constellation Energy describe his plans to ensure that even the color of the bathrooms for the US EPRs will be identical in all locations as part of the drive for a standardized fleet; I assume that all of the rest of the US EPR plants that Unistar Nuclear builds will use these same low, wide, and forced air cooling towers.


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BRIEFING: Venezuela: Elections & Sanctions Risks
Wednesday 17 April @ 1600hrs BST (London) / 1100hrs EDT (New York)
The Venezuelan presidential election, slated to take place on 28 July, comes against the backdrop of escalating repression and intimidation by the regime of incumbent President Nicolás Maduro. The barring of opposition leader María Corina Machado underscores that the Maduro regime is unwilling to engage in even marginally competitive elections. Meanwhile, Maduro's government has instrumentalised the threat of conflict with Guyana to manipulate political opinion ahead of the election, raising substantial threats to the oil and gas sector. In response, the scope of US oil and gas sanctions will be a defining factor (with an 18 April deadline set for the renewal of the country's general license). While the election is highly unlikely to be free or fair, it will shape political and security risks in Venezuela - the country with the world's largest proven oil reserves - for the long term.
*Please be aware that we do not accept personal email addresses, when registering for the briefing please use a corporate address. If you are unable to register with a corporate email address please email firstname.lastname@example.org.

domain: politics


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Working people are delighted as they receive new houses. Happy house-moving scenes unfold across the country.
Tiger-shaped cloud over Mt Paektu, the ancestral mountain. Choe Chol Min
The sunrise at Sea Chilbo
Mirae Scientists Street in the morning
Dazzling fireworks display
Pyongyang in the evening seen from May Day Stadium
A new sight at the Majon Resort
Mannyon Tableland in Poptong County
A cluster of stars over Hyangdo Peak
Jong Il Peak
Chongsokjong in the morning
The cloud in the shape of a dragon floats over Mt Paektu, the ancestral mountain of Korea.

domain: geography


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Surprise! I’m in Hungary. On a different continent. I mentioned awhile ago that I’d be taking a long flight and I did, over the weekend. I am here because I won a scholarship in connection with my PhD research. I’m studying here for a month with other students from all over the world (but I’m the only North American to have won this scholarship). Hubby is still at home in Canada.
This trip is pretty crazily timed because we were JUST in our hometown visiting my family and attending a wedding. We drove 1500 km home, then another 200 km the next day because I flew from another city. Whew.
Even though I am abroad, there is a bit of a time lag in my posting – I still have fun projects and ideas to blog about, imported from Canada. It might be a few weeks before I even have a chance to blog about any inspiration I pick up in Hungary! But I’m hoping to find some great artwork here. My posting frequency will also be a little less while I am here, too.
The painted tiles (first photo) that hang on my mom’s walls are by a Hungarian artist. My mom bought these years and years ago. And the bottom etching in the bathroom (second & third photos) is also by a Hungarian artist – my mom picked it up the last time we were here and I artfully snagged it.

domain: artistic


A new leaked image of the Samsung Galaxy Note 8 showing off itself in Blue Coral color has appeared. It appears to be the same Blue Coral edition that Samsung had introduced with Galaxy Note 7.
Critics and users of Samsung Galaxy S8 and Galaxy S8+ have stated that the rear-mounted fingerprint scanner that is placed on the left side of the camera is not user-friendly. It is said that Samsung wanted to place the fingerprint scanner under the display of the Galaxy S8, but since it could not be time, the company ended up placing it on the backside of the phone.
The freshly leaked render of the Galaxy Note 8 shows that the fingerprint scanner is not present on its backside. This indicates that Samsung may have probably resolve the issue and the Note 8 may feature the fingerprint sensor under its screen.
The dual camera setup which is pegged to be one of the USPs of the Galaxy Note 8 can be seen on the back panel. It is designed in a vertical manner and below it is the alleged heart rate sensor and a LED flash. Apart from the missing fingerprint reader from the back, the overall design of the phablet seems to resemble the Galaxy S8 duo. The left side of the Note 8 seems to feature the volume buttons and the Power key. A dedicated Bixby AI button can be seen on the right edge of the phablet.
The Blue Coral variant was a very popular color option for Galaxy Note 7. After the phablet’s premature death, Samsung introduced the Galaxy S7 Edge with the same color. Fresh leaks suggest that Samsung would be introducing the Blue Coral option for Galaxy S8 and Galaxy S8+. Speculations have it that the Galaxy Note 8 would be coming with a 6.3-inch display that will support an aspect ratio of 9:18.5
According to a Korean publication, Samsung may announce the Galaxy Note 8 in late August which means that it will be launching ahead of iPhone 8 that is pegged get unveiled in September. Other rumors have stated the Galaxy Note 8 will be announced a day or two before the IFA 2017 event that is scheduled to start from Sept. 1.


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5x15 Special: Great Lives
Mixing biography with a searing analysis of our present, Professor Eddie S. Glaude Jr. joins us to talk about his acclaimed, best selling biography of James Baldwin: Begin Again - asking what urgent lessons Baldwin, known as ‘the poet of the revolution’, can teach us about today. Eddie S. Glaude Jr. is the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor and chair of the Department of African American Studies at Princeton University. Begin Again is a New York Times best seller: “A powerful study of how to bear witness in a moment when America is being called to do the same.” (Time)
Linda Colley is an award-winning historian, academic, author and broadcaster and the Shelby M.C. Davis 1958 Professor of History at Princeton University. She joins us to talk about Catherine the Great - the bold, brilliant and guileful empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796 - who was experimenting with constitutional techniques decades before the Founding Fathers framed the American constitution. Linda Colley’s award-winning books include Britons: Forging the Nation,Acts of Union and Disunion and her new book The Gun, the Ship and the Pen: Warfare, Constitutions, and the Making of the Modern World– reconfiguring the rise of a modern world through the advent and spread of written constitutions.
Ed Caesar joins us to tell a story of heroism, adventure, madness and thwarted love. His new book The Moth and the Mountain is about Britain’s most mysterious mountaineering legend, Maurice Wilson, who in the 1930s conceived an incredible plan to crash land his Gipsy Moth on Everest and conquer its summit alone. Ed Caesar is an award-winning journalist who is a contributing writer for the New Yorker. He is the winner of eleven major journalism awards including a British Press Award, PPA Writer of the Year and the 2014 Foreign Press Award for Journalist of the Year.
Polly Samson joins us to talk about the extraordinary life of the Australian writer and essayist Charmian Clift, a woman ahead of her time who was an inspiration to Leonard Cohen, and the centre of a bohemian artists’ colony on the Greek island of Hydra in the 1950s and 60s. Charmian Clift has been reimagined in fiction by Polly in her best-selling novel Theatre for Dreamers. Polly Samson’s work has been shortlisted for numerous prizes, translated into several languages and has been dramatised on BBC Radio 4. Her novel The Kindness was named Book of the Year by The Times and Observer. She has written lyrics for four Number One albums, and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.
In Albert and the Whale Philip Hoare sets out to explore the enduring art of the German Renaissance artist Albrecht Durer, whose hyper-real images changed the way nature was seen. Along the way he encounters medieval alchemists and modernist poets, eccentric emperors and queer soul rebels, ambassadorial whales and enigmatic pop artists. Philip Hoare is a professor of creative writing at the University of Southampton and author of books including Leviathan or, the Whale, which won the BBC Samuel Johnson Prize; he is also co-curator of the Moby-Dick Big Read and Ancient Mariner Big Read.

domain: library


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Picture of my beard at one of its longest lengths while hiking the Appalachian Trail
On a short hike in NH which was like climbing a small hill compared to what awaited me on the Appalachian Trail.
Hiking in LA with the beautiful landscape of the city behind me.
At a store in LA trying to recreate a scene from the movie SAY ANYTHING with a paper boom box.
Me standing behind angel wings on Melrose CA, every time I look at this picture I can’t help but think of my Grandmother.
My sister and I at the nursing home visiting my Grandmother, the pain is visible on my body.
Doing business in LA.
My supportive family surprising me on my first day back on the Appalachian Trail.
Being interviewed on a radio show in NH about hiking the trail, and about the book I wrote.
Hanging out with Richard Lewis, from my favorite TV show Curb Your Enthusiasm. Perks of living in LA!
Manly unicorn ice cream, only in downtown LA.
A hat, every bald man's best friend.
Celebrating the Patriots win with my bff Tom Brady!!!
Dreaming of what it would look like to have hair, I'm bringing sexy back!


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It was expected that there would be a sellout crowd of 80,000 spectators inside the stadium, with 20,000 tickets handed to Liverpool and Real Madrid to sell to supporters. However, the Premier League club were forced to take action after spotting some tickets being sold for exorbitant amounts on resale websites.
Tens of thousands of Liverpool fans had gathered in the French capital in the hours leading up to the game and were pictured singing and chanting along to the Reds’ anthems near the Eiffel Tower.
Roads were closed in the capital by the authorities in the lead up to Saturday night;s fixture, causing traffic jams and resulting in the Liverpool team bus arriving late at the venue. But while the Liverpool players and staff got safely inside, thousands of fans remained frustrated in their attempts to find their seats.


When considering a move to a new city, one important factor to take into account is the cost of living. Understanding how the cost of living in your current city compares to your potential new city can help you make informed decisions about your finances and lifestyle. In this article, we will compare the cost of living between Houston, Texas, and Seattle, Washington, using a cost of living calculator.
What is a Cost of Living Calculator?
A cost of living calculator is a tool that takes into account various factors such as housing, transportation, groceries, healthcare, and more to provide an estimate of the overall cost of living in a specific area. By comparing two cities using a cost of living calculator, you can get insights into how much you might need to earn or budget for in order to maintain a similar standard of living.
Cost of Living in Houston, Texas
Houston, Texas is known for its vibrant energy industry, diverse population, and affordable housing options. According to the cost of living calculator, the overall cost of living in Houston is lower compared to the national average. Housing, in particular, is significantly cheaper in Houston when compared to other major US cities. This allows residents to have a higher standard of living without breaking the bank.
Cost of Living in Seattle, Washington
On the other hand, Seattle, Washington is renowned for its thriving tech industry, picturesque landscapes, and robust job market. However, the cost of living in Seattle is higher than the national average, primarily due to the high cost of housing. Seattle’s booming economy attracts many professionals, but they must expect to pay a premium for housing and other expenses.
Comparison: Houston vs Seattle
Now, let’s compare specific aspects of the cost of living between Houston and Seattle:
Housing: The cost of housing in Houston is significantly lower than in Seattle, making it more affordable for individuals and families to find suitable accommodation.
Transportation: Both cities have public transportation options such as buses and light rail systems. However, Seattle’s transportation costs tend to be higher due to its denser population and limited parking availability.
Groceries: Overall, groceries tend to be slightly more expensive in Seattle compared to Houston. This is partially due to the higher cost of transporting goods to the region.
Healthcare: Healthcare costs can vary depending on factors such as insurance coverage and specific medical needs. However, it is worth noting that Seattle has a higher concentration of renowned healthcare facilities and specialists, which may come with a higher price tag.
In conclusion, while both Houston and Seattle offer unique advantages, there are notable differences in their cost of living. Houston boasts a lower overall cost of living, particularly when it comes to housing, making it an attractive option for those seeking affordability. On the other hand, Seattle offers strong job opportunities, exceptional quality of life, and a thriving tech scene but comes with a higher cost of living. Ultimately, the decision between the two cities depends on your personal preferences, career goals, and financial situation.
Remember, when considering a move, it’s essential to use a cost of living calculator to get accurate estimates tailored to your specific lifestyle and needs. By doing so, you can make well-informed decisions and ensure a smooth transition to your new city.
Comparing the Cost of Living: Houston, TX vs Seattle, WA
When comparing the cost of living between Houston, TX and Seattle, WA, several factors come into play. Housing costs in Houston are generally lower than in Seattle, with median home prices being more affordable. However, it’s important to consider that Seattle offers a higher average salary compared to Houston.
Transportation expenses can also differ significantly between the two cities. Houston has lower gas prices and tends to have a more car-centric culture, whereas Seattle has a well-developed public transportation system and higher fuel costs.
Grocery prices may vary slightly, but overall, both cities offer a similar range of options and prices for food and groceries.
Healthcare costs can vary depending on insurance coverage and medical facilities. Seattle is known for having high-quality healthcare institutions, but it might also come with higher expenses.
Entertainment and dining options are abundant in both cities, but Seattle often has a more diverse and vibrant scene. However, this can also lead to higher costs for dining out or attending events.
Overall, while Houston generally has a lower cost of living compared to Seattle, it’s crucial to assess different aspects such as housing, transportation, healthcare, and entertainment when considering the financial implications of relocating or living in either city.
How does the cost of living in Houston, TX compare to Seattle, WA for someone looking to relocate?
Cost of living comparison between Houston, TX and Seattle, WA
When it comes to considering a relocation between Houston, TX and Seattle, WA, understanding the cost of living differences is crucial. Both cities offer unique advantages and disadvantages, which can significantly impact one’s financial situation.
Housing: Houston has a relatively lower cost of housing compared to Seattle. In Houston, you can find more affordable options, whether you’re looking to rent or buy property. On the other hand, Seattle’s housing market is known for its high prices and limited availability, making it more challenging to find affordable housing options.
Utilities: Utilities such as electricity, gas, and water are typically lower in Houston compared to Seattle. The mild climate in Houston contributes to lower energy bills, while Seattle’s colder and wetter weather can result in higher heating costs.
Transportation: Houston’s sprawling nature often requires owning a car for convenient transportation. While gasoline prices in Houston tend to be reasonable, the costs associated with car ownership, such as insurance and maintenance, should be considered. Seattle, on the other hand, has a well-connected public transportation system, making it easier to rely on buses and light rail. Additionally, Seattle is known for its bike-friendly infrastructure, reducing transportation costs for those who prefer cycling.
Groceries: Grocery prices are relatively similar in both cities. However, Seattle may have a slightly higher cost due to its geographical location and limited access to certain produce. Overall, the difference in grocery prices is minimal and shouldn’t significantly impact the cost of living comparison.
Healthcare: Healthcare costs may vary depending on individual circumstances and insurance coverage. Both cities have quality healthcare facilities, and the cost of healthcare is generally comparable.
Overall: In terms of cost of living, Houston offers a more affordable lifestyle compared to Seattle. While Seattle may have higher wages in certain industries, the higher cost of housing and transportation can offset those advantages. However, it’s important to consider other factors such as job opportunities, climate preferences, and lifestyle choices when making a relocation decision.
Note: It’s crucial to conduct thorough research and consult with professionals before making any financial decisions or relocation plans.
Is it more affordable to live in Houston, TX or Seattle, WA based on the cost of housing, transportation, and other daily expenses?
In terms of affordability, Houston, TX tends to be more affordable than Seattle, WA.
Housing costs play a significant role in determining the affordability of a city. In Houston, the cost of housing is generally lower compared to Seattle. The median home price in Houston is lower, which means potential homeowners may find more affordable options. Additionally, the cost of renting an apartment or house in Houston is typically lower compared to Seattle.
Transportation costs also contribute to the overall affordability of a city. Houston has a well-developed highway system and lower gas prices compared to Seattle. This can help reduce transportation expenses for residents in Houston.
Other daily expenses such as groceries, dining out, and entertainment can vary from city to city. Both Houston and Seattle offer a wide range of options, but some studies indicate that Houston tends to have lower costs for these expenses.
It’s important to note that affordability can vary depending on individual circumstances, such as income and personal spending habits. However, based on housing, transportation, and other daily expenses, Houston seems to be more affordable than Seattle.
What factors should I consider when using a cost of living calculator to compare Houston, TX and Seattle, WA in terms of financial planning and decision-making?
When using a cost of living calculator to compare Houston, TX and Seattle, WA for financial planning and decision-making purposes, it is important to consider several factors. These include:
1. Housing Costs: Housing expenses can significantly impact your budget. Compare the average home prices or rental rates in both cities to get an idea of how much you may need to spend on housing.
2. Transportation Expenses: Consider the cost of owning a car or using public transportation in each city. Fuel prices, insurance rates, parking fees, and public transportation costs should be taken into account.
3. Tax Rates: Different states have different tax structures. Look into the income tax rates, sales tax rates, and property tax rates in both Houston and Seattle to understand how they might affect your overall financial situation.
4. Utilities and Other Essentials: Energy costs, water bills, and other utilities can vary between cities. Research the average monthly expenses for these essential services to estimate your budget.
5. Healthcare Costs: Evaluate the healthcare options and costs in each city. Consider insurance premiums, copays, and the availability of medical facilities and specialists.
6. Food and Grocery Expenses: Look into the average cost of groceries and dining out in both locations. This will give you a sense of how much you might spend on food each month.
7. Entertainment and Lifestyle: Consider your personal preferences and the cost of entertainment, dining, and recreational activities in both cities. This will help you determine how your lifestyle may be affected by the cost of living differences.
Remember, a cost of living calculator can provide a general comparison, but personal circumstances can vary. It’s crucial to consider your individual financial goals, income levels, and lifestyle choices when making financial decisions between Houston and Seattle.


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The health and safety of our patients and teammates is our top priority. We are keeping a close eye on this situation and reinforcing the extensive infection control practices already in place to protect them. Click here to find videos and additional resources.
High Potassium List from DaVita Renal Dietitians
List of high potassium foods

domain: medical


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Advance Decline Line
Advance Decline Line is a technical analysis tool used to calculate the total of differences between gains or losses of a security. Typically this calculation is consider bullish if it’s greater than 1, or bearish if it’s less than 1.
Disclaimer – The writers at Investment Hunting are not financial advisors. We are not licensed in the financial industry. Any and all information found on this site, including financial terms and definitions should be used for entertainment purposes only. For more information on Investment Hunting’s disclosures and disclaimers, please visit the Disclaimers page. As an investor, you need to take personal responsibility for any and all portfolio transactions. Always consult your financial advisor or trusted investment authorities before making any financial decisions.

domain: economics


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Author: Peter Riesenberg
Publisher: Univ of North Carolina Press
Release Date: 2000-11-09
Genre: Political Science
Intended for both general readers and students, Peter Riesenberg's instructive book surveys Western ideas of citizenship from Greek antiquity to the French Revolution. It is striking to observe the persistence of important civic ideals and institutions over a period of 2,500 years and to learn how those ideals and institutions traveled over space and time, from the ancient Mediterranean to early modern France, England, and America.
This book examines a stringent problem of current migration societies—whether or not to extend citizenship to resident migrants. Undocumented migration has been an active issue for many decades in the USA, and became a central concern in Europe following the Mediterranean migrant crisis. In this innovative study based on the basic principles of transnational citizenship law and the naturalization pattern around the world, Matias purports that it is possible to determine that no citizen in waiting should be permanently excluded from citizenship. Such a proposition not only imposes a positive duty overriding an important dimension of sovereignty but it also gives rise to a discussion about undocumented migration. With its transnational law focus, and cases from public international law courts, European courts and national courts, Citizenship as a Human Right: The Fundamental Right to a Specific Citizenship may be applied to virtually anywhere in the world.
Author: Ediberto Román
Publisher: NYU Press
Release Date: 2010-05-31
The dramatic impact of Islamic fundamentalism in recent years has skewed our image of Islamic history and culture. Stereotypes depict Islamic societies as economically backward, hyper-patriarchal, and fanatically religious. But in fact, the Islamic world encompasses a great diversity of cultures and a great deal of variation within those cultures in terms of gender roles and sexuality. The first collection on this topic from a historical and anthropological perspective, Homosexuality in the Muslim World reveals that patterns of male and female homosexuality have existed and often flourished within the Islamic world. Indeed, same-sex relations have, until quite recently, been much more tolerated under Islam than in the Christian West. Based on the latest theoretical perspectives in gender studies, feminism, and gay studies, Homosexuality in the Muslim World includes cultural and historical analyses of the entire Islamic world, not just the so-called Middle East. Essays show both age-stratified patterns of homosexuality, as revealed in the erotic and romantic poetry of medieval poets, and gender-based patterns, in which both men and women might, to varying degrees, choose to live as members of the opposite sex. The contributors draw on historical documents, literary texts, ethnographic observation and direct observation by both Muslim and non-Muslim authors to show the considerable diversity of Islamic societies and the existence of tolerated gender and sexual variances.
Author: Paul Barry Clarke
Release Date: 2003-12-16
Genre: Political Science
Containing almost 200 entries from 'accountability' to the 'Westminster model' the Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought explores all the ideas that matter to democracy past, present and future. It is destined to become the first port-of-call for all students, teachers and researchers of political science interested in democratic ideas, democratic practice, and the quality of democratic governance. The Encyclopedia provides extensive coverage of all the key concepts of democratic thought written by a stellar team of distinguished international contributors. The Encyclopedia draws on every tradition of democratic thought, as well as developing new thinking, in order to provide full coverage of the key democratic concepts and engage with their practical implications for the conduct of democratic politics in the world today. In this way, it brings every kind of democratic thinking to bear on the challenges facing contemporary democracies and on the possibilities of the democratic future. The Encyclopedia is global in scope and responds in detail to the democratic revolution of recent decades. Referring both to the established democratic states of Western Europe, North America and Australasia, and to the recent democracies of Latin America, Eastern and Central Europe, Africa and Asia, classical democratic concerns are related to new democracies, and to important changes in the older democracies. Supplemented by full bibliographical information, extensive cross-referencing and suggestions for further reading, the Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought is a unique work of reference combining the expertise of many of the world's leading political scientists, political sociologists and political philosophers. It will be welcomed as an essential resource for both teaching and for independent study, and as a solid starting point both for further research and wider exploration.
Author: Thomas A. J. McGinn
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date: 2003-01-30
This is a study of the legal rules affecting the practice of female prostitution at Rome approximately from 200 B.C. to A.D. 250. It examines the formation and precise content of the legal norms developed for prostitution and those engaged in this profession, with close attention to their social context. McGinn's unique study explores the "fit" between the law-system and the socio-economic reality while shedding light on important questions concerning marginal groups, marriage, sexual behavior, the family, slavery, and citizen status, particularly that of women.
The author examines Jean-Jacques Rousseau's political thought from the angle of classical republicanism. To offer an account of Rousseau's republicanism she explores his idea of the citizen and civic virtues. In addition, eighteenth-century conceptions of
Author: Derek Benjamin Heater
Release Date: 2004
Genre: Political Science
This text describes, analyses and interprets the topic of citizenship in a global context. It looks at how citizenship has developed historically in its variations as a political concept and status, and the ways in which citizens have been and are being educated for that status.
Author: B. N. Ray
Release Date: 2007-01-01
The Struggle Of The Disadvantage And The Marginalized For Rights As Well As Improved Conditions, And Especially The Rights Of Citizenship, Is A Prominent Thread Running Through The History Of The West. Politicial Theorists Have Been Writing About Citizenship For Over Two Thousand Years, And It Has Been Practiced For Even Longer. No Wonder, Therefore, That The Concept And Status Of Citizenship Have Accumulated A Complex Variety Of Interpretations. However, No Age Before Ours Has Had Such A Widespread And Pressing Need To Understand These Accounts. Modern Citizenship Has Developed Not Only As A Consequence Of Popular Democratic Pressures, But Also In Response To The Ruling-Class S Requirements For Security, A Factor Ignored By Many Theorists Of Citizenship. Today, Citizenship Is Generally Taken To Include A Universal Right To A Level Of Economic And Social Well-Being In Addition To The Rights Of Equality Before The Law And Political Participation. Modern Citizenship, Comprising At Least Universal Civil, Political And Social Rights, Is Not Only Complex But Fraught With Internal Tension As The Distinct Right Which Constitute It Tend To Generate Different And Sometimes Contradictory Pressures. This Book Explains Why An Understanding Of Citizenship Rights Is Important For Social And Political Analysis, And Goes On To Treat Both The Relationship Between The Distinct Elements Of Citizenship And Its Effects On Class Inequality, On Social And Political Integration, And On The Structure And Operation On The State. Current Approaches To Modern Citizenship Began With The Publication By T.H. Marshall S Citizenship And Social Class In 1950. This Book Dealing Directly With The Historical Development Of Modern Citizenship And Its Social And Political Consequences, Offers A Distinctive Interpretation And Critique Of T.H. Marshall S Theory, And Makes A Modest Contribution To The Debate Generated By Marshall. Contents Chapter 1: Introduction; Chapter 2: Rise Of Citizenship, The Idea Of Cosmopolis, Legal Definitions, Equality Or Elitism?, Multiple Citizenship, Parallel Citizenship, Federal Constitution,The European Union; Chapter 3: The Liberal Tradition, Citizenship And Capitalism, Dialectics Of Rights And Duties, The Citizen As Consumer, The Assurance Game; Chapter 4: The Civic Republican Tradition, The General Will And Moral Freedom, Making Citizens Of Men, Purpose Of Citizenship, Style Of Citizenship, Qualities Of Citizenship, Role Of The Citizenship, Forming The Citizenship, Revival And Arguments; Chapter 5: Marshall S Theory Of Citizenship, Giddens Versus Marshall, The Roots Of Modern Citizenship, Citizenship, Rights And Obligations; Chapter 6: Citizenship And Minority Rights, Discourse On Minority Rights, Discourse Over Citizenship, Respecting Diversity, Issues And Tensions In The Face Of Minority Rights, Arguments For Group Rights, Citizenship, Equality And Difference, Bhikhu Parekh And Multiculturalism; Chapter7: Feminism And Citizenship, Globalisation And Feminism, Transforming States, Gendered Transformations, Gender And The Global Division Of Labour, Boundary Defence/Boundary Transgressions, Resisting Identities/Resisting Globalisation, Conclusion: The Way Forward; Chapter 8: Expanding Citizenship, Citizenship And Political Community, Rethinking Social Rights, Intimate Citizenship, World Citizenship And Morality, World Law And The Citizen,World Governance And The Citizen, Cosmopolitan Democracy; Chapter 9: Citizenship And Globalisation, Globalisation And Citizenship, Human Rights And Citizenship, Citizenship Beyond The State, A Postmodern Citizenship; Conclusion, The Revolt Against Politics, The State Versus The Market, Civil Society Versus The State, Citizenship And Nationalism, Citizenship And Need.
Author: Joan N. Burstyn
Publisher: SUNY Press
Release Date: 1996-01-01
The authors discuss the dilemmas that face those who would educate tomorrow's valuable citizens and describe the day-to-day commitment needed to maintain a community. Important questions are asked: How do our public schools educate children to become members of our particular "public?" What problems face citizens of a democracy committed to both pluralism and equity? How has the meaning of citizenship changed as our society has evolved? In a world made interdependent through technology, how can one best define citizenship? The book's various perspectives provide guidelines for action through examples of current programs, and the reader is invited to join new forums to discuss questions raised--forums that allow for heated, but civil, disagreement. Only by engaging in such discussions can a public consensus be reached on the best ways to educate for tomorrow. Contributors include John Covaleskie, Ellen Giarelli, James Giarelli, Jerilyn Fay Kelle, Thomas Mauhs-Pugh, Barbara McEwan, Mary B. Stanley, Donald Warren, and Zeus Yiamouyiannis.
Author: Hans Schattle
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc
Release Date: 2008
Genre: Political Science
What is global citizenship, exactly? Are we all global citizens? In The Practices of Global Citizenship, author Hans Schattle provides a detailed and vivid account of how the term global citizenship has been interpreted and communicated in recent years. He includes numerous fascinating conversations with global citizens from many nations, revealing how notions of global citizenship have been put in practice by an ever-increasing number of governing institutions, non-governmental organizations, corporations, schools and universities.


Cocktail had a heavy drop on its third Friday as Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum released. The collections on the third Friday were around 60 lakhs with Delhi NCR and Mumbai city forming a big chunk of that amount.
The collections should rise on Saturday and the weekend could head towards the 3 crore nett mark. The lifetime business will now finish in the 75-80 crore nett region due to heavy third week drop.
Cocktail had only a two week run in the smaller circuits and is out of most theatres in Rajasthan, CP Berar, CI and Bihar in week three.Boxoffice Cocktail Deepika Padukone Diana Penty Homi Adajania Saif Ali Khan
Cocktail Is Down Badly In Third Weekend
Cocktail had heavy drops in its third weekend as it collected around 2.75 crore nett in its third weekend. The film has collected just over 72 crore nett in seventeen days. The lifetime business of the film is looking to be 76-77 crore nett.
The film managed to get a good initial due to the music and that helped the film to score at the box office. The appreciation for the film is limited, it has been liked in the Delhi NCR and Punjab region but other places the collections are down a lot. Even in Mumbai city which should have been one of its best markets the collections fell 70-75% in week two and third weekend has seen an even bigger drop.
The good collections at North India multiplexes ahve saved the film and enabled the film to emerge a hit.


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3/22/2021 - YOU ARE INVITED TO BE A LACEY JEOPARDY CONTESTANT !!
LACEY JEOPARDY !!
Lacey's 150th Anniversary Committee invites ages 10- 150 to fill out this form if you are interested in competing to be the Lacey Jeopardy champion. Categories will include, science, history, literature, current events, pop culture, world events, sports, Lacey and more!! If accepted you will be invited to join a trivia contest at the Lacey Library on April 17th. Final Jeopardy is April 24th. Lacey Life~ Live It~ Love It~ Be Part of It !!


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Overworked nurses, take heart : help is on the way
I saw an early 'bot', actually an 'orderly bot' in action at
a hospital in Denville New Jersey about 12 years ago
and as it glided (glid ? glade? glode?) by we stuck
a greasy bag of store-bought Samosas (an Indian snack)
on it to deliver to the patient we were visiting.
Just one of the many fun things you can do when these
nursebots start showing up in hospitals.......
Hamburg: Prototype robot nurses could be bustling
around hospital wards in as little as three years,
according to scientists in Germany who have developed
The mechanised "nursebots" being developed by the
EU-funded scientists will perform basic tasks such as
mopping up spillages, taking messages and guiding
visitors to hospital beds.
They could also distribute medicines and even monitor
the temperature of patients remotely with laser thermometers.
Link to article from IBN Live


text:
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domain: entertainment


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The wide ﬂybridge is accessible via an internal staircase from the saloon and via a ﬁberglass ladder from the cockpit • Two aluminium and Plexiglas hatches • Pilot station includes: main engine controls • Main engine and marine gear instrumentation • Navigation electronic equipment • Forward anchor winch controls • Adjustable spot, horn and navigation light controls • Radio with CD player and remote controls in cockpit connected to two speakers on roll bar and two in the cockpit • Bow thruster controls • Rudder angle indicator •Trim tabs controls and indicators • Fire extinguishing pump controls • 12V socket • chain meter counter • Two-seat pilot bench • Adjustable steering wheel in aluminium • Sunbathing cushions • Lockers • Fiberglass table • Curved sofa • Bar unit with built-in sink, refrigerator, barbecue and storage locker • Fiberglass roll bar • Navigation light support in painted steel, antennas and adjustable spot • Navigation lights • Non-slip deck walkways • Plexiglas windscreen with stainless steel frame • Tender storage compartment • Steel handrails•Electrohydraulic davit with 1.9 - 2.9 m extending arm and 350 kg (882 lbs) lifting capacity.
Deck and Cockpit
Stainless steel pulpit on side bulwark • Fairleads in bulwark • Spotlights for outside deck mounted on sides of superstructure, on aft cockpit cover • Extra- thick tempered glass windows glued to the superstructure without metal frames • Watertight starboard side door on superstructure giving access to galley • Stainless steel fender bar • Fuel and water ﬁllers on side decks • Black water tank discharge outlet on side walkways • 2 mid ship cleats on each side • Non-slip deck walkways • Electric windows on port side (wheelhouse) • Two disembarkation hatches in aft cockpit bulwark. BOW 2000 W, 24 V reversible anchor winch • Winch controls • 65 kg (143 lbs) anchor with 12 mm, 100 m (328’) long chain • Chain storage with drain and fender storage • Chain washdown • Steel bow protection • Two wipers for forward windscreen • Two stainless steel bites with central fairlead • Sundeck area on superstructure with cushions and glass holders • Hatch • Handrails for sundeck cushions.
Two electrical warping winches • Two stainless steel fairleads with bites • Lockers under bites • Saloon door in tempered glass with stainless steel frame • Fiberglass bench, aft, built into hull structure, with cushions • Locker on starboard side of cockpit • Access to crew cabin and engine room through sternboard hatch • Emergency hatch to engine room and crew cabin from aft cockpit • Two watertight speakers in cockpit cover • Porthole for crew cabin • Cockpit lighting and bathing platform • Steel access gate to bathing platform, aft • Teak steps on aft ladder • Teak table in aft cockpit • Fiberglass bathing platform with teak covering • Electrohydraulic gangway with teak grating and stainless steel frame, retracting into the top step of the bathing platform ladder (3 m - 10’) by remote control • Two shore power sockets • Hot and cold water mixer • Electrohydraulic bathing ladder.
Two ‘C’ shaped sofas (one on each side) with option of storage under the seats • Cabinet next to sofas • Coffee table • Bar and fridge/ice-maker cabinet on starboard stern • Glassware, tableware, cutlery storage cabinet under ladder to ﬂ y bridge • Stereo with CD player, speakers in saloon and dinette • Ladder to ﬂ y bridge with stainless steel handrail • Overhead lighting and diffused lighting under sofas • Dining area with table on port side • Bookcase • Curtains, upholstery and carpet.
Air extractor on ceiling • Wood ﬂoor • Window with pivot opening • Marble worktop • Galley equipment includes: stainless steel sink • 4 burner ceramic hob • combined conventional/microwave oven • 199 l (52.57 gal) refrigerator with freezer (71 l - 18.76 gal) • dishwasher • Wall cabinets and drawers.
Console in briar root and leather • Electrically adjustable leather driving seat for pilot • Adjustable steering wheel in stainless steel and cherry wood • Storage lockers and handrails • Computer table on port side • Pilot console includes: main engine control levers with synchronism function • navigation instruments • electric panel • engine and marine gear instruments • compass • bow thruster controls • Switches for: electric window (port side), chain washdown, console lights, horn, wipers, alarm test, trim tabs, navigation lights, alarm shut-off • Bilge pump controls • Alarms for: forward bilge, engine room bilge, rudder bilge, grey water high level, black water high level, Racor filters, navigation lights, shore power sockets, low battery charge, engine room fans, fuel low level • Rudder angle indicator • Trim tab indicator • Fuel level gauge • Fresh water level gauge • 12 V socket • Curtains, upholstery and carpet
Access via ladder on starboard side of wheelhouse • Corridor from mid ship to bow giving access to all cabins • Drawer unit with mirror
Owner’s Cabin(mid ship)
Double bed with shaped mattress • Two bedside tables • Mirror on bedhead • Azimut reading lights • Diffused lighting under bed and behind curtains • Two small armchairs with table on port side • Cherry wood drawer unit and vanity desk with stool on starboard side • One large window on each side (one opening porthole on port side) • Radio with CD player with speakers • Bookcase on starboard side • Overhead lighting • Wardrobe with mirror, drawer unit, and hanging rail•Emergency exit hatch in wardrobe ceiling • Curtains, upholstery and carpet.
Bidet • Two washbasins • Mirror and cabinets • Bath tub/shower • Moulding with matching decor for air conditioning •Curtain.
Double bed with shaped mattress • Two bedside tables • Mirror on bedhead • Azimut reading lights • Indirect lighting under bed and behind curtains • Overhead lighting • Drawers under bed • Opening cherry wood vanity unit • Wardrobe with shelves on port side • Cherry wood wardrobe aft with drawers, mirror and TV set housing (TV set is optional) • Radio/CD player and two speakers • Emergency hatch in ceiling • Two steel portholes • Curtains, upholstery and carpet.
VIP Bathroom (Forward)
Washbasin • Shower • Mirror and cabinets • Flooring • Air extraction system •Curtain.
TWIN BEDS Twin beds • Steel porthole • Bedside table between beds • Azimut reading light • Wardrobe on port side • Indirect lighting under beds and behind curtains • Cabinet with drawers • Curtains, upholstery and carpet.
Washbasin • Shower • Mirror and cabinets • Air extraction system •Curtain.
Two bunk beds • Steel porthole • Wardrobe and drawers • Azimut reading light • Indirect lighting under bed and behind curtains • Curtains, upholstery and carpet.
Two entrances: from cabin and from main stairway to cabins • Tecma WC • Washbasin • Shower • Mirror and cabinets • Air extraction system •Curtain.
Access through hatch from aft transom • CO detector with alarm • Emergency access through hatch in aft cockpit • Two beds • Overhead lighting • Wardrobe • Tecma WC • Steel washbasin • Shower • Air extraction system.
The furniture in the saloon, corridor and dining area is in cherry wood with briar root tops and matt varnished ﬁnish • Leatherette ceilings.
Carpeted Floor Galley
Cherry wood bulkheads • Marble worktop • Cherry wood sliding door • Leatherette ceiling.
Teak Floor Wheelhouse
Leather console with briar root inserts • Leather pilot seat • Leatherette ceiling • Carpeted ﬂoor • Bulkheads of stairs to cabin deck in luxury fabric Cabins: Bulkheads in luxury fabric • Cherry wood furniture with briar root tops and matt varnished ﬁnish • Headboard in owner’s cabin in luxury fabric • Mirrors in bulkhead behind headboard • In other cabins mirrors in headboards and bulkheads behind headboards • Bed cornices in luxury fabric with briar root inserts • Leatherette cabin ceilings • Carpeted ﬂoors.
Marble tops • Floors in deluxe doussié wood • Granulon bulkheads, ceilings and cabinets • Shower bulkheads in Granulon • The boat decor can be chosen from the Super Grand Luxe samples in the Azimut DecorBook.
CX 34 Chart Radar Display 7” • CX 44 Chart Radar Display 10” • VHF RS82 Radio System • AP25 Echo sounder indicator and Simrad Automatic Pilot Log • IS15 Combi Instrument(Speed Depth-Log).
FLY BRIDGE Ds 34 Dual Station Display 7” • AHK82
VHF Second Station • AP 26 Echo sounder indicator and Simrad Automatic Pilot Log • IS 15 STD-I Instrument. • 4 kW 36 NM 2’ Radome antenna.
Due to continuous developments in the electronic instrumentation mentioned above, the system installed on your boat may be modiﬁed without notice.
The system described respects current I.E.C and C.E.I. standards • On board voltage values: 220 V ac, 24 V dc, 12 V dc • The main electric panels are installed in: auxiliary room (main panel) • wheelhouse • Secondary control panels are located in the wardrobes of all the cabins for each cabin and bathroom • Thermo magnetic switches for the following 24 V DC and 220 VAC utilities are located on the main control panel in the utility room: 24 V: pressure pump, bow thruster, trim tabs, auxiliary room air extractors, ﬁre ﬁghting pump, searchlight, grey water pump, black water pump, ﬂy bridge fridge, external lights, bilge pumps, winches, oil drainage pump and air conditioning drainage pump • 220 V: pressure pump, air conditioning pumps, internal lights, fly bridge barbecue • Switch for shore socket or generator power, voltmeter and frequency meter • Thermo magnetic switches for the following 12/24 VDC - 220 V AC utilities are located on the control panel in the wheelhouse: 24 V: MMC engine controls, navigation instruments, instrument panel, radar, windscreen wipers, horn, electric window, navigation lights, helm seat, saloon lighting, galley hood,battery charger • 12 V: sockets, stereo, VHF • 220 V: water heater, ice maker, dishwasher, hob,TV/VCR/Hi-Fi, fridge, sockets, engine room air extractors and fans • Dimmer switches for saloon, wheelhouse and owner’s cabin lighting.
Generator: A 17.5 kW, 220 V, 50 Hz generator, located in engine room, with hour counter • Shore power intakes: Two forward 220 V, 50A shore power intakes • AC sockets are connected to the main electrical panel in the engine room, which is ﬁtted with a voltmeter and frequency meter for the 220 V power. Sockets are protected by calibrated fuses and they are connected to the power system by remote control switches. Batteries: 24 V, 300 Ah lead battery set (with high pickup current) for lighting, small utilities and emergencies. The batteries are located in a special box in the auxiliary room • 24 V 150 Ah lead battery set (with high pickup current) to start engines, located in engine room • 12 V, 75 Ah lead battery for generator • 80 A electronic battery charger for service batteries • 12 V, 10 A electronic battery charger • Lights and Sockets: the lighting system works with the following voltages: 220 V AC for main halogen lighting • 24 V AC for indirect and emergency lighting • 24 V watertight halogen external lights.
Centralized system with suction in each watertight compartment connected to main manifold in engine room: 24 V electric pump, 70 l/min (18 gal/min) capacity • Four 24 V automatic pumps located in sleeping quarter, engine room, auxiliary. room and rudder hold (with controls in wheelhouse) • Four bilge high level alarms • Emergency suction in engine room connected to one of the two engine sea water intakes.
Fire Fighting System
Two 12 kg powder cylinders with spray nozzles on engines and gear boxes(type approved for Italian market according to directive 2003/44/CE, ISO9094) • Two sea water intakes connected to a 24 V electric pump • Air duct shut-off in engine room • Engine fuel delivery shut-off.
Two aluminium tanks with capacity of 2,400 l (633.87 gals) each, located in the engine room • Port tank fuel level gauge in wheelhouse • Visual level indicator on starboard tank • Double ﬁlters for main engines.
Fresh Water System
Stainless steel tank (1200 l - 317 gal) located under cabins; 220 V pressure pump (40 l/h - 11 gal/h) • 24 V pressure pump (40 l/h - 11 gal/h) • The two pressure pumps can be used together or separately • 100 l (26 gal) water heater located under port guest cabin • Water level gauge in wheelhouse • Fresh water WC system• Shore fresh water intake located in aft locker starboard side.
Black and Grey Water Tanks
Centrifugal pump for every WC • 2 225-litre (59 gals) polyethylene tanks • Manual discharge with controls in wheelhouse • High level alarm in wheelhouse • 250-litre (66 gals.) grey water tank to collect discharge from showers, sinks, appliances and air conditioning • Crew cabin discharge in tank • Flybridge sink and galley sink discharge directly outboard • Discharge in tank, tank emptying with macerator pump or by suction from plug on deck walkway, portside.
Sea Water System
Two bronze sea water intakes and two ﬁlters (with valve) for engine room • One bronze sea water intake and one ﬁlter (with valve) for generator • Air conditioning and ﬁre ﬁghting system connected to a sea water intake with ﬁlter (and valve)
Main Engine Exhausts
Stainless steel engine exhaust pipes • Underwater exhaust discharge through structural GRP manifold • Exhaust bypass pipe for stationary and low-speed operation • Exhaust-water separator system for generator with side discharge.
Air Conditioning, Ventilation and Extractor System
85,000 BTU CRUISAIR air conditioning system (48,000 BTU for saloon, 30,000 BTU for cabins and 7,000 BTU for crew cabin) • Air conditioning controls in all cabins, saloon and dinette • Engine room ventilation is guaranteed by two 220 V fans and two 220 V air extractors • Engine room air intake with Munster type separator • Air extraction system from heads with two 24 V extractors with controls in each head • 24 V air extractor in auxiliary room.
Fluid Power System
One pump for steering system • one 24 V electro-hydraulic pump for trim tabs • one 24 V electro- hydraulic pump for gangway and bathing ladder • one 24 V electro-hydraulic pump for davit • 24 V pump to change engine and generator oil.


Home » SilPac Ultra-High-Purity Gas Delivery Systems » Gas Panels from SilPac » Three Valve Gas Panels
Three Valve Gas Panels
SilPac’s standard three valve gas panels are designed for use with inert process gases. These devices allow for the safe handling and control of inert process gases, and offer vent/purge and isolation capabilities.
Our three valve panels include a regulator, a high pressure isolation valve, and a vent and purge valve. A modular design structure allows for a variety of configurations. All SilPac gas valve panels are engineered to meet high purity process requirements, and are fully function- and leak-tested, with certifications.
Features & Benefits of SilPac 3-Valve Gas Panels
Note: The use of gas panels for specific gas delivery and distribution processes may be restricted by your local TGO requirements. TGO compliance is the responsibility of the end use. Consult your EH&S for applicable requirements.


Very nice unit engraved Mecklenberg horse artillery sword. 60th Field Artillery Regiment. The WKC maker logo is under the langet but hard to photograph. Some light spotting to the blade but nothing significant and will improve with the application of a little oil. Some gold leaf remains to the engraved paneling. Blade is very firm on the grip with no loose fitting "wobble". The handle shows age wear similar to the blade. The only minus on the handle assembly is one loose wire on the top row. This is very minor as the wrap is a triple wire twist anyway. The scabbard is missing the throat ring but fits the sword nicely. One dent about a third from the bottom. There is often enough a dent in this exact location that I suspect it is placed there intentionally to lessen the rattling of the sword in the scabbard. Even though it shows its age, this is overall a very high quality sword from a very desirable German state. Mecklenburg was little more then a city so Mecklenburg related militaria is hard to find and much sought after. In the last three photos I compare this particular sword to another example I have of the same pattern. Everything on this Mecklenburg example is bigger and more solid. The P-Guard handle is larger. The scabbard is a little thicker, the blade is wider, thicker and a little longer. Instead of a plated blade this is a matte-finish which I think is nicer as well. The matte finish was used as the engraving on this sword is more intricate. This sword really is a winner and I am certain dates well before WWI.