Last post on Nov 06, 2013 at 1:08 AM
You are in the Honda Accord
What is this discussion about?
Honda Accord, Electrical, Engine, Coupe, Sedan
#1858 of 2107 Getting irritated :/
Mar 16, 2010 (8:46 pm)
I have a 1990 Honda accord, and my check engine light keeps coming on. I'm not sure why, and nobody has been able to hook it up and tell me what's going on with it. Could low fluid levels cause it? Also, my car leaks gas, anti-freeze (not sure from where), and power steering fluid from the lines. Any ideas where I could be leaking anti-freeze from and where to replace the leaky lines from the power steering fluid? Thanks =)
#1859 of 2107 Re: Getting irritated :/ [lizz1234]
Mar 18, 2010 (1:55 pm)
You're going to have to find the leaks first, before you replace anything. Try pressure washing it, the run the car for a few minutes. If you still can't find the leak, try driving around the block a few times. As for your check engine light, in the passenger foot well, in the far right corner, dig around and under the carpet. There should be a connection plug. Bridge the points with a bare metal paper clip (I have found you can also jam a pair of pliers in it) and turn the car to the on position (engine not running). The check engine light fill flash a sequence (long blinks indicate the first digit in a two digit number), indicating the problem. If there is more than one there will be a short pause, then the next code will blink. Be sure to double-check that you haven't missed a blink or code, then you can unbridge the connector. Report back with the codes and I or the rest of the forum will tell you what they mean.
Mar 19, 2010 (1:38 pm)
I have a 1990 Accord. It has a remanufactured head on it, new pistons rings and rod bearings. Since I got the new head I have noticed a ticking noise (not to high or low pitched)...and it ticks at a rather fast pace. I adjusted the valve tappets to 0.010 on the intake side and 0.012 on the exhaust side and the noise is still there. The noise is bugging me, I am worried that something may be wrong and do not want to push my luck as I just did alot of work to the motor. I have yet to even run if for an extended amount of time because I am a bit paranoid about causing damage to the engine. I am running 10w 30 motor oil (the manual says to run 5w 30 but because of how warm it is here I run the higher starting weight). Also, the sound does not vary from when it is first started to when it is at operating temp. Hopefully someone can help me out. I have searched for someone with this same problem and have yet to find an answer other than adjust the valves to the tolerance that I have already adjusted them to. I have also heard that it could be injectors but they were fine before all the work was done and should not be an issue here. The motor has full compression across all the cylinders and runs/idles steady. If you need any more info just as and I will let you know anything else that may help. Thank You!
#1861 of 2107 Re: 90 Accord Ticking sound [captiankingsht]
Mar 19, 2010 (2:58 pm)
Does the tapping speed increase when the engine speed increases? If so, you may have missed a valve tappet. I've adjusted mine three times already, and one or two still tap.
#1862 of 2107 Re: 90 Accord Ticking sound [captiankingsht]
Mar 19, 2010 (5:39 pm)
this might be a stretch but it might be a cracked ceramic on one of the spark plugs although it sounds like you're pretty mechanical so this may be an insult rather than a diagnostic...if so, sorry...
#1863 of 2107 Re: 90 Accord Ticking sound [jazzchaz]
Mar 19, 2010 (8:26 pm)
I have thought that it could be due to the sparkplugs in some way, I know they need to be changed...There is another light ticking noise that sounds like it may be due to bad gas (because of the length of time the car has been sitting) but that problem will be taken care of...anyways the plugs havent been used much but the condition of the motor put alot on the plugs..Also, I will check the tappets again to see if i may have missed one...hopefully that is just the case...I will let you know of the results tomorrow....thank you for the input.
#1864 of 2107 Re: 90 Accord Ticking sound [captiankingsht]
Mar 20, 2010 (11:25 am)
I have a smiliar issue with the ticking. It is like a tappet noise but the lifters are all set to specs and correct oil is used 5w-20 and I have tried 5w-30 witout any appreciable notice.
It has been his way for 30,000+ miles without any problems so I assume whatever it is must not be too serious or it would have manifested itself by now.
The car runs normal when cold for about 2 minutes and then the tappet noise starts. After another 5 minutes of running it slowly diminishes and then stops entirely.
Both a HONDA dealer and an INDEPENDENT dealer that I trust cannot locate any problem and as long as it is not a mainainence issue I am not concerned.
If anyone in EDMUNDS land has an answer I and others would love to hear about it.
#1865 of 2107 Re: 90 Accord Ticking sound [bajajoes]
Mar 22, 2010 (11:39 am)
I re-checked to see if the noise was before or after the car got to running temperature and it seems as though it gets slightly louder as the temperature goes up. Also, if the rpms are increased the speed of the tick is increased too...I have seen several videos online of what valve lash in need of adjustment sounds like but my sound is a little bit deeper than the sounds those videos are making, and the speed if the tick is also alot faster. It isn't a rod knock...its def. not that deep of a knocking sound. I have yet to let the car run for a long period of time because I do not want to damage anything if there is something wrong. I am going to readjust the valve lash for a 3rd time, this time based off of the cam and not the actual timing marks...so that way I get a more accurate number. I am hoping that this will take away most of the noise I hear. I know from the way it used to run...it was never that loud...it had a very slight tick, but this is far more noticeable than before. Also, when you take your oil cap off, is there suppose to be some type of air flow out or into the valve cover? It seems like a dumb question for me to ask, but I have no idea if thats normal or not..lol..And thanks to everyone who has given a suggestion(s) so far.
#1866 of 2107 Re: 90 Accord Ticking sound [captiankingsht]
Mar 22, 2010 (12:53 pm)
I have a 93 Accord SE. I bought it at 42,000 miles and it now has 195,000. I asked my mechanic to check the valves when I bought it because I heard what I thought was a tapit or ticking sound. He said it was nothing to worry about but since I was having the timing belt changed I asked him to check things.
He found nothing and I still have the sound. I forgot about it until I read this thread.
#1867 of 2107 Re: 90 Accord Ticking sound [twcinnh]
Mar 23, 2010 (3:50 am)
Yeah I have been searching around looking at different videos of different symptoms that cars have where there is a knocking/ticking/pinging noise, and so far the closest I have come to a sound like the one I have is in a video that shows what its like to have a spun bearing... The bearings are new, but the crank may be bad..the car has not run enough for a mixture of coolant and oil to affect the bearings (also there is not a head gasket leak anyways). I am going to let the car run and pull each plug wire out to see if the noise is reduced any when a wire is pulled...If it does happen then I will probably be rebuilding my other block I have . Hopefully it is not a spun bearing. I have never done a full rebuild of the bottom end...only partial..so If this is true I may consider letting a shop do it for me if the price is right...if not, I'll just have to learn some more stuff. lol


text:
Cathy Nichols is a brilliant artist. Just look at those colors! They make me happy and I want to be a part of that world & the surfers make me long for home, Ventura, CA, and the warm relaxing lifestyle it provided. When Cathy creates she gathers all of her favorite materials and begins to weave images together with wax, paint, medium and words until something coalesces. On her Etsy site she sells the original paintings as well as prints.
From top to bottom... Left to right...
2. Falling, Yes I Am Falling
3. French Kiss
4. Togethere You Are Less Lonely
6. Beach Day

domain: artistic


text:
DBQ - Imperialism: To what extent was late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century United States expansionism a continuation of past United States expansionism and to what extent was it a departure?
By the year 1901, the United States possessed the third-largest navy in the world, a considerable overseas empire, and a burgeoning reputation as a world power. It had acquired this international precedence through its involvement in the fervent imperialism of the era; the rapid expansion, colonization, and competition that was occupying the most influential nations of the world, including Britain, France, Germany, and Japan. America’s new found role as a colonial power was not, however, a sudden development. Whereas the United States expansionism of the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-centuries was a clear continuation of the social and cultural principles that had fueled the nation’s past expansionism, it was to a greater degree a departure from the methods of the past through its pursuit of new economic and political motives. American imperialism of the late 1800s and early 1900s demonstrated the same cultural and social justification of previous expansionism. The original doctrine of Manifest Destiny, which emerged in the 1840s to accompany westward continental expansion, advocated a belief that America was destined by God to expand its borders across the continent in order to spread the blessings of liberty. As Senator Albert J. Beveridge explicates in his 1900 speech to 56th Congress (Doc. E), this belief was equally influential in later imperial America; he expresses the Americans’ self-recognition as God’s chosen people, a race not only blessed, but bound by a holy duty to enlighten the rest of the world through their own expansion. This was the sentiment of “The White Man’s Burden”, described in Rudyard Kipling’s 1899 poem of this title, which invoked the social responsibility of the American race to elevate the primitive

domain: history


text:
The Sejm passed an act which is to facilitate the takeover of land in Jaworzno from the State Forests. The Polish electric car factory Izera is to be built here.
A few months after the rejection of the controversial draft amendment to the act on forests, “Lex Izera” returned in a new version as a government special act. On Friday, it was voted by the Sejm. 241 MPs voted in favor of the bill (including all the present MPs of Law and Justice, Paweł Kukiz, Andrzej Sośnierz from the Polish Affairs group, and the member of the Civic Coalition from Jaworzno, former Marshal of the Silesian Voivodeship, Wojciech Saługa), 202 were against, and six abstained.
In the case of Jaworzno, the government needs to change the regulations to build the Izera electric car factory here (on a 118-hectare plot at the intersection of Wojska Polskiego and Obrońców Września Streets, near DK79 and A4 motorway). The plant would initially employ 3,000 people. people, and at a later stage another 3500 people. The investment has been included in the agreement of the government with the mining unions and it is to be one of the elements mitigating the closure of the mines.

domain: news


“A new world of travel has emerged,” according to a recent promotional video released by Airbnb. “Millions of people are now more flexible about where they live and work. They’re spreading out to thousands of towns and cities, and they’re staying for weeks, months or even seasons at a time.”
Airbnb has now launched new features to accommodate the growing cultural trend of long-term travel. The new Split Stay option is one of them, allowing travelers to split longer stays between two different listings. Airbnb also just announced Airbnb Collections for certain types of travel, with Airbnb For Work being one of the first to launch.
Airbnb’s emphasis on flexible work is both an internal and external marketing strategy, as AdWeek recently pointed out. The objective is to encourage more workers to avidly travel for long term “workations” and book more stays at their homes.
This may seem like exciting news for remote workers, with Airbnb attempting to make it easier for them to set up shop anywhere they wish. However, allowing employees to freely globetrot on the job, without guidelines, can inadvertently create compliance risks for companies.
Labor audit trigger
The remote work revolution is among the momentous shifts brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. According to data from Ladders, 25% of all professional jobs in North America will be remote by the end of 2022 and remote openings will continue to expand through 2023.
While employers may not mind if an employee takes an extended “workation” in another country, governments do. New regulatory measures and statutory frameworks are cropping up to address how remote work is treated in terms of tax, payroll administration, benefits, compliance and other functions of business planning. For example, new provisions concerning remote work were recently integrated into the labor codes of Chile, Norway and many other countries.
It also seems labor-related audits are on the rise, possibly thanks to the explosion of remote work. The GoGlobal team recently worked with a company after it received a request for a labor-related audit by Taiwanese authorities. The HR team thought one of their employees was living and working in Taiwan when they were really living and, effectively, working in the US. While the issue was eventually addressed without legal consequences, it still proved to be an onerous, costly process.
Other companies and workers may not be so lucky and several questions loom large: What happens if a company faces a lawsuit in another country for violating local employment laws? What happens if a worker’s actions on the job result in a lawsuit for the company? What if an employer is deemed to have permanent operations in a country by having a worker abroad?
Permanent establishment risks
A permanent establishment is a fixed place of business, generally giving rise to income or value-added tax liability in a particular jurisdiction. The term is defined in many income tax treaties and trade agreements between countries. For example, the European Union maintains specific rules of PE to determine taxation in situations of cross-border employment.
If a company engages a worker in another country, they may become subject to the same laws as any business operating in that country by way of permanent establishment policies.
When a foreign company engages a worker located in another country, it’s also possible the local government will deem that worker a contractor (since there is no legal entity to employ them). Notably, depending on the jurisdiction, permanent establishment can be triggered by merely signing or extending any form of a contract within the country. This can hold true even if the contract duration is short and temporary.
if a company unknowingly engages someone that is working from a different country, they may be exposed to such permanent establishment risks. This amounts to added tax liabilities and potential legal ramifications for the company or the worker – or both.
Know your employee
Labor laws don’t just differ from country to country. There can be a range of jurisdictions within one country, each with unique labor laws, taxation structures, contribution requirements and statutory benefits.
There has been great emphasis on ‘know your customer rules in recent years, aimed at helping companies prevent money laundering and fraud. With so many workers abroad and labor risks running rampant, more companies may make ‘know your employee’ a part of their remote workforce engagement strategy.
Why should you “know your employee?”
- In the best case scenario, a company that doesn’t know where its workers are located is putting itself at risk for a failed labor audit.
- In more serious situations, the company can face hefty fines, ongoing legal troubles and a tarnished reputation.
Here are two steps companies can take to implement a ‘know your employee’ framework:
- Qualify local employment and continuously practice due diligence in verifying where all workers are living and working.
- Educate the workforce about the risks associated with working in the wrong jurisdiction. This way, employees will understand that working in the wrong jurisdiction can hurt both them and the company.
With the second point, it should be noted there is a daunting series of ‘what ifs’ that can hurt the employee too: What if a worker gets seriously sick or suffers an accident abroad? The healthcare benefits from his or her home country may not be valid. What if a worker faces visa or immigration issues? What if tax authorities conduct an audit and find the worker is liable to pay taxes in the country?
When workers understand they have personal risks at stake, they will likely be more forthcoming in their travel plans.
Consider partnering with an Employer of Record (EOR)
In the new world of travel and work, many companies will want to offer employees the option of a “workation” as an added benefit.
To avoid legal troubles, companies may consider partnering with an Employer of Record (EOR). As part of the arrangement, the EOR legally employs workers on behalf of the hiring company through their legal entity. The EOR then assumes the responsibilities of operating a business and administering payroll in the country. The EOR model, which can be set up quickly, effectively protects both the company and individual by mitigating the risks of labor-related audits and permanent establishment.
Despite Airbnb’s attractive messaging that lauds the “live and work from anywhere” movement, there are still lurking risks companies must consider. After all, if anything goes wrong, Airbnb won’t be held responsible. The burden will fall on companies and their workers. In many cases, an effective EOR solution can instill the global hiring experience with agility, efficiency and peace of mind.


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Alaska : reservoir of resources
- Main contributor
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Reviews Alaska's geographical features, locates its three great climatic regions, and indicates the major factors that make Alaska a true reservoir of resources. Depicts activities in the seven great industries contributing to Alaska's economy--lumbering, fishing, mining, transportation, agriculture, fur farming, and the tourist trade. Includes many scenes characterizing Alaska's natural scenic beauty.
Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation; Indiana University. Audio-Visual Center
Alaska--Description and travel; Natural resources--Alaska; Gold mines and mining; Alaska--Fishing
- Rights Statement
- No Copyright - United States
- Physical Description
1 film reel sound,black and white/monochrome; 16 mm
- Other Identifiers
IULMIA Film Database: 40000003226307; Other: GR00439687; MDPI Barcode: 40000003226307; Catalog Key: 7823675
This item is accessible by: the public.

domain: geography


|James Lee Knox|
James Lee Knox received his wife’s blessing to run for mayor of Winston-Salem, but not the Republican Party’s.
Knox filed about an hour before the deadline on July 19, taking on a popular Democratic incumbent with solid backing in the city’s business community and among liberal constituencies, including African Americans and many seniors.
Long active in the Forsyth County Republican Party, the 56-year-old Knox drives a wrecker for Coliseum Towing, a company owned by his wife that contracts with the city, among other clients. He said he disagreed with the Republican Party’s strategy four years ago to allow Mayor Allen Joines to run un-challenged.
“I’ve had probably a couple hundred people who have said it’s terrible that we didn’t have anybody run,” Knox said. “I said, ‘Yeah, I hope we can find someone.’ Apparently the party didn’t want to do that.”
Knox declined to discuss in detail conversations within the party, but said, “The chairman isn’t happy with me, but I’ll get over it.”
Republicans ranging from Lida Hayes-Calvert, a successful businesswoman with strong institutional backing, to Michael Owens, an unemployed self-generating candidate with no civic volunteer experience, have filed in all but one ward race. Forsyth County Republican Party Chairman Scott Cumbie did not return calls seeking comment on the party’s electoral strategy.
Five days before filing, Knox signed up to address city council during public comments in the most recent meeting. He took the council to task for voting to approve a resolution designating Winston-Salem a “compassionate city.”
“You can talk compassion, but where does that help us bring us jobs?” Knox asked. “Where do the jobs come from? How does that reduce crime rates? How does that help us with our streets? We can look at compassion in many ways, but compassion is a word. Where is the action? How do you do an action from that? How do you translate that into something positive for the citizens of Forsyth County? I know there are people who are discriminated against, and that’s good for them. This will probably help them. But for the average person out there — the average Joe — how does this translate into jobs for the people who are unemployed or lost jobs at Dell or whatever?”
City Manager Lee Garrity, who knows Knox well from his business dealings with the city, kidded him: “That sounded like a campaign speech.”
Knox is no political rookie. Last year, he won election as a Forsyth County Soil & Water Board Supervisor. And he ran unsuccessfully for the North Ward seat on city council in 1985 and 1989.
Knox said he’s modeling his candidacy on Republican Jack Cavenagh’s ousting of Democratic Mayor Martha Wood in 1997. That year, Republican candidates Vernon Robinson — known as “the black Jesse Helms” — carried the South Ward and Republican Steve Whiton prevailed in the Southwest Ward — seats that are both occupied by Democrats today.
“I’m going to be running an aggressive campaign — low money, but aggressive,” Knox said. “Think of Jack Cavenagh running against Martha Wood. He ran a low-money campaign, but attacked, attacked, attacked.”
The strategy worked in 1997 until the next election, when savvy challenger, former City Manager Allen Joines, turned the tables on Cavenagh.
Visiting with constituents at a campaign event hosted by fellow Democrat Dan Besse on Sunday, Joines indicated he relishes the opportunity to meet Knox in the general-election contest.
“Good,” the sitting mayor said. “It worked real well for [Cavanagh]. I won with 78 percent of the vote.


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News flash: Internet users do not like advertisements. According to a report from Adobe and PageFair, 200 million monthly active users (roughly 5 percent of the internet population) have adopted ad-blocking technology globally. Recent research indicates that the impact of ad blocking on publishers will double to $41 billion.
Not surprisingly, a new survey by YouGov found lukewarm support for Facebook’s recently introduced Reactions and continued desire for a dislike button.
Ruby Tuesday is ditching traditional advertising in favor of digital shorts and social media marketing, in an effort to draw moms with young families to the restaurant.
Content is a critical part of many companies' marketing efforts; are you keeping up with the latest trends?
Put customers first to create a loyal following. To instill a love for your brand in your fans, columnist Catherine Magoffin outlines four fundamentals for marketers to follow to ensure they're putting the consumer first.
More Articles ...
- Instagram Becomes a Force for Mobile App Advertising
- Coca-Cola turns its packaging into #VR headset
- Where To Invest: Native Advertising vs. Content #Marketing
- LinkedIn enables company-specific ad targeting
- Turn social media complaints into #marketing opportunity
- Strategies for Using LinkedIn for Masterful Content Marketing in 2016


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Medicare Specialist Advises Seniors to Avoid Medicare Advantage, HMOs
Last updated 11/22/2015 at 3:09pm | View PDF
"Medicare insurance is the most confusing thing for a senior to figure out," Susan Hatch told members of the Senior Care Organization at their October meeting at Café 225 in Visalia.
Hatch, a Medicare insurance agent, advocate and specialist, said that ever since Original Medicare started in 1965, every hospital in the country accepts it, along with 97% of all doctors.
"Medicare Advantage is different," she said. "You give up your Original Medicare card and replace it with the HMO card, which requires permission to go to a limited approved list of local hospitals, doctors, labs and skilled nursing facilities.
"In 2003, the insurance companies lobbied to take over Original Medicare with HMO type plans," Hatch explained. "The Medicare Modernization Act was passed and implemented in 2006. How were they going to get people to divorce themselves from Original Medicare? Pretty commercials and big commissions to agents to get people to enroll on Medicare Advantage Plan HMO's.
"The 'advantage' to Medicare Advantage is to insurance companies and agents," she said. "There is no advantage to seniors when it comes to freedom of choice. The Medicare trust fund money goes to Medicare Advantage HMO insurance companies every month, from $700 to $7,000 a month per person. They look at seniors like an ATM and then restrict them.
"The sad thing about it is that seniors have no idea what they've done," she continued. "They think they have their Original Medicare card, but they don't have it at all. I never realized it was this limited until many seniors called me with tons of complaints and said they got kicked out of their nursing facility too early or they wanted to go to Stanford, etc. I will not enroll any new client in an HMO anymore. Nothing good comes from it when they get very ill and need other options out of their local area.
"Seniors can't leave an HMO anytime, unless they move out of the service area, apply for a Medicare Supplement or a stand-alone Part D Drug Plan during the enrollment period, before December 7th. "
Hatch described Medicare's Supplement Plan F as "the best coverage plan in the country." Although it's not free – it has a monthly premium – it offers no co-payments and total freedom. The plan is scheduled to be eliminated in December 2019. She added that anyone with that plan can keep it for life if they sign up before then.
She explained that she is not in business for the money. For those in the insurance business, "there's no money in supplements. I might get $12 a month. But this is my passion. I'm saving lives and I love it."
Hatch advises those on Medical Advantage HMO or Part D drug plans to stay aware of their drug plan and co-payment changes. "You should never be loyal to one plan every year. They change prices and provider lists. Whatever (plans) you see in the mail, you should throw into the trash. For stand-alone drug plans or a HMO, just contact HICAP or Medicare to go over your options and prices. You can call Medicare 24/7, but don't call during the day, you might be on a long hold. Call at night and you'll get to them very quickly."
They can enroll you over the phone for HMO'S or a drug plan. For Medicare Supplements, you have to use a licensed agent. Medicare cannot enroll a person onto a Medicare Supplement plan.
Seniors often tell her that they can't afford a Medicare supplement plan. "I tell them without it, you're going to face co-payments and huge restrictions," she said, before sharing her response to seniors who dismiss supplement plans because they are in good health. "If my car has 300,000 miles on it, I'm not going to say that it doesn't break down."
For more information, call (559) 307-2287 or visit MedicareToday.net

domain: finance


text:
Since the Memorial Day Holiday, our center has seen hundreds of fewer donations each week. This is putting a strain on the blood supply and making replenishment difficult. While our hospital shelves are currently stocked; we are asking all blood donors to come forward and give now and throughout the rest of the summer.
We have many donor centers and mobile blood drives with daytime, evening and weekend hours. To find a donation location near you call 800-747-5401 or go to www.bloodcenterimpact.org. Keep in touch with us on social media @willyougive.

domain: medical


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Rabbits are very good at hiding illness, pain and discomfort. Therefore we recommend regular checks to keep them fit and healthy and pick up early signs of ill health.
A wild rabbit’s territory is equivalent to around 30 tennis courts! Running around such large areas every day keeps wild rabbits fit and healthy, so we need to give our pet rabbits the opportunity to have lots of exercise.
A hutch is not enough!
Unlike cats and dogs, rabbits have only been domesticated relatively recently in Britain. Today they are the nation’s third most popular pet.
The biology and behaviour of pet rabbits is very similar to that of wild rabbits, so it’s very important that we understand and consider their natural habitat and behaviour to ensure that they’re as happy and healthy as possible.
Rabbits are incredibly social animals and, like humans, they can suffer from loneliness. Many owners keep a rabbit alone in a hutch, but this leads to a miserable lifestyle for rabbits. Rabbits have complex social lives and are happiest in company – therefore, rabbits should ideally live in friendly pairs or groups.
In the wild 70% of a rabbit’s time above ground is spent searching out, or ‘foraging’, for high fibre food such as grass, hay, plants, herbs and bark?
This ‘foraging’ behaviour helps to keep rabbits busy, stimulated and exercised and so the right diet is essential to rabbits’ emotional happiness.
Rabbits are Fibrevores. They require high levels of dietary fibre to avoid painful dental disease, obesity, poor digestion and boredom. Your rabbit’s diet should consist of 80% fresh hay or grass, 15% suitable fresh greens, with only 5% dry mix (pellets NOT muesli). This will ensure your bunny is healthy and happy.
This will ensure your bunny is healthy and happy. Carrots are high in sugar and should be given in small amounts as a occasional treat.
Rabbits require annual vaccination, regular worming and parasite control. Please ensure you rabbit sees a vet at least once a year for a general health check and vaccination to ensure they stay fit and healthy.
Click here to visit rabbitawarenessweek.co.uk for more information & rabbit health care advice.

domain: pet


text:
Vegan High Tea at Aunt Maggie’s Carlton
Enjoy a refreshing Kombucha Mocktail on arrival and sit down to enjoy your high tea in our gorgeous cafe area full of natural light! Everything is Vegan, from the cucumber and almond fetta sandwiches to the delicious sweets at the top!
WHEN: 29th July, 12/26th August
WHO: Anyone is welcome!
Prepayment is necessary in store, and a minimum of 2 people required to book.
To book head in store to Aunt Maggie’s Carlton or call (03) 9349 4651!

domain: food


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The ability to differentiate into any given cell type within an organism was limited solely to embryonic stem cells (ESC) until 2006. ESCs possess the capacity to proliferate indefinitely without differentiation, form chimeras and display germline transmission. Currently, ESCs with these characteristics have only been confirmed in mice and rats. In regard to culturing ESC of other species, besides human, mice and rats, undefined culture conditions already present the first hurdle.
In 2006, an alternative means was developed to generate embryonic-like stem cells whereby differentiated adult cells are reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). This reprogramming process entails the delivery of so-called pluripotency factors to mature cells to induce their conversion into ESC-like cells, which subsequently triggers the transcriptional and translational activation of endogenous pluripotency factors. These pluripotency factors are all regulators of ESC proliferation, renewal and pluripotency.
The most commonly used genes for achieving such conversion are: Homeobox protein (NANOG); octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4/POU5F1); SRY-Box 2 (SOX2); Kruppel Like Factor 4 (KLF4); proto-oncogene MYC (c-MYC) and Lin-28 Homolog A (LIN28). NANOG is a key transcription factor inhibiting differentiation towards extraembryonic endoderm and trophectoderm lineages. Moreover, by directly inhibiting SMAD Family Member 1, NANOG prevents bone morphogenetic protein-induced mesoderm differentiation. NANOG also plays an important role in binding and activating the OCT4 promoter and is consequently a transcriptional activator of OCT4. OCT4 is required for naïve epiblast formation, and OCT4-null embryos lack pluripotent characteristics within their inner cell mass. Furthermore, abrogation of OCT4 expression in ESCs results in trophoblast differentiation of the inner cell mass. OCT4 therefore plays prominent roles in pluripotency maintenance in ESCs and during the reprogramming of mature cells to iPSC. SOX2 forms a complex with OCT4 to bind DNA and govern the expression of several genes required for embryonic development.
Consequently, it has been claimed that NANOG, OCT4 and SOX2 act as master regulators of ESC pluripotency at least for the generation of mouse, human and rat iPSC. However, less is known about gene expression requirements for achieving pluripotency in other species. Therefore, several additional genes have been tested for their ability to generate iPSC. These include KLF4, which regulates the expression of key transcription factors during embryonic development, including NANOG. MYC has been shown to play a role in maintaining the glycolytic energy metabolism in stem cells. Additionally, while not essential, MYC has been shown to promote the generation of iPSC from human and mouse skin fibroblasts. Finally, LIN28 is an RNA-binding protein and regulates gene expression at a post-transcriptional level. The products of genes regulated by LIN28 function in developmental timing and self-renewal in ESCs.
Other less commonly used genes involved in achieving and/or maintaining the undifferentiated state will be discussed directly in the following description of the various iPSCs generated from various species. In addition to the plethora of pluripotency factors applied for reprogramming, several methods exist with which to deliver them into adult cells. Both early protocols and reprogramming efforts in notoriously challenging species use viral approaches, such as retrovirus and lentivirus[13,14]. Whilst the human and mouse fields have progressed to employing non-integrative methods such as Sendai-viral, episomal and mRNA transfection, very few attempts have been made to apply these to other species. In the following sections we will provide a comprehensive overview of the iPSCs available from various species, their method of generation, their pluripotent characteristics and their applications in science.
The establishment of iPSC from domestic ruminants was reported for human, mouse, monkey, rat[19,20], pig[21-24], dog and rabbit. These species, from which iPSCs have already been generated, unsurprisingly comprise commonly used animal models in the field of regenerative medicine. However, ruminants, especially small ruminants, are equally attractive for biomedical research. For example, sheep are often employed as the preferred model for human pregnancy and perinatal-related studies, as models for rare or degenerative diseases[28,29], for several chirurgic procedures[30,31] and cancer. This is predominantly based on the fact that ruminants share more phylogenetic characteristics, similar size and longevity with humans than do rodents.
Aside from being explored as biomedical models, small ruminants, cattle and buffalo present significant commercial value and agricultural importance, being raised for meat or milk production and for wool and other animal-derived products. In this context, the generation of genetically modified animals for the production of therapeutic proteins in milk (bioreactors), with increased resistance to diseases or selection for other valuable traits is highly desirable. To date, robust pluripotent stem cells derived from these species are still lacking[34-36] despite very recent encouraging efforts. The production of genetically modified livestock is usually accomplished through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) after genetic modification of donor cells[38-40].
The generation of iPSCs from these species presents a major objective to facilitate the application of advanced reproductive technologies including allowing easier genetic manipulation (knock-ins or knock-outs) in pluripotent cells used for chimera generation, improving SCNT efficiency by using iPSCs as nuclei donors[42,43] or producing functional gametes in vitro[44-46]. The first studies in cattle reported that the four Yamanaka factors were insufficient for inducing pluripotency, and that NANOG or NANOG plus LIN28 were additionally required[47,48]. In 2012, Cao et al reported bovine iPSCs derived from buffalo defined factors [OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and MYC (OSKM)] and fetal fibroblasts that could be differentiated into putative female germ cells, a first step towards future use in reproductive sciences. Subsequently, Kawaguchi et al contributed to chimera production (90 d of gestation) (Supplemental material 1).
In cattle, different cell types such as adult or fetal fibroblasts, amniotic, mammary and retina-derived cells have been used in conjunction with integrative vectors[47-54]. Testicular cells were induced into pluripotency after electroporation of OCT4 alone. However, silencing of exogenous factors when integrated was not reported, and some studies were unable to characterize bovine iPSCs (biPSCs) after culture due to characteristics related to quiescence in vitro[56,57]. It has been shown that buffalo fetal fibroblasts can be retrovirally reprogrammed into iPSC by buffalo OSKM, and that the generation efficiency of biPSCs can be increased by inhibiting p53 expression (Supplemental material 1).
In small ruminants, both ovine and caprine iPSCs were reported only from fibroblasts, either embryonic, fetal or adult[59-69]. Although integrative methodologies (retro- and lentiviral) are still most commonly used, silencing of exogenous factors has already been reported[63,64] (Supplemental material 2). This is a significant achievement considering the objective of producing new organisms from pluripotent cells. Recently, induction of pluripotency using an mRNA approach with OSKM transcription factors was achieved in goats. Regarding generation of animals from iPSCs, ovine iPSCs were already reported contributing to the inner cell mass of blastocysts and live born chimeras. BiPSCs were used as donor cells in SCNT, and cloned embryos were generated in cattle. Despite initial beliefs that the use of pluripotent cells might enhance cloning success, low rates of embryonic development were observed. No live-born animals have yet been reported probably due to persistent expression of transgenes and increased numbers of aneuploidies in iPSC donor cells[67,68].
The generation of pluripotent cell lines from swine has very clear and common objectives even between different research groups, being either the use of these cells for regenerative medicine or to preserve and/or augment agriculturally important traits in this species. The pig is considered the most attractive non-primate animal model for biomedical purposes due to its similarities to human immunology, genome organization, aging and whole animal physiology[70-72]. The use of this large domestic animal (or also its miniature version-the minipig) enables long-term studies on tissue or organ transplantation or for modeling specific diseases[73-75] in a more ethically acceptable environment when compared to the use of non-human primates or domestic pet animals (dogs and cats). It is envisaged that pluripotent cells will facilitate the generation of transgenic animals for use as preclinical models and production of animals with valuable traits through the use of chimeric or nuclear transfer technologies.
The swine, however, is considered one of the “non-permissive” species meaning that bona fide robust pluripotent stem cells derived from blastocysts-ESCs have not yet been successfully generated[41,76,77]. The generation of iPSCs is of great importance. The pig was the first domesticated species from which iPSCs were derived, which was after ESCs had already been established for mouse, human, rat and monkey[78-82].
At least 25 studies have already described porcine iPSC (piPSC) production via various reprogramming and characterization protocols in the last decade (Supplemental material 3). The first three reports date from 2009 and describe human ESC-like cells dependent or not on basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) supplementation[21-23]. Most of the subsequent studies focused upon dissecting the differences between naïve or primed cell generation, especially attempting to obtain naïve cells in order to produce chimeric offspring through the use of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) supplementation with or without other inhibitors such as CHIR99021, PD0325901, 5-AZA and others[83-92].
Contribution to embryo development at short term (embryos and/or fetuses) was reported by several groups, even though the status of exogenous gene silencing was not described and/or teratoma formation was not robust in some lineages[24,85,87,90-93]. In contrast, contribution to live chimeric offspring and germline contribution has been proven by only one group thus far[24,94], with piPSCs resembling primed, human ES-like cells. The study reports contribution of piPSCs to both embryo and placenta during gestation and 85.3% efficiency of chimerism in live-born piglets. As only naïve, but not primed pluripotent cells are believed to support chimerism, this suggests that the classical definitions differentiating between the two types of pluripotent cells may be a lot more complex and still poorly-defined in other species compared to mouse and human.
PiPSCs have also been tested for specific in vitro differentiation potential; for example, they were able to differentiate into beating cardiomyocyte-like cells[95,96] and neuronal lineage. PiPSCs have also been used as donor cells for nuclear transfer experiments. Although blastocysts were produced, the efficiency rate did not significantly increase when compared to blastocyst developmental rate achieved using embryonic fibroblasts as nuclei donors, and no born piglets were reported.
In summary, the production of piPSCs until now has predominantly relied upon the use of integrative vectors, lenti- or retrovirus-carrying human or mouse OSKM, including some variations such as NANOG, LIN-28 or the absence of OCT4 or SOX2 and KLF4. Few studies have described the use of porcine or monkey factors. Even when episomal non-integrative approaches have been used, persistence or integration of plasmids, and therefore silencing of the transgenes, was reported (please refer to Supplemental material 3 for details). Failure to inactivate the exogenous factors is considered a major flaw in the generation of bona fide iPSCs. Defining proper culture conditions and reprogramming protocols is still the major objective of most of the reported studies, even though differentiation is possible in this sub-optimal condition. Ji et al reported that two cell lines transduced with lentivirus containing monkey OSKM and cultured with LIF, bFGF and inhibitors presented silencing of exogenous factors. Using episomal vectors, Li et al were the first to report the generation of cell lines able to maintain pluripotent characteristics for 20 passages and absence of integration at this time. This represents a great advance in the generation of pluripotent cells from pig, which arguably remains the most desirable model for both human and veterinary medicine.
According to the latest report from The American Horse Council Foundation, the United States horse industry has an economic impact of United States $122 billion with 74% of horses participating in the sports sector (racing and competition). Sports horses are constantly exposed to risks of career-ending or even life-threatening musculoskeletal injuries. Besides the magnitude of the horse industry, the possibility of using these animals as models for human musculoskeletal injuries or diseases has contributed to intensify the stem cell and regenerative research in the last few years.
During the past decade, equine iPSCs (eiPSCs) have been produced using both integrative and non-integrative systems carrying mouse or human reprogramming factors in conjunction with multiple cell sources, including adult or fetal fibroblasts, adipose tissue mesenchymal cells, keratinocytes, myogenic mangioblast, peripheral mesenchymal stem cells and umbilical cord cells (Supplemental material 4)[100-108]. Although subsequent attempts were made using episomal vectors, only the initial eiPSCs report succeeded in producing equine pluripotent stem cells with a non-integrative PiggyBac transposon system, which is considered safer for clinical uses but allegedly with lower reprogramming efficiency[100,109]. Of the eiPSCs generated via integrative systems, only one group has reported transgene silencing with others reporting partial silencing[102,104] and others conversely showing transgenes to still be activated[101,103,108]. Other studies do not mention the state of transgene expression[105,107]. Regarding further characterization procedures, eiPSCs generated in the above studies show in vitro or in vivo potential to generate cells of all three germ layers as well as expression of multiple pluripotency markers (Supplemental material 4).
The safety of clinical and reproductive applications of iPSCs remains a concern, especially regarding tumorigenesis, epigenetic abnormalities and eventual immune rejection[110-112]. Fittingly, some reports do address these issues. Aguiar et al analyzed the immunogenicity of allogenic eiPSCs intradermally transplanted into immunosuppressant-free horses and observed moderate cellular response but not acute rejection. This suggests that allogenic eiPSC banking might serve as a future possibility for cell therapy. In the reproductive field, eiPSCs have been used as donor cells in an attempt to improve SCNT efficiency, but blastocysts were not successfully produced.
The possibilities of applying eiPSCs in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are also being actively explored. While some have reported failure of eiPSCs to generate artificial tendons after induced differentiation, others have demonstrated eiPSCs to be capable of inducing muscle regeneration in immunodeficient mice with dystrophin deficiency. Furthermore, Aguiar et al showed that eiPSCs could be differentiated into keratinocytes focusing on skin trauma and wound management. Other research groups have studied eventual uses for mesenchymal-like progenitors capable of chondrogenesis and adipogenesis or even induction into functional osteoblasts and transgenic induced myocytes, thus providing extra cell sources for regenerative veterinary medicine. Although some studies have already tested the potential and applicability of eiPSCs as seen above, there is still a long road ahead until eiPSCs and their derivatives are completely understood and deemed safe to use in disease models and regenerative veterinary medicine.
Dogs play multiple roles in modern society, ranging from livestock management, rescue and security services and emotional and disability assistance besides their major role as companion and best friend. Every year, the number of households with pets increases, having reached 68% in the United States during 2017-2018 with the majority of people owning dogs , and secondly cats. This represented an expenditure of around United States $70 billion during that period of which a little over United States $17 billion was spent on veterinary services. If that alone was not ample reason to increase dog-related research on innovative therapies like regenerative medicine and stem cells, dogs are also considered physiologically relevant model of human diseases. In addition to hundreds of canine hereditary diseases having equivalent human disorders, humans also share a similar physiology and environment with their canine companions. The first canine iPSC (ciPSC) report was published in 2010, and since then around ten reports on new ciPSCs lineages have been published. The main cell source used for reprogramming was adult fibroblasts[122-126] followed by fetal or embryonic fibroblasts[25,127-129] and adipose tissue mesenchymal cells[123,130].
As seen in Supplemental material 5, with the exception of studies using non-integrative Sendai viruses[126,129] the majority of the ciPSCs reported were generated using retroviral or lentiviral systems. Although they are considered more efficient than non-integrative systems, their use in research with clinical applications raises concerns, specifically through potentially dangerous viral integration in the cell genome, transgene reactivation and epigenetic changes. Transgene expression on these ciPSC was reported in variable levels from silenced[128,130] to low levels of expression[124,125] to expression in different states[122,127,128] and not reported. These ciPSCs also vary widely on the pluripotency markers used for characterization purposes (Supplemental material 5).
Further studies on ciPSC applications have been performed by few research groups. Lee et al generated endothelial cells from ciPSCs and tested their therapeutic potential in mouse models of myocardial infarction and hindlimb ischemia, besides transplanting labeled ciPSCs autologously into dogs’ hearts to monitor cell fate in large animal models of cardiac delivery. Others derived mesenchymal stem cells from ciPSCs that exhibited high proliferative potential, capacity to differentiate into mesodermal-derived tissues and both mesenchymal and pluripotent markers but did not form teratoma-like tissues, a desired characteristic for stem cell therapy. Chow et al compared ciPSC-derived mesenchymal cells with adipose tissue and bone marrow mesenchymal cells with regard to their surface markers, gene expression profiles and immune modulation potency. The results showed ciPSCs-derived mesenchymal cells to present a slightly different surface phenotype than regular mesenchymal cells but to be capable of inducing suppression of in vitro immune function much like the other analyzed cells. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the continued efforts of the veterinary and research fields, not only in order to pursue longer and healthier lives for our pets, but also to develop disease and therapeutic models for human disorders.
Rabbits have long been used as animal models in research. They are considered highly physiologically relevant even for some human pathology such as heart diseases. Their larger size compared with mice and rats enables their use in surgical procedures, they possess a longer life span and rabbits are phylogenetically more similar to humans. When compared to other suitable larger animal models such as pigs and dogs, rabbits are easier to handle and maintain, are more economical to keep and have shorter reproductive cycles, which facilitates breeding and long-term research analyses[26,134]. It has been reported that rabbit ESCs are very similar to human ESCs in regard to their morphology as well as biochemical and pluripotency features.
Rabbit iPSCs (rbiPSCs) have been described in few reports. Honda et al generated rbiPSCs from adult liver and stomach cells using lentivirus and human OSKM. These rbiPSCs were silenced after about 18 passages. Interestingly, the authors were not successful in reprogramming fibroblasts using the same methodology. The rbiPSCs produced in this report were LIF- and bFGF-dependent and expressed the same pluripotency markers as rabbit ESCs (Supplemental material 6). In a follow-up study, the rbiPSCs generated were converted to a naïve-like state via forced expression of human OCT3/4 increasing these cells’ potential for in vitro neural differentiation.
Using a retroviral system also containing human OSKM, Osteil et al compared adult fibroblast-derived rbiPSCs with ESCs. Theses rbiPSCs showed transgene silencing at passage 25 and expressed the pluripotency markers OCT4 and NANOG. Later, the same group showed that via expression of KLF2 and KLF4, rbiPSCs could be converted into epiblast-like cells, capable of colonizing pre-implantation rabbit embryos.
Finally, the most recently published study on rbiPSCs also employed human OSKM in a retroviral system to reprogram embryonic fibroblasts. The cells generated were dependent upon LIF and bFGF, expressed key pluripotency markers and showed no transgene expression. Focusing on the use of rabbits as heart models, the authors showed these cells to be capable of successful differentiation into cardiac cells, underscoring a possible future application as a disease model.
According to the United States Department of Agricultureâs Production and Value Summary, the combined value of avian products reached United States $42.7 billion in 2017, besides the over 20 million birds kept as pets currently in the United States (APPA, 2018), denoting the significance of these animals to modern society. In research, avian models are considered extremely important because they permit easy monitoring of embryonic development and can also be used as disease models.
Avian iPSCs (aiPSCs) were the first non-mammalian iPSCs to be derived and were reported for quail, chicken and zebra finch (Supplemental material 7). The majority of the reports published used embryonic fibroblasts[140-145], but they were also isolated from adult feather follicles. Although non-viral approaches have been applied[142,144], retroviral and lentiviral methodologies have mostly been used and transgene expression was either detected[140,145,146] or not discussed[142-144] with the exception of the chicken iPSCs reported by Rosselló et al where transgenes were silenced after five passages.
Further characterization of aiPSCs was performed by Dai et al, who were able to produce aiPSCs-derived neurons. So far, perhaps the most exciting potential application of these cells is vaccine production and related research[147,148]. In those reports, it is shown that aiPSCs grown in modified conditions possess great potential as candidates for Newcastle disease virus production serving as a suitable replacement for the embryonating eggs currently used for vaccine generation. It should be possible to generate aiPSCs more tolerant to the Newcastle disease virus, which might eventually also be employed in disease-resistant poultry studies. These newly developed methodologies represent a great potential application of aiPSCs to future livestock, health and food security.
The most obvious reason for generating iPSC from exotic animals is species conservation. Genetic material can be stored and expanded on demand in the form of viable and proliferating iPSCs. Ideally, protocols would be developed to differentiate such iPSCs into primordial germ cells and subsequently generate egg and sperm cells to facilitate in vitro fertilization. Such efforts form the basis for the generation of iPSC from Madrillus leucophaeus (primate/drill) and Ceratotherium simum cottoni (northern white rhinoceros). Both species teeter on the brink of extinction, and the generation of iPSCs might be beneficial for species conservation. Drill iPSC lines were generated using retroviral vectors containing the human sequences for OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC. The fibroblast source originated from a 15-year-old drill. All factors integrated successfully into the drill genome and the authors were able to show that exogenous transcription factors ceased to be expressed whilst the endogenous drill transcription factors became activated. Drill iPSC were karyotypically normal and exhibited the potential to form teratomas containing all three lineages (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm).
The same report describes the generation of iPSC from northern white rhinoceros. Here, the same human genes for OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC were delivered using the retro VSV-G virus system. These also integrated successfully with the exception of KLF4. Similar to the drill iPSC, exogenous gene expression was silenced and endogenous gene expression initiated. Northern white rhinoceros iPSCs were karyotypically normal and gave rise to teratomas (Supplemental material 8). These are extremely promising results for species conservation, but it remains to be seen whether these iPSCs can be used for SCNT or for the generation of in vitro germ cells.
Most efforts have centered upon the generation of iPSC from monkeys. Again, species conservation forms one aspect of such efforts, but another facet is the possibility of applying these monkeys and their iPSCs in biomedical research. Monkeys share a high degree of genetic, anatomical, physiological and cardiological similarities with humans[150-152]. Consequently, monkey iPSCs and monkey models represent powerful models for drug development. To date, iPSCs have been generated from rhesus monkeys[18,153,154]. Whilst the first two of these studies[18,154] used retroviral approaches, the more recent report generated rhesus monkey iPSCs using non-integrative episomal plasmids (Supplemental material 8). In a further notable study, the retroviral method was employed to derive iPSCs from rhesus monkeys with Huntington’s disease (Supplemental material 8). These monkeys and their iPSCs were not only very valuable for testing potential drug candidates but could also be used to investigate autologous and allogenic cell transplantations and graft incorporations as well as safety assessment of CRISPR/Cas9 gene-edited transplants.
Further iPSCs have been generated from cynomolgus monkeys[156,157]. Cynomolgus monkeys are commonly used in biomedical research and the described iPSCs have been derived using both retroviral approaches and non-integrative Sendai virus approaches. Whilst in the retroviral approach pluripotency was confirmed via teratoma assays, the Sendai virus reprogrammed cells were not subjected to pluripotency assays and were directly differentiated into the cell type of interest (Supplemental material 8). Marmoset iPSCs have been generated from fetal liver cells via retroviral-mediated transduction with the six human pluripotency factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, NANOG and LIN28. These cells displayed a normal karyotype and pluripotency capacity as tested by embryonic body formation and teratoma assays (Supplemental material 8).
Lastly, even iPSCs of great apes such as orangutans have been derived using the retroviral approach with the classical four human pluripotency factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC and pluripotency potential confirmed via teratoma assays. Common amongst all of these studies is the lack of in vivo chimeric analyses using monkey-derived iPSCs. Only upon demonstration of bona fide germline chimeras will we be able to confirm the pluripotent status of monkey-derived iPSCs.
With the ultimate goal of species conservation, efforts have been made to generate iPSCs from wild feline species such as snow leopards and Bengal tigers, servals and jaguars. For all of these feline species, iPSC retroviral reprogramming was applied using OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, c-MYC and NANOG (Supplemental material 8). Similar to the iPSCs from monkeys, only teratoma assays were performed. Thus it cannot be excluded that germline transmission for actual cloning of these animals may prove challenging.
Likewise, it is hoped that iPSC generation will safeguard the future of Tasmanian devils, which are currently precariously close to extinction. For their generation, OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, c-MYC, LIN28 and NANOG were transduced via lentiviral approaches into dermal skin fibroblasts. It is to be hoped that these iPSCs will provide excellent tools with which to develop strategies to treat Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease, which is desperately needed to halt the extinction of devils.
Other exotic animals from which iPSCs have been generated include the prairie vole using PiggyBac delivery of mouse Oct4, Klf4, Sox2, c-Myc, Lin28 and Nanog. The authors proposed that studying oxytocin and vasopressin effects on neurons derived from these iPSCs might be of benefit in dissecting the functional roles and effects (including on gene expression) of these factors in social animals. Another intriguing application would be bat iPSCs. Bats are considered long-lived animals in relation to their body size and thus might hold some interesting answers on how to extend lifespan in other species including humans. Moreover, bats possess an immune system, which allows them to carry viruses in high titers without deleterious effects. Studying specific immune cells in vitro might prove a possibility with successfully derived iPSCs. Bat iPSCs have been generated using the PiggyBac system delivering human OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, NANOG, LIN28, NR5A2 and bat MIR302/367.
Additional exotic animals for which iPSCs have been generated include platypus and mink (Supplemental material 8). In contrast, it has proven challenging to generate iPSCs from more common but non-mammals model species such as drosophila and zebrafish. These attempts used mouse Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc lentiviral delivery and resulted in only partially reprogrammed iPSCs.
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Taken together, the data reviewed here highlights some interesting and conflicting aspects of iPSC research throughout the animal kingdom. Although there exist a reasonable number of well-established animal iPSCs, the lack of description for some species, for example the domestic cat, draws attention to the fact that a global mechanism of cellular reprogramming has certainly not yet been unraveled. The non-standardized reports in most species hamper the comparison of some features, such as reprogramming efficiency. This information was estimated in some of the studies as the ratio between emerging colonies and seeded cells, and in others as the ratio between Alkaline Phosphatase (AP)-positive colonies and seeded cells. In some cases, reprogramming efficiency was not reported at all or was even reported as transduction efficiency through evaluation of fluorochrome-labeled reprogramming vectors. Another important matter is the lack of proper and robust characterization of some of the generated cell lines. Regarding in vitro characterization, perhaps the lack of criteria, based on the fact that no ES-derived cell lines exist, makes it difficult to define whether a given cell line is truly pluripotent or not.
Furthermore, residual expression of transgenes, even in high passage cells, is still observed in most of the cell lines derived, a flawed hallmark of true reprogramming. Alongside this, many of the animal iPSC lines established were not tested or even failed to produce viable chimeras, the golden standard validation in vivo of these cells’ ability to give rise to cells from all three germ layers. This introduces a veil of doubt regarding the actual reprogramming state of those cells.
Regardless, even if the generated cells lines are incompletely reprogrammed, there is no doubt that the production of iPSCs is a major breakthrough, especially for those “non-permissive” species. However, more comprehensive studies are still very much required to elucidate pluripotency acquisition mechanisms for each of them, once it is already known that they differ from human and mouse. Perhaps a deep dive into genomics or proteomics can enlighten us regarding the roles of specific pathways involved in those reprogramming processes and bring us closer to the practical application of iPSCs in such fields as stem cell research, regenerative medicine and reproduction.
Funding was provided by the Danish Research Council FTP grant no. 4184-00061B and FAPESP (São Paulo Research Foundation) grant no. 2015/26818-5. Philip Seymour edited the manuscript for English language.

domain: biology


text:
Deputy Minister of Information and Media Relations, Murtala Mohammed says former First Lady, Nana Konadu Agyeman-Rawlings is only seeking media attention with her ï¿½confusingï¿½ analysis of the impact of taxes on the economy.
He said ï¿½Nana Konadu is not an economist, and she is only looking for public attention with this confusing economic analysis.ï¿½
The former first lady had asked, at a recent public forum, why government increased the VAT [from 15% to 17.5%] and why they have increased other taxes and also taxing many more items.
According to her, economies around the world are hardly run on taxes because it is taxes that kill the private sector and discourage further investments, particularly for a developing country like Ghana.
Nana Konadu had also argued that the way to go for a developing economy is rather to reduce taxes in order to attract more private investments, create jobs and increase peopleï¿½s purchasing power.
She also accused the government of using the taxes to balance their budget rather than investing in the real sector to improve living standards.
But in a sharp response on Adom News, Murtala Mohammed said Nana Konadu does not know economics, and her analysis is nothing short of a display of ignorance and confusion about taxation.
ï¿½I donï¿½t know whether she was talking economics, architecture, psychology or physiology. I really couldnï¿½t get her. I didnï¿½t understand, and I believe your listeners themselves were confused if they listened to her that we use the taxes to balance the economy,ï¿½ Murtala asserted.
He said contrary to Nana Konaduï¿½s assertion that countries around the world are hardly run on taxes, a close look at economies around the world would rather show that taxes form about 60 to 70 per cent of the national income of developed countries, and Ghana is not even a developed country yet.
Murtala Mohammed also stated that Nana Konaduï¿½s claim that the taxes collected in Ghana are used to balance the budget and not for national development was rather disingenuous and pretentious.
He explained that budgets are futuristic plans for spending on national development, and taxes constitute a part of the income used to meet that national development budget, so her analysis about not using taxes for development show her confusion and ignorance about the subject.
ï¿½Moreover if Nana Konadu claims she does not see the development projects going on around the country, then she is pretending,ï¿½ he said.
Murtala Mohammed said Nana Konadu Agyemang Rawlings has been out of the news for a long time, and she is just seeking public attention with her confused tax analysis.
ï¿½The way her husband JJ Rawlings managed tax revenues 20 years ago [which we in the NDC were very proud of] is the same way the Mahama government is managing taxes,ï¿½ he said.
The Deputy Minister said the people of Ghana gave a four-year mandate to the Mahama-led NDC government based on the partyï¿½s manifesto, and Ghanaians have the opportunity to judge the party after the four years.
He believes the Mahama government will deliver on the mandate and to the peopleï¿½s expectation.
|Disclaimer: Opinions expressed here are those of the writers and do not reflect those of Peacefmonline.com. Peacefmonline.com accepts no responsibility legal or otherwise for their accuracy of content. Please report any inappropriate content to us, and we will evaluate it as a matter of priority.|

domain: politics


text:
The healing miracles of Yeshua are sort of a paradox. On the one hand, Yeshua did not want the wrong ideas about his identity as Messiah to spread too quickly. On the other hand, the healings he worked brought large crowds of people to follow him and spread his fame more than anything else he did. There is something about healing that is so vital to the aims of Yeshua that he healed in spite of the potential drawbacks.
What is the nature of Yeshua’s healing miracles? Why are they so important to his aims? What do they say about Yeshua’s identity and mission?
John Meier, a Catholic scholar, his a series of volumes on the historical Jesus called A Marginal Jew. In volume 2, he explores the healing miracles and other miracles of Yeshua in depth, about a thousand pages of detailed considerations of previous studies and comparative literature on miracles in the ancient world and so on.
He addresses early on a question that must come to the mind of many people reading the gospels: is it possible for us as modern people to believe in miracles like the ones reported in the gospels?
LISTEN ONE OF TWO WAYS:
(1) If you have iTunes, search Yeshua in the iTunes store and subscribe.
(2) If you don’t use iTunes, go to this link at derekleman.com.
My book Yeshua in Context: Sketches of the Life and Times of Yeshua the Messiah will be released later in 2010. Stay tuned for news and some ways to be involved.

domain: library


Two state governments, NSW and Victoria, have announced they will provide an extra year of free schooling for four and five-year-olds, as part of a multibillion-dollar plan.
The plan is the biggest education reform in a generation - and massive news for parents, teachers and children.
And while the response to the historic joint announcement has been overwhelmingly positive, some concerns have been raised by one of Australia's leading educators and experts.
Parenting author and educator Maggie Dent has welcomed the reform and described it as a "huge step in the right direction", but she does have some questions about how the change will work.
"Having free, universal access to high-quality play-based early education is something I have hoped for," she told 9Honey Parenting. "However, my concerns are that this could increase the 'push down' of formalised learning to get our little ones 'ready for school'."
While the pre-kinder year will not be compulsory, and is designed to help parents get back to work, Dent worries about how vulnerable children will cope.
"Five days a week is a lot for young children," she explained. "I would prefer it was flexible to allow those who are less mature or who have vulnerabilities to have days off to recover."
"There needs to be an emphasis on using this time to get support for children who need it."
Dent has been advocating against the "forced starting" of children for many years now. She has very clearly and publicly voiced her opinion about the dangers of transitioning children into pre-primary when they aren't ready, as is the case in Western Australia.
"Research shows sending children to school too soon can be damaging (particularly when we know that the early childhood education model of delivery is far too formal in many WA pre-primary settings)," she declared in a comprehensive blog post last year.
"Starting school before a child is ready can create stress and anxiety patterns that can last for life."
Dent also raised concerns about exactly how working parents and the schools themselves would manage the adjustment under the new reform.
"I wonder whether the outside-of-school hours care sector could cope with more kids as parents' work hours are often later than school hours," she said.
"And will there be high staff ratios as is required under the National Quality Standard (NQS) for early childhood education at the moment?"
As Premier Dan Andrews and Dominic Perrottet detailed in their joint statement, the decision to introduce a universal, pre-kindergarten year "of play-based learning" reflected the importance of early education to children's future.
"This is incredible reform that will change lives," Perrottet said.
According to Dent, play-based learning can still be adult-directed.
"Play-focused and fun with music as a priority would make me happier," she noted. "Otherwise, it is a huge step in the right direction."
The Victorian government also pledged subsidies of up to $2500 for children in three- or four-year-old kinder from 2023.
For families in NSW the extra year of free schooling will start in 2030, with trials beginning next year.
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Property News: Music promoter Michael Coppel sells Toorak home for more than $30 million - domain.com.au


My 2002 C1 200 has been starting and running well until a couple of times recently it would not engage the drive after a cold start. This cleared after a few goes and I was able to continue riding. The revs will now not increase enough to engage the drive, as if one of the interlocks is preventing it from being driven. The stand is raised and the seatbelts clipped in. The seatbelt warning light is on when belts are unclipped, off when belts are clipped in. Can anyone suggest where I should start looking?
Faulty seatbelt switch, unplug cable from it ( most likely 1 ) under seat in front of coolant expansion tank and should ride without problem. Have one of my belt with temperamental switch making me randomly unable to take off from traffic light which was bit dangerous so quick fix was to unplug faulty sensor.
RS could be right, but I’d be tempted to check the stand switch as the belt light is going off.
Do let us know when /how you fix it, or if you need more hints.
Agree stand switch would be also next to check on my list.
Thanks for all your help - was great to go straight to the likely source.
Unplug the seatbelt switches one at a time to eliminate them.
Unplug stand switch connector and remove Allen screw to take out stand switch.
I was hoping to take out the switch, wire and plug to test on the bench but it's looped over the washer reservoir and appears to be clipped.
My probes won't make contact inside the narrow holes in the plug so I stripped away the insulation on the wires close to it and attached a multimeter using crocodile clips.
Operating the micro switch showed no reading therefore the switch is faulty.
I cut the wires close to the plug, joined them and pushed it back in the socket.
Revs now go up up on throttle and drive engages as it should.
I am now looking for a replacement switch - does anyone know where I might find one?
Glad you got that found!
There is a switch on eBay in Germany but at around £60+Brexit tax id leave that!
I’ve got a spare frame I’ll check if the switch is on it later. It’s a bit buried at the moment.
Yes agree that's a lot of courier charges and tax for a small part - would be great if you have one available but if not I'll run it as it is until I can find one.
Probably best if I put a post it note on the dash to remind myself to raise stand before driving away...
MOT is November - don't know if it's a fail if it's been removed rather than fitted and not working...
Have you tried BMW. I got one a few years ago and was an easy fit.
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Patti Stanger, TV’s “Millionaire Matchmaker,” has already reached astronomical levels while the world’s many matchmaker that is successful. When I follow her on Twitter, I read her tweets and figured it might be valuable to assess her relationship advice through the viewpoint of a medical psychologist and relationship specialist. Is Stanger’s advice good, or does a tune-up be needed by it? Let’s take a good look at a number of her advice that is recent and weigh in with my viewpoint.
Stanger dishes on: how exactly to get a person to see you. “Don’t be shy;” “make eye contact and smile;” and “make it easy because“men are humans too plus they feel just like nervous and frightened about approaching you. for him” to consult with you” (published on Twitter, might 26, 2014.)
Dr. Seth’s just just Take: [Read more…]


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The ad, created by DDB Australia, will be played on YouTube for the next three months before being rolled out in Britain in September as a TV and cinema campaign.
The new ad begins a three-year, £88m marketing campaign with the tagline: “There’s Nothing Like Australia.”
This will mark the third global tourism campaign in four years and Tourism Australia is hoping it will erase the lukewarm response to the previous ’Come Walkabout’ and ’So Where The Bloody Hell Are You?’ campaigns.
The TV ad is directed by ad man Michael Gracey, who made Evian Roller Babies, the most watched commercial on YouTube. It features Australians singing lines from the specially composed anthem ’There’s Nothing Like Australia’.
The ad, filmed over the past month at locations across the nation, has drawn inspiration from more than 30,000 entries to an online competition asking Australians to show off their own favourite parts of the country.
This story appeared first on Pitch.

domain: entertainment


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Codies push back Damnation
Codemasters have revealed today that new third-person action title Damnation has been pushed back into 2009, the Wild West-esque shooter had been due this Christmas, but the Codies have seemingly opted to negate the competition this time around.
"Damnation is being rescheduled for an early 2009 release," a Codemasters spokesperson told UK site Eurogamer.net.
"The game will be much stronger and better as a result, and will also give people time to get all the pre-holiday releases out the way - ready for the fresh (and vertical) gaming experience that Damnation offers."
Gears of War 2 has of course been attracting rave reviews, and it seems like a sensible move for Codemasters to avoid having to go up against this impressive new third-person adventure.
A debut in February 2009 is now expected.
- Valve's Chet Faliszek has been confirmed as the first developer session for EGX Rezzed 2015
- One area from Zelda Wii U is as big as the entirety of Skyward Sword
- Telltale's new collaboration is with Mojang, on a Minecraft story game
- Franklin voice actor indicates GTA V story DLC is on the way
- Red Dead Redemption, LA Noire and Bully sequels will come when the time is right says Rockstar
- Telltale teases another collaboration with another game developer
- New Company Of Heroes 2: Ardennes Assault trailer recognizes the 70th anniversary of the Battle of the Bulge
- New Call Of Duty: Advanced Warfare trailer focuses on character customization
- Splash Damage's free-to-play shooter Dirty Bomb coming to Steam in the new year

domain: game


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General Information on Agia Varvara
Agia Varvara is also a Beach.
The postal code of Agia Varvara is 72400 and its telephone access code is +3028410.
Agia Varvara is at an altitude of 80 meters.
Approximately 40 people live in Agia Varvara.
On our Agia Varvara page you can see Agia Varvara Photos, explore Agia Varvara's Map and nearby Destinations, find Agia Varvara Hotels and check Agia Varvara's Weather by following the links below and to the left.
Current Weather in Agia Varvara
The weather conditions recorded for Agia Varvara on Thursday, January 21 at 7:11 pm are:
Scattered clouds with 40% clouds and the temperature is 11.3°.
The temperature today is expected to range between 11° and 12°.
The wind is blowing at a speed of 1 Bf (3.1 mph) from the South (190.0°) and the pressure is 1028 hPa.
Today's sunrise was at 07:24 and the sunset is at 17:34.
Weather Forecast for Agia Varvara
|Thu 21/01||8° - 14°||1 Bf W|
|Fri 22/01||9° - 14°||1 Bf SW|
|Sat 23/01||9° - 14°||2 Bf S|
|Sun 24/01||11° - 17°||2 Bf S|
|Mon 25/01||13° - 17°||3 Bf SW|
|Tue 26/01||12° - 16°||1 Bf S|
|Wed 27/01||9° - 11°||2 Bf NW|
Restaurants Near Agia Varvara
Businesses Near Agia Varvara
Businesses near Agia Varvara include Kg Eforeia Proistorikon & Klassikon Archaiotiton - Mouseio Irakleiou - Grammateia (Museums), Geniki Kliniki Agios Georgios Diadochoi Kritsiotaki Emm. Ae (Nurses), Kouvidis Emmanouil (Advertising Agencies), Chelidonis Emmanouil (Ear, Nose & Throat Specialist - Otolaryngologist) and Geniki Kliniki Agios Georgios Diadochoi Kritsiotaki Emm. Ae (Clinics).
Map of Agia Varvara

domain: travel


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Donate to this charity
Total raised so far
+ est. £21.25
Surfers Against Sewage is a marine conservation and campaigning charity that inspires, unites and empowers communities to take action to protect oceans, beaches, waves and wildlife.
Together, we’re much more than our name suggests. We’ve made great progress on cleaning up our beaches from sewage and the cleanliness of our seas remains in the DNA of the organisation. But that's not all that we do. We work on other issues including climate change, water quality, coastal development and plastic pollution - it's a huge issue we are all facing and needs a lot of attention.
How do we do this? With you! Building a community through education, volunteering, beach cleans, campaigns, parliamentary events and advocacy to create the change we want to see for the future.
We create ocean activists everywhere for a thriving ocean and thriving people.
Our mission is totally inclusive and is about connecting all humans to the ocean and creating communities of people who want to make real change happen. We support and empower people to campaign together as the authentic voice of the ocean.
Not just surfers, not just sewage. We’re just like you - we love our oceans. We’d like to see them better protected for the future for everyone. We’re a charity that is focused on creating great community projects and campaigns that you can get involved with.

domain: sociology


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ALBANY, GA (WALB) - This week’s Pet of the Week is Quinn!
Quinn is a female terrier mix, and about a year old. She was turned in by her owner who could no longer care for her.
Quinn is housebroken, loves children, other dogs and cats. Quinn says the shelter is TOO Loud for her. Please come and adopt her.
Her adoption’s fee is $130.00; this get’s her spayed; rabies shot and yearly shots, heartworm test, microchip, pain shot and two days of pain meds for home.
Come see her at Lee County Animal Shelter!


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The image, shown uncropped above, is of the Holocaust Memorial, Berlin, designed by Peter Eisenman.
The photograph is part of a series by Clements called Silent Memory, a "lyrical photographic travelogue founded in the frameworks of architecture and fine art in both Eastern Europe and Russia". See the whole series here.
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FRESNO, Calif. (KFSN) -- A former Fresno State employee accused of hitting and killing a teenager with their vehicle in October has now been booked into jail, according to court records.
Jail records show that 39-year-old Lisa Spoors was booked into the Fresno County Jail on Tuesday.
Spoors, who uses they/them pronouns, is accused of killing 15-year-old Rashad Al-Hakim, Jr. as he crossed the street outside of Hoover High School.
Officials with the Fresno Police Department say toxicology reports showed Spoors had illegal and prescription drugs in their system at the time of the crash.
The Fresno County District Attorney's Office filed a murder case against Spoors on Thursday.
Fresno State placed Spoors on investigatory leave in October after the crash.
Spoors' contract with the university ended last week.


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Contrary to what many people think, Utah is a great place for solar power. With close to 300 days of sunshine a year, we are confident that you will produce a lot of energy with your new solar power system.
There is also a misconception that solar power is very expensive, when in fact it is very reasonable.
The state of Utah has a great tax credit for any Utah solar installation. Currently the Utah Solar Tax Credit is set at 25% of the system cost or $2,000, whichever is less. In almost every case you will be eligible for the full $2,000 Utah Solar tax credit.
On top of the $2,000 you get from the state you will also be able to receive a 30% Federal Solar Tax Credit. This is 30% of the solar energy system cost. With these two tax credits you will find that installing a solar energy system in Utah is a great investment.
Here is an example of what you would pay for a typical 5 kW solar installation. Lets say the total cost of the new solar energy system is $20,000. From this you can expect to receive a $6,000 Federal Solar Tax Credit and a $2,000 Utah Solar Tax Credit. This will take your cost down to $12,000 out of pocket.
That may still seem like a lot of money, but it is important to remember that by installing this system you will most likely not have power bill any longer. This can save you from $80 to $150 plus a month.
Another added benefit of adding a solar power system is the value it adds to your home. We estimate that for every 1 kW of solar installed your home will appreciate approximately $3,000. This new system will add $15,000 to the value of your home.
The benefits don’t stop there. By installing solar on you home you are helping this nation reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and foreign oil. The solar energy you produce is clean and renewable. In fact a home that produces 5,000 kWh or solar energy ever year will have the same benefit of planting 92 trees a year and taking 20 cars off the road for a year. Your environmental impact will not go unnoticed.
*The information in this article is not intended to be tax advice. Always consult with a licensed CPA when looking for advice on Utah Solar and Federal Solar tax credits.


Bowie - northern half
Issued 09:30 PM PDT 27 October 2021
Tonight and Thursday.
Wind west 15 to 25 knots backing to southwest 25 to 30 early Thursday evening.
Showers Thursday evening.
Zoom-in to make a selection
There is no ice forecast issued for this area.
No watches or warnings in effect.
Technical Marine SynopsisIssued 9:30 PM PDT 27 October 2021 Tonight and Thursday At 9:30 p.m. PDT tonight low 1012 mb located southwest of Explorer.
By 4:00 p.m. PDT Thursday departing low located over Bellingham.
At 9:30 p.m. PDT tonight ridge located on a line east-west over
Queen Charlotte Sound.
By 4:00 p.m. PDT Thursday ridge located on a line
northeast-southwest over Haida Gwaii.
Marine Weather StatementIssued 3:58 PM PDT 27 October 2021 A frontal wave will approach Southern Vancouver Island tonight and
move inland later Thursday. Westerly gale force inflow winds are
expected for eastern portions of Juan de Fuca Strait on Thursday
evening following this systems passage.
Mackenzie - Mackenzie River Area
- Axe Point mile 91 to Camsell Bend mile 290
- Bowie - northern half
- Camsell Bend mile 290 to Tulita mile 512
- Dixon Entrance East
- Dixon Entrance West - east of Langara
- Dixon Entrance West - west of Langara
- Fort Good Hope mile 684 to Point Separation mile 913
- Great Slave Lake - basin
- Great Slave Lake - east arm
- Great Slave Lake - north arm
- Hecate Strait
- Lake Athabasca
- North Mackenzie
- North Tuktoyaktuk
- Point Separation mile 913 to Kittigazuit Bay mile 1081
- Prince Alfred
- Prince of Wales
- Tulita mile 512 to Fort Good Hope mile 684
- West Coast Haida Gwaii
- Wrigley Harbour mile 0 to Axe Point mile 91
- Yukon Coast
- Arctic - Eastern Arctic
- Arctic - Western Arctic
- Atlantic - Labrador
- Atlantic - Maritimes
- Atlantic - Newfoundland
- Great Lakes - Lake Erie and Lake Ontario
- Great Lakes - Lake Huron
- Great Lakes - Lake Superior
What we are doing
- Date modified:


American Legion Task Force
- Date: 10/05/2017 2:00 PM - 4:00 PM
- Location: Chapel Hill Public Library, Meeting Room C
100 Library Drive
Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
**Note: This is the rescheduled Task Force meeting date, following the postponement of the September 21 meeting**
Opportunity Statement: The Town purchased the 36-acre American Legion Post 6 property in March of 2017. A consultant engaged by the Town is leading a public engagement process to produce conceptual options for future use of the property that reflect the community’s interests. The Task Force is a body representative of the community that can offer feedback on the work done by the consultant and assist with finalizing reports for Council consideration. The Task Force can also advise on next steps in the overall planning process. This contribution is needed to help the Town achieve Council Goals and determine the most fitting and appropriate uses of the American Legion Property.
Goal: The American Legion Task Force will participate in the public engagement process and work with the project consultant to develop future land use recommendations for the American Legion property, along with next steps in the planning process, that uphold the Council’s Guiding Principles for development of the property.
- Draft Minutes of the September 7, 2017 Meeting
- Draft Public Survey
- AIA 2030 Challenge Overview
- Town Properties Task Force Guiding Principles
- Use Comparison Table (Town Properties and American Legion Task Forces)
- Town Properties by Recommended Use
- Draft Criteria for Potential Public/Private Partnerships


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Any person who has turned to drugs knows that the propensity for addiction can be extremely high. Prescription painkillers opiates benzodiazepines heroin cocaine crystal methamphetamine and crack cocaine are commonly abused drugs with extremely addictive properties. Addictive drugs can cause a person to experience a wide variety of different withdrawal symptoms which can be very uncomfortable to bear. The effects of drug withdrawal can be dangerous to withstand and the best way to handle the process is through a medical detoxification process.
When a person wishes to recover from drug addiction and beat the condition the process begins with detoxification. To detox the body from drugs a person needs to find a reputable and skilled facility in order to clean the toxins from the body which have accumulated from months or years of drug abuse. Once a person has overcome the physical portion of addiction the process of mental and emotional recovery can finally start. If the person does not detoxify the body the physical and mental urges that accompany addiction can be so overwhelming the person could relapse back into addiction rather quickly.
Finding a drug detoxification program does not have to be a difficult task a simple phone book search or consulting with a licensed medical professional or a drug rehab specialist can yield positive results. Other ways to find a qualified medical detox facility can include an internet search or asking a friend or family member who has beat substance abuse for a referral to a reputable facility. The important thing to remember is to not give up and to keep searching until the right program is found giving up is not an option for those who seek to permanently conquer drug addiction.
Some drugs like heroin or opiates can cause an addicted person to experience extremely painful withdrawal symptoms which is because of the physical dependence. These drugs change the chemistry of the brain and trick the body into believing the drug is needed in order to function normally. Because of the change withdrawal symptoms occur when the drug is discontinued and the effects can include vomiting nausea tremors hallucinations profuse sweating anxiety depression confusion mood swings and much more.
Because the side effects associated with withdrawal can be so intense and painful it can be almost impossible for a person to stop using without the benefit of professional treatment. It can be dangerous for a person to quit cold turkey so therefore the need for medical detoxification cannot be denied. The process of detoxing the body from drugs can be only way for a person to avoid the pain of withdrawing and when done properly the cravings are eliminated and the person is then ready to enter a drug rehabilitation program to begin the next phase of the healing journey.
Medical detoxification should only be done with the
benefit of medical intervention and assistance. The process will be supervised by a team of licensed medical professionals nurses an anesthesiologist and drug rehab specialists. The process can be facilitated on either an inpatient or outpatient basis depending upon the needs of the patient. An outpatient program to detox body from drugs can be a less expensive option but if the addiction is severe enough an inpatient program may be the most beneficial. Successful detox should take place in a specialized facility within a full-scale drug treatment program which provides ongoing 24-hour support supervision medical monitoring and counseling which will address the addiction and any other issues presenting.
Depending upon which drug was used the process to detox body from drugs the person will need to have medical attention and constant monitoring. In cases of a person having less severe withdrawal symptoms a medical detox program might consist mostly of providing the correct medications which will ease the process. In more severe addictions such as with heroin painkillers or other narcotics it is likely the person will receive smaller doses of a drug substitute and gradually tapered down to wean the body gradually.
In extreme cases to detox body from drugs the person might need to be placed under general sedation or anesthesia in a hospital setting. Under anesthesia a person’s body will receive medications which will block the opiate receptors which will stop the action narcotics have on the brain. The person receives pain medications intravenously and detoxification can be achieved in a period of hours. When other methods have failed this type of detoxification while a extreme can be beneficial in some cases.
Regardless of which detox method is being used it should always be done under the strictest of medical supervision and is not something a person should try to do alone. The recovery and healing process from drug addiction can be physically emotionally and mentally grueling but for those who seek to beat addiction detoxification can be the best answer. When the toxins of drugs are removed from the body the person is ready to begin the process of healing other areas of life and move forward.
Breaking the cycle of drug abuse is the only way a person can truly beat the addiction and become clean and sober. Having the benefit of detox and with counseling therapy and other services of a quality drug rehab program has been instrumental in showing people who suffer from addiction how to end drug use and resist old behavior patterns that lead to relapsing. Completing a drug treatment program and adhering to the principles learned while in treatment allows a person to embrace a lifelong commitment to sobriety and transition into society as a clean and sober individual.


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One of my friends bought me this cookbook before we left Tennessee. It was on my Christmas wish list and she surprised me with an early gift.
I had to pack it away very quickly and didn't have a chance to read through it until now!
It is full of cooking wisdom and philosophy. Thomas Keller believes that great cooking can be accomplished at home by the home cook. He says, "The more pleasure you take from cooking, the more fun you have in the kitchen, the better your food will be!"
I agree. I think it is important to have fun in the kitchen.
He also emphasizes the importance of being organized in the kitchen. He says, "Good organization is all about setting yourself up to succeed. It means getting rid of anything that would interfere with the process of making a recipe or preparing an entire meal."
According to this logic, before cooking I need to get rid of my children, husband, telephone, and laundry.
I do end up dealing with a lot of distraction while cooking, but things seem to turn out all right!
Anyway. . . I am loving this cookbook and I am looking forward to some fun in the kitchen!

domain: hobby


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'Newsroom' trailer depicts Boston bombing, more legal trouble for ACN
HBO has only teased the third season of The Newsroom in brief glimpses, offering little actual footage so far. But those wondering about the future of Will McAvoy and his team at News Night need wait no longer, as HBO has debuted the first real look at the show’s final season.
In traditional McAvoy confusion, Jeff Daniels’ anchor attempts to pump up his newsroom in the trailer by telling them, “We don’t do good TV. We do the news.” McAvoy has more serious problems to worry about this year, however, than just his contradictory eloquence.
Among the issues that the News Night team will tackle this year are the Boston marathon bombing, the ethics of reporting classified documents, and relationship issues. Because it wouldn’t be The Newsroom without romantic woes.
The Newsroom will make a small time jump at the start of season three, picking up about five months after the end of the second season. Writer and producer Aaron Sorkin has teased that the season will be about the relationship between journalism and the government, which certainly takes center stage during the trailer.
The truncated and final season of The Newsroom debuts on Sunday, Nov. 9 at 9 p.m.


text: Hello, I have a 6/7 week old RIR chick that has been walking weirdly since yesterday. It's as if she forgot how to walk or something. She eats and drinks fine, and I have been giving her St. John's Wort and Turmeric in case it's Marek's (One of my quails had marek's, i treated her with this and she's very healthy today) I have also been seeing orangish-reddish poops in the brooder. I have seen this ever since I brought them home when they were about 1-2 weeks old, so I treated them with a milk flush. Now the orangish reddish poops are returning again. Does this sound like Marek's, or coccidiosis? Thanks.