Price-based promotions of alcohol: Legislative consistencies and inconsistencies across the Australian retail, entertainment and media sectors
- Publication Type:
- Journal Article
- International Journal of Drug Policy, 2015, 26 (5), pp. 522 - 530
- Issue Date:
© 2015 Elsevier B.V. Background: Excessive alcohol consumption is a major public health issue internationally, with alcohol consumption being recognised as a leading cause of preventable illness and major social burden. To help ameliorate the risks and harms associated with alcohol consumption, all levels of governments have explored various legislative and regulatory provisions to support responsible alcohol consumption, service and promotion. Methods: In this article, using Australia as a case study, the legislative environment around responsible alcohol promotion and consumption across the Australian retail, entertainment and media sectors will be explored, with a focus on pricing and volume-based discounts. Results: Whilst the potential harm and effect of both the licensed and non-licensed sectors appears to be widely acknowledged as similar in both scope and size of effect, legislative protections overwhelmingly focus solely on reducing the risks associated with alcohol consumption in licensed premises. This article explores the legislative provisions around preventing excessive alcohol consumption through promotional and marketing activities, and notes that whilst the licensed premises sector is facing increasing legislative restrictions, the off-premises sector remains unregulated and in some cases has even had existing restrictions removed, despite forming an increasing part of the alcohol chain in Australia. Conclusion: There appear to be inconsistencies and regulatory gaps in relation to price-based and volume-based discount alcohol promotions. Regulatory loopholes allow the retail sector in particular to use discounted alcohol as a promotional tool, in a way that is inconsistent with the goals of public health alcohol legislation, and in a way which would be illegal in any other sector. There appears to be a compelling case for introducing new restrictions, or extending existing restrictions, on these forms of promotion across all sectors involved in alcohol promotion, and there is considerable evidence that there would be considerable public health benefit from doing so.
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Amid the news of muscle car wars in Detroit, emerging hypercars hitting 300 miles per hour or more in Europe, and electric vehicles taking over the automotive industry, the world for gearheads continues to develop day in and day out. Technology seems to have accelerated the pace at which cars get better and better, making four-figure horsepower stats commonplace, rendering 0-60 times almost irrelevant, and real-world MPG estimates a joke.
But even as the car world has moved forward by leaps and bounds, there's still something special about a classic or vintage collectible. The only problem is that classic and vintage cars are slow, uncomfortable, and unreliable. Enter the world of restomods, where creative builders bring old classics into the modern era with powerful drivetrain swaps, exterior design changes, and revamped interiors complete with all the amenities of a brand-new car.
But not all restomods are created equal. Keep scrolling for 8 beautiful restomod builds and 8 that missed the point of the original.
16. Perfect Project: Purple Is The Color Of Royalty
This restomodded Ford Mustang looks absolutely stunning in a dark purple with silver racing stripes. Everything about the Fastback body style here is enhanced by little touches like wheels (that aren't too big) and clean details that hearken back to Carroll Shelby's original groundbreaking Shelby Mustangs. Even the ride height is just right.
15. Perfect Project: Jaguar Of Dreams
Jaguar has arguably never made an ugly car (outside of some of the sedans that came out in the 2000s, maybe), though the company has long struggled with reliability issues. One way to help with that is a ground-up restomod project like seen above, which features some seriously clean lines and an American V8 under the hood, too.
14. Perfect Project: Not Dom's Charger
In the Fast and Furious franchise, Dom's Charger gets wilder and wilder with every movie, all the way to the mid-engined, all-wheel-drive ice racer status. But this earlier 1967 Charger looks just about perfect—those wheels border on over-the-top but the fat rubber at the back helps the stance come together perfectly.
13. Perfect Project: Fiat Should Have Done This
The Fiat X1/9 is a divisive model that some people just love to hate. But no one should get riled up about this restomodded example. Sure, it's lacking the smooth lines of many restomod projects, but the X1/9 was always a strange, angular little mid-engined sports car, so a JDM-style build actually suits the form well.
12. Perfect Project: Singing Praises
via Oracle Time
Singer Vehicle Design of Sun Valley, California, has emerged as perhaps the world's pre-eminent restomodding company. Singer takes Porsches and transforms them into modern supercars with performance that is downright scary, interiors that are sumptuous and yet sporty, and price tags that truly boggle the mind. Singer basically turns Porsches into the best possible version they can be.
11. Perfect Project: The Ultimate Driving Machine
BMW has simply lost its sense of historicity recently, as the company's cars get bigger, heavier, and number. Arguably the best Bimmer ever made was the E30-generation M3, which paired a screaming four-banger with a perfect exterior and nimble handling. But a restomodded E30 M3 like this one just ups the ante into the realm of perfection, thanks to wider wheels and hopefully a bit more power under the hood.
10. Perfect Project: Chop-Top Lancia
via CAR Magazine
Lancia might be a relatively unknown automaker here in the United States, but the rest of the world knows all about the company that invented the V engine and dominated rally racing with the Integrale. Lancia's early cars, like this Aurelia, were gorgeous—and this outlaw-style build on the Aurelia's perfect lines just came out great.
9. Perfect Project: Alfaholics
via Top Gear
Alfaholics makes, without a doubt, the best Alfa Romeo restomods on the planet. The UK-based builders even just revealed a full carbon-fiber body for the iconic GTV, though that build remains a ways off. For now, the Alfaholics GTA-R 290 will just have to do, with a stronger engine, lightweight body panels, and revised suspension to transform a GTV into a stone-cold stunner.
8. Ruined: Humpback Whale
This AMC Javelin restomod might be powerful and potent, but the truth of the matter is that it just looks bad. The terrible color choice only serves to highlight the car's strange proportions. The enormous hood helps this Javelin look like a bloated humpback whale that's going to crush the thin spokes on those wheels and pop the low-profile tires.
7. Ruined: Should Be Outlawed
via Bless This Stuff
Outlaw Porsches are an entire class of restomod builds to themselves, though not all of them come out looking great. This build—courtesy of Rod Emory, one of the most famous outlaw Porsche builders out there—loses the elements that make a 356 so amazing. Instead of clean lines and nimble tossability, it's just got way too much going on.
6. Ruined: A Calling Card Of Sorts
Sometimes, body shops and vehicle customization specialists need to build a restomod that simply draws attention—and this Mustang proves the old adage that no press is bad press. It's even been nicknamed the "Calling Card" because it looks so radical and is sure to turn heads at any car meet, even if it's for all the wrong reasons.
5. Ruined: Rodeo Drive
via The Drive
The Los Angeles neighborhood of Bel Air has a mystique to it that comes from Will Smith's TV show, the wide range of celebs that live there, and Rodeo Drive being right nearby. But Rodeo Drive is a terrible place where the world's gaudiest brands sell ridiculously expensive products to the world's most plasticine people. This Chevy Bel Air would be more at home Rodeo Drive now that it's had a lot of work done.
4. Ruined: If It Ain't Broke
A second-generation split-window Corvette Stingray can be one of the most awesome cars on the road, though this restomod went too far and reached a point where it's lost much of what made the original, aggressive design so awesome. Those wheels are too big, the tires too thin, and the front end just looks too busy and takes away from the Stingray aura.
3. Ruined: Never A Good Idea
via Resurrection Muscle Cars
Simply put, it's never a good idea to put yellow rims on a car. Even a Volkswagen Beetle in yellow looks bad over yellow wheels, so there's no chance a bright yellow Camaro like this restomod will ever be able to pull off the gimmick. Perhaps the builder just like Transformers, but Bumblebee would not approve of this project.
2. Ruined: Destroyed Classic
via Yahoo Finance
The De Tomaso Pantera was an awesome car to look at throughout its long production run. But this restomod project proves that not everyone who has the time, money, and skill to produce a clean build should be allowed to do so. The exterior just looks all wrong and almost flimsy—not something anyone wants to hear about their Italian-American thoroughbred.
1. Ruined: The Ultimate Parking Machine
BMW began proving to the world that it could build premier sports cars with the 2002, a nimble little sedan that was tossable, relatively powerful, and great to look at. This restomodded 2002, however, now looks like it's going to rub its fender flares right off if it accelerates, brakes, or turns—so it'll just have to sit around looking silly forever, apparently.
Sources: Alfaholics, Mustang and Fords, LA Times, and Wikipedia.


text:
Disease-specific, neurosphere-derived cells as models for brain disorders
Matigian, N and Abrahamsen, G and Sutharsan, R and Cook, AL and Vitale, AM and Nouwens, A and Bellette, B and An, J and Anderson, M and Beckhouse, AG and Bennebroek, M and Cecil, R and Chalk, AM and Cochrane, J and Fan, Y and Feron, F and McCurdy, R and McGrath, J and Murrell, W and Perry, C and Raju, J and Ravishankar, S and Silburn, PA and Sutherland, GT and Mahler, S and Mellick, GD and Wood, SA and Sue, CM and Wells, CA and Mackay-Sim, A, Disease-specific, neurosphere-derived cells as models for brain disorders, Disease models & mechanisms, 3, (11) pp. 785-798. ISSN 1754-8403 (2010) [Refereed Article]
There is a pressing need for patient-derived cell models of brain diseases that are relevant and robust enough to produce the large quantities of cells required for molecular and functional analyses. We describe here a new cell model based on patient-derived cells from the human olfactory mucosa, the organ of smell, which regenerates throughout life from neural stem cells. Olfactory mucosa biopsies were obtained from healthy controls and patients with either schizophrenia, a neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder, or Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disease. Biopsies were dissociated and grown as neurospheres in defined medium. Neurosphere-derived cell lines were grown in serum-containing medium as adherent monolayers and stored frozen. By comparing 42 patient and control cell lines we demonstrated significant disease-specific alterations in gene expression, protein expression and cell function, including dysregulated neurodevelopmental pathways in schizophrenia and dysregulated mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and xenobiotic metabolism in Parkinson's disease. The study has identified new candidate genes and cell pathways for future investigation. Fibroblasts from schizophrenia patients did not show these differences. Olfactory neurosphere-derived cells have many advantages over embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells as models for brain diseases. They do not require genetic reprogramming and they can be obtained from adults with complex genetic diseases. They will be useful for understanding disease aetiology, for diagnostics and for drug discovery.

domain: medical


text:
Latest San Diego business headlines
Is the PennySaver going away?
SD may have to cover 65% of stadium cost
Bill takes aim at gender bias in workers' comp
Hot start to year for local economy
Record $185M AutoZone verdict challenged
Executive pay bill calls out utilities
Uber Español launches in San Diego
Qualcomm unveils latest in fingerprint security
Entrepreneurs' optimism hits all-time high
Is the old Q the new Q?
- Stocks Notch Small Gains Ahead of February Jobs Report
- Emerging Markets and European Stocks More Attractive Than U.S. Equities
- 'Boom-Like' Job Growth Won't Continue: Moody's Mark Zandi
- Stocks' Gains Are Limited in Lead-Up to February Jobs Report
- Pepsi, Lululemon Build Brands With Millennials Via Morning Raves
- Can Etsy keep its folksy brand and make shareholders money?
- Google providing car insurance quotes in latest expansion
- How the Dow Jones industrial average fared on Thursday
- Largest US banks all pass latest round of Fed 'stress tests'
- Largest 31 US banks all pass Fed 'stress tests' of their strength in case of severe recession
Latest Business Galleries
Feb 27, 2015, 9:02 a.m.
Cytori Therapeutics has received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to expand the number of trial sites for its scleroderma therapy. The cellular therapy, ECCS-50, is intended to treat the hands of people with scleroderma, an autoimmune disease that stiffens the skin, limiting movement and causing pain. In January, the FDA gave final approval to begin a Phase 3 trial of ECCS-50 at 12 locations. The FDA has increased the number of sites ...
Feb 26, 2015, 3:45 p.m.
California utility hints at tactics for hitting governor's 50 percent renewables goal.
Feb 24, 2015, 3:58 p.m.
Shire plc has purchased San Diego's Meritage Pharma for up to $245 million, including $70 million upfront. Shire said it is purchasing privately held Meritage for the company's drug that treats the inflammatory gastrointestinal disease eosinophilic esophagitis, or EoE. The drug, Oral Budesonide Suspension, is ready to enter Phase 3 testing. It is a proprietary formulation of budesonide, an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid. The sticky formulation covers the esophagus with budesonide and stays in place for a ...
Feb 24, 2015, 1:38 p.m.
Carmel Valley up in arms over One Paseo while South County embraces growth.

domain: news


text:
THE GIRL WHO KICKED THE HORNET’S NEST, the third and final film in Stieg Larsson’s Millenium Trilogy, hits theaters today. And part two, THE GIRL WHO PLAYED WITH FIRE, was released on DVD earlier this week. Coincidence or brilliantly timed marketing? You decide.
But don’t dwell on it too long because in honor of the trilogy we’re hosting a giveaway contest for fans of the bestselling series. Seriously, it’s a sweet prize and includes a poster signed by Noomi Rapace. Which means you’ll be one marker whiff away from the hand of Lisbeth Salander herself…
The prize pack includes:
- (1) Theatrical poster for The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet’s Nest SIGNED by Noomi Rapace
- (1) The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet’s Nest book
- (1) The Girl Who Played With Fire DVD
- (1) The Girl Who Played With Fire book
- (1) The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo DVD
- (1) The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo book
All you have to do is come up with a caption for the photo below. Be creative, be funny, and we’ll pick a winner at random from our favorites.
Easy right? We can think of a few obvious ones right off the bat… but we’re not eligible for the damn contest so it’s your contest to lose!
Give us a caption by Friday, November 5th, and you just might win.
The lawyer in the basement demands we share the following… this contest is open to US residents age 18 or older. Make sure the email address associated with your comment is legitimate because that’s how the winner will be contacted.

domain: entertainment


text:
Four men have been charged after an attempted robbery of a cash machine in Borough Green.
The men were arrested last Thursday, November 28, at the Barclays Bank in Station Road and appeared at South East London Magistrates Court the following day.
Gary Smith, 38, of Norton Crescent, Tonbridge, and Jason Selwood, 28, of Welland Road also in Tonbridge, have been charged along with Danny Smith and Luke Cassidy, both 24, of no fixed abode.
They have all been charged with conspiracy to burgle and remanded in custody. The quartet are due to appear next at Croydon Crown Court on Friday, December 13.
The charge is in relation to the attempted raid on the ATM on November 28 and a previous attempt at the same location a week earlier, on November 21. The four arrests follow a joint operation by officers from the Met Police Flying Squad and the Kent and Essex Serious Crime Directorate.

domain: law


text: 13 short "stories" in the passe compose. 8 without reflexives, 5 with. Print out two copies of each story that you will use, preferably on different colored paper. Divide the class into two teams. Give each team a copy of the same MIXED UP story. The first team to order it correctly wins a point. Practices reading comprehension and recognition of ordering transition words (d'abord, ensuite, enfin) in a fun, competitive way.

domain: literature


text:
Let’s make a vividly colorful fisher’s flag-style cut-out headboard!
Date: Sunday July 30th, 2017
Location: At lecture rooms 1 and 2 of Sugimura Jun Museum of Art (Shiogama City), 30 minutes east of Sendai.
Entrance fee: Admission is free, but reservations/applications are required to join the workshop.
For applications, please click here to fill out our application form.
By joining this workshop, we will transform Yukiko Hata’s beautifully-crafted illustrations into a colorful collaborative creation.
This will be accomplished by painting them with vivid color acrylic paint across large cardboard panels in a style similar to a Japanese-style fisher’s flag commonly seen in coastal cities.
The completed works from the participants will be showcased at the museum during the exhibition period of Yukiko Hata’s “Summer Hallucinations”.
Translated by JUNBI Supporter (Fumie Ito, Naoko Sakazume, SAT De Los Angeles)

domain: artistic


text:
A Teesside college is celebrating success after being given the Ofsted seal of approval.
Stockton Riverside College which incorporates SRC Bede Sixth Form, NETA Training and The Skills Academy has been graded ‘good’ for the second consecutive time by the education watchdog.
Praised for its vision to place the college at the centre of the local community, the report stated: “This focus has resulted in a culture of high expectations for learners and staff that is both challenging and supportive.”
The college was also recognised for its work with employers and work experience opportunities provided for its students – ensuring that learners successfully develop the skills and knowledge that employers are looking for.
The report stated: “Most learners benefit from very well-planned, helpful and relevant work experience placements that support them to practise their subject specific skills.
This helps them to make informed choices about their next steps.”
It also acknowledged that staff have developed “productive relationships” with employers in order to offer a flexible approach to learning depending on their needs.
“Good-quality careers guidance” was also highlighted, resulting in learners and apprentices moving on to employment, further or higher education.
Speaking of his pride in the accomplishments of the college, its governors, students and staff, principal Phil Cook said: “This is not about the achievement of any one person, it is about everybody and the dedication and hard work that every individual puts in.”
He said: “Ofsted shines a spotlight on each and every one of us. To be consistently recognised as a ‘good’ college, we and the communities we serve should all feel extremely proud.”
The two-day Ofsted inspection took place in November and recognised strengths maintained and built upon since the college’s previous ‘good’ inspection in 2014.
The report, addressed to Mr Cook, stated: “You and your leadership team maintained the strengths at the previous inspection and have been highly effective in ensuring that learners develop work-related skills and attitudes to a very high standard, with most learners completing work placements that support and enhance their understanding of employment.”


text:
A PEAK INTO A BROKEN SYSTEM
Hamedah Hassan was an overall upstanding member of our society until she became a victim of her extenuating circumstances. When Hamedah was 21 years old, she made a brave choice to flee from an extremely abusive relationship with her two children. At the time, Hamedah’s only option was to seek refuge at her cousin’s house. However, Hamedah’s cousin was dealing crack cocaine and soon roped her into running errands for his drug business. After two years of being involved in the drug business, Hamedah decided to return to her hometown as she wanted to earn an honest living for herself and her children. Shortly after returning to her hometown, Hamedah was arrested. Despite having a clean record, a single offense—likely caused by desperation—resulted in a sentence of 27 years in prison for Hamedah. This was the minimum term under the mandatory minimum sentencing guidelines for crack cocaine-related convictions. She will not be part of her children’s lives for nearly three decades. Hamedah appealed her sentence to the highest courts to no avail. She is one of many victims paying the harsh price of the mandatory minimum penalty.
Anyone who has ever designed something knows the futility of attempting a one-size-fits-all approach; even one-size-fits-all clothing is at best fits most! If the one-size-fits-all model doesn’t work for something as minor as clothing, then why do we apply this model to our criminal justice system? Mandatory minimums force the justice system to apply a one-size-fits-all sentencing approach and disregard the circumstances of individual defendants which then results in flawed and unfair sentencing practices, racial disparity, and overcrowding caused by mass incarceration. Reform must be sought, and mandatory minimums should be reimagined to where it only applies to extremely violent and inhumane crimes.
Congress enacted mandatory minimums in 1986 to achieve uniformity and fairness in the sentencing process but it resulted in quite the opposite. There are mainly three ways mandatory minimums contribute to a less fair criminal justice system. First, mandatory minimums remove judicial discretion to consider the defendant’s circumstances, which consolidates more power in the hands of prosecutors, and in turn contributes to the mass incarceration crisis. Second, mandatory minimums often lead to unnecessarily long sentences for low-level offenses that result in unfair sentencing and the overcrowding of prisons. Third, mandatory minimums directly contribute to racial disparity in sentencing practices and the criminal justice system.
Mandatory minimums arguably promote deterrence and incapacitation with more certainty compared to other sentencing methods because they eliminate judicial discretion. The method thus diminishes the judge’s ability to choose from the different types of punishments. Judges are often perceived as “too lenient” and if he doesn’t hand out a “long enough” sentence it won’t promote adequate deterrence or incapacitation for persistent criminals. Mandatory minimums require courts to hand out specific prison terms for certain crimes. In theory, this seems straightforward, but while the criminal justice system limits judicial discretion, it does nothing to curb prosecutorial discretion in charging decisions. This model creates a disparity in the bargaining process, rendering it more favorable for the prosecutor and increasing the likelihood of defendant coercion.
Prosecutors use mandatory minimums as a leveraging tool to prevent cases from going to trial and pushing for a quick guilty plea. Prosecutors often threaten to charge a defendant with a crime that will trigger a mandatory minimum with a much harsher sentence. These tactics coerce defendants to take a plea deal to avoid harsher sentences even if the defendants are innocent. Consequently, plea deals are on the rise. In fact, 95% of all convictions are from guilty pleas. One in forty felony cases makes it to trial in the modern era, compared to the one in twelve felony cases during the 1970s, according to nine states’ published records. This number is even steeper for federal cases. The rise in guilty pleas has resulted in higher conviction rates that contribute to mass incarceration.
NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF MANDATORY MINIMUMS
Mandatory minimum requirements lead to longer-term sentences for low-level crimes and are a key factor in increasing mass incarceration, which also results in overcrowding of prisons. Although various sources claim fewer people are being convicted under mandatory minimum penalties, 55.7% of all inmates were in custody for nonviolent crimes as a result of mandatory minimum sentencing in 2016. Two-thirds of these convictions were for low-level drug-related offenses and the second and third largest categories of convictions under mandatory minimums were for offenses related to pornography and firearms. Thus, a significant number of those incarcerated are serving particularly harsh sentences, especially for low-level crimes. The average sentence for offenders who were subjected to a mandatory minimum penalty was 138 months,compared to 28 months which was the average for offenders not convicted of any offense carrying a mandatory minimum penalty. The United States already has one of the highest incarceration rates in the world with approximately 2.3 million people in prison. The issue of mass incarceration has been exacerbated by mandatory minimum requirements, resulting in the continued overpopulation of the U.S. prison system.
Mandatory minimums also directly contribute to racial disparities present in the criminal justice system. Latinx people make up 41.5% of offenders who are sentenced under the mandatory minimum penalty while 28.9% are Black Americans, 27.2% are White Americans and 2.4% are from other races in sentences for cocaine-related offenses. Data shows that offenses involving possession of crack cocaine receive a much higher sentence compared to offenses involving possession of cocaine at both federal and state levels, even if the amount of drug possessed was the same. This discrepancy is a result of Congress’s inaccurate assumption that crack cocaine is more dangerous. Historically, the War on Drugs has been viewed through a racial lens in the United States, and crack cocaine is a drug that was erroneously associated with the Black community, whereas powder cocaine usage was often associated with the White community. When crack cocaine usage increased in the 1980s there was a huge uproar in White communities which created a “war on drugs” and pushed for policy changes as crack cocaine was viewed to be extremely problematic and dangerous. Concurrently the use of powder cocaine also increased during the 1980s, however, it did not face the same level of scrutiny. Powder cocaine was viewed to be “upscale” as it was used by wealthy White Americans. This distinction of “crack cocaine” and “powder cocaine” based on racial and economic classification is critical when reviewing legislative responses because it highlights the social control minorities are often subjected to.
Both crack cocaine and powder cocaine are merely two versions of the same drug. However, an offender convicted of an offense involving just five grams of crack cocaine was subject to the same five-year mandatory minimum federal prison sentence as someone convicted of an offense involving 500 grams of powder cocaine. This 100:1 ratio is significant as the majority of people arrested for crack possession are Black Americans. According to data, by 2004, Black Americans who committed non-violent drug crimes faced virtually the same amount of prison time (58.7 months) as White Americans who committed violent crimes (61.7 months). In 2018, 85% of the total 30,000 people sentenced for crack cocaine crimes were Black Americans. Racial disparity in cocaine sentencing is simply one area out of the many areas of sentencing where offenders have a disadvantage due to their race and thus, constitutes another flaw in the mandatory minimum penalty that requires reform.
While there have been initiatives to reform mandatory minimums, there is much more work to be done. President Obama’s Fair Sentencing Act attempted to tackle racial disparity caused by mandatory minimums and reduced the disparity between the amount of crack cocaine and powder cocaine needed to trigger certain federal criminal penalties from a 100:1 weight ratio to an 18:1 weight ratio and eliminated the 5-year mandatory minimum for simple possession of crack cocaine.
Non-profit organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union (“ACLU”) and Drug Policy Alliance have taken several steps to encourage further reform. The ACLU testified in front of the United States Sentencing Commission—a committee created by Congress to create more uniformity across sentencing guidelines—to advocate for the abolition of mandatory minimums. Accordingly, the ACLU urged the commission to review and take additional steps, independent of Congress, to mitigate the damage caused by existing mandatory minimum policies. The Drug Policy Reform Alliance is also pushing for change through the launch of their campaign which advocates the passage of the Community Safety and Fair Sentencing Act. This legislation would allow the judges to leave mandatory minimums in the past and offer judges more discretion in handing out sentences that fit the crimes, as opposed to handing out “one-size-fits-all” sentences. While some changes attempt to eliminate the disparities created by mandatory minimums, there is still much to be done to eliminate the disparities in sentencing entirely.
Mass incarceration still continues under mandatory minimums for non-violent crimes. It continues to create disparity in the bargaining process by giving prosecutors unfair leverage and exacerbating mass incarceration, overcrowding, and racial disparities. To tackle the issues caused by mandatory minimums, Congress should repeal mandatory minimums for non-violent offenses such as drug offenses and reserve such sentences only for violent offenses. Congress should also look to reduce maximum sentences and allow judges more discretion when it comes to sentencing based on a case-by-case basis and abolish the one-size-fits-all sentencing model. Reforms do not happen overnight, but a good place for the justice system to start is to review Hamedah’s case and bring her justice.
The judge who presided over Hamedah’s case stated, “My hands are tied, based upon the fact that the sentencing guidelines mandate the 20-year sentence in this case.” This was the result despite her being a first-time offender with a clean record. Even though Hamedah’s 27-year sentence was reduced to 18 years after she wrote a letter to President Obama, her rights of freedom from arbitrary confinement were curtailed by this excessive sentence. Change begins with one person: if we can bring Hamedah’s story of injustice to light, perhaps we can spread more awareness to the issues surrounding mandatory minimums and begin to correct the decades of wrongs created by mandatory minimum sentencing in our country.

domain: sociology


text:
Gary Lineker opens up about his dementia concerns
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Changing your diet could slow the effects of ageing on the brain, according to a new study at the University of Edinburgh. The research, led by doctor Janie Corley, examined a group of 500 people aged 79 who exhibited no signs of dementia. They reported details of their diets, underwent cognitive tests and many of them agreed to undergo MRI brain scans to examine the structure of their brains. Consuming leafy greens and cutting out red meat have been correlated to better cognitive performance in old age.
Information was also collected on other factors that may impact brain health, such as a history of smoking.
The correlation remained even after accounting for these other variables, but the overall impact was small.
An unexpected result was that the difference found in the cognitive tests could not be identified from comparing the MRI scans.
The benefits to cognition could be due to the anti-inflammatory effect of the diet.
Doctor Corley said: “Eating more green leafy vegetables and cutting down on red meat might be two key food elements that contribute to the benefits of the Mediterranean-style diet.
“In our sample, the positive relationship between a Mediterranean diet and thinking skills is not accounted for by having a healthier brain structure, as one might expect.
“Though it’s possible there may be other structural or functional brain correlates with this measure of diet, or associations in specific regions of the brain, rather than the whole brain, as measured here.”
The research has verified a correlation between diet and cognitive health but has not identified a causal relation between the two.
Foods with pro-inflammatory properties were found to have a negative impact on performance in cognitive tests.
This includes highly processed foods containing salt and sugar, alongside red meat.
These foods are often associated with worse cardiovascular health, with salt especially having the effect of increasing blood pressure.
Previous studies have linked many of the risk factors of cardiovascular health to dementia with cardiovascular health impacting blood flow to the brain.
The study examined a group called the Lothian Birth Cohort. This is a collection of over a thousand people born in 1936, who have agreed to regular cognitive and health testing.
Many members of the group have agreed to donate the brain tissue to further the research project in the event of their death.
The data collected from the group has been used in ageing research around the world.
“The Lothian Birth Cohorts are unusual and extremely valuable groups of participants who permit us to understand the association between early life experiences and late life outcomes of health and disease” said Professor Sudha Seshadri, director of the Glenn Biggs institute for Alzheimers and Neurodegenerative diseases at the University of Texas.
“Their generous gift of their time and information, and the superb team at Edinburgh that has been able to leverage these data expertly and creatively has resulted in many new insights into brain aging in health and disease.”
One of the primary goals of the Lothian Birth Cohorts is to examine how the behaviours of its participants can be translated into advice on how regular people can protect their mental faculties heading into old age.
Cognitive conditions such as Alzheimer’s and dementia are expected to impact an increasing number of people as medical technology and improved nutrition increase our life expectancies.
Alzheimer’s Research UK predicts that the number of people with dementia is going to increase by 204 percent from 2018 to 2050.
The healthcare and social costs of dementia exceed the combined spending on both cancer and chronic heart disease.
Source: Read Full Article

domain: psychology


text:
Wales, United Kingdom
In our attempt to re-weave nature into the world’s landscapes through restoration of its capacity to provide life-sustaining ecological services, we have identified a variety of potentially restorable bio-diverse habitats.
Our target areas, existing at different stages of degradation, require site-specific treatments that can be broadly categorised into traditional ecological restoration, species targeted conservation and conservation oriented restoration. These are completed in consultation with the local management authorities and institutions while considering appropriately the existing management plans.
Anthropogenic disturbances disrupt previous species interactions and ecological processes as also the assisted regeneration and colonisation attempted during restoration. Without controlling illegal felling, grazing, poaching and other factors injurious to the maintenance of processes that sustain natural habitats, loss of biodiversity is inevitable. Inadequate protection measures lead to habitat alteration and fragmentation that reduce species population sizes below the viability threshold, impact physio–chemical parameters, damage biological connectivity, and ultimately render conservation impossible. It is an undisputed fact that effective protection is a key component of any successful effort made for creating sustainable ecosystems.
While we work to ensure that the protection status of Sacred Grove Clusters is kept high through strict implementation of the prevalent legal instruments; the field-level protection efforts adopt the most appropriate and efficient strategy developed in consultation with the stakeholders. In principle, a participatory approach is the most favoured option to ensure effective protection. The institutions involved are joint (government with community) protection committees or even purely community led protection agencies, though, depending on the site-specific situation, government machinery alone is also kept as an option. The adoption of the latest technologies (geo-spatial imaging) and image analytics shall enable the proactive management of the habitats under protection with locally acceptable protection approaches. We strongly believe that the involvement of the local communities and local expertise in the process of conservation will be critical to our continued success.
Example of our conservation approach customised for Gigrin Prysg:
This approach is in line with the ethos of (United Nations Sustainable Development Goals) UN SDG 15 and also serves the objectives of the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021-2030).
We love to hear about other people who are striving to make a positive difference to our planet. We hope you enjoy reading them.

domain: geography


text:
Da Boot Sports
LSU Sports Information
By: Grant Kauvar
BATON ROUGE – The LSU Women’s Basketball schedule for Head Coach Kim Mulkey’s first season leading the Tigers has been announced.
The schedule will feature 16 home games along with two home exhibition games prior to the start of the season. Season tickets are still available.
The exhibitions, against Langston on Saturday, October 30 and Loyola on Thursday, November 4 will be free for fans to attend.
The Tigers’ schedule features 11 games against teams that played in the NCAA Tournament last season, six of which will be at home in the PMAC.
Coach Mulkey will make her LSU debut on Tuesday, November 9 when the Tigers host Nicholls for an 11 a.m. CT showdown. The game will serve as the Tigers’ annual field trip game where LSU will host elementary and middle school kids from Baton Rouge and the surrounding parishes.
The Tigers will then host Florida Gulf Coast on Sunday, November 14 at 12:30 p.m. before heading to Lafayette to face ULL in its first road challenge of the season on Thursday November 18 at 6 p.m. The Tigers will host Tulane on Tuesday, November 23 at 6 p.m.
LSU will spend Thanksgiving in San Juan, Puerto Rico at the San Juan Shootout. The Tigers will have two games in the capitol city of Puerto Rico, beginning with New Mexico State on Friday, November 26 at 1:30 p.m. CT. The following day LSU will face Missouri State at 11:15 a.m., a team that made a Sweet 16 run last season.
Returning to Baton Rouge, LSU will host Iowa State on Thursday, December 2 in the SEC/Big 12 Challenge. The Cyclones made the dance last season, losing to Texas A&M in the second round.
LSU will host its following three games against Texas Southern at 1 p.m. on Sunday December 12, Alcorn State at 7 p.m. on Wednesday, December 15, and New Orleans at noon on Saturday, December 18.
The Tigers will then head to Florida for the West Palm Beach Invitational. In the first of two games, LSU will take on Clemson Monday, December 20 at 4:45 p.m. On Tuesday, December 21 the Tigers will match up against Texas Tech at 2:30 p.m.
LSU will conclude its non-conference schedule when it hosts Samford on Monday, December 27 at 6 p.m.
The SEC schedule will be 16 games and LSU will have home-and-homes against Florida, Georgia and Texas A&M. Official times have not yet been released for conference play and will come at a later date. The television schedule will also be released at a later time, but every game will at least be streamed via ESPN+.
Out of the gate to begin conference play, LSU will face three NCAA Tournament teams from a season ago.
The Tigers will open SEC play when they travel to Athens, Georgia to face the Bulldogs on Thursday, December 30. Georgia reached the second round of the tournament last season before being defeated by Oregon.
In the SEC home opener on Sunday, January 2 the Tigers will face a Texas A&M team that reached the Sweet 16 last season and won the SEC Regular Season title. The Tigers will then welcome South Carolina to Baton Rouge on Sunday, January 6. Last season the Gamecocks won the SEC Tournament and reached the Final Four.
LSU will then travel to Auburn for a game on Sunday, January 9 before returning home to host Missouri on Thursday, January 13 followed by Vanderbilt on Sunday, January 16. The Tigers will have the following week off before resuming play.
After the bye week, the Tigers will hit the road to Gainesville to face Florida on Monday, January 24. From there, LSU will be hosted by Arkansas on Thursday, January 27 in Fayetteville. The Razorbacks had a first-round exit in the NCAA Tournament last season.
The Tigers will return home for one game to host Kentucky on Sunday, January 30 before its second bye-week. LSU will pick up play on Monday, February 7 when it travels to Oxford to face Ole Miss.
LSU will take on Georgia at home next on Thursday, February 10. That weekend the Tigers will go to Bryant-College Station where they will face Texas A&M on Sunday, February 13. LSU will remain on the road and travel to Starkville to square up against Mississippi State on Thursday, February 17.
LSU will host Florida on Sunday, February 20. In their final home game of the season on Thursday, February 24, the Tigers will host Alabama.
The Tigers’ regular season will conclude in Knoxville at Tennessee on Sunday, February 27.
The SEC Tournament will take place in Nashville and will run March 2-6. The NCAA Tournament will start on Friday, March 18 and will conclude on Sunday, April 3 at the Target Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota.


A suspect in the stabbing death of a man on La Brea Avenue near Santa Monica Boulevard that raised alarms about safety on WeHo’s Eastside was arrested two days according the L.A. County Sheriff’s Department’s Homicide Bureau.
Despite the considerable outrage created by the murder, which led to a special meeting on the Eastside of the city’s Public Safety Commission, the arrest was not announced by the Homicide Bureau. It was first disclosed today by the Beverly Press.
Lt. Joe Mendoza of Homicide Bureau said the suspect is Carl Edwards, 45, who he said is transgender and identifies as a woman. Edwards and the victim, Bernar Jivan Arlain, 32, an African-American man, had been dating and had gotten into an argument before the stabbing near the McDonalds restaurant on La Brea.
Edwards was arrested in downtown Los Angeles. Both Edwards and Arlain are believed to be homeless. Edwards faces on charge of murder and is being held without bail.
It seems as though Tiffany Pearson felt compelled to provide an explanation of events. Now correct me if I’m wrong, he was stabbed which lead to his death. That is the same thing as stabbed to death. Sounds like you have inside information on this heinous crime which is possibly the result of DV. The question is on who’s part. If it was self defense then the suspect shouldn’t have ran. The suspect should’ve called 911 then maybe to city wouldn’t be in such disgust about the situation.
She was no apprehended she turned herself in. She called the major crimes and had them meet her where she was arrested. Even the news don’t have the right facts. Not even on the demise of his death. He wasn’t stabbed to death he was stuck once with a knife which hit a main artery that caused him to bleed to his death
L.A. County Sheriff’s Department is a total joke. Talk about a third-rate policing group. Scandal-ridden, just look at the pathetic Sherriff Baca. What I want to know is what does the LACS Dept have on elected officials that forces West Hollywood to keep this totally inept group policing West Hollywood? Dump them? WEHO could contract with other policing departments in outlining cities to form a WEHO Police Department. WEHO certainly has the money! They’re able to send City Council members on recent jaunts to Washington DC or build a ludicrous garage for City Hall., Again, the LACS Dept has had… Read more »
Why do you want a “mugshot”? The Suspect is behind bars. She is innocent until proven guilty. Law Enforcement, for whatever reason they had, delayed releasing basic information including that the suspect was in custody. WEHOville did a great job getting the story out there as fast as they could. Henry Works Very hard and Diligently to inform the Community about what’s going on in an unbiased way. His News Platform is the only one I know which allows readers to comment in real time on stories. Give him a break! He’s doing a Great job. WEHOville is the first… Read more »
Please get us a mug shot. Would be great if you guys started doing a little more investigative reporting. Maybe then people would agree to pay your subscription fees.
I also want to publish a mug shot. But it isn’t easy. You’ll note that despite the controversy sparked by this crime, the L.A. County Sheriff’s Department didn’t bother to announce the arrest of the suspect until two days after it happened, and that’s because the Beverly Press made a call. And “you guys” is me, with the help of a couple of part-time freelancers. We’re hoping our subscription campaign will allow us to hire someone else to expand our staff of one to two!
I’m glad that we don’t have to worry about a killer on the streets with a knife, but I also feel sorry for both people. It’s very sad and unsettling that relationship issues can escalate to this level. Domestic Violence in any form is a terrible thing.
she’ll have a place to sleep for the next few years.


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domain: finance


text:
Many of you don’t know this, but when Oklahoma first became a state in September 1907, a few months later the very first *emergency* Senate Bill was passed to segregate the town between Whites and Blacks. Shortly after, Black people protested and mini-riot ensued in all-Black towns.
14 years later one of the worst racial massacres in American history took place. We now know it as the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre (formerly known as the “Tulsa Race Riot”).
As you will see in the above clip (from 1999), you will actually see personal stories from those who were actually there, as well as how the media covered it, how the police handled it, how insurance companies approved White claims of damaged property but not Black claims, and more.
Simply put, after seeing this you will understand that the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre was really an attempted ethnic cleansing of Blacks from the town. Nothing more, nothing less.
And if you believe Tulsa was an isolated incident, think again. America’s top people believed ethnic cleansing was the way to survive in America, as proven in this clip.
Just one more reason why reparations to Black people (descendants of slaves) are needed to start the real healing of racial wounds in America. And we’re not talking about donating to organizations fighting racial justice (as people are doing these days which provides tax charity benefits), but DIRECT payments to people who were affected.


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SUV Driver Injured in Oroville Fatal Crash
Oroville, CA (August 26, 2023) – At around 8 p.m. on Thursday, a motorcycle rider died in a Greenville Street collision.
The crash happened at the intersection with Fallbrook Avenue wherein an SUV was also involved.
The accident report stated that the motorcycle collided with the SUV killing the rider.
The SUV driver was not seriously injured in the fatal accident.
Officers are still investigating.
Our legal team would like to send our condolences to the loved ones of the deceased in the Greenville Street collision. Our thoughts are with you during this difficult time.
Facing the Aftermath of Greenville Street Collision
Hiring a lawyer following a devastating event is not always an easy process. We at Sweet Lawyers understand that you likely have concerns or uncertainties when deciding whether or not to hire a legal attorney. Our team’s goal is to eliminate your risk by offering our clients a free consultation and a contingency fee structure.
This means that your initial call or meeting is 100% free. We will review the details of your case and our law experts will recommend the best course of action for you. Certainly, calling us to schedule your free case evaluation is one of the best decisions you could make following a tragic incident.
Our Attorneys Can Help You
Sweet Lawyers has over 40 years of experience within the legal field. With a dynamic team of attorneys, we take pride in our 98% success rate. Our legal attorneys are skilled in many practice areas: car accidents, personal injury, wrongful death, and disability law to name a few.
Trust our attorneys. We have seen thousands of cases and know how to handle your legal situation. We promise to be there to fight for you every minute of the day.
Call our legal team right away. Our hotline is (800) 674 7852.


text: On January 12th, the D.C. Circuit found that a petitioner violated NASD rules when he engaged in securities transactions on behalf of two clients without telling his employer. The Court further upheld the fines and suspensions imposed for those rule violations. However, the Court granted the petition challenging the SEC order imposing restitution. In the instant case, sophisticated investors willingly sought to invest their money in a highly speculative venture involving a start-up company that eventually failed. The SEC failed to establish a causal connection between petitioner's violations and the investors' losses. The SEC's judgment awarding full restitution was neither adequately explained nor supported by agency precedent. Siegel v. SEC.


text: Matthew Woodring Stover is author of the New Jedi Order paperback, 'Traitor'. He is well known for the gritty novel 'Hero's Die'. Iron Dawn (1997) Jericho Moon (1998) Heroes Die (The Acts of Caine: Act of Violence) (1998) Blade of Tyshalle (The Acts of Caine: Act of War) (2001) The Real Flash Gordon (2001) (unpublished) Traitor (Star Wars: The New Jedi Order) (2002) Shatterpoint (Star Wars: A Clone Wars Novel) (2003) Caine Black Knife (The Acts of Caine: Act of Atonement) (2005) Star Wars: Episode III (based on the screenplay by George Lucas) (2005) Dead Man's Heart (The Acts of Caine: Act of Remembrance (assuming Caine survives CBK)) Bran Mak Morn novel? (". . .a new Bran Mak Morn novel. And I would only make this exception because I might be writing it myself." [link=http://pub44.ezboard.com/fdeadcitiesver3o19082frm1.showMessage?topicID=218.topic]1/6/04[/link]) Barra & Co. trilogy? More Overworld novels? Discuss Matthew's novels and aspects of his writing in this thread. You never know, Matthew might drop by from time to time!


text:
Tiana Shiroma’s Single Parent Co-Housing project is located in a proposed neighborhood center in northwest Paradise on Billie Road. Co-housing is a communal way of living, intended to provide an affordable housing option. This one, designed for single parents and transitional families, is comprised of four separate buildings – each one with communal kitchens, dining rooms, and living rooms on the ground floor, and apartments above – that form a large, protected courtyard.
Shiroma, Tiana, "Single Parent Co-Housing" (2019). Studio Projects. 11.


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Are you looking for Yoga classes in Canada? Here are the Top 10 available Yoga classes in Canada.
Are you looking for Yoga classes in Canada?
Here are the Top 10 available Yoga classes in Canada.
Yoga classes are offered by Latin Groove Dance School. Besides from achieving your fitness goals in a structured and professional environment, there are many other known benefits to group exercise, whether it be social interaction, lower stress, emotional and mental health benefits.
Yoga classes are offered by Yoyo School of Dancing. Originating in India, yoga uses ancient techniques that are easy to grasp. Through positions of the body, breathing adjustment, meditation, and various other methods, yoga unifies the body, mind, and spirit.
Yoga Stretch is to help the dancers work on their flexibility, and to improve their range of motion for all disciplines. Students will be lead through a yoga style stretch class. This class is also great for decompressing from the week and working on the student’s healthy mind.

domain: hobby


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Val Jantzen is angry that two insurance companies continued to take premiums from her son while knowing that he was addicted to cocaine, and then denied coverage after he died of a cocaine overdose in 2018.
“They were well aware of his lifestyle, his addiction,” she said in an interview.
“They didn’t do anything about it. They just continued to take his premiums. They never addressed it. They didn’t put an addendum on his insurance policy.”
Val’s son Josh Jantzen had two policies, one for mortgage insurance and one for a line of credit, to ensure those debts would be paid out in the event of his death.
Val is also disappointed that judges at Court of King’s Bench and the Saskatchewan’s Court of Appeal both sided with the insurers when she went to court to try and force the companies to pay.
The Court of Appeal decision was written by Justice Robert Leurer and published earlier this month.
Val is not the only one disappointed.
“I think it’s just another example of how we continue to criminalize substance use disorders in our country and around the world,” said Kayla DeMong, executive director of Prairie Harm Reduction.
“We recognize the underlying issues that often push somebody into substance use disorder, but when it comes down to it we’re making moralistic judgments on a person and criminalizing what should be treated as a health issue.”
Josh, 37, was found dead in his home in Saskatoon on Feb. 1, 2018. The autopsy concluded that he had a fatal amount of alcohol and cocaine in his system.
Josh had struggled with addictions for at least a decade, according to his mother. He worked at a potash mine and had gone through rehab three times, but continued to relapse.
Val was quick to point out that her son was not completely defined by his addictions. He grew up in a middle-class Saskatoon home with three brothers. He played sports, rode motorcycles, and went hunting and fishing. Josh worked hard, paid his bills and had a serious relationship.
Josh was self-aware enough to seek help on his own and conscientious enough to not lie about his struggles when he got insurance, according to Val.
The Court of Appeal ruled that “the insurers properly denied coverage because Mr. Jantzen died as a result of committing the crime of possession of the cocaine that he consumed.”
TD Life Insurance Company and Canada Life Assurance Company both declined interview requests.
Kevin Dorse, with the Canadian Life and Health Insurance Association Inc., said he couldn’t speak to the specifics of this case.
“What we can say is that it is very common for life insurance policies sold in all parts of Canada to contain provisions that will exclude or limit payment of a claim where death occurs in specific circumstances,” he said in an email.
Lori Sandstrom, who teaches insurance law at the University of Saskatchewan, said insurance companies across the country will be well aware of this decision.
“I think this decision is important because it’s interpreting an exclusion clause in a policy, and insurers are always looking for how court is going to interpret an exclusion clause,” Sandstrom said.
“They’re looking at a sequence of events, so you can tell from both decisions that the court was looking to similar exclusion clauses and other policies in different factual situations and applying it here … so you could see that interpretations, if persuasive, are relied upon across Canada.”
Sandstrom is also disappointed with how addictions are criminalized — and the broader implications of the Court of Appeal ruling.
“Because as a society we have chosen not to decriminalize possession for personal use, despite it being an addiction, I think this interpretation may have quite broad implications,” she said.
“We have a lot of people, I think, struggling with addictions, and now because of the interpretation that courts have given, exclusion clauses such as this, they may face forfeiting their insurance as a result of an addiction.”
DeMong said that Josh and his family are being punished for something that doesn’t warrant punishment.
“They’re happy to take his money. They’re happy to take his premiums. They’re happy to work with him as long as they’re financially gaining from this situation,” she said.
“And the moment that they have to pay that out and live up to their end of the agreement, it becomes, again, this bad versus good situation, and they’ve deemed it bad.”


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Tuesday & Thursday
Wednesday & Friday
9 AM-5 PM
Saturdays 10 AM-2PM
(Closed Saturdays in the Summer)
July 27th (ages 8-11) 11-11:30 A.M.
July 28th (ages 12 and up) 6-6:45 P.M.
Friends of RML
44 Richards Ave
(508) 754 -0793
Richards Memorial Library
If you catch a Pokémon in the parking lot or inside the library receive one piece of candy at the circulation desk.
Type your paragraph here.
Author Visit October 18th, 6:30 P.M.-7:30 P.M.:
Judith Ferrara bio: Writer and visual artist Judith Ferrara lives in Worcester, Massachusetts. Her poetry has been published in two collections: Gestures of Trees (Mellen Poetry Press) and A Brush with Words (Autumn Light Press) and journals, such as the black fly review, The Comstock Review, The Portland Review Literary Journal, GSU Review, The Worcester Review and others. In 2009, she began a study of poet Stanley Kunitz and continues to research his life and Worcester-based poems. Her art has been shown in group and solo exhibitions since 1998. Please visit www.PaletteAndPen.com for more information, including a look at artwork and Judy’s Journal, her monthly blog.
The Basics of Professional Cinematography
Paul Odgren, owner of Parallax Pictures, together with Paxton Cable, will offer a 3 week summer class that will introduce:
Dates: August 4th, 11th, and 18th
Time: 6:15 P.M. -7:30 P.M.
Registration required. Free program-Spaces are limited. Visit the library or call 508-754-0793 (Must have 8 participants to offer program-Ages 12 and up)
Mark Your Calendar
Board of Directors
Backyard Astronomy: Come in to borrow the library telescope!
Please come on in to check out the library telescope to observe objects from your own backyard using a technique called star-hopping and learn how easy it is to use!
This telescope was donated to the library by John C. Root in memory of his wife, Susan E. Root, and is maintained by Aldrich Astronomical Society, Inc. as part of their Adopt a Library Program.
Visit our library to check out the June 2016 Display: Kitty Art by Ann McDougle

domain: library


text:
Acid Reflux Natural Remedies
Many of us deal with acid reflux or Gerd.
Acid reflux happens with the lower esophageal sphincter let the acid travel back up the esophagus or throat. This can cause a burning sensation.
Traditional remedies are antacids, H2 receptors, and proton pump inhibitors.
H-2-receptor blockers. H-2-receptor blockers such as Pepcid AC and Zantac can cause cancer.
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs). Proton pump inhibitors and H-2 receptor blockers aren’t recommended for extended use. These medications, which include Prilosec, Prevacid, and Nexium aren’t recommended for extended use. They can even cause a risk of stomach and esophageal cancer.
Anti-acid I avoid medication and I found that regular anti-acids such as Tums, Alkalizer Gold, Pepcid AC are full of additives and colorants and added flavors often with lemon or mint, two great acid-forming.
What really did help me?
I have found supplements and lifestyles that helped me to improve without the use of medication or intervents.
Talk with your doctor to see if these tips can help you!
Besides the change of diet by following dr. Aviv's book recommendations you will see below, it is also standing up!
Yes, sitting especially after eating will create pressure on the stomach making release the acid-up.
So stand up, buy a stand-up workstation. You will see the difference immediately.
First of all, we need to eliminate the major acid food that causes acid inside our body and add more alkaline food and drinks. This is a natural healing process and it can take time.
Follow it until you feel better. 1 or 2 months.
Acid Food: Remove vinegar, lemon, oranges, coffee, chocolate, mint, alcohol, spicy red chili peppers, black pepper, tomatoes, garlic, and onion. If that is not enough, remove also gluten, dairy, corn, and eggs.
Citric acid: Avoid food containing citric acid, once derived by citric fruit now a cheap a mold derived made in a laboratory.
Irritants: Avoid ashwagandha, and turmeric supplements especially the ones containing added pepper for absorption. I found them to be very irritant for the stomach.
Baby Carrots: Avoid baby carrots since they are treated with chlorine even the organic ones, since they are cut, baby carrots are washed in a chlorine-water solution, choose the full-size USDA Certified Organic untreated carrots.
Choose alkaline water such as Mountain Valley Water
Supplements: DGL, calcium carbonate, aloe, slippery elm, marshmallow root.
Sit straight to avoid pushing on your stomach. To help your posture use this device.
Wait 3 hours before sleep after dinner. Don't fast for more than 3 hours during the daytime.
Sleep with a wedge pillow, to avoid the acid to raise during the night
Take supplements and especially multivitamins with minerals, since anti-acid products can reduce minerals
Avoid Advil, Ibuprofen, and Tylenol, or other anti-inflammatory drugs. For menstrual cramps try these instead.
Avoid Magnesium Citrate made with citric acid. Choose Magnesium Glycinate
Avoid the traditional and cheap Vitamin C made with ascorbic acid. Choose this Vitamin C
Use Celtic Salt since it is not processed, alkaline salt
Avoid minty or acid toothpaste. Check my favorite toothpaste here
Forces Of Nature Organic Heartburn & Acid Indigestion Relief
🍃 Healing the World since 1999.
We created the world's first line of FDA Registered and USDA Certified Organic medicines. Our cutting-edge approach to healing is highly advanced and one of a kind. By combining certified organic homeopathic medicines with uber strong certified organic essential oils, our medicines work with your body, naturally. This one-two combination delivers incredibly powerful and effective results safely for common ailments time after time.
🍃This organic heartburn remedy
Neutralize acid indigestion
Ease upset stomach and heartburn
Soothing peppermint flavor
Homeopathic, sublingual therapy
All natural, safe & effective, vegan friendly
INGREDIENTS: Allium Sativum 89C (common name: Garlic), Berberis vulgaris 6X (common name: Barberry), Calendula offcinalis 6X (common name: Marigold), Iris versicolor 12C (common name: Northern blue flag), Zingiber officinale 89C (common name: Ginger), Valeriana officinalis 12C (common name: Valerian)
Designs for Health Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Root Chewables - DGL
🌷This product has been recommended by my LA naturopath. this is currently my favorite product. It does not irritate my stomach.
SUPPORTS GASTRIC MUCOSA - DGL (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root extract is well-recognized for its healing effects on the gastric mucosa. Licorice is a mucilaginous herb that coats and soothes inflamed gastric and intestinal tissue. With its very low glycyrrhizin content, DGL works efficaciously without some of the potential side effects of prolonged high-dose full-spectrum licorice, including hypertension, hypokalemia (low blood potassium levels), and fluid retention. *
INGREDIENTS: Calcium, Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice, Glycine.
Acid Reflux Pure Encapsulations DGL Plus
🌷DGL is deglycyrrhizinated licorice, proved to be safer also with high blood pressure people.
🌷DGL may increase mucus production. It protects the stomach and esophagus from acid. It can help to treat ulcers.
Herbal blend provides support for gastrointestinal tract health‡
Made with hypoallergenic, vegan ingredients
🌷DGL Plus is herbal support for the gastrointestinal tract. DGL Plus helps support the body's natural defense mechanisms by stimulating mucus in the stomach's protective lining.
If your acid target is your thought, open the capsule, empty the content in a half glass of water and make daily gargling, after a meal.
If it targets your stomach have it before a meal.
This supplement has also aloe vera since there isn't aole vera on the market without citric acid or lemon juice, both acids, this is a better option.
🌷 This brand is one of my favorites since has no additives, it is gluten-free and vegan
Pure Encapsulations Megnesium Glycinate
🌷For acid reflux or GERD, this is a Better alternative to Magnesium Citrate since it does contain citric acid.
🌷 I have been using this brand for a long time and I can say that I approved of it! It is the cleanest and the Glycicnate form is the most effective around. It is a brand recommended by Naturopath doctors.
🌷Highly bioavailable magnesium chelate for sensitive individuals. Magnesium (glycinate) is a highly bioavailable magnesium chelate, which supports the metabolism and utilization of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fats for energy. Magnesium (glycinate) helps activate enzymes for physiological functions including cardiac health. Magnesium activates the enzymes necessary for a number of physiological functions, including neuromuscular contractions, cardiac function, and the regulation of the acid-alkaline balance in the body.
🌷In a 15-year study involving almost 5,000 young adults, higher intakes of magnesium were associated with healthy cardiovascular function and glucose utilization. Another large cross-sectional study found that magnesium intake was positively associated with bone mineral density in certain subgroups. This vital mineral also helps utilize some vitamins, including vitamin B6, vitamin C, and vitamin E. Magnesium (glycinate) is less likely to cause loose stools than other forms of magnesium.
No fillers and unnecessary additives. Take a look.
I take it every night before sleep.
Pure Encapsulations Melatonin
🌷 This is the only thing that really calms down my stomach acid burns after I had something spicey or acid. It really works.
Studies prove that Melatonin can help the stomach naturally to heal the lining caused by acid reflux.
🌷Taking one dose daily of melatonin over a period of 1-2 months has been shown to increase this LES pressure. Making the LES closing more tightly and keeping the acid in the stomach.
• Melatonin by Pure Encapsulations: 3 mg 1 hour before bed. Try for 30 days.
🌷It also helps Sleep Cycle: Melatonin helps facilitate the natural functioning of the pineal gland to support the body's sleep and wake cycle. Great for travel and Jet Lag.
🌷Restful Sleep Support: Promotes relaxation in the body for restful sleep.
Pineal Gland Support: Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland, the organ which regulates the body’s sleep/wake cycle, and is secreted in a circadian rhythm by enzymes that are activated by darkness and depressed by light.
Made with hypoallergenic, vegan ingredients
🌷Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland, which regulates the body's sleep/wake cycle. Melatonin’s primary role is the regulation of the body's circadian rhythm, endocrine secretions, and sleep patterns. Studies indicate that it facilitates the onset of sleep, as well as sleep efficiency.
Vitamin C by Pure Encapsulatin
🌸 Vitamin C is a great antioxidant that supports the immune system and the reaction to Histamine as well as healthy cell function.
Antioxidant Support: Includes bioflavonoids, quercetin, and rutin, which are free radical scavengers that complement the role of vitamin C
This Vitamin C provides highly absorbable vitamin C better forms since it is a non-acid version, great if you have Hives and histamine intolerance
🌸This is Gluten-free, Vegan without added fillers. Made with hypoallergenic, vegan ingredients
Pure Encapsulations Heartburn Essentials
🌸 It helps with acid reflux, GERD
Heartburn Essentials is designed to maintain healthy gastric secretion under occasionally stressful conditions. Heartburn Essentials supports digestion and soothes the digestive tract, offering potential relief for occasional heartburn and indigestion.
Made with gamma oryzanol that helps with healthy gastric secretion, and DGL, marshmallow, and slippery elm all collaborate to soothe the gastrointestinal tract and improve mucosal lining, Artichoke also helps the process
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text:
FOR USE AS DESIRED
Nick Dobreff, Manager of Publicity and Community Relations
616.485.3913 (m) | 303.308.2477 (o)
*** MEDIA ADVISORY ***
ADDITIONS ANNOUNCED TO A LIGHT IN THE VOID: HANA HAYES, TROY BAKER, AND TINA GUO
The world premiere event will feature the Colorado Symphony on October 5, 2018
Aug. 29, 2018 – Denver, CO – The incredible cast of A LIGHT IN THE VOID, which already included a trio of world-renowned scientists, has added to their ranks with the additions of legendary actor Troy Baker playing opposite youth star Hana Hayes (The Last of Us) and cello phenomenon Tina Guo as featured soloist.
Funded by a record-setting Kickstarter campaign, A LIGHT IN THE VOID interweaves spoken word from world-renowned scientists with a moving dramatic narrative to tell a timeless coming-of-age parable about facing the unknown. The show features three of the world’s most respected scientists in Maria Spiropulu, Alice Roberts, and Carolyn Porco while the entire concert is set to original symphonic music. The world premiere will take place in Boettcher Concert Hall on Friday, October 5, 2018.
Award-winning composer, and Colorado-native, Austin Wintory (Assassin’s Creed: Syndicate, ABZÛ, Journey) and acclaimed filmmaker Anthony Lund (THROUGH THE WORMHOLE WITH MORGAN FREEMAN, BREAKTHROUGH) hope to encourage curiosity and love of science through the emotional power of music and storytelling through this one-of-a-kind project.
About Hana Hayes
Hana Hayes is an actress and student at the University of Arizona. She is best known as a voice actress for The Last of Us, and as an actress in Greys Anatomy, Law and Order SVU, and Insidious.
About Troy Baker
Troy Baker has recently risen to be one of the most prolific actors in video games. His performances as “Joel” in 2013 Game of the Year The Last of Us, “Booker DeWitt” in BioShock Infinite and “The Joker” in Batman: Arkham Origins quickly caught the eye of both fans and media alike, landing several nominations and awards including Spike’s VGX, DICE and BAFTA. He was even featured in Entertainment Weekly’s “Best of 2013” issue. Troy starred in the upcoming Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare in addition to playing the tortured protagonist “Talion” in Warner Brother’s installment of The Lord of the Rings saga, Shadow of Mordor.
About Tina Guo
Tina Guo’s internationally acclaimed and Grammy-nominated career as a virtuoso acoustic/electric cellist, recording artist, and composer is truly in the ascendency. Her unique style encompasses a wide range of genres and she has worked with some of the biggest names in music. Her passion for musical exploration, artistic expression, and technology are expressed through live performance and visual media. Tina can also be heard as a featured soloist in many Blockbuster Film, Television, and Game scores. TinaGuo.com.


text:
Toxicological evaluation of some food
additives including anticaking agents,
antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers
and thickening agents
WHO FOOD ADDITIVES SERIES NO. 5
The evaluations contained in this publication
were prepared by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert
Committee on Food Additives which met in Geneva,
25 June - 4 July 19731
World Health Organization
1 Seventeenth Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives, Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., 1974, No. 539;
FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, 1974, No. 53.
ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETATE, DISODIUM AND CALCIUM DISODIUM SALTS
These compounds have been evaluated for acceptable daily intake
by the Joint FAO WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (see Annex 1,
Ref. No. 13) in 1965.
The previously published monograph has been revised and is
reproduced in its entirety below.
14C-labelled CaNa2EDTA, when fed to rats in doses of 50 mg kg
bw, was absorbed only to an extent of 2 to 4%; 80 to 90% of the dose
appeared in the faeces within 24 hours, and absorption was still
apparent at 48 hours. At the low pH of the stomach the calcium chelate
is dissociated with subsequent precipitation of the free acid and this
is only slowly redissolved in the intestines (Foreman et al., 1953).
Experiments in man also revealed poor absorption; only 2.5% of a
3 g dose given was excreted in the urine (Srbova & Teisinger, 1957).
These authors also confirmed the dissociation of the calcium chelate
in the stomach. When 200 mg CaNa2EDTA was introduced into the
duodenum of rats the authors found an absorption rate of 6.5 to 26%.
A dose of 1.5 mg of 14C-labelled CaNa2EDTA given in a gelatine
capsule to normal healthy men was absorbed to an extent of 5% (Foreman
& Trujillo, 1954).
In feeding experiments, in rats receiving disodium EDTA at
dietary levels of 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0%, the faeces contained 99.4, 98.2
and 97.5% of the excreted material (Yang, 1964).
Similar experiments conducted also in rats gave essentially the
same results. Thirty-two hours after a single dose of 95 mg disodium
EDTA/rat, 93% was recovered from the colon. After doses of 47.5, 95.0
and 142.5 mg disodium EDTA the amount of EDTA recovered in the urine
was directly proportional to the dose given, suggesting that EDTA was
absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract by passive diffusion. The
motility of the intestine was not affected by the compound (Chan,
After parenteral administration to rats, 95 to 98% of injected
14C-labelled CaNa2EDTA appeared in the urine within six hours. All
the material passed through the body unchanged. Peak plasma levels
were found approximately 50 minutes after administration. Less than
0.1% of the material was oxidized to 14CO2, and no organs
concentrated the substance. After i.v. injection, CaNa2EDTA passed
rapidly out of the vascular system to mix with approximately 90% of
the body water, but did not pass into the red blood cells and was
cleared through the kidney by tubular excretion as well as by
glomerular filtration (Foreman et al., 1953). The same was also found
in man using 14C-labelled CaNa2EDTA. Three thousand milligrams were
given i.v. to two subjects and were almost entirely excreted within 12
to 16 hours (Srbova & Teisinger, 1957).
The maximum radioactivity in the urine after application of
14C-labelled CaNa2EDTA to the skin was only 10 ppm (0.001%) (Foreman
& Trujillo, 1954).
In biological systems, Ca ion will usually, be most accessible
o EDTA. In general, zinc seems to be next most accessible. About
80% of the zinc of liver is freely available to EDTA. The over-all
availability of the other physiologically important metals is probably
in the order: Cu >Fe >Mn >Co (Chenoweth, 1961). EDTA removes about
1.4% of the total iron from ferritin at pH 7.4 to form an iron chelate
(Westerfield, 1961). Transfer of Fe from Fe-transferrin to EDTA
in vitro occurs at a rate of less than 1% in 24 hours. In vivo
studies in rabbits demonstrated transfer of iron only from FeEDTA to
transferrin and not the reverse. It appeared that tissue iron became
available to chelating agents including EDTA only when an excess
of iron was present (Cleton et al., 1963). Equal distribution
between a mixture of EDTA and siderophilin was obtained only at
EDTA:siderophilin ratios of 20-25:1 (Rubin, 1961). Human iron
deficiency anaemia was successfully treated with FeEDTA although 84%
of labelled FeEDTA was excreted in the faeces and none appeared in the
urine. Red cells, however, contained labelled Fe and reticulocytosis
occurred. Since FeEDTA administered i.v. was almost quantitatively
excreted in the urine, it was concluded that FeEDTA was degraded prior
to absorption, when given orally (Lapinleimu & Wegelius, 1959).
Rabbits absorbed about 10% of oral FeEDTA, and the rest was excreted
in the faeces, while anaemic rats absorbed 50% of 6 mg/kg bw oral
FeEDTA but only 25% FeSO4 (Rubin & Princiotto, 1960). Addition of 1%
Na2EDTA to a diet containing more than optimal amounts of iron and
calcium lowered the absorption and storage of iron in rats and
increased the amount present in plasma and urine. The metabolism of
calcium, however, was apparently unaffected (Larsen et al., 1960). A
diet containing 0.15 mg of iron, 4.26 of calcium and 1 mg of EDTA per
rat (equivalent to 100 ppm (0.01%) in the diet) for 83 days had no
influence on calcium and iron metabolism, e.g. the iron content of
liver and plasma (Hawkins et al., 1962).
CaNa2EDTA increased the excretion of zinc (Perry & Perry, 1959),
and was active in increasing the availability of zinc in soybean
containing diets to poults (Kratzer et al., 1959). CaNa2EDTA enhanced
the excretion of Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Tl and W (Foreman, 1961). The
treatment of heavy metal poisoning with CaEDTA has become so well
established that its use for more commonly seen metal poisonings, e.g.
lead, is no longer reported in the literature (Foreman, 1961). EDTA
could not prevent the accumulation of 90Sr, 106Ru, 141Ba and 226Ra
in the skeleton. 91Y, 239Pu and 238U responded fairly well to EDTA,
the excretion being accelerated (Catsch, 1961).
EDTA had a lowering effect on serum cholesterol level when given
orally or i.v. It may have acted by decreasing the capacity of serum
to transport cholesterol (Gould, 1961). Disodium EDTA had a pyridoxin-
like effect on the tryptophan metabolism of patients with porphyria or
scleroderma, due to a partial correction of imbalance of polyvalent
cations (Lelievre & Batz, 1961).
In vitro, 0.0033 M EDTA inhibited the respiration of liver
homogenates and of isolated mitochondria of liver and kidney (Lelievre
& Batz, 1961). The acetylation of sulfanilamide by a liver extract was
also inhibited (Lelievre, 1960). EDTA stimulated glucuronide synthesis
in rat liver, kidney and intestines but inhibited the process in
guinea-pig liver (Pogell & Leloir, 1961; Miettinen & Leskinen, 1962).
Of the heavy metal-containing enzymes, EDTA at a concentration of
about 10-3 M inhibited aldehyde oxidase and homogentisinicase.
Succinic dehydrogenase, xanthine oxidase, NADH-cytochrome reductase
and ceruloplasmin (oxidation of p-phenylenediamine) were not inhibited
(Westerfield, 1961). Disodium EDTA was found to be a strong inhibitor
for sigma-aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase, 5.5 × 10-6 M
causing 50% inhibition (Gibson et al., 1955). The i.p. injection of
4.2 mmol/kg bw (equivalent to 1722 mg/kg bw) CaNa2EDTA caused in rats
an inhibition of the alkaline phosphatase of liver, prostate and serum
up to four days depending on the dose administered; zinc restored the
activity (Nigrovic, 1964).
In vitro, EDTA inhibited blood coagulation by chelating Ca2+.
The complete coagulation inhibition of human blood required
0.65-1.0 mg/ml. The i.v. injection of 79-200 mg EDTA/rabbit had no
effect on blood coagulation (Dyckerhoff et al., 1942).
I.v. injections of Na2EDTA and CaNa2EDTA had some
pharmacological effect on the blood pressure of cats; 0-20 mg/kg bw
CaNa2EDTA (as Ca) produce a slight rise; 20-50 mg/kg, a biphasic
response; and 50 mg/kg, a clear depression (Marquardt & Schumacher,
One per cent. Na2EDTA enhances the absorption of 14C-labelled
acidic, neutral and basic compounds (mannitol, inulin, decamethenium,
sulfanilic acid and EDTA itself) from isolated segments of rat
intestine, probably due to an increased permeability of the intestinal
wall (Schanker & Johnson, 1961).
Special studies on embryotoxicity
Disodium EDTA injected at levels of 3.4, 1.7 and 0.35 mg/egg gave
40, 50 and 85% hatch, respectively. At the highest level, some embryos
which failed to hatch showed anomalies (McLaughlin & Scott, 1964).
(a) Disodium EDTA
Animal Route (mg/kg bw) References
Rat oral 2 000-2 200 Yang, 1964
Rabbit oral 2 300 Shibata, 1956
i.v. 47a Shibata, 1956
a Dose depending on the rate of infusion.
(b) Ca-disodium EDTA
Animal Route (mg/kg bw) References
Rat oral 10 000 ± 740 Oser et al,, 1963
Rabbit oral 7 000 approx. Oser et al., 1963
i.p. 500 approx. Bauer et al., 1952
Dog oral 12 000 approx. Oser et al., 1963
The oral LD50 in rats is not affected by the presence of food in
the stomach or by pre-existing deficiency in Ca, Fe, Cu or Mn (Oser et
Oral doses of over 250 mg/animal cause diarrhoea in rats (Foreman
et al., 1953).
There are many reports in the literature on kidney damage by
parenteral over-dosage of CaEDTA. A review was given by Lachnit
(1961). Lesions simulating "versene nephrosis" in man have also been
produced in rats. Disodium EDTA in doses of 400-500 mg i.p. for 21
days caused severe hydropic degeneration of the proximal convoluted
tubules of the kidneys. CaNa2EDTA produced only minimal focal
hydropic changes in 58% of animals, disappearing almost two weeks
after stopping the injections (Reuber & Schmieller, 1962).
Groups of five male rats received 250 or 500 mg/kg bw CaNa2EDTA
i.p. daily for three to 21 days and some were observed for an
additional two weeks. Weight gain was satisfactory and histology of
lung, thymus, kidney, liver, spleen, adrenal, small gut and heart was
normal except for mild to moderate renal hydropic change with focal
subcapsular swelling and proliferation in glomerular loops at the
500 mg level. There was very slight involvement with complete recovery
at the 250 mg level. Lesions were not more severe with simultaneous
cortisone administration (Reuber & Schmieller, 1962).
Groups of three male and three female rats were fed for four
months on a low mineral diet containing one-half the usual portion of
salt mixture (i.e. 1.25% instead of 2.50%) with the addition of 0% and
1.5% CaNa2EDTA. The test group showed a reduced weight gain, but
there was no distinct difference in general condition of the animals
In another experiment three groups of eight to 13 male and
female rats were fed a low-mineral diet containing 0, 0.5 and 1% of
CaNa2EDTA for 205 days. No significant differences from the controls
were shown regarding weight gain, mortality, gross pathology of the
organs and histopathology of liver, kidney and spleen except a very
slight dilatation of hepatic sinusoids. Blood coagulation time, total
bone ash and blood calcium level were unaffected. No significant
erosion of molars was noted. Basal metabolism was in the normal range
Rats were fed for 44 to 52 weeks on a diet containing 0.5%
disodium EDTA without any deleterious effect on weight gain, appetite,
activity and appearance (Krum, 1948). In another experiment three
groups of 10 to 13 males and females were fed a low-mineral diet
(0.54% Ca and 0.013% Fe) with the addition of 0, 0.5 and 1% disodium
EDTA for 205 days. At the 1% level some abnormal symptoms were
observed: growth retardation of the males, lowered erythrocyte and
leucocyte counts, a prolonged blood coagulation time, slightly but
significantly raised blood calcium level, a significantly lower ash
content of the bone, considerable erosion of the molars and diarrhoea.
Gross and histological examination of the major organs revealed
nothing abnormal. Rats fed for 220 days on an adequate mineral diet
containing 1% disodium EDTA showed no evidence of dental erosion
Groups of six rats were maintained for 12 weeks on diets
containing 0.5, 1 and 5% disodium EDTA. No deaths occurred and there
were no toxic symptoms except diarrhoea and lowered food consumption
at the 5% level. Mating in each group was carried out when the animals
were 100 days old. Mating was repeated 10 days after weaning the first
litters. Parent generation rats of 0, 0.5 and 1% levels gave birth to
normal first and second litters. The animals given 5% failed to
produce litters (Yang, 1964). To elucidate possible teratogenic
effects, daily doses of 20-40 mg/rat EDTA were injected i.m. into
pregnant rats at days six to nine, 10 to 15 and 16 to the end of
pregnancy. A dose of 40 mg was lethal within four days but 20 mg was
well tolerated, allowing normal fetal development; 40 mg injected
during days six to eight or 10 to 15 produced some dead or malformed
fetuses, especially polydactyly, double tail, generalized oedema or
circumscribed head oedema (Tuchmann-Duplessis & Merciar-Parot, 1956).
Groups of five male rats were given 250, 400 or 500 mg/kg bw
disodium EDTA i.p. daily for three to 31 days; some groups were
observed for another two weeks. At the 500 mg level all rats became
lethargic and died within nine days, the kidneys being pale and
swollen, with moderate dilatation of bowel and subserosal
haemorrhages. Histological examination of a number of organs showed
lesions only in the kidneys. Animals at the 400 mg level died within
14 days, kidney and bowel symptoms being similar to the 500 mg level.
One rat at the 250 mg dose level showed haemorrhage of the thymus. All
three groups showed varying degrees of hydropic necrosis of the renal
proximal convoluted tubules with epithelial sloughing: recovery
occurred in all groups after withdrawal of disodium EDTA (Reuber &
Eight groups of three rabbits were given either 0.1, 1, 10 or
20 mg/kg bw disodium EDTA i.v., or 50, 100, 500 or 1000 mg/kg bw
orally for one month. All animals on the highest oral test level
exhibited severe diarrhoea and died. In the other groups body weight,
haemogram, urinary nitrogen and urobilinogen were unaffected.
Histopathological examination of a number of organs showed
degenerative changes in the liver, kidney, parathyroid and endocrine
organs and oedema in muscle, brain and heart at all levels of
treatment (Shibata, 1956).
Four groups of one male and three female mongrels were fed diets
containing 0, 50, 100 and 250 mg/kg bw CaNa2EDTA daily for 12 months.
All appeared in good health, without significant change in blood
cells, haemoglobin and urine (pH, albumin, sugar, sediment). Blood
sugar, non-protein nitrogen and prothrombin time remained normal.
Radiographs of ribs and of long bones showed no adverse changes at the
250 mg level. All dogs survived for one year.Gross and microscopic
findings were normal (Oser et al., 1963).
In a two-year study five groups totalling 33 rats were fed 0,
0.5, 1 and 5% disodium EDTA. The 5% group showed diarrhoea and
consumed less food than the rats in other groups. No significant
effects on weight gain were noted nor were blood coagulation time, red
blood cell counts or bone ash adversely affected. The mortality of the
animals could not be correlated with the level of disodium EDTA. The
highest mortality rate occurred in the control group. Gross and
microscopic examination of various organs revealed no significant
differences between the groups (Yang, 1964).
Four groups of 25 male and 25 female rats were fed diets
containing 0, 50, 125 and 250 mg/kg bw CaNa2EDTA for two years.
Feeding was carried on through four successive generations. Rats were
mated after 12 weeks' feeding and allowed to lactate for three weeks
with one week's rest before producing a second litter. Ten male and
10 female rats of each group (F1 generation) and similar F2 and F3
generation groups were allowed to produce two litters. Of the second
litters of the F1, F2 and F3 generations only the control and the
250 mg/kg bw groups were kept until the end of two-years' study on the
F0 generation. This scheme permitted terminal observation to be made
on rats receiving test diets for 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 or 2 years in the F3,
F2, F1 and F0 generations, respectively. No significant
abnormalities in appearance and behaviour were noted during the 12
weeks of the post weaning period in all generations. The feeding
experiment showed no statistically significant differences in weight
gain, food efficiency, haemopoiesis, blood sugar, non-protein
nitrogen, serum calcium, urine, organ weights and histopathology of
liver, kidney, spleen, heart, adrenals, thyroid and gonads. Fertility,
lactation and weaning were not adversely affected for each mating.
Mortality and tumour incidence were unrelated to dosage level. The
prothrombin time was normal. There was no evidence of any chelate
effect on calcification of bone and teeth. Liver xanthine oxidase and
blood carbonic anhydrase activities were unchanged (Oser et al., 1963)
CaNa2EDTA is very poorly absorbed from the gut. The compound is
metabolically inert and no cumulation in the body has been found. A
vast clinical experience in its use in the treatment of metal
poisoning has demonstrated its safety in man. Long-term feeding
studies in rats and dogs gave no evidence of interference with mineral
metabolism in either species. Adverse effects on mineral metabolism
and nephrotoxicity were only seen after parenteral administration of
The long-term studies with Na2EDTA are difficult to assess
because of the small number of animals and the high mortality rate
in all groups. Metabolic studies and feeding studies demonstrate that
the use of CaNa2EDTA is preferable to that of Na2EDTA, because of
the effect of the latter in sequestering calcium. Under certain
circumstances, necessitating an accurate complexing of ions other than
calcium, it may be used provided no excess of Na2EDTA remains.
Level causing no toxicological effect
Rat: 5000 ppm (0.5%) in the diet equivalent to 250 mg/kg bw.
Estimate of acceptable daily intake for man
0-2.5* mg/kg bw
Bauer, R. O. et al. (1952) Fed. Proc., 11, 321
Catsch, A. (1961) Fed. Proc., 20 (Suppl. 10), 206
Chan, M. S. (1964) Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol., 2, 763-765
Chenoweth, M. B. (1961) Fed. Proc., 20 (Suppl. 10), 125
Cleton, F., Turnbull, A. & Finch, C. A. (1963) J. clin. Invest., 42,
Dyckerhoff, H., Marx, R. & Ludwig, B. (1942) Z. ges. exp. Med., 110,
Foreman, H. (1961) Fed. Proc., 20 (Suppl. 10), 191
* Calculated as CaNa2EDTA. No excess of Na2EDTA should remain in
Foreman, H., Vier, M. & Magee, M. (1953) J. biol. Chem., 203, 1045
Foreman, H. & Trujillo, T. T. (1954) J. lab. clin. Med., 43, 566
Gibson, K. D., Neuberger, A. & Scott, J. C. (1955) Biochem. J., 61,
Gould, R. G. (1961) Fed. Proc., 20 (Suppl. 10), 252
Hawkins, W. W. et al. (1962) Canad. J. Biochem., 40, 391
Kratzer, F. H. et al. (1959) J. Nutr., 68, 313
Krum, J. K. (1948) Thesis University of Massachusetts
Lechnit, V. (1961) Arch. Gewerbepath. Gewerbehyg., 18, 495
Lapinleimu, K. & Wegelius, R. (1959) Antibiotic Med. Clin. Ther. (Br.
Edit.), 6, 151
Larsen, B. A., Bidwell, R. G. S. & Hawkins, W. W. (1960) Canad. J.
Biochem., 38, 51
Lelièvre, P. (1960) C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris), 154, 1890
Lelièvre, P. & Betz, E. H. (1961) C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris), 155, 199
Marquardt, P. & Schumacher, H. (1957) Arzneimittelforsch., 7, 5
McLaughlin, J. jr & Scott, W. F. (1964) Fed. Proc., 23, 406
Miettinen, T. A. & Leskinen, E. (1962) Ans. Med. exp. Fenn., 40, 427
Nigrovic, V. (1964) Arch. exp. Pathol. Pharmacol., 249, 206
Oser, B. L., Oser, M. & Spencer, H. C. (1963) Toxicol. appl.
Pharmacol., 5, 142
Perry, H. M. & Perry, E. F. (1959) J. clin. Invest., 38, 1452
Pogell, B. M. & Leloir, L. F. (1961) J. biol. Chem., 236, 293
Reuber, M. D. & Schmieller, G. C. (1962) Arch. environ. Health, 5, 430
Rubin, M. (1961) Fed. Proc., 20 (Suppl. 10), 149
Rubin, M. & Princiotto, J. V. (1960) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 88, 450
Schanker, L. S. & Johnson, J. M. (1961) Biochem. Pharmacol., 8, 421
Shibata, S. (1956) Folio pharmacol. Jap., 52, 113
Srbrova, J. & Teisinger, J. (1957) Arch. Gewerbepathol., 15, 572
Tuchmann-Duplessis, H. & Mercier-Parot, L. (1956) C.R. Acad. Sci.,
Westerfeld, W. W. (1961) Fed. Proc., 20 (Suppl. 10), 158
Yang, S. S. (1964) Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol., 2, 763


•Based on multi-sphere T matrix method, a method for finding the statistical average optical properties of alumina particle clusters in plume is proposed.•The effect of different distributions and different detection wavelengths on the statistical average optical properties of alumina particle cluster is discussed.•The statistical average optical properties under the alumina particle cluster model established in this study and those under three simplified alumina particle models are compared.•The research results have a great effect on modeling IR and UV radiation properties of plume.
Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer – Elsevier
Published: Apr 1, 2018
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