TPR endorses Bobby Shriver's election June 3rd for Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors to succeed Zev Yaroslavsky in the Third District. From land-use planning to transportation, infrastructure investment, economic development, and the environment, Shriver’s vision and skill set is one of innovation and principled engagement. In an exclusive interview, less than two weeks before the election, we ask the candidate and former Santa Monica mayor for his views on issues central to his campaign and to TPR readers, specifically: the Purple Line extension, LAX, the 405, and quality of life.
“The most important thing in any son of Measure R legislation would be for the Valley to get its fair share.” —Bobby Shriver
“My dad always taught me, ‘Never take the credit but always get the job done.’” —Bobby Shriver
A $2 billion commitment to fully fund the long-awaited extension of the Purple Line subway into Los Angeles’ traffic-choked Westside was announced this morning in Washington. Does such news meet with your approval? If so, is it your intent to assume from Zev, if elected his successor, the mantle of LA County political leadership on further transportation investments?
I’m thrilled with it. Zev and so many other people worked for so many years to get it done. It’s going to revolutionize the Westside. As for the second question, it’s a little daunting to try to pick that mantle up from Zev, because he and Vivian both have done such a brilliant job. I’m going to do the best I can, but I hope to do as good a job as Zev. He has had some pretty amazing accomplishments. $2 billion, with all those stations and access to public transit!
Candidates while campaigning for Supervisor of the Third District this week differed on the route of the Purple Line—unfortunately at the 11th hour and 59th minute of the federal government’s funding decision. Perhaps both the substance and timing of the candidate remarks will assist voters to distinguish—both substantively and in regards to personal courage—between the leading candidates for county supervisor. Could you comment?
Yes, I said then and I reiterate—reflecting my respect for the work that Zev, Vivian, and numerous safety experts have done on the routing—that this has already been settled. The route takes into account earthquake fault lines and other significant concerns. Sheila Kuehl said that there might be a “third way,” and/or that the route under Santa Monica Blvd. might be preferable. We all have enough experience with these federal processes to know that if you start studying new routes, the financing gets delayed. If the financing gets delayed in this world, it doesn’t get delayed a week—it can get delayed years.
Bobby, you’ve indicated in your campaigning that you’re in favor of not only the Purple Line to West LA, but also plans to connect the Valley to the rest of the region, connect rail to LAX, and finish the 405 improvements. Can you elaborate on your transportation investment agenda?
I think that’s a pretty good summary of it. I’ve traveled around in the Valley a lot, and that idea of connecting to LAX is a big one. Many people there favor the north-south connectors to reach LAX. The most important thing in any son of Measure R legislation would be for the Valley to get its fair share. I think people feel that they did not get their fair share in Measure R. Whether that is correct or not, for the voters to pass a second version, it’s going to have to include very specific allocations for Valley-based projects, which I completely support. As bad as the 405 is, the 101 is pretty bad—and the Orange Line is at capacity, as you know. Clearly, the demand for the service is there. There’s no question about ridership.
David, I got an idea from the President of CSUN and from my experience in Santa Monica for a near-term traffic reducer. Kids in the community college districts or even in the state university districts could be allowed to use their IDs to ride Metro for free. We did that with the Big Blue Bus in Santa Monica, and it has been a wild success. That could be done in the very near term for very modest amounts of money. The goal is to combine long-term solutions with near-term fixes that cut traffic.
The Planning Report has focused for a quarter century on smart growth and regional livability. In Santa Monica, where you were mayor, the city adopted a much-lauded land use and circulation element, with the tag line, “Maintaining the character of Santa Monica, while enhancing the lifestyle of all who live there.” How does Santa Monica’s success inform your approach to the challenge of being an LA County supervisor, and shape your understanding of the affect a local government can have for 1 million people living in 2,653 square miles of unincorporated LA?
As you know, in the Third District, the unincorporated areas of Topanga and Malibu are not highly developed for transit and their neighborhood character should be maintained. In Santa Monica, we tried to up-zone the areas around the transit stops in order to increase density there, mixed-use development, and so forth, which has been successful elsewhere in the country.
We find a lot of young people want smaller units, they don’t want parking, or they want one parking spot instead of two. To the extent they live near transit with access to employment, life for them could be easier and very different than when we grew up. We have found that to be the case in Santa Monica, and to the extent that I have areas in my district where these questions arise, I’m very persuaded by the facts of a particular neighborhood. I’m a fact-based decision maker and I think the smart-growth facts are pretty strong, as long as you focus on quality of life.
Your experience prior to serving in local government includes being an entrepreneur, both in the private sector and in service of philanthropic goals. How might this experience affect your approach to such county priorities as job creation and economic development?
The number one thing in the private sector is to have the most excellent people working with you on your team. I think I’ve had a pretty long record of attracting excellent people, forming teams, getting a vision, and executing against that vision. I think that kind of experience is valuable.
There are a lot of public-private-sector partnerships that can be done on various matters facing the county. There’s a lot of entrepreneurial energy out there, if we’re able to let it loose. I think I’ve had a record of doing that. There’s been discussion in this race of experience, and I have a lot more of that type of experience—attracting capital; forming teams; figuring out who the smart people are, and not trying to micro-manage them but letting them succeed and be accountable.
I’ve had success in my private-sector career, and I have to say, even in my public-sector career—the most important decision that the Santa Monica City Council makes is hiring the City Manager. If you’ve made a mistake of that, you’ve really got a problem on your hands. We did not make the mistake—we made two excellent hires while I was there. It’s an underestimated task of the supervisors to make sure that the people running the big departments are great. Dr. Katz is a good example of a terrific hire in the health-services area of the county’s work. There are other places where new department heads are needed and we have to make great hires there.
You served as chairman of the State Parks Commission—an appointee of two Governors, one a Democrat and one a Republican. As an example, perhaps, of personal courage in public life, you stood up to your appointing authority on a matter of principle on at least one occasion. Could you elaborate on what you did and learned?
First, for the record, Governor Davis appointed me originally, and my former brother-in-law re-appointed me. By the time I was serving under Governor Schwarzenegger, I had significant experience with the issues that came before the commission.
In this case, a toll road in San Diego County was proposed. The idea was to build a freeway through a state park that was heavily used by middle-income and lower-income people, and across a surf beach that’s the only one in the United States where national championships are held—Trestles Surf Beach. That was such a bad idea that, giving due deference to the governor’s office (which I did do), the Parks Commission could not support it.
We voted unanimously against it. There were many Republican members on that commission, including the vice chairman—the one and only Clint Eastwood. Then we opposed it at the Coastal Commission. We worked with then Attorney General and now State Treasurer Bill Lockyer, who has endorsed me. After we successfully opposed it at the Coastal Commission, Governor Schwarzenegger fired both Mr. Eastwood and me, as you alluded to.
It’s a thing in our family that if you really believe in something, you have to go for it no matter who it’s going to agitate. You have to listen to everybody. But once I know who my client is—which in that case was the middle-income people using the open space that the road would have taken from them—I knew that I had to stand up for them. I also knew that the widening of the 5 Freeway could accomplish a lot of the same objectives of the toll road, and that the agency agitating for the toll road didn’t want to do that or wasn’t structured to. It was a bad structural situation as well as a bad policy situation.
To conclude, many presentations by candidates for office include promises of what they will do. But most seasoned observers of the legislative and elective process pay greater attention to whether candidates for office have the capacity to bring all interested parties together “to row as one” intelligently in the same direction through implementation. Do you have the patience to listen to your constituencies, and to negotiate with all of those involved to get to goal over 12 years on: safety-net service priorities, land-use planning and infrastructure investment, and economic development?
You’re assuming I’d be re-elected twice, which is a great assumption—thank you very much.
Yes, I think I’ve proved that. I worked on legislation in Washington that required Republican majorities in both the House and Senate, and required the Republican president of the United States to sign it. I was able, with the colleagues on my teams there, to get President Bush’s signature and pass legislation for HIV in Africa through Congress. I think that’s pretty good proof that I have the patience, the deal-making capacity, and the lobbying capacity to see that other people have good points. That’s the most important thing—to be able to see that some of your opponents’ points are actually smarter than your own.
Once you can establish that level of respect and intellectual honesty, people want to work with you because they see you’re really trying to achieve an objective rather than boost your own reputation. My dad always taught me, “Never take the credit but always get the job done.” I think he did that very well. Look at his career—my goodness! Head Start, the PeaceCorps, the Legal Services Corporation—the things he invented in the War on Poverty were, and continue to be, spectacular public policy accomplishments. I hope that, if I have a tenth of his intelligence and energy, I’ll be able to do similarly good things for the county.
Former Assembly Speaker Robert Hertzberg—"I, like The Planning Report, have endorsed Bobby Shriver to succeed Zev both because at a time when the world is changing rapidly, local government more than ever needs an entrepreneurial viewpoint...creative thinkers to press service delivery reforms; and, because he's the kind of person—it's just the nature of his personality—who will show up repeatedly in the Valley and the Westside."


text:
This collection contains records of passengers who arrived via ships to Key West and Tampa, Florida, United States between the years 1898 and 1945. Some passengers ended their journey in Florida and others had other final destinations in the United States and abroad. Records typically include the name of the passenger, year and place of birth, place of departure, date and place of arrival, and the name of the ship. Records may also include the names of the parents, spouse, siblings, children, and other relatives.
This collection is comprised of NARA publications T940 and M1844.

Early passenger lists were single-page manifests and recorded minimal information about passengers. Over time, forms were standardized and additional questions were added. By 1907, passenger manifests contained 29 columns and were two pages wide. The addition of names and addresses of relatives both in the United States and in the home country were also added to manifests starting in 1907.
A common omission for genealogists when dealing with two-page manifests has been to locate the first page and miss the existence of the second. This collection includes single joint images that have been stitched together, so that important information will not be missed.

domain: history


text:
Short Story 1500 - Runner Up
Two men carry a piano across a field. Frost clings to their skin and their breaths leave a trail behind them. The day is just about dawning, though the two men don’t recall having been asleep. The weight of the piano holds them to the ground, but in the same moment they are drifting outside of themselves, watching their progress step by step.
The field will bloom red in summer, but on this day the grass has aged and hardened with the frost so that every movement from the two men crackles. The piano hovers above the grass. Its lacquer is chipped, and in the weak winter sun it is difficult to tell its original colour. The key cover is missing. The keys themselves have yellowed with age. If the two men look closely, they can see faint bloodstains dashing the off-white keys.
‘Rest,’ one of the men says, and they lower the piano into the grass. The taller of the two men leans against his instrument. His clothes, stiff with mud, have all merged into the same brown colour. It leaches its way into his skin, and where the clothes end and the skin begins, only he can tell. He stands with a casual pose, as perhaps he might have done in a bar before sitting down to play for the customers. His body is still and imposing in the landscape around him. He clasps his hands across his midriff to stop their tremors.
The pianist looks out across the field in the direction the two men are travelling. His gaze is calm but stern. Already that day he has spent the energy he will get from his rations. At home, across the ocean and through many fields like this one, his wife will be preparing the turkey and all the trimmings they can afford. He wonders if she will stop to think of him.
‘Go,’ the other man says, and they lift the piano again and continue their way through the field. They have travelled a mile or two already, and they have just as far still to travel. The field is an abyss between villages the men have seen decimated, but for now their focus is the instrument they carry. Though it’s the pianist whom everyone will thank when the day is done, in truth it’s the second man, the captain, who deserves the applause. It was he who found the piano and decided it should be brought to camp. The captain is smaller and stockier than the pianist. Perhaps, with sufficient food, he might get used to heavy lifting and surviving under a sky of fire. The mud is less stiff on him, and his skin chafes red from nights out in the cold. He worries at how numb his fingers are and whether he will ever be able to feel them again.
They are over halfway through the field now. The black smudges of tents are visible in the distance. The captain thinks they’ll move on tomorrow, keep going into the fire. The dawn is bringing the day to life, but he cannot hear anything above the tinnitus in his ears. In the cold field, the pianist’s shallow breath comes out in sharp bursts like artillery fire, and sometimes they both jump at the sound.
‘Rest,’ the captain says, and they stop again. They take their positions: the pianist leaning against his instrument, the captain sitting on the grass. Another time and the captain might have been bothered by the cold wet seeping into his trousers - his mother would certainly have disapproved - but now, it is the least of his concerns. He flexes his fingers, reassuring himself they can still move. His mother always made sure he had gloves on as a boy, and the captain wishes she would appear in the dawn light and hand him a pair now. He dreams of her, though he could never tell his men that. Some things cannot be said, even at the front.
As they rest, the pianist and the captain turn towards the camp. They can hear the sound of men talking through the air. It is an unusual sound, soft and bubbling, and it takes them a moment to recognise exactly what it is. The captain smiles, but the pianist doesn’t catch his eye. The man is completely still.
‘Go,’ the captain says, and they lift the piano again. Their rests are getting shorter. The end is in sight.
A few minutes from the first of the tents, the pianist drops the piano and falls to the ground. The captain’s arms are pulled forward, and the piano narrowly misses his toes in its descent. The ringing in his ears crescendos with the instrument’s thud. The captain goes to shake the pianist’s shoulders. The man’s breath is shallow and hardly visible in the air.
‘Come on, lad,’ the captain says, the first intelligible syllables he can get across. He feels panic washing through him, a familiar sickness in the guts. ‘Come on.’
The pianist has his eyes open now, but he cannot focus. He doesn’t remember falling and thinks this is the end.
The captain looks towards the camp and sees men heading their way. He hauls the pianist to his feet and supports his weight. ‘What are you going to play for us, eh?’
The pianist doesn’t answer. His world is revolving around and around.
‘Come on,’ the captain says. ‘What are you going to play?’
‘Carols,’ the pianist manages. His voice is pale.
‘That’s right. The men need it, don’t they? That’s what we agreed.’
The men from the camp have reached them now, and four of them take up the piano without waiting for the captain’s orders.
‘Carols,’ the pianist repeats, but no-one answers.
As the party draws near to the camp, the sound of the men talking swells into song. It drowns out the crackle of grass clothed in frost. The captain joins in, bellowing louder than he wants to and a beat after the main chorus of voices. The men salute him as the group carry the piano to the centre of the camp. They place it beside the cooking fire. The heat licks at their skin.
The captain sees all of the regiment gathered around, singing, smiling, and settling down a respectful distance away from the piano. The pianist is able to stand on his own now, but still the captain does not want to leave him. A private brings a chair, something salvaged from one of the abandoned houses no doubt, and the pianist sits at his instrument. The captain stands behind him. At times like this, the captain would order a hot drink or a brandy to be brought to revive the man, but no-one can remember when such things ran out. Instead, the captain places a hand on the pianist’s shoulder. He is still pale from the faint.
‘You play for us, now?’ the captain says.
The pianist doesn’t respond. He lifts his hands above the keys and the camp falls silent in the way only a group of men at war could. The captain knows it is time to take his place in the crowd and so, with a last nervous look at the pianist, he walks away.
The pianist still has black spots in his vision and the tremors in his hands are worse than ever, but he has long since given up trying to make them stop. He thinks of his wife and children sitting at the table, enjoying their food, and the silence after their meal that would normally have been filled by his playing. He feels that silence here, in this abandoned village with a piano at its centre. He feels he has carried it throughout these long months and only now has he recognised what it is. He takes a deep breath and tries to settle himself. It is not easy when his vision is still spinning, and the height of the chair he’s sitting on means his knees are bumping against the keys. But he tries, and then he begins to play. The sound is rich and full, a fraction out of tune but warming in the cold air. After a few bars, when the men stay quiet, the pianist adds his own voice to the instrument’s song.
‘In the bleak mid-winter, frosty wind made moan…’
Then the men join in as one, a chorus like none other, and the pianist continues playing away the silence in their lives. At the end of the carol, the captain catches his eye and nods, a bond forged in the long journey across the field and in the silence of their hearts.
If he plays for long enough, the pianist thinks, the sound will carry them all home.

domain: literature


text:
Wednesday, 19 December 2018
Judicial Appointments Commission Bill 2017: Committee Stage (Resumed)
That is the point. If one reads section 38(c) in one way it seems to give the commission this wide power but it is subsequently contradicted by section 39. There is a difficulty with that. It is why we seek through amendments Nos. 84 and 85 to give the commission an explicit power to invite persons and that clears up any internal inconsistency or contradiction.
My final point is on the relationship between section 38 and section 36 which refers to the conditions to be satisfied where the commission is recommending the names of a person to the Minister. It refers to the names of a barrister, solicitor or legal academic and sets out the conditions including character, temperament, health and so on but it does not refer to serving judges. It is something we discussed in the context of section 36. I draw it to the Minister's attention because it points to some inconsistency. It appears the practising barristers, solicitors or legal academics who are the subject of appointment are subject to separate and different conditions from serving judges where there does not seem to be a justification for it. Perhaps the Minister can point me to somewhere else in the Bill where similar conditions are applied for serving judges. It seems odd that section 36 does not relate in any way to those who are serving judges or officeholders. Where they are being recommended for appointment there is no such conditionality on their appointment. The commission does not need to assure the Minister the person has displayed the various characteristics that are required.It may be that reading section 36(1), one might say that some parts of it do apply to serving judges, notably sections 36(1)(b) and (c). One could argue the character, temperament and health grounds and the undertaking in writing to take courses, and so on, refers to all persons recommended to the Minister, whereas it is only section 36(1)(a) that refers to barristers, solicitors or legal academics. There is a lack of clarity there as to whether this section applies to serving judges who are being recommended for appointment by the commission. It is by way of justification of our amendments Nos. 85 and 85 that we are seeking to resolve an internal contradiction or inconsistency within the legislation.
There are others too between sections 38 and 36; 38 and 44; and 38 and 39. On Report Stage we may look to put in further amendments to resolve these serious issues because our amendments only go some of the way to resolving some of these quite serious issues between the different sections of the Bill.

domain: law


historical stuff by Gareth Millward
29 August 2012 – London
The London Paralympics went mainstream. At least in Britain. Continued enthusiasm following the successful Summer Olympics, combined with a concerted effort by Channel 4 to promote the games, led to a focus on disability sport like never before.
Talking about a “legacy” from major sporting events is always tricky. It is often difficult to quantify whether young people are “inspired” to take up sport and become world-class athletes; certainly, if success is measured by direct financial return or sustained increases in participation in organised sport and informal exercise, there doesn’t appear to be much impact.1
The Paralympics did appear to capture the public imagination, however. At least in the short term. For the first time, debates about disability became mainstream. The press covered the games in great detail, no doubt bolstered by the number of gold medal British athletes were winning. Britain had gone through periods of discussing disability before, but usually in relation to the provision of services and protecting individual’s rights. Here was something different. This was about what disabled people could do rather than what they could not.
One of the legacies of the games has been Channel 4’s The Last Leg, a comedy show hosted by disabled comedians. Originally designed as a light-hearted review of the Paralympics and associated disability issues, it has returned for regular series ever since. All three hosts have become regulars on the UK television comedy circuit. And it’s regular feature “is it OK?” has led to some hilarious moments of disabled and non-disabled people asking awkward questions about disability that we British were too frightfully polite to ask.
They also haven’t been afraid to branch out into other equality issues.
Somewhat ironically, then, the Paralympics were held in the midst of a massive crisis in social security for disabled people. The head of the Department of Work and Pensions, Iain Duncan Smith, was determined to cut welfare expenditure and had targeted disability as an area in which savings could be made.2
The other issue, and one that recurs with disability sport, is the idea that disabled people are either superhumans overcoming adversity – and this is indeed the marketing push Channel 4 has made for its coverage of the Rio games – or helpless victims who require constant support and supervision. Those in the middle – the vast majority of disabled people who want to be part of general society – are overlooked.
Disability organisations are hoping to use the interest surrounding the games this year to draw attention to these issues. Disabled People Against the Cuts – a radical campaigning campaign group – have begun a “Rights not Games” campaign. This echoes the movement in the 1990s for anti-discrimination legislation called “Rights not Charity”.
The benefit cuts have already resulted in stories of athletes having their careers threatened by a lack of support.3 This may also help to make the public aware of the issues surrounding accessibility and cost-of-living benefits, especially those to do with transport. Regardless, it will be interesting to see if Rio has the same impact as London did on disability discourse amongst the general public in Britain – and if that extends beyond these shores too.


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text:
Castor oil is a multi-purpose vegetable oil that people have used for thousands of years. It’s made by extracting oil from the seeds of the Ricinus communis plant. These seeds, which are known as castor beans, contain a toxic enzyme called ricin. This oil is a vegetable oil that is used for a wide range of cosmetic and medical purposes. It is said to provide health benefits for the face and skin. However, the heating process that castor oil undergoes deactivates it, allowing the oil to be used safely.
Castor oil can be used as a natural remedy for occasional constipation. However, it can cause side effects like cramping and diarrhea and should not be used to treat chronic constipation. It can help lock moisture in the skin. Though this natural alternative to store-bought products is considered safe for most, it can cause allergic reactions in some.
Castor oil has a number of medicinal, industrial and pharmaceutical uses. It’s commonly used as an additive in foods, medications and skincare products, as well as an industrial lubricant and biodiesel fuel component. In ancient Egypt, castor oil was burned as fuel in lamps, used as a natural remedy to treat ailments like eye irritation and even given to pregnant women to stimulate labor.
Today, castor oil remains a popular natural treatment for common conditions like constipation and skin ailments and is commonly used in natural beauty products. Castor oil comes from seeds of the Ricinus communis plant, which is native to tropical areas of Africa and Asia. It is typically applied directly to the skin using a cotton ball. Castor oil is relatively safe to use, but some people have reported side effects after applying it to their skin. Castor oil is thought to have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, moisturizing, and some other useful properties.
Benefits of Coconut Oil
Castor oil is said to provide the following benefits for the face and skin:
- Acne: The antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of castor oil make it useful in reducing acne. Ricinoleic acid can inhibit growth in the bacteria that cause acne.
- Texture: Castor oil is also rich in other fatty acids. These can enhance smoothness and softness when applied to facial skin.
- Complexion: The fatty acids in castor oil can also promote the growth of healthy skin tissue, making it helpful in restoring uneven skin tones.
- Sensitive skin: Castor oil has a low comedogenic score. This means it is unlikely to clog pores in the skin and reduces the risk of developing blackheads, making it appropriate for use on sensitive skin.
- Inexpensive: Skincare products, and in particular facial creams and oils, can be very expensive. Castor oil is relatively low-cost and shares many similar properties, such as promoting a healthful complexion or moisture in the skin.
- Anti-inflammatory: Both castor oil and ricinoleic acid have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties. This makes them useful for treating irritated skin.
- Antimicrobial: It may also protect the skin from bacterial infections by keeping out microbes that can cause disease.
- Moisturizing: Castor oil contains triglycerides. These can help maintain moisture in the skin, making it a useful treatment for dry skin.
- Hydration: Castor oil may have humectant properties, which means that it can draw moisture from the air into the skin, keeping the skin hydrated.
- Cleansing: The triglycerides found in castor oil are also helpful in removing dirt from the skin.
While castor oil contains many chemicals linked to improved skin health, there has been limited research into the dermatological benefits of castor oil. It might be more effectively put to use alongside other treatments.

domain: medical


text:
Nos Krusero Apartments
“Nos Krusero” Apartments offers a wonderful get-away experience on the beautiful island of Curacao. With a breathtaking ocean view and a white sandy beach just a couple of steps away makes “Nos Krusero” a peaceful, quiet atmosphere, tropical get-away situated a mere 30 minutes away from the island’s international airport. “Nos Krusero” translated means “Our Cruise” in the island’s native language. With this we offer you the possibility to get back to yourself and enjoy the nature at the island’s West End, known as West Punt (Dutch) or Banda Abou (Papiamentu) by the locals.
Our goal is to create an atmosphere for our guests, by generating and creating time for the special things in life. This is a house, a home, “a cruise”, your escape and caring friend. Our passion is to deliver to our guests not only a location, but also a destination.
Just a couple of steps away from “Nos Krusero” is a beach called “Playa Kalki”, here one can relax and enjoy the sun on a tropical white sandy beach. An on-site dive shop provides scuba diving courses and daily excursions to a few of the top diving locations, a perfect chance for beach and diving enthusiasts to enjoy Curacao’s legendary natural reefs. The shop also rents an assortment of water activity equipment such as snorkeling equipment, paddleboats and kayaks.
Choosing to stay in our beautiful apartments and choosing Curacao (number one voted property in the Caribbean for snorkeling and diving in 2009 by the Professional Travel Guide) will be the easiest and best choice which you will never regret.
We here at “Nos Krusero” welcome you to “Our Cruise” and hope to see you soon!

domain: geography


Separate names with a comma.
Thanks but I'm going to pass
Last bump before I'll keep them
Hump day bump
It's a 2" barrel.
I'm selling my Glock 48. This was an impulse purchase and is unfired with Trijicon HD night sights. It also has a Overwatch precision Tac flat...
Wanting to sell my PSA AR-15 in 5.56. It will came with one mag. It has had 210rds through it with no problems.
Asking $350 FTF within...
Ha one or two...but I think I'm keeping them as CZ doesn't make a single stack .45 that I can CC.


text:
Every season herbicides get applied to crops and often the assumption is simply that the products worked, and worked at 100% efficacy. The reality of our herbicide applications is that we often fail to understand where they worked, how well they worked or why they didn’t work.
Some research has shown that if there is as little as 4-5 wild oats/m2 in a cereal crop yield losses can be around 5% due to decreased plant stand, nutrient uptake and water losses.
Some basic math on a 50bu/ac wheat crop tells us that can equate to a yield loss of 2.5bu/ac (50*5%=2.5) and at $6.00 wheat, that means $15/ac in lost revenue!
Turning those losses into profit can make significant differences on your farm, but how do you effectively monitor and manage herbicide efficacy?
Here are some basics to get started on.
The most significant way to increase your awareness of herbicide effectiveness is by being out in your fields and understanding the weed species spectrum, the size of the weeds, and the density. If you have a hired agronomist be sure to see if they are documenting this information accurately.
This foundation sounds overly simplistic, but it is a significant downfall of many farming operations. Species and size are the keys to choosing the right chemical options, but density means there may be other agronomic issues at play.
The density of a specific weed in a certain area tells you a number of things:
1. if your sprayer is putting out proper amounts of product when doing turns for example in a field;
2. if there were herbicide issues in the past;
3. helps to identify a resistant patch of weeds;
4. ground truthing to see if soil characteristics in that area are actually variable vs. other parts of the field (eg: certain weeds have affinities for different nutrient levels in soil and can persist more in certain areas).
This information is going to work best for you if you are using a scouting app or farm management program that allows for record keeping and GPS referencing. All of the information presented thus far can be recorded in a scouting platform and used to effectively manage herbicide issues in the future.
For example, understanding where the density is highest, putting it into your scouting platform and then going to do weed counts in that area afterwards can give you more insight into just how effective that chemical is or isn’t on a those weed, can allow you to see if you need to do resistance testing, and can also allow you to follow yield monitor data to see just how much those weeds hindered yield in that area.
Scouting records in conjunction with herbicides application details can also give you the information you need in the case of a chemical failure: the date, conditions, tank mix order, amount of product used per tank, water volume and more should all be put into your app to keep your records straight.
What about herbicide resistance? The management of weeds and herbicide resistance with a proper rotation needs to be constantly monitored and it all starts with taking advantage of record keeping.
There are always opportunities to make better management decisions. Developing a strategic approach to record keeping can significantly improve the profitability of your farm business.

domain: agronomy


Music legend Bob Dylan has announced that he will be releasing
John Mellencamp will share a new song that’s reportedly a “reflection on the state of our country” tomorrow on Yahoo’s Katie Couric Interview. Listen for “Easy Target” at 5PM ET; the track will be available on iTunes beginning at 6PM ET.
Here is a list of new releases out today:
With less than a month to go before the release of their 12th studio album,
Roger Waters has posted a short video on his website and social media pages announcing the title of his new album, along with a snippet of new music.
U2 are headed back to the recording studio.
Read More: Unconfirmed Rumor: Axl Rose and Angus Young Prepping New AC/DC Album |
Deep Purple have released a teaser video for their Time for Bedlam EP,


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Fly nonstop from Boston to Seattle for $205 round-trip on JetBlue.
Searching JetBlue, we found seats departing BOS on Tuesday, May 10, returning from SEA on Tuesday, May 17.
Other dates are also available for travel in April/May.
See our fare details for booking info.
Need a room in Seattle? Here's a look at what's available for the above dates on Hotelwatchdog.
All products and services mentioned on Airfarewatchdog are independently selected by our team of expert travelers. If you buy something through our links, we may earn an affiliate commission.

domain: travel


text:
2021 Lawyers in Real Estate Awards
Last year, the Connect CRE team followed up our well-received Next Generation Awards and Women in Real Estate Awards with the inaugural Lawyers in Real Estate Awards. For...
2021 Women in Real Estate
Announcing the 2021 Winners for the Connect CRE Women in Real Estate Awards.
From hundreds of submissions, we have highlighted women with achievements and...
2021 Next Generation Awards
Connect Commercial Real Estate is proud to present the winners of our 2021 Next Generation Awards. In one of the most challenging years on record for the industry,...
Florida & Gulf Coast CRE News In Your Inbox.
Sign up for Connect emails to stay informed with CRE stories that are 150 words or less.
DHL Signs 201K-SF Industrial Lease Renewal in Doral
1801 NW 82nd Ave.
Transwestern Real Estate Services has secured a long-term lease renewal for DHL Global Forwarding at Prologis Miami Commerce Center in Doral. DHL currently occupies the 201,399-square-foot industrial facility, which is located at 1801 NW 82nd Ave.
Thomas Kresse of Transwestern negotiated the lease transaction on behalf of owner Prologis. CBRE’s Devin White represented DHL in the transaction. Terms of the lease were not disclosed.
“We are very pleased to announce this long-term lease renewal with DHL,” said Kresse. “Prologis Miami Commerce Center is less than 2 miles from the Miami International Airport cargo facilities with easy access via the NW 25th Street Viaduct. The building also provides a large office footprint, a fully fenced and secure yard and trailer staging.”
David Cohen is Southeast Editorial Director at Connect Commercial Real Estate. David is a media veteran with more than 10 years of experience in journalism, copywriting and communications across a variety of roles. He is responsible for covering commercial real estate news and trends in the Southeast, Florida, Washington D.C. and Boston at Connect CRE as well as specializing in the Student Housing sector.
Prior to joining Connect, David was the editor of Northeast Real Estate Business magazine and Student Housing Business magazine at France Media as well as spending time freelancing for ESPN and the Associated Press in the fast-paced field of live sports event production. He is also an owner and investor in multifamily real estate in Atlanta, GA.
David currently resides in Atlanta and graduated from the College of Communication & Information at the University of Tennessee Knoxville.

domain: news


On Tuesday, the IRS issued temporary and proposed regulations under IRC § 7216 that increase the circumstances in which tax return preparers can disclose or use certain limited tax return information (TD 9478 and REG-131028-09).
The temporary regulations amend final regulations that were issued in 2008 and were effective Jan. 1, 2009. The IRS says the temporary regulations are intended to provide additional flexibility to tax return preparers and to provide benefits to taxpayers without compromising the rights of taxpayers to control the use or disclosure of their tax return information.
IRC § 7216 prohibits a tax return preparer from "knowingly or recklessly" disclosing or using tax return information. A violation could result in a preparer’s being charged with a criminal misdemeanor, involving a maximum penalty of $1,000 or one year in prison, or both, plus costs of prosecution. The 2008 final regulations (TD 9375) generally require preparers to get permission (in written or electronic form) from the taxpayer before the disclosure or use of tax return information.
The temporary regulations issued Tuesday expand somewhat the information that tax return preparers can use without taxpayer consent and include in lists for soliciting tax return business. The temporary regulations also clarify that lists used to solicit tax return business may not be used to seek business other than tax preparation.
In addition, the temporary regulations clarify the meanings of "tax information" and "in conjunction with the sale or other disposition of the compiler’s tax return business" for purposes of the exception provided by Treas. Reg. § 301.7216-2(n).
Solicitation of Tax Return Business
Under the 2008 final regulations (Treas. Reg. § 301.7216-2(n)), return preparers may compile and maintain a list of their clients’ names, addresses, e-mail addresses, and phone numbers for the sole purpose of offering tax information or additional tax return preparation services to those taxpayers. The temporary regulations expand the information that practitioners can compile and maintain in a list to solicit tax return business. The expanded types of permissible information include the taxpayer’s entity classification or type, including individual status, and the taxpayer’s income tax return form number (e.g., 1040).
The temporary regulations replace the phrase "tax information" in Treas. Reg. § 301.7216-2(n) with "tax information and general business or economic information or analysis for educational purposes." The preamble to the regulations says that the IRS contemplated that "tax information" includes explanations of current developments in tax law.
The IRS says that the additions to the tax return information allowed to be compiled and maintained in Treas. Reg. § 301.7216-2(n) lists and the clarification of the phrase "tax information" will permit return preparers to more efficiently and effectively furnish relevant tax information and lawful solicitations to their taxpayer clients. The IRS also says this will benefit taxpayers by helping to ensure that they receive only information that may be useful to them and that specifically addresses tax issues relevant to them. By expressly prohibiting the use of these lists to seek business other than tax return preparation, the temporary regulations make clear that the exception provided by Treas. Reg. § 301.7216-2(n) is limited to solicitations of tax return preparation services only.
Sale of a Tax Return Business
Tax return preparers are allowed to transfer lists or statistical compilations "in conjunction with the sale or other disposition of the compiler’s tax return preparation business" (Treas. Reg. § 301.7216-2(o)). The temporary regulations clarify that this phrase includes due diligence performed in contemplation of a sale or other disposition of a tax return preparation business. The temporary regulations also clarify that tax return information made available to a potential purchaser for due diligence purposes constitutes a disclosure of that information and not a transfer of that information.
Providers of Auxiliary Services
The temporary regulations explain that individuals who meet the definition of a tax return preparer solely because they provide auxiliary services to another tax return preparer may not, under Treas. Reg. § 301.7216-2(n), use the tax return information they receive from the other preparer to compile and maintain a list of taxpayers for their own use.
The temporary regulations add new exceptions to the general rule that a tax return preparer may not disclose or use statistical compilations of tax return information without taxpayer consent. However, under the temporary regulations, tax practitioners may not, in the context of marketing or advertising, use or disclose, in whole or in part, statistical compilations that identify dollar amounts of refunds, credits or deductions associated with tax returns, or percentages relating to them, even if the data are statistical, averaged, aggregated or anonymous.
Conflict of Interest Reviews
The temporary regulations also clarify that tax return preparers may use and disclose tax return information to the extent necessary to accomplish a conflict-of-interest review undertaken to comply with the requirements of any federal, state or local law, agency, board or commission, or by a professional association ethics committee or board. Such a conflict-of-interest review must be undertaken to identify, evaluate and monitor actual or potential legal and ethical conflicts of interest that may arise when a tax return preparer or tax return preparation business is employed or acquired by another tax return preparer or tax return preparation business, or when a tax return preparer is considering engaging a new client. The temporary regulations add to Treas. Reg. § 301.7216-2(p) an exception to the written consent rules to allow disclosures of tax return information by a tax return preparer without taxpayer consent for the purpose of conducting conflict reviews, but only to the extent necessary to accomplish the reviews.
The temporary regulations are effective upon their publication in the Federal Register. For previous JofA coverage of the earlier regulations, see "Disclosure Consent under § 7216," Oct. 09, page 22.


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FAIRFIELD (BCN) -- Fairfield police have arrested a man accused of holding his wife at gunpoint in their Broadway Street apartment Wednesday morning, a police spokesman said.
Dahryl Lamont Reynolds, 40, walked out of the Royal Palm Apartments at 1001 Broadway Street about 40 minutes after police arrived, Officer Cleo Mayoral said.
Reynold's wife had sent one of her relative's text messages saying she was being held at gunpoint, and the relative called police around 9 a.m., Mayoral said.
The dispute between Reynolds and his wife started Tuesday night and continued for several hours Wednesday morning when the woman tried to leave the apartment, Mayoral said. Reynolds forced her at gunpoint to remain inside, according to Mayoral.
Reynolds allegedly threatened to kill his wife and his family, Mayoral said.
Police found a .40-caliber Glock handgun, marijuana and methamphetamine inside the apartment after Reynolds was arrested, Mayoral said.
Reynolds is a convicted felon and was known to Fairfield police, Mayoral said.
He was arrested for assault with a deadly weapon, being a convicted felon in possession of a firearm, possession of methamphetamine for sale, possession of marijuana for sale and false imprisonment, and was booked into Solano County Jail, Mayoral said.
(© 2011 CBS Broadcasting Inc. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. Bay City News contributed to this report.)
for more features.


THREE young adventurers from New Zealand have pledged to the mine impacted communities along the Watut River that they will assist in giving international exposure to destruction of the river from water pollution.
Barney Young, Shannon Mask, Jordan Searle from New Zealand’s South Island were on a kayaking expedition around Morobe province and joined forces with the Watuts, Labu and Markham people who converged at a public forum last Friday in Lae after kayaking down the Watut river, to voice their concern against lack of political support to their suffering.
Barney was given the opportunity to address a packed Sir Ignatius Kilage stadium, where he promised on behalf of his countrymen to spread the word back in New Zealand and online.
They aim to get as much people to know about the destruction to the Watut river which is one of the best white water rafting river in the Southern Hemisphere.
In a separate interview after the forum, Barney, Shannon and Jordan described the Watut river as an amazing river which its tourist attraction.
Apart from their stance against the Watut river destruction, they also spoke of the friendliness of the locals which was contradicting to the advice they got from foreigners and travel agents.
Another interesting thing they noticed is the high costs of services in towns, especially the use of internet. The trio are currently tackling the fast flowing Busu river in Nawaeb district, starting upstream at a point where there is no record of kayaking taking place there, with no guide which makes it more interesting.


JAPAN: Isuzu to cut back GM joint venture - Nikkei
The newspaper reported Isuzu plans to halt further development because of the slump in Europe, and it also wants to cut its workforce in the region by around 10%.
Neither automaker commented on the future of the engine development although Isuzu denied it was pulling out of the venture or was cutting its workforce in Europe.
GM once owned almost 50% of Isuzu before selling its stake.
New to QUBE in the last quarter, this report has been extracted from QUBE and provides a comprehensive overview of the global light vehicle Engine technologies sector, major suppliers, top markets, te...
A mixed week of mostly good news, industry niggle in France and financial woes at PSA excepted. Ford booked a healthy US$5.7bn full year net profit for 2012 - our resident commentator weighed in on th...
Details of concepts and new models which made their global debuts at the Geneva motor show on media preview days 5 and 6 March....
General Motors will spend $200m at its global powertrain engineering headquarters to build a new 138,000 sq ft test wing, expected to be completed during the second half of 2014....
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We all have moments when we do not want to interact with other people. Whether it is due to social fatigue, brief periods of insecurity or low self-esteem, or because some of us are introverts, sometimes we want to be alone.
But because humans are social creatures who need each other to survive, we put up our big boy pants and let ourselves be known, and our voices heard. But for some people, this is not the case; these people suffer from an enduring and debilitating social anxiety and a fear of rejection.
This may be due to a condition known as avoidant personality disorder. An avoidant personality disorder is characterized by feelings of extreme shyness and social inhibition.
People who suffer from this disorder often feel inadequate and sensitive to negative criticism. They have a severe fear of rejection and are usually socially awkward. This can cause significant problems in their life as it affects their ability to interact with others and maintain a stable relationship.
People with avoidant personality disorder usually consider themselves unworthy and socially unappealing. They fear being rejected, ridiculed, humiliated, or disliked. They may go great lengths to avoid this or becoming involved with others unless they are sure that they would be liked.
An avoidant personality disorder may be attributed to childhood emotional neglect. It is, however, possible for the condition to occur without any history of neglect or abuse.
About 2.5 percent of the general population has this condition, and it is said to occur equally in both men and women. Avoidant personality disorder typically begins in childhood and continues into adulthood.
Causes Avoidant Personality Disorder
There is no known cause for avoidant personality disorder. However, genetic and environmental factors may play a significant role in the development of the condition.
There is a tendency for it to appear in certain families, and this may suggest that it can be inherited through genes. The disorder may also be triggered by environmental factors like parental abuse or neglect and peer rejection, which can have a significant impact on one’s self-esteem and self-worth.
Furthermore, there is no way of knowing who would develop the disorder. People who have avoidant personality disorder are typically shy as children—however, not everyone who is timid as a child goes on to develop the condition.
In the same vein, not every adult who is shy has an avoidant personality disorder. An avoidant personality disorder may begin to manifest at the point when you start avoiding other people or certain situations.
Symptoms of Avoidant Personality Disorder
Below are common signs associated with avoidant personality disorder:
- Feelings of inadequacy
- Social inhibition
- Hypersensitive towards negative criticism or feedback
- The overwhelming need to be liked
- Anxiety over saying or doing the wrong thing
- Lack of assertiveness
- Low self-esteem
- Being a people-pleaser
- Lack of trust in others
- Avoiding interaction in work environments
- Avoiding social situations or events
- Avoiding situations due to the fear of rejection
- Negative self-image or self-worth
- Always on the lookout for signs of disapproval or rejection
- No social network or close friends
- Anxiety in social situations
- Fearful and tense demeanor
- Lack of pleasure in activities (Anhedonia)
- Unwilling to try new things or take risks
Avoidant personality disorder has been associated with an anxiety disorder. Studies have shown that approximately nearly 40% of people with panic disorder and agoraphobia also have an avoidant personality disorder.
Another condition commonly found with this disorder is Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
People who are avoidant are often prone to self-loathing, and in some cases, self-harm. Substance abuse, particularly those dealing with alcohol, heroin, and benzodiazepines, are common with avoidant personality types.
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) of the American Psychiatric Association, a person is said to have avoidant personality disorder if they show four of the following symptoms.
- Avoids occupational activities that involve significant contact with others, due to fears of criticism, disapproval, humiliation or rejection
- Displays inhibition in new interpersonal situations because of feelings of inadequacy
- Unwillingness to get involved with people unless certain of being liked
- Restraint within intimate relationships because of fear of being ridiculed or shamed
- Views self as socially awkward, unappealing, or inferior to others
- Preoccupied with the fear of being criticized or rejected in social situations
- Unusual reluctance to take engage in new activities or take personal risks that may have embarrassing consequences
Also, the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) by the World Health Organization (WHO) lists avoidant personality disorder as anxious personality disorder.
The condition is characterized by the presence of at least four of the following:
- Avoidance of social activities that involve a high level of interpersonal contact because of fear of criticism, disapproval, or rejection
- The belief that one is socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others
- Persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety, tension, and apprehension
- Overwhelming preoccupation with being criticized or rejected in social situations
- Restrictions in lifestyle due to the need to have physical security
- Unwillingness to become involved with people unless there is the certainty of being liked
Psychotherapy, also known as talk therapy, is the most effective method of treating avoidant personality disorder. The primary goal of therapy is to help identify the unconscious beliefs about yourself and how others perceive you.
It could also help identify triggers and help you function better socially and at work.
Psychodynamic therapy is a form of psychotherapy that helps you become aware of your unconscious thoughts and understand how past experiences influence your current behavior.
This therapy enables you to examine and resolve past emotional pains, stress, and conflicts. Then you can move on in life with healthier self-worth and how others see you.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy, on the other hand, helps you recognize and replace unhealthy beliefs and thought processes. The therapist will encourage you to examine your thoughts and beliefs and test them to see if they have a factual basis or merit.
They will also help you regulate your behavior and develop alternative, healthier thoughts. There is no known medication that has been approved to treat this condition. Your doctor may, however, prescribe antidepressant medications if you have co-occurring depression or anxiety.

domain: psychology


text:
News Flash Home
The original item was published from 6/11/2018 9:54:29 AM to 6/11/2018 10:58:24 AM.
Posted on: June 11, 2018
[ARCHIVED] Summer Reading Kick-Off Party
Summer Reading Kick-Off Party
Monday, June 18 from 10:00AM - 12:00PM
Oddzin Ends Entertainment is joining us for the Summer Reading Program Kick-Off Party. Stop by the library and pick up your summer reading pack, get your face painted, try on an airbrush tattoo, help create our mosaic summer banner, and enjoy a "cool" treat in our craft room. This year we have three face painters and two airbrush tattoo artists. No registration required.
Note: The artists will close their lines a little early in order to finish by 12:00PM.

domain: library


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COLOR PENCIL-FRENCHIE MORPHE COLOR PENCIL-(9 TO 5)
Get a hold of our creamy Color Pencils for powerfully pigmented color that glides on and slays on. From on-point neutrals to beyond-bold gems, you’ll never run out of ways to line and define your eyes and lips. Go on and draw some attention your way. We dare you.

domain: artistic


text:
|Reviews for Brotherly Love|
| lalalawhatevs chapter 2 . 12/31/2013
Please continue. :-)
| The-girl-with-purple-eyes chapter 3 . 3/18/2013
| DarkkEagle chapter 3 . 9/24/2012
I hope you won't abandon this one, it's really great!
| NX-Loveless-XN chapter 2 . 8/15/2010
"Of course, silly. There are a lot of kids in our family, and we get lost all the time. But, we always get found."
I can so imagine that.
| NX-Loveless-XN chapter 1 . 8/15/2010
It's so good!
| lambtastic chapter 3 . 4/18/2010
This is such a cool story! are you still continuing this or is it discontinued. i really love the fact that harry's brother is so protective and not spoiled and that they are moving to france. but i not so keen on his name. whatever. i really hope you continue this! it is really good!
| merthurdrarry chapter 3 . 9/6/2009
i enjoyed antc wait for the real secret to be let out, update soon
| JanusGodOfPossibilities chapter 3 . 9/24/2008
*taps foot impatiently*
| MULAN-IFUWEREGAY chapter 3 . 8/9/2008
| piwqefjk chapter 3 . 12/10/2007
This story is fascinating - I really like the different way you're doing the story. Great job, I hope you update soon xD
| Laetitia2712 chapter 3 . 10/1/2007
| Hysteria and Chaos chapter 3 . 9/17/2007
Have fun in Japan.
| IsolinaBlack chapter 3 . 9/14/2007
OMFG! You get to be an exchange student in JAPAN? LUCKY! SUGOI~~! xD Have fun! ;'' I love the Japanese language, so going to Japan... That's up on the list of Most Awesome Things. ;''
| LaineLove chapter 2 . 3/18/2007
hey this story is really kawaii so please continue with it


photo credit: Tom Woodward
WordPress 5.9 has been delayed due to significant blockers that could not be resolved in time for Beta 1, which was previously scheduled to be released November 16. The 5.9 release team came to the decision after a lengthy deliberation on the impact a delay will have on users and contributors.
Robert Anderson, Editor Tech Lead for 5.9, published a summary of the blockers that were found while testing full-site editing in core this week. They are identified as either blockers for beta 1 or blockers for 5.9.
“Historically (and even in the linked post), ‘deadlines are not arbitrary‘ has referred to the ability to cut features that aren’t quite ready yet, and include them in a future release,” Gary Pendergast commented on the post announcing 5.9 beta 1 as delayed. “Are there particular reasons for why this philosophy has been re-interpreted?”
Tonya Mork, Core Tech Lead for the 5.9 release, responded with an explanation that FSE is going to have to be a package deal.
“Removing those areas that need fixing were ruled out as they are too intertwined into FSE and would make it unstable,” Mork said. “Punting fixes was ruled out as these meant delivering a ‘half-baked’ experience.
“The choice is between shipping these major features in 5.9 with a delay or moving these major features to 6.0 to ship in the spring.
“Impacts were assessed. Shipping these major features sooner than later were determined to be more beneficial with less impact.”
Others commenting on the post shared concerns about the features possibly being rushed after seeing the list of blockers.
“My initial reaction when reading the Overview of WP 5.9 pending issues and blockers -issue on Gutenberg repository was ‘holy


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+44 1223 790975
Compilation of previously discussed main ideas about the evolution of genetic code is presented and completed with bioinformatical analyses of codon usage frequency data from 113 species.It is suggested that the recent 64/20 Genetic Code (Nirenberg) and the associated redundancy in translation developed successively from a much simpler, primitive Code containing only a few AT-rich codons. Codon boundaries were not yet defined so the codons were translated overlappingly. The subsequent addition of GC bases (especially those added at 1st and 3rd codon positions) provided the conditions for the physicochemical definition of codon boundaries and the development of non-overlapping translation. This view is supported by bioinformatics studies in the recent literature as well as by novel findings.<
Keywords: Codon, Translation, Genetic code
The Genetic Code has been known since 1962 . It is largely universal, though some minor variations have been discovered. It is the logical connection between the nucleic acid and protein “worlds” . Both nucleic acids and proteins have changed over evolutionary history. It is rational to assume that even the Genetic Code has an evolutionary history. Studies on the Genetic Code demand simultaneous and independent knowledge of the corresponding nucleic acid and protein sequences, for which data are usually not available. De novo sequencing of proteins has no scientific priority. An additional methodological difficulty is that the species that utilized early variants of Genetic Code may have been extinct for a long time, and ancient variants of proteins are no longer translated. The result of these difficulties is that studies on the evolution of the Genetic Code consist mainly of speculations that have very little chance of experimental confirmation or rejection. However, the history of the Genetic Code is not wholly beyond the reach of serious scientific study. This article reviews and analyzes the main theories about the evolutionary development of the Genetic Code and extends them with recently-discovered aspects of its function.
In this study we have made some necessary assumptions:
1. The development of the Genetic Code is, like any other biological development, a process from the simpler to the more complex. Therefore we accept the possibility that the present-day fourbase- type nucleic acids developed from (say) two-base-type molecules; that the current triple code might have been preceded by a one- or two-letter code; and that the current 64 codons have developed from, say, four or sixteen codons.
2. Codons that have been in use for longer (in evolutionary terms) are numerically over-represented in the species-specific Codon Usage Tables (CUT). It is logical to suppose that newly-developed functions required new proteins, and coding for more proteins required a number of available amino acids and of codons that increased during the millions of years of biological evolution.
3. Some species disappear. This extinction of the “unfit” may (though not necessarily) mean the loss of all information related to their biology while they were extant. However, much of ancient biological history is preserved in modern organisms, often in hidden, non-expressed genomic sequences. It is well documented that the non-expressed part of the genome has grown (accumulated) rapidly during evolution and has reached huge proportions (~98% of the total DNA) in humans. (It is also observed that these structures sometimes become activated by mistake and this activation leads to immunodeficiency, cancerization or the appearance of bizarre body parts, a phenomenon called atavism ). This consideration suggests that the history of ancient proteins and the function of the primitive Genetic Code might be preserved in non-expressed genomic DNA.
4. Codons developed in a way that was compatible with the principle of base complementarity. Bases are known to form complementary pairs and nucleic acids are known to form complementary strands. Therefore, it seems inevitable that codon-anticodon pairs must have existed at every stage of codon development, and it has always been important that the meanings of codons and anticodons are not confused during translation.
5. Codons developed in close connection with their encoded amino acids. The specific (unique) interaction between nucleic acids and proteins is biologically as important and meaningful as the specific (unique) interaction between complementary nucleic acid strands. This assumption might be controversial and is known to have both supporters  and opponents  among influential scientists. However, our own development, The Common Periodic Table of Codons and Amino Acids , strongly supports it.
The structure of the codon
Nirenberg’s Genetic Code is redundant: 64 codons encode 20 amino acids and a stop signal. The location of redundancy is the 3rd codon position, called the wobble base. This is the first indication of structure in the codons.
The second (central) codon bases are also clearly distinguished from the others (1st and 3rd). These central bases are undoubtedly related to the physico-chemical properties (charge, hydropathy and some structural aspects) of the encoded amino acids .
There is a readily detectable, periodic energy pattern along exons that is not detectable along intronic sequences. The free folding energy (-dG, Gibbs energy) is periodically lower (on average) in relation to the 1st and 3rd codon bases than the 2nd. This is possible only if G-C base pairs are preferentially located at the 1st and 3rd codon positions (also as the average distribution). This energy pattern provides a virtual physicochemical definition of codon boundaries .
The foregoing observations indicate that the 2nd codon letter is clearly distinguished from the 1st and 3rd, both structurally and functionally.
The possible origin of the Genetic Code
The literature is rather rich in ideas regarding the possible origin and development of the genetic code. It has been suggested that the recent Genetic Code developed from a primitive A+T-containing code , while others have found evidence for a primitive G+C-containing code . We performed statistical analyses of Codon Usage Frequencies (CUFs) in several species in the hope of finding evidence for one or the other primitive code.
Genome-wide species sequencing projects have emerged only during the past 10 years and have provided reliable data for analysis of species-specific codon usage. These data are collected in numerous Codon Usage Tables (CUT) . We examined codon usage frequencies in 113 species from different stages of evolutionary development, and found that codon usage is strongly biased in every species and shows a rather similar pattern in different organisms (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Codon Usage Frequencies in Species Categories. Codon usage frequency data were collected for 113 species and combined into seven species categories. Each symbol represents the mean codon usage frequency of the given codon in the indicated species category. [n= 25 (animals), 20 (plants), 18 (fungi), 8 (protists), 24 (bacteria), 9 (archaea), 9 (viruses).].
These large differences in codon usage frequencies not simply the result of differences in amino acid usage frequencies, which are to be expected, but are largely caused by differences in the usage of synonymous codons (codons encoding the same amino acid). Furthermore, the synonymous codon usage bias is about the same (fairly well conserved) in all species. Detailed analyses of the base compositions of codons reveal that the most frequent codons are preferentially built of A & T bases (Figure 2). The 13 most frequent codons (20% of the 64 possible) have A or T in the central position (the critical position in relation to the physicochemical properties of the encoded amino acid ) and provide 36% of all codon usages (100%).
The codon usage frequency pattern is strikingly similar in the seven major species categories. However, it is possible to detect some minor but statistically significant differences (Figure 3). The relative CUF pattern shows significant, systematic differences when the values of animals are compared to distant species categories such as viruses, protists and archaea. No such difference is found when the animal values are compared to phylogenetically closer relatives such as bacteria, fungi and plants.
Figure 3: Correlation of Codon Usage Frequencies in some Categories of Species. The relative CUF values were calculated for the 64 codons from the data in Figure 1 and plotted against each other (blue symbols). Red symbols indicate the linear regression lines.
The negative correlation between animals and archaea is most significant. This difference is clearly related to the base compositions of the codons: AT-rich codons are preferentially used by archaea, while animals prefer GC-rich codons (Figure 4).
The amino acid usage frequencies of animals and archaea are clearly different, but this difference does not correlate with the AT content of the synonymous codons and therefore fails to explain the AT-related differences in CUF patterns (Figure 5).
The dominance of A and T in the most frequently used codons, and the synonymous codon usage bias in favor of AT-rich codons in older rather than younger species, suggest to us that primitive codons were built of A and T bases, while G and C came into use during a later, second developmental stage.
The next important question about the primitive Code is the number of bases necessary in the codons. The modern triplet codon provides 64 different combinations of the four nucleic acid bases, far more than necessary to encode 20 amino acids. Two singlet codons (A and T) can theoretically encode two amino acids. The coding rules in the modern Common Periodic Table of Codons and Nucleic Acids  suggests that T codes for one hydrophobic and A for one hydrophilic or charged amino acid, say T>Phe [now encoded by TTT] and A>Lys [now encoded by AAA]. Thus, the hypothetical primitive [FK]n-type oligopeptides and [AT]n-type oligonucleotides may have formed a nucleo-peptide complex (the positively charged K attracting the negatively charged nucleic acid), which would preferentially have become located on aqueous boundary surfaces, forming a layer (primitive membrane?) (Figure 6).
Figure 6: The Development of Codons and Translation. The primitive, ancient nucleic acids were composed only of A and T bases (a), which encode and interact with only two amino acids (R1 and R2, b). The primitive, ancient oligopeptides were physicochemically compatible with each other and may have interacted specifically with each other (c). The peptide and/or nucleic acid complexes would have become located preferentially on hydrophilic/hydrophobic surfaces, forming molecular layers.
The next step toward the complexity of the recent Genetic Code might have been recognition of the order (sequence) of bases. Bases in the order ATAATA form a different shape from, for example, TATTAT, and this shape difference might have been utilized to distinguish between two amino acids (regarding their coding as well as their binding). There is strong evidence suggesting that codons and amino acids developed in parallel (co-evolution)  and there is a significant connection between the physicochemical properties of the amino acids and their codon structures . Therefore, the development of a triplet code that still utilized only A & T seems a rather “logical” possibility.
This triplet code would have added two more apolar amino acids, Leu [UUA] and Ile [AUU], and two polar amino acids, Tyr [UAU] and Asn [AAU], to the protein building units. A recent stop codon [UAA] might also have developed at this time as codon for Gln (still used in ciliate and flatworm mitochondrial codes ).
The development of this triplet code immediately raises the question of translation reading frames: where are the beginning and the end of a triplet codon? We assume that the codon boundaries were not yet defined in the primitive code; AT-only triplet codons were overlappingly translated (Figure 7).
Figure 7: The Development of Codons and Translation II. The A- & T-triplet codons might have encoded seven amino acids (indicated) representing hydrophobic (yellow boxes), hydrophilic (green boxes) and positively charged (pink boxes) properties. The codons (and amino acids) have been sorted into a special order to illustrate the principle of overlapping translation.
The idea of overlapping translation goes back to the 1950s. In the years immediately following the proposal of the structure for dsDNA, George Gamow suggested a so-called “diamond code” to explain the connection and information transfer between DNA and proteins [13-15]. In his model the nucleic acid bases from 20 different cavities into which the 20 different amino acids fit specifically. The order of cavities determines the order (sequence) of encoded amino acids, which polymerize and form the individual proteins. Gamow’s model was the very first model for translation and it turned out to be overlapping, which means that the 2nd and 3rd bases of a triplet codon are identical to the 1st and 2nd bases in the next triplet codon, so amino acid neighbors are interdependently encoded. The attractive feature of the overlapping codon model is that it takes advantage of an interesting structural similarity between amino acids and nucleic acids, namely that the distance between the amino acids and the distance between nucleotide bases is the same, which strongly suggests a connection and 1:1 relationship between these very different residues. In addition, the “frame shift” problem does not arise in overlapping translation. A big disadvantage of this model, which turned out to be “fatal”, is that it simply doesn’t permit some amino acid neighbors that do exist in real proteins . Gamow’s model is still revisited time after time as a way of avoiding frame-shift problems when no other way is apparent. We know today that codon boundaries are physicochemically defined in modern codons by the periodic distribution of GC bases , which was not the case in the AT-only model described above.
There is no overlapping translation in recent or modern organisms (as far as we know), but signs that it once existed might have been preserved. When we look for such molecular, phylogenetic “fossils” it is important to bear in mind that biological history is preserved in the form of DNA (not protein) and historical DNA records are located in the non-translated DNA domains (exons, and even in regions called “junk” DNA) .
Suppose that overlapping translation did exist in the past, but at a certain point in evolution it was replaced by the now-practiced nonoverlapping translation. In that case, some nucleic acid sequences might exist in two different forms with the same translational meaning (protein sequence): one “compact”, which was overlappingly translated in the past, and one “extended”, which is nowadays translated nonoverlappingly (Extended OTS). A third category of nucleic acid sequences, which developed later, comprises those that cannot be compressed into OTS and are called Extended non-OTS (Figure 8).
Figure 8: Compact and Extended Nucleic Acid Sequences. There are three categories of nucleic acid sequences. The oldest form is the compact sequence, in which codon boundaries cannot yet be recognized, so it is translated overlappingly (OTS). Extended OTS sequences developed from compact sequences and made it possible to read the OTS non-overlappingly. Extended non-OTS sequences are late developments and they cannot be compressed into compact forms. Codons are indicated by blue boxes. The difference between extended OTS and non-OTS is indicated by red letters. Note that the translation of extended OTS and non-OTS sequences into protein sequences is the same (yellow boxes).
To test this idea we constructed 64 polycodon frequencies, each corresponding to one codon repeated 10 times. We were looking for the incidence of these simple monotone repeats in the Nucleotide Sequence Databases, provided by the Blast server of NCBI  (which contains all GenBank + EMBL + DDBJ + PDB sequences, but no EST, STS, GSS, environmental samples or phase 0, 1 or 2 HTGS sequences). The database contained 26,409,867,045 letters, corresponding to 8,281,433 sequences, on February 26, 2009. Nucleic acid similarity searches were performed using BLASTN 2.2.19 provided by the NCBI server (default settings) . Surprisingly many sequences were found that were significantly similar to the polycodon-like query oligonucleotides, and their frequencies differed depending on the base composition of the query (Figure 9). This base composition-dependent distribution recalled what we found in the CUF tables, i.e. AT-rich sequences (codons) were once more frequently used than GC-rich codons (sequences) (see figures 2 and 4).
Figure 9: Polycodon Frequency vs. Codon Structure. Nucleotide Sequence Databases (NCBI) were searched by 64 different queries each containing 10x repeats of the 64 possible codons and the BlastN matches were automatically counted (default server settings). The collected data were divided into six groups corresponding to the composition of the 1st and 3rd codon positions (x axis) and the 2nd codon position (colors). Each column represents the mean ± S.D. of a total of n= 64 counting.
In the next step we assumed - very arbitrarily - that these highly frequent polycodon sequences represent compact, primitive nucleic acids that could be extended and translated overlappingly as well as non-overlappingly (as shown in figure 8). At about 1/3 of the compact sequences were found even in the extended OTS forms, especially those derived from AT-rich sequences (Figure 10). The extended non-OTS forms had the lowest frequency, and this was independent of base composition.
Figure 10: Differences in Translation vs. Database Matches. Nucleic acid databases were searched for matches with specially designed queries (see figure 8): compressed (Comp.), overlappingly translated and extended (OTSExt.) and Non-OTS (Ext). All three forms could be translated into the same protein sequence but in different ways. The GC content (#/30) is color-coded. Columns represent the mean ± S.D. The significance of differences between groups is indicated on the connecting lines.
These findings suggest that codon-like repeats (especially AT-rich) played a significant role in the genome and were therefore preserved. They represent compact sequences from the early period of codon development, which could be overlappingly translated. However, these sequences successively lost their importance (translation?) with the development of GC-containing codons and the shift to non-overlapping translation.
Our recent and previous experiments provide support for the ideas of Jimenez-Sanchez , who suggested that the recent genetic code developed from a simpler, AT-only code, and G and C were added in a second, later step of development. However, an AT-only-containing nucleic acid cannot be dissected into well-defined triplet codons, so frame-shifts have to exist and the overlapping translation of codons is unavoidable. These simple nucleic acids and their translation have, of course, significant limitations for the development of biological functions and life as we know it today. Another concern regarding the AT-only codon is the absence of any experimental evidence. The ATonly code bearers might have been disappeared. More likely, the idea of Jimenez-Sanchez is an extreme and theoretical extrapolation of the biological reality, that older species contains more AT, while younger species more GC bases in their genome.
The situation changed dramatically with the addition of G and C bases. This addition increased the number of possible codons to 64, provided the possibility of high energy signatures along the nucleic acid sequences (physicochemical definition of codon boundaries ) and made it possible to shift from overlapping translation to the recent, more permissive, non-overlapping variant.
An alternative evolutionary model was proposed by Ikehara et al. , who emphasized the importance of GC at the 1st and 3rd codon positions. We completely agree with Ikehara’s statements about the special significance of G and C in defining codon boundaries. However, our recent analyses of CUF tables clearly show the dominance of ATrich codons in terms of frequency of use. This indicates that AT-rich codons have an evolutionary importance of their own.
The involvement of overlapping translation in our model of codon evolution solves the obvious problem of frame shifts, but creates new concerns at the same time. It might be difficult to understand how the transition to non-overlapping translation could have happened without serious conflict between the two systems.
Evolutionary questions often have philosophical aspects. Biological sciences recently tend to picture evolution as an uninterrupted, continuous, linear process. However it is not known whether the biological evolution that scientists are able to see and observe on the Earth “is the” biological evolution or it is only a local variant of a greater biological evolution in the Universe. Francis C. Crick, the founding father of molecular biology, lunched the idea of panspermia . It suggested, that life developed somewhere in the universe and spread in the cosmos, even to the Earth, as DNA trapped in cosmic debris. In this case only a short part of biological evolution is available for us; we can see trends, suggest necessary events (like the AT-only nucleic acids  and overlapping translation [13-15]) without the possibility to find remains of these evolutionary steps.
It is concluded that the well-known triplet codons and the 64/20 translation is a complex system that is the result of successive development from much simpler systems, like AT-only codons (which were coding only a few amino acids) and overlapping translation. The evolutionary “addition” of GC nucleotides was necessary to define the recent codon-structure that physicochemically marks codon boundaries and makes the more sophisticated, non-overlapping, translation possible.
The author wish to thank to Professor Kenji Ikehara for a very stimulating personal discussion (Los Angeles, February 26th, 2009).

domain: biology