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Dan Navarro has figured out how to live a balanced life. While known for his music-making, Navarro has also forged a career doing voice work for commercials, video games and movies (including, in 2017, ''Coco'' and the newest ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' movie), work that Navarro, in an interview with a Chicago newspaper last year, described as "my day job," adding, "It provides me with a pension and health insurance. It's the security aspect of what I do and it supports my gigging." Given the economic uncertainties a troubador's life can entail, it sounds like a pretty nice arrangement. In the same interview, Navarro talked about his early days, which included working at Tower Records and at a Los Angeles restaurant that employed singing waiters. ''There were a lot of musicians on their way up and on their way down. Working there was a way to have a day job and still be musical,'' he said, adding, ''It could've been a dead-end job, except that's where I met Eric Lowen in 1979. Everything changed when I met the person I would have a 30-year relationship with.'' Lowen and Navarro began working on songs together, and in 1983 they struck gold, writing — in about 90 minutes, Navarro recalled — a ditty called ''We Belong'' that became a smash hit for Pat Benatar. The two went on to write songs that were covered by many other artists, including the Bangles and Dave Edmunds, and to perform and record as Lowen & Navarro, playing acoustic folk-roots music. The duo toured and recorded for many years until 2009, when Lowen retired due to health issues. Since then, Navarro has carried on as a solo act. He recently released his first solo studio album, "Shed My Skin," a collection described on his website as ''8 Dan originals, 3 obscure covers and a standard thrown in, for love.''
7 p.m. Thursday. $11/$22. Caffe Lena, 47 Phila St., Saratoga Springs. 518-583-0022. caffelena.org.


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**Be sure to also visit our Special Events page to find information about other events to which the Guild plays host, including concerts, improv comedy, and other community activities**
Presented through Special Arrangement with Musical Theatre International
Music by Charles Strouse
Lyrics by Martin Charnin
Book by Thomas Meehan
Directed by Alissa Fernandez
Choreography by Pat Pohrte
Vocal Direction by Therese Hartz
Annie is a Broadway musical based upon the popular Harold Gray comic strip Little Orphan Annie. The original Broadway production opened in 1977 and ran for nearly six years, setting a record for the Alvin Theatre (now the Neil Simon Theatre). It spawned numerous productions in many countries, as well as national tours, and won the Tony Award for Best Musical. The musical's songs "Tomorrow" and "It's the Hard Knock Life" are among its most popular musical numbers.
March 13, 14, 20, 21 @ 8 PM
March 15 & 22 @ 3 PM
A Special "Breakfast with the Orphans" will be held March 21 10 AM - 2 PM; call the Box Office for details and reservations. Extra fee will apply. Online tickets available; no show ticket included with Breakfast.
Standard Show Tickets:
Adult Tickets $17
Students (High School or younger) $15
Seniors (55+) $15
Call the Box Office for details on Group Ticket Discounts for groups of 15 or more people; sorry, group purchase pricing cannot be arranged online
To reserve tickets, call our Reservation Line at 219-501-8228 and charge your tickets by a Major Credit Card or pay upon arrival at the theater.
You may also click the above button, and it will open a new window to our online ticketing service (billing on your credit card statement will say "NIETF" or "Northwest Indiana Excellence in Theatre Foundation"

domain: entertainment


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We have a gorgeous new litter of Doodle babies March 12th, if you are interested becoming a member of our family please get in touch.
Mum is our beautiful red Pure Multigenerational Australian Labradoodle as is dad Chester. She is a perfect 18inches to the shoulder and has the most wonderful personality. Mum & Chester have already had 2 gorgeous litters so we have a good idea what they will be like.
We have WhatsApp groups for our puppy families so you can get regular updates on your puppy. We also offer boarding in our home for all our puppies when you are away.
Our puppies are always part of our family and will be wormed, microchipped & have their initial vaccinations. You will take your puppy home with a goody bag with toys, all their info and food to start you off but we are always here if you need us.
If you are interested in becoming a Guardian Parent we would love to chat to you.
It’s early exciting days but now’s the time to get to know your new baby.
- Age: 5 weeks
- Ready to leave: 3 weeks
|Boys & Girls
|Vaccinations up to date:

domain: pet


“I Got You” is a song performed by British singer and songwriter Leona Lewis for her second studio album, Echo (2009). It was written by Arnthor Birgisson, Max Martin and Savan Kotecha, with production helmed by Birgisson. It was recorded by Birgisson at Westlake Recording Studios, Los Angeles, CA and The Vault, Stockholm, Sweden, who was assisted by Lewis on the songs vocal production. It was released to United States Contemporary hit radio on 8 December 2009, and throughout Europe to download digitally on 19 February 2010. “I Got You” is a pop ballad, and instrumentation consists of guitars and synthesizers.
The song garnered a mixed response from music critics. Peter Robinson for The Guardian wrote that “I Got You” “is an impressive distant relative of “Bleeding Love”. Other critics praised Lewis’ vocal performance and likened it to the structure of her cover of Snow Patrol’s “Run”. Despite this, some critics criticised the song for not being memorable. “I Got You” failed to achieve commercial success. It achieved a peak position of number three on the UK R&B Chart, number 14 on the UK Singles Chart, and peaked inside the top 50 singles Austria, Belgium, Germany and New Zealand.
As part of promotion for the songs release as a single, an accompanying music video was shot at Venice Beach, California, and directed by Dave Meyers. The content of the video revolves around couples who try to resolve their differences and arguments. In the video, scenes of Lewis performing in front of a heart engulfed in flames and sitting on an apartment floor barefoot are intercut. In the United States, Lewis performed the song live on the Late Show with David Letterman, whilst in the United Kingdom, she performed on multiple television shows, including So You Think You Can Dance, The Alan Titchmarsh Show and The National Lottery Draws. It was included on the set list of her debut tour, The Labyrinth (2010).


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*Select styles may take up to four weeks depending on current stock. Customer will be notified of any delays.


text:
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For his cherished mares,
My uncle asked Mebrouk of me, in marriage,
And to him I said no :
Mebrouk is my support, I intend to preserve him
Proud, full of health, handy and swift in his course.
Time retraces his steps and returns ;
To-day without quarrel, to-morrow perhaps we may see
The hour of stubborn wrath advance with great strides.
For a skin-bag full of blood, was my uncle's reply,
Thou hast made my face yellow* before all my children.
The earth is vast; adieu.
Mebrouk, why neigh thus by night and by day?
Thou betrayest my ambuscades, and forewarnest my enemies,
Thou thinkest too much of the daughters of our horses,
I will give thee in marriage, oh my son!
But where find my friends
Whose mares are so noble, and their she-camels treasures?
All news of them is buried;
Where are their vast tents which so much pleased the eye?
Therein were to be found both carpet and mat;
Therein was given the hospitality of God,
And therein the poor filled his belly.
They are departed!
The scouts have seen the hill-tops,
The braves have led the march,
The shepherds have followed with the herds,
And the hunters, on the track of their swift greyhounds,
Have chased the gazelle,
Have you heard speak of the tribe of my brethren ?
then come with me and count their numerous horses;
There are some of colours that will please you.
Look at those horses, white as the snow that falls in its season;
Those horses, black as the slave captured in the Soudan;
Those horses, green† as the reed that grows on river-banks;
Those horses red as the blood that first flows from a wound,
And those horses blue as the pigeon when he flies 'neath the skies.
Where are those fusils so straight, quicker than the twinkling of the eye?
That powder from Tunis, and those balls cast in moulds,
Which pierced through the bones, tore the liver,
And caused death with the mouth open ?
When I cease to sing, my heart impels me to again;
For it burns for my brethren with a fire that consumes me.
Such warriors have I no where seen.
evil-eye (ain). When any one says to you: "Oh! what a fine horse, what a beautiful mare you have got there!" fear everything from him, for he spoke but from envy; had he spoken with a kindly feeling, he would not have failed to add : "may God protect you or grant you his blessing!" This evil-eye, nevertheless, is not possessed by everybody.
*Thou hast made my face yellow.
Red, and all the bright colours are with the Arabs symbolical of good fortune; the dark sombre colours, and yellow chief of all, are tokens of misfortune.
†Those horses, green as the reed.
The Arabs consider the horse of a green colour, when it approaches the brown-green of the nearly ripe olive.
And those balls cast in moulds. These are in general thought a great luxury by
the Arabs, and particularly by those of the desert.
lead into ingots and cut these afterwards into slugs,
For the most part they beat the
Oh, God! strike with blindness those who would envy them!
Have they not vast tents well provided with carpets,
With mats, with cushions, with saddles and rich arms?
The traveller and the orphan are they not always received there
With those words of our fathers: "Be welcome here ?"
Their women, fresh as the wild poppy,
Are they not borne upon camels,
Those ships of the land*,
Which walk with the noble step of the ostrich ?
Are they not covered with veils
Which, floating far behind them, make our Marabouts even despair?
Are they not decked with ornaments, with jewels enriched with coral,
And the blue tattooing of their limbs is it not a pleasure to see?
Everything in them charms the soul of those who believe in a God;
You would think them the flowers of the beans which the Eternal created.
You have gone far away into the South,
And the days seem very long to me !
'Tis now near a year that nail'd to this wearisome Teull+
I have seen no more of you than the traces of your camps.
Oh! cherished pigeon mine,
That wearest a leg-covering which reaches to thy feet,
That wearest a burnous which so well becomes thy shoulders,
Whose wings are chequered and who knows the country;
Oh you that coo!
Go-fly 'neath the clouds, they will serve you for covering;
Go find my friends and give them this letter,
Tell them that it comes from a heart sincere.
Return quickly, and let me know if good or ill-fortune be theirs,
Whose absence makes me sigh.
You will see Cherifat: she is a proud maiden;
She is proud, she is noble, I have seen it in writing,
Her long hair falls gracefully
Upon her broad and white shoulders:
You would think you beheld the black plumes of the ostrich
That inhabits the deserts and sings near her brood.
Her brows are like bows from the land of the negro;
And her eyelashes, you'd swear like the beard of a corn-ear
Ripened by the eye of light, at the summer's close.
Her eyes are the eyes of the gazelle,
When she anxiously watches her young,
Or the lightning's bright flash 'ere the thunder is heard
'Mid the darkness of night.
Her mouth is most lovely in form,
Honey-sweet is the dew on her lips,
And her white, even teeth that resemble the hail
Strewn by winter's rude blast o'er our lands.
Those ships of the land. The camel is so useful an animal to the Arabs of the desert, that they call it with reason the ship of the land. He is in effect moderate in his appetite, content with little, and requires no corn of any kind for his subsistence; he endures thirst for several days with the most admirable patience, and transports very heavy loads in the frequent removals necessitated in a nomade life.
Nailed to this wearisome Teull. The Arabs of the desert love so much their independent and nomade life, that they regard as the most wearisome moments of their existence, when they are forced to come into the Teull to purchase there their provisions of grain.
You will see Cherifa. Cherifa, the feminine of Cherif, which means a descendant from the prophet.
In their poems, the Arabs frequently call the sun Adin ennour, the eye of light, or eye of the light.
Her neck, like the standard our warriors raise,
The foe to defy, or the flying recall,
And her form without fault with the marble doth vie
That is used for the columns adorning our Mosques,
White as the moon that illumines the night,
She shines like the star unobscured by a cloud,
Tell her she has dealt two deep wounds to her friend,
Which pierced like a poignard his heart through his eyes.
Love is a burden not easy to bear.
I beseech the All-Mighty to send us down rain;
We have reached now the mid-time of spring,
And for peoples with flocks 'tis o'er long now delayed,
I'm a-hungered, yet fast even though as it were
The Fast of the Ramadan moon.
They are at Askoura! may Allah be praised!
Let my horse now be brought!
And you, strike the tents!
I will hasten my uncle to find;
He will pardon the child of his brother I'm sure;
As reconciled friends we shall be ;
And by the head of the prophet,
I will then give a feast where our youths shall appear,
With stirrups that shine, saddles richly adorned;
There shall powder be burnt* to the pipe and the drum :
Mebrouk! then in marriage I'll give.
And his sons shall be called, the sons of the well-cared for mares.
Oh! tribes of the Sahara!
You pretend that you camels possess† ;
But camels, you know it,
Seek but those who know how to defend them;
And those who can do it, my brethren are they
Who the bones of the rebels in battle can break."
Thus it will be seen, among the Arabs, everything contributes to develop a love for the horse. Religion inculcates it as a duty; a life of constant movement, of incessant struggles, and distances to be traversed in a country where every means of rapid communication are wholly wanting, make it a necessity; the Arab can only lead a life-oftwo-his horse and himself.
There shall powder be burnt. Among the Arabs, not a festival takes place without the discharge of fire-arms.
+ You pretend that you camels possess.
When a tribe of the desert is at peace, and inexpectant of danger, its camels are sometimes sent to graze ten or twelve leagues away in advance of the camp; and it may be readily conceived should a sudden capture of those animals have been effected, that both excellent horses and vigorous cavaliers are required to recapture them.
Comrades, leave me here a little farther up the hounds are gone:
Should you hear a single whimper, talliho or sound a horn.
"Tis the place! and every morning, as of old, the tradesmen call
For their orders and their luncheon in the room or servants' hall.
There would she seek absolution for her naughty little acts,
Sprinkling here and there a blanket, showering ever dreary tracts.
Here about the woods I wandered, nourishing a taste sublime
For sensation plays and novels, for Partagas full and prime.
Claret cup now idly quaffing, careless in my calm repose
Both of Israel and my tailor; laughed at money-sucking foes.
In the spring the bold, bad cuckoo cuckoos till he goes to rest,
Taking up unasked his quarters in the meek hedge-sparrow's nest ;
In the spring the little onions sweetly scent the rustling breeze,
Tax-collectors, heartless landlords sternly utter " If you please;"
In the spring the mighty ocean rises early in its pride,
And the guardsman, rising later, seeks to put on yet more side;
In the spring the Bloom of Ninon softly tints the faded cheek
Of the passée beauty, feeing Madame Rachael once a week.
Then her cheek was soft and pinker than could be for one so old,
And her eye had that expression stiff-laced people deem as bold;
And I said "My sweet Rebecca," as we met in lingering kiss,
"Say you're mine, love?-cousins we are-simply change to Mum from Miss!" And she turned her bosom shaken out-of-place by hollow sighs,
Belladona slowly oozing from her eyelid-darkened eyes,
Saying "I have hid my feelings, fearing Ma would think them wrong—
'Child, ne'er wed without a title !' matins both and evensong."
Love drove straight to Doctors' Commons, paid a "bob" with eager hand,
Found me as the Bank of Overend worthless as a rope of sand.
Many a morning in the country-when no better catch was there
Did my hopes for ever vary as the colour of her hair.
Oh, my Becky! deepest-minded! sharper far than her the queen
Of the sharpest race of sharpers-she who tamed the arch-rake Steyne.
Falser than the worst of HIGGSES-falser than all notes that e'er
Set the falsest teeth on edge-oh! falser than your own back hair!
Is it well to wish thee happy? having loved me to decline-
Me! for him, a drivelling idiot, but with longer purse than mine.
He will hold thee, when his passion shall have spent its novel force,
Something as the mutton shoulder unrelieved by onion sauce.
What is this? his eyes are blackened! think not by a downstair fall,
Bless your heart! he got well punished at that masque Alhambra ball.
It may be my Lord is "chippy," that his brain is whirling still;
Give him draughts of hock-and-soda-dose him well with Cockle's pill:
This his useless life's void purpose, wasting coppery hours in bed;
Better thou wert dead before me, though I knocked you on the head:
Better we appeared in police-courts, were it not for the disgrace,
You for hurling pokers at me, I for dancing on your face!
Cursed be the worldly chaperon, scrutinizing luckless youth-
Cursed be her deep, vile cunning, as she gleans the bitter truth-
Cursed be the gilded eyes, whose pupils ne'er reflected dun-
Cursed be all empty titles-cursed for aye the eldest son!
Where is comfort ?-not in lodgings, though luxuriously refined!
Can I part with weekly cash, and calmly utter "Never mind ?"
Comfort! comfort! scorned of slavies !-this is truth the bach'lor sings,
That a sorrow's crown of sorrow is their hiding all one's things.
Take thy opiate, lest thou sleep not, lest thou art not haply proof
To incessant cabs that rattle-to the cats upon the roof.
Then a hand shall pass before thee, pointing to the vacant side-
To the blackened marriage pillow, showing clearly that he dyed!
Thou shalt hear the fumbling latch-key, as his drunken steps draw near,
And the song of "Champagne Charlie" grating harshly on thine ear;
And an askant eye shall vex thee peering through the window pane;
Don thy dressing-gown and slippers; he has broke thy rest again.
Nay, but Nature brings thee solace-thus thy married life begins,
By presenting him, your master, with a hungry pair of twins.
Over-live it- "Cheer up, Sammy!"- -bless me, wherefore should I care?
I will mix my liquor stronger, lest I wither by despair.
What is that which I should turn to ?-places filled by purchased votes-
Foreign Office barr'd with gold, opening but to ten-pound notes!
Every heiress thronged with suitors! all the regiments overflow!
I had booked for Abyssinia-yearned to charge the helpless foe.
I had borne for life hard labour, marching on the drilling-ground,
And to have my slumbers broken by the ceaseless bugle's sound;
But the hate to army taxes closes too the Horse Guards' gates,
For the thrifty nation does but growl at Cardwell's estimates.
Can I stomach now Militia ? "Prythee, brandy, gentle page!".
Hide me from my deep emotion, oh, thou wondrous beverage!
Make me feel the wild pulsation as before I dreamt of wife,
When I swore that nought could part me from my wild and rakish life,
As at night by four-wheel'd "growler," or by rattling Hansom drawn,
Saw the rockets burst in showers o'er the gardens of Cremorne.
So I dipt into my liquor till I nearly had D.T.,
Saw such visions if but painted-oh, the wonder that would be!
Saw the heavens aëronauted, carriages with magic sails;
Looking upwards with my field-glass, watched the ever-flying mails;
And the war drum throbbed far stronger, and the battle flag unfurled,
North and South again were at it, drawing in the Eastern world;
Then the common sense of England no longer kept the sword in awe,
So the country, joining Europe, plunged in universal war;
Saw the air-ships iron-plated, soaring, come to endless grief,
As they flew o'er hidden batteries; heard the dying curse Moncreiff!
Then came peace. In Lambeth Palace lay the notched and blood-stained swords, Guns upon the dusty benches in the empty House of Lords!
But I triumphed o'er my passion for old Cognac with a sigh,
For it left a worn-out liver-left me with a jaundiced eye.
Oh, to burst all links of habit! there to wander far away
On from racecourse on to racecourse, 'gainst the favourites to lay.
There to rear a training-stable in some wild, untouted place;
I will take some modern Menken, she shall rear my jockey race;
Iron-jointed, subtle-minded, they shall learn to pull or win
By the tiniest things in nostrils; featherweights from draughts of gin;
Whistle at the welsher's call; lay my noble Lord Fitzsnook
Twenty ponies 'gainst a dead one; steal the Admiral's betting-book,
Fool again! The Turf ?-the Devil! Sooner would I see them beg,
For I count the shamming blind man higher than the common 'leg.
Howsoever these things be, a long farewell to Foxey Hall;
Now for me the beer may sour, now for me the bailiffs call.
Hark! my merry comrades call me. Hark! the voice of him whose horn
Oft has led us on to glory, in the annals of the Quorn.
Comes a wimper from the woodland, swelling into music loud,
Breaks a noble fox before it, followed by the scarlet crowd.
So I take the gaping ha-ha; once again I feel the glow
Of my younger days come o'er me-YOICKS! "HARK FORWARD!" and I go !

domain: artistic


After the Mexican Supreme Court ruled that people should have the right to grow marijuana for personal use earlier this month, speculation began that this may be a gateway to the legalization of weed in the country. President Enrique Peña Nieto shot that down really quickly, but the court may soon be ruling on whether or not peyote will be legal for a group of people, EFE reports.
The Huicholes have been fighting for peyote to be legalized for religious reasons since 1994. But Cynthia Espínola, a legal representative for the Iglesia Nativa Americana de México, doesn’t think the rest of the country is ready for peyote to be legal. The same day that the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the recreational use of marijuana for four people, they also revealed they were looking into INAM’s case, though they probably won’t reach a decision until 2016.
INAM is hoping to follow in the footsteps of the historic marijuana case by getting the court to agree that denying them would be an affront to their right to free development of personality and self-determination.
Learn more about the Huicholes’ peyote ritual below:


|Publication number||US7408567 B2|
|Application number||US 11/091,933|
|Publication date||Aug 5, 2008|
|Filing date||Mar 29, 2005|
|Priority date||Mar 29, 2005|
|Also published as||US7804514, US20060221172, US20080273076|
|Publication number||091933, 11091933, US 7408567 B2, US 7408567B2, US-B2-7408567, US7408567 B2, US7408567B2|
|Inventors||Daisuke Ishikawa, Koji Tanimoto, Kenichi Komiya, Yuji Inagawa|
|Original Assignee||Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba, Toshiba Tec Kabushiki Kaisha|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (18), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (2), Classifications (5), Legal Events (4)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
1. Technical Filed of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light beam scanning apparatus and an image forming apparatus, and in particular, to a light beam scanning apparatus in which a plurality of light beams, such as laser beams, are used to scan a single image carrying member for exposure thereof in forming an electrostatic latent image on the image carrying member and an image forming apparatus with this laser light scanning apparatus therein.
2. Related Art
Recently, a various-types of imaging forming apparatuses, such as digital copying machines and laser printers, have been developed and are now already in practical use, in which exposure scanning using a laser light beam (hereinafter, simply called “light beams”) is combined with an electrophotography process to form images.
In the field of image forming apparatuses, there has recently been a stronger demand for forming images at higher speeds. As one means for responding to this demand, a multi-beam type of digital copying machine has been developed. This multi-beam technique enables a plurality of light beams to be generated to perform simultaneous scans along plural lines. Specifically, a plurality of semiconductor lasers are used to output plural light beams each guided to a photosensitive drum through reflections at several optical systems, and are scanned along the drum. In the image forming apparatuses each employing the multi-beam technique, pulse width modulation circuits, which produce drive signals by performing pulse width modulation (PWM) depending on image data, are disposed in driving paths for the plurality of semiconductor lasers, respectively.
On the other hand, a single-beam technique, which uses only one light beam for scanning, but is still able to cope with faster image formation, has been known as well. Examples based on this technique include the configuration disclosed by Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-168425. In this configuration, a single laser oscillator generating a scanning light beam is disposed and a plurality of transfer channels to the laser oscillator are formed to transfer image data thereto. Practically, a data processor is provided, in which image data supplied from a scanner section are subjected to predetermined image processing and digital image data of each line are distributed and outputted into two strings of image data (two data channels): a string of image data at odd-number-th pixels (called “odd pixels”) and a string of image data at even-number-th pixels (called “even pixels”). This data processor further includes two serially connected circuits each having a pulse width modulation circuit and a driver, which process the image data composing each string. Both the laser drivers, each belonging to each data channel, have output terminals electrically connected to the single laser oscillator via, for example, a wired logical add (OR) circuit. In this circuitry, timings at which both the pulse width modulation circuits for the odd and even pixels output modulated signals respectively are mutually shifted by half an operation cycle of this circuit. This allows the pulse width modulation circuits to output the modulated signals at a speed which is double as fast as a maximum rated operation speed of each pulse width modulation circuit, thus forming images faster.
However, in any of the foregoing multi-beam and single-beam techniques, two or more pulse width modulation circuits are absolutely necessary. In particular, in the case of the multi-beam technique, two or more sets of circuits each including a pulse width modulation circuit, driver and laser are absolutely necessary. This means that there is larger influence of individual differences of the components. That is, even if instructions of the same amount are given, there are hardly provided PWM-modulated drive signals of the same pulse width, due to various factors such as individual differences of the pulse width modulation circuits, differences of positions at which light beams pass lenses, and errors in transmittance. That is, even though the same command values are given, accuracy in scanning is forced to be lowered and deterioration in the quality of images to be formed is inevitable as well. The above-said drawbacks due to the individual differences invite an increase in the rate of an error per dot, as the speed of the image forming operation becomes faster.
The present invention provides a light beam scanning apparatus and an image forming apparatus, which are able to have less influence of individual differences of circuit components.
According to the present invention, as one aspect, there is provided a light beam scanning apparatus comprising a modulator producing a modulated signal of a pulse width decided based on given image data; a light generator capable of generating a light beam in response to the modulated signal; a scanner periodically and spatially scanning the light beam generated by the light generator, along a second direction orthogonal to a predetermined first direction at a predetermine position in the first direction; a power detector detecting information indicative of a power of the light beam scanned by the scanner; and a pulse width adjuster adjusting a pulse width of the light beam to be generated based on the information detected by the power detector.
As another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a light beam scanning apparatus comprising modulation means for producing a modulated signal of a pulse width decided based on given image data; light generating means capable of generating a light beam in response to the modulated signal; scanning means for periodically and spatially scanning the light beam generated by the light generating means, along a second direction orthogonal to a predetermined first direction at a predetermine position in the first direction; power detecting means for detecting information indicative of a power of the light beam scanned by the scanning means; and pulse width adjusting means for adjusting a pulse width of the light beam to be generated based on the information detected by the power detecting means.
Furthermore, as another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an image forming apparatus comprising a modulator producing a modulated signal of a pulse width decided based on given image data; a light generator capable of generating a light beam in response to the modulated signal; a scanner periodically and spatially scanning the light beam generated by the light generator, along a second direction orthogonal to a predetermined first direction at a predetermine position in the first direction; a power detector detecting information indicative of a power of the light beam scanned by the scanner; and a pulse width adjuster adjusting a pulse width of the light beam to be generated based on the information detected by the power detector.
In the accompanying drawings:
A first embodiment of the present invention will now be described with reference to
As illustrated in
The original O on the table is illuminated by a light source 9. The reflected light from the original O is converged onto a light-receiving surface of the photoelectric conversion element via mirrors 10, 11 and 12 the focusing lens 5. The first carriage 3 with the light source 9 and mirror 10 disposed therein and the second carriage 4 with the mirrors 11 and 12 disposed therein are designed to move at speeds of a relative speed ratio of 2:1 so as to keep the optical path length constant. Both of the first and second carriages 3 and 4 are driven by a carriage drive motor (not shown) in synchronism of a read timing signal to be provided, so that the carriages are moved from the right to the left in the figure shown in
Images of the original O placed on the original table 7 are consecutively read line by line the scanner section 1. Resultant read-out outputs are then sent to an image processor 57 (refer to
The printer section 2 is equipped with an optical-system unit 13 and an image formation unit 14 being combined with the optical-system unit and operating on an electrophotography technique allowing images to be formed on a paper sheet P serving as a medium on which images are formed. Thus image signals from the original O, which responds to the read-out operations at the scanner section 1, are subjected to processing at the image processor 57 (refer to
Though a detailed description will be given later to the structure of the optical-system unit 13 in connection with
The light beams transmitted from the optical-system unit 13 are focused as scanning light beams of spots each having a resolution necessary at an exposure location X (refer to
As shown in
The resultant electrostatic latent image on the photosensitive drum 15 is then developed into a toner image with the aid of a toner (developing agent) supplied from the developer 17. At a transfer position, the toner image formed on the drum 15 is transferred by the transfer charger 18 onto a paper sheet P fed from a paper feed system on a timing-controlled basis.
The foregoing paper feed system is configured to feed paper sheets P to the image forming unit, one by one, in a separated manner realized by means of both a feed roller 22 and a separation roller 23. The paper sheets are contained in a paper feed cassette 21 located at a bottom portion of the apparatus. Each paper sheet from the paper feed cassette is fed to register rollers 24, in which the sheet is forced to reach a transfer position at a predetermined timing. On the downstream side of the transfer charger 18, arranged are a sheet convey mechanism 25, a fixing unit 26, and output rollers 27 outputting sheets P on which images are formed. Hence a paper sheet P with a toner image formed thereon is subjected to fixing at the fixing unit 26, before being delivered via the output rollers 27 onto a sheet output tray 28 secured on an outer side of the apparatus.
After completing the transfer of the image to the paper sheet P, the photosensitive drum 15 undergoes an operation at the cleaner 20, through which the residual toner on the drum surface is removed to return to its initial non-charge state. Hence the drum becomes ready for the next image formation.
Repeating the above processes makes it possible to perform image formation consecutively. That is, images of each original O placed on the original table 7 are read as image data by the scanner section 1, the resultant image data is subjected to the series of processes in the printer section 2, and recorded on a paper sheet P as a toner image.
The optical-system unit 13 will now be described.
The lasers 31 a and 31 b are driven individually by the laser drivers 32 a and 32 b. The light beam emitted from one of the lasers, 31 a, passes a collimating lens (not shown) and then passes the half-mirror 34, before entering the polygon mirror 35. In a similar way to this, the light beam emitted from the remaining laser 31 b passes a collimating lens (not shown) and then passes both of the galvanomirror 34 and the half-mirror 34, before entering the polygon mirror 35.
The polygon mirror 35 is driven to rotate at a constant speed, in which a polygon motor 36, which receives a drive signal from a polygon motor driver 37, performs the rotation of the polygon mirror 35. This allows the emitted light beams from the polygon mirror 35 to be scanned along a predetermined direction at an angular speed defined by the number of rotations of the polygon motor 36. The light beams to be scanned by the polygon mirror 35 are given a f-θ characteristic of a not shown f-θ lens through which the beams are traveled. Hence the f-θ lens enables scanning of the beams along scanning lines each running on both a light-receiving surface of the light-beam detector 38 and the surface of the photosensitive drum 15 at the constant speed. The light beam detector 38 thus functions as light-beam position detecting means, light-beam passage timing detecting means, and light-beam power detecting means.
In addition, the laser drivers 32 a and 32 b both are provided with auto-power control (APC) circuits, respectively, in which the lasers 31 a and 31 b are controlled to emit light under the same power condition at any time. In other words, a comparison is made between a detected output from a light-amount sensor (i.e., PD: photodiodes) incorporated in each laser oscillator and an emission power level instructed by a main controller (including a CPU) (refer to
The light beams emitted from the lasers 31 a and 31 b are mutually combined by the half-mirror 34, so that the combined two light beams travel to the polygon mirror 35. Accordingly, the two light beams are able to scan the surface of the photosensitive drum 15 at the same time. An electrostatic latent image can be recorded at a speed two times larger than that on a signal-beam technique, provided that the number of rotations of the polygon mirror 35 is the same.
The galvanomirror 33 is arranged to adjust a positional relationship in a sub-scan direction between the light beam emitted from one of the lasers, 31 a, and the light beam emitted from the other laser 31 b. The sub-scan direction is defined as a direction orthogonal to a main scan direction and corresponds to the rotating direction of the photosensitive drum 15. To drive this galvanomirror 33, a galvanomirror drive circuit 39 is placed, the circuit operating responsively to a control signal from the main controller 51.
The light beam detector 38 is equipped with adjusting motors 38 a and 38 b to be used for adjusting the installation position of the detector and a tilt of the light beams to the scanning direction. The light beam detector 38 will be detailed in terms of its configuration together with a control system to be described later.
The control system will now be described.
Additionally, the image data interface 56 is communicably connected with the synchronization circuit 55 and both of the image processor 57 and the page memory 58 are communicably connected to the image data interface 56. The scanner section 1 is communicably connected to the image processor 57, while the external interface 59 is communicably connected to the image memory 58.
Of these components, the light beam detector 38 is used to detect passage positions, passage timings, and power (amounts of light) of each of the foregoing two light beams to scan the photosensitive drum 15. The light beam detector 38 is disposed close to an end of the photosensitive drum 15 so that the light-receiving surface of the light beam detector 38 positionally agrees with the surface of the photosensitive drum 15. Signals detected by this light beam detector 38 are used to control the galvanomirror 33 reflecting each light beam (i.e., control of positions of images to be formed in the sub-scan direction), power (amounts of light) of light to be emitted by the lasers 31 a and 31 b, and timings when the lasers 31 a and 31 b emit light (i.e., control of positions of images to be formed in the main scan direction). The sensed signals outputted by the light beam detector 38 further include a signal representing a horizontal synchronization realized using the function of sensing the passage positions of the light beams.
To produce the signals for these kinds of control, the light beam detector 38 is communicably connected to the light-beam processing circuit 40. Hence, responsively to the various detected signals from light beam detector 38, the light-beam processing circuit 40 is able to provide both of the main controller 51 and a later-described laser controller 55 (refer to
Of the above various sensor patterns, the sensor patterns SI, SJ and SK are mapped to be in parallel with each other at predetermined pitches in the sub-scan direction to the light beams. A position between the patterns SJ and SK provides a target position through which a first light beam passes, while a position between the patterns SJ and SI provides a target position through which a second light beam passes. Voltages outputted from the sensor patterns SJ, SI and SK are thus used to confirm that each light beam has passed each target position.
The sensor patterns SG and SS are formed to output voltage signals from which a reset signal is produced for an integrator to be described later. The sensor patterns SL and SR are formed to generate voltage signals from which a conversion-start signal to be given to an A/D converter (later described) is produced.
The remaining sensor pattern SO outputs a voltage signal used for deciding a range in which each laser 31 a (31 b) is driven to be switched on/off, pixel by pixel, while the light beam scans this pattern SO. That is, the region represents an image region in the scanned-line direction.
On the other hand, the light-beam processing circuit 40 is provided with a differential amplifier 81 receiving the voltage signals emanating from the sensor patterns SJ and SK, a further differential amplifier 82 receiving the voltage signals emanating from the sensor patterns SI and SJ, and a selection circuit 83 receiving two difference signals resultant from the differential operations in order to select either one signal from the two voltage signals that have been received. The selection circuit 83 switches its selecting operations every time when a selection signal is given from the main controller 51. The light-beam processing circuit 40 further comprises an integrator 84 to integrate the voltage signal selected by the selection circuit 83 and an A/D converter 85 to A/D-convert a value integrated by the integrator 84. The integrator 84 is formed to receive a reset (initialize) signal from the reset signal generator 86. This generator 86 generates the reset signal using the voltage signals from the foregoing sensor patterns SG and SS. The integrator 84 resets its integrated value in response to the reception of the reset signal, which makes it possible that the integrator 84 starts its integration at the next sampling timing. On the other hand, the A/D converter 85 is configured to receive, from the conversion-start signal generator 87, a start signal for A/D conversion. The generator 87 generates the conversion-start signal using the voltage signals emanating from the foregoing sensor patterns SL and SR. Every time when the start signal is received, the A/D converter 85 starts its A/D conversion, so that the resultant digital signal (integrated value) is provided to the main controller 51.
The synchronization circuit 55 generates a clock which is in synchronism with a timing at which each light beam passes across the light beam detector 38. Further, the synchronization circuit 55 uses this clock such that the two-line image data transferred from the image data interface 56 is made synchronous with the clock to output the mutually synchronous two-line image data to the pulse width modulation (PWM) circuits 70 a and 70 b, respectively. Each of the pulse width modulation circuits 70 a and 70 b performs pulse width modulation on the received image data, and then a resultant modulated output is sent as a drive signal to each of the laser drivers 32 a and 32 b.
The synchronization circuit 55 further includes a sampling timer, specific logic circuits, and others. The sampling timer is a device that makes the lasers 31 a and 31 b forcibly emit light during scanning of a non-image region of the drum, with the power of each light beam controlled. The specific logic circuits, which are arranged for adjusting imaging formation timings for each light beam, operate to make the respective lasers 31 a and 31 b emit light on the light beam detector 38 in the order of the light beams.
The control panel 53 is formed into a man-machine interface for activating a copying action and for giving the number of sheets to be copied, and for other performances.
In the case of the present digital copying machine, the actions carried out therein will not be limited to the copying actions. Since externally produced image data can enter this machine via the external interface 59 connected to the page memory 58, such image data can be formed and outputted in and from this machine. The image data received through the external interface 59 is temporarily stored in the page memory 58, and then sent to the synthesizing circuit 55 via the image data interface 56. In cases where the instant digital copying machine is controlled by external commands to be transmitted through, for example, a network, the external communication interface 54 will realize the functions of the control panel 53.
The galvanomirror drive circuit 39 is configured to drive the galvanomirror 33 in compliance with command values issued by the main controller 51. Hence the main controller 51 is able to arbitrarily control the angle of the galvanomirror 33 by controlling the drive of the galvanomirror drive circuit 39.
The polygon motor driver 37 is a member driving the polygon motor 36, which causes the polygon mirror 35 to rotate to scan the foregoing two light beams. The main controller 51 commands this polygon motor driver 37 to start and stop the rotation and control the number of rotations. This rotational number control is carried out, according to need, provided it is determined that the number of rotations should be reduced less than a predetermined number of rotations. The determination is done when the passage positions of the light beams are detected by the light beam detector 38.
Other than the operations for emitting laser beams in response to modulated signals synchronous to the light beam scanning from the foregoing synthesizing circuit 55, the laser drivers 32 a and 32 b has a function of causing the lasers 31 a and 31 b to forcibly emit light in answer to a forcible light-emitting signal from the main controller 51. This signal is issued independently of the image data to be received.
The main controller 51 is able to specify amounts of power of light to be emitted by the respective laser 31 a and 31 b and to give the amounts of light to the laser drivers 32 a and 32 b. In the main controller 51, the amounts of power are specified depending on changes in process conditions, detected information indicative of the positions of passage of the light beams, and others.
The memory 52 memorizes bits of information necessary for the control. Such bits of information include amounts of control at the galvanomirror 33, a circuit characteristic (an offset amount of an amplifier) for detecting the passage positions of the light beams, and the order of coming of the light beams. Previously memorizing those bits of information makes it possible that the optical-system unit 13 is brought into a state in which images can be formed immediately after activating the power.
The operations and advantages of this digital copying machine according to the present embodiment will now be described. Since the whole operations of this machine have already been outlined, this section will focus on describing correction of irregularities in modulated outputs (i.e., PWM outputs) from the pulse width modulation circuits 70 a and 70 b, in connection with
The correction of the irregularities in the PWM outputs (i.e., adjustment of the pulse widths) is performed automatically under the control of the main controller 51 in response to an operator's command or a command issued during running a necessary inspection program. Such commands will be given when this digital copying machine is installed, a repair and maintenance inspection is carried out, or the power is put on for use of this machine.
When each light beam passes the sensor pattern SO of the light beam detector 38, which indicates the image region, an integrated value of the sensor output (i.e., integrated output) increases linearly as the passage time elapses, as shown in
When the multi-beam technique is employed, the light beams (that is, the lasers) are used a plurality of pieces, like the present embodiment. Therefore, it is required to previously adjust the amounts of power of those light beams to the same one.
Thus the main controller 51 commences the correction of irregularities in the PWM outputs (corresponding to adjustment of the drive pulse widths). In this correction, at first, the power of the first laser 31 a is adjusted (step S1), which is followed by adjusting power of the second laser 31 b (step S2). Then it is determined whether or not those power amounts are mutually equal (step S3). This determination is performed to see if the integrated value VO of the voltage signal from the sensor pattern SO of the light beam detector 38 is the same for both the lasers 31 a and 31 b, assuming that each of the lasers is driven to perform the scanning with its emitted light beam under the same conditions (for example, the laser is continuously driven to emit light). When the determination reveals that there is no agreement between the power amounts, the present embodiment activates the adjustment of the power of the second laser 31 b. Specifically, to make the power of the second laser 31 b equal to that of the first laser 31 a, parameters at the pulse width modulation circuit 70 b, laser driver 32 b, and circuits of the second laser 31 b are changed. Thus the similar adjustment and determination can be performed repeatedly. As a result, the power amounts of the light beams from the first and second lasers 31 a and 31 b can be set equally to each other (step S3, YES: that is, completion of the laser power adjustment).
Then, while the light beam is allowed to scan the sensor pattern SO of the light beam detector 38, the main controller 51 then sets a certain pulse width (refer to
Like the above, with respect to the second laser 31 b, the main controller 51 sets a certain pulse width W2 to each pixel and calculates an integrated value V2 corresponding to the pulse width W2 (steps S6 and S7).
The main controller 51 then makes a comparison between the integrated values V1 and V2 for the first and second lasers 31 a and 31 b (step S8). As a result, if the comparison reveals that the pulse width W2 for the second laser 31 b is smaller than the pulse width W1 for the first laser 31 a, the integrated value V2 c (=V2) based on the second laser 31 b becomes lower than the integrated value V1 based on the first laser 31 a, as shown in
Thus the main controller 51 returns the processing to step S6, at which the main controller re-sets the pulse width W2 assigned to each pixel to be produced by the second laser 31 b. In this re-setting operation, when the determination of V2(=V2 c)<V1 was made in the last time, the pulse width W2 is increased by a predetermined amount in this time of processing. Practically, the re-setting of W3=W2+ΔW is done. Hence, by way of example, as long as the determination of V2<V1 is continued at step S8, the pulse widths W3 and W4 for each pixel based on the second laser 31 b are re-set to grow in sequence.
Every time this re-setting operation is carried out, the main controller 51 calculates, at step S7, the integrated values V2(=V2 b, V2 c, . . . ) corresponding to the pulse widths W3, W4, . . . for each pixel that has been re-set for the second laser 31 b. In consequence, when both of the integrated values realizes a condition of V1=V2, the pulse width W1 for each pixel, which is to be produced by the light beam emitted by the first laser 31 a, becomes equal to the pulse width W2 for each pixel, which is to be produced by the second laser 31 b (in the example shown in
After this, the main controller 51 stores, into the memory 52, data indicative of the pulse widths W which have been adjusted to be equal to each other (step S10), before the irregularity correction (i.e., the pulse width adjustment) is terminated.
In this way, once the pulse width W has been set, it can be used by both of the pulse width modulation circuits 70 a and 70 b, respectively, as a reference value for actually forming images. Thus, in the formation of images, the pulse widths to be modulated according to image data in each of the pulse width modulation circuits 70 a and 70 b will surely comply with the reference value. The amounts of light to be emitted by the first and second lasers 70 a and 70 b are also in accordance with the common reference value.
In the present embodiment, the integrated values of voltage signals outputted from the sensor pattern SO (of the light beam detector 38) defining an image region are used as amounts that are correspondent to the amounts of light to be emitted by both of the first and second lasers 31 a and 31 b. And the integrated values resultant from the scans of the light beams emitted by the first and second lasers 31 a and 31 b are compared to each other, and the beam widths for the respective pixels become equal to each other. Thus the even pulse widths can be set to both of the laser driving systems, i.e, driving channels, the irregularities in the widths of the PWM pulses, which are attributable to individual differences of the systems each including the pulse width modulation circuit, laser driver, and laser, can be eliminated or lessened. Accordingly, a deterioration in image quality which is due to irregularities in depiction can be suppressed, whereby images of fine accuracy can be provided.
In the present embodiment, the functions depicted by each laser 31 a (31 b) include a function of depicting each pixel by the use of a divided pixel, which is an integral multiple of plural sections of one dot, such as 4 sections or 16 sections. Accordingly, it is preferable that the increment to the pulse width for each pixel produced by the second laser 31 b agrees with an increment to the above divided pixel.
Further, though the foregoing embodiment has adopted the way of adjusting the power and width of light emitted by the second laser 31 b so as to agree with those of the first laser 31 a, this adjustment can be done in the opposite way to the above. That is, the power and width of light emitted by the first laser 31 a may be adjusted to agree with those of the second laser 31 b. Alternatively, a power and a width of light to be emitted which are common criteria for the first and second lasers 31 a and 31 b may be set in advance, so that the actual power and width of light emitted by the respective lasers 31 a and 31 b can agree with those criteria.
The second embodiment relates to an application of the irregularity correction of pulse widths according to the present embodiment to the pixels composing each scanning line.
The entire configuration of a digital copying machine according to this second embodiment is the same as that described in the first embodiment except that there are slight differences in the optical and control systems between the first and second embodiments.
The laser controller 80 employs the configuration shown in
Moreover, as shown in
Of these, the reference clock circuit 82 outputs a reference clock of, for example, “ 1/16” corresponding to a minimum unit for division of one pixel (for example, 16-divisions). As a variation, this reference clock may be produced by dividing the system clock incorporated in the apparatus.
The synchronization circuit 83 receives the horizontally synchronizing signal BD provided from the light-beam processing circuit 40 to make both the image data (DAT_ODD, DAT_EVEN) for odd- and even-pixel strings synchronous with the horizontally synchronizing signal BD, and outputs both the image data to the pulse width modulation circuits 84 and 85, respectively, in a synchronous manner. In other words, image data at an arbitrarily specified odd pixel and image data at the next even pixel are made synchronous with each other, and then provided to the pulse width modulation circuits 84 and 85, respectively.
Each of the first and second pulse width modulation circuits 84 and 85 uses the inputted image data (DAT_ODD or DAT_EVEN) to modulate a pulse so that a modulated output (PIXDAT1 or PIXDAT2: a modulated pulse signal) depending on the pulse width modulation is produced. These modulated outputs (PIXDAT1 and PIXDAT2) are outputted to the next-stage OR circuit 86 to be synthesized with each other. In consequence, a pulse signal PIXDAT3 is produced, and transferred to the laser driver 32 as a PWM drive signal therefor. The laser driver 32 therefore consecutively receives the odd- and even-pixel paired pulse signal PIXDAT3, that is, the PWM drive signal, so what the driver is able to drive the laser 31 in an on/off manner by using the PWM drive signal.
The above configuration makes it possible that the pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is applied, respectively, to the odd-numbered pixels (odd pixels) and even-numbered pixels (even pixels) among each line of data in a set of scanned image data and the PWM output timing is shifted by half a cycle from each other between the odd pixels and the even pixels. Hence the image data can be transferred to the laser driver 32 at a clock rate that is double the maximum rated operation speed owned by the pulse width modulation circuits. It is possible to raise a light beam scanning speed.
By the way, the digital copying machine according to the present technique uses the plural pulse width modulators 84 and 85. For this reason, even when a command of the same pulse width is given to the one laser 31 between the odd and even pixels, there are some cases where the light beams fluctuate, resulting in images of poor fineness.
To cope with such drawbacks, the main controller 51 according to the present embodiment is able to perform the correction of irregularities in the pulse widths for each pixel at the time when the maintenance is carried out or the power is put on, as shown in
To be specific, the main controller 51 starts performing the irregularity correction of the PWM outputs (pulse width adjustment). At first in this process, the power of the laser 31 is adjusted under predetermined conditions (step S31).
Then, while the light beam engages in scanning the sensor pattern SO of the light beam detector 38, the main controller 51 gives a specified width W1 (refer to
The main controller 51 then performs the same action as the above with the even pixels. That is, a certain pulse width W2 is set to calculate an integrated value V4 corresponding to the pulse width W2 (steps S34 and S35).
The main controller 51 proceeds to a process, in which integrated values V3 and V4 computed concerning both the strings of the odd and even pixels are compared with each other (step S36). When the pulse width W2 concerning the even-pixel string is less than the pulse width W1 concerning the odd-pixel string, the integrated value V4 c (=Vc) concerning the even-pixel string becomes lower than the integrated value V3 concerning the odd-pixel string. However, when the pulse width W2 concerning the even-pixel string is larger than the pulse width W1 for the odd-pixel string, the integrated value V2 concerning the even-pixel string becomes larger than the integrated value V1 concerning the odd-pixel string.
Considering these situations, the main controller 51 returns its processing to step S34, where the main controller re-sets the pulse width W2 for each pixel of the even-pixel string. When this re-setting is carried out, the determination of V4(=V4 c)<V3 in the last time allows the pulse width W2 to increase by a determined value ΔW in this re-resetting process. In other words, a pulse width of W3=W2+ΔW will be set. Therefore, as long as the determination of V4<V3 continues at step S36, the pulse width concerning the even-pixel pulse string is re-set to be larger, little by little, as being W3 to W4.
Whenever the re-setting is carried out, the main controller 51 calculates, at step S35, the integrated value V4 (=V4 b, V4 a . . . ) based on each of the pulse widths W3, W4 . . . for each pixel that has been reset. Thus, when both the integrated values V3 and V4 become equal to each other (V3=V4), the pulse width W1 concerning the odd-pixel string agrees with the pulse width W2 concerning with the even-pixel string (i.e., W1=W4 in
The main controller 51 then proceeds to a step in which the pulse widths W which have been adjusted equally to each other are stored in the memory 52 (step S38), and then terminates the irregularity correction (i.e., the pulse width adjustment).
Once a desired pulse width W is set as described above, the pulse width modulation circuit 70 is able to use the pulse width W as a reference value for actually forming images. Hence, in forming images, the widths of pulses modulated in accordance with image data and outputted in and from the pulse width modulation circuit 70 are based on the reference value, as to both the odd and even pixels. Therefore, like the first embodiment, the irregularities in depiction between the odd and even pixels which are due to use of the two pulse width modulation circuits 84 and 85 can be reduced with-steadiness, thus providing finer images.
Some modifications can also be provided in this embodiment. For example, like the first embodiment, the increment which is used for adjusting the pulse width may be set to a width corresponding to each of the divided widths achieved by the function of dividing one dot during depiction.
Further, in the foregoing embodiment, the pulse width for the even pixels has been adjusted to that for the odd pixels. However, this adjustment may be done in the opposite way, that is, the pulse width for the odd pixels may be adjusted to that for the even pixels.
Incidentally, the present invention is not limited to the configurations described in the above embodiments, but can further be reduced into practice in various modes derived from combinations with known art, by the person skilled in the art, without departing from the gist of the present invention claimed.
Furthermore, though the foregoing embodiments provide the configurations in which the functions which reduce the present invention into practice are previously kept in the apparatus, this is not a definitive list. Data that gives the same functions as the above may be downloaded to the apparatus via a network system. Alternatively, the same or similar functions may be given to a recording medium as data, so that the recording medium can be used to install the data from the medium to the apparatus. As such recording medium, any medium including CD-ROMs can be used, provided that program data can be memorized and the memorized data can be read by the apparatus. Furthermore, the data previously obtained through the foregoing installment or downloading may be configured to perform their functions in cooperation with an operating system (OS) in the apparatus.
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|U.S. Classification||347/246, 347/236|
|Aug 15, 2005||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOSHIBA, JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ISHIKAWA, DAISUKE;TANIMOTO, KOJI;KOMIYA, KENICHI;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:016888/0182;SIGNING DATES FROM 20050328 TO 20050401
Owner name: TOSHIBA TEC KABUSHIKI KAISHA, JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ISHIKAWA, DAISUKE;TANIMOTO, KOJI;KOMIYA, KENICHI;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:016888/0182;SIGNING DATES FROM 20050328 TO 20050401
|Mar 19, 2012||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Aug 5, 2012||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Sep 25, 2012||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20120805


text:
My last February swap. It was supposed to be an inspiration for stampers and scrappers but using no photos. Because I put the large flowers where the photos or journaling "could" go if it was a 6x6 scrapbook page, I'm thinking it looks more like three 6x6 cards. I like the colors though.
Date: Tuesday, February 28, 2006 GMT Views: 493

domain: hobby


text:
Two brothers are being questioned as "persons of interest" in the alleged beating of "Empire" star Jussie Smollett, reports CBS News correspondent Dean Reynolds. Their Chicago home was raided Thursday.
A source told CBS Chicago investigators are looking at whether the men helped the actor stage the incident.
Chicago police tweeted that reports about the "incident being a hoax are unconfirmed by case detectives." They released a statement Friday, saying, "Interviews will resume today with the two people of interest and their attorney. While we haven't found any video documenting the alleged attack, there is also no evidence to say that this is a hoax. The alleged victim is being cooperative at this time and continues to be treated as the victim, not a suspect. The investigation continues."
The brothers are of Nigerian descent and apparently left for Nigeria the same day as the alleged attack.
Their attorney, Gloria Schmidt, said when they returned Wednesday, they were detained by police at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport.
She said they could face charges as early as Friday, but what they could be charged with is still unclear. Schmidt said her clients are adamant they had nothing to do with the alleged attack on Smollett.
"They are baffled about why they are people of interest," Schmidt said. "It's an awful thing that happened to Jussie, but it's not my guys."
She added that her clients have worked with Smollett on the set of "Empire" and have spent time with him at the gym.
She said they were as shocked as everyone else when they learned about the possible hate crime. "This is someone that they know, this is someone that they've worked with. So they don't want to see somebody go through that," Schmidt said.
Last month, Smollett told police two men beat him around 2 a.m. near his Chicago apartment. Police later released two surveillance images of the persons of interest.
Smollett, who is gay, told police the attackers doused him in an unknown substance that smelled like bleach and tied a rope around his neck. He detailed the alleged attack in a recent interview, saying, "I see the attacker masked and he said, 'This MAGA country (bleep).' Punches me right in the face. So I punched his (bleep) back. So we started tussling. … There was a second person involved who was kicking me in my back."
When police raided the Chicago home of the persons of interest Wednesday night, doors were broken and clothes and belongings tossed around. CBS Chicago reports that police removed bleach, a "black facemask hat," a red hat, an "Empire" script, receipts and other items.
"I've never been some media whore," Smollett said. "That's not who I am. I don't look for that type of attention."
Smollett has denied being involved in or making up the assault. He said he hopes the suspects will be found.
"I will never be the man that this did not happen to," he said. "I am forever changed."
20th Century Fox and writers for "Empire" are pushing back on reports Smollett was being written off the show when this incident took place.
Smollett's publicist said he answered routine follow-up questions for Chicago police Thursday and continues to cooperate.

domain: news


text:
|Recreation Leader Aide (20479749)
|Police Officer (Academy Graduate/Attendee or Lateral) (20467817)
|Police Corporal (20467795)
|Recreation Leader (20447116)
Nestled in the slopes of San Bruno Mountain, Brisbane is a small city of 4,700 residents located immediately south of San Francisco on the Peninsula. The City also has a large industrial area that increases the daytime service population to approximately 12,000. Brisbane enjoys a sunny climate, fine views of the Bay, and a diverse, small town atmosphere, with easy access to all the amenities of the metropolitan areas. The residents highly value the unique charm and natural beauty of the mountain setting and a close-knit community spirit. Brisbane is facing the challenge of dealing with future growth in a positive way that will enhance and preserve its small-town character.
Providing Quality Services
Find out more about our City: http://brisbaneca.org/hr

domain: geography


text:
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Yo ho yo ho, a viking tale for him
Movie maker embraces his Viking City roots.
POULSBO — Danish filmmaker Michael Mouyal has big ideas, and in a way, one of them began right here in Poulsbo. While here, the North Kitsap High grad perused the book selection of downtown shop The Nordic Maid, where he discovered tomes on Scandinavian history that planted a seed in his mind — a seed that’s grown into a full-fledged motion picture.
“A Viking Saga — Son of Thor” is a movie directed, produced and co-written by Mouyal, who now lives in Florida. A screening was held of the film last weekend at the Sons of Norway lodge. Winner of five awards and two best picture nominations from the Independent Film Festival circuit, “A Viking Saga” is what Mouyal describes as an artistic, educational family film based on a true story.
The film follows Helgi, a 10-year-old boy who narrowly escapes the destruction of his village, but years later meets those responsible for his family’s death.
“I want to show the world that the Vikings have contributed to some pretty great things that not many people know,” Mouyal explained.
Mouyal himself came to the Viking City from Copenhagen in 1984, and spent two years in the halls of North Kitsap High before graduating and heading home in 1986. He said at age 17 Poulsbo’s Viking-esque feel gave him a sense of familiarity.
“I just fell in love with Poulsbo and the people, and I felt right at home, so I ended up moving back to America a few years later,” said Mouyal, now 42.
He worked as a pilot for 20 years, stationed in the Caribbean and throughout the states, all the while staying in contact with his host family in Poulsbo, including host mother Norma Bailey.
“She became like a mother to me,” he said. “My kids treat her as their grandma, so it’s a real nice relationship that we have. … Poulsbo has always been there with the family and I always keep it in mind.”
Grounded by a medical condition three years ago, Mouyal decided to turn what he began as a hobby into a professional career. For 10 years, he’d dabbled in writing screenplays and making short films.
“I said, ‘well, I don’t have any other education that being a pilot, why don’t I just jump in with both feet?’ And I did,” he said. “I wrote a script and I pitched it to several actors in Denmark and they read the script and they said they wanted to come on board.”
Willing to mortgage his house and use his savings, Mouyal garned enough financing for a two-week shoot, and churned out an 82-minute film.
It’s a film that will be distributed nationwide Dec. 9, meaning there will be a copy of “A Viking Saga” on the shelves of most major video stores, he said.
“It’s a pretty big deal,” he said, adding usually less than a third of the films made in a year receive distribution. “A Viking Saga” already had a limited release in art house theaters in Denmark.
Mouyal said “A Viking Saga” isn’t a “Hollywood-type movie,” but more of a historical docudrama.
“When you don’t have a lot of money you have to be creative. That’s what this movie is. You have to think outside the box a little bit,” he said. “Maybe I’ve created a new genre.”
Shot primarily in Denmark, with a mostly Danish and Swedish cast and crew, “A Viking Saga” also provided a debut acting vehicle for Mouyal’s son, Daniel, who was 10 at the time of filming.
“I never told anyone that this was going to be a masterpiece and I don’t think you can do a masterpiece in two weeks, but I think it’s an acceptable movie,” said Mouyal, who eventually submitted it to film festivals, simply to listen and learn from judges’ critiques.
“I never expected to win anything,” he said. “Instead of feedback they awarded me with all these awards. It's pretty incredible.”
Learn more about “A Viking Saga” at www.avikingsaga.com.
Mouyal also recently penned a novel, “JETLAG,” which will be available at The Nordic Maid. And he’s already ruminating on his next film, which he said he envisions as more mainstream, a “Tarantino-type movie.”
To learn more about Mouyal, visit www.michaelmouyal.com.
And on whether or not he’ll permanently return to the Viking City, Mouyal says there’s a chance.
“One day I might move back to Poulsbo,” he said. “The right time just hasn’t come yet.”


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George Washington As the first President, Washington set many inaugural precedents, but his inaugurations were also very different in ways that would not be repeated. The oath of office is usually administered the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the ceremony. The first President had not yet appointed any Supreme Court Justices, and [...]
Today’s an eggs-ellent day in Washington, DC, for young people! It’s the annual White House Easter Egg Roll, where hundreds of children gather to roll eggs and play games on the South Lawn of the President’s House. But the tradition did not start at the White House. It began on the lawns and terraces of the [...]
Posted by Hilary on April 25, 2011, under - Civil War, - Cold War, - Great Depression, - Presidents, - World War I, - World War II, News and Events.
Tags: Capitol, Easter, Egg Roll, Presidents, Prologue magazine, White House

domain: history


text:
Here's another view of that map of Canada ice sculpture in the park.
Nearby was this stage, with other ice sculptures on it and before it. The backdrop includes the Lord Elgin Hotel and the National Aboriginal Veterans Monument.
Before Valentine's Day, a heart themed ice sculpture can always be counted on to be carved somewhere in the park.
While visiting the park over Winterlude, I stopped by the Animals In War memorial and took a photo of the life sized dog that is part of the monument. He was decked out in snow.
There were several fresh sculptures of the smaller scale carved on the second weekend, arranged around the fountain in the park. Here are some, and I'll show you others tomorrow.

domain: travel


text:
comedy TV show UNHITCHED?
They have an episode coming up in
a few weeks that will air on March 30th
called "Yorkshire Terrier Sucked Into The Internet"!
That should be interesting!
The synopsis only says,
Gator and Kate are both handicapped when Kate
begins dating his new assistant. Freddy reconnects with
his ex when he attempts online dating. Tommy finds love at
jury duty on the “Yorkshire Terrier Sucked Into the Internet”


text:
A Guide to Successful Obedience Training
Showing off your dog in front of friends and family is something that I personally love to do. Having an obedient, happy
slab of lab is like having an obedient happy child. Have you ever been in a supermarket only to come across a screaming baby and a
blushing parent? I know I have, and my first reaction is to get as far away from the disturbing scene as possible. I have also
been in the undesirable situation of being in public with an disobedient dog and I can say, I feel the pain of the frantic parent!
The term, "A happy dog is an obedient dog" is one that I really believe holds a lot of merit due to its simplicity. If you
have a relatively well behaved dog, that interacts well with the family, it is fair to say that rarely will you or anyone else in
that family be angry or even worse abusive towards your pet. On the other hand if your dog is not obedient to a satisfactory
level, and does not interact well with the family, one can say that members of that family will have a hard time coping with the
pet and this trend can only escalate only leading to the eventual departure of the pet from the family.
When teaching your dog basic obedience, it is wise to make sure that you first have an understanding of the art yourself.
Like people, dogs have unique personalities none of which are the same, and it is a good trainer that will take the time to figure
out the dog before trying to figure out how to best approach introducing basic obedience. Furthermore, there are many external
resources out there for you to take advantage of in order to help you understand the art of training. Books, articles, Obedience
Instructors, and the internet, are all viable sources that you should take advantage of when seeking advice, or just experiences from others in your situation.
Below I have listed my top ten components to keep in mind when working with your dog. I did not rank them, as they are all very
important to keep in mind as they will only aid you in bonding, understanding, and interacting positively with your four-legged friend:
- Know what your doing. Before commencing any type of training, do your research first! To often, pet owners try to do all the
work their way, get frustrated and take out their frustrations on their pet. Having an understanding of the methodology behind the many types of training, will benefit you to know end.
- Consistency. Being consistent with your approach is very very important when dealing with your dog in any aspect of life.
When working with your dog try to use the same approach each time. Changing training methods mid session for example will only
confuse your dog even more than he-she already is. Furthermore, set up training time at least twice a day, and keep to these
times. Training time is important, the more sessions you set up the more productivity you can expect in the long run.
- Keep your sessions short. The attention span of a dog is frail at the best of times, thus it is crucial to keep the
sessions short. Remember keep the sessions short but do not sacrifice content. Rome was not built in a day.
- Keep training sessions fun. Dogs as do people, like to have fun, and why shouldn't they? Training can be fun for
you and your pet! Be lively, treat good behavior, praise your dog to no end, make him feel like he is the best dog in the world, even if he's not!
- Never punish your pet for what they don't know! To often, I have seen people talk to their pet with the understanding that
their beloved dog is a master of the English language, only to punish them when the desired response is not carried out. This
really bothers me because it shows me that that person would rather bully their pet into submitting than taking the time to
research, develop and implicate an approach to help the dog learn the desired response to certain words or phrases. (No Hungmay
Kowaisa!( Did you understand that? Well you would if you researched the Korean language?º
- Train to your dog's strength. As stated above every dog has its own unique personality, therefore we must identify
characteristics of our pets in order to take advantage of them in our training sessions. If your pet is very lively, take advantage
of that! During training sessions, be lively yourself! Match your dogs enthusiasm, when your happy, your pet will be happy and your
pet will be very happy come training time. If your dog has a laid back shy personality, take this into account when training. Still
be lively and upbeat as this will spark the interest of your dog, however keep in mind that due to his/her personality, displaying
comprehension may take longer due to the shy nature of your dog. It is really important to make a shy laid back dog feel super
great during training sessions as this can only improve your chances of continuing successful training.
- Incorporate training into your everyday routine. It can be very beneficial to perform individual obedience exercises through
out the day. Simply by performing the sit exercise while you brush him, or having the dog sit while you attach his leash can
help to imprint the sitting position. Keep little things like this in mind as they can only aid you and your pet.
- Be patient. Remember you are trying to teach your dog! Your dog is a non-English speaking individual, lacking house manners,
behavioral skills, courtesy, do I need to continue?? Take your time, play to your dogs strength, praise, respect, keep sessions short and compact, and have fun!
- Empathize with your dog. The best example I can think of for this suggestion, is going to a foreign country and trying to
comprehend what people are saying. Somebody will come up to you and start rambling on in a foreign tongue and you have no clue
what they are saying. Your dog is in the same predicament with you. When you start training your dog, he-she has no clue on
earth what you are saying. How is he-she supposed to respond if he-she doesn't know what you want? As in the above example, the
more time you spend in the foreign country, the more familiar you become with the language. You can apply the same principle with
your dog. More training leads to more comprehension, leading to the end result, an obedient dog.
- Reward good behavior. The best way to reinforce good behavior is to reward it. Others may disagree with this
statement, but through my experience with my own dog and others around me, I have found that rewarding good behavior can only aid
in maintaining that behavior. In my opinion, the best way of rewarding good behavior is through offering toys or treats.
Praise is also worthy but would you rather have an ice cream cone, or a good handshake? I personally love ice cream and would pick
that over a handshake any day. Your dog is driven by his belly in most cases, and you can achieve astonishing success by baiting
your dog with the occasional rustle of the treat bag.
For more great articles and tons of other great dog info,
visit our Dog forum or visit our Pet blog
MORE PETS INFORMATION RESOURCES updated Sun. June / 16 / 2019
Watch out for signs of overheating in pets Victoria Advocate
With the temperatures already in the upper nineties, the sweltering summer is beginning. It is important to think about your pet's ability to tolerate the scorching ...
Adoptable pets in Tucson Arizona Daily Star
Adopted: Crockett, Spectrolite, Squeaky & Lily, Juno and Little Robbie were adopted from Pima Animal Care Center.
Pets with Potential: Meet Marcus WCAX
BURLINGTON, Vt. (WCAX) Last week's Pets with Potential, Muppet, has been adopted, and she was taken home by our own Christina Guessferd! This week, we ...
Pet of the week: Q-Tip Torrington Register Citizen
With a funny name like Q-Tip, she's gotta be good. Q-Tip is a sweet kitty, and she is quiet and reserved. Q-Tip would like to live in a more peaceful home without ...
Vegan pet food might save the planet Quartz
My dog Tobey and I were recently watching Shark Tank when the creator of vegan dog food brand Wild Earth came on stage. Ryan Bethencourt, the company's ...
"Secret Life of Pets 2" is as meh as meh gets East Idaho News
Movies that are just kind of ok or just fine are so hard to write about. You can't really gush about how good the movie is, but you also can't gleefully tear it to ...
Pets at the SPCA Cleveland Daily Banner
Bam Bam, a 4-year-old boxer mix, was surrendered to the SPCA of Bradley County on Feb. 5. He showed up at a house as a stray was kept 6 months. He has ...
Steve Dale's Pet World Full Show 06/16/19 WGN Radio - Chicago
This morning on Steve Dale's Pet World: Host Steve Dale is excited about a recent bill dedicated to protecting pets locked in kennels during fires. The bill is ...
Dog stress study: Owner and pet CBS News
Researchers on border collies and Shetland sheepdogs, and examined coritsol levels in the hair follicles of both the pet and its owner.
State lawmakers agree: Protect our pets Times Herald-Record
The New York State Legislature has spent months wrestling over issues like the legalization of marijuana and rent regulations.But there do seem to be issues in ...
Why pets rule The County
Even though “spring” is dragging its heels this year, we at the Central Aroostook Humane Society are getting ready for our annual “Paws for the Cause” Walk.
One Buffalo Pet Adoption Buffalo Rising
Buffalo's KeyBank Center is more often thought of as the home of exciting sporting events, and headline touring performances, but on Saturday, June 15th, it will ...
Pets at the Ark Cleveland Daily Banner
Vic and Chanty Condreoski visited The Ark looking for a canine friend. Penny, a 1-year-old Yorkshire Terrier immediately caught their attention with her friendly ...
Pets of the Week: Franklin and Darwin KTVI Fox 2 St. Louis
ST. LOUIS - Franklin and Darwin, and their sisters, Edison and Tesla, are adorable chihuahua mix puppies sponsored by Edison's Entertainment Complex.
Film Review: ‘The Secret Life of Pets 2’ Variety
Illumination's “The Secret Life Of Pets” films do something the “Despicable Me” studio's other offerings have yet to accomplish: They allow younger audiences to ...
The New Rules of Flying With Your Pet ConsumerReports.org
Consumer Reports gives you tips on how to fly with a pet or support animal. If you're thinking of taking a pet along on your next flight, be prepared. This summer ...


text:
By the end of this module students should be able to:
• Describe basic principles of administration of drugs and dosage forms.
• Recall basic principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
• Comprehend terminology relating to pharmacology.
• Identify groups of drugs used in common diseases of different body systems.
• Describe effects, adverse effects, indications and contraindications of prototype drugs.
• Understand need and importance of emergency and lifesaving drugs.
1. Basic principles of biochemistry
2. Emphasizing broad understanding of chemical events in living systems
3. Bioenergetic & Biological Oxidation
4. Metabolism of lipids & fatty acids, Biosynthesis, Cholesterol synthesis, Plasma
Lipoproteins, LDL, HDL, Glycolipids
5. Metabolism of Nucleotide, Synthesis & Degradation
6. Basic principles of molecular biology
7. Metabolism and structure-function relationship of biologically important
8. Metabolism of Carbohydrates & its types, Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle,
Regulation of Blood Glucose Level
9. Metabolism of Proteins & Amino Acids, Functions & Pathways
10. Biochemical Genetics (DNA, RNA, Transcription, Translation)

domain: chemistry


text:
Let's talk about finding a caregiver.
I know we've talked a lot about caregivers in this space, and will continue to do so because sometimes people need help getting through the day, and the need is not decreasing.
Dear Savvy Senior,
What resources can you recommend to help seniors with vision loss? My husband, who's 76, has macular degeneration that has progressed to the point that he can't do a lot of his routine activities anymore, and has become very discouraged.
Looking for Help
Toledo Mayor Steve Dobosh and Winlock Mayor Don Bradshaw met to mediate the police contract between the two cities and were able to come to an amicable agreement. The Winlock City Council approved the transition period on June 11, 2018, and the Toledo City Council approved it on June 18.
Winlock's new Allstate Insurance agent, Evie Leef, is already known by many people in our area, as she was a former employee of Farmers Insurance.
When you want all-natural body products and other organic items where do you look when you live in a small community?
"I have some interest, but I'm also sensing some negativity and someone who seems to know a lot about the process putting in their two cents." ~ Kaley Hanson
The Raymond City Council discussed the hot-button-topic regarding the choice to turn the theatre apartments into an Airbnb along with discussing a couple ordinances during the June 18 council meeting.
The City of South Bend has dropped the proposed Utility Rate Excise Tax to 2% amounting to roughly $4 per month according to South Bend City Treasurer Dee Roberts. The new rate would extend to 3 years instead of the 5% for 2 years.
The previous tax proposal would have raised the Utility Rate Excise Tax 5% for 2 years costing a household approximately $120 per year.
Last week a large barge with a crane moved down the Willapa River. The Port is leasing the South Fork pier to the Manson Construction Company. They have been awarded a $19 million contract by the US Army Corps of Engineers to repair the sand berm protecting the Shoalwater Bay Tribal properties in Tokeland. The project will begin this month and probably extend in to September. They will be using the pier to stage equipment for the project.
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text:
Simple and clean black and white cake pops with a pink accent to make them look like they came out of a Kate Spade store. You can order only these or mix and match with other cake pops, maybe some solid pink ones? You decide!
Make a note in Special Requests if you would like stripes, dots, or a mix of both to match the quantity ordered
*MINIMUM ORDER OF 6 CAKE POPS
*BOUQUET CONTAINER SOLD SEPARATELY
.: Price is per individual cake pop
.: Mix and match of cake pop designs is allowed to meet minimum of 6 cake pops, but only 1 flavor per dozen cake pops
.: Minimum Order of 6 cake pops
.: Multiple cake flavors to choose from
.: Individually wrapped in cellophane, unless in a bouquet or otherwise specified
Kate Spade Inspired Cake Pop
Please specify date for delivery/pickup in comments. Since all cake pops are made to order, it takes 5-7 days to put together and have delivered/picked up. If you need it sooner than that, please get in contact with us to see if we can accomodate before ordering. Thank you!
Allergen Alert: Product may contain egg, milk, soy, wheat, peanuts, tree nuts and coconut. We recommend that those with food related allergies take necessary precautions.

domain: food


text:
RoseAnn V. Shawiak
Shady Years - Poem by RoseAnn V. Shawiak
Bringing sunshine into the shady years of aging,
giving us tempting moments of yesterday through
Touching our hearts and minds with enticing words
and rhythms, pleasing our souls with heavenly tones
of perfect pitch.
Comments about Shady Years by RoseAnn V. Shawiak
Read this poem in other languages
This poem has not been translated into any other language yet.


text:
A systematic review is a critical component of any research endeavour. It involves a rigorous and structured approach to review and analyse existing literature on a specific topic, with the aim of providing an unbiased and comprehensive assessment of the available evidence. Conducting a systematic review requires careful planning, systematic search strategies, and a meticulous review process. In this blog post, we will guide you through the step-by-step process of conducting a comprehensive systematic review.
Step 1: Formulate the Research Question
The first step in conducting a systematic review is to clearly define your research question. This question should be well-defined, focused, and answerable through a systematic review. It is important to ensure that the research question is relevant, specific, and encompasses the key aspects of your topic of interest.
Step 2: Develop an Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Next, you need to establish the criteria for including or excluding studies from your review. These criteria should be based on the objectives of your review and the relevance of the studies to your research question. Inclusion criteria may include factors such as study design, population, intervention/exposure, outcome measures, and language. By setting clear inclusion and exclusion criteria, you ensure that the studies selected for analysis are of high quality and meet the requirements of your review.
Step 3: Search for Relevant Studies
A comprehensive literature search is crucial to ensure that you cover all relevant studies in your systematic review. Start by identifying the appropriate databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, or Web of Science, depending on your research topic. Develop a search strategy using a combination of keywords, synonyms, and controlled vocabulary (such as MeSH terms) to maximize the retrieval of relevant articles. Additionally, consider searching for gray literature, conference proceedings, and trial registries to avoid publication bias.
Step 4: Screen and Select Studies
Once you have conducted your literature search, you will need to screen the retrieved articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Start by reviewing the titles and abstracts of the articles to identify those that potentially meet your criteria. Then, obtain and review the full text of selected articles to make a final determination regarding their inclusion. Consider using reference management software, such as EndNote or Zotero, to streamline the screening process and manage citations.
Step 5: Extract Data and Assess Study Quality
After selecting the studies for inclusion, you need to extract relevant data from each study. This includes information such as study characteristics, participants, interventions, outcomes, and results. Develop a data extraction form or use standardized tools, such as the Cochrane Collaboration's data extraction forms, to ensure consistency and accuracy. Additionally, assess the quality of included studies using appropriate tools, such as the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool or the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, to evaluate the risk of bias and methodological quality.
Step 6: Analyse and Synthesize the Results
Once you have extracted the data, it is time to analyse and synthesize the results. You may use statistical methods, such as meta-analysis or narrative synthesis, depending on the nature of the included studies and the available data. In meta-analysis, you combine data from different studies to calculate overall effect estimates. In narrative synthesis, you summarize the findings from each study and identify patterns or themes across the literature. Consider consulting with a statistical expert if you are unsure about the appropriate analysis methods.
Step 7: Interpret the Findings and Draw Conclusions
After analysing the results, it is important to interpret the findings in the context of your research question and the available evidence. Identify the strengths and limitations of the included studies and discuss the implications of the findings. Based on your systematic review, draw conclusions and make recommendations for practice, policy, or future research. Remember to acknowledge any potential biases and limitations of your review.
Step 8: Publish and Disseminate
Finally, share your systematic review through publication in a peer-reviewed journal or other appropriate platforms. Consider submitting your review to high-impact journals in your field or specialized systematic review journals. Additionally, disseminate your findings through presentations at conferences, seminars, or webinars. By sharing your work, you contribute to the existing body of knowledge and provide valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers.
In conclusion, conducting a comprehensive systematic review requires careful planning, meticulous execution, and a rigorous evaluation of the available evidence. By following the step-by-step guide outlined in this blog post, you can ensure that your systematic review is thorough, unbiased, and contributes to the advancement of knowledge in your field of study.
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domain: library