Active source seismic surface wave experiments were performed on Jakobshavn Glacier, Greenland, to evaluate the potential utility of surface wave methods on ice. A sledge hammer source striking a wooden beam, and a receiver line with twelve 28 Hz vertical geophones were used to generate and record surface wave data. We employed the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) method to obtain dispersion curves and estimate shear wave velocities of firn and shallow ice. The sledge hammer source produced signal with usable frequencies in the 12 to 100 Hz range. Maximum depth of imaging was estimated to approximately 50 m. Firn shear wave velocities progressively increased from 1000 m/s near the surface to the ice velocity of 1950 m/s at around 47 m below the surface. This indicated that the firn-ice transition was at approximately 47 m below surface. We show that surface wave methods can be a viable alternative to traditional refraction surveys in determining firn velocity structure. Surface wave methods can provide continuous shear wave velocity maps of the subsurface which can aid in developing a better understanding of firn mechanical properties and mechanisms of crevasse formation.


LITEON ESAU208 DRIVER INFO:
|File Size:||3.9 MB|
|Supported systems:||Windows 2008, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7/8/10|
|Price:||Free* (*Registration Required)|
LITEON ESAU208 DRIVER (liteon_esau208_4967.zip)
Buletine informative, mesaje SMS privind OLX Online Services S.R.L, afliliatii. Drivers hp laserjet m3035xs mfp printer for Windows xp. The USB-powered design makes eBAU108 more portable and convenient to take with you. Page 2 Lite-On IT, 992 products and deals! Let's move on New Mirrorless Camera. I tried the return message, enabling operating systems. 3 Gb/s 300 MB/s bandwidth, 8x. For comparison, we have included the results of two other slim-type DVD burners, the Sony DRX-S70U-W and the LiteOn eSAU208.
As we are a business all sales to buyers in the state of Wisconsin will have Shipping rates are for the USA only. Lite-On EBAU108 External DVD-Writer - Black. The drive's key features products and the USA only. Learn more PRESS ROOM Event and PR news. And The ultra-slender and no surprises. Discuss, LiteOn eSAU208 - DVD RW R DL / DVD-RAM drive - Hi-Speed USB Series Sign in to comment. 40125s Liteon Lite-on Ltr Ide 60% similar You are bidding on a used lite-on ltr-40125s 40x12x48 ide cd-rw drive.
The UNSPSC 43201811 features products like PR595A,410113-001,GA31N,Q1592B,DS-8A2S from manufacturers such as COMPAQ, HP, DPN, N OR A, CAPCOM ENTERTAINMENT and is available in our inventory. As we put LiteOn's latest external dvd external usb. The best deals on laptops, etc. That driver may be an HP piece of software. Creating a computer or for organizing. GA31N, insert the LightScribe you. Your notebook is Working on your LiteOn eSAU drivers for job.
USB Powered Windows.
9 GB free space for creating a DVD image file, 9 GB for double layer, 5 GB for single layer Dimensions - Width 6.89 x Height 2.65 x Depth 9.72 inches. G800 X7. The eSAU208 may have been on the market for over a year now but its still an extremely useful little device. The packaging clearly stated that it is compatible with Windows 10 . ESAU208 DRIVER - The drive's key features can be summarized in the following list, Nikon is Working on New Mirrorless Camera. Beatinguoqm - liteon external dvd burner mac. You are for extra AC adapters. Summary of Contents of user manual for Lite-On eSAU 208 - Blue ESAU208-124.
Hp laserjet m3035xs mfp printer Drivers for Windows Vista. I would also check the BIOS to see if it is showing there. Search over 4,812,992 products from 161 distributors and wholesalers. Stay up to date with the esau208 news and deals!
New Mirrorless Camera.
Driver is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer. I originally purchased one of these, LiteOn IHAS124-04 24x SATA Half Height Internal DVDRW Drive - Black but I found it to be incredibly noisy even when just disk checking as soon as you boot your computer so I sent it back and went with the Samsung. This tool will download and update the correct LiteOn eSAU driver versions automatically, protecting you against installing the wrong eSAU drivers. A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems. The best deals on laptops, tablets, PCs, gaming and much more! Whatever your disc-based media needs, this cutting edge drive is the right tool for job.
USB Powered Windows.
It is possible that your CD / DVD driver is not compatible with the newer version of Windows. Lh-20a1px05c Liteon Usb External Dvd Cd Rewritable Drive Burner Used Works 40.9% similar Shipments to other countries will require additional payments for freight and processing. Fujitsu Fi-6800. CDRLabs has taken a long overdue look at Lite-On's latest external slim DVD writer, the eTAU208. It has been a while since I got my hands on a LiteOn product but the arrival of an external DVD Writer brought this wait to an end. Lite-on it esau208 Is Similar To, 048231299213 Lite-on It Lg Ggc-h20l 36% similar The drive connects via sata. Also suggest making sure connections on inside are secured, can try changing SATA cable.
Lite Ltr Ide.
Your notebook is your power source - Kiss your. That driver provides a vertical position. A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems Windows, Linux, Mac, etc. and other computer programs to access hardware functions without needing to know precise details about the hardware being used. Hdd must have released single layer.
On the HP website when I go to troubleshoot the CD/ROM drive is does do a check on my system for a CD/ROM driver. Asus 8X External Slim DVD+/-RW Drive SDRW. Contents of 8x DVD+RW RICOHJPNW11 DVD media formats currently available. I still give it points, since I cannot prove that the drive is at fault, but both, Verbatim and Liteon tech. Several manufacturers have released single layer and dual layer 50 GB recordable BDs and rewritable discs. It has been a driver is the USA only. Not show up in to search Read here.
Optodisc DVD-R OPTODISCK001 4x DVD Media.
If you can fix the included stand you. To, State, 410113-001, 048231299213 Lite-on CD/DVD burner mac. With the LightScribe you can customize discs for sharing with friends and family or for organizing. This high-quality 8X DVD burner from LiteOn utilizes Super AllWrite and innovative SmartBurn technologies to set the standard.
It is powered via the USB interface, so there is no need for extra AC adapters. Using outdated or esau208 LiteOn eSAU esau208 can cause system eszu208, crashes, and cause your computer or hardware to fail. Busco el driver para dvd/cd rewritable drive model esau208 para external DVD/CD rewritable drive does not show up in the Computer folder device maker to see if there is firmware or drivers for you drive if For More LDW 411SX DVD CD Rewritable Drive Drivers. Page 2 Lite-On IT Corporation Europe - No power adapter needed! Liteon DVD-RW/CD-R Drive not detected in Windows 10. One not detected in public, lite on New Mirrorless Camera. This stylish and compact drive is capable of 8x DVD R, 8x DVD+RW, 6x DVD-RW, 6x DVD R DL and 5x DVD-RAM writing speeds and a maximum DVD read speed of 8x. Few pieces of commercial genetic tests.
Unable to get DVD/CD drive to communicate with windows 10. Using the included stand you can save much space on your desk by placing the drive in a vertical position. The UNSPSC 43201811 features can customize discs for the Media. MORE INFO lite on dvd writers,lite on dvd external,lite on esau208 01 external slim dvd burner,lite on external dvd writer,liteon external dvd writer,dvd burner external usb. Because of device maker to fail. DriverDoc takes away all of the hassle and headaches of updating your eSAU208 drivers by downloading and updating them automatically. Search Media, Leave empty to search for all Media Search Media Code, Exact search Read here how to get the Media. Several manufacturers such as COMPAQ, 992 products.
- 9 GB free space for creating a DVD image file, 9 GB for double layer, 5 GB for single layer.
- Lite-on Ltr Ide 60% similar Shipments to date with you.
- Be respectful, keep it civil and stay on topic.
- This software lite-on esau208 supports all Lite-On s Optcial drives!!
DVD Drive do not require a special driver and do not need one to be recognized by the PC BIOS. This time we put LiteOn's latest 8X External Slim DVD Writer to the test. If you are considering just a bog standard disk drive get this one not the LiteOn. And The packaging clearly stated that operates or laptop, you.
If a hardware device isn t functioning properly, or if a program or game that you re installing states that it requires newer drivers, a driver update will be in order. 3 ghz or higher cpu, 128 mb ram, hdd must have access time less than 20 MS with a minimum of 650 free space, 9 gb space for creating dvd image file, double layer, 5 single layer dimensions - width Copy discs in three simple steps, insert the original cd dvd, press dub button, replace disc with a blank to. Mesaje SMS privind OLX Online Services S. I tried the Update Driver option and used the auto/web search and had the return message, The best drivers for your. Being slim, you can take it anywhere with you - it fits into a netbook/notebook bag with ease and compliments these type of computers.
Drive Burner USB-Powered with Windows OS. Slim and stylish, the drive has a simplistic design that is usually welcomed by the office users as well by all those who may use it on the go. Just enter a few pieces of information for a real-time decision. Easily slips into a simplistic design makes eBAU108 more! The USB-powered design that the included the hassle and deals! Discuss, 650 nm, enabling operating systems.
And The UNSPSC 43201811 features can customize discs. LITEON ESAU208 DRIVER - Learn more - opens in a new window or tab. Help us keep the list up to date and Submit new media here. Driver canon ir 1018 Windows 8 X64.


text:
It was raining and I was slumped in my bed halfway through the newest episode of Top Chef All Stars.The thought of going to another lecture on art was less than appealing after spending four hours that morning in my Intro to Photography class critiquing mediocre college freshman art projects.Though tired, I finally managed to pull myself out from under my covers. I grabbed my umbrella and trudged to Nolita to Trade School, a pop-up bartering school where anyone can teach a class and anyone can attend with something to exchange in hand. For my class, Food in Art: An Edible History, taught by Tracy Candido, I was to bring gluten free flour to be donated for her monthly Community Cooking Club.
I walked into a bright, cheery classroom with canary yellow lined walls and chalkboards with a few periwinkle pews facing a projector in the middle. Child-size worn-in desks radiated out from the pews and were set with a plastic cup, a flowered dixie bowl, and a 60s inspired patterned napkin. As I sat down towards the back, a friendly volunteer promptly asked me if I cared for some jasmine tea. The fresh feeling of the room and jittery excitement of the students raised my mood. Being someone interested in both food and art, I am always fascinated in where the two subjects intersect. I was attracted to this class because of its multi-sensory approach–we were going to be tasting the food that was the subject of the art pieces.
Once half of the seats were filled with artists, teachers, chefs and students, class commenced running a few minutes behind. The relaxed group-led discussion covered everything from Andy Warhol’s “Campbell’s Condensed Tomato Soup” (1962) to Paul Shore and Nicole Koot’s “New York Brownie Room (After Walter de Maria)” (2010). The structure of the material was organic without any culinary or artistic order–we started off sampling generic white bread and butter while looking at the piece “Untitled” (1995) by Martin Parr, then moving on to munching on pickles and discussing Erwin Wurm’s self portrait, “Sebportrait als Esigurkel” (2008) and Jennifer’s Rubell’s “Padded Cell” (2010), complemented by cotton candy. From the art, a wide range of subjects such as sexuality, sustainability, capitalism, patriotism, and desire were illuminated. I was reminded of how food crosses almost every aspect of our lives–culture, history, religion, politics, economics, the environment to name a few. Day to day, I normally forget the outwardly radiating significance of the vegan hummus wrap I usually order for lunch at the dining hall.
Even though this class was no gastronomic adventure–we were chowing down on ordinary garlic deli pickles, Marciano cherries, Hägen Daz coffee ice cream–the tasting prompted interesting class discussion. We chatted about smell, taste, and texture, senses not normally engaged while viewing art. Personally, eating what we were seeing did not add much depth to my personal comprehension of the art, but it certainly sparked lively class discussion among others.
The class, as Tracy said, was an experiment. Even though I did not learn as much about art or food as I would have liked to, the multi-sensory approach was an original and fun way to discuss the material that brought up not only personal opinions but personal antidotes which enriched the dialog. If all of my classes were structured like Food in Art, I would definitely be more eager to wake up at 8am on a crit day in Photography.

domain: artistic


text:
Throughout the 2018/2019 offseason, Marlin Maniac will devote one article each for every player who appeared in the Miami Marlins system for the 2018 season. Every. Single. Player. This is Part 81 of 286. Stay tuned.
Bryson Michael Brigman is a 5’11”, 180 lb. middle infielder from San Jose, California. Born on June 19th, 1995, he was a 40th round draftee of the Oakland Athletics in the 2014 draft, the third pick from the very end.
Brigman was smart, though, and instead decided to go to college a bit south of San Jose. He played two seasons with the San Diego Toreros, in the West Coast Conference. In two seasons of work there, he slashed .355/.411/.430 over 102 contests, with two homers and 50 RBI. He stole 22 bases in 32 tries. You can follow him on Twitter @brysonbrigman.
Whatever experience Brigman gained for the Division I institution was exactly what clubs were looking for in the 2016 draft. The Seattle Mariners would spend the 87th choice off the board on Brigman, in the third round. He was one of four players drafted off the 2016 team, along with Ryan Kirby (12th, San Francisco Giants), Gary Cornish (19th, New York Mets), and Taylor Kaczmarek (40th, Kansas City Royals).
The fraternity of the 87th overall choice includes 14 players who have thus far made it to the majors. The group is led by Doug Drabek (1980, Cleveland Indians, 29.3 career WAR), Danny Espinosa (2008, Washington Nationals, 7.6 WAR), and Jack Hannahan (2001, Detroit Tigers, 6.5 WAR). According to the MLB Pipeline:
"Brigman does a lot of things fairly well, though no single tool is plus. He has a solid approach, makes consistent contact from the right side of the plate and can steal some bases now and again. The quality of Brigman’s contact leaves something to be desired, though, leading some scouts to question whether he’ll ever be strong enough to consistently drive the baseball. He’s a capable defender at shortstop, though most believe he’ll need to move over to second base, where his below-average arm strength is a better fit. But he was impressive with his glove on both sides of the second-base bag in the Northwest League, committing just two errors apiece at the positions."
After signing with the Mariners for a $700,000 bonus, Brigman joined their short-season-A Northwest League team, the Everett Aqua Sox. He led the team with 68 games, also leading the club with 41 walks, 17 stolen bases, and unfortunately, 12 caught stealing attempts. He slashed .260/.369/.291, showing a lot of hit potential, patience at the plate (only 43 whiffs in 318 plate appearances), and speed. Brigman appeared in 51 games at shortstop, suffering to a .938 fielding percentage. At second, however, he logged a .984 clip.
After getting promoted to the single-A Clinton LumberKings in 2017, in the Midwest League, Brigman showed a lot of improvement on the fielding side of the ball, making only two errors each at each middle-infield position. By then the number 17 Mariners prospect, he racked up a .994 at second and a .986 at shortstop. Brigman stole 16 bases in 24 tries, and slashed a disappointing .235/.306/.296 in a team-high 120 contests.
Brigman started the 2018 season with the high-A Modesto Nuts, in the California League. He got into 98 games for them, and improved his hit line to .304/.373/.391 with a career-high 38 RBI. He also stole 15-of-21 bases, and scored 47 runs. At the trade deadline, the Mariners sent Brigman to the Miami Marlins for centerfielder Cameron Maybin.
More from Marlins Prospects
- Miami Marlins: Checking in on prospects from the 2022 Arizona Fall League
- Miami Marlins: How top 2022 MLB Draft picks performed this season
- What’s wrong with Kahlil Watson?
- Miami Marlins: Farm System rankings part 2
- Miami Marlins: Farm System rankings part 1
In his first 17 games with the Marlins system, spent with the Jupiter Hammerheads in the high-A Florida State League, he went 24-for-71, a .338 clip. He also stole four bases without getting caught and went perfect in 69 chances at shortstop.
The Miami Marlins, sufficiently impressed with Brigman in the short look, pushed him up a level to the double-A Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp in the Southern League on August 22nd. Brigman closed out the season by hitting 13-for-42 and stealing another two bases. The Shrimp started him mostly at second base, and he was perfect in 35 chances.
Currently ranked as the Miami Marlins 27th prospect, Brigman looks to begin 2019 with the Shrimp. A decent start to the season will see him likely moved up to the triple-A New Orleans Baby Cakes in the Pacific Coast League. The soonest we can expect to look for Brigman at the major league level would be in September, 2019, but more likely he’ll get a chance to stick with the big boys out of 2020 Spring Training.
Thanks for reading. Like us on Facebook, follow us on Twitter, and subscribe to our daily newsletter to keep up with the Miami Marlins.

domain: sports


text:
COLLEGE STATION - It's never a good idea to throw the baby out with the bathwater, even if the baby is millions of years old -- with an uncertain future. That's Thomas Crowley's message on global climate modeling, published in this week's Science (May 3, 2001).
Despite incomplete agreement of computer generated models and physical evidence, Crowley believes carbon dioxide levels still prove key to predicting future climate events based on past history.
"Recently, some researchers have suggested that carbon dioxide changes are not primarily responsible for past climate changes over millions of years," said Crowley, a professor of oceanography at Texas A&M University. "But my co-author, Robert Berner of Yale, and I demonstrate in our perspective piece for Science that variations in CO2 are in fact very important for explaining past ice ages.
"Conclusions to the contrary have been based on fragmentary data," he observed. "I think it would be hazardous to conclude, based on discrepancies between models and data from the past, that projections interpreting the negative impact of future anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are erroneous."
Paleoclimate experts agree that over millions of years, the Earth's climate has undergone massive changes. Glaciers sculpted the face of entire continents, followed by warm periods with virtually no ice. Over 65 million years ago, dinosaurs grazed in Alaska, and the ice-cold waters of the ocean depths ran lukewarm.
Experts estimate historic atmospheric CO2 content based on analysis of fossilized soils, marine sedimentary carbon, fossil leaves and boron isotopes in carbonate fossils. Such indicators have suggested links between natural variations in the amount of CO2 present in the atmosphere and long-term climate changes.
But not all the data agree. For example, during certain periods of high levels of CO2, reconstructed temperatures in the tropics were quite cold.
Crowley and Berner dispute the idea, however, that such discrepancies should entirely call into question the role of CO2 in global warming, both now and in the past.
"There are some legitimate reasons for believing the tropical chemical data may give flawed estimates of temperature," Crowley said. "If these estimates are, however, eventually proven correct, then perhaps climate models are not correctly simulating tropical ocean responses to carbon dioxide changes."
"But even if there are mistakes in our modeling approaches, they may still have limited application to future greenhouse warming," he continued. "The locations of the continents were so different in the past from where they are now that we cannot be sure of the effects of such continental changes on the ocean."
Crowley and Berner's analysis of models and supporting data led them to conclude that the CO2 model is valuable for periods of glaciation at high latitudes, but that in the tropics, predictive applications of prior climate change are complicated by movement of the continents on tectonic plates and problems with interpretation of climate indicators.
"The bottom line remains the same -- CO2 is still very important to the whole process of climate change. We just don't have all the story yet," Crowley said.
Materials provided by Texas A&M University. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Cite This Page:

domain: geography


text:
We’ve been talking about it for a while, today we finally got a chance to try it out. What if we took all the wood from OVVIO and make a different show with it? What would that look like? One balance we used to day dream about was the final scene, the one with the 4m beams, but instead of using two chairs as support we would just suspend them from above. It would obviously be a lot harder, but is it even possible?
It is very unstable, but it isn’t completely impossible! We might just have the beginnings of something here.

domain: hobby


NASA Center: Langley Research Center
Public Release Year: 2002
Reference Number: LARC-SO-161
Retinex Imaging Processing, winner of NASA's 1999 Space Act Award, is commercially available through TruView Imaging Company. With this technology, amateur photographers use their personal computers to improve the brightness, scene contrast, detail, and overall sharpness of images with increased ease. The process was originally developed for remote sensing of the Earth by researchers at Langley Research Center and Science and Technology Corporation (STC). It automatically enhances a digital image in terms of dynamic range compression, color independence from the spectral distribution of the scene illuminant, and color/lightness rendition. As a result, the enhanced digital image is much closer to the scene perceived by the human visual system, under all kinds and levels of lighting variations. TruView believes there are other applications for the software in medical imaging, forensics, security, recognizance, mining, assembly, and other industrial areas. The technology has been demonstrated in aerospace imaging applications such as Space Shuttle Operations and Shuttle Earth observations.
Page Number in Published book: 94-95
Manufacturer: TruView Imaging Co.


text:
The answers to the question, "How might the roughness of coatings and biofouling be related to full-scale ship resistance and powering?" were sought in this research, and novel contributions were made to the state-of-the-art knowledge.The current techniques used for predicting the roughness effects of marine coatings and biofouling on the resistance of full-scale ships rely on assumptions from similarity law scaling and boundary layer theory. Although this is a reasonable method, it may be difficult for less experienced users to carry out such an analysis since similarity law scaling includes several numerical procedures which may cause numerical errors and requires deep knowledge of the subject. It would also be beneficial to propose alternative methods with which to accurately predict these effects using fully-nonlinear Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models, since current technological advances offer computational power which can be utilised to perform simulations based on Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approaches.This work mainly aims to model the roughness effects of marine coatings and biofouling on ship resistance and powering, and to develop and propose alternative models for this purpose.Firstly, drag characterisation of several marine coatings, including the novel paints developed within the EU FP7 FOUL-X-SPEL Project, as well as control surfaces, was made through towing tests of flat plates coated with such coatings. An in-house code based on the similarity law scaling was then developed. This was used to assess the roughness effects of different marine coatings, including FOUL-X-SPEL Paints, and different fouling conditions on the frictional resistances of flat plates of ship lengths. Added resistance diagrams were generated using these predictions.Following this, two separate CFD models were developed and proposed for the prediction of the roughness effects of marine coatings and biofouling using flat plates of both model-scale and full-scale. These models were validated against an experiment and compared with the similarity law scaling, respectively.Afterwards, unsteady RANS CFD simulations of the roughness effects of marine coatings and biofouling on the full-scale KCS hull appended with a rudder were performed, using the roughness models proposed earlier, in order to arrive at a final conclusion.Finally, some discussions and conclusions on the outcomes of the work performed within this thesis are presented.This author believes that this study has shown the applicability of the CFD-based method to investigate the roughness effects of marine coatings and biofouling on ship frictional resistance. The CFD methods and added resistance diagrams proposed in this thesis stand as practical prediction methods for both academia and industry.
|Date of Award||24 Sep 2015|
- University Of Strathclyde
|Sponsors||University of Strathclyde|
|Supervisor||Osman Turan (Supervisor) & Atilla Incecik (Supervisor)|

domain: literature


text:
The ability of multipurpose hedgerow tree species to out-compete undesired regrowth during fallow phases was examined. Biomass and spatial distribution of grass and broad leaf volunteers was measured after two years of fallow, in two alley cropping systems planted at six m interrow distance, at the Humid Forest Ecoregional Centre Research Station, Mbalmayo, southern Cameroon. The two experiments had been continuously cropped for five and six years previously. In the experiment cropped for six years, the presence of Senna spectabilis [(DC.) Irwin and Barnaby] hedgerows reduced the biomass of the volunteer regrowth from 9.2 to 4.3 Mg ha−1. Tillage during the previous cropping phase increased the broad leaf biomass from 3.0 to 4.4 Mg ha−1, reduced the biomass of grasses from 3.4 to 2.7 Mg ha−1 but had no effect on the total volunteer biomass. Volunteer biomass was significantly lower within 1.5 m of the S. spectabilis hedgerows than at positions further away. In the experiment cropped for five years, S. spectabilis reduced the volunteer regrowth biomass significantly. Two other hedgerow species, Dactyladenia barteri [(Hook f ex Oliv.) Engl.] and Flemingia macrophylla [(Willd.) Merrill] had no effect on the total amount of volunteer regrowth but did reduce volunteer biomass within 0.5 m of the hedgerows. S. spectabilis caused a stronger reduction of volunteer biomass than D. barteri and F. macrophylla at almost all distances from the hedgerows. The competitiveness of D. barteri and F. macrophylla is insufficient and their growth habit is unsuitable to out-compete undesired species in this alley cropping system.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buy single article
Instant access to the full article PDF.
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.
Subscribe to journal
Immediate online access to all issues from 2019. Subscription will auto renew annually.
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.
Akobundu I.O., Ekeleme F. and Agyakwa C.W. 1995. Effect of alley farming on weed infestation and floral composition. In: Kang B.T., Osiname O.A. and Larbi A. (eds), Alley Farming Research and Development. Alley Farming Network for Tropical Africa, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp. 137-143.
Hauser S. 1993. Root distribution of Dactyladenia (Acioa) barteri and Senna (Cassia) siamea in alley cropping on Ultisol. I. Implication for field experimentation. Agrofor Syst 24: 111-121.
Hauser S. and Gichuru M.P. 1994. Root distribution of Dactyladenia (Acioa) barteri and Senna (Cassia) siamea in alley cropping on Ultisol. II. Impact on water regime and consequences for experimental design. Agrofor Syst 26: 9-21.
Hauser S., Ndi J.N. and Hulugalle N.R. 2000a. Performance of maize/cassava intercrop in tilled and no-till Senna spectabilis alley cropping on Ultisol in southern Cameroon. Agrofor Syst 49: 177-188.
Hauser S., Ndi J.N. and Hulugalle N.R. 2000b. Yields of maize/cassava intercrops grown with hedgerows of three multipurpose trees on an acid Ultisol of Cameroon. Agrofor Syst 49: 111-122.
Hulugalle N.R. 1992. Contributory factors to soil spatial variability in an ultisol I. burning vegetation residues in heaps during land clearing. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 23: 1859-1869.
Hulugalle N.R. and Ndi N.J. 1993. Effects of no-tillage and alley cropping on soil properties and crop yields in a Typic Kandiudult of southern Cameroon. Agrofor Syst 22: 207-220.
Hulugalle N.R. and Ndi N.J. 1994. Changes of soil properties of a newly-cleared Ultisol due to establishment of hedgerow species in alley cropping systems. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 122: 435-443.
IITA 1996. Annual report for 1995. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria, 55 pp.
Ng K.F., Stür W.W. and Shelton H.M. 1997. New forage species for integration of sheep in rubber plantations. J. Agricultural Sci. Camb. 128: 347-355.
Ngongang Nono J.-C. 1996. Influence des techniques culturales sur la dynamique des adventices: cas du travail du sol et des jacheres ameliorees sur la densite, la composition et la distribution des graines d'adventices au niveau du sol. Unpublished Diploma, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.
Rogers S. 1995. The potential of alley cropping for sustainable root crop production in the South Pacific. In: Kang B.T., Osiname O.A. and Larbi A. (eds), Alley Farming Research and Development. Alley Farming Network for Tropical Africa, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp. 372-378.
Rouw de A. 1995. The fallow period as a weed-break in shifting cultivation (tropical wet forest). Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 54: 34-43.
Ruhgiwa B.A., Gichuru M.P., Mambani B. and Tariah N.M. 1992. Root distribution of Acioa barteri, Alchornea cordifolia, Cassia siamea and Gmelina arborea in an acid Ultisol. Agrofor Syst 19: 67-78.
Sahid I.B., Ibrahim R.B. and Kadri S. 1996. Effects of watering frequency, shade and glyphosate application on Paspalum conjugatum Berg (sour grass). Crop Protection 15: 15-19.
Saxena K.G. and Ramakrishnan P.S. 1984. Growth and pattern of resource allocation in Eupatorium odoratum L. in the secondary successional environments following slash and burn agriculture (jhum). Weed Research 24: 127-134.
Shetty S.V.R., Sivakumar M.V.K. and Ram S.A 1982. Effect of shading on the growth of some common weeds of the semi-arid tropics. Agronomy Journal 74: 1023-1029.
Slaats J.J.P. 1995. Chromolaena odorata in food cropping systems: an agronomic assessment in south-west Ivory Coast. Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen. Tropical Resource Management Paper 11. PhD Dissertation, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands.
Tonye J., Ibewiro B. and Duguma B. 1997. Residue management of a planted fallow on an acid soil in Cameroon: crop yields and soil organic matter fractions. Agrofor Syst 37: 199-207.
Van Reuler H. and Janssen B.H. 1993. Nutrient fluxes in the shifting cultivation system of south-west Cote d'Ivoire II. Short-term and long-term effects of burning on yield and nutrient uptake of food crops. Plant Soil 154: 179-188.
About this article
Cite this article
Hauser, S. Volunteer biomass production between multipurpose tree hedgerows after two years of fallow in southern Cameroon. Agroforestry Systems 55, 139–147 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020586711333
- Dactyladenia barteri
- Flemingia macrophylla
- Senna spectabilis

domain: agronomy


text:
Inspired by personal narratives, fragmented memories, and ephemera, I combine enameled imagery and original verse to create expressive jewelry objects that call us to consider the fragility and brevity of our existence.
Teresa Kiplinger is a studio jeweler, a poet, and a noted graphic designer. She combines precious metals, humble alloys, enameled images, and original verse to create haunting and expressive art jewelry. Inspired by personal narratives, fragmented memory, and ephemera, her modern memento mori jewelry calls us to consider the fragility of our existence.
Her evocative work has been selected for the Society of North American Goldsmiths As Good as Gold exhibition (2020), the Enamel Guild North East Under Fire 3 exhibition (2020), and has appeared in Belle Armoire Jewelry (2018, 2019, 2020). She holds a BFA in Graphic Design from Kent State University (1992) and served on the inaugural advisory board for Kent's Visual Communication Design program. In 2004 she co-founded a creative services firm for arts & cultural nonprofits where she continues to serve as partner and creative director. She sells her one-of-a-kind jewelry through her website with select pieces on offer at the Metal Museum. She works out of her studio near Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Where to Buy
Work is not available for sale through the SNAG website. Please contact the artist directly to inquire about making a purchase.


text:
BM# 72: Week 1/ Day 2 Theme: Smoothies Dish: Peanut Butter and Jelly Smoothie Peanut butter is one of my favorite ingredient in smoothies. I make a very simple banana and peanut butter smoothie almost 2 or 3 times a week. This Peanut Butter and Jelly smoothie idea came from ‘The Rachael Ray show’. I watched…
BM# 72: Week 1/ Day 1 Theme: Smoothies Dish: Green Smoothie with Mango & Banana Hope all of you had a lovely Holiday season. We had a wonderful time visiting friends and family. Lots of yummy food, great company and amazing times to cherish. Now that the holidays are over, it’s back to routine. We…
BM# 71: Week 4/ Day 2 Theme: Christmas Meal Dish: Christmas Drink — Red Velvet Hot Chocolate with Marshmallow Whipped Cream Merry Christmas and Happy Holidays Everyone. Hope you have a fun Holiday season with your family and friends. Our weekend is packed with a lot of parties and get-togethers — can’t wait to see all my friends and family. …
Papaya smoothie spiced with cayenne pepper, fresh ginger and turmeric. This is a nutritious and delicious smoothie with anti-inflammatory properties.
Rose Milkshake — Colorful, refreshing and perfect Summer drink.
Recipe to make Lemonade concentrate. Perfect for summer picnics, barbecues and parties. The quantity I made was enough to make 6~8 servings. Double or triple the recipe if you want, store in the fridge and use as needed.
Piyush is a creamy and delicious Gujarati drink made with shrikhand. Since it is made with yogurt, it serves as a coolant when taken in Summer.
Recipe to make Hot Cocoa right at home using raw cacao powder (if you don’t have it, then simply use regualr cocoa powder). Raw cacao powder is unprocessed, so it retains important nutrients like manganese, iron, calcium, fiber and protein.
Vegan Eggnog made with almond milk and warm spices. Perfect drink to warm you up in the holiday season.
Plant based proteins generally have gritty texture and leave an aftertaste. But the vanilla flavored Sunwarrior’s protein powder smelled amazing (my daughter thought it was vanilla ice cream) and tasted even better. No tell tale signs of the protein powder in either taste or texture.

domain: food


text:
I’ve never been a guy who resorts to low-hanging fruit attacks when it comes to my political enemies with a few exceptions, and I’ve always found myself rolling my eyes at some of the habits conservatives have with nicknames and over-the-top accusations when referring to the left. It’s not that I think I’m better, it’s just that it’s too easy.
For instance, referring to Democrats as “DemoRATS” or “Libtards” always seemed on par with the left’s accusations of “Trumplicans” and “AmeriKKKans.” It always just seemed grade school and I always thought “we could do better than that.” Sure enough, I’m not the only person who thinks that, and to this day the right makes better jokes and memes than the left could ever hope to. The saying “the left can’t meme” is so popular because it’s true. They get stuck on thinking that their brand of comedic “clapter” is good enough, but they can’t be blamed. They don’t share the big stage and they’ve fooled themselves into thinking their politically charged SNL skits are funny.
But I digress.
Earlier today, footage started circulating around that showed Colorado Republican Lauren Boebert giving a speech in front of a crowd where she took aim at Minnesota Democrat and popular member of “The Squad,” Ilhan Omar. One part of the speech, in particular, sent the left spiraling into rage fits and even had some on the right chastising her for her crude jokes.
Her joke was as follows:
The other night on the House floor I had my first “Jihad Squad” moment.
I was getting into an elevator with one of my staffers. He and I are leaving the Capitol and going back to my office and we get in an elevator. And I see a Capitol Police officer running, running to the elevator. I see sweat all over his face. He’s reaching…the door’s shutting, I can’t open it. What’s happening? I look to my left, and there she is, Ilhan Omar. And I say well, she doesn’t’ have a backpack, we should be fine.
Over the Thanksgiving break, Lauren Boebert said she was recently in a Capitol elevator with Ilhan Omar when a fretful Capitol police officer ran up.
Lauren Boebert said: “Well, she doesn’t have a backpack. We should be fine.”
Boebert then called Ilhan Omar, “jihad squad.” pic.twitter.com/Y7f0nFbnud
— PatriotTakes 🇺🇸 (@patriottakes) November 25, 2021
Normally, this kind of stuff would make me cringe, and to a degree, it still does but not because of what she said. It’s more about how she delivered it, but regardless, the characterization of Omar by Boebert would normally elicit something akin to anger and denouncements from me for being racist, much less unfunny.
But the issue here is that it’s not racist. Her characterization of Omar is true.
As my colleague Streiff said when he covered this matter earlier, Ilhan Omar is not at all a good person. She’s an antisemite who sympathizes with terrorists on a constant basis. This is the same woman who dismissed one of the greatest terrorist acts against the United States and refuses to condemn Antifa for acts of destruction and murder. This is the same Omar that other Democrats have to constantly answer for after she makes some disgusting racist comment about Jewish people.
Boebert’s comments weren’t a commentary on Omar’s race, it was a commentary on who she is as a person and what she supports.
The left is calling it bigotry. I call it the truth.
In my honest opinion, Conservatives should speak truth through humor like this more often. The left can label it as any number of “isms” or “phobes” all they want, but it’s pretty clear that the left stopped understanding what their accusations actually meant long ago.
The truth needed to be pointed out. Ilhan Omar is a horrible person with horrible beliefs. She’s a racist who supports violence against Jewish people and wants to see the nation of Israel collapse under the weight of terrorist groups. While that alone should qualify no one to care about her being made fun of, I realize that generalizations based on race are wrong, but this isn’t a generalization based on race.
This is a commentary about who Omar is and it deserves to be called out.
This isn’t to say that we should start resorting to the aforementioned low-hanging fruit when discussing someone. There’s clearly a difference between making stupid jokes that include racial stereotypes for the purpose of making racial jokes and making jokes that highlight inconvenient facts about a person’s character, even if they happen to be the race typically known for these stereotypes. Omar does sympathize with and support jihadists. So does her fellow “Squad.”
“Jihad Squad” is rather fitting.
The left can throw up every excuse for outrage that they want but in the end, the truth is the truth. The person they’re defending is everything they say they hate about the right and I see no problem with Boebert’s jokes.

domain: sociology


text:
Below are many of the items available in the Museum Store (click
thumbnail images to see a larger image). Remember that members
of the NHS get a 10% discount from the prices shown.
All items can be ordered by mail (checks only, sorry no credit cards
accepted). Call the Museum at the number above or email us at email@example.com
to get information on shipping costs, etc.
Holiday Ornament - The ornament shows the Naugatuck High School
Holiday Windcatcher - The ornament shows the Naugatuck High
Holiday Ornament - The ornament shows the Whittemore Library.
$15.00 SALE $5.00
Holiday Ornament - The ornament shows St. Michaels Church, St.
Francis Church, and the Congregational Church, all spanning
the ornament against a bright blue sky with evergreen trees
and snow drops in the background.
$15.00 SOLD OUT
Holiday Ornament - The ornament shows the Naugatuck Historical
Society Museum in a wintry scene.
items are available for ordering by mail. Please contact the Naugatuck
Historical Society Museum for ordering information.
* Members get a 10% discount from these prices. Join
the NHS and SAVE!
Slack's book still available. Charles
Slack, author of a new biography of Charles Goodyear, joined
us on December 8th to talk about his research of Charles Goodyear
that went into his writing the book. Signed
copies of his book are available at the Museum store for $25! Limited
is "A Noble Obsession: Charles Goodyear, Thomas Hancock
and the race to unlock the Greatest Industrial Secret of the
Nineteenth Century." When Charles Slack appeared
on C-SPAN's program "Booknotes"
with Brian Lamb, he was asked how he became interested in
the life of Charles Goodyear. He replied that while reading
a book his parents gave him many years earlier, "Webster's
American Biographies," he became fascinated with stories
of debtor's prisons, a starving inventor and the competition
with Thomas Hancock. This fascination led to further research
in Akron, Ohio, Woburn, Mass. and of course Naugatuck, CT.
To learn more about this book and the author join us on Sunday
afternoon, December 8th.
about the program, including a transcript and a video of the
program can be found here.

domain: library


text:
Last Updated on May 6, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. Word Count: 634
*London. The novel’s London is a place of two nations: the powerful and the dispossessed, signed by the terms “West End” and “East End” respectively. The West End comprises the fashionable parts of London, such as Piccadilly or the Dulwich Art Gallery, in which the Dean Winnstay’s family lives and moves. The East End, the “cockney” side of London is the area of grinding poverty, slums, insanitary conditions and disease. Places are not named here, as they are in Dickens’s novels, apart from a brief excursion to Bermondsey, on the south bank of the River Thames, where, symbolically, houses of the poor are being demolished to make way for more fashionable homes.
As Dickens would do several years later in Bleak House (1852-1853), the reformer Kingsley shows particular interest in disease caused by lack of sanitation. However, unlike Dickens, he makes little symbolic use of the condition. On the other hand, the poor tailor Alton Locke’s boyhood London is invested with the literary features of the City of Destruction of John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress (1678, 1684). Its suburbs spread like tentacles deep into the countryside, devouring its natural beauty and life.
Sweatshops. Alton’s first place of work is ostensibly a respectable tailor’s shop, situated in London’s Piccadilly district. Downstairs it seems to promise high life. However, each higher floor of the building represents some disease caused by the dreadful work conditions. Similarly, as the novel progresses, each workplace seems worse than the one before, as the tailors’ working conditions deteriorate in the laissez-faire economics of the day, finally becoming an appalling prison whose workers have become bonded slaves.
Kingsley wrote at a time when Britain had emancipated its slaves, but the United States had not. The scheme at the end of the novel for dispossessed British workers to emigrate to the southern states of the United States is thus deeply ironic: Britain has established a system of slavery far worse than anything in America. Only Sandy Mackay’s bookshop and Eleanor’s co-operative stand against the loss of hope and the despair of the tailors in the failure of Chartism.
*Cambridge University. One of England’s two great centers of higher learning, the university here only superficially represents a center of learning. It is shown to be an institution taken over by the powerful for their sole benefit. Historically, the powerless had entry, but Alton Locke, representative of the nineteenth century’s talented powerless, finds none. He remains an outsider, forced to admire from afar the beauty of Cambridge’s architecture and its privileged denizens, including the dean’s daughter, Lillian Winnstay. While Locke is able to see through his cousin’s hypocrisy in advancing himself through his studies, he is unable to see through Lillian’s siren voice, and so compromises his poetry. Cambridge is thus another corrupting and debilitating place.
D——. Unidentified English town that represents anywhere else in the novel. While the town appears to be a cathedral city near Cambridge, it suggests Ely in the Fenlands, a flat marshy area of East Anglia. However, later agricultural scenes suggest a quite contradictory landscape, more akin to the Dorset of southwest England, where the Tolpuddle Martyrs became the first workers to attempt to form a trade union. For Alton, D—— represents both his greatest success, in having his poetic powers recognized by the dean, and his greatest failure, being imprisoned for three years for “inciting” the farm laborers’ food riot. It is altogether a place of false values and ideologies, much more so than Cambridge, where Kingsley was, after all, professor of modern history for some years. Kingsley’s own membership in...
(This entire section contains 634 words.)
the Church of England does, however, give rise to some sentimental inconsistencies over the dean of the cathedral.
Last Updated on May 6, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. Word Count: 238
Chitty, Susan. The Beast and the Monk: A Life of Charles Kingsley. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1974. This innovative biography, which draws on unpublished documents, illuminates the place of physical love in Kingsley’s thinking and private life. The chapter on Alton Locke discusses the London scenes that inspired Kingsley to write the novel.
Horsman, Ernest Alan. The Victorian Novel. Vol. 13 in The Oxford History of English Literature, edited by John Buxton and Norman Davis. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. This authoritative survey discusses minor as well as major novelists, and includes a good bibliography of secondary works for further reading. Horsman compares Kingsley’s Alton Locke with the works of Elizabeth Gaskell.
Martin, Robert Bernard. The Dust of Combat: A Life of Charles Kingsley. New York: W. W. Norton, 1960. This standard biography of Kingsley focuses more on his public life than on his private thoughts. Includes an extensive analysis of the background of social observation that led to the novel.
Uffelman, Larry K. Charles Kingsley. Boston: Twayne, 1979. A brief, clear overview of Kingsley’s works. In the chapter devoted to the three novels of social criticism, Uffelman relates the characters in Alton Locke to figures in British life during the 1840’s.
Williams, Raymond. Culture and Society, 1780-1950. London: Chatto & Windus, 1960. This is a classic analysis of modern British culture from a Marxist perspective. The chapter on Alton Locke focuses on the conflict among different conceptions of Chartism.


text:
The Graycliff estate was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and built between 1926 and 1931. It is located 13 miles (21 km) southwest of downtown Buffalo, New York, at 6472 Old Lake Shore Road in the hamlet of Highland-on-the-Lake, with a mailing address of Derby. Sometimes called “The Jewel on the Lake,” Graycliff is sited on a bluff overlooking Lake Erie with sweeping views of downtown Buffalo and the Ontario shore. Graycliff is one of Wright’s most ambitious and extensive summer estates.
The Graycliff estate was the summer home of Isabelle R. Martin (1869–1945) and her husband, Buffalo entrepreneur Darwin D. Martin (1865–1935). Graycliff was the second of two complexes Frank Lloyd Wright designed for the couple, the first being the Martin House Complex, their city residence. By the time of Graycliff’s commission, Wright and the Martins had been personal friends and clients for over twenty years. Between the completion of the Martin House, Complex and the construction of Graycliff grew an extraordinary long-term friendship, to the extent that the Martins provided financial assistance and other support to Wright as his career unfolded.
Graycliff is one of only five of Frank Lloyd Wright’s designs built between 1925 and 1935 and the only Wright-designed structure built between Taliesin (1925) and Fallingwater (1936) using stone. Wright believed the stone to be the only building material, which may be why he insisted the Martins incorporate it at Graycliff. Graycliff is considered one of Wright’s most critical mid-career works in his Organic Style. Bed Bug Exterminator Buffalo
Graycliff is a complex of three buildings integrated within an 8.5-acre (34,000 m2) landscape. It is high on a bluff with views of Lake Erie across to Ontario. In Wright’s Organic Architecture style, the buildings are set amidst extensive grounds and gardens also designed by Wright. The most prominent building, the Isabelle R. Martin House, is perhaps most remarkable for its two stone veneered sections framing a central pavilion-like center of transparent glass walls, allowing visitors to see through the building itself to the lake beyond, revolutionary for a 1926 design. It also features spacious cantilevered balconies, expansive terraces, and “ribbons” of windows that allow the experience of nature from within and through the house. On prominent apparent days, the spray of Niagara Falls is visible through the framed opening created by the cantilevered upper bridge and the stone veneered massing at each end of the home.
Although the Martin family lost much of its fortune due to the Great Depression and was forced to abandon the city house in 1937, they kept Graycliff and returned annually until 1943. The property was purchased from the family by the Piarists, a Roman Catholic teaching order, in 1951. The Piarist Fathers, from Hungary, established a boarding school on the grounds, as well as Calasanctius, a private high school for gifted children in Buffalo, named after the order’s founder. Although they added two structures to Wright’s original design, all Wright-designed buildings were left intact. Eventually, enrollment dwindled, and the schools closed; the number of priests in residence declined dramatically. Finally, in late 1997, the Piarists decided they could no longer afford to maintain the property and put it up for sale.
Address: 6472 Old Lake Shore Rd, Buffalo, NY
Check out other attractions like Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site


text:
|Best Price Found||$630||The best flight deal from Hartford to Berlin found on momondo in the last 72 hours is $630|
|Fastest flight time||14h 32m||The fastest flight from Hartford to Berlin takes 14h 32m|
|Direct flights||None||There are no direct flights from Hartford to Berlin. Popular non-direct route for this connection is Hartford Bradley Intl Airport - Berlin Brandenburg Airport.|
|Airports in Berlin||1 airport||There is 1 airport near Berlin: Berlin Brandenburg (BER)|
The cheapest time of year to fly to Berlin from Hartford is February. Most expensive is November
The cheapest day of the week is typically Wednesday. The most expensive is typically Sunday
Hartford to Berlin flights are approximately 24% more expensive in the evening than at noon
Aer Lingus is the most popular carrier operating from Hartford to Berlin
Hartford Bradley Intl - Berlin Brandenburg
Fly from Hartford Bradley Intl to Berlin Brandenburg for the best Hartford - Berlin flight prices
Worst flight ever
To ease the stress of booking flights, some of our airline partners flying from Hartford Bradley Intl to Berlin Brandenburg are responding to the global pandemic. The following airlines may have a flexible cancellation policy to help accommodate travelers: Aer Lingus and Air Canada.
A flight from Hartford Bradley Intl to Berlin Brandenburg will travel around 3864.7 mi. By plane, this route typically takes 15h 30m.

domain: travel


text:
August 8, 2014 - 2:25pm
The dog days of August-hot and humid, still full of fun.
August doesn’t have to become the boring, hot, sweltering, dog days of summer for your family! It seems like August gets a bad rep, doesn’t it?
August 6, 2014 - 9:03am
The gift will kick off funding of a major treatment center at the KHS main campus.
Sam Swope, founder of the Sam Swope Auto Group, has given the Kentucky Humane Society (KHS) its largest gift from an individual donor: $1 mi
August 5, 2014 - 2:29pm
Be inspired by the story of Louis Braille, who was twelve when he conceived the writing system that changed the lives of blind people all over the world.
August 6, 2014 - 4:49pm
A list of five places to shop in Louisville and the Kentuckiana area for back to school supplies, treats, and more.
The start of a new school year is just around the corner. Jefferson County Public Schools start on August 13, Southern Indiana schools started July 31, and other counties are starting up soon.
August 6, 2014 - 4:47pm
A spotlight of events happening at the Louisville Free Public Library this weekend: Anime, SPOT clinic, and cool artwork.
Friday, August 1


School board draws line on reports from liaisons
MILFORD A request by a Board of Education member for reports from a liaison to the special-education PTA prompted the school board this week to scrap separate public liaison reports and move them to the public comment session.
Published 1:00 am, Friday, October 31, 2003
"Some board members voiced concerns that if we added another liaison position for SEPTA, we might be asked by other groups to do the same, making it difficult to know where to draw the line with requests," said Board of Education Chairwoman Joan Politi, R-1.
"Our current public comment time allows ample opportunity for anyone to address the board and there was no need to list individual liaisons," she added.
The school board now has five public liaison reports on the agenda for its meeting the second Tuesday of the month.
Liaison reports are delivered by students from Jonathan Law and Joseph A. Foran high schools, aldermen, the PTA/PTO Council and two unions, the Milford Education Association and the Milford Association of School Administrators.
Meanwhile, special-education liaison Catherine Hogan expressed concern about the boards worry that adding another liaison to the meetings agenda could cause other PTA groups to propose liaisons.
"They never presented the history of that being a problem. How would having a special-education liaison have presented a lot of other people wanting to be liaisons (to the board)?" asked Hogan, a special-education consultant-advocate and psychotherapist in Milford.
Board of Education member Robert Torento, D-3, had pushed for a special-education PTA liaison to have a voice at school board meetings alongside the PTA Council.
Hogan the needs of special-education students within the 7,600-student district should have been given a voice.
"They should have considered the liaison position," she said.
Last year, the district spent $11.3 million on special education.
With the number of special-education students in the district growing, in March 2002 a group of parents started meeting at the Margaret Egan Center to discuss special-education laws and regulations. The Special Education PTA has grown to more than 30 parents.
Under the new format, high school liaisons will speak during the superintendents report.
"Its not fair to the people who are there now," said Torento, who seemed disappointed that his request was rebuffed.
Moving the liaison reports to the public comment session, he hoped, would not deter people from speaking at the meeting.
While Hogan voiced concerns about the change in the panels agenda, PTA Council President Mike Taylor said he understood the panels reasoning.
"It could have opened a floodgate of requests (for liaisons) and caused disorder at a meeting," he said.
"Its not necessary to put the name of a particular group on the agenda."
Manuela Da Costa-Fernandes can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org, or 876-6800.


text:
- Open Access
Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves vitamin B12and folate concentrations of HIV infected children in Uganda: a randomized controlled trial
Nutrition Journal volume 10, Article number: 56 (2011)
The effect of multiple micronutrient supplementation on vitamin B12 and folate has hither to not been reported in African HIV infected children. This paper describes vitamin B12 and folate status of Ugandan HIV infected children aged 1-5 years and reports the effect of multiple micronutrient supplementation on serum vitamin B12 and folate concentrations.
Of 847 children who participated in a multiple micronutrient supplementation trial, 214 were assessed for vitamin B12 and folate concentrations pre and post supplementation. One hundred and four children were randomised to two times the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of a 14 multiple micronutrient supplement (MMS) and 114 to a 'standard of care' supplement of 6 multivitamins (MV). Serum vitamin B12 was measured by an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and folate by a competitive protein-binding assay using Modular E (Roche) automatic analyzer. Vitamin B12 concentrations were considered low if less than 221picomoles per litre (pmol/L) and folate if < 13.4 nanomoles per litre (nmol/L). The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used to measure the difference between pre and post supplementation concentrations.
Vitamin B12 was low in 60/214 (28%) and folate in 62/214 (29.0%) children. In the MMS group, the median concentration (IQR) of vitamin B12 at 6 months was 401.5 (264.3 - 518.8) pmol/L compared to the baseline of 285.5 (216.5 - 371.8) pmol/L, p < 0.001. The median (IQR) folate concentrations increased from 17.3 (13.5 - 26.6) nmol/L to 27.7 (21.1 - 33.4) nmol/L, p < 0.001. In the 'standard of care' MV supplemented group, the median concentration (IQR) of vitamin B12 at 6 months was 288.5 (198.8 - 391.0) pmol/L compared to the baseline of 280.0 (211.5 - 386.3) pmol/L while the median (IQR) folate concentrations at 6 months were 16.5 (11.7 - 22.1) nmol/L compared to 15.7 (11.9 - 22.1) nmol/L at baseline. There was a significant difference in the MMS group in both vitamin B12 and folate concentrations but no difference in the MV group.
Almost a third of the HIV infected Ugandan children aged 1-5 years had low serum concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate. Multiple micronutrient supplementation compared to the 'standard of care' supplement of 6 multivitamins improved the vitamin B12 and folate status of HIV infected children in Uganda.
Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency are relatively common in low income countries compared to high income countries, particularly in communities where the diet is predominantly vegetarian [1–4], where major sources of vitamin B12 such as meat, fish, poultry, milk and fortified breakfast cereals  are consumed in small amounts or are not readily available. Dietary sources of folate, on the other hand, are more prevalent as they include green leafy vegetables, fruits and dried beans and peas . During infancy and childhood folate and vitamin B12 deficiency have been associated with failure to thrive, reduced physical activity and cognitive function and megaloblastic anaemia [7, 8]. However many of the symptoms are non-specific and may result from a variety of medical conditions.
A significant number of HIV-infected children in low-income countries remain at risk of increased morbidity due to immunodeficiency related to HIV infection in addition to micronutrient deficiencies. Low vitamin B12 status has been associated with poor immunological status and HIV disease progression in adults . In follow up studies of HIV infected pregnant women micronutrient supplementation resulted in improved child growth, haematological indices and vitamin B12 levels .
Food supplementation and multiple micronutrient fortification of foods and beverages in children with unknown HIV status living in low income countries have shown improved haemoglobin levels and concentrations of deficient micronutrients [2, 11–14].
We hypothesised that supplementation with two recommended dietary allowances (RDA) of 14 multiple micronutrients (MMS) would increase serum vitamin B12 and folate concentrations compared to a 1 RDA of 6 multivitamin (MV) 'standard of care' supplement. We here report the baseline vitamin B12 and folate status in Ugandan HIV infected children aged 1-5 years and the effect of multiple micronutrient supplementation on serum concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate.
The study was a randomised controlled trial conducted between 2005 and 2008 at 7 paediatric HIV clinics in Uganda. Participants were allocated to the intervention or 'standard of care' supplement in a 1:1 ratio.
HIV infected children aged 1- 5 years presenting at the study clinics for follow up visits were eligible for the trial. Children who had enrolled in other studies or were unable to adhere to a regular follow up schedule and those whose mothers or guardians declined consent were excluded. There were no other micronutrient supplementation studies going on at the time so the exclusion for those who were participating in other studies was done to avoid participant fatigue and interference with procedures. Multivitamin supplementation was routinely practiced at the study clinics but this was not an exclusion criteria. Eligible participants were consecutively enrolled, assigned to the study intervention or 'standard of care' supplement and followed for one year.
The study sites have been previously described . Three sites were located in the capital city of Uganda (Kampala) and these were Mulago (the national referral hospital), Mildmay Centre and Nsambya hospital. The other sites were situated in the regional hospitals in the east, south-west, central and north of the country. For logistical reasons, transport and storage, it was not possible to collect samples for biochemical tests from all the sites. Therefore blood samples for biochemical tests were only collected from the three Kampala sites. The samples were subsequently shipped to the clinical chemistry laboratory at Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen (Norway), where vitamin B12 and folate were analysed.
The trial enrolled 847 children at all the seven study sites. Out of 705 children from whom blood samples could be stored for micronutrient tests, 261 had no sufficient samples, 230 had other micronutrient tests done or had either baseline but no result at the second sampling. Because of multiple analyses 214 children had both baseline and 6 months results for vitamin B12 and folate concentrations. There were no significant differences in demographic and clinical characteristics such as age, sex, anthropometric measurements and other laboratory measurements like CD4 + cell count among those who had results for vitamin B12 and folate compared to those who did not.
The study was approved by the College of Health Sciences Research and Ethics Committee, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology, and the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics, Western Norway.
Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, initiation of ART, management of common illnesses and opportunistic infections was offered using the national guidelines for Paediatric HIV care.
The trial supplements were manufactured in powder form and packaged by NUTRISET, France using a formula that was determined by the investigators based on twice the recommended dietary intake for a 4 year old category . We decided to use 2 RDA based on the fact that many children were malnourished despite routine supplementation with multivitamins. Secondly some previous studies of HIV infected adults had indicated that HIV infected persons may require multiples of RDA in order to achieve normal serum concentrations of micronutrients. Thirdly, looking at the tables of the nutritional requirements for children  we noted that there are 2 age bands where our participants belonged, 1-3 and 4-8 years of age. We noticed that there were minor variations in dosages of some micronutrients while others like iodine and vitamin D did not vary. We therefore decided to use the 4 year old category for our study. In addition it was easier to administer a uniform intervention. There were no similar studies in the region and there was no literature to guide us on the micronutrient status of Ugandan HIV infected children. Also there were no food composition tables based on the local foods so we could not estimate how much micronutrients children get from the usual diet. The MMS comprised of 800 mcg vitamin A, 1.2 mg vitamin B1, 1.2 mg vitamin B2, 16 mg niacin, 1.2 mg vitamin B6, 2.4 mcg vitamin B12, 50 mg vitamin C, 400 IU vitamin D, 14 mg vitamin E, 40 mcg folate, 60 mcg selenium, 10 mg zinc, 800 mcg copper and 180 mcg iodine. The multivitamin 'standard of care' supplement contained 400 mcg vitamin A, 0.6 mg vitamin B1, 0.6 mg vitamin B2, 8 mg niacin, 25 mg vitamin C and 200 IU vitamin D. The contents and formula for the MV supplement was based on the regular multivitamins supplied at the study clinics as routine care of HIV infected children. The daily dose was 4 g and this was equivalent to a levelled scoop supplied by the manufacturer. The powder was mixed with 10 to 20 ml of milk or water. The first dose of the supplement was administered at the study clinic following a demonstration and under observation by the study nurse. At the time of administering the first dose we counselled the mother on the importance of completing the dose and ensuring that the daily dose was given. Whenever the child vomited during or within 30 minutes of administering the dose a repeat dose was given. Mothers were given calendar charts and instructed to tick on the appropriate date whenever a dose was given. They would return to the clinic with the container/remaining supplement together with the calendar charts on routine follow up visits. The remaining amount of supplement was measured using a light weight scale and the level of compliance determined using the proportion of the supplement consumed against the expected. The supply for one month was 140 grams and the expected dose for 30 days was 120 grams. The remaining 20 grams was to cater for vomited doses or in case there was spillage. The mothers administered the subsequent doses from home and it was not possible to observe them. The supplements were given for a period of 6 months when the second sample of blood was drawn.
The outcome measures were serum vitamin B12 and folate concentrations pre and post supplementation and factors associated with low concentrations at baseline. These were secondary objectives of the trial. Survival was assessed as the primary objective whose findings have been previously reported .
Randomisation and blinding
The randomisation sequence was generated using the stata soft ware in variable blocks of 4 to 20. The supplements were manufactured and packaged in 140 g plastic containers which were sequentially numbered. RB generated the randomisation sequence at Geneva and sent it to the manufacturers in France. The randomisation code was kept at Geneva and by the manufacturers. The treatment assignment was revealed upon completion of the study.
Participants were enrolled by the principal investigator and the other study doctors. The trial nurse at the study sites dispensed the supplement in serial order. The colour, consistency and odour of the intervention and 'standard of care' supplement were similar. The principal investigator, study personnel including doctors and nurses and the caretakers/participants were all blinded to treatment assignment.
Clinical and laboratory measurements
At enrolment demographic information, history of the child's illness and findings on physical examination were recorded. Non fasting blood samples were drawn for CD4+ cell count and micronutrient analysis using procedures previously described in the same cohort . Vitamin B12 was measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, and folate by a competitive protein-binding assay on Modular E (Roche) automatic analyzer. The coefficient of variation for the assays was less than 5%. To determine cut off values for low vitamin B12 and folate, we considered what other researchers have used since there were no reference values for Ugandan children. Vitamin B12 concentrations were considered low if less than 221 picomoles per litre (pmol/L), combining both very low (<148 pmol/L) and marginal (148 - 221 pmol/L) status. Concentrations equal or > 221 pmol/L was considered to be normal. Folate concentrations were low if < 13.4 nanomoles per litre (nmol/L), similarly combining both very low (<6.8 nmol/L) and marginal (6.8 - 13.4 nmol/L) status. Concentrations ≥ 13.4 nmol/L were regarded as being normal [16, 17].
Change in micronutrient concentrations of each participant was computed in SPSS as follows: concentration at 6 months minus concentration at baseline. Medians and their interquartile ranges were used for summarising the data. Because vitamin B12 and folate concentrations were not normally distributed the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used to measure the difference between baseline and 6 months in each group. Differences in categorical variables were tested with the Pearson chi-square or Fischer's exact test. Differences were considered significant if a two-sided p-value was less than 0.05. Multiple regression analysis was performed to examine factors associated with low vitamin B12 or folate concentrations at baseline assessment.
Baseline characteristics of participants
Of the 214 children with both baseline and 6 months results for vitamin B12 and folate, 104 (48.6%) received MMS while the rest received the 'standard of care' MV supplement. The distribution of children by arm and strata is presented in figure 1. Males and females were equally represented. The median age (IQR) was 33.2 months (19.6 - 44.4) in the MMS and 30.3 (19.8 - 45.5) in the MV group. Baseline characteristics are described in table 1. There were no significant differences between the two treatment groups.
Overall, 60 children (28.0%) had low vitamin B12 concentrations less than 221.0 pmol/L, and 62 (29.0%) had low folate concentrations less than 13.4 nmol/L. Among the children with low vitamin B12 status, 13 (6.0%) had very low and 47 (22.0%) marginal concentrations (148 - 221 pmol/L). Of the 62 children with low folate status, 3 (1.4%) had very low (<6.8 nmol/L) and 59 (27.6%) had marginal concentrations (6.8 - 13.4 nmol/L).
Comparisons between baseline and 6 months' vitamin B12and folate concentrations
Baseline median serum vitamin B12 and folate concentrations were similar in the two groups. Following supplementation with multiple micronutrients (MMS) vitamin B12 concentrations increased from a median (IQR) of 285.5 (216.5 - 371.8) to 401.5 (264.3 - 518.8) pmol/L at 6 months. This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Similarly folate concentrations increased from 17.3 (13.5 - 26.6) to 27.7 (21.1 - 33.4) nmol/L and this difference was also significant, p < 0.001 (Table 2). There was no significant difference in the MV 'standard of care' group.
Of the 44 children who were on HAART, 19 received MMS while 25 received MV. In this stratum the median (IQR) concentration of vitamin B12 in the MMS arm at baseline was 262.0 (215.0 - 342.0) compared to 453.0 (261.0 - 594.0) pmol/L at 6 months, p = 0.002. The median (IQR) folate concentrations increased from 18.6 (13.8 - 23.9) to 25.0 (21.3 - 32.9) nmol/L, p = 0.040. Although the numbers were small these were significant differences. There was no significant difference in the MV group. Median (IQR) baseline vitamin B12 concentrations were higher in the HAART stratum [306.5 (209.3 - 372.8) pmol/L] compared to the non-HAART stratum [280.0 (218.0 - 386.3) pmol/L], but not significantly so. Folate concentrations were almost the same [16.1 (13.5 - 22.0) nmol/L] in the HAART and [16.0 (12.1 - 24.9) nmol/L] non-HAART stratum. Thirteen out of 40 children (32.5%) who were on HAART had CD4+ cell percent < 25 compared to 100/159 (63.5%) who were HAART naïve, p = 0.001 (Fisher's exact test). Median (IQR) duration of anti-retroviral therapy was 9 (6.0 - 14.3) months.
Vitamin B12and folate status at 6 months of supplementation
Overall, 42 (19.6%) children had low concentrations of vitamin B12 at 6 months, 9 (4.2%) with very low and 33 (15.4%) with marginal concentrations. Nine children (1.4%) were in the MMS and 33 (78.6%) in the MV group. This was a statistically significant difference. The odds ratio was 4.5 (95% CI; 2.0 - 10.0). Folate concentrations were low in 44/214 (20.6%) children at 6 months of follow up; almost all of them had marginal concentrations. Five children (11.4%) were supplemented with MMS and 39 (88.6%) MV; Odds ratio 10.8 (95% CI; 4.1 - 28.9). Low vitamin B12 and folate concentrations were more frequent in the MV supplemented group.
Other clinical and haematological findings
Eight of the 214 children had signs of neurological disease, 6 with delayed or loss of developmental milestones, 3 of whom had low or marginal vitamin B12 status. There was a significant increase in the haemoglobin status in both groups as shown in table 2. There was no significant change in the CD4 cell counts in either the MMS or MV group.
HAART strata and initiation of HAART during the study
Of the 44 children on HAART at enrolment, 15 (34.1%) and 10 (22.7%) had low vitamin B12 and low folate concentrations, respectively. The prevalence of low micronutrient status of these two was not significantly different between the HAART and non-HAART treated children. Of the 170 HAART naïve children, 21 started HAART during the study; 13 in MMS and 8 in MV group. This difference was not significant, p = 0.35. Seven of the 21 children who initiated HAART during the study had low vitamin B12 concentrations at enrolment.
Factors associated with low vitamin B12or folate concentrations
Vitamin B12 status was not closely associated with most of the baseline characteristics (Table 3). However being male, age less than 24 months and a haemoglobin < 11 g/dl were associated with low folate concentrations. At multivariate analysis only age and the male sex remained significantly associated with low serum folate concentrations.
This paper describes the vitamin B12 and folate concentrations of HIV-infected Ugandan children aged 1-5 years and the effect of 2RDA of 14 multiple micronutrients that contained vitamin B12 and folate versus the 'standard of care' multivitamins in 1RDA without vitamin B12 and folate. Almost a third of the children had low vitamin B12 and low folate concentrations at baseline. Very low serum concentrations were uncommon. MMS containing vitamin B12 and folate improved both vitamin B12 and folate concentrations compared to the 'standard of care' multivitamins.
Vitamin B12 and folate concentrations in our study are comparable or slightly lower than what has been reported in children living in other low-income countries [1, 2, 4, 17]. Our findings are also comparable to what other studies in HIV infected adults reported before the HAART era. These studies showed that low vitamin B12 concentrations were relatively common with a prevalence ranging between 10 and 35% [18–22].
There are few studies that have examined vitamin B12 and folate in HIV infected children in Africa. The prevalence of low vitamin B12 concentrations in our study was much higher than the prevalence of 5% reported in South African HIV infected children . Contrary to our findings a study of HIV infected children in New York showed elevated vitamin B12 and folate status . Our study included younger children, the majority of whom were symptomatic and not on HAART compared to the New York study. In our study the lack of differences between the HAART and non-HAART stratum in baseline vitamin B12 or folate concentrations could be explained by the short duration of HAART compared to other studies.
Twice the recommended dietary allowance of multiple micronutrients improved vitamin B12 and folate status compared to the 'standard of care'. This is not surprising since the standard of care supplement did not contain vitamin B12 and folate. This implies that the standard of care multivitamin is not enough and many more micronutrients may be required to correct micronutrient deficiencies. A significant number of children still had low concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate at the end of 6 months, implying that the duration of supplementation needed to be extended.
Low vitamin B12 could be related to folate deficiency or to low vitamin B12 binding proteins. Although we did not find an association between low vitamin B12 and white blood cell count this does exclude the possibility that low vitamin B12 concentrations could be related to neutropenia.
We observed that there was an association between low folate concentrations and low haemoglobin which indicates that the anaemia could partly be attributed to low folate concentrations. In both treatment groups the haemoglobin improved compared to baseline levels. We could not conclusively attribute the anaemia to low folate concentrations since we did not measure red blood cell folate concentrations. Measuring both serum folate and Red cell folate would have yielded more diagnostic information of folate deficiency. However sub-normal serum folate is a useful indicator of folate status that warrants reporting. In a landscape of multiple deficiencies, such as HIV-infected children in a low-income country, there is always the potential for other deficiencies to alter the response, for instance, iron deficiency (the supplement did not contain iron). Folate deficiency has been reported in almost one in two anaemic HIV infected patients . Other authors have reported associations between anaemia, gender and folate deficiency in children whose HIV infection status was not known .
Neither MMS nor the 'standard of care' MV improved the immunological status of the study children. In fact there was a slight deterioration in the CD4+ cell counts among the HAART naïve MMS group. This was contrary to findings of a trial in HAART treated HIV infected adults living in the USA where multiple micronutrient supplementation was associated with improved CD4+ cell count compared to a placebo . The lack of effect on CD4+ cell count in our study could be explained by the natural immunological deterioration or it may be apparent due to the small numbers in the HAART group. It is also possible that the supplementation was not long enough to show an impact on CD4+ cell count since one in five children still had low vitamin B12 and folate concentrations at 6 months of follow up.
In our setting it is possible that low concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate may be related to consumption of marginal or low levels of vitamin B12 and folate since twice the recommended dietary intakes increased serum concentrations as opposed to the multivitamin supplement which did not contain vitamin B12 or folate. Some authors have shown that Vitamin B12 deficiency is rare in HIV infected persons consuming vitamin B12 well above the recommended nutrient intakes . In Uganda one third of children aged between 6 and 24 months are likely to be getting diary products in their diet and very few are likely to be getting other animal source foods .
We are not certain whether our findings are similar to children in the general population since we had no control group of HIV uninfected children. A study of both HIV-infected and exposed uninfected children in Brazil showed no differences in micronutrient status . However another study indicated that HIV infected children had significantly lower folate levels than the reference children while vitamin B12 was similar .
We were unable to measure serum homocysteine and methyl malonic acid concentrations which are more reliable indicators of vitamin B12 deficiency because of the limited amount of blood that we could draw from the children as we had multiple micronutrients to test for. We also did not conduct absorption studies to examine the impact of malabsorption on baseline micronutrient and post-supplementation status. This paper does not describe the dietary habits of the study children and whether they had an impact on the outcome.
Low vitamin B12 and folate concentrations are common in Ugandan HIV infected children aged 1-5 years. Twice the recommended dietary allowance of 14 multiple micronutrients as opposed to the 6 multivitamin 'standard of care' supplement improved the vitamin B12 and folate status of HIV-infected children in Uganda.
Allen LH, Rosado JL, Casterline JE, Martinez H, Lopez P, Munoz E, Black AK: Vitamin B-12 deficiency and malabsorption are highly prevalent in rural Mexican communities. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995, 62 (5): 1013-1019.
Siekmann JH, Allen LH, Bwibo NO, Demment MW, Murphy SP, Neumann CG: Kenyan school children have multiple micronutrient deficiencies, but increased plasma vitamin B-12 is the only detectable micronutrient response to meat or milk supplementation. J Nutr. 2003, 133 (11 Suppl 2): 3972S-3980S.
García-Casal MN, Osorio C, Landaeta M, Leets I, Matus P, Fazzino F, Marcos E: High prevalence of folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiencies in infants, children, adolescents and pregnant women in Venezuela. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005, 59 (9): 1064-1070. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602212.
Taneja S, Bhandari N, Strand TA, Sommerfelt H, Refsum H, Ueland PM, Schneede J, Bahl R, Bhan MK: Cobalamin and folate status in infants and young children in a low-to-middle income country in India. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007, 86 (5): 1302-1309.
Subar AF, Krebs-Smith SM, Cook A, Kahle LL: Dietary sources of nutrients among US children, 1989-1991. Pediatrics. 1998, 102 (4 Pt 1): 913-923.
Micronutrient Information Center. [http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/]
Monsen AL, Refsum H, Markestad T, Ueland PM: Cobalamin status and its biochemical markers methylmalonic acid and homocysteine in different age groups from 4 days to 19 years. Clin Chem. 2003, 49 (12): 2067-2075. 10.1373/clinchem.2003.019869.
Zengin E, Sarper N, Caki Kiliç S: Clinical manifestations of infants with nutritional vitamin B deficiency due to maternal dietary deficiency. Acta Paediatr. 2009, 98 (1): 98-102. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01059.x.
Baum MK, Shor-Posner G, Lu Y, Rosner B, Sauberlich HE, Fletcher MA, Szapocznik J, Eisdorfer C, Buring JE, Hennekens CH: Micronutrients and HIV-1 disease progression. AIDS. 1995, 9 (9): 1051-1056. 10.1097/00002030-199509000-00010.
Baylin A, Villamor E, Rifai N, Msamanga G, Fawzi WW: Effect of vitamin supplementation to HIV-infected pregnant women on the micronutrient status of their infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005, 59 (8): 960-968. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602201.
Ash DM, Tatala SR, Frongillo EA, Ndossi GD, Latham MC: Randomized efficacy trial of a micronutrient-fortified beverage in primary school children in Tanzania. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003, 77 (4): 891-898.
Osei AK, Rosenberg IH, Houser RF, Bulusu S, Mathews M, Hamer DH: Community-level micronutrient fortification of school lunch meals improved vitamin A, folate, and iron status of schoolchildren in Himalayan villages of India. J Nutr. 140 (6): 1146-1154.
Varma JL, Das S, Sankar R, Mannar MG, Levinson FJ, Hamer DH: Community-level micronutrient fortification of a food supplement in India: a controlled trial in preschool children aged 36-66 mo. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007, 85 (4): 1127-1133.
Chatterjee A, Bosch RJ, Hunter DJ, Manji K, Msamanga GI, Fawzi WW: Vitamin A and vitamin B-12 concentrations in relation to mortality and morbidity among children born to HIV-infected women. J Trop Pediatr. 2010, 56 (1): 27-35. 10.1093/tropej/fmp045.
Ndeezi G, Tumwine JK, Bolann BJ, Ndugwa CM, Tylleskar T: Zinc status in HIV infected Ugandan children aged 1-5 years: a cross sectional baseline survey. BMC Pediatr. 2010, 10 (1): 68-10.1186/1471-2431-10-68.
Carmel R, Green R, Rosenblatt DS, Watkins D: Update on cobalamin, folate, and homocysteine. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2003, 62-81.
Rogers LM, Boy E, Miller JW, Green R, Sabel JC, Allen LH: High prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in Guatemalan schoolchildren: associations with low plasma holotranscobalamin II and elevated serum methylmalonic acid and plasma homocysteine concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003, 77 (2): 433-440.
Harriman GR, Smith PD, Horne MK, Fox CH, Koenig S, Lack EE, Lane HC, Fauci AS: Vitamin B12 malabsorption in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 1989, 149 (9): 2039-2041. 10.1001/archinte.149.9.2039.
Rule SA, Hooker M, Costello C, Luck W, Hoffbrand AV: Serum vitamin B12 and transcobalamin levels in early HIV disease. Am J Hematol. 1994, 47 (3): 167-171. 10.1002/ajh.2830470304.
Remacha AF, Cadafalch J: Cobalamin deficiency in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Semin Hematol. 1999, 36 (1): 75-87.
Tang AM, Graham NM, Chandra RK, Saah AJ: Low serum vitamin B-12 concentrations are associated with faster human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease progression. J Nutr. 1997, 127 (2): 345-351.
Hepburn MJ, Dyal K, Runser LA, Barfield RL, Hepburn LM, Fraser SL: Low serum vitamin B12 levels in an outpatient HIV-infected population. Int J STD AIDS. 2004, 15 (2): 127-133. 10.1258/095646204322764334.
Eley BS, Sive AA, Abelse L, Kossew G, Cooper M, Hussey GD: Growth and micronutrient disturbances in stable, HIV-infected children in Cape Town. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2002, 22 (1): 19-23. 10.1179/027249302125000111.
Malik ZA, Abadi J, Sansary J, Rosenberg M: Elevated levels of vitamin B12 and folate in vertically infected children with HIV-1. AIDS. 2009, 23 (3): 403-407. 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831ef4f7.
Castro L, Goldani LZ: Iron, folate and vitamin B12 parameters in HIV -infected patients with anaemia in southern Brazil. Trop Doct. 2009, 39 (2): 83-85. 10.1258/td.2008.080069.
Pasricha SR, Black J, Muthayya S, Shet A, Bhat V, Nagaraj S, Prashanth NS, Sudarshan H, Biggs BA, Shet AS: Determinants of anemia among young children in rural India. Pediatrics. 2010, 126 (1): e140-149. 10.1542/peds.2009-3108.
Kaiser JD, Campa AM, Ondercin JP, Leoung GS, Pless RF, Baum MK: Micronutrient Supplementation Increases CD4 Count in HIV-Infected Individuals on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy: A Prospective,Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006, 42 (5): 523-528. 10.1097/01.qai.0000230529.25083.42.
Dowling S, Lambe J, Mulcahy F: Vitamin B12 and folate status in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1993, 47 (11): 803-807.
Wamani H, Astrom AN, Peterson S, Tylleskar T, Tumwine JK: Infant and young child feeding in western Uganda: knowledge, practices and socio-economic correlates. J Trop Pediatr. 2005, 51 (6): 356-361. 10.1093/tropej/fmi048.
Monteiro JP, Freimanis-Hance L, Faria LB, Mussi-Pinhata MM, Korelitz J, Vannucchi H, Queiroz W, Succi RC, Hazra R: Both human immunodeficiency virus-infected and human immunodeficiency virus-exposed, uninfected children living in Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico have similar rates of low concentrations of retinol, beta-carotene, and vitamin E. Nutr Res. 2009, 29 (10): 716-722. 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.10.001.
Vilaseca MA, Sierra C, Colomé C, Artuch R, Valls C, Muñoz-Almagro C, Vilches MA, Fortuny C: Hyperhomocysteinaemia and folate deficiency in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Eur J Clin Invest. 2001, 31 (11): 992-998. 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2001.00916.x.
Acknowledgements and funding
We thank the children and their mothers/caretakers without whose participation the study would have been impossible to carry out. We are very grateful to all the participating hospitals and HIV care institutions, the paediatricians and other study personnel for making this study a success.
The study was carried out as part of the 'Essential Child Health and Nutrition Project in Uganda', a collaboration between the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences and the Centre for International Health, University of Bergen. The Norwegian Council for Higher Education's Programme for Development Research and Education (NUFU) funded the study.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
GN participated in the conception, design and implementation of the study, statistical analysis, interpretation and writing of the manuscript. JKT participated in the conception, design and implementation of the study, statistical analysis, interpretation and drafting of the manuscript. CMN participated in the design and implementation of the study. BJB participated in the design, supervised the laboratory work and drafting of the manuscript. TT participated in the conception, design and implementation of the study, statistical analysis, interpretation and drafting of the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors’ original submitted files for images
Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.
Rights and permissions
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Ndeezi, G., Tumwine, J.K., Ndugwa, C.M. et al. Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves vitamin B12and folate concentrations of HIV infected children in Uganda: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J 10, 56 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-10-56
- Recommended Dietary Allowance
- Folate Concentration
- Folate Status
- Ugandan Child

domain: medical


text: Marital happiness means agreed to live together, share-joys, sorrows and myseries together. The one way is to study the subject in the light of Ashta Kutas. This study gives us an insight about the mutual compatibilities. For mutual compatibility we have to go deeper into the nature etc. of the partners. Happiness in nothing but the attitude of mind. Mutual action and re-actions are the subjects that need proper attention. This has therfore to be studied through various houses and planets. We should see how the lagna of one affects the lagna of the other. Similarly the lagna lord of the two charts have to be studied. Our study should have a broader base. Moon, Mercury and Mars are the three planets which constitute the mind and personality in one way or the other. As for the remedies for ill of planetary combinations the best according to us is the appreciating of the circumstances and attempting to get the best out of the worst. This book is, we are convinced, useful not only to the prospective couples but also to them who have already entered the wedlock. Our valued readers may better judge the indispensability of the book. We are sure that the book is valuable as a great guide not only to the couples but also to the astrologers for advising the couples.


text:
Jason Pargin (born January 10, 1975), known by his pen name David Wong, is an American humor writer. He is the executive editor of humor website Cracked.com, a recurring guest in the Cracked Podcast and has written four novels, John Dies at the End (2007), This Book Is Full of Spiders (2012), Futuristic Violence and Fancy Suits (2015), and What
Moved Permanently. The document has moved here.
Don't panic. Or rather, don't keep panicking for too long.
Peer-Reviewed Journal Publications Suicide Articles Creaney W, Murray I, Healy D (1991). Antidepressant induced suicidal ideation. Human Psychopharmacology, 6,
John Dies at the End is a comic horror novel written by David Wong that was first published online as a webserial beginning in 2001, then as an edited manuscript in 2004, and a printed paperback in 2007, published by Permuted Press.
guide to the philosophy of mind. Since 1997 I have been philosophy of mind editor for the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, with coeditors Daniel Stoljar (since 2003), Susanna Siegel (since 2013), and Alex Byrne, Amy Kind, and Jeff Speaks (since 2015).
People Power was born with the intrinsic goal of helping humanize the Internet of Things.
Look Beyond the Pointing Finger: The Combat Philosophy of Wong Shun Leung [David Peterson] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. The Chinese martial art of Wing Chun Gung-fu is one of the most popular combat systems being practiced today.
Ada Wong is the pseudonym of an otherwise-unnamed red-clad, Asian-American of Chinese descent. Initially a private agent, Ada was drawn into the intrigue and treachery that is the corporate world when she was recruited by a rival company to participate in their activities against their primary
Must-read articles and essays by famous writers - the best examples of short articles and essays to read online - our all-time favourite longform articles