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Chilibite Games is a new publishing company developed by ex-members of ‘Polarbit,’ the developers of Reckless Getaway and many more popular titles. They have published their first gane on both, the iOS App Store and the Google Play Store, which is ‘Stunt Bunnies Circus.’ This is a ‘Pick n Play’ game, which is the category in which Chilibite games hopes to publish future Games.
The main theme behind Stunt Bunnies Circus is that the owner of a circus decides to remove any safety nets, in order to attract more audience, and so, as a fellow brave bunny, it is our job to cath them and return them safely to the ground. You play as a heroish bunny, with a jetpack strapped to his back.
As bunnies keep falling from above, or being launched from cannons, or both, you tap anywhere on the screen to make your super-bunny (That is what we’re going to call him) fly there, and if there are any bunnies in his way, he will valiantly grab them and save them from their doom. You can, however, keep up to 5 bunnies, before you must return to the ground to unload. Collecting more bunnies in one flight gives you more points, or ‘coins,’ which is the game’s monetary system. You can spend these coins at the market, where you can buy additional but limited items such as Rocket Fuel, which makes your rocket fly faster for one round, and crash mats, to save bunnies you missed. In all, at the moment, there are 5 chapters in the game, with about 8 levels in each, so there is plenty for you to enjoy before the next update hits, bringing more levels and goodies. There is much more than I can mention like bunny shooting cannons and lots of fire. But we’ll leave that for you to discover. What I’d like to see is long-term or permanent items in the market, such as a permanent increase to our bunny holding capacity and more, with that, this game would be simply perfect.
One of the most outstanding qualities of this game are its Graphics. the graphics are pretty High Res, and even when runnin on a 720P Display on my One X, I noticed no lackbof detail, and it also looked great when connected to my HDTV via HDMI cable + MHL Adapter. The colours are really nice and contrasting, and the graphics generally add up to the user experience.
Pros: This game is great at being a Pick N Play, has amazing graphics, and lots of levels and items to keep a gamer busy.
Cons: The market could use permanent items as well
Overall, this is a great game, and if I could sum it all up in one word, it would be ‘Perfect.’ And the best part? This game is free. No strings attached.
Hit the links below to download Stunt Bunnies Circus for free on both platforms:


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We were very happy with the hotel, especially the price! Our room was immaculate and looked like it had been recently renovated. It was also very quiet. The staff was friendly and helpful. This hotel was a great find and we would definitely stay again.
Property: Super 8 Daleville/RoanokeAddress: 446 Roanoke Rd, Daleville, VA 24083 (Formerly Econo Lodge)
Location: United States > Virginia > Daleville
Business Center with Internet Access Free Breakfast Free High Speed Internet ( WiFi ) Free Parking Restaurant Swimming Pool Wheelchair access
Ranked #1 of 2 Hotels in Daleville
Price Range (Based on Average Rates): $
Hotel Class:2 star — Super 8 Daleville/Roanoke 2*
Number of rooms: 66
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Booking.com, Orbitz, Priceline, Hotels.com, Hotwire, Travelocity and Odigeo so you can book your Super 8 Daleville/Roanoke reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Super 8 Daleville Hotel Daleville
- Super Eight Daleville
- Daleville Super Eight
- Daleville Super 8

domain: travel


With improved battery technology, no memory effect and minimal self-discharge, the V20 lithium ion battery pack is ready to go to work whenever you are and wherever the job takes you - and it will last longer too.
Featuring 1 x SFMCD715 Brushless Hammer Drill and 1 1x SFMCF810 Brushless Impact Driver
Brushless motor technology for improved power efficiency and longer runtime, from a smaller, more compact motor with reduced maintenance, and extended working life.
Integral battery state of charge indicator for convenient monitoring of battery charge levels.
The Brushless Hammer Drill provides Powerful hammer action provides up to 32,300 BPM for efficient drilling into masonry and motor providing up to 1,900 RPM and 60Nm of torque for efficient drilling and screwdriving into wood, metal and plastic, as well as 15 clutch settings to control the depth of the fastener you’re driving.
The Brushless Impact Driver has a Powerful motor providing up to 2,800 RPM, 3,500 BPM and 170Nm of torque for driving larger fasteners and other high torque applications.
Two 18V STANLEY® FATMAX® V20 Cordless System (2.0Ah) batteries, charger and soft bag included
Part of the new 18V STANLEY® FATMAX® V20 Cordless System - power all your V20 tools with a common new & improved 18V lithium ion battery to let you power through work with ease.
Register your STANLEY Fatmax Powertool to claim your 3 year guarantee*


# Exploit Title: chillyCMS 1.3.0 Multiple Vulnerabilities # Google Dork: "powered by chillyCMS" # Date: 15 February 2013 # Exploit Author: Abhi M Balakrishnan # Vendor Homepage: http://chillycms.bplaced.net/ # Software Link: http://chillycms.bplaced.net/chillyCMS/media/files/chillyCMS_full.zip # Version: 1.3.0 # Tested on: uWAMP 2.1 (PHP 5.2.17, MySQL 5.5.9), Windows 8 # Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6B3rND9S75g # Vulnerability Failure to Restrict URL Access chillyCMS uses 302 redirects to restrict access to the unautorized pages. # Exploit Step 1: Create a rule in No-Redirect Add-on: ^http://localhost/chillyCMS/ Step 2: Access http://localhost/chillyCMS/admin/ # Vulnerability Arbitrary File Upload chillyCMS/admin/design.site.php page extracts all uploaded ZIP files to chillyCMS/tmp directory # Exploit Step 1: Create a ZIP file of the files to be uploaded. Example: Compress shell.php to get shell.zip Step 2: Upload shell.zip Step 3: Access the shell at http://localhost/chillyCMS/tmp/shell.php # History 11 March 2012 - Discovered vulnerability and exploit, contacted the vendor. 12 March 2012 - Vendor responds back, exchanges few mails. 15 November 2012 - Vendor discontinues further development. 15 February 2013 - Published the vulnerabilities and exploits to the public. # How to reproduce The latest download from the website was not working on fresh install. An earlier version (1.1.3) has been installed and all the PHP files, except config.php, have been replaced with new files.


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Intuitive Group Reading
withAlexandra HopeFlood at South Kingstown
Fri, Dec 1, 2017 at 7:00 pm - 9:00 pm
Spend a lively and informative evening with Alix, All That Matters’ Intuitive Life Coach, to learn more about the power of intuition, how it works, and how it’s available to everyone. Following a brief discussion, intuitively selected participants will receive a mini-reading.
Note: Depending on group size, Alix may not be able to read all participants.
To receive a private session in our SK location with Alix, please call our Front Desk at 401-782-2126. Alix can tap into your unique Individual Divine Guidance and then help you apply it to your real-world life, offering rare insight into your life and true soul purpose.

domain: psychology


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Online slot games can be played from mobile devices as well as PCs and laptops. They feature three or more reels with different symbols on them. The user places bets on the outcome of each spin. The aim is to match a particular combination of symbols in order to win a large amount of money. However, luck plays a significant role when playing these games as it increases the likelihood of winning.
Themes are also a major draw for online slots. They can be inspired by popular computer games, films, and TV shows. Some even have locations as themes. World history themes are also very popular. Others are based on famous cities. Online slots with these themes can provide a great opportunity for virtual travel. The bonus rounds are also very generous and the jackpot payouts are fast and secure.
Online slot games are simple to play even for beginners. Online slots offer a high Return on Investment. You should also check if you can play them with bonus money. There are welcome bonuses for new members, and it’s important to check the terms and conditions of each bonus before you start playing. You can find the bonus terms and conditions on the casino’s site or on review pages.
Online slots are also easily accessible to mobile users. With the increasing number of people using portable devices to access the internet, online slots have expanded their audience and made it much easier for people to play the games. This has contributed to the popularity of these online slot games. They’re also affordable, and can be played anytime and anywhere.
Online slot games can be addictive and fun. However, they’re best played responsibly. Make sure to set a budget and track your winnings. Make sure you know what your bankroll is before you start playing online. You’ll be glad you did! You’ll be pleasantly surprised by how much fun online slot games are!
When selecting an online slot game, payback percentage is important. The higher the RTP, the more likely it is to pay out big wins. A high RTP slot pays out small wins more frequently, while a low one pays out a large payout only once in a while. Whether you’re playing for the big prizes, or simply enjoy a relaxing time on the casino, it’s important to find a game with a high RTP.
If you want to play online slots for real money, there are many options to choose from. Some of the top slots sites cater to US players, while others cater to international players. A good selection of games and great promotions makes these sites great options for gambling. Just make sure to read the terms and conditions of each bonus before activating it.

domain: hobby


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Electronic Filing Rolled Out in Maryland
August 5, 2020
Although Baltimore City Circuit Court has used an electronic filing system for the asbestos docket for a number of years, all other matters have used a paper filing system from the dawn of time. That is now changing. The Maryland Electronic Court (“MDEC”), which made its debut in Anne Arundel County in October 2014, will eventually create a single judiciary-wide integrated case management system that will be used by all courts in the state. Currently, the Circuit and District Courts in Anne Arundel County, the Maryland Court of Appeals, and the Maryland Court of Special Appeals are taking part in MDEC. All attorneys practicing in these courts are now required to electronically file all documents. The initial focus will be on civil, family and juvenile cases with criminal matters going live in January/February 2015.
MDEC will allow the courts to collect, store and process records electronically, and will be able to instantly access complete records as cases travel from District Court to Circuit Court and on to the appellate courts.
During the implementation of MDEC the Maryland Judiciary Case Search will still exist. Case types that currently appear on Maryland Judiciary Case Search will still be found there, even if the court where the case is filed has transitioned to MDEC.
As part of the MDEC effort, courtrooms in Maryland will be evolving to become “paperless.” The District Court in Glen Burnie has been testing a new audio-visual solution that will allow a courtroom to operate in a paperless environment.
While the MDEC system is still working out some kinks, the plan is to stay focused on Anne Arundel County for approximately six months and then expand to counties in the upper Eastern Shore, lower Eastern Shore and then to Baltimore County and the remainder of the state.

domain: news


39 Views+0 Votes
The Heartland Poker Tour have a chat to female player Vanessa Wang, who recently took down an event at the WPT Seminole Hard Rock Poker Showdown, at the HPT event at the Ameristar Casino Resort Spa in St Charles, MO
31 Views+0 Votes
Nolan Dalla, Author of One of a Kind; The Rise & Fall of Stuey 'The Kid' Ungar, discusses other great poker book & authors with High Roller Radio. Dalla is a poker historian & WSOP Media Director.
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The Unibet Open has found its way back to Malta after a five-year hiatus, and Remko Rinkema is very excited to see what this beautiful island has to offer!
41 Views+0 Votes
Chris Nicholas talks to Melissa Castello about his impressive run during Day 2 at the partypoker WPT National UK at Dusk Till Dawn casino in Nottingham
73 Views+0 Votes
Kane Lai and Jake Schindler clash after an action flop on the final table of the WPT Alpha8 at the Bellagio Casino in Las Vegas.
47 Views+0 Votes
Shaun Deeb joins Joey Ingram for his PokerLife Podcast. They talk about recent allegations made by a female player towards Shaun and other members of the poker community, the recent spat between Doug Polk and Jason Mercier, and Shaun crushing the recent SCOOP series on Pokerstars
45 Views+0 Votes
Andrew Jankowski wins the partypoker WPT National UK event in dramatic fashion after qualifying in a one-cent satellite and taking down the main event for $195,210. Here is he talking to PartyPoker ambassador Tony Dunst
90 Views+0 Votes
Rikard Aberg is at the Unibet Poker Open in Malta, chatting to eSports legend Kevin "RotterdaM08" Van Der Kooi. Kevin has over 50,000 followers on Twitch and won the first ever eSports Battle Royale in 2015.The pair talk about Starcraft 2, for which Kevin is known most for; poker pro and fellow eSports competitor Lex Veldhuis; Unibet; Feyenoord; the Commerce Casino; heading to the WSOP; and upcoming eSports events.You can view the final table live steam of the Unibet Poker Open Malta here: www.twitch.tv/unibetpoker
164 Views+0 Votes
Jeanine Deeb interviews Steve Tada who has just took down the WPT Deepstacks Central California Main Event for $36,129 and entry to the $3k Champions event at the end of the season.
230 Views+0 Votes
Nolan Dalla, WSOP Media Director, poker historian & author of One of a Kind, talks to High Roller Radio about his legendary book & his legendary subject, 3-time world champion of poker Stu Ungar.
179 Views+0 Votes
High Roller Radio talk to Nolan Dalla, WSOP Media Director, poker historian & author of the Stu Ungar biography One of a Kind, about the explosive growth of the WSOP over the years.
5,430 Views+0 Votes
WPT Champions Club member Brian Altman and local player Carter Swidler, both flop big in this hand from the final table of 2016 WPT Montreal Main Event held at the Playground Casino


Govt urged to name far north 'wild rivers'
The Queensland Government has been accused of failing to reveal which far north rivers will be declared wild rivers under state legislation.
The State Opposition says seven more rivers will be "locked up", but says the Natural Resources Minister Craig Wallace refuses to name the rivers earmarked for protection.
Settlement Creek, Morning Inlet, the Gregory River and Staaten River in the Gulf of Carpentaria have already been declared wild rivers.
The Opposition's natural resources spokesman, Ray Hopper, says landholders have a right to know if the legislation will affect them.
"I know for a fact, the Minister knows and I know he has a timetable and a structure of which rivers he will announce and when he will announce them, and all the people it affects, you just have to take it because that's about what will happen," he said.
Mr Wallace has denied the claims.
"There's been no wild rivers declarations on Cape York and indeed there hasn't been any nominations yet," he said.
"As I have said and the Premier has said previously, we will consult widely."


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|Tunes and talent at annual arts festival|
|Written by Brittany Tepper, Daily Vidette Staff Writer|
|Monday, 02 July 2012 14:14|
Get out and enjoy the beautiful weather and great atmosphere of Uptown Normal this weekend. The Sugar Creek Arts Festival will take place July 7–8 and is free to all. The festival will include live music, food vendors, and, of course, art.
Approximately 135 artists from across the country will gather to sell their artwork, while art professionals are judging their artwork. A wide variety of art will be available including jewelry, textiles, wood works, photography, ceramics, glass blown art, and sculptures.
Monetary awards and ribbons will be given to winning artists in the categories of fine arts and fine crafts, and the overall ‘Best in Show’ winner who will win $500.
Doug Johnson, Executive Director of the McLean County Arts Center, says a new award category will be added this year in honor of a sculptor who had participated in previous festivals.
“We do have an additional new award this year, and it’s in honor of D. Bill. It’s a prize for artwork that best utilizes recycled material. It’s in honor of a local artist who was a ‘Best in Show’ winner who died last year,” said Johnson.
Typically, only art professionals display their art in the festival, however, students have also taken part previously.
“We have had students in the past, but they would have to have the displays and the set up. So it’s really geared toward the professionals,” Johnson added.
Live music will be provided by GLT radio, including a demonstration by the Sugar Creek Cloggers. A Blues rock band, Jazz quintet, acoustic folk duo, and a traditional Irish and American folk band will also be playing on the Sugar Creek stage.
This is the festival’s 29th year, making it one of the most popular juried art festivals in the Midwest. About 20,000 people are expected to attend.
Bloomington–Normal residents and ISU students are excited about this year’s festival. Gabrielle Thomas, senior communications major, has never attended the Sugar Creek Arts Festival before but is looking forward to gaining a new experience.
“This summer I have decided to stay in Bloomington so that I can take summer classes and work, but when I don’t have to work I want to do something enjoyable. It’s really hard to find things to do in this town, especially when more than half of ISU’s population is gone,” Thomas explained.
She added that although she is not completely sure what to expect, she hopes to find interesting pieces of art and have a good time at the festival.
“I love art and music so I think this will be a nice experience for me. It’s not everyday that you hear about fun and interesting events going on in Bloomington–Normal,” Thomas said.
The festival will take place from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Saturday July 7, and 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. on Sunday July 8. The McLean County Arts Center runs the festival, and this year’s major sponsor is Advocate BroMenn Hospital. For more information visit www.mcaart.org

domain: entertainment


This is part two commenting on the 2018 variant. I’ll go through the chapters one at a time and comment on anything that stands out. So, without further ado…
Cleaner, Greenwich Greenwich
This chapter features this welcome statement:
incentivising people to get out of their cars and use public transport, walking or cycling
But how? There’s no real detail.
It’s a generic statement in a chapter with few concrete policies. What will change from the past four years of mainly poor design? Apart from the odd good scheme it’ll take a complete change in approach by Greenwich’s Highways Department to make a difference.
This chapter contains much of the same vague, non-committal stuff seen previously. I suppose the spectre of Clegg and tuition fees hangs heavy over all politicians these days but a few solid policies wouldn’t go amiss.
It mentions clean streets and how a pleasant environment is an incentive to get out of the car and walk. Yeah, true, but that’s half the story. If streets are very poorly designed being clean won’t do much to change people’s behaviour.
The elephants in the room are not mentioned. That’s Silvertown Tunnel, various retail parks including Ikea, the cruise terminal and how docked ships will be powered plus the overall street network.
In addition to those schemes there’s other developments that’ll also bring sizeable challenges and increased traffic around Greenwich in the very near future. The 1,600 pupil St Mary Magdalene School is one.
The forthcoming Icon shopping centre within the o2 is another. If only a fraction of the expected 4 million annual visitors drive it’s going to make a substantial impact.
Both open later in 2018.
A commitment to retain weekly bin collections is featured and very good news.
There is some stuff about electric and driverless cars. They are coming but it wont be local authorities who are the main drivers and it’s hardly the most pressing issue over the next fiour years where Greenwich Council hold sway.
There’s some coverage on the Low Emission Neighbourhood scheme in east Greenwich. There’s nice ideas included but overall it’s a bit of fairy dust on a massive steaming turd of poor decisions and crap design in the area.
Good projects like the missing cycle link in Charlton are superb but outweighed by car-centric retail parks in the area.
There is also a commitment to plant 2022 trees by 2022. Is 500 a year more than normal? And given they chop down so many what’s the net increase?
Of course everyone wants more trees, but for Greenwich Highways it often appears to be the only street improvement they know of.
In terms of rubbish and flytipping they state:
step up our enforcement action to tackle those who do not respect our
environment, by imposing fines and penalties for littering, fly-tipping and other enviro-crime
Which is good, as enforcement through fines has been one of the lowest across all of London.
work with schools and communities to encourage a reduction in school runs making sure school entrances and surrounding streets are safer
They better get a move on with St Mary Magdalenes at Greenwich peninsula with better crossings and upgrades to encourage walking.
And as long as parking enforcement is so poor some parents will keep driving and stopping in the immediate area at many schools.
encourage the Mayor to extend the Ultra-Low Emission Zone to Greater London so that our children can grow up breathing cleaner air.
Yet they’ll allow children to breath dirty air by a new tunnel, a cruise terminal with no clean on-shore power or retail parks?
And that’s the crunch. For all the clean air statements, the manifesto is avoiding those issues.
ask residents with 100% electric private vehicles to only pay £25 a year for on-street parking permits in a controlled parking zone;
An actual policy! Welcome to see. It’s a good incentive but with the price premium electric cars have, a saving of less than 60 quid a year won’t sway too many people.
There’s not much though on the other parking zone expansions coming up straight after the election. Abbey Wood is one such place that a parking zone is coming after (it was due by now).
And given Greenwich Parking Department (running a £10 million deficit due to barely any staff or enforcement) do not act against widespread crap parking it’ll hardly go down well making people pay £82 a year.
“Encourage”, “incentivise”, “support”, “lobby”, “challenge”
Lots of this like in this chapter like much of the manifesto. Less actual firm policies on things they can be judged by.
establish an annual Business Awards event, following the pilot in 2018.
Sponsored by McDonalds, Ikea, housing developer Lovells (behind the One Woolwich scheme alongside Greenwich Council which sees a large reduction in social homes) and U&I.
Trebles all round.
Improving Our Town Centres
This chapter is very weak and simply lists already-approved schemes or is vague in the extreme. I’m a bit surprised they didn’t list the recent award of £5 million for Plumstead High Street which was great to see.
There’s little acknowledgement or apparent understanding from some council departments of just why some Town Centres and High Streets are poor and not appealing to many residents.
Really vague lines like this isn’t saying anything:
employ a strategy to attract investment into town centres to make them appealing places to spend time
What strategy? There’s no shortage of case studies out there.
Will they hire a town centre manager for Woolwich? Incredibly for a major town centre is hasn’t had one to coordinate improvements and work with businesses.
Will they push for a Business Improvement District (BID)?
Bexleyheath has one, which is Bexley’s rival to Woolwich, and it means High Street names putting money into a pot to improve and promote the town. A great deal of towns across London and the UK have BIDs.
Parts of Woolwich town centre are left to wallow without direction or apparent strategy.
Local Infrastructure and Transport Ambition
This chapter completely ignores Southeastern and forthcoming Thameslink services. It’s hard to think of many London Councils that would not mention crucial rail services when talking about transport.
True, like many issues in the manifesto they don’t have much power on the subject but that doesn’t stop them including those nor lobbying on other issues.
There’s also nothing at all about a London Overground extension from Barking Riverside to Abbey Wood via Thamesmead either, just the DLR which offers much fewer options over the Thames.
The pie in the sky Bakerloo plan is mentioned.
extend our cycle network, work towards providing a cycle hire scheme and aim to treble the number of cyclists
Greenwich previously blocked the Santander cycle scheme coming to the borough as they didn’t want to pay £2 million towards it despite sitting on far more than that through S106 income.
Expect more smaller-scale scheme along the lines of other trials that lack the visibility and reach of Santander Cycle hire.
repair our roads and pavements to the best of our ability. Keep the Highways and Local Labour Scheme in place, whereby unemployed people are offered training by our highways contractor to repair potholes and resurface our roads.
The Highways and Local Labour (HILLs) scheme is a good scheme yet previously promised projects seem to have not materialised.
£50,000 was due to be spent from a previous HILLS scheme improving the area underneath the Woolwich Road flyover in 2015. Little happened.
continue to invest in improving and creating new sports facilities and
upgrading our libraries.
Greenwich have done well to keep open many libraries (not all though as Kidbrooke closed was and not reopened).
However the Plumstead library and gym scheme has shot up in cost offers less sporting facilities than the previous site.
And what happened to the £75,000 they received from the Sainsbury’s development in Abbey Wood back in 2014/15 for a new local library?
“Strong Financial Management”
The parking department has run up a £10 million budget hole in recent years as it misses targets every single year and little changes. It’s been going on for at least five years now. It’s another £1.4 million deficit again this year.
That’s atrocious financial management.
Then there’s a bit about community groups.
We greatly value our wonderfully close relationship with our community organisations, religious and secular. We respect each other’s work in the community and enjoy the
dialogue we share.
Take a look at this. Greenwich Council have been mixing with some eyebrow raising groups.
At the end it states: “Your Labour Council: the figures speak for themselves”.
They certainly do. To give one example, after about 100 requests into what has happened to various funds given to Greenwich Council and unspent, such as £514,000 received and still unspent from Sainsbury’s Charlton to improve the local area, there’s been not one answer.
Ultimately, reading through the document – which you can see here – it’s full of good stuff on the surface but with a real lack of specifics or details. Some massive issues are ignored completely. Much of what is listed is not within their power to change.
I guess that’s to be expected but even given low expectations, the lack of soild policies to arouse some interest or excitement is a shame.
Next up will be the Tories manifesto.
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Or you can buy me a coffee using the new Ko-Fi service here


Individual study: The effects of cutting and burning management of reed Phragmites australis beds on litter disappearance, Hickling Broad National Nature Reserve, Norfolk, England
Cowie N.R., Sutherland W.J., Ditlhogo M.K.M. & James R. (1992) The effects of conservation management of reed beds. II. The flora and litter disappearance. Journal of Applied Ecology, 29, 277-284
Phragmites australis reed beds are valuable wildlife habitats and in the UK support some national rare fauna and flora. For conservation purposes reed beds may be managed by cutting, and in some areas reed is still harvested for thatching. Burning may also be used to arrest succession in reed beds, with periodic flooding also used as a management tool. Accumulation of reed litter and resultant raising and drying out of the ground surface is a problem in conservation management, cutting or burning, often in combination with periodic flooding, are management options. In this study, the effects of management on litter breakdown were determined by an experiment in which plots of reed were cut, burnt or left unmanaged.
Study site: The study was undertaken at Hundred Acre Marsh, Hickling Broad National Nature Reserve (National Grid ref: TG 434211), Norfolk, England.
Experimental design: A replicated experiment was undertaken in and area of 150 x 120 m, divided into 15, 30 x 40 m plots in a stand of reed. Strips around 2 m wide were cut around each. Treatments applied were:
i) cut – late March 1988 reeds cut and removed;
ii) burnt - late March 1988 reeds burnt against the wind (the burn was considered typical for reed beds);
iii) left unmanaged.
Litter disappearance: Old whole reed leaves were taken from standing stems in the unmanaged plots and on 1 November 1988 and air dried. Groups of leaves of known weight were placed in a little bag (10 x 10 cm, 0.02 mm nylon mesh or 4.5 mm polyester mesh) after soaking in distilled water for 24 h. Additional leaves were tied loosely to form bundles, soaked likewise. On 5 December 1988, two groups of four fine and four coarse litter bags and two leaf bundles were placed in each of the 15 plots and covered in litter. Half of the bag and leaf bundles were retrieved after 6 weeks, the rest after 26 weeks.
In the laboratory samples were cleaned, any invertebrates collected and the litter air-dried. Litter/soil samples (using a 22 cm diameter corer to 10 cm depth) were taken from around the leaf bundles, and invertebrates extracted. Leaf weight losses and the number of individuals of each invertebrate family were recorded for the sample types.
The rate of decomposition of reed leaf litter was determined by weight loss from litter bags and leaf bundles. Weight losses (Table 1, attached) were not significantly different between treatments. After 6 weeks weight loss was lowest in fine mesh then coarse mesh litter bags, and highest for leaf bundles, but after 26 weeks there was no significant difference between the three.
There was also no difference in associated soil invertebrates between treatments.
However, weight loss was inversely related to water depth in the plots and after 6 weeks correlated with the number of Oligochaetes (worms), Psychodid (dipteran fly) larvae and some Coleoptera (beetles).
Conclusions: Cutting and burning had no effect on the rate of litter breakdown and there was also no difference in associated soil invertebrates between treatments.
Note: If using or referring to this published study, please read and quote the original paper, this can be viewed at:


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Bunker Talk blog with 25,000 photos of my toy soldier collection of Roco Minitanks, Heiser Models, Fidelis Models, Airfix and Pegasus figures; and 54mm & 60mm plastic soldiers from Tim Mee, Elastowit, BMC, MPC. Be sure to follow Bunker Talk. Email at email@example.com. Get merch at: https://www.redbubble.com/people/bunkertalkwar/shop
Monday, April 5, 2021
Plastic Army Women
The Woman toy soldiers Kickstarter allowed you a discount on buying other products in their catalog and so I picked up a bunch of other stuff. I probably saved almost enough that it off set the cost of the Kickstarter!
So I got a Tim Mee Battle Mountain. I really like it. It certainly is designed for use with army men, and women. It has plenty of flat spaces to stand up the troops. The back it open.
With each set of Army Women you got a Kickstarter exclusive of a copper plastic Army Woman figure, and a Rosie the Riveter figure on a pedestal.
They also included a Rosie the Riveter figure in the set on a regular base. Shown here with the bazooka woman.


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If you’re a lover of the great outdoors, Bhutan is the perfect place, but be aware that it’s the antithesis of a shoestring backpacker destination. There’s a daily tourist tax to pay which starts at £130, but this does buy you some peace and quiet: barely 20.000 tourists a year visit the country and the government restricts numbers, keeping it off the international tourist trail.
Stay at the Uma Paro hotel (www.uma.paro.como.bz) and be pampered. Guests are butler-driven to their villa in the blue pine forest above reception where they can enjoy gorgeous views, yoga sessions and relax in the bathhouse, with water heated by hot river rocks.
From here you can take the two hour trek to the Taktsang Monastery known as the Tiger's Nest which is perched on a sheer cliff face 3000 feet above the Paro Valley floor. It was built in honour of Bhutan prophet, Guru Rinponche, who brought Buddhism to the country in the 8th century.
Serious mountain walkers attempt the Snowman Trek, a 25 day hike from Drukyel Dzong to Bumthang. However it’s known as the toughest trek in the world and not for the fainthearted, nor indeed for celebrities such as Cameron Diaz and Keira Knightley who have been spotted holidaying in this small kingdom. But if you are an experienced mountain walker and interested, check out www.himalayaexpeditions.com

domain: geography


quality control of fuel.
Different fuels often have distinguishable chemical fingerprints. For example, these fingerprints can be used to detect the origin of the fuel, i.e., where the raw oil used in the fuel originated from.
At Demcon, we have a near infrared spectroscopy sensor to enable fuel quality control for one of our customers. Extracted data is input for an algorithm that can classify into different quality grades. Besides the spectroscopy technology, we also integrated the measurement sensor into a flow cell. This flow cell allows continuous analysis of the fuel and is ATEX approved.


Increasingly, employers are using or exploring the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in recruitment or an employment context.
AI can help make recruitment processes more efficient, better identify the best talent applying for positions and to try to eliminate – or even just minimise – potential for human biases in the recruitment process.
AI tools can be used to perform sifts of CVs and application forms, search prospective employees’ social media for key phrases or terms and schedule appointments and interviews.
Similarly, it can be used to analyse the tone of voice or facial movement during interviews or perform automatic filtering of candidates through online assessments and tests. But its use is not without risks.
A recent report from the TUC, published jointly with the AI Consultancy in May 2021, reignited the debate over how AI can be used in a way that minimises the legal risks, and what legal reforms may be required to support this.
Burness Paull summarised ten main points for employers to be aware of when using artificial intelligence in recruitment.
All you need to know about artificial intelligence in recruitment
AI can be time and cost-effective
The main benefit to using artificial intelligence in recruitment is that it can make the process and other HR functions much more time-efficient, which can in turn proves cost-effective. Screening CVs and applications for a role with thousands of applicants might take a person weeks, if not months.
AI tools can assist with these time consuming, and more mundane, tasks.
AI has the potential to remove human bias
AI can potentially remove elements of human bias from the process by helping to standardise aspects of the recruitment process and other HR functions. Fundamentally, it removes individual discretion from the decision-making process.
For example, having an AI tool sift applications rather than a manager, reduces any risk of that manager harbouring, say, racist or sexist views, and of those affecting their recruitment decision making.
AI can also conduct sentiment analysis on, for example, job ads or descriptions, to ensure the language has no hidden bias. However, AI cannot eliminate bias completely (see below).
But AI also has the potential to perpetuate discrimination…
Whilst on the face of it, the use of AI is unlikely to directly discriminate on the grounds of a protected characteristic, the main concern is the potential for AI to be classed as a “provision, criterion or practice” within the meaning of the indirect discrimination provisions of the Equality Act 2010.
Put simply, indirect discrimination is where an employer applies a PCP or a policy to everyone but which more adversely affects people with a particular characteristic.
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The concern with AI is that any algorithm(s) upon which it is based could be deemed to be a PCP for the purpose of indirect discrimination.
So a straightforward if hopefully unlikely example would be a computer program that sifts CVs to identify only candidates who are more than 5 foot 8 inches tall – that could be said to be the use of a PCP which is indirectly discriminatory against women.
Biased data makes for a biased algorithm
AI tools are only as good as the data they are fed – if the data set is biased, the algorithm will likely be biased too. A high profile example was Amazon’s attempt to build a CV screening algorithm. Using Amazon’s recruitment data from the past decade, the algorithm taught itself that male candidates were preferable to female, because Amazon’s previous recruitment decisions had been subject to bias.
The lack of human touch
AI lacks any kind of common sense, compassion or empathetic touch. This can lead to irrational results, such as failing to authorise a holiday request made due to particular personal circumstances, or an indirectly discriminatory algorithm.
By way of example, the Bologna Court in Filcams Cgil Bologna and others v. Deliveroo ITALIA S.R.L, 59 decided that an app used by the Italian Deliveroo company was indirectly discriminatory.
The system treated equally all data inputs in relation to the willingness of riders to work generally and at the busiest times. This might seem sensible, but it failed to take into account any good reasons for late cancellations or inabilities to work, such as childcare or illness, and this disproportionately affected women who tend to bear caring responsibilities.
‘Black Box’ problem
What actually is AI, and how does it work? The problem is that most employees probably won’t know, and so there is a lack of transparency around how decisions are made, which is sometimes called the ‘black-box’ problem.
How does your workforce feel about the use of AI?
Another TUC report on AI highlighted that many employees feel uneasy about the use of AI by their employers to make employment-related decisions, with only 28% feeling comfortable with technology being used to make decisions about them at work. As an employer, how will you manage this apprehension?
Under the UK GDPR, in relation to data processing by AI there is currently no obligation to provide meaningful information if the processing is necessary for the performance of the employment contract or has human involvement in the decision-making. This exemption has been widely criticised.
The EU’s regulations for reform
The EU has published regulations for harmonised rules for the safe use and development of AI, the first to do so globally. It classes AI systems involved in employment as ‘high risk’ and therefore subject to particular safeguards.
As the UK has left the EU, the regulations will not be binding here, but any UK companies using AI in the EU will be subject to the regulations in force there.
Whilst the EU is legislating in Europe, it is likely the UK will see reform in this area in the near future too. The recent TUC Report is just one paper, following a line of others, which calls for legislative reform and increased regulation – and it is unlikely to be the last. This is an area to keep an eye on.
What does this mean for employers?
Employers need to know what AI tools they are using and be aware of any unintended consequences of their use. The extent to which employers bear legal responsibility for any discriminatory acts arising from AI systems remains to be fully tested but employers should be aware of such risks.
Consideration should therefore be given as to whether such tools are actually necessary, and any impact they might be having on the fairness of decision-making. Employees and workers should also be kept informed of how decisions are made about them.
If you’d like to know more about using AI in your recruitment process and your responsibilities as an employer, please do get in touch and we’d be delighted to talk you through things in more detail.


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West University Place Real Estate Overview:
Houston’s own dynamic duo — West University Place and nearby Rice Village— are tucked between Highway 59 and the 610 Loop. Recently named one of the best ZIP codes in the country and a “bedroom community to envy,” the neighborhood has much to offer. Originally conceived as a community of country homes, West U (as it is now affectionately known) was named for its proximity to neighbor Rice Institute, now Rice University.
The development got off to a rocky start due to its swampy conditions and the expense of supplying water and electricity to its few residents. Safe to say it rebounded.
Firmly entrenched as one of Houston’s ‘it’ neighborhoods, the area is home to families and working professionals. And the shopping? With 300 shops in 16 blocks, the Rice Village Shopping Center has got you covered. “West University Place is a great community to live and visit because of its small town charm with all of the nearby amenities of a large city,” says West University Place City Manager Michael Ross.


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We Buy Des Moines Houses for CASH!!
No matter the situation or property condition, we can buy your house FAST!
Need To Sell Your Des Moines House Fast? We Can Help!
DM Homebuyers Buys Des Moines Houses Fast – Any Size, Any Condition, Any Situation!
Sell Your House Fast in Des Moines
We Buy Houses in Des Moines for Cash with no contingencies
All Types Of Properties
DM Homebuyers purchases houses of any type throughout Des Moines and Central Iowa. Regardless of condition or circumstances you can sell your home fast with DM Homebuyers. We will pay you a fair price for your property. No matter if there’s a hole in the roof, broken windows, or a bad foundation we will buy your house.
Fast and Fair
We’ve been helping our clients for more than 10 years. Almost all of them decided to let us help them because they needed a solution that FAST and FAIR. We are able to accomplish both for our clients.
Closing on your timeline
You probably have heard a lot of people say “We can close quickly”. While we CAN close quickly, we prefer to close on YOUR timeline. If you need to move as fast as possible we’re all for it. If you need a couple of months to get things situated, that’s cool too!
Who Are We?
DM Homebuyers is a real estate solutions company located in Des Moines, IA that specializes in buying homes. We are experts at finding solutions for people who are in the market to sell their own home or investment property quickly for any reason. Our diverse team has experience with all types of buying and selling scenarios, and we understand how to make every transaction simple and stress free. We are certain that we can find a win-win solution for you, whether it be a traditional or creative selling solution.
We are prepared to make a fair, all CASH offer on your property PLUS we’d like to give you instant access to our FREE report, “7 Ways To Increase Your Home’s Value For Under $150.” Just fill out the short form on this page.
Get our Free report on how to sell you house faster.
What’s the Process?
SELL YOUR DES MOINES HOME FOR CASH IN THREE EASY STEPS
No, we’re not real estate agents. We operate as a real estate consulting and problem-solving firm, dedicated to providing comprehensive solutions for our clients’ real estate challenges. While using a Real Estate agent is one approach, we specialize in addressing issues that fall outside the scope of traditional transactions. If necessary, we can connect you with our network of trusted licensed agents.
Real estate agents list properties and hope that someone will buy them. The agent will ask you to paint, repair or replace items, get rid of your “stuff”. Then they will stage it, list it, show the properties to prospective buyers and then takes a percentage of the sale price if they find a buyer. Oftentimes, the agent’s commission is 6% of the sale price of your house. Agents provide a great service for those that can wait 45 days or more to sell and who do not mind giving up some of that sale price to pay for the commissions. We’re different: We are professional home buyers. We come to you with a solid and concrete offer as a pre-qualified buyer. Because we are pre-qualified for the purchase amount, the sale is more secure and we can close faster than a traditional buyer with less hassles.
If your house is in foreclosure or about to be, over-leveraged, condemned, has liens, not maintained, fire-damaged, inherited with too many repairs or just not wanted, WE WANT IT!
It does not matter what condition your house is in; we can help you by making a fair cash offer on your home today. The costs involved in repairs, touch-ups, painting, and cleaning leave you drained and cost you thousands of dollars. Not to mention; extra mortgage payments and tax payments taking money away from your bottom line. And all of this is before the house is even on the market! We buy houses on your terms AS-IS, without requesting any repairs. Take what you want with you and leave everything else behind. We handle the clean-up.
Our process does not involve getting qualified by a mortgage bank to obtain a home loan or listing the property on the MLS or any other listing platform. The reason our team can purchase properties very quickly is because we are preapproved for funds with a Private Money Lender. Our offer is more secure and concrete along with us being able to close faster than a traditional buyer
Initiating the process is easy—simply call us, schedule a call, or complete the online form. We’ll promptly reach out to gather more details about your property. Following that, we’ll arrange a property viewing and present you with a fair, honest, and binding offer within as little as 24 hours, without any obligation on your part. You have the flexibility to select the closing date, with the option to close the deal in as little as 10 days from accepting our offer or on a timeline that suits you.
Who we buy houses from to help:
You may be thinking that only people facing foreclosure require a company that buys houses fast in Des Moines. You might be surprised to find out that we buy houses from people for lots of different reasons…the vast majority of which do not involve the need to avoid foreclosure.
Are you experiencing one of these situations:
- Inherited a house that you have no use for? You can sell it!
- Nightmare tenants making your life miserable?
- Mooching relatives living in your house without paying?
- Too many repairs needed and don’t have the desire to fix it?
- Behind on payments and facing foreclosure?
- Want to invest in a business or another house and need the cash?
- Never really wanted to be a landlord and just want to cash out?
- House too big and you want to downsize?
- Don’t feel like paying a Realtor thousands of dollars in commissions?
- Don’t want dozens of strangers viewing your house if you put it up for sale?
- Recently divorced and need a way out of the house?
- Trying to relocate and need to sell your Des Moines house fast?
Stop dealing with these issues and call DM Homebuyers today to sell your House AS-IS for CASH!!

domain: finance


This SES Suspension Upgrade fits the front or rear suspensions. Timbren engineered their hollow rubber springs to deliver a progressive spring rate. In other words, the more weight that pushes down on the rubber springs the harder they work to prevent rear end sag. Whether you’re pulling a trailer or carrying a heavy load in the bed of your truck, Tiimbren's hollow rubber springs adjust automatically to keep the vehicle level at all times.
This SES Suspension Upgrade replaces the jounce stop on the frame. Its unique design ensures superb ride quality – loaded or unloaded. (There should be a 1/2” to 1-1/2” gap between rubber spring and axle to ensure unloaded ride quality.) Unlike other auxiliary spring systems, the SES Suspension Upgrade guarantees the best of both worlds.
These replaced stock jounce stops on my truck. Installation was breeze, a 15mm wrench and a 17mm deep socket. The stock jounce was 4 in, the Timbrens' are 7 in tall. Left me just under 3/4 of an inch to axle stop. Exactly what I needed to eliminate rear sag when towing my travel trailer.


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Diving into art mediums may seem like a huge feat. Without full understanding, we may avoid creating our own custom pieces. Rest assure, we are here to address the most common questions relating to Acrylic and prints on Metal.
1) Does the thickness of acrylic affect image quality?
We offer various thickness styles – 1/8, 3/16, 1/4 and 3/8. It only changes what it says thickness. The quality of the image provided determines the end result. Thickness is a personal preference.
2) Do I need to use thicker acrylic with larger size pieces?
It depends on the chosen displace option. For instance, with standoff, you would need a thicker acrylic to avoid bending. For float off the wall, we recommend a 1/8 acrylic as it is light weight and easy to place.
3) Do you offer shiny prints on metal
At Big Acrylic, we use a white dibond and add a varnish that permits a polish across the Metal. Our technique is known as Flatbed printing, meaning to digitally print images directly on the dibond. It varies from the commonly used Sublimation process, setting us aside by using heat transfer instead. The end result – a lustrous product.
4) I saw on other sites you can put the acrylic outside. Can your products last outdoors?
Technically, Yes. However, do not expect a long “lifespan”. Acrylics can endure environmental changes for about a year. Our suggestion steers you away from placing a precious acrylic outside, and rather, focus your attention on Metal printing. Metal can withstand the harshest tests of time and would be your go to product for outdoor décor.
5) Are your prints on Acrylic scratch free?
Yes and No. If taken care of acrylic prints can last a life time. However, if grazed across a sharp edge, or cleaned with a roughness, scratches may appear. If you are seeking a scratch resistant medium, metal would be the best option. Choose the option for varnish to enhance that extra layer or protection.
6) What is Sintra?
Sintra is a rigid structural material that furnishes the acrylic with more body. It is not necessary for small or very large pieces unless you are seeking an extra thickness on your acrylic print. If you wish to hide display options in the back of the acrylic, then sintra is for you. We currently print in blank ink to offer the same option as well.
7) What happens if we order and do not like the Acrylic prints?
In the rare occasion an Acrylic arrives damaged, we will replace it immediately at no cost to you. If you are not satisfied with the colors, we cannot offer a recourse unless a hard copy with an exact color match was provided. A scenario as such is one and few in-between.
8) Why does your site not offer a live chat?
Great question. We prefer to speak with our clients than do instant chat. It is quicker, more personable, and gives us a chance understand and relay all information. At Big Acrylic, we enjoy our customer service and building relationships.
Quick anecdote. Our first attempt with chat lead to a huge misunderstanding (surprise). The caps lock went full throttle and the potential client assumed it was an indication of us yelling! Could not have been further from the truth. Therefore, next day, the chat feature was no more.
9) What is the most popular display option for Prints on Metal and Acrylic?
The float option is by far the most common. With its very user-friendly feature, the classic two screws in the wall and eh voila! It’s up! Box to display is a very minimal process. The float option is also the most popular with prints on metal.
10) Can I download an image I find on the internet and create a print on Acrylic?
Aside from copyright violations, most images found online are small and subpar quality. The lack of d.p.i. makes it quite challenging to print a quality acrylic or mental image. We often suggest checking out www.pixabay.com. Throughout the process, we are here to help in any way possible to select the best photo for a superb result.
11) I have a physical photo and would like it printed and enlarged. Is this possible?
Yes, you can either scan the photo in 600 d.p.i and we will confirm the print size OR send us the hard copy to scan ourselves. If you wish to have a largescale print, we can do that through our professional digital scanner to customize the desired result.
12) We want our photo to be cut into 3 pieces. Can you do it?
Triptychs is a very trendy style. Just send us the photo you wish to use, and we can form it into three panels. Before production, we provide a virtual proof to make sure it meets your expectations.
13) What is the largest size you can produce?
We can do Acrylic prints up to 60-120 inches. Not many facilities can accomplish this, yet we are able to! Our most common large sizes are 40 – 120 inches. Metal prints have a range up to 60-96 inches.
14) Do you have a showroom to visit?
Yes indeed. Along with our production facility we have a 1600 square foot gallery that showcases a spectrum of styles and displays. If you are in the area, we encourage you to stop by.

domain: artistic


In episode #2146, Neil and Eric talk about what to expect from the future of advertising. While the future of marketing is set to be much more integrated, there are still a few key obstacles that are preventing this from becoming a reality. Tune in to learn what the biggest challenges are and what solutions we’ll need to see implemented for advertising to become more integrated in the coming years.
TIME-STAMPED SHOW NOTES:
- [00:20] Today’s topic: What Is The Future Of Advertising?
- [00:26] Why we expect the future of marketing to be a lot more integrated.
- [00:41] The challenges of a more integrated approach.
- [00:46] The current lack of tools to integrate your campaign across platforms.
- [01:33] Why tracking needs to improve and the role it plays in advertising today.
- [02:38] The concept of Web 5.0 and what it could mean for marketing.
- [04:20] That’s it for today! Don’t forget to rate, review, and subscribe to this podcast!
- [04:21] Visit https://www.marketingschool.io/live to learn about our next event from 29-31 August!
- [04:33] Go to https://www.marketingschool.io to learn more!
Links Mentioned in Today’s Episode:
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Sea-Dog Line and Mallory Marine were the winners of the 2009 National Marine Distributors Association Supplier of the Year Awards, which were presented Monday during the NMDA's annual Sales, Training, Education & Purchasing Conference in Orlando, Fla.
"In these very challenging times for our industry, it has never been more important to recognize the outstanding performance of companies supplying products through NMDA member wholesale distributors, to the thousands of independent marine retailers across the U.S. and Canada," NMDA executive director Nancy Cueroni said in a statement.
Sea-Dog Line won for the fifth year in a row in the platinum suppliers' category. The Everett, Wash.-based company is a leading supplier of more than 5,500 marine dock, deck and rigging hardware items, 12-volt electrical/lighting and ventilation accessories. Runners-up in this category were Tie Down Engineering and Kwik Tek.
Mallory Marine of Cleveland was the winner in the gold suppliers' category. Runners-up in this category were BoatBuckle Brand Tie Down Systems and Uflex USA.
NMDA also handed out three Special Focus Awards at the luncheon. ProMariner received the award for Best Packaging, Sea-Dog Line received the award for Marketing Philosophy and Sea Dog Line also captured the award for Supply Chain Standards Efficiency.


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Origins of Intersectionality
This body of work, not to mention other contributions by Black feminists such as Patricia Hill Collins, Kimberlé Crenshaw, bell hooks, Audre Lorde, Barbara Smith, and others, engages in critical and important conversations about Black sexuality. Black feminists, for example, provided a theoretical lens to examine oppression referred to as intersectionality. This tool continues to be a major contribution as it examines how individuals experience oppression differently based on their social location in terms of their sexuality, gender, class, race, ability, and religion, among other identities.
Sociologist Patricia Hill Collins (1990) developed the matrix of domination/oppression, a sociological paradigm that explains issues of oppression that deal with race, class, and gender. Other forms of classification such as sexual orientation, religion, or age apply to this theory as well. In Collins’ Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment, she first describes the concept of matrix thinking within the context of how Black women in America encounter institutional discrimination based upon their race and gender. A prominent example of this in the 1990s was racial segregation, especially as it related to housing, education, and employment. At the time, there was very little encouraged interaction between whites and Blacks in these common sectors of society. Collins argues that this demonstrates how being Black and female in America continues to perpetuate certain common experiences for African-American women. As such, African-American women live in a different world than those who are not Black and female. Collins notes how this shared social struggle can actually result in the formation of a group-based collective effort, citing how the high concentration of African-American women in the domestic labor sector in combination with racial segregation in housing and schooling contributed directly to the organization of the Black feminist movement. The collective wisdom shared by Black women that held these specific experiences constituted a distinct viewpoint for African-American women concerning correlations between their race and gender and the resulting economic consequences.
Kimberlé Crenshaw, the founder of the term intersectionality, brought national and scholarly credential to the term through the paper Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics in The University of Chicago Legal Forum. In the paper, she uses intersectionality to reveal how feminist movements and anti-racist movements exclude women of color. Focusing on the experiences of Black women, she dissects several court cases, influential pieces of literature, personal experiences, and doctrinal manifestations as evidence for the way Black women are oppressed through many different experiences, systems, and groups.
Though the specifics differ, the basic argument is the same: Black women are oppressed in a multitude of situations because people are unable to see how their identities intersect and influence each other. Feminism has been crafted for white middle-class women, hence only considering problems that affect this group of people. Unfortunately, this only captures a small facet of the oppression women face. By catering to the most privileged women and addressing only the problems they face, feminism alienates women of color and lower-class women by refusing to accept the way other forms of oppression feed into the sexism they face. Not only does feminism completely disregard the experiences of women of color, it also solidifies the connection between womanhood and whiteness when feminists speak for "all women" (Crenshaw, 1989, p. 154) Oppression cannot be detangled or separated easily in the same way identities cannot be separated easily. It is impossible to address the problem of sexism without addressing racism, as many women experience both racism and sexism. This theory can also be applied to the anti-racist movement, which rarely addresses the problem of sexism, even though it is thoroughly intertwined with the problem of racism. Feminism remains white, and antiracism remains male. In essence, any theory that tries to measure the extent and manner of oppression Black women face will be wholly incorrect without using intersectionality.
Both intersectionality and the matrix of domination help sociologists understand power relationships and systems of oppression in society. The matrix of domination looks at the overall organization of power in society while intersectionality is used to understand a specific social location of an identity using mutually constructing features of oppression. The concept of intersectionality today is used to move away from one dimensional thinking in the matrix of domination approach by allowing for different power dynamics of different identity categories at the same time. Researchers in public health are using Intersectionality-Based Policy Analysis (IBPA) Framework to show how social categories intersect to identify health disparities that evolve from factors beyond an individual's personal health.
Intersectionality can also be used to correct for the over-attribution of traits to groups and be used to emphasize unique experiences within a group. As a result, the field of social work is introducing intersectional approaches in their research and client interactions. At the University of Arkansas, the curriculum for a Master of Social Work (MSW) is being amended to include the Multi-Systems Life Course (MSLC) approach. Christy and Valandra apply an MSLC approach to intimate partner violence and economic abuse against poor women of color to explain that symbols of safety (such as police) in one population can be symbols of oppression in another. By teaching this approach to future social workers, the default recommendation for these women to file a police report is amended and an intervention rooted in the individual case can emerge.
Black Sexuality and Origins of Discrimination
Black Sexuality and Origins of Discrimination
Twinet Parmer and James Gordon (2007) describe Black sexuality as “a collective cultural expression of the multiple identities as sexual beings of a group of Africans in America, who share a slave history that over time has strongly shaped the Black experiences in white America.” There has been a more pronounced focus on Black sexuality than on the sexuality of other ethnic groups. Sharon Rachel and Christian Thrasher (2015) note that “[t]here is no discourse on ‘white’ sexuality, ‘Jewish’ sexuality, ‘Native American’ sexuality, etc.” Even though there is not much work to speak of that focuses on “white” heterosexuality per se in the ways in which the discourse on Black sexuality has been created, it is safe to say that the dominant discourse about sexuality centers and normalizes white sexuality in general and is grounded in dominant cultural terms. It is also important to note that there has been pushback to de-center whiteness. Counternarratives, a component of Critical Race Theory as discussed in Chapter 2.3, question and interrogate the backdrop of whiteness (see also Chapter 6.3) that has been used to normalize white hegemonic sexuality on the one hand and at the same time degrade Black sexuality on the other hand. Black sexuality has historically been negatively judged against a particular kind of white sexual norms: “[t]he pathologizing of Black sexuality continued as means of affirming the superior status of Europeans while restricting the social movement of Black people by characterizing egalitarian interaction with them as undesirable”(McCruder, 2010, p. 104)
Perhaps one of the most poignant and foundational examples of debasing the female Black body with a particular emphasis on big breasts, buttocks, and other sexual body parts occurred in the early nineteenth century with the European obsession with a woman named Saartjie Baartman (1789-1815). Also known as “The Hottentot Venus,” Baartman was a Khoikhoi woman originally from southwest Africa. Essentially, Baartman was taken from her homeland in Africa to Europe, where she was put on exhibit for public viewings in England and France from 1810 until her death. Such a display of Baartman’s body was certainly a way of “Othering” her Black body, especially compared with white European women. Exhibiting Baartman was both a way of showing various aspects of Black sexuality as well as making her a spectacle. Her years on exhibition constituted more of an ongoing “freak show” than honoring Baartman or her body in any way. Magdalena Barrera (2002) has noted that “When the [public] paid to see her ‘perform’—she was held in a cage and made to dance half-naked in order to receive any food...People were so perplexed upon seeing her that they debated whether she was even human.” Following her death in 1815, Baartman’s image remained on display in the form of a plaster cast of her body at the Mus᷇ee de l’Homme in Paris, France, and her sexual body parts were preserved and kept on display until the 1970s. It was not until 2002 that Saartjie Baartman’s bodily remains were returned to her homeland in South Africa for a proper, respectful, and humane burial based on an arrangement made by South African President Nelson Mandela with the French government. Baartman's story illustrates the exoticization of the Black female body, which reified and perpetuated the Western notion of Blackness and linked it to being less than human, lascivious, and non-normative.
This section is licensed CC BY-NC. Attribution: Slavery to Liberation: The African American Experience (Encompass) (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Setting the Stage for Negative Attitudes About Black Sexuality
While the Baartman story provides a single example of the characterization of Black sexuality, it fits with a larger picture of the social construction of race, discussed in Chapter 1.2, that pre-dates Baartman being put on display in Europe. Europeans formed their views of Black people as far back as the sixteenth century. When Europeans came into contact with Africans and witnessed how they interacted sexually with other Africans and non-African individuals as well as the degree to which Africans were clothed, negative attitudes were formed about African sexuality. Historian Kevin McGruder (2010) further states that “[t]he limited apparel worn by most Africans was interpreted by Europeans as a sign of lasciviousness or lack of modesty rather than a concession to the tropical climate. Linked to this impression was a perception that the sex drives of Africans were uncontrollable.” Even more insidious was the suggestion that African people were less than human, even to the extent of their being animalized. This portrayal of African people by Europeans continued for the duration not only of chattel slavery in the American South from 1619 to 1863, but also long after slavery ended into the Jim Crow Era and beyond. Another factor that influenced and perpetuated racist ideologies that concerned both sexual and non-sexual aspects of Black people involved scientific racism that was prominent from the 1600s until the end of World War II (now regarded as pseudo-science or racialized science and thoroughly disregarded as nonsense). Among the academic and professional fields that practiced scientific racism were anthropology, biological sciences, medicine, and so on, in Europe and the United States. A description of Black people from this perspective was written by the nineteenth-century French naturalist and zoologist Georges Cuvier, the same individual who dissected and preserved Baartman’s sexual body parts, appeared in his book The Animal Kingdom: Arranged in Conformity with Its Organization. Among many other topics, Cuvier covered the varieties of the human species. In part, he wrote, “The Negro race is confined to the south of mount Atlas; it is marked by a Black complexion; crisp or woolly hair, compressed cranium, and a flat nose. The projection of the lower parts of the face, and the thick lips, evidently appropriate it to the monkey tribe; the hordes of which it consists have always remained in the most complete state of barbarism” (Cuvier, 1817). Such a description is not only generally dehumanizing but the likening of people of African descent to animals extends to attitudes about their sexuality. Such attitudes deriving from the observations of African people by Europeans when they first visited Africa in the sixteenth century coupled with the racist pseudo-science that was characterized by Cuvier’s claims above, in part, provided a rationale for enslaving people of African descent in North America, in particularly what would become the Southern states of the U.S.
Countering the Negativity About Black Sexuality
While it is important to mark the systemic racism (defined in Chapter 4.4) that has pointed to mainstream society’s discomfort and fear of Black sexuality, it is equally as important to discuss actions that have fought against such injustices. It is absolutely true that Black people and their communities have been maltreated by hundreds of years of racism that have caused both symbolic and material harm. The injustices done by castigating Black individuals for their sexuality have been unconscionable. Such abuses in the forms of microaggressions and macroaggressions have had significant detrimental impacts. There is no question about how profoundly Black individuals and their communities have suffered from racism and how that translated, in part, into demonizing their sexuality. That history is real and needs to be respected and in no way covered up or misrepresented. At the same time, it is also important to point out how Black people and their allies responded and fought back in response to the prejudice and discrimination regarding Black sexual matters.
In a number of ways, resistance to fight against racism has been both realized and effective. One such example is the NAACP’s response to Birth of a Nation (introduced earlier in Chapter 1.4). While it is true that many of the goals of the NAACP including censoring the film did not take hold, a number of other benefits for the NAACP and civil rights came as a result of organizing against the film. In the very early years of its existence, the NAACP focused predominantly on problematic issues that occurred almost exclusively in the South such as housing segregation and lynchings. However, once a Birth of a Nation was released, protests occurred all over the United States, as this film was a national phenomenon and relevant to more than one specific geographical area. Historian Stephen Weinberger (2011) put it best by asserting, “What is perhaps most interesting and important about the campaign against Birth is that while it did not achieve its goals, it transformed the NAACP in ways no one could have anticipated."
The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s and 1930s constituted many African American writers, artists, and social critics who questioned and challenged the pervasive stereotypes, racism, discrimination, and prejudice that haunted Black people from the slavery era well into the Jim Crow period in American history. Besides the overarching cultural work that the Harlem Renaissance achieved, it showed progress in the area of Black sexuality, as “we now know that many of the most significant participants within the Renaissance were... [gay, lesbian, bisexual, and queer people] who found unprecedented amounts of social and intellectual freedom in 1920s New York, not to mention places like Chicago, Washington, D.C., and Atlanta.” Such writers as Langston Hughes and Richard Bruce Nugent included queer themes in their writings, and Blues singer Gladys Bentley often performed in drag. Additionally, drag balls held during this period included hundreds of individuals who were cross-dressed. These are merely a few of the numerous individuals who contributed to this rich historical period. The cultural work that resulted certainly challenged the hegemonic narrative that long haunted Black Americans generally and more specifically about their sexuality.
Long before the successes of striking down the miscegenation laws nationally with the Supreme Court ruling on the Loving v. Virginia case (see also Chapter 1.4), fearless Black activists existed. A prime example of such courage in the face of savage and deadly racism were Black feminists. One such activist was Ida B. Wells (1862-1931), a journalist, “who not only exploded the myth of bestial, white-female-obsessed Black brute but who also established remarkably sophisticated ways of thinking of lynching as a means of controlling newly emancipated—and partially enfranchised—Black American populations.” A number of other Black activists spoke out against anti-Black sentiment connected to Black sexuality. Black icons W.E.B. Dubois (1868-1963), Mary Church Terrell (1863-1954), and Walter Francis white (1893-1955) were champions who specifically challenged the stereotype of the uncivilized Black male who sexually preyed on white women.
Another positive turn occurred when miscegenation laws nationwide were overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court. The last vestige of segregation laws was ruled unconstitutional in the famous court case of Loving v. Virginia in June of 1967. As a result of this Supreme Court ruling, all laws that banned marriages between individuals of mixed racial heritage were null and void. This finding freed individuals to marry whom they wished irrespective of the racial makeup of both people in the relationship. The case was a major victory considering the entrenched widespread belief and legal backing that white and Black individuals could not have interracial sex.
Issues of Black sexuality have surfaced in many other ways through popular culture. It has been a “mixed bag” in terms of perpetuating old, harmful stereotypes on the one hand or being liberatory on the other hand. Yet, some representations cannot be so neatly categorized in one camp or the other. Hollywood movies have portrayed Black sexuality in various ways, and music icons such as Aretha Franklin, Whitney Houston, Janet Jackson, Marvin Gaye, Prince, and others have lyrics in their songs that get at the heart of sex and relationships. How about rap and hip-hop artists and their messages about (Black) sexuality? How have they contributed to the discourse on Black sexuality? How about incidents that have spurred discussion such as when Magic Johnson was diagnosed with HIV, or the Congressional hearings that ensued when Clarence Thomas was being nominated to be an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court and Anita Hill brought charges of sexual harassment? How about popular television programs that feature African Americans? How about the notion of the “Down Low” that was originally discussed as an African American male phenomenon in which presumably otherwise straight men would have sexual contact with other men in a clandestine fashion? While space constraints do not allow for fuller details, descriptions, and analyses of these various popular cultural representations of Black sexuality, they are certainly worthy of detailed analysis in terms of how they have influenced our views and discourses about Black sexuality in U.S. society.
African-American LGBTQ Community
The African-American LGBTQ community is part of the overall LGBTQ culture. LGBTQ stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer. The LGBTQ community did not receive societal recognition until the historical marking of the Stonewall Riots in 1969 in New York at Stonewall Inn. The Stonewall riots brought domestic and global attention to the lesbian and gay community. During the first night of the Stonewall riots, LGBTQ African Americans and Latinos likely were the largest percentage of the protestors, because those groups heavily frequented the bar.
During the Harlem Renaissance, a subculture of LGBTQ African-American artists and entertainers emerged, including people like Alain Locke, Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Wallace Thurman, Richard Bruce Nugent, Bessie Smith, Ma Rainey, Moms Mabley, Mabel Hampton, Alberta Hunter, and Gladys Bentley. Places like Savoy Ballroom and the Rockland Palace hosted drag-ball extravaganzas with prizes awarded for the best costumes. Langston Hughes depicted the balls as "spectacles of color." George Chauncey, author of Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940, wrote that during this period "perhaps nowhere were more men willing to venture out in public in drag than in Harlem."
Black Lesbian Identity
There has historically been a lot of racism and racial segregation in lesbian spaces. Racial and class divisions sometimes made it difficult for Black and white women to see themselves as on the same side in the feminist movement. Black women faced misogyny from within the black community even during the fight for Black liberation. Homophobia was also pervasive in the black community during the Black Arts Movement because “feminine” homosexuality was seen as undermining Black power. Black lesbians especially struggled with the stigma they faced within their own community. With unique experiences and often very different struggles, Black lesbians have developed an identity that is more than the sum of its parts – Black, lesbian, and woman. Some individuals may rank their identities separately, seeing themselves as Black first, woman second, lesbian third, or some other permutation of the three; others see their identities as inextricably interwoven.
Black Transgender People
Black transgender individuals face higher rates of discrimination than black LGB individuals. While policies have been implemented to inhibit discrimination based on gender identity, transgender individuals of color lack legal support. Transgender individuals are still not supported by legislation and policies like the LGBTQ community. New reports show vast discrimination in the black transgender community. Reports show in the National Transgender Discrimination Survey that black transgender individuals, along with non-conforming individuals, have high rates of poverty. Statistics shows a 34% rate of households receiving an income less than $10,000 a year. According to the data, that is twice the rate when looking at transgender individuals of all races and four times higher than the general Black population. Many face poverty due to discrimination and bias when trying to purchase a home or apartment. Thirty-eight percent of black trans individuals report in the Discrimination Survey being turned down property due to their gender identity, while 31% of the Black individuals were evicted due to their identity.
Black transgender individuals also face disparities in education, employment, and health. In education, Black transgender and non-conforming persons face brutish environments while attending school. Reporting rates show 49% of black transgender individuals being harassed from kindergarten to twelfth grade. Physical assault rates are at 27% percent, and sexual assault is at 15%. These drastically high rates have an effect on the mental health of black transgender individuals. As a result of high assault/harassment and discrimination, suicide rates are at the same rate (49%) as harassment to Black transgender individuals. Employment discrimination rates are similarly higher. Statistics show a 26% rate of unemployed black transgender and non-conforming persons. Many Black trans people have lost their jobs or have been denied jobs due to gender identity: 32% are unemployed, and 48% were denied jobs.
Black Gay Pride Movement
The Black Gay Pride movement is a movement within the United States for African American members of the LGBTQ community. Started in the 1990s, Black Gay Pride movements began as a way to provide Black LGBTQ people an alternative to the largely white mainstream LGBTQ movement. White gay prides enforce, both consciously and unconsciously, the long history of ignoring the people of color who share in the experiences. The history of segregation seen in other organizations such as nursing associations, journalism associations, and fraternities is carried on into the black gay prides seen today. The exclusion of people of color in gay pride events plays into the existing undertones of white superiority and racist political movements. In response, the movement serves as a way for black LGBT people to discuss specific issues that are more unique to the black LGBT community and celebrate the progress of the black LGBTQ community. While the mainstream gay pride movement, often perceived as overwhelmingly white, has focused much of its energy on same-sex marriage, the Black Gay Pride movement has focused on issues such as racism, homophobia, and lack of proper health and mental care in Black communities.
Today, there are about 20 Black Gay Pride events all over the United States. The largest of these events have historically been D.C. Black Pride and Atlanta Black Pride. While black pride events started as early as 1988, D.C. Black Pride, which began in 1991, has been cited as one of the earliest celebrations. The D.C. Black Pride celebration started out of a tradition called the Children's Hour 15 years prior.
Economic Disparities within the African-American LGBTQ Community
Within the Black LGBTQ community many face economic disparities and discrimination. Statistically Black LGBTQ individuals are more likely to be unemployed than their non-Black counterparts. According to the Williams Institute, the vast difference lies in the survey responses of “not in workforce” from different populations geographically. Black LGBTQ individuals, nonetheless, face the dilemma of marginalization in the job market. As of 2013, same-sex couples' income is lower than those in heterosexual relationships with an average of $25,000 income. For opposite-sex couples, statistics show a $1,700 increase. Analyzing economic disparities on an intersectional level (gender and race), the Black man is likely to receive a higher income than a woman. For men, statistics shows approximately a $3,000 increase from the average income for all Black LGBTQ identified individuals, and a $6,000 increase in salary for same-sex male couples. Female same-sex couples receive $3,000 less than the average income for all Black LGBTQ individuals and approximately $6,000 less than their male counterparts. The income disparity amongst black LGBTQ families affects the lives of their dependents, contributing to poverty rates. Children growing up in low-income households are more likely to remain in the poverty cycle. Due to economic disparities in the black LGBTQ community, 32% of children raised by gay Black men are in poverty. However, only 13% of children raised by heterosexual Black parents are in poverty and only 7% for white heterosexual parents.
Comparatively looking at gender, race, and sexual orientation, Black women same-sex couples are likely to face more economic disparities than Black women in an opposite sex relationship. Black women in same-sex couples earn $42,000 compared to Black women in opposite-sex relationships who earn $51,000, a twenty-one percent increase in income. Economically, Black women same-sex couples are also less likely to be able to afford housing. Approximately fifty percent of black women same-sex couples can afford to buy housing compared to white women same-sex couples who have a seventy-two percent rate in home ownership.
Adultification Bias of Black Girls
Adultification bias is a form of racial prejudice where children of people of colors, such as African American girls, are treated as being more mature than they actually are by a reasonable social standard of development. As such, African American girls have reported to be treated unfairly such as their true ages were disbelieved when they told authority figures like police officers, and facing consequences in school for misbehaviors while white girls doing the same acts would have their young ages taken into account.
This video explains 'adultification bias' and highlights some of the stories discussed by Black women and girls during focus-group research conducted by the Georgetown Law Center on Poverty's Initiative on Gender Justice and Opportunity.
Black American Experiences of Racial Discrimination Vary by Education Level and Gender
Personal experiences with racial discrimination are common for Black Americans. But certain segments within this group – most notably, those who are college educated or male – are more likely to say they’ve faced certain situations because of their race, according to a new Pew Research Center survey.
A study led by researchers at Stanford, Harvard and the Census Bureau, found in 99% of neighborhoods in the United States, Black boys earn less in adulthood than white boys who grow up in families with comparable income. According to this study (Chetty, Hendren, Jones, & Porter, (2020),
one of the most prominent theories for why Black and white children have different outcomes is that Black children grow up in different neighborhoods than whites. But, we find large gaps even between Black and white men who grow up in families with comparable income in the same Census tract (small geographic areas that contain about 4,250 people on average). Indeed, the disparities persist even among children who grow up on the same block. These results reveal that differences in neighborhood-level resources, such as the quality of schools, cannot explain the intergenerational gaps between Black and white boys by themselves.
The study also states,
Black-white disparities exist in virtually all regions and neighborhoods. Some of the best metro areas for economic mobility for low-income Black boys are comparable to the worst metro areas for low-income white boys, as shown in the maps below. And Black boys have lower rates of upward mobility than white boys in 99 percent of Census tracts in the country (Chetty et. al, 2020).
This study also found that the Black-white income gap is entirely driven by differences in men’s, not women’s, outcomes. The findings show that among those who grow up in families with comparable incomes, Black men grow up to earn substantially less than the white men. In contrast, Black women earn slightly more than white women, which is found to be conditional on parent income. The study also found little or no gap in wages or work hours between Black and white women.
Contributors and Attributions
Content on this page has multiple licenses. Everything is CC BY-SA other than Black Sexuality and Origins of Discrimination which is CC BY-NC.
- Johnson, Shaheen. (Long Beach City College)
- Hund, Janét. (Long Beach City College)
- Slavery to Liberation: The African American Experience (Encompass) (CC BY-NC 4.0) (Contributed to Black Sexuality and Origins of Discrimination)
- Adultification Bias (Wikipedia) (CC BY-SA 3.0)
- Black Gay Pride Movement (Wikipedia) (CC BY-SA 3.0)
- Matrix of Domination (Wikipedia) (CC BY-SA 3.0)
- African-American LGBTQ Community (Wikipedia) (CC BY-SA 3.0)
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