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In order to visualize the global and downstream neuronal responses to deep brain stimulation (DBS) at various targets, we have developed a protocol for using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to image rodents with simultaneous DBS. DBS fMRI presents a number of technical challenges, including accuracy of electrode implantation, MR artifacts created by the electrode, choice of anesthesia and paralytic to minimize any neuronal effects while simultaneously eliminating animal motion, and maintenance of physiological parameters, deviation from which can confound the BOLD signal. Our laboratory has developed a set of procedures that are capable of overcoming most of these possible issues. For electrical stimulation, a homemade tungsten bipolar microelectrode is used, inserted stereotactically at the stimulation site in the anesthetized subject. In preparation for imaging, rodents are fixed on a plastic headpiece and transferred to the magnet bore. For sedation and paralysis during scanning, a cocktail of dexmedetomidine and pancuronium is continuously infused, along with a minimal dose of isoflurane; this preparation minimizes the BOLD ceiling effect of volatile anesthetics. In this example experiment, stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) produces BOLD responses which are observed primarily in ipsilateral cortical regions, centered in motor cortex. Simultaneous DBS and fMRI allows the unambiguous modulation of neural circuits dependent on stimulation location and stimulation parameters, and permits observation of neuronal modulations free of regional bias. This technique may be used to explore the downstream effects of modulating neural circuitry at nearly any brain region, with implications for both experimental and clinical DBS.
19 Related JoVE Articles!
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Institutions: University of Queensland, Charité Universitätsmedizin.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp to manipulate cortical excitability and, consequently, behavior and brain function. In the last decade, numerous studies have addressed short-term and long-term effects of tDCS on different measures of behavioral performance during motor and cognitive tasks, both in healthy individuals and in a number of different patient populations. So far, however, little is known about the neural underpinnings of tDCS-action in humans with regard to large-scale brain networks. This issue can be addressed by combining tDCS with functional brain imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalography (EEG).
In particular, fMRI is the most widely used brain imaging technique to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and motor functions. Application of tDCS during fMRI allows analysis of the neural mechanisms underlying behavioral tDCS effects with high spatial resolution across the entire brain. Recent studies using this technique identified stimulation induced changes in task-related functional brain activity at the stimulation site and also in more distant brain regions, which were associated with behavioral improvement. In addition, tDCS administered during resting-state fMRI allowed identification of widespread changes in whole brain functional connectivity.
Future studies using this combined protocol should yield new insights into the mechanisms of tDCS action in health and disease and new options for more targeted application of tDCS in research and clinical settings. The present manuscript describes this novel technique in a step-by-step fashion, with a focus on technical aspects of tDCS administered during fMRI.
Behavior, Issue 86, noninvasive brain stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), anodal stimulation (atDCS), cathodal stimulation (ctDCS), neuromodulation, task-related fMRI, resting-state fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)
Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology
Institutions: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
We describe an in vitro
method to measure bladder smooth muscle contractility, and its use for investigating physiological and pharmacological properties of the smooth muscle as well as changes induced by pathology. This method provides critical information for understanding bladder function while overcoming major methodological difficulties encountered in in vivo
experiments, such as surgical and pharmacological manipulations that affect stability and survival of the preparations, the use of human tissue, and/or the use of expensive chemicals. It also provides a way to investigate the properties of each bladder component (i.e.
smooth muscle, mucosa, nerves) in healthy and pathological conditions.
The urinary bladder is removed from an anesthetized animal, placed in Krebs solution and cut into strips. Strips are placed into a chamber filled with warm Krebs solution. One end is attached to an isometric tension transducer to measure contraction force, the other end is attached to a fixed rod. Tissue is stimulated by directly adding compounds to the bath or by electric field stimulation electrodes that activate nerves, similar to triggering bladder contractions in vivo
. We demonstrate the use of this method to evaluate spontaneous smooth muscle contractility during development and after an experimental spinal cord injury, the nature of neurotransmission (transmitters and receptors involved), factors involved in modulation of smooth muscle activity, the role of individual bladder components, and species and organ differences in response to pharmacological agents. Additionally, it could be used for investigating intracellular pathways involved in contraction and/or relaxation of the smooth muscle, drug structure-activity relationships and evaluation of transmitter release.
The in vitro
smooth muscle contractility method has been used extensively for over 50 years, and has provided data that significantly contributed to our understanding of bladder function as well as to pharmaceutical development of compounds currently used clinically for bladder management.
Medicine, Issue 90, Krebs, species differences, in vitro, smooth muscle contractility, neural stimulation
In vitro Labeling of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Institutions: Stanford University .
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have demonstrated the ability to restore the injured myocardium. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as one of the predominant imaging modalities to assess the restoration of the injured myocardium. Furthermore, ex-vivo labeling agents, such as iron-oxide nanoparticles, have been employed to track and localize the transplanted stem cells. However, this method does not monitor a fundamental cellular biology property regarding the viability of transplanted cells. It has been known that manganese chloride (MnCl2
) enters the cells via voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+
) channels when the cells are biologically active, and accumulates intracellularly to generate T1
shortening effect. Therefore, we suggest that manganese-guided MRI can be useful to monitor cell viability after the transplantation of hESC into the myocardium.
In this video, we will show how to label hESC with MnCl2
and how those cells can be clearly seen by using MRI in vitro. At the same time, biological activity of Ca2+
-channels will be modulated utilizing both Ca2+
-channel agonist and antagonist to evaluate concomitant signal changes.
Cell Biology, Issue 18, cellular MRI, manganese, human embryonic stem cells, cell labeling, cardiology
Assessment of Cardiac Function and Myocardial Morphology Using Small Animal Look-locker Inversion Recovery (SALLI) MRI in Rats
Institutions: German Heart Institute Berlin, German Heart Institute Berlin, Hamburg, Germany.
Small animal magnetic resonance imaging is an important tool to study cardiac function and changes in myocardial tissue. The high heart rates of small animals (200 to 600 beats/min) have previously limited the role of CMR imaging. Small animal Look-Locker inversion recovery (SALLI) is a T1 mapping sequence for small animals to overcome this problem 1
. T1 maps provide quantitative information about tissue alterations and contrast agent kinetics. It is also possible to detect diffuse myocardial processes such as interstitial fibrosis or edema 1-6
. Furthermore, from a single set of image data, it is possible to examine heart function and myocardial scarring by generating cine and inversion recovery-prepared late gadolinium enhancement-type MR images 1
The presented video shows step-by-step the procedures to perform small animal CMR imaging. Here it is presented with a healthy Sprague-Dawley rat, however naturally it can be extended to different cardiac small animal models.
Medicine, Issue 77, Biomedical Engineering, Anatomy, Physiology, Cardiology, Heart Diseases, Cardiomyopathies, Heart Failure, Diagnostic Imaging, Cardiac Imaging Techniques, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI, Cardiovascular Diseases, small animal imaging, T1 mapping, heart disease, cardiac function, myocardium, rat, animal model
Controlling Parkinson's Disease With Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation
Institutions: University of Oxford, UCL Institute of Neurology.
Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) has the potential to improve the treatment of Parkinson's disease by optimizing stimulation in real time according to fluctuating disease and medication state. In the present realization of adaptive DBS we record and stimulate from the DBS electrodes implanted in the subthalamic nucleus of patients with Parkinson's disease in the early post-operative period. Local field potentials are analogue filtered between 3 and 47 Hz before being passed to a data acquisition unit where they are digitally filtered again around the patient specific beta peak, rectified and smoothed to give an online reading of the beta amplitude. A threshold for beta amplitude is set heuristically, which, if crossed, passes a trigger signal to the stimulator. The stimulator then ramps up stimulation to a pre-determined clinically effective voltage over 250 msec and continues to stimulate until the beta amplitude again falls down below threshold. Stimulation continues in this manner with brief episodes of ramped DBS during periods of heightened beta power.
Clinical efficacy is assessed after a minimum period of stabilization (5 min) through the unblinded and blinded video assessment of motor function using a selection of scores from the Unified Parkinson's Rating Scale (UPDRS). Recent work has demonstrated a reduction in power consumption with aDBS as well as an improvement in clinical scores compared to conventional DBS. Chronic aDBS could now be trialed in Parkinsonism.
Medicine, Issue 89, Parkinson's, deep brain stimulation, adaptive, closed loop
Intra-Operative Behavioral Tasks in Awake Humans Undergoing Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery
Institutions: Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that directs chronic, high frequency electrical stimulation to specific targets in the brain through implanted electrodes. Deep brain stimulation was first implemented as a therapeutic modality by Benabid et al.
in the late 1980s, when he used this technique to stimulate the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus for the treatment of tremor 1
. Currently, the procedure is used to treat patients who fail to respond adequately to medical management for diseases such as Parkinson's, dystonia, and essential tremor. The efficacy of this procedure for the treatment of Parkinson's disease has been demonstrated in well-powered, randomized controlled trials 2
. Presently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved DBS as a treatment for patients with medically refractory essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, and dystonia. Additionally, DBS is currently being evaluated for the treatment of other psychiatric and neurological disorders, such as obsessive compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, and epilepsy.
DBS has not only been shown to help people by improving their quality of life, it also provides researchers with the unique opportunity to study and understand the human brain. Microelectrode recordings are routinely performed during DBS surgery in order to enhance the precision of anatomical targeting. Firing patterns of individual neurons can therefore be recorded while the subject performs a behavioral task. Early studies using these data focused on descriptive aspects, including firing and burst rates, and frequency modulation 3
. More recent studies have focused on cognitive aspects of behavior in relation to neuronal activity 4,5
. This article will provide a description of the intra-operative methods used to perform behavioral tasks and record neuronal data with awake patients during DBS cases. Our exposition of the process of acquiring electrophysiological data will illuminate the current scope and limitations of intra-operative human experiments.
Medicine, Issue 47, Intra-Operative Physiology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Subthalamic Nucleus, Single-Unit Activity, Parkinson Disease, Deep Brain Stimulation
Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network
Institutions: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3
It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6
and autism spectrum disorders 7
whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8
). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.
Neuroscience, Issue 46, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, rTMS, fMRI, Default Mode Network, functional connectivity, resting state
Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
Institutions: Alpert Medical School, Brown University, University of Georgia.
Complementary structural and functional neuroimaging techniques used to examine the Default Mode Network (DMN) could potentially improve assessments of psychiatric illness severity and provide added validity to the clinical diagnostic process. Recent neuroimaging research suggests that DMN processes may be disrupted in a number of stress-related psychiatric illnesses, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Although specific DMN functions remain under investigation, it is generally thought to be involved in introspection and self-processing. In healthy individuals it exhibits greatest activity during periods of rest, with less activity, observed as deactivation, during cognitive tasks, e.g.
, working memory. This network consists of the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus, lateral parietal cortices and medial temporal regions.
Multiple functional and structural imaging approaches have been developed to study the DMN. These have unprecedented potential to further the understanding of the function and dysfunction of this network. Functional approaches, such as the evaluation of resting state connectivity and task-induced deactivation, have excellent potential to identify targeted neurocognitive and neuroaffective (functional) diagnostic markers and may indicate illness severity and prognosis with increased accuracy or specificity. Structural approaches, such as evaluation of morphometry and connectivity, may provide unique markers of etiology and long-term outcomes. Combined, functional and structural methods provide strong multimodal, complementary and synergistic approaches to develop valid DMN-based imaging phenotypes in stress-related psychiatric conditions. This protocol aims to integrate these methods to investigate DMN structure and function in PTSD, relating findings to illness severity and relevant clinical factors.
Medicine, Issue 89, default mode network, neuroimaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, structural connectivity, functional connectivity, posttraumatic stress disorder
Best Current Practice for Obtaining High Quality EEG Data During Simultaneous fMRI
Institutions: University of Nottingham , Brain Products GmbH.
Simultaneous EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data from these two modalities can be combined in a number of ways, but all rely on the acquisition of high quality EEG and fMRI data. EEG data acquired during simultaneous fMRI are affected by several artifacts, including the gradient artefact (due to the changing magnetic field gradients required for fMRI), the pulse artefact (linked to the cardiac cycle) and movement artifacts (resulting from movements in the strong magnetic field of the scanner, and muscle activity). Post-processing methods for successfully correcting the gradient and pulse artifacts require a number of criteria to be satisfied during data acquisition. Minimizing head motion during EEG-fMRI is also imperative for limiting the generation of artifacts.
Interactions between the radio frequency (RF) pulses required for MRI and the EEG hardware may occur and can cause heating. This is only a significant risk if safety guidelines are not satisfied. Hardware design and set-up, as well as careful selection of which MR sequences are run with the EEG hardware present must therefore be considered.
The above issues highlight the importance of the choice of the experimental protocol employed when performing a simultaneous EEG-fMRI experiment. Based on previous research we describe an optimal experimental set-up. This provides high quality EEG data during simultaneous fMRI when using commercial EEG and fMRI systems, with safety risks to the subject minimized. We demonstrate this set-up in an EEG-fMRI experiment using a simple visual stimulus. However, much more complex stimuli can be used. Here we show the EEG-fMRI set-up using a Brain Products GmbH (Gilching, Germany) MRplus, 32 channel EEG system in conjunction with a Philips Achieva (Best, Netherlands) 3T MR scanner, although many of the techniques are transferable to other systems.
Behavior, Issue 76, Neuroscience, Neurobiology, Molecular Biology, Biophysics, Medicine, Neuroimaging, Functional Neuroimaging, Investigative Techniques, neurosciences, EEG, functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI, magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, simultaneous, recording, imaging, clinical techniques
Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging
Institutions: McGill University .
Auditory cortex pertains to the processing of sound, which is at the basis of speech or music-related processing1
. However, despite considerable recent progress, the functional properties and lateralization of the human auditory cortex are far from being fully understood. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses, and represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and connectivity. It has only recently begun to be applied to understand auditory cortical function 2
An important issue in using TMS is that the physiological consequences of the stimulation are difficult to establish. Although many TMS studies make the implicit assumption that the area targeted by the coil is the area affected, this need not be the case, particularly for complex cognitive functions which depend on interactions across many brain regions 3
. One solution to this problem is to combine TMS with functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The idea here is that fMRI will provide an index of changes in brain activity associated with TMS. Thus, fMRI would give an independent means of assessing which areas are affected by TMS and how they are modulated 4
. In addition, fMRI allows the assessment of functional connectivity, which represents a measure of the temporal coupling between distant regions. It can thus be useful not only to measure the net activity modulation induced by TMS in given locations, but also the degree to which the network properties are affected by TMS, via any observed changes in functional connectivity.
Different approaches exist to combine TMS and functional imaging according to the temporal order of the methods. Functional MRI can be applied before, during, after, or both before and after TMS. Recently, some studies interleaved TMS and fMRI in order to provide online mapping of the functional changes induced by TMS 5-7
. However, this online combination has many technical problems, including the static artifacts resulting from the presence of the TMS coil in the scanner room, or the effects of TMS pulses on the process of MR image formation. But more importantly, the loud acoustic noise induced by TMS (increased compared with standard use because of the resonance of the scanner bore) and the increased TMS coil vibrations (caused by the strong mechanical forces due to the static magnetic field of the MR scanner) constitute a crucial problem when studying auditory processing.
This is one reason why fMRI was carried out before and after TMS in the present study. Similar approaches have been used to target the motor cortex 8,9
, premotor cortex 10
, primary somatosensory cortex 11,12
and language-related areas 13
, but so far no combined TMS-fMRI study has investigated the auditory cortex. The purpose of this article is to provide details concerning the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools to investigate auditory processing.
Previously we showed that repetitive TMS (rTMS) at high and low frequencies (resp. 10 Hz and 1 Hz) applied over the auditory cortex modulated response time (RT) in a melody discrimination task 2
. We also showed that RT modulation was correlated with functional connectivity in the auditory network assessed using fMRI: the higher the functional connectivity between left and right auditory cortices during task performance, the higher the facilitatory effect (i.e.
decreased RT) observed with rTMS. However those findings were mainly correlational, as fMRI was performed before rTMS. Here, fMRI was carried out before and immediately after TMS to provide direct measures of the functional organization of the auditory cortex, and more specifically of the plastic reorganization of the auditory neural network occurring after the neural intervention provided by TMS.
Combined fMRI and TMS applied over the auditory cortex should enable a better understanding of brain mechanisms of auditory processing, providing physiological information about functional effects of TMS. This knowledge could be useful for many cognitive neuroscience applications, as well as for optimizing therapeutic applications of TMS, particularly in auditory-related disorders.
Neuroscience, Issue 67, Physiology, Physics, Theta burst stimulation, functional magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, auditory cortex, frameless stereotaxy, sound, transcranial magnetic stimulation
The Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Measurement of Bi-hemispheric Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on Primary Motor Cortex Metabolism
Institutions: University of Montréal, McGill University, University of Minnesota.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as stroke and depression. Yet, the mechanisms underlying its ability to modulate brain excitability to improve clinical symptoms remains poorly understood 33
. To help improve this understanding, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1
H-MRS) can be used as it allows the in vivo
quantification of brain metabolites such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in a region-specific manner 41
. In fact, a recent study demonstrated that 1
H-MRS is indeed a powerful means to better understand the effects of tDCS on neurotransmitter concentration 34
. This article aims to describe the complete protocol for combining tDCS (NeuroConn MR compatible stimulator) with 1
H-MRS at 3 T using a MEGA-PRESS sequence. We will describe the impact of a protocol that has shown great promise for the treatment of motor dysfunctions after stroke, which consists of bilateral stimulation of primary motor cortices 27,30,31
. Methodological factors to consider and possible modifications to the protocol are also discussed.
Neuroscience, Issue 93, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, transcranial direct current stimulation, primary motor cortex, GABA, glutamate, stroke
Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Institutions: University of Ulm.
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) techniques provide information on the microstructural processes of the cerebral white matter (WM) in vivo
. The present applications are designed to investigate differences of WM involvement patterns in different brain diseases, especially neurodegenerative disorders, by use of different DTI analyses in comparison with matched controls.
DTI data analysis is performed in a variate fashion, i.e.
voxelwise comparison of regional diffusion direction-based metrics such as fractional anisotropy (FA), together with fiber tracking (FT) accompanied by tractwise fractional anisotropy statistics (TFAS) at the group level in order to identify differences in FA along WM structures, aiming at the definition of regional patterns of WM alterations at the group level. Transformation into a stereotaxic standard space is a prerequisite for group studies and requires thorough data processing to preserve directional inter-dependencies. The present applications show optimized technical approaches for this preservation of quantitative and directional information during spatial normalization in data analyses at the group level. On this basis, FT techniques can be applied to group averaged data in order to quantify metrics information as defined by FT. Additionally, application of DTI methods, i.e.
differences in FA-maps after stereotaxic alignment, in a longitudinal analysis at an individual subject basis reveal information about the progression of neurological disorders. Further quality improvement of DTI based results can be obtained during preprocessing by application of a controlled elimination of gradient directions with high noise levels.
In summary, DTI is used to define a distinct WM pathoanatomy of different brain diseases by the combination of whole brain-based and tract-based DTI analysis.
Medicine, Issue 77, Neuroscience, Neurobiology, Molecular Biology, Biomedical Engineering, Anatomy, Physiology, Neurodegenerative Diseases, nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR, MR, MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, fiber tracking, group level comparison, neurodegenerative diseases, brain, imaging, clinical techniques
In vivo Imaging of Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Mice
Institutions: Jena University Hospital, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Jena University Hospital.
The rodent visual system encompasses retinal ganglion cells and their axons that form the optic nerve to enter thalamic and midbrain centers, and postsynaptic projections to the visual cortex. Based on its distinct anatomical structure and convenient accessibility, it has become the favored structure for studies on neuronal survival, axonal regeneration, and synaptic plasticity. Recent advancements in MR imaging have enabled the in vivo
visualization of the retino-tectal part of this projection using manganese mediated contrast enhancement (MEMRI). Here, we present a MEMRI protocol for illustration of the visual projection in mice, by which resolutions of (200 µm)3
can be achieved using common 3 Tesla scanners. We demonstrate how intravitreal injection of a single dosage of 15 nmol MnCl2
leads to a saturated enhancement of the intact projection within 24 hr. With exception of the retina, changes in signal intensity are independent of coincided visual stimulation or physiological aging. We further apply this technique to longitudinally monitor axonal degeneration in response to acute optic nerve injury, a paradigm by which Mn2+
transport completely arrests at the lesion site. Conversely, active Mn2+
transport is quantitatively proportionate to the viability, number, and electrical activity of axon fibers. For such an analysis, we exemplify Mn2+
transport kinetics along the visual path in a transgenic mouse model (NF-κB p50KO
) displaying spontaneous atrophy of sensory, including visual, projections. In these mice, MEMRI indicates reduced but not delayed Mn2+
transport as compared to wild type mice, thus revealing signs of structural and/or functional impairments by NF-κB mutations.
In summary, MEMRI conveniently bridges in vivo
assays and post mortem
histology for the characterization of nerve fiber integrity and activity. It is highly useful for longitudinal studies on axonal degeneration and regeneration, and investigations of mutant mice for genuine or inducible phenotypes.
Neuroscience, Issue 89, manganese-enhanced MRI, mouse retino-tectal projection, visual system, neurodegeneration, optic nerve injury, NF-κB
Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Institutions: Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv University.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological effects. Specifically, by creating a transient interference with the normal activity of a target region and measuring changes in an electrophysiological signal, we can establish a causal link between the stimulated brain area or network and the electrophysiological signal that we record. If target brain areas are functionally defined with prior fMRI scan, TMS could be used to link the fMRI activations with evoked potentials recorded. However, conducting such experiments presents significant technical challenges given the high amplitude artifacts introduced into the EEG signal by the magnetic pulse, and the difficulty to successfully target areas that were functionally defined by fMRI. Here we describe a methodology for combining these three common tools: TMS, EEG, and fMRI. We explain how to guide the stimulator's coil to the desired target area using anatomical or functional MRI data, how to record EEG during concurrent TMS, how to design an ERP study suitable for EEG-TMS combination and how to extract reliable ERP from the recorded data. We will provide representative results from a previously published study, in which fMRI-guided TMS was used concurrently with EEG to show that the face-selective N1 and the body-selective N1 component of the ERP are associated with distinct neural networks in extrastriate cortex. This method allows us to combine the high spatial resolution of fMRI with the high temporal resolution of TMS and EEG and therefore obtain a comprehensive understanding of the neural basis of various cognitive processes.
Neuroscience, Issue 87, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Neuroimaging, Neuronavigation, Visual Perception, Evoked Potentials, Electroencephalography, Event-related potential, fMRI, Combined Neuroimaging Methods, Face perception, Body Perception
Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children
Institutions: UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London.
EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and signal processing make it possible to exploit information from other imaging modalities like structural MRI that provide high spatial resolution to overcome this constraint1
. This is especially useful for investigations that require high resolution in the temporal as well as spatial domain. In addition, due to the easy application and low cost of EEG recordings, EEG is often the method of choice when working with populations, such as young children, that do not tolerate functional MRI scans well. However, in order to investigate which neural substrates are involved, anatomical information from structural MRI is still needed. Most EEG analysis packages work with standard head models that are based on adult anatomy. The accuracy of these models when used for children is limited2
, because the composition and spatial configuration of head tissues changes dramatically over development3
In the present paper, we provide an overview of our recent work in utilizing head models based on individual structural MRI scans or age specific head models to reconstruct the cortical generators of high density EEG. This article describes how EEG recordings are acquired, processed, and analyzed with pediatric populations at the London Baby Lab, including laboratory setup, task design, EEG preprocessing, MRI processing, and EEG channel level and source analysis.
Behavior, Issue 88, EEG, electroencephalogram, development, source analysis, pediatric, minimum-norm estimation, cognitive neuroscience, event-related potentials
Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
Institutions: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto.
Obtaining in vivo
human brain tissue volumetrics from MRI is often complicated by various technical and biological issues. These challenges are exacerbated when significant brain atrophy and age-related white matter changes (e.g.
Leukoaraiosis) are present. Lesion Explorer (LE) is an accurate and reliable neuroimaging pipeline specifically developed to address such issues commonly observed on MRI of Alzheimer's disease and normal elderly. The pipeline is a complex set of semi-automatic procedures which has been previously validated in a series of internal and external reliability tests1,2
. However, LE's accuracy and reliability is highly dependent on properly trained manual operators to execute commands, identify distinct anatomical landmarks, and manually edit/verify various computer-generated segmentation outputs.
LE can be divided into 3 main components, each requiring a set of commands and manual operations: 1) Brain-Sizer, 2) SABRE, and 3) Lesion-Seg. Brain-Sizer's manual operations involve editing of the automatic skull-stripped total intracranial vault (TIV) extraction mask, designation of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (vCSF), and removal of subtentorial structures. The SABRE component requires checking of image alignment along the anterior and posterior commissure (ACPC) plane, and identification of several anatomical landmarks required for regional parcellation. Finally, the Lesion-Seg component involves manual checking of the automatic lesion segmentation of subcortical hyperintensities (SH) for false positive errors.
While on-site training of the LE pipeline is preferable, readily available visual teaching tools with interactive training images are a viable alternative. Developed to ensure a high degree of accuracy and reliability, the following is a step-by-step, video-guided, standardized protocol for LE's manual procedures.
Medicine, Issue 86, Brain, Vascular Diseases, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Neuroimaging, Alzheimer Disease, Aging, Neuroanatomy, brain extraction, ventricles, white matter hyperintensities, cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer disease
Functional Mapping with Simultaneous MEG and EEG
Institutions: MGH - Massachusetts General Hospital.
We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to locate and determine the temporal evolution in brain areas involved in the processing of simple sensory stimuli. We will use somatosensory stimuli to locate the hand somatosensory areas, auditory stimuli to locate the auditory cortices, visual stimuli in four quadrants of the visual field to locate the early visual areas. These type of experiments are used for functional mapping in epileptic and brain tumor patients to locate eloquent cortices. In basic neuroscience similar experimental protocols are used to study the orchestration of cortical activity. The acquisition protocol includes quality assurance procedures, subject preparation for the combined MEG/EEG study, and acquisition of evoked-response data with somatosensory, auditory, and visual stimuli. We also demonstrate analysis of the data using the equivalent current dipole model and cortically-constrained minimum-norm estimates. Anatomical MRI data are employed in the analysis for visualization and for deriving boundaries of tissue boundaries for forward modeling and cortical location and orientation constraints for the minimum-norm estimates.
JoVE neuroscience, Issue 40, neuroscience, brain, MEG, EEG, functional imaging
Monitoring Acupuncture Effects on Human Brain by fMRI
Institutions: Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, William Beaumont Hospital.
Functional MRI is used to study the effects of acupuncture on the BOLD response and the functional connectivity of the human brain. Results demonstrate that acupuncture mobilizes a limbic-paralimbic-neocortical network and its anti-correlated sensorimotor/paralimbic network at multiple levels of the brain and that the hemodynamic response is influenced by the psychophysical response. Physiological monitoring may be performed to explore the peripheral response of the autonomic nerve function. This video describes the studies performed at LI4 (hegu), ST36 (zusanli) and LV3 (taichong), classical acupoints that are commonly used for modulatory and pain-reducing actions. Some issues that require attention in the applications of fMRI to acupuncture investigation are noted.
Neuroscience, Issue 38, acupuncture, BOLD fMRI, limbic-paralimbic-neocortical system, psychophysical response, physiological monitoring
Simultaneous fMRI and Electrophysiology in the Rodent Brain
Institutions: Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University.
To examine the neural basis of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal, we have developed a rodent model in which functional MRI data and in vivo
intracortical recording can be performed simultaneously. The combination of MRI and electrical recording is technically challenging because the electrodes used for recording distort the MRI images and the MRI acquisition induces noise in the electrical recording. To minimize the mutual interference of the two modalities, glass microelectrodes were used rather than metal and a noise removal algorithm was implemented for the electrophysiology data. In our studies, two microelectrodes were separately implanted in bilateral primary somatosensory cortices (SI) of the rat and fixed in place. One coronal slice covering the electrode tips was selected for functional MRI. Electrode shafts and fixation positions were not included in the image slice to avoid imaging artifacts. The removed scalp was replaced with toothpaste to reduce susceptibility mismatch and prevent Gibbs ringing artifacts in the images. The artifact structure induced in the electrical recordings by the rapidly-switching magnetic fields during image acquisition was characterized by averaging all cycles of scans for each run. The noise structure during imaging was then subtracted from original recordings. The denoised time courses were then used for further analysis in combination with the fMRI data. As an example, the simultaneous acquisition was used to determine the relationship between spontaneous fMRI BOLD signals and band-limited intracortical electrical activity. Simultaneous fMRI and electrophysiological recording in the rodent will provide a platform for many exciting applications in neuroscience in addition to elucidating the relationship between the fMRI BOLD signal and neuronal activity.
Neuroscience, Issue 42, fMRI, electrophysiology, rat, BOLD, brain, resting state


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Nature's Way EFAGold MEGA is a comprehensive blend of essential fatty acids from fish, flax, borage, and olive oils from non-GMO seeds and is distilled for purity. MEGA contains the following healthy fatty acids ALA, EPA, DHA, GLA and OA. MEGA provides a variety of EFAs for daily supplementation. The 31 Omega-3 to Omega-6 ratio helps to rebalance the over-abundance of the LA Omega-6 fatty acids in your diet. MEGA is the most complete daily source of Omega-3/6/9 fatty acids for healthy skin, joints, hormonal balance & cardiovascular function. MEGA is all natural, with cold pressed & hexane-free plant oils and fish oil that is distilled for purity & tested for PCBs, heavy metals including mercury and other impurities. FDA Qualified Health Claim for fish oils. Supportive but not conclusive research shows that EPA & DHA may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. See nutrition information for total fat and cholesterol content. Pleasant, natural lime flavor.
Suggested Use As a dietary supplement take 3 softgels daily - Or as directed by your healthcare professional.
|Serving Size 3 Softgels||Servings Per Container 30|
|Amount Per Serving||% Daily Value***|
|Calories from fat||35|
|Total Fat||4 g||6%|
|Vitamin E as d-alpha tocopherol||30 IU||100%|
|Omega-3 Fatty Acids||1.5 g|
|Alpha-Linolenic Acid ALA||890 mg|
|Eicosapentaenoic Acid EPA||340 mg|
|Docosahexaenoic Acid DHA||225 mg|
|Omega-9 Fatty Acids as Oleic Acid OA||500 mg|
|Omega-6 Fatty Acids||484 mg|
|Linoleic Acid LA||284 mg|
|Gamma-Linolenic Acid GLA||200 mg|
Other IngredientsOrganic Flax Oil seed , Fish Oil Sardine, Anchovy , Borage Oil seed , Extra Virgin Olive Oil fruit , Gelatin softgel , Glycerin, Purified Water, Natural Lime Flavor
WarningsKeep out of reach of children. As with all dietary supplements, consult your healthcare professional before use. See product label for more information.
International Customers:Unfortunately we are not able to ship Nature's Way products internationally. We sincerely apologize for any inconvenience.
Collections: Essential Fatty Acids (EFA) Combinations Nature's Way
Free shipping on orders over $99*

domain: food


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You won't be able to dismiss this by usual means (escape or click button), but you can close it programatically based on user choices or actions.
"Our wedding invitations turned out amazing! The pearl shimmer is a must, adds elegance to a simple yet beautiful invitation. The initials scribed on the back of the invite was a perfect finishing touch, and all of our guests have complimented the invitation as well!"
"We ordered these in watermelon with the white pearl shimmer cardstock. Absolutely beautiful, already received tons of compliments! If you're doing a vintage/ shabby chic theme, these are perfect! The quality is fantastic! We also ordered the platinum silver shimmer euro flap envelopes & the matching envelope liners. Very easy to put together and a very nice compliment to the invitations. The only issue we've had is with printing addresses on the envelopes, the ink doesn't want to dry. However, you can buy a fixative at a craft store to spray on it and that solves the problem. All in all, very impressed with the invitations and would definitely recommend them!"
"We immediately loved this suite. We are utilizing a neutral palate for our October 2015 wedding with a pop of jewel tone in the girls dresses. We had originally changed the invitation to navy which made it a white background with navy print. After reading reviews of other color requests we changed the black background to navy and maintained the white print. We went with a rose gold foil to match the Save the Dates we had ordered completely separate of these. We had our proof in 3-4 days, I requested minor changes which came back again in 1-2 days. After submitting the final order we received our cards 4 full days before the window we were quoted even started."
"We ordered the white and gold ones and they are absolutely gorgeous! It truly does look metallic, even if there is no metallic ink/foil. I would definitely recommend this if you are looking for a classy invitation that has a "Gatsby" feel to it."
"We wanted something simple but beautiful for our casual city hall wedding and this fit us perfectly. We had it ticket cut and printed it on the heavy paper, then paired it with kraft envelopes and vintage stamps. (The 1990 love stamps with birds on them.) We tried the foil version of this design as well, but it just looked too stiff for us."

domain: artistic


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Worst nut for you, but oh so good! Planters is the best brand personally for me for nuts. They're delicious. Have never been disappointed from planters brand. Have never had any bad nuts from their brand. Suggest trying this brand.
Always a good go to snack. I usually get better deals on these at Walmart... and they are very tasty. My grandpa always used to get them for me as a kid so I've always stuck with them! I would recommend these to any one who likes cashews 👍
These are my favorite nut snack! I love that the pieces are big and not broken up into crumbs. I like the lightly salted version best. These are always roasted perfectly. They don't have pieces that got over roasted and are hard as rocks. These are a great source of protein.
Best nut products. I absolutely love the flavor that comes with this brand. It is a little pricey for snack foods but very worth it for the freshness and flavor. They are very healthy for snacks and I highly recommend for anyone.


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How to Paint Over Dark Painted Walls
Whether you've moved into a new home and want to stamp your mark on it, or you've tired of that dark accent wall and want a lighter and more airy vibe, painting over dark colors requires a little extra work than painting over a pristine white wall. Simply painting over dark colors with light ones will end up being costly and inefficient, whereas using a primer or plain wallpaper will help you to achieve a professional-looking finish.
While you may want to crack on and get painting, preparation is the key to a well finished paint job, so it's well worth spending the extra time preparing the walls. Sanding the walls with a medium-grade sandpaper removes any cracked or peeling paint. Follow this with a good scrub down with sugar soap to remove dirt, grease and other stains from the wall and also ensures adequate adhesion for the new paint. Simply add to water and apply with a sponge, allow to sit for a few minutes then wipe away with clean water.
The second part of the all-important preparation is to fill in any imperfections in the wall, such as cracks or nail holes. Simply mix drywall or masonry filler with water, following the manufacturer's instructions. Apply to the damaged area with a flat-edged tool or with your finger for the smaller imperfections. For larger damaged areas, apply a coat of filler and allow to dry before applying the next coat, continuing to slowly fill in the damage -- this prevents the weight of the filler from pulling itself out of the hole and landing on the floor. Once smooth and dry, sand the filler with a fine-grade sandpaper.
The first option you have when attempting to paint over a dark color is to use a block-out primer. Normal paint does not have the same color-blocking properties as block-out primer and you could find your self spending a small fortune on paint in an attempt to cover over the existing color, however, do ensure the primer you purchase is suitable for covering over dark colors. Tinting the primer with the top coat you will be using also helps ensure the top coat covers the wall in a minimum amount of coats -- your local decorator's merchant will be able to do this for you.
The benefit of plain wallpaper is you can still achieve a painted look rather than a wallpapered finish and you don't have to worry about matching up a pattern. Mark a vertical line on the wall using a spirit level, apply wallpaper paste to either the wall or the paper, depending on the manufacturer's instructions. Position the paper on the wall, move it to the correct position and trim any excess at the top and bottom of the wall. Continue until the whole area is papered, allow time for the paste to dry and then paint the wallpaper in the color of your choice.
Based in England, Tami Mason writes for Local.com and various other websites. Mason has worked as a proofreader and copy editor since 2007 and is a trained interior designer who also specializes in art history, art and crafts.

domain: design


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Live from Lollapalooza 2011 in Chicago, here's our chat with ascendant pop goddess Ellie Goulding, wherein she discusses her writing retreat in Ireland, her thoughts on American architecture, the ongoing quest to find worthy collaborators and more. Enjoy.
From the Vault: Q&A: Ellie Goulding
by Rhapsody TV
Play any song, anytime, anywhere.
Join Rhapsody and listen to full-length songs, plus playlists, albums, articles & videos from our Rhapsody music experts.


Some agents in multi-agent AI systems can learn deceptive behaviors without being able to appreciate or comprehend what they are actually doing. In order to achieve a goal, you may hide resources or information, or provide false information.
Can Robots Detect Lies?
Using sensors and computational capabilities, robots can monitor specific behavioral signals that can be used to identify when a person is lying by using their own senses.
Can Robots Be Trusted?
Is it possible for robots to nd humans? There is no such thing as a ‘trust’ in them, simply because they do not have the capacity to feel it. They do not comprehend trust or understand that you are harming them. Humans haven’t given robots much reason to trust us, if they did have a sense of trust.
Do Robots Ever Make Mistakes?
The benefits of Robotic Process Automation (RPA) have been discussed in great detail in many articles, and there are probably many columns devoted to the challenges and pitfalls of the process.
Is Ai Lie Detector Accurate?
In spite of concerns that AI lie detectors would be unable to accurately detect deception, tests show they are actually more effective than human interrogators at detecting it. Discern Science International reports that its system has an accuracy rate of 70 to 92 percent. The average human can detect deception about 54% of the time, on the other hand.
Can Ai Make Mistakes?
Humans make mistakes, and machines do as well; that doesn’t mean they will always make the same mistakes as humans. The evolution of technology and artificial intelligence is rapid. The new technology is developed every now and then, so those machines are more robust, scalable, and less prone to error.
Can Ai Be Trusted?
In order for AI to be trusted, only other software development techniques can be peers with it, and since they do not “trust”, no one can actually trust them. Furthermore, no human should have to trust an AI system, since it is both possible and desirable to engineer AI to be accountable.
Can Ai Detect A Lie?
Discern claims its technology can detect around 85% of liars and truth tellers, but its results have never been independently tested. It is similar to Silent Talker and Converus, but it claims to be able to detect around 85% of liars and truth tellers.
Is There A Machine That Can Detect Lies?
lie detector test, is a device or procedure that measures and records several physiological indicators, such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity, while a person is being asked and answered a series of questions.
How Lies Can Be Detected?
People are most likely to notice deception cues when they are vague: If the speaker leaves out important details, it may be because they are lying to them. A person who seems unsure or insecure is more likely to be perceived as lying if they are vocal uncertainty: If the person seems unsure or insecure, they are more likely to be perceived as lying.
Do Lie Detector Machines Work?
polygraph examiners are trained to detect lies quite often. However, it is not 100% accurate. In 87 out of 100 polygraph tests, the polygraph is able to determine whether someone is lying or telling the truth with accuracy.
Can Humans Trust Robots?
Research shows that humans tend to trust robots similarly to how they trust other humans, so the concern is that people may underappreciate or misunderstand the risks associated with handing over decisions to robots.
Why Do People Trust Robots?
The use of robots is becoming increasingly popular for managing finances. Consumers and business leaders increasingly trust technology to help them navigate financial complexity. Consumers and business leaders are more likely to trust a robot to manage their finances than they are to trust a human.
Are Robot Good Or Bad?
The engineers who build robots to make our lives easier end up building robots that can take over human jobs as they keep building them. As a result, fewer jobs will be available to humans, since robots can perform the same job at a cheaper price and may be more efficient. Humans are at risk from this.
Does Ai Ever Make Mistakes?
In a recent interview, Roman Yampolskiy, director of the Cyber Security Lab at the University of Louisville, explained that AI systems make errors because they lack the intelligence they need to do their jobs. AI learning phases and performance phases may both be responsible for these mistakes.
What Is The Main Problem With Robots?
In terms of energy consumption, most robots today are inefficient. The development of power sources for robots has not progressed much. Despite the fact that these robots still rely on old-fashioned power generation and storage techniques, batteries used in them are usually unsafe and quickly degrade.


CAMBRIDGE – It’s a curious new project called Spaceline dedicated to building a space elevator for the purpose of uniting the earth and the moon and drastically reducing the cost of space travel.
The lift that will connect us to our natural satellite was described in an investigation published on the ArXiv prepress server by researchers from Columbia University (USA) and Cambridge University (UK).
The Spaceline would be connected to the surface of the moon and would hang in geostationary orbit around the earth, waiting for astronauts to engage and travel into space.
The proof paper describing the prototype from concept points out that it could be built from materials that currently exist, which increases the chances of space travel being easier and perhaps even having orbital settlements, Ticbeat writes.
Instead of being launched out of orbit, astronauts would only have to reach the end of the Spaceline, reducing the cost and challenge of rocket launching.
Once the vacuum of space is reached, free of terrestrial gravity and atmospheric pressure, the spacecraft would meet the cable, connecting with the solar-powered conveyor that would climb the craft along the cable.
Zephyr Penoyre, one of the study’s leaders, said this project would become “an infrastructure, much like an old railroad: the movement of people and cargo along it is much simpler and easier than deep space travel.”
Earth’s strong gravitational pull has the potential to break the cable before the journey could be completed if it were tied to our planet. But the risk of catastrophic collapse, according to the researchers, is lower when the cable is only tied to the moon.
Cambridge University astronomy student Emily Sandford pointed out that carbon nanotubes would be the best material to use, although it is necessary to analyze how to build them on a large scale.


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A few years ago when I was coping with chronic migraines I started taking a bunch of different classes. One of the classes was surface pattern design.
It was a very random side trip in my art journey. I never really had a particular interest or even knowledge that such a thing as surface pattern design existed. It was just kind of a "hm, that's sounds kind of interesting, I'll take it" type of experience. And I truly started from scratch. I didn't have any design or graphic art background that most of the other students had, so some of my early work? Heinous. But, some of it surprisingly good and I'm even starting to revisit some of the ideas. It's been a consistent pattern as I learn anything new such as lamp work, polymer clay, metal clay. I start with really ugly things (but with interesting possibilities) and some surprisingly good stuff. I'll share another post on the surface pattern design journey.
What I love about surface pattern design is being able to make things I visualize for my home into seamless repeats for pattern and objects. Learning how to create repeats that I can use as backgrounds on my blog? Score! (Yep, I made that bright yellow/green organic plaid on my blog.) Creating my own fabric for use in clothing and pillows. Bonus!
by Jenn Borek
I've searched some of the various third party customization stores and I settled on Zazzle for the level of control I had over the products my designs would be on. I earn a design royalty on each object sold with my design on it. If I promote the product, I can also earn an additional commission. I've ordered products from Zazzle for my own home and have been very pleased with the results of the pillows (my favorite!) and the wall art and cards. Their service is excellent and the prints have turned out very well.
Recently, I started decorating my home in a beach/ocean theme. I'm not a huge fan of the ubiquitous motifs (that are everywhere especially once you move to Florida). I decided I wanted to embrace beach living through color. The varied blues and green are what take my breath away about being near the water.
I got my pillows yesterday and I'm in love! I made four designs in the brighter palette for this effortless boho vibe.
And to maximize the designs, each pillow has a "bright side" and a "subdued" side. The subdued side is two-toned. Flip the pillows to mix it up.
If you're a "matchy-matchy" type of person, just order two of the same pillow.
In addition to pillows, I got two yards of the fabric through Spoonflower. The colors in the fabric pop a little more than on the Zazzle pillows. I'm going repaint and reupholster some bistro chairs with this fabric. Can't wait to get moving on that project!
I really, really love the pillows I ordered through Zazzle and fabric through Spoonflower. I've been very happy with the quality and service of both companies.
If you are digging the fabrics or pillows, order yours through the above links! I earn commissions on each sale.
If you want to design your own, both have "create your own" options on each. I have been very happy with their service and can happily recommend them to others.


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General Mills Q1 profits rise
US food giant General Mills booked a 12% rise in first-quarter profits as US sales were boosted by growth in the company’s cereal and yoghurt divisions.
The Cheerios and Yoplait maker posted net profit of US$472.1 million – an increase of 12.2% – for the three months to 29 August.
Net sales were up 1.5% at $3.53 billion. US net sales increased 2% to $2.45 billion, with General Mills’ Big G cereals division posted a 4% rise in sales. Net sales from Yoplait, for which General Mills holds the US licence, also rose 4%.
Net sales from General Mills’ international business grew “slightly” to $660 million. Volume contributed four points of the company’s net sales growth overseas but foreign exchange reduced net sales by four points.
Chairman and CEO Ken Powell: “We’re pleased to see continued growth in volume and net sales across our worldwide businesses. Consumer demand for our established brands remains strong, and new products are making good contributions to our sales results.”
just-food is the world’s leading portal for the global pre-packaged food and retail industries. Its daily mix of breaking news, views, analysis and research serves over 100,000 food executives each month.
Treasury Wine Estates (TWE) will be selling its US non-core commercial brand portfolio.
Swedish researchers have discovered where and when a person is born can either increase or decrease ...
Pharmaceutical giant, Bayer AG, has acquired global agricultural company, Monsanto, in a USD $66 bil...
New Zealand’s Restaurant Brands has acquired Pacific Island Restaurants, the sole Taco Bell and Pizz...
Unilever has rejected a takeover offer from Kraft Heinz worth approximately US $143 billion.
Salt could soon be more than just a seasoning with new Canadian research discovering its potential t...
New Zealand’s Restaurant Brands has acquired 10 Australian KFC sites from Yum! Brands.
United States research firm Packaged Facts have released a list of 10 food trends to watch in 2018.


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Volunteering is a great way to make a difference in Edgewater. Neighbors choose to volunteer for a variety of reasons. For some, it offers the chance to give something back to the community or make a difference to the people around them. For others, it provides an opportunity to get out and meet others.
If you are interested in volunteering, we’d like to know. Please complete the form below to get involved.

domain: sociology


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A persistent question I hear: “what about the unsharpness that occurs when you shoot using your famous recommend 400-40-4 rule“?
As said before. Yes – you may get some unsharpness, especially in the shape of ghosting, like in this shot – look at the hand:
Fair enough. BUT….
- Motion blur occurs mainly in the “background” area, where the flash is not lighting your subject. Else it is just a little “ghosting”.
- It’s only when there’s movement, really;
- Key point: it is still better than a badly lit image!
- And especially – it depends on your lens too. Wider is better.
The shot above was 1/40th second (or course) at a recent event shoot with the 70-200mm IS lens. When I use a wide lens, this hardly happens – see here the 35mm (on a full frame camera, so this would be a 24mm lens on a crop sensor camera):
So do not hesistae – you can shoot at slow shutter speeds.
Images taken at f/4, 1/40th second, 800 ISO – it was darker than usual, so an increase to 800 ISO was warranted to keep the background bright enough. This also gave my flash more durability and power.

domain: hobby


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Protein is a vital a part of a wholesome and balanced weight loss plan. It provides power to the physique, energy to the bones and satiety to the abdomen. While non-vegetarians have it simple on the subject of discovering meals sources of proteins within the type of meats, vegetarians might have a little bit of an issue discovering sufficient protein-rich meals which are equal to meats. The drawback will not be having sufficient veg sources of proteins, it’s not understanding about them that proves to be a difficulty.
So how do vegetarians get sufficient protein?
Here we’re throwing gentle on non-meat sources of protein that may be simply substituted for hen, mutton and extra meats. There are many high-protein vegetarian meals that provide sufficient protein.
Also learn: Egg Shortage In India And US: 6 Other Sources Of Protein You Can Try
Which Vegetarian Foods Are High In Protein? Here’re 6 Best Options:
1. Peanut Butter
What a scrumptious solution to devour proteins! Peanut butter is simply the unfold we have to add style in addition to well being to our toast. You can have 2 tbsp (8 g) of peanut butter in a day. Did you already know you possibly can make your personal peanut butter at dwelling? Here’s our recipe for homemade peanut butter.
The combo of chana-chawal at all times wins our hearts. Imagine consuming to your c oronary heart’s content material and getting all of the protein you want! You can strive including them to salads and blended vegetable dishes and extra.
Not simply calcium, milk is a superb supply of protein too. If you do not prefer to have plain milk, strive making smoothies or cereal bowls, or oatmeal with it. Although, we might extremely advocate having turmeric milk, particularly in winter, to construct immunity alongside the best way. (*6*)
Proteins, wholesome fat, nutritional vitamins, minerals – the small seeds are massive on vitamin. Have a handful (2 tbsp) of seeds daily. Better, combine them with nuts and devour them each morning. Here’s how to make nuts and seeds for a wholesome snack.
Protein is among the many vitamins that walnut provides. A serving of two tbsp daily ought to be sufficient. You can have floor walnuts as is, as part of path combine, or add them to your drinks and meals like shakes and salads.
Egg is a superb choice for folks following lacto-ovo-vegetarian weight loss plan, which is mainly a plant-based weight loss plan however consists of dairy and eggs. “Lacto” means dairy and “ovo” means eggs, and these two meals varieties mixed with typical vegetarian meals type the lacto-ovo-vegetarian weight loss plan.
Try to have at the very least one egg daily. And the most effective half is you possibly can devour eggs in quite a few methods. Click here for different egg recipes you can try.
Enrich your vegetarian weight loss plan with these strong sources of protein.
(This content material together with recommendation supplies generic info solely. It is by no means an alternative to certified medical opinion. Always seek the advice of a specialist or your personal physician for extra info. NDTV doesn’t declare duty for this info.)
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Hot Toddy Recipe | How To Make Hot Toddy

domain: health


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The government’s landmark Domestic Abuse Bill was introduced in Parliament on 16 July 2019, signalling a major step forward in transforming the response to this crime.
The Bill is the most comprehensive package ever presented to Parliament to tackle domestic abuse, both supporting victims and bringing perpetrators to justice.
Measures in the Bill include:
- introducing the first ever statutory government definition of domestic abuse, which will include economic abuse
- establishing a Domestic Abuse Commissioner to champion victims and survivors
- introducing new Domestic Abuse Protection Notices and Domestic Abuse Protection Orders to further protect victims and place restrictions on the actions of offenders
- prohibiting the cross-examination of victims by their abusers in the family courts
- providing automatic eligibility for special measures to support more victims to give evidence in the criminal courts
The Bill is at the early stages, so it is not yet law but watch this space.
Click here to find out how laws are made in the UK


DRDO tested the Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon (SAAW), from an Indian Air Force (IAF) aircraft.
SAAW, an indigenously designed and developed 120 kg. class smart weapon, developed by DRDO, is capable of engaging ground targets with high precision up to a range of 100 kms.
The light weight high precision guided bomb is one of the world class weapons systems.
Highlights of Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon (SAAW)
SAAW is long-range, stand-off, precision air to- surface weapon (125 kg class) capable of engaging ground targets for launch from Jaguar and Su-30 MKI aircrafts.
SAAW weighs around 125-150 kgs and has a strike distance of 80-100 kms. The weapon will lend a supreme power to Air Force as this means the IAF can hit adversary airfields with high precision and from a safe distance.
In addition, its high explosive warhead with deep penetration capabilities can easily destroy even the steel reinforced concrete runways and make it impossible for the enemy aircraft to even take off while being controlled from the cockpit.
It is an Air to Surface weapon and can be launched from Jaguar and Su-30 aircraft. In future, the same can be integrated to the French Rafale aircraft being imported by the IAF.
Anti Airfield Weapon is a munition that can penetrate the concrete runways to make big crater which makes the runway unusable by the fighter jets to go Airborne mission .
The DRDO named Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon SAAW to destroy enemy Air field and forcing the fighter jets to keep inside the hangers.
This SAAW can be launched from JAGUAR which can fly Low profile by carrying some six such weapons to destroy enemy Runways.


Open Source Axial Flux Electric Motor
- This page goes over the various Open Source Designs for an Axial Flux based Electric Motor
Other DIY / Open Source Designs
"DIY Air Core Axial Flux Motor/Generator" by "Colby Johnson"
- A Video by the YouTube Channel "Colby Johnson" Titled "DIY Air Core Axial Flux Motor/Generator" (~10 Minute Watch )
- An article by EvNerds Titled "Open Source Axial Hub Motor For Electric Cars And Motorcycles - Occupy Cars is Developing open source components to convert cars to electric"
- Looks good, but all files were pulled from Github -


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Eat, shrink and be merry Does the thought of dragging yourself to the gym fill you with dread? Are you fed up yo-yo dieting? If, like the rest of us you struggle with weight loss, you are not alone. We have a great new plan for you, to make eating healthy quick, easy and even fun.
longer life. (www.suite101.com, 2009) serving with side salad will be enough to kill I shouldn’t eat that cupcake, it’s oozing It is most definitely not just about eating your cravings and won’t leave you wanting with icing, sugar and sponge’ we’ve all though, perhaps more important is regular junk food. You truly can cook yourself thin. been there, we know it’s bad for us but exercise. David Bohl, a personal trainer It’s easy to make excuses about being busy we still eat it, why? Most likely because believes with regular exercise you’ll sleep and struggling to find healthy food on the we’re starving ourselves on an absurd diet better, have a more positive outlook, reduced go, it’s true – there are a lot more fast food of lettuce and celery, put yourself in that stress, better concentration, and more energy outlets than salad bars but simple preparation situation and all you won’t be able to stop and endurance to run your life efficiently of lunch before you go to work would save thinking about real food, so much so that you and effectively. It can even improve your you calories and money (just think of the will find yourself completely famished and love life. Overall, regular exercise slows the handbags you could buy with the money you ironically you’ll want to eat anything and ageing process and adds to the quality of your save over a year.) Don’t have time in the everything in sight. Sound familiar? life. (www.selfgrowth.com, 2008) morning? Prepare it the night before. Truth is, diets don’t actually work. Dan Rutherford a GP also agrees. According to the government Whether it’s the juice diet, soup diet, baby The exercise need not be strenuous, food diet, grapefruit diet or the raw “Regular exercise gives you the energy and endur- a power walk, gentle swim or a food diet, sooner or later you’ll ance to run your life more efficiently and effectively.” cycle along the beach, even getting need to eat actual food and when off the tube a stop early, taking the you do, the pounds will pile on, stairs or walking to the shops, it is that easy around one in three women in the UK are maybe more than before. to start to change your life. (www.netdoctor. Ban yourself from anything entirely obese and these statistics are increasing. co.uk, 2007) Trying for a baby? Pregnancy problems are and you’ll want it, it’s proven. Pick one day Exercise can even be fun, you more common in overweight women, leading a week and let it be your ‘treat day’ allow could try dance classes or the new craze them to be more likely to go in to labour yourself a glass of wine, or a carb-loaded hula-hoop classes, a favourite with Beyoncé early. Act now to change your life before dish, it’ll help you eat well throughout the and Michelle Obama. Fitness classes are an health issues could become a major problem. week if you know come Saturday you can incredible idea, get fit, meet new people and The quest for a beach body has indulge a little. have fun, just think of the rewards, it will begun, only a few months until the season of As with anything in life your food feel a lot better than sitting on the sofa with a summer holidays arrives, don’t leave it until and exercise regime is all down to habit. You greasy take-away. the last minute to shift the extra pounds, get may think you need to starve yourself, eat Fed up with breakouts the morning a head-start now to get that Rihanna bikini only raw vegetables or guilt-trip yourself to before an important party? A healthy balanced body. the gym because you’ve tripped up but let me diet would fix that too along with healthier And it’s not just your waistline that till you now, you don’t. It really is so simple. hair and nails, you’ll be radiant in a flash. To will feel the perks, it’s all very well using Read on and follow the only advice that will improve skin a wholesome diet is essential. It anti-ageing creams and serums, but this could help you eat yourself beautiful in no time at is vital to get enough proteins, vitamins and all be in vain if you’re not getting the right all. minerals; lean meat, fish, poultry, eggs, fresh nutrients. Prunes, raisins and blueberries The secret is, making better vegetables and fruits; avocado, cucumber and choices, and the choice is all yours. If you had are packed with antioxidants; perfect for a cabbage are particularly recommended. balanced diet and helping you look younger. a slice of cake for a friend’s birthday, ensure Ask anyone with a healthy balanced Eating the right foods at the right times can you eat well for the next few days. Sure, you diet, how they feel, you won’t hear them say significantly boost your mood and energy and can have lasagne; you just need a different curb your stress, says Elizabeth Somer, author tired, lazy or bloated. Trust us, change the take on the original sauce and cheeselittle habits in your diet and you will reap the of “Eat Your Way to Happiness.” Eating a loaded dish. Try using turkey, lean beef or a benefits. It’s in your hands now, we know variation of foods, which includes a small vegetable alternative, cut down the cheese, you’ll join us and make the right decision. amount of sugars and fats will leave you pasta and sauce and load on the veg, it will feeling a whole lot better and even living a never be entirely good for you, but a small 20
Published on Jan 30, 2012


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Three males were arrested for allegedly stealing 28,000.00 dollars’ worth of cell phones and cash from a safe at a Verizon store in Fountain Valley.
On Saturday, officers responded to a robbery call at a Verizon store on Warner Avenue and Magnolia Street in Fountain Valley. Reports indicate that three males entered the business – two of them armed – stole from the store and then fled.
Witnesses gave officers the description of the suspects and the car that fled from the store. Later the car was spotted about 18 miles away, in Bellflower. Fountain Valley police officers and other agencies responded, but the car continued to flee.
A short pursuit ensued and then the car crashed into another vehicle at Clark Avenue and Somerset Boulevard. The suspects allegedly tried to run away, but were caught and arrested by the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department. Deputies found the stolen merchandise and a loaded handgun inside the car.
The suspects who reside in Compton were arrested. Justian Meriwether, 25 was booked into Central Men’s Jail and the two minors went to juvenile hall.
They were booked on suspicion of resisting arrest, possession of stolen property, hit and run, possession of a loaded firearm, conspiracy to commit a crime, reckless vehicle pursuit, brandishing a firearm, and robbery.
If you or someone you love is suspected of robbery, possession of stolen property, resisting arrest, or any other crime, call Orange County criminal defense lawyer Staycie R. Sena at (949) 477-8088 for a consultation now.

domain: news


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In this series of blog posts, we provide a summary of the neighborhoods where we’re currently listing and developing homes. In this post, I’ll be focusing on West Town Chicago.
The boundaries of West Town are the former railroad tracks on Bloomingdale Avenue on the north, the Chicago River on the east, the Union Pacific railroad tracks on the south, and a jagged western border that includes Humboldt Park proper.
West Town is a large community area that includes a handful of distinct neighborhoods: East Village, Noble Square, Polish Downtown, Pulaski Park, Smith Park, Ukrainian Village, and Wicker Park. It also includes River West and East Humboldt Park (though some sources don’t consider the latter a separate neighborhood).
Importantly, the area that falls under the umbrella of “West Town” varies depending on the source, but this is the definition of the West Town community area according to the city of Chicago. Some resources consider Chicago Avenue as West Town’s northern border, and the expressway as its eastern border, greatly reducing the size of “West Town.” When “West Town” is referenced, it’s most often used to refer to the areas of East Village and Noble Square, which will be the primary focus of this neighborhood guide.
Regardless of where you draw the boundaries, it’s always a beautiful day in West Town. Read on to see why.
Entertainment and Eating
West Town is also known for its plentiful boutiques along Chicago, Ashland, Grand, and Damen. This area includes gems such as quirky gift shop RR#1, vintage and handmade boutique Dovetail, local art and women’s clothing at AD HOC, 1930s to 1980s decor and clothing purveyor Seek Vintage, and industrial-chic boutique Study Hall, which is housed in a building that was built in 1884.
West Town has its fair share of green spaces. In the East Village and Noble Square areas, Eckhart Park is the largest at just over 8 acres. There’s a fieldhouse and indoor swimming pool, baseball diamonds, athletic fields, a playground, and a community garden. Movies in the Park, plays, concerts, and other Nights Out in the Park events are held at Eckhart Park throughout the year.
Pulaski Park is smaller, tucked into a densely populated neighborhood at the neighborhood’s eastern edge, near the Kennedy Expressway. It was built in 1912 in the middle of a predominantly blue collar Polish neighborhood and is named for Polish war hero Casimir Pulaski. Its three-story brick fieldhouse is iconic. According to the Chicago Parks District, “architect William Carbys Zimmerman designed the three-story brick field house to emulate Eastern European architecture familiar to the immigrant community.”
A typical commute to The Loop from West Town using public transportation is around 30 minutes, door to door. To O’Hare Airport, it’s about 50 minutes. By car, a typical drive to The Loop without traffic would take about 10 to 20 minutes, and a trip to O’Hare would be 20 minutes, sans traffic.
Walkscore.com refers to West Town as a “walker’s paradise” meaning daily errands don’t require a car.The easternmost part of West Town is the most walkable. The neighborhood is also considered a “biker’s paradise” and has excellent public transit.
According to Zillow, home values in West Town rose 3% in the past year and are projected to increase by 5.1% in the next year.
Note: Walkscore.com and Zillow use different boundaries for West Town than does the city of Chicago.
A Bit of History
1062 N. Ashland, built circa 1900. This photo was taken in April 2009, when this building was La Iglesia de Dios Alfa y Omega. It was the Galician-Austrian Congregation before that. Today, it’s home to apartments. Photo by Eric Allix Rogers via Flickr, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.
Many different immigrant communities originally settled in what is now West Town. The portion of the neighborhood east of Wood Street was mostly within the original city limits of 1837. Settlers were attracted to the area in the 1840s for railroad and factory jobs.
At the turn of the twentieth century, the population included Germans and Scandinavians in the north and northwest, Polish around Division and Ashland Streets, Russian Jews near Humboldt Park, Italians in the southeast, and Ukrainians in what is now Ukrainian Village. Latino populations moved into the area in the second half of the century. African Americans had lived in the neighborhood since the 1930s but more moved to the area, specifically Noble Square, in the 1970s.
Some parts of West Town have experienced gentrification, but it remains a diverse neighborhood with plenty of great pockets to live, work, and play.
Joseph Medill Public Bath. 2138 W Grand Ave. Charles F. Hermann, 1905. Learn more about this and Chicago’s other public baths on Forgotten Chicago. Photo by Eric Allix Rogers via Flickr, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.
If you’d like to learn more about West Town, I recommend exploring the following resources:
- West Town Neighbors Association
- West Town Chamber of Commerce
- East Village Association
- Chicago Grand Neighbors Association
- Tour West Town with Chicago Magazine’s Ian Spula (video from 2015 — some of its content is dated)
- The Encyclopedia of Chicago West Town entry
- Chicago Public Library’s West Town Community Collection (referenced and summarized online; available in-person at the Harold Washington Library Center in Special Collections)
Interested in living in West Town? Check out the Smith Park Collection of homes that we’re working on in the West Town neighborhood of Ukrainian Village. Feel free to contact me for more information on buying a home in West Town.

domain: history


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HONOLULU (HawaiiNewsNow) - The Governor has been thinking about the civil unions issue every day since May 3. That's when it was sent to her desk to sign, veto or let pass without her signature. Today Governor Linda Lingle said the civil union issue is perhaps the most difficult decision she's had to make in her career.
With people on both sides of the issue sitting in on her news conference the governor announced the civil union bill is on her potential veto list. However that does not mean the bill is doomed, she can still approve the bill. It just bought her two more weeks to make up her mind.
"I think it argues to take the most time possible, not just to make the best decision I can but to present it in an appropriate way because when the decision gets made we all have to live together here in Hawaii. Whichever way this goes we're still one ohana. You may disagree with me but we're still living on an island together," said Governor Lingle, during the news conference at her office.
Her staff says they've received 20,000 comments from people, including phone calls, emails, letters and faxes. Among them 85 percent want her to veto the bill. However the governor's office admits the count is very unscientific and many could be duplicate opinions or opinions from out of state.
While she has heard compelling arguments on both sides she says it will be her decision alone to make and she's even gone back and forth on her decision.
"House Bill 444 is the most difficult no question. What makes it most difficult is the intensity and the feeling on behalf of the public. I don't know of another bill that comes close to that," said Gov. Lingle.
If she does veto the bill it will likely stand. Democratic leaders doubt the state house will get three more lawmakers to change their mind to override the governor. The House approved the bill by a vote of 31 to 20. It needs 34 votes override a veto.
"I think the votes that were 31 in favor are pretty firm and the votes opposed are pretty firm. At this point I don't anticipate us taking further action on that," said Rep. Blake Oshiro, (D) House Majority Leader.
The Senate does have the necessary votes to override, but that won't matter if the House doesn't have the votes too.
"It takes two houses to do it so it's going to be whether or not there is a bill that would jell the houses together and we may vote it just because we have the votes to override, but I don't see us coming back if it's just for one bill. If there is only one bill that is vetoed for example and the house didn't have the votes and the senate did I don't see us coming back because that doesn't make any sense," said Sen. Colleen Hanabusa, (D) State Senate President.
The governor said she will give a detailed explanation about her decision on July 6 which is her last day to decide before it would pass without her signature.
More about this story on HawaiiNewsNow.com:
Governor Lingle's potential veto list


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Kannapolis Schools do not expect more personnel cuts
Published 12:00 am Friday, March 9, 2012
KANNAPOLIS — The leader of the Kannapolis City school system said earlier today the district doesn’t expect to hand out any pink slips this year.
“We do not foresee a reduction in force unless there are some major changes from Raleigh,” Superintendent Dr. Pam Cain said. “I am very happy to report we have a budget we can sustain.”
Last year, 49 teacher assistants, 19 teachers, six custodians, three instructional technology specialists, two administrative assistants, two guidance counselors and one media coordinator were laid off. A portion of those people were brought back to work later.
The school system is facing a more-than $1 million shortfall with the loss of the federal Education Jobs money that expires at the end of this year.
It’s also expected to lose nearly $1.8 million in reversions to the state. That’s up $250,000 from the current fiscal year.
Find out how the school system plans to deal with those deficits in Saturday’s Salisbury Post.

domain: finance


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domain: geography