text:
Your shopping cart is empty!
Search in product descriptions
US$657.89 Ex Tax: US$657.89
Play like a pro with the Xbox One Elite Console Bundle which includes: a 1TB Solid State Hybrid Driv..
US$591.55 Ex Tax: US$591.55
As a world-wide recognized brand of high quality peripheral devices, Fanatec is known for its cuttin..
US$509.99 Ex Tax: US$509.99
Be the first to experience the Xbox One X designed for the biggest fans—the Project Scorpio Edition ..
US$508.98US$509.99 Ex Tax: US$508.98
Feel true power with Xbox One X. “The Xbox One X is a beast of a machine and worth every penny”- Xb..
US$479.39 Ex Tax: US$479.39
The Thrustmaster TX Racing Wheel Leather Edition is a complete premium package consisting of the TM ..
US$451.84US$458.99 Ex Tax: US$451.84
This bundle includes: Custom Xbox One S 2TB Console and Crimson Omen controller, vertical stand, ful..
US$427.38 Ex Tax: US$427.38
Own the Limited Edition Halo 5: Guardians Console Bundle which includes: a 1TB hard drive custom Ha..
US$419.99 Ex Tax: US$419.99
Game in HD with this refurbished 2TB Xbox One S gaming console. The wireless controller puts you in ..
US$407.99 Ex Tax: US$407.99
Introducing the new Xbox One S. Play the greatest games lineup, including Xbox 360 classics, on a 4..
Get the family up and moving with the Xbox One with Kinect Bundle which includes: 500GB hard drive X..
US$376.38 Ex Tax: US$376.38
Xbox One brings together the best exclusive games, the most advanced multiplayer, and entertainment ..
US$359.99 Ex Tax: US$359.99
Enhance your gaming experience with this Astro Gaming wireless headset. It has three different modes..
US$356.99 Ex Tax: US$356.99
DRP-23400128Bundle includes: Xbox One S 1TB Console, full game download of Halo Wars 2: Ultimate Edi..
XB1 SYSTEM 1TB FORZA HORIZON BUNDLEBundle includes: Xbox One S 1TB Console, full game download of Fo..
US$347.98 Ex Tax: US$347.98
Xbox One S 500GB Forza Horizon 3 Console Bundle with PDP Talon Media RemoteProduct FeaturesMicrosoft..
US$346.79 Ex Tax: US$346.79
Choose one of four blockbuster titles with the Xbox One 500GB Name Your Game Bundle, featuring a ful..
US$345.78 Ex Tax: US$345.78
Xbox One S 1TB Console - WhiteWatch 4K Blu-ray movies and stream 4K content on Netflix and Amazon Vi..
US$344.76US$356.99 Ex Tax: US$344.76
Xbox One S 1TB Console - Battlefield 1 Special Edition BundleThis bundle includes: Xbox One S Specia..
US$340.68US$356.99 Ex Tax: US$340.68
The Xbox One S 1TB Console - Madden NFL 17 Bundle includes: Xbox One S 1TB Console, full game digita..
US$332.52US$356.99 Ex Tax: US$332.52
The Xbox One S Gears of War 4 Bundle (1TB), featuring a full game download of Gears of War 4 standar..
US$317.20 Ex Tax: US$317.20
Includes: Xbox One S 500GB Console, full game downloads of Minecraft for Xbox One and Windows 10, Xb..
US$316.19 Ex Tax: US$316.19
Get your game on. The Xbox One S 500GB Limited Edition Blue Console is 40% smaller than its predeces..
US$311.91US$356.99 Ex Tax: US$311.91
Xbox One 1TB The Division Bundle- 1TB hard drive Xbox One.- Full-game digital download of Tom Clancy..
US$309.72 Ex Tax: US$309.72
Xbox One S 500GB - Gears of War 4 Blue Special Edition Special Edition BundleXbox One S Deep Blue Sp..
US$305.99US$407.99 Ex Tax: US$305.99
The definitive sim racing wheel for Xbox One and PC. Driving Force is designed for the latest racing..
US$299.99 Ex Tax: US$299.99
With powerful sound, abundant comfort and dynamic functions, the Turtle Beach Elite 800X headset del..
You game with the best, so it's crucial that you're always aware of the environment around you. Ever..
US$298.81 Ex Tax: US$298.81
Get the ultimate LEGO building experience with the Xbox One The LEGO Movie Videogame console bundle ..
US$295.79US$406.98 Ex Tax: US$295.79
US$293.75 Ex Tax: US$293.75
Sleeker, slimmer, sharper Introducing the new Xbox One S. Play the greatest games lineup, including ..
US$275.37US$305.99 Ex Tax: US$275.37
Own the Xbox One Gears of War: Ultimate Edition Bundle, featuring a full game download of Gears of W..
US$267.30US$302.39 Ex Tax: US$267.30
Xbox One S 500GB ConsoleBundle includes: Xbox One S 500GB Console, 1 Xbox Wireless Controller (with ..
US$266.20 Ex Tax: US$266.20
Own the Xbox One Special Edition Quantum Break Bundle, featuring the Cirrus White console and contro..
US$264.09US$305.99 Ex Tax: US$264.09
The Xbox One S Minecraft Favorites Bundle (500GB), featuring everything you need to build, create, a..
US$253.98US$285.59 Ex Tax: US$253.98
The Xbox One S 500GB Madden NFL 18 Bundle, featuring a full game download of Madden NFL 18, 4K Ultra..
US$252.95US$305.99 Ex Tax: US$252.95
The Xbox One S 500GB Halo Collection Bundle includes: Xbox One S 500GB Console, Halo 5: Guardians (p..
US$246.23US$305.99 Ex Tax: US$246.23
Xbox One S 500GB Console - Forza Horizon 3 Bundle features a full game download of Forza Horizon 3 S..
US$244.79 Ex Tax: US$244.79
Xbox One Console with 1TB hard drive. Xbox One Wireless Controller with 3.5mm headset jack Chat Head..
US$235.57US$285.59 Ex Tax: US$235.57
The Xbox One S 500GB Console - Battlefield 1 Bundle includes: Xbox One S 500GB Console, full game do..
US$234.59US$285.59 Ex Tax: US$234.59
The Xbox One S Minecraft Complete Adventure Bundle (500GB) and be part of a worldwide phenomenon. Th..
US$234.55 Ex Tax: US$234.55
No controller adapters, no cables, just completely wireless DTS Headphone: X 7.1 Channel Surround So..
US$233.58US$285.59 Ex Tax: US$233.58
Own the Xbox One S Forza Horizon 3 Hot Wheels Bundle (500GB), featuring a full-game download of raci..
US$222.06US$254.99 Ex Tax: US$222.06
Introducing the new Xbox One S. Play the greatest games lineup, including Xbox 360 classics, on a 40..
US$209.99US$262.49 Ex Tax: US$209.99
This is a high-quality wheel stand built with craftmanship for your Thrustmaster T300RS, TX458 (Xbox..
US$203.99 Ex Tax: US$203.99
Play your way through a multi-level quest in Marvel vs Capcom: Infinite Collector's Edition. Band to..
US$183.59 Ex Tax: US$183.59
The Thrustmaster 599XX EVO 30 Wheel Add-On Alcantara Edition is manufactured in the very same baths ..
US$179.99US$239.99 Ex Tax: US$179.99
Outstanding comfort and incredible sound: It's the Turtle Beach Elite Pro gaming headset. The Comfor..
US$179.99 Ex Tax: US$179.99
Experience the sensation of realistic driving when gaming with this Thrustmaster leather steering wh..
Grab your friends and embark upon the next adventure in Tekken 7 Collector's Edition for Xbox One. F..
Hear every note or footstep while gaming with this SteelSeries Arctis headset. A ski goggle headband..
The Mafia III Collector's Edition is packed with physical and digital items, providing a window into..
US$167.99 Ex Tax: US$167.99
Welcome to the World of Assassination. You are Agent 47, the world's ultimate assassin. Backed by yo..
US$161.99US$179.99 Ex Tax: US$161.99
Enhance your Xbox One gameplay with this Turtle Beach Ear Force Stealth 420X+ headset, which wireles..
Immerse yourself in battles and journeys with this Logitech gaming headset. Its Pro-G audio drivers ..
US$156.57US$183.55 Ex Tax: US$156.57
Elgato Game Capture HD60 Next Generation Gameplay Sharing The gaming experience is all about sharing..
US$155.99 Ex Tax: US$155.99
All it takes is the swipe of a finger. We connect with friends. We buy the latest gadgets and gear. ..
For years, you've had the opportunity to rock out, entertain a crowd and unleash a killer solo at th..
US$152.99 Ex Tax: US$152.99
XIM4 provides the highest precision mouse and keyboard (and more) experience on Xbox One, PlayStatio..
Get pro-level precision with the Xbox Elite Wireless Controller, featuring an arsenal of swappable c..
HyperX Cloud Revolver S features Plug N Play virtual Dolby Surround 7. 1 audio — no software require..
US$152.95US$183.55 Ex Tax: US$152.95
Elgato Game Capture HD60 S - System Requirements and Technical SpecificationsSystem RequirementsPC: ..
US$143.99 Ex Tax: US$143.99
Gun down massive hordes of demons in this revamp of the fast-paced, first-person shooter DOOM. Play ..
US$141.53 Ex Tax: US$141.53
HORI brings the best in build-quality, customization options, and authentic racing simulation with t..
US$132.59US$152.99 Ex Tax: US$132.59
Nothing says "Game Over" for the Xbox One experience like an overloaded hard drive. Boost your conso..
US$131.99US$275.99 Ex Tax: US$131.99
Experience completely wireless personal audio with this refurbished Stealth 500X headset. It has an ..
US$131.56US$203.99 Ex Tax: US$131.56
The Logitech G933 Artemis Spectrum is a wireless gaming headset worthy of serious audio fans. Design..
US$119.99 Ex Tax: US$119.99
Get the ultimate Watch Dogs Experience with the Watch Dogs 2 Gold Edition, which includes the base g..
US$119.99US$359.99 Ex Tax: US$119.99
Immerse yourself in the universe of the game with these refurbished Turtle Beach Elite headphones. T..
Enhance your Xbox One gaming experience with this Ear Force XO FOUR Stealth gaming headset. Connect ..
The highest rated* annual sports title of this console generation returns with NBA 2K18, featuring u..
Explore a mystical land and lose yourself in adventure when you play Middle Earth: Shadow of War Gol..
Kojima Productions ushers in a new era for the Metal Gear Solid franchise with its newest chapter — ..
Ethan Brady is the hero of the revolution as he attempts to retake Philadelphia in Homefront: The Re..
Welcome to Hope County, Montana, land of the free and the brave, but also home to a fanatical doomsd..
US$111.27US$125.99 Ex Tax: US$111.27
OWC External Storage Drive Upgrade Bundle for Microsoft® XBox One®. 1.0 TB External USB 3.0 Drive. I..
US$111.17 Ex Tax: US$111.17
Military-grade Shockproof & Water-resistant Armor A60 incorporates ultra-rugged rubber casing and in..
US$107.99US$143.99 Ex Tax: US$107.99
Play with sonic advantage by using this Razer ManO'War gaming headset. Its high-performance 50mm neo..
US$107.98 Ex Tax: US$107.98
Watch and record live broadcast TV without a cable subscription, and watch cable TV on your Xbox One..
US$101.99 Ex Tax: US$101.99
Kindly disconnect and restart their Xbox. Do not start console before plugging the racing wheel in, ..
US$101.99US$122.39 Ex Tax: US$101.99
HyperX Cloud II features a newly designed USB sound card audio control box that amplifies audio and ..


text:
Light-stable semiconductor material based on amorphous germanium and a method for its production
An amorphous semiconductor material which does not age under the action of light is particularly suitable for red-sensitive photovoltaic components and is highly photosensitive. The amorphous semiconductor material is germanium based, particularly a silicon-germanium alloy. To this end, the semiconductor material has a compact, void-free structure, is manufactured in a glow discharge reactor by appropriate variation of the precipitation parameters, and contains one element from Group VI A of the periodic system.
Latest Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Patents:
- Fast-switching circuit assembly for a converter
- Fabricatable data transmission cable
- Electronic assembly with a component arranged between two circuit carriers, and method for joining such an assembly
- Method for adjusting pull resistors of an electronic module
- Circuit breaker accessory cover interlock and forced safety tripping apparatus, systems, and methods
The invention relates to a new semiconductor material based on amorphous germanium, preferably for red-sensitive photovoltaic components, and a method for its production.
In order to reduce the production costs for solar cells, and hence the costs of providing photovoltaically generated energy, suitable materials are being sought for thin-film solar cells based on amorphous semiconductors. These materials are intended to replace solar cells consisting of crystalline semiconductor material which, although powerful, are also expensive and are not competitive in comparison with other energy sources. They have numerous advantages in production and are distinguished, for example, by low process temperatures of less than 250.degree. C. and low material consumption. Layer thicknesses of less than 1 .mu.m are sufficient for complete absorption of light. In addition, it is possible to produce large-area semiconductor films on cheap substrates, for example window glass, by suitable deposition methods.
A disadvantage of amorphous solar cells is their relatively low efficiency compared with crystalline solar cells. With small areas, the efficiency can reach 12 percent, but the efficiency is only 9 percent in the case of a 1000 cm.sup.2 module. A further disadvantage is the lack of light stability of the cells. Even the best of the known solar cells of amorphous semiconductor material exhibit 15 to 20 percent ageing within the first few months when used in the field, which becomes noticeable by a reduced efficiency.
A possible cell structure which avoids these disadvantages is the tandem cell. In this case, a plurality of solar cells each with a different energy gap, and hence different spectral sensitivity, are connected one behind the other. A combination of amorphous silicon with an energy gap of approximately 1.75 eV and a cell of an amorphous silicon-germanium alloy or of amorphous germanium itself with an energy gap of between 1.0 and 1.2 eV, connected downstream from it, would, for example, be suitable. Using this tandem cell structure, theoretical efficiencies of over 20 percent are possible.
An amorphous semiconductor material which has a low energy gap of 0.9 to 1.2 eV with a simultaneously low density of states at a maximum of 5.times.1015 defects/cm.sup.3 eV within the energy gap is, however, unknown. The amorphous semiconductor material, which is suitable for solar cells, with the lowest energy gap to date of 1.4 to 1.5 eV is an amorphous silicon-germanium alloy with a germanium content of up to 30 percent. However, a material with a higher germanium content, and hence a lower energy gap, is necessary for optimum matching to the blue-sensitive amorphous silicon cell. However, such semiconductors, produced using the glow-discharge method, have until now exhibited major material inhomogeneities, a high density of states, and considerable instability with respect to air humidity. The attempt to deposit amorphous germanium layers by reactive sputtering of a germanium target admittedly also produces a material with an improved photo-conductivity, but which has been found to be unstable with respect to relatively lengthy periods of strong illumination (light-ageing).
U.S. Pat. No. 4,471,042 discloses an amorphous semiconductor material for electro-photography, which consists of pure germanium or germanium/silicon alloys.
An article by Lucowski et al. in Physical Review B, Volume 31, No. 4, 1985, pages 2190-2197 discloses thin layers of amorphous germanium and amorphous germanium alloys which are produced in a glow-discharge method in a pure germanium-hydride atmosphere.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The object of the present invention is thus to specify an amorphous semiconductor material which has a low energy gap required for tandem cells of less than 1.4 eV, and preferably an energy gap of 0.9 to 1.2 eV, with a simultaneously high photo-conductivity.
This object is achieved according to the invention by means of an amorphous semiconductor based on germanium.
The light-stable amorphous semiconductor material, preferably for red-sensitive cells in photovoltaic components, consists of 80 to 90 percent by atomic weight of Ge.sub.1-x Si.sub.x, where 0.ltoreq..times..ltoreq.0.7, 5 to 20 percent by atomic weight of hydrogen, and oxygen in a concentration of 5.times.10.sup.19 cm.sup.-3 to 2.times.10.sup.21 cm.sup.-3. The semiconductor material has a compact structure without demonstrable cavities and has a standardized photo-conductivity (.mu..eta..tau.) of more than 10.sup.-7 cm.sup.2 /Vs.
Further configurations of the invention and a method for producing the semiconductor material are as follows:
The semiconductor material can have an energy gap of 0.9 to 1.4 eV. Also, the semiconductor material can contain no silicon (X=0).
The method of the present invention produces a light-stable semiconductor material based on amorphous germanium on a substrate, preferably as a red-sensitive material for photovoltaic components in which, in an atmosphere of at least 80 to 97.5 percent by atomic weight of hydrogen and 2.5 to 20 percent by atomic weight of germanium hydride at a pressure of 0.2 to 2 mbar and a substrate temperature of 100.degree. to 300.degree. C., a glow-discharge is carried out in such a manner that the ion energy of the ions impinging on the substrate is at least 100 eV. The semiconductor material produced on the substrate is subjected to treatment with a gas containing at least oxygen.
The glow-discharge can be carried out in an atmosphere which contains oxygen or a compound of oxygen. The treatment can be carried out after deposition of the semiconductor material, and at a temperature in the region of the deposition temperature, for at least 10 minutes. The treatment can be carried out after deposition, with a hydrogen plasma containing oxygen.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The features of the present invention which are believed to be novel, are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention, together with further objects and advantages, may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, and in which:
The single FIGURE depicts a tandem solar cell constructed according to the present invention.DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The semiconductor material according to the invention has an energy gap of between 1.4 eV for a material with a silicon-germanium ratio of 30:70, and 0.9 eV for a silicon-free semiconductor material. As a result of the deliberate incorporation of a Group VI A element, such as oxygen, the defect density within the energy gap of the semiconductor material is considerably reduced, which leads to an improved photo-conductivity. At the same time, a relatively low dark conductivity is observed so that the overall photo-sensitivity is still further improved. A precondition for these good characteristics is the already mentioned low density of states of the material according to the invention, which in turn is a result of the incorporation of a Group VI A element.
This is surprising to the extent that, until now, efforts have always been directed, in known methods, at preventing the incorporation of a Group VI A element, particularly oxygen. In the case of the invention, this component is now deliberately raised above that known until now, which was caused by impurities. The material accordingly contains such an element in a component of more than 5.times.1019 cm.sup.-3, which corresponds to the limiting value of an impurity, for example oxygen, which until now has been normal and obtained in normal deposition systems.
A further increase in this component results in a further reduction in the defect density until an optimum is reached in terms of material characteristics. Thereafter, the characteristics deteriorate again so that an upper limit of approximately 5 percent by atomic weight or 2.times.1021 cm.sup.-3 is determined for the components of the Group VI A element. Since the optimum value is also dependent on the composition of the semiconductor material according to the invention, it is also influenced by the deposition method, likewise according to the invention, and by the parameters set in this case.
A possible explanation for the observed advantageous effects of using, for example, oxygen can be found in the structurally-dependent electronic states of the germanium. In addition to the "normal" germanium-germanium bonds with a gap corresponding to exact and crystalline material, amorphous germanium also has expanded, and thus weaker, germanium-germanium bonds. The resulting electronic states, which differ from normal germanium bonds, lie within the energy gap and have a relatively low energy difference with respect to normal germanium bonds. As a result, they can particularly greatly reduce the photo-conductivity by trapping the charge-carrier pairs produced.
A bivalent Group VI A element can now insert itself between the two germanium atoms of such an extended bond and enter into a firm bond therewith because of the chemical affinity. The electronic states which lie within the energy gap and are thus disturbing are in this way eliminated. As a result of this plausible explanation, it also becomes clear that the size of the Group VI A element cannot be increased indefinitely and must be matched to the structure of the amorphous germanium.
A further characteristic of the semiconductor material according to the invention is its compact structure, which has no detectable cavities whatsoever. Conventional amorphous germanium or an amorphous material with a high germanium content and a hydrogen content of over 5 percent by atomic weight has a feature in the IR spectrum which is caused by material cavities. As well as a normal absorption band of approximately 1880 cm.sup.-1, which is caused by permanently incorporated hydrogen, a known non-compact material having a further band at approximately 1980 cm.sup.-1. The latter band is typical for hydrogen bonded into material cavities and is thus a measure for low compactness. In the material according to the invention, this band has disappeared, thus no cavities can be detected in the semiconductor material.
Furthermore, the IR spectrum is also suitable for detecting the atom of the Group VI A elements. Oxygen is detected, for example by an absorption band between 700 and 800 cm.sup.-1, which results from germanium-oxygen bonds.
The most important characteristic, and that which is most advantageous for use of the semiconductor material according to the invention in photovoltaic components, is, however, its stability with respect to light-ageing. Under AM 1 illumination, the photo-conductivity and dark conductivity are observed separately from one another for more than 1000 hours. Constant conductivity values were measured during the observation period for a plurality of different samples in each case, within the framework of the measurement accuracy. From this, a high light-stability, which is virtually unlimited in time, can also be concluded since known amorphous semiconductors have already exhibited the majority of their ageing-dependent power loss in this period. The virtually invariably good photo-sensitivity of the new material indicates the superiority of the amorphous germanium, or its alloy, according to the invention, as compared with known materials. This becomes particularly evident for pure germanium, or germanium without a silicon component, which in the prior art has not been suitable for solar cells.
In the method according to the invention for producing light-stable amorphous germanium material, the parameters are set such that, on the one hand, a compact material is achieved and, on the other hand, an increased foreign atom content of a Group VI A element is achieved. The deposition principle is in this case glow discharge, known per se, and its variations. The decisive factor for the compactness of the semiconductor material according to the invention is the level of the ion energy with which germanium and germanium-hydrogen fragment ions impinge on the substrate. In total contrast to the production of amorphous silicon with a high electronic quality, in which the ion energy may not exceed 100 electron volts, an ion bombardment energy of a minimum of 100 electron volts is now set according to the invention. Suitable deposition energies lie between 100 and 300 electron volts, deteriorations in the quality of the semiconductor material produced being observed, once again, at the upper end of the range.
The normal deposition conditions are typical for glow discharges and can be set in accordance with already known methods. The deposition thus takes place, for example, at a pressure of 0.2 to 2 mbar, a substrate temperature of 100.degree. to 300.degree. C. in an atmosphere which contains 80 to 97.5 percent by atomic weight of hydrogen. Selected as the germanium source is a gaseous germanium hydride in a concentration of 2.5 to 20 percent by atomic weight in the reaction atmosphere. For specific applications, or to influence the energy gap, the germanium component can be partially replaced by silicon, or the germanium hydride can be enriched with silane. Silicon-germanium alloys produced in this way likewise exhibit the advantageous characteristics of high photo-sensitivity with excellent long-term stability under illumination.
An increase in the ion energy is possible by means of various measures. For example, the area of the electrode supporting the substrate in a capacitively coupled glow-discharge reactor can be reduced. If the plasma is generated using a varying DC voltage, the ion energy can be increased by the application of an additional external, accelerating electrical field. A further possibility for increasing the ion energy is by means of an increase in the deposition power with the other conditions remaining constant. Since each of the embodiments has its own intrinsic advantages and disadvantages, the method can be selected depending on the particular requirement.
The incorporation of a Group VI A element into the amorphous semiconductor takes place according to the invention by treating the semiconductor material produced on the substrate with a gas which contains an element or a compound of an element of the Group VI A elements. One possibility for this consists of mixing a suitable gas into the glow-discharge atmosphere during the deposition process and of thus incorporating the foreign element during production of the semiconductor layer. A further possibility consists of depositing the amorphous semiconductor layer without a foreign element and of not introducing the latter into the layer until later, by means of a suitable treatment. In order to incorporate oxygen it is adequate, for example, to enrich a layer, which has been deposited in a suitably oxygen-free manner, therewith by means of a temperature treatment in an oxygen atmosphere. Such a treatment with hydrogen sulfide or hydrogen selenide leads to the subsequent incorporation of sulfur or selenium. If this treatment is carried out at a temperature in the region of the deposition temperature of approximately 100.degree. to 300.degree. C., a treatment duration of approximately 10 minutes to 2 hours is adequate to achieve an optimum form of the element. In order to accelerate the incorporation of the foreign element, the semiconductor layer produced can be treated with a plasma containing the suitable foreign element of the Group VI A elements. The gas used for this purpose, which contains the foreign element, is in this case mixed with hydrogen. Oxygen is incorporated, for example, by treating the semiconductor layer with a hydrogen-oxygen plasma.
An advantageous use of the semiconductor material according to the invention for the red-sensitive subcells of a tandem solar cell is described in more detail in the following text. FIG. 1 shows a possible construction for a tandem solar cell.
For optimum matching of a solar cell to the spectrum of the natural sunlight, two individual cells with a different sensitivity range are advantageously connected optically one behind the other. For example, a tandem cell structure whose first blue-sensitive subcell consists of a conventional pin-diode of amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) with an energy gap of 1.75 eV, while the second red-sensitive subcell, connected optically thereto, has an energy gap of 1.0 to 1.2 eV and advantageously consists of amorphous germanium according to the invention or of an amorphous germanium-silicon alloy, likewise according to the invention, represents a good combination. Optically connected in this case thereby designates an arrangement such that long-wave light (h.multidot..upsilon..sub.2) which is not absorbed by the first subcell can penetrate into the second subcell arranged behind it where the light is absorbed, generating pairs of charge-carriers. In this case, the two subcells can be separated from one another by an electrically insulating but transparent layer, independent connections then being provided for each subcell. However, it is technically simpler from the method point of view to produce a tandem cell in which the two subcells are deposited and produced directly superimposed.
FIG. 1 shows the construction of such a tandem solar cell which consists of two subcells and is constructed like a stack, one above the other. A transparent electrode 2, for example a fluorine-doped indium-tin-oxide (TCO), is deposited onto a transparent substrate 1, consisting for example of glass. A known thin-film solar cell, for example a pin-structure 3 of amorphous silicon, is now deposited thereon in a glow-discharge reactor. The short-wave component h.multidot..upsilon..sub.1 of the incident light h.multidot..upsilon. is absorbed in this solar cell. A diode of amorphous germanium is now deposited thereon, subject to changing the deposition conditions, without further wiring or the fitment of electrodes. This diode consists essentially of an absorber layer, approximately 0.1 to 0.5 .mu.m thick, of undoped or weakly doped amorphous germanium containing, for example, oxygen (a:Ge:H:O). As in the case of conventional amorphous solar cells, this absorber layer 5 is arranged between two p-doped and n-doped layers 4 and 6, each of which is approximately 5 to 20 nm thick. The latter layers consist of amorphous germanium, or the compact material according to the invention containing a Group VI A element. In a minor variation, a modified absorber material can be used for the doped layers 4 and 6, which absorber material has an optical absorption which is reduced in comparison with the material of the absorber layer 5. This absorber material may be, for example, a microcrystalline germanium whose lower optical absorption ensures a greater absorption in the actual absorber layer 5. Alternatively, the layer 4 may consist of an amorphous silicon-germanium alloy Ge.sub.1-x Si.sub.x (0.ltoreq..times..ltoreq.3), whose absorption coefficient is likewise low for red-wavelength light. Alternatively, the layer 5 can also have a small silicon component in order to raise the energy gap to the desired value.
Finally, the tandem structure is provided with a highly reflective rear contact 7, for example by sputtering or vapor deposition of a metal. Contact with the tandem cell is made on the layers 2 and 7.
Using such a cell, theoretical efficiencies up to 20 percent are possible, which correspond approximately to that of crystalline individual solar cells. In addition, using the material according to the invention, it is for the first time possible to construct a light-stable thin-film tandem solar cell which is exactly matched to the spectrum of natural sunlight.
However, other possibilities for the application of the material according to the invention are conceivable, for example for red-sensitive photodiodes. With a dark conductivity of the amorphous germanium containing oxygen (a-Ge:H:O) of 10.sup.-5 (Ohm cm).sup.-1, the electrical conductivity under white AM 1 illumination of 100 mW/cm.sup.2 increases by the factor 5 to 10. This corresponds to a standardized photo-conductivity (.eta..upsilon..tau. product) of approximately 5.times.10-7 cm.sup.-2 /Vs. On the basis of these characteristics, further applications are also possible, for example in integrated optoelectronic components.
The invention is not limited to the particular details of the apparatus and method depicted and other modifications and applications are contemplated. Certain other changes may be made in the above described apparatus and method without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention herein involved. It is intended, therefore, that the subject matter in the above depiction shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
1. A light-stable amorphous semiconductor material based on amorphous germanium, preferably for red-sensitive cells in photovoltaic components, consisting of 80 to 90 percent by atomic weight of Ge.sub.1-x Si.sub.x, where 0.ltoreq..times..ltoreq.0.7, 5 to 20 percent by atomic weight of hydrogen, and oxygen in a concentration of 5.times.10.sup.19 cm.sup.-3 to 2.times.10.sup.21 cm.sup.-3, the semiconductor material having a compact structure without demonstrable cavities and having a standardized photo-conductivity of more than 10.sup.-7 cm.sup.2 /Vs.
2. The semiconductor material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the semiconductor material has an energy gap of 0.9 to 1.4 eV.
3. The semiconductor material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the semiconductor material contains no silicon, x being equal to zero [(X=0)].
4. A method for producing a light-stable semiconductor material based on amorphous germanium on a substrate, preferably as a red-sensitive material for photovoltaic components, comprising the steps of: providing an atmosphere of at least 80 to 97.5 percent by atomic weight of hydrogen and 2.5 to 20 percent by atomic weight of germanium hydride at a pressure of 0.2 to 2 mbar and a substrate temperature of 100.degree. to 300.degree. C., carrying out a glow-discharge in such a manner that ion energy of ions impinging on the substrate is at least 100 eV, and subjecting the semiconductor material produced on the substrate to treatment with a gas containing at least oxygen.
5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the glow-discharge is carried out in a glow discharge atmosphere which contains oxygen or a compound of oxygen.
6. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein said treatment is carried out after deposition of the semiconductor material, and at a temperature in the region of the deposition temperature, for at least 10 minutes.
7. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein said treatment is carried out after deposition of the semiconductor material, with a hydrogen plasma containing oxygen.
- V. Premachandran et al., Thin Solid Films, vol. 88, Feb. 1982, pp. 335-338. "Chemical Bonding of Hydrogen & Oxygen in Glow-Discharge Deposited Thin Films of a-Ge: H and a-Geh,O", by G. Lucovsky et al, Physical Review B, Condensed Matter, vol. 31, No. 4, Feb. 15, 1985, New York pp. 2190-2197. "Influence of Plasma Deposition on Structural & Electronic Properties Ofa-Ge:H", by F. H. Karg et al, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol. 114, (1989), Amsterdam, North-Holland, pp. 477-479. "Electrical Optical and Structural Properties of Reactive Ion Beam Sputtered Hydrogenated Amorphous Germanium (a-Ge:H) Films", by M. K. Bhan et al, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 65, No. 1, Jan. 1, 1989, New York, pp. 241-247.
International Classification: H01L 2914; H01L 31028;

domain: chemistry


I have a 3.4 F-body engine in my '90 Trooper. Very happy with it. An awesome upgrade to the little 2.8, which struggled to pull this 3800-lb SUV around.
I've improved the 3.4 with upgraded air cleaner, Holley Big-Bore TBI and bored intake, SBC 1.6:1 roller-tipped rocker arms. Upgraded the exhaust with a dual-inlet cat (eliminated the restrictive exhaust wye), 2-1/2" cat-back exhaust with a Dynomax Super Turbo muffler (has a nice growl but doesn't drone).
It drags the Rolling Brick around pretty well! I wish it had more low end, the big exhaust cut that back a bit. It needs a Comp Cams "252" torque grind, then it'd be perfect!
The Camaro 3.4 with SFI has around 160hp, and the unfortunately-now-NLA GM Goodwrench crate 3.4 with the equivalent of a Comp Cams "252" cam made 160hp and over 190 ft-lb torque with a "wheezy" S10 carb and intake.
One S-10 dude over at the defunct S-Series.org (R.I.P.) made 187 RWHP with his hot-rodded 3.4.
So they have a lot of potential. Smoother and more compact than a 4.3 and should hold their own against a stock one. 4.3 does make more torque for sure.
I've been running my 3.4 for over 20 years and wouldn't part with it. Great engine.
Just my $.02......................ed


text:
I actually just found this recipe at Christmas so we haven't used it at Easter yet ... but we will! It's our new mashed potato staple, from AllRecipes.
potatoes cut into small pieces and boiled until soft
Mix with ...
crushed garlic cloves
Parmesan or Romano cheese
a little bit of milk to cream it
The original recipe was to mass produce this and called for 50 pounds of potatoes. Use whatever amount of potatoes you normally make, and put everything in a little at a time until it's the taste that you like. It never would have occurred to me to put Parm and oregano in potatoes, but it's really good!

domain: food


text:
Italian Fusion Festival
Venue: The Loft
Sunday, 8th July 2018
Doors: 3:00pm - 11:00pm
Admission: €10 - Buy Tickets Now!
The Italian Fusion Festival returns this summer! Save the date and prepare for one of the most exciting event of the Summer 2018!
A Beautiful & Italian Event of Music, Food, Arts, Visual Art, Dance & Design in Dublin.
Radio Dublino, the only Irish Radio programme in Italian since 2013, will bring you a line up of the most talented Irish-Italian bands for an evening of alternative fusion sounds, Italian food and visual art!
Spoil yourself to the notes of jazz, blues, trad, folk and rock music, enjoy artisan food and traditional Italian and Irish dances and musical instruments during the festival that celebrates the encounter between the Irish and Italian music and culture.
To complement the event a short video competition and Italian artisan food will be available to delight the palate of music enthusiasts in an informal setting.
Last but not least, a number of Vespas, the iconic Italian scooter, will be on display in front of The Grand Social, for the joy of all of the connoisseurs.
4:00 PM Pointbreak (Surf Rock)
5:00 PM Water’s Edge (Folk Rock)
6:00 PM Headtrip Acoustic Project (Acoustic Metal)
7:00 PM Francesco Turrisi Trio (Jazz)
8:00 PM Order of the Mess (Alternative Rock)
9:00 PM The Stoles (Rock)
3:30 PM Workshop Irish Trad Dance with Alan McGreek
4:30 PM Workshop The secret of Italian gestures with Elena Cristofanon
5:30 PM Workshop Uilleann Pipe with Donnacha Dwyer
6:30 PM Workshop Pizzica Traditional Dance from the South of Italy with Eliana Valentina
7:30 PM Andrea Facco (Italian folk music)
8:30 PM Sean Whelan (Irish folk music)

domain: hobby


text:
- As part of implementing the ten-year alcohol and drug workforce framework, resources are being developed to help service providers to better understand and support their workforces and build a sustainable, competent and capable workforce for the future.
- Key strategies have been identified through recent projects in the mental health and alcohol and other drug sectors and specifically for youth and rural alcohol and other drug services.
- These projects provide a comprehensive range of tools and resources to build and sustain workforce capability and expertise.
- A significant strategy is the Change Agent Network. It involves 20 organisational leaders from across the Victorian alcohol and other drug sector and promotes best practice, collaboration and improvements in outcomes and workforce culture.
As part of implementing the ten-year alcohol and drug workforce framework, resources are being developed to help service providers to better understand and support their workforces. These resources will also contribute to building a sustainable, competent and capable workforce for the future.
The ‘building block’ projects, described here, offer resources to support workforce planning in terms of supply and capability.
Alcohol and other drug workforce surveys
Workforce surveys are undertaken periodically to assist with workforce planning in the sector. Data includes key workforce indicators that enable the department and the sector to monitor changes in the demographic and clinical profile of the workforce over time, identify trends and develop appropriate strategic responses to emerging issues and needs.
The third survey is scheduled for late 2015 to update the surveys undertaken in 2013 and 2009.
Mental health and alcohol and drug workforce capability framework
The 2015 Mental Health and Alcohol and Drug Workforce Capability Framework Project is underway. The framework articulates the universal knowledge, skills, values and attitudes needed by workers across the publicly funded specialist mental health and alcohol and other drug sectors to deliver evidence-based practice that aligns to new legislation and service reform initiatives.
The framework will strengthen the capabilities of these workforces and support service improvement within the new recovery-oriented, client-driven service delivery model.
Development of the framework has involved extensive cross-sector input. It is in its final draft and will be distributed by the Victorian Department of Health & Human Services to both sectors for consultation.
What the framework means for alcohol and other drug agencies
The framework provides a set of domains to guide best practice for all workers across proficiency levels and for leaders. It will also offer a variety of tools and resources to alcohol and other drug agencies to enable them to implement the framework in service delivery, including in learning and development activities, across various settings.
Youth alcohol and drugs workforce capabilities project
The 2015 Youth Alcohol and Other Drugs Workforce Capabilities Project is focused on adapting the 2015 Mental Health and Alcohol and Drug Workforce Capability Framework to the specific youth alcohol and other drug service context.
The project illustrates how the framework can be adapted to unique contexts for alcohol and other drug workers in specific settings and service users.
The Youth Support and Advocacy Service is undertaking the project on behalf of the department.
Rural workforce innovation grant program
The 2013-14 Rural Workforce Innovation Grant Program showcased innovations implemented by 13 rural alcohol and other drug and mental health services to bring about positive workforce change and support sustainable rural health services into the future.
The Rural Workforce Innovation Grant Program - synthesis of case studies summarises the case studies produced by the services. It highlights the project achievements and success factors common to implementing the initiatives. The report also addresses the challenges associated with workforce change.
Effective leadership through the Change Agent Network
The Change Agent Network (CAN) is a community of practice for organisational leaders across the alcohol and other drug sector. Membership includes chief executive officers, program managers, service managers, team leaders, social workers, nurse managers and operations managers from a range of services in the alcohol and other drug sector.
CAN was established in 2014 by the Victorian Department of Health & Human Services in collaboration with the Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre.
Benefits of CAN for the alcohol and other drug sector
CAN benefits participants, their organisations and the alcohol and other drug sector through:
- the effective translation of evidence into best practice
- a collaborative culture, committed to critical reflection and evidence-based practice
- significant enhancements in clinical standards, workforce practices, client experiences and clinical outcomes
- better succession planning, professional development and leadership culture based on collaboration rather than competition.
Reviewed 09 September 2015

domain: sociology


text:
A coalition of labor unions and progressive advocacy organizations making a renewed push this month to approve a measure meant to reduce corporate power in New York and tighten anti-trust laws.
Advocates hope the measure, backed by state Sen. Mike Gianaris and Assemblyman Jeff Dinowitz, builds enough momentum to pass the finish line before the end of the legislative session on June 2.
Business organizations, however, have opposed the measure in the past over its tighter regulations they say could harm economic growth in the state.
The bill is meant to strengthen and expand existing anti-trust laws already on the books in New York. It would cover anti-competitive acts by a single company that are seen as harming competition, not multiple firms acting together. It would also create a lower definition for "dominance" in a marketplace rather than a monopoly as a threshold for when a company is harming competition.
"There is national momentum behind reforming and updating antitrust law to deal with the challenges presented by today’s monopolists," the coalition, New Yorkers for a Fair Economy, wrote in a bill memo in support. "Passing the Twenty-First Century Antitrust Act would be a major step forward in that fight, and we urge you to do it as soon as possible."
The measure also includes protections aimed at workers as well, including provisions that would address the concentration of labor markets and a lowered threshold for dominance in the labor market and an exemption for collective bargaining agreements.
The bill has been opposed by business organizations, including the Lawsuit Reform Alliance over the potential legal exposure that could be created for companies operating in New York.
The Business Council last year in a six-page white paper outlined its opposition to the legislation as well, underscoring concerns around the lack of specifics for what corporate "dominance" would mean under the law if approved.
"The vagueness of this definition leaves it very poorly tailored to the problem it was meant to solve, and creates an enormous risk that the statute will be applied in an untold number of additional circumstances that the drafters of the legislation probably never intended," the group wrote.

domain: economics


According to a recently published article in the Washington Post, youth sports participation is waning. While the causes are possibly many, most studies point to the growth of travel or competitive sports and to overbearing, win-at-all-costs parents and coaches. We cannot zap the fun out of sports for our youngsters, especially in the pre-teen years. And we all know and remember how much fun recreational leagues were and are. Let's make sure we maintain a healthy balance and not ruin sports for our kids.
Upstart Sports designs special products to showcase your organization's pride


text:
Lady Gaga Enjoyed Lindsay Lohan’s Liz and Dick Performance
Lady Gaga wrote on her Twitter that she enjoyed Lindsay Lohan’s performance in Lifetime’s Liz & Dick. Lohan played Elizabeth Taylor in the TV movie, which wasn’t well-received by critics.
Gaga wrote: “@lindsaylohan you did a beautiful job on Liz & Dick, Let no one bring u down, Liz didnt, they always try to knock the greats down a few pegs.“
Lohan previously said that she hoped the film would get her career back on track. She said: “I hope that my love for acting shows through and that people really see that, and I hope that they enjoy the portrayal. I did the best that I could. I’m in a great place. I just want to move forward. Keep working.“
The movie brought in 3.5 million viewers.

domain: artistic


Welcome to Roschiwal + Partner
We offer development services and design engineering to customer
Production engineering, manufacturing engineering and assembly engineering are the building blocks of our experience.
From the initial idea via professional preparation of all manufacturing documents, parts lists, and component drawings to the delivery of prototypes and pilot samples.
We offer our services to a fixed date, for a fixed price.
Our corporate philosophy: through our broad-based experience we enhance our clients‘ depth of knowledge and increase significantly their speed of innovation.
Roschiwal + Partner
High Tech Engineering GmbH Augsburg
Our corporate goals are designed to encompass the entire scope of development work, beginning with an initial concept and brainstorming. This is often preceded by technical market research, a patent search and a search of the literature. Preventive quality assurances are absolutely essential.
We conclude the brainstorming phase by providing a set of specifications and a presentation for the client. This is generally followed by a concept phase and a feasibility study, which enables an initial estimate to be made of the subsequent manufacturing costs. The next step is the draft design phase, which provides the basis for design engineering.
Design engineering is carried out on a client-compatible 2D or 3D CAD system. All component drawings are also executed on a suitable system. This work is followed by a 100% drawing check, i.e. all component drawings, together with the assembly drawing and parts list, are checked for dimensional accuracy and function.
The design engineering process is accompanied by design analysis. Our company has available a large number of software programs, from the quick and approximate analysis of mechanical components to the dimensioning of hydrostatic guide ways. FEM analyses are carried out using the program ANSYS. This is done by first preparing the structure on the CAD systems Pro/ENGINEER, Unigraphics and AutoCAD, and then transferring it to ANSYS.
Core competency of our business is broad know-how in engineering production machinery – TOOLS
Various 2D/3D CAD systems are available for compatibility with our customer. We have on hand and work with the CAD systems listed above. Our in-house „electronic drawing board“ is AutoCAD – like the automotive industry, we use itinternally as a second system.Over the course of a development and design engineering process for a customer, a great deal of co-ordination, synchronisation, communication, adaptation, and exchange of data and documentation is required. To optimise this process and enhance responsiveness to customer needs, an on-line remote datalink is essential. Video conferencing is a useful tool.
Our core activities are research and design of high-technology products. To enhance the benefits for the customer, we offer engineering services, either to accompany an ongoing project, or as a consulting package. These are described below.
- Value analysis
- Cost reduction program
- Technical calculations
- Preliminary estimates of development costs
Because of the pressure to reduce costs, especially in Germany, value analysis is a standard component of our engineering services, which we can provide either to accompany an ongoing project, or as a consulting package for a fixed price.
Our cost reduction program and target costing for cost optimisation of capital goods employs the benefits of value analysis in appropriate time and cost limits.
We carry out technical calculations for a fixed price, from simple geometrical calculations to finite elements.
Because of its optimal compatibility with a large number of CAD systems, we work with the FEM module ANSYS.
FMEA, or Failure Mode and Effects Analysis, is a method for preventive quality assurance. The role of quality assurance is undergoing major transformations, and for our cutting-edge customers it is no longer limited merely to the inspection of finished products. Instead, the main goal is to prevent possible errors at an early stage. To do this, quality assurance measures are intervening more often in the processes of development departments. Our cost reduction and quality assurance program does apply the experience of automotive manufacturers, automotive component suppliers, transmission and electrical industries, and adapts it to the medium production quantities of the capital goods industry.
We are in the position to supply prototypes, special equipment, individual assemblies and test installations we do this in conjunction with qualified co-operation partners.
Our integrated support for the process sequence: geometrical representation – component analysis – generation of manufacturing data for quick product development includes the development, together with our co-operation partners, of rapid prototyping models.
In our preliminary estimates of development costs, statistical reliability is enhanced using the results of a special production data acquisition system encompassing research, development and design engineering, as well as the statistical cost accounting of completed projects with a total of 3.500.000 hours of engineering.
Core competency of our business is broad know-how in engineering production machinery:
- Machining centers
- Turning machines
- Barrel extruder milling machines
- Surface grinders
- Flexible machining systems
- High-speed milling machines
- Crankshaft grinding machines
- Laser welding machines
- Gantry-type milling machines
- Cylindrical grinding machines
- Deep-hole drilling machines
- Gear hobbing machines
- Gear shaping machines
- Tool grinding centers
- Vortex milling machines
- Wire EDM
- Laser cutting machines
- Cavity sinking erosion machines
- Press brakes
We develop advanced assembly concepts, which carry out engineering and design of assembly units and lines.
Our experiences in the field of assembly engineering range from automotive parts to aircraft units and structures.
An optimized assembly processes with regard to cost and performance is what we stand for.
The optimisation of manufacturing processes, determination of the optimal machinery for each individual production step, and communication of these steps to the controller manufacturer, complete the scope of our services.
Example: Automotive industry in the automotive industry, due to high production quantities and the extraordinary pressure to reduce costs, the design engineering process is subject to a unique set of rules, e.g. the costs of materials play a dominant role compared with the capital investment in production facilities. Safety considerations and preventive quality assurance are absolutely essential.
Partners and project managers are your contact persons while your project is implemented.
At Roschiwal + Partner, the managing directors are first among equals. The partners are co-owners. They think and act like entrepreneurs. The partner as an appointed manager is directly responsible to the customer and ensures a high level of cost-effectiveness for every project.
Usually a project group consists of a project manager and three to twelve qualified staff members. The selection of the team working on a project is always oriented to the needs, the size and the intended duration of the project.
A good team is more than the sum of its individual experts!
Roschiwal + Partner
High Tech Engineering GmbH
Unterer Talweg 125


text:
The song gave the title to Loquillo’s third album with Trogloditas and, now, it comes in a new and fresh version. In addition, the Fool warns us that “surprises will come soon . “We are eager to discover them.
Preceded by ‘Where were you in 77?’ (1984) and succeeded by ‘My problems with women’ (1987), ‘La Mafia del Baile’ included not only this mythical song that gives it its name but other great classics such as “Chanel, cocaine and Don Perignon” or “Meat for Linda.”
And it is that the COVID-19 pandemic broke out, which forced the artist from El Clot to postpone all the dates of his tour, which now, finally, are rescheduled to take place this summer, when, it seems, the health situation will give a little more court and will allow these events to take place.
A large part of the great shows, on many occasions, only pass through Madrid. Loquillo also knows it and, for this reason, from the beginning, he announced several concerts throughout Spain, where he will be presenting his new album, ‘El Último Clásico.’ Places like Murcia, Valencia, Granada, Barcelona, Bilbao, Vitoria, or Pamplona will also have the opportunity to receive the Loco and enjoy what will surely be spectacular shows.
Last summer, specifically on July 3, 2020, Loquillo was also a pioneer in making music play again, given that he gave a spectacular concert.

domain: entertainment


text:
3X3X1" Pebble Box Vase
Regular price $80.00
This yellow flower pattern vase measures 3x3x1 inches. Perfect for a fresh or dried flower! All of Cynthia's pottery is made with mid-fire stoneware clay, both dishwasher and food safe. Your purchase will come with a card about the artist, and a pottery care card to ensure your piece lasts lifetimes.
Handmade in America, in Paola, Kansas.


text:
NEWS AND COMMENT: Defra is planning to cull wild parakeets in Britain. They are an invasive species but I don’t see the need to cull… Read More »Plans to cull Britain’s parakeets is unnecessary at this time
Gardeners in Georgia, USA have reported seeing what looks like an alien species: a worm that looks like a snake about 12 inches long with… Read More »Foot-long hammerhead worm looks like an alien species
NEWS AND COMMENT: There’s an invasive species controversy surrounding the popular television programme in the UK, I’m a Celebrity Get Me Out Of Here! The… Read More »Invasive species controversy on I’m a Celebrity Get Me Out Of Here!

domain: biology


text:
8 U.S. Code § 1352 - Printing of reentry permits and blank forms of manifest and crew lists; sale to public
(a) Reentry permits issued under section 1203 of this title shall be printed on distinctive safety paper and shall be prepared and issued under regulations prescribed by the Attorney General.
(b) The Public Printer is authorized to print for sale to the public by the Superintendent of Documents, upon prepayment, copies of blank forms of manifests and crew lists and such other forms as may be prescribed and authorized by the Attorney General to be sold pursuant to the provisions of this subchapter.
Source(June 27, 1952, ch. 477, title II, ch. 9, § 282,66 Stat. 231.)
Abolition of Immigration and Naturalization Service and Transfer of Functions
For abolition of Immigration and Naturalization Service, transfer of functions, and treatment of related references, see note set out under section 1551 of this title.

domain: library


|Welcome to the Sonic News Network!|
|Hi, welcome to Sonic News Network, an encyclopedia all about the Sonic series by Sega. Thanks for your edit to the $1 page. Please sign up and create a user name if you haven't already. It's an easy way to keep track of your contributions and helps you communicate with the rest of the community.
Before editing please read the following:
The Sonic News Network community is really happy to have you here, and we look forward to editing with you! If you have any questions, leave a message on my talk page, and I will get back to you as soon as I possibly can!


text:
Originals and/or signed giclees (fine art prints) of the works displayed on this site may be available for sale. Prices are available upon request.
You can also find a selection of prints & merchandise on the InnerHue Redbubble shop.
All artwork is under the protection of copyright law. All images on this site are copyright either ©Inner Hue Art Studio LLC or the artist, ©Antonietta Fazio-Johnson, unless otherwise noted. The copyright owner holds exclusive rights over artwork and reproductions. Unless prior express written permission from the copyright owner is obtained, any attempts to copy, reproduce, create derivatives from, or use any of the images is illegal and prohibited. Please support the artist. Don't be a thief.


text:
Jan 14, 2013
Maytag Company started on Iowa farm
In 1867, Frederick Maytag moved to a farm near Laurel, Iowa. It was in 1893 when Frederick pooled some funds with two of his brothers-in-law and began to make and sell farm implements.
Humans and animals often have similar health problems. One example of this is Congenital Heart Disease.

domain: history


I have seen some pretty fancy saw horses here on the internet. Some fold up and hang on the wall. Some fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. Others are big and bulky. But do we need all of that? I need my sawhorses to be strong, but not too heavy so they remain easily portable. They need to be able to take a beating from a circular saw. They need to be relatively small so they take up less space when stored. Oh, and they need to stack so that multiple saw horses only use one footprint. So what I have are, in my opinion, the best saw horses. It’s an I-beam style saw horse which doubles the sacrificial surface life as well as gives an incredible amount of clamping area. To build one set (2) you will need the following:
- five 8′ 2x4s
- 44 3″ screws
- powered or hand saw
Cut all of your materials to length. This is too simple of a design to make a cutting diagram so the cuts are as follows:
- 10 pieces at 30″ long (legs and center of I-beam)
- 4 pieces at 32″ long (top and bottom of I-beam)
To make the I-beam arrange one 30″ piece vertically between two 32″ pieces as shown and secure them with three 3″ screws on top and bottom. Make sure to center the 30″ board so that there is a 1″ overhang on both sides. On previous saw horses I made all 3 pieces of the beam the same length. You wouldn’t believe how many times I wished the middle board was shorter so I could put a clamp right on the end.
Lay the beam flat and start screwing two 30″ legs down. The legs will fit into place on an angle. Make sure you position the legs so that they are even with the center 30″ piece so you are not covering up the end clamping area. In this diagram, the lower 2 screws should be screwed in vertically and the other two screws should be screwed in at an angle to go directly into the bottom piece of the I-beam.
Flip the assembly over and secure the other two legs in the same way.
That’s it. As you can tell these are incredibly easy to make. They also stack for easy storage that only takes up one footprint.
As you can tell I get a lot of use out of my sawhorses. Here are a few pics of them in various applications in my shop followed by a short video covering the build.
Really neat will be making a couple of these myself. One quick question. Do you need to cut the feet at an angle so they are flat to the floor?
PS – love the site, favourite one around
Glad you like the site and thanks for stopping by!
Cutting the bottom of the legs will make no difference in stability. The only benefit that could be gained would be less of a chance for extension cords to be snagged when pulling them around the sawhorse. That being said, I have had my set of 4 in my shop for about a year and have never had a problem with extension cords. Your choice really.
Very smart, and very stout. Those’ll hold bout everything.
Nice, man. Thanks for taking the time to put this tutorial together. Wood is good.
These are great. Love the clamping space. Will be whipping up four of them post haste. Thanks for posting the plans.
You are a good person to share your knowledge with the world! You make it look so easy.
Thanks man, let the fine comments of gratitude be a stimulus to keep on posting!
Many thanks again!
My 12 year son built 2 of YOUR saw horses in an hour or so this past weekend. We needed them for another project we were about to start on. Very simple to build and inexpensive.
Next, your band-saw boxes.
Very cool. They sure do come in handy!
Jay I’m just starting to get into woodworking and thought this would be my first undertaking….I was wondering if you drilled pilot holes for the screws? Another rookie question, if you do pilot holes what size drill bit should you use compared to the screw you use?
Hey Ray. This is a great first project as you can use it for help with future projects. I did not pre drill these holes but you can if you prefer. The main thing is to countersink the head of the screw by about 1/2″ so that your saw blade does not hit the screw if it goes slightly into the top of the sawhorse.
Every screw has a “shank” size. This is the diameter of the screw without any threads. You want to use a drill bit that is the shank size or slightly smaller. Harder woods are more prone to splitting so its best to pre drill. Softer woods are more forgiving so pre drilling is not always necessary. When working with pine I ALWAYS just use a brad nail as a drill bit. It’s quick, easy, works great, and they don’t break as easily as drill bits.
Woodworking is very rewarding and addicting…..good luck!
Thanks again Jay! Also when you suggest to countersink the screw does that mean to drill it down an extra 1/2″ after it has been drilled down all the way and should I bother with pressure treated wood?
Found your site here this morning, Jan.12, and decided there was time to get a couple of them together after lunch. Scaled them up to the working height of my antique Workmate. Worked a treat and my next project, a long table is already on them.
By the way do you or your family own a motel?
Sorry, ya probably get that too often
Nice! Glad you were able to find them useful.
Yeah I get the motel joke a lot. Doesn’t bother me though.
Just another thank-you for posting these. I’m building out a workbench following Paul Seller’s videos, and two of these was my first step. I modified the design a little, though, and put the top of the i-beam on with… pocket hole screws. I had the jig lying around, and it seemed like an easy way to make the sacrificial tops as metal-free as possible.
At this point, they’re still the legs on my half-finished table, and they’re holding up great. Thanks!
Thanks for the tip Jay. I built a set today in just about 1hr. I used the Kreg 2 1/2″ HD screws and the HD jig drill bit to countrer sink the top screws.
Very cool! Glad you could find them useful.
Hey Jay, great plans and sawhorses! I knocked four of them yesterday in a snap. Love the fact that stack up, I plan on making couple more next week. Best plans out there, thanks!
I made a set of your sawhorses when my old ones started to fall apart. One addition I made was to add 4′ cross pieces to make a sturdy table. The cross pieces have a 2×4 on the wide side screwed to another 2×4 on the narrow side. The top piece is cut shorter to match the I beam piece on the sawhorse. To hold the cross pieces in place I drilled holes and used some 3/8 x 6″ machine screws to hold the cross pieces. Makes a strong sturdy table, loaned them to my neighbor and he put a V6 engine on them without a problem.
Thanks for the plans.
hello my name is Rob
and I’m new in the woodworking hobby
i’m living in the Netherlands
This project, sawhorses will be my first project
also I have looked at your site for more projects to build a small shop in the barn
thanks for all the plans
Rob ,the Netherlands
Very cool Rob. Let me know how they turn out. Good luck!
The plan is very sturdy and easy to do. however i have one quick question, I am having trouble in aligning the I Frame to the center piece. The 30 inch piece seem to move when driving the screws on the 32″ top and bottom.
Any tips to avoid this and me the I frame center? Thank you
if you can, lay the I-beam on its side so that the middle piece is horizontal. Then support it from below with a 1″ spacer on each end. Then clamp on the top and bottom 32″ board tightly. You should now be able to screw them on with no problems.
Great design and easy to follow. However, my saw horse wobbles! How can I fix this?
Hey Dave. If the sawhorses wobble the middle piece of the I-beam is not centered.
Jay, I chose your saw horse design over all others as well as buying to save money. Well, I got the materials and knocked them out last night. Dang they’re hefty! I want to say..I did glue the I-Beams. One of the I-beams shifted when I glued and screwed it therefore I had a nice wobble. Here’s what I did to remedy this. I flipped the horse over and made sure the I beam was level. I then measured the level between the sets of legs. I found one set(side to side) was off by a whole bubble. The leg where bubble was highest, I took a square and marked a line where which the bubble was level. With a power saw I shaved off increments (to that line) till each test produced no wobble. Voi·la, all legs stand firm on the floor!
Nice tip! I was considering taking a low-grit sander to it, but your way will create less saw dust.
I just made a couple of these while building my shed. It sure came in handy for cutting the OSB. Easiest and best saw horses out there.
Very cool Larry. Glad it worked out for you.
Hi Jay… First time for me posting on your site…. You’ve given a lot of good info… glad I found your site. I marked this as a much needed tool in my shop. I was at the big orange store today and found some decent 2×4’s on the
discount pile, so I bout 6 for a lil over 13.00. I came home sawed the material up on my mitre saw as I pulled each board from the truck. Oh wait.. this is after I cut the material for the pocket hole blanket chest… So I got some work to do now… Again Thanks for helping out us ones that want to learn
Just made a set.
What brand and model drill are you using?
My Hitachi didn’t have the lasting power to countersink screws in I-beams.
Thanks again. I really enjoy your site.
Just a thought. Since modern glues are so strong I wonder if it might be wiser simply to glue the I-beam together and only use screws to attach the legs. This way there is no possibility of a blade that is set too deep running into a screw.
I have been needing a set of saw horses but didn’t have the time to build a set. I remembered this set and without even going back I winged it. Easy Easy Easy!! They have held up great! Thanks Jay!
Hey, these are pretty cool. I’m just curious how tall the finished product is. I’m gonna make a couple of these but am wanting to possibly make them taller.
I made mine taller by making the I-beams with the two 8′ 2×4’s as mentioned. This left 4 inches of scrap. I then made the legs out of two 12′ 2X4’s, cutting four 36″ legs from each.
JS Nunn. How tall were your finished saw horses?
Well, after discovering your site months ago, I have finally decided to make my first set of saw horses. Wish me luck. I will report how it all went shortly.
Just got done building a set. Thanks for your clear and concise instructions. I opted to cut 15 degree angles at the bottom of the legs. It gives them a bit stability. Thanks Jay.
Thanks Jay! I am a beginner and these were easy to make. I had one which was wobbling so just figured out which leg was the issue and adjusted it and now it is sturdy. I plan on making another one to support my work surface which has a large overhang. thanks again
thanks jay for all your plans .i love all the french cleats plans you have..how about a 12 in disc sander..keep up the great work
Your videos are outstanding and you do a great job of teaching! That’s extremely helpful for beginners such as myself. Keep up the great work!
Just built two of them in about an hour with scrap lumber! QUESTION- How do I keep them from wobbling? The legs are exactly the same length, but they’re a bit warped, which I assume is the problem. Any tips or tricks? Thanks for the plans! They’re great and simple
Remove one leg. Make sure the remaining three are firmly sitting on the floor and reattach the fourth leg. A little wobble isnt really a problem though. Two of mine wobble and I’ve been using them for a few years now with no issues.
Fantastic saw-horses. I had a couple plastic jobs that were just not providing the needed stability. Built a couple of these (for the same price as the plastic things) and I’m never using another type of saw horse again. Thanks for the plans.
How long would the legs need to be to make them 36″ high?
Comments are closed.


text:
EPS/EPP/EPO Foam Mould
EPS(Expanded Polystyrene), EPP(Expanded Polypropylene), EPO(PIOCELAN) foam mould,
made of 6061/6063/7075 imported high quality aluminum alloy .
The mould is covered with Teflon to creat clear and non-stick surface, which increase ejection ease and corrosion-proof and heat-resitance.
We can support you with design and processing service, our technician and designers custom made the mould according to your mold drawing, chart or sample.
EPS Mould Product Description:
It is able to manufacture various moulds for automatic machine and removable moulds for forming machine.
The EPS mould manufacture dept has a good work team covering CAD mould design, wood model manufacture, casting, machining and assembly.
The 6063 high quality aluminum alloy material is used for machines of various specifications with standard steam frame and standard cooling system.
The mould surface is sprayed with protective Teflon coating with features of excellent lubrication, no sticking of stain on the moulds, convenient demould, good anticorrosion, high temperature resistance and long service life
Contact Name: Johnney Liu
Company Name: Hong Kong T&B Enterprise Co., Ltd
Street Address: 21-22 Firm, 2/F,
Block B, Eastern New World, Liaobu
Town, Dongguan City, Guangdong
Province 523400 China
Member name: liushengzhi
Member Since: 07 June 2010
Total Leads: 2 liushengzhi Import Export Business Leads
Business focus: Eps Mould, Epp Mould, Aluminum Mould, Foam Mould, Eps Foam Mold, Eps Mold
Verify: Safe Import Export Tips


text:
Flat Iron to be the last GR renovation
Locus Development has begun preliminary work on its historic renovation of the Flat Iron Building, which also includes the former Groskopfs and Herkner structures. The downtown buildings are centrally located on the north side of Monroe Center at Ottawa Avenue.
The firm’s partners and founders, John Green and Andy Winkel, were awarded state historic tax credits for the $4.5 million rehabilitation project. Locus Development is turning the buildings, which range from 130 to 160 years old, into modern office space. Green told the Business Journal two months ago that most of that space is already leased.
But if the Republican-led Legislature agrees with Gov. Rick Snyder that historic tax credits should be eliminated as part of curing Michigan’s budgetary woes, then the redevelopment of older downtown structures may come to a screeching halt. Dozens of vacant buildings have been brought back to life over the past decade partially because of those credits.
“I think the loss of both the brownfield and historic tax credit would have a chilling effect on downtown development. These incentives are a key part of putting together development projects, which are very complicated in urban locations. Not because of bureaucracy but because of the complications of these developments, it takes a lot of time and effort to put it all together,” said Jay Fowler, executive director of the Downtown Development Authority.
“I think without these incentives, most every project that we’ve seen in recent years would not have happened,” Fowler added. “So if we look at that on a going-forward basis, I think it will have a chilling effect on downtown development.”
According to the Michigan Historic Preservation Network, a nonprofit organization based in Lansing, 87 homes and commercial buildings have used the credits and been historically restored in Grand Rapids since 1999. Through last year, those projects reportedly created 6,644 jobs and were worth $267.5 million in investments. Just two of those in the downtown district include the old Milner Hotel and the city’s former water filtration plant.
Should the historic credits become a thing of the past, Fowler said the DDA would continue to offer developers the incentives the board has made available for years. Those include the popular Building Reuse Grant that helps pay for such things as improving a façade, installing a fire-suppression system and making a structure accessible to everyone. In fact, the DDA awarded two such grants last week — the largest being $50,000 that went to the proposed redevelopment of the Iowa Flats Building at 125 Jefferson Ave. SE.
But those DDA grants won’t come close to covering the incentives the state put in place. “We cannot, either legally or financially, make up for the loss of the state credits that have been available,” said Fowler.
Nan Taylor, a field representative for MHPN and the National Trust for Historic Preservation, told the Business Journal that losing the credit will create a financing gap in projects.
“In Grand Rapids, the loss of these credits will affect rehabilitation efforts of the commercial property owners and developers who are willing to invest in commercial buildings,” she said.
“Not only have tax credits played a significant rehabilitation role in Grand Rapids, but also in smaller nearby communities such as in Holland, with the Holland High School and E.E. Fell Jr. High School projects, and in Allegan with the Kendall Block project,” added Taylor. “The statewide benefits are significant.”
According to the MHPN, again, the historic credit has leveraged $1.46 billion in direct renovation activity and created 36,000 jobs across the state since its enactment in 1999. Every dollar of credit that has been issued has leveraged $10.56 in direct economic impact. The state credits also have drawn $251 million in federal historic credits.
“This is federal dollars coming back into Michigan’s economy,” said Taylor.
Jennifer Metz, past chairwoman of the city’s Historic Preservation Committee and current partner with Rebecca Smith-Hoffman in Past Perfect Inc., said the historic credits also have played a vital role in small projects such as The Winchester restaurant on Wealthy Street, and in neighborhood business districts.
“Lately, they have been a part of making virtually every development along the Wealthy Street corridor possible, which has been one of the brightest spots in the city since the economy tanked in 2008,” she said.
Metz, whose firm has assisted developers with applying for historic credits and has provided them with historical data on their buildings since 1997, pointed out the state credit has even helped save some structures from being razed. She mentioned the former Berkey and Gay Furniture Factory on Monroe Avenue NW. Today, it houses condominiums and office space known as The Boardwalk.
“This huge building was slated for demolition three times before the project was undertaken using historic preservation tax credits. Now there are tax-paying businesses and residents filling this huge complex, and the project helped revitalize the North Monroe area,” she said.
Metz also explained that, just like the brownfield redevelopment tax credits, the historic credits are handed out only after a rehabilitation project is finished. “This means that all of the economic activity that is leveraged by the credit is fully completed and paid for before the credit is issued by Treasury. That means the income tax for all the workers and the sales tax on materials are all paid to Treasury well in advance,” she said.
“One important thing that seems to be a misperception is that the credits are being used as a windfall for developers. We all know that this is not the case. (The credits are) used to fill gaps in financing that are not filled by other sources. The lending institutions do not lend a high-loan-to-value rate, so the gap needs to be filled with layers of grants, private equity, municipal loans and state incentives. The historic tax credit is a critical part of that mix. Talking with bankers reveals that they are only lending on commercial projects that have these additional sources in the formula,” added Metz.
Despite the threatened loss of brownfield and historic tax credits, Grand Rapids city commissioners set a public hearing date last week for a development firm that has requested a brownfield designation. Acme Investors LLC wants to redevelop three blocks in the Wealthy Street and Jefferson Avenue area at a cost of roughly $17 million. As part of its request, Acme Investors is asking for a Michigan Business Tax credit of $2 million, and the firm hopes to get its brownfield plan approved by next week.
“The credits are still being approved, and this one is slated for approval on March 22nd by the Michigan Economic Growth Authority, contingent on city commission approval,” said Kara Wood, city economic development director. “The Michigan Economic Development Corp. is still considering brownfield redevelopment projects, but with a more narrow set of criteria.”

domain: news


text:
By Dr. Mark Kovacs, CTPS, MTPS; CEO, Kovacs Institute; Executive Director International Tennis Performance Association
Have you ever watched professional players play a match live? Did you notice how hard they hit the ball and how well they moved? These players usually have great technique, but they also have committed themselves to performing strength training exercises that allow for effective energy transfer for each stroke, as well as muscular endurance (or strength endurance) to perform tennis strokes at a high level for an extended period. One of the questions we get the most at our institute is whether a league tennis player should have a tennis-specific strength training workout. The simple answer is a resounding YES.
From an athletic perspective, absolute strength is the largest amount of force that an individual can produce, irrespective of the time it takes to move the force. Think about when you may be performing a lunge movement. Absolute strength would be measured by how many pounds (or kilograms) is on the bar (or the dumbbells). Power, on the other hand, is defined as the amount of work performed per unit of time. Therefore, the absolute resistance is only half of the equation. The time to move the resistance is just as important. To be powerful, you need to have a required amount of strength and then be able to move forces quickly. For tennis players, it is important to not only focus on strength (how much you can lift), but also on power (how quickly you can lift a weight safely). The challenge for many competitive, recreational players is the type of strength training. We also recommend you work with a qualified individual to help you set up a tennis-specific strength training program. Look for a Certified Tennis Performance Specialist (CTPS) through the International Tennis Performance Association (iTPA). These individuals are trained to work with tennis athletes to offer tennis fitness programming.
Here are a couple of tips that should help you when researching the best strength training options to improve your tennis:
“Weak legs command. Strong legs obey.” This quote by Gil Reyes, long-time strength coach for Andre Agassi, is one of the most valuable for every tennis player. I have been fortunate to spend over a decade working closely with Gil; this is one of his favorite themes when working with tennis athletes. If your legs are not strong, they will not do what your mind and the rest of your body wants them to do. Getting strong allows you to load better on wide balls, have a more stable base during rally balls, move quicker around the court, and change direction faster. General strength training will provide some general benefits, but tennis-specific strength training will provide tennis-specific benefits.
“A chain is only as strong as its weakest link.” This proverb was never about tennis, but the theme applies to injury risk for tennis players. If you have certain weaknesses anywhere along your chain (your body), the weakest point will likely breakdown. Understanding your weaknesses, and training strategically to correct them, will provide great benefit to every tennis athlete. The areas of typical concern for recreational tennis players are the shoulders, the knees, the lower back, the elbows, and the calves (for older, male athletes). Make sure you are doing some preventative work on these areas multiple times per week.

domain: sports


text:
[Toronto] TO Food Fest
Summer in Toronto is jam packed with festivals. Being a food lover myself, going to food fests has become a must every summer. When I was contacted by Susanne about participating as “media” at the first TO Food Fest (@TOFoodFest), I was super excited. Even though I’ve been blogging for years and my blog has evolved over the years to focus primarily on food and travel, I really don’t blog often enough compare to many of the food bloggers out there. I was surprised that anyone would approach me to write about their events!
I was lucky enough to score an extra “media pass.” My original plan was to invite my brother so that he can help me photograph the event. He bailed the last minute and I had to bring Charles along with me. Big thanks to my dear husband who took notes when we visited vendors during the “media tour!”
Given the size of the event and the number of vendors, I can only write about the vendors that stood out to me and the food I’ve tried.
One of the very first vendors we visited was TacoCat. TacoCat serves Asian-inspired tacos that give traditional taco a unique and creative spin. During the TO Food Fest, TacoCat was selling three styles of taco: Braised beef taco, chicken satay taco, and calamari tacos. The braised beef taco consists of lemongrass braised beef, sour cream, charred corn salsa, and jalapeño. The chicken satay taco contains satay chicken, peanut sauce, coconut sticky rice (yum!), and pickled cucumber. The calamari taco uses deep fried calamari with pineapple salsa and mayo, and thai chili. Unfortunately, I was too full to try any of these tacos. The combination of ingredients sounded so amazing and they looked absolutely delicious. Based on the long line in front of the TacoCat booth, the tacos did live up to people’s high expectation. I am hoping to see them again somewhere so that I can give these tacos a try!
Many of the vendors started out as home cooks and expanded to small caterers. How ’bout Those Meatballs (@HBTMeatballs) is one of them. The meatballs are made from a blend of beef, pork, and veal. The meat is stuffed with tomato, fresh arugula, Buffalo Mozzarella, Parmigiano Reggiano, Provolone, olive oil, and garlic. I was drooling when I was listening to this description! The chef uses his nona’s recipe to bring traditional Italian homemade tomato sauce to the public. The tomatos are also from his grandma’s backyard. These meatballs are simmered in the homemade tomato sauce for 8 hours before serving. The chef says that he does not follow a “recipe” to measure out the ingredients. Rather, he cooks with “love,” just like how his grandma taught him. I love it!.
I did not get to try the slider, but I did sample the meatballs and the sauce. The meatballs were scrumptious! They were very tender and juicy, and all the flavours blended so well together. The tomato sauce was to die for. It tasted so tangy and rich in tomato flavour, and yet did not overpower the taste of the meatball. The tomato sauce served as the perfect complement for those succulent meatballs. These were one of the best meatballs I’ve ever had.
Mary Macleod’s (@mmshortbread) has been serving gourmet shortbread to Toronto since 1981. Mary Macleod’s first opened at The Capital Theatre at Yonge and Eglinton. The heavenly aroma attracked passerby to sample the unique cookies and the rest was history. Mary Macleod’s has been selling their high quality cookies to Holt Renfrew for 21 years. It is a holiday favourite and Mary and her staff often have to bake throughout the night to keep up with the holiday demand.
All shortbread cookies from Mary Macleod’s are handmade in small batches with lots and lots of butter. The lady at the booth said they use 10,000 lbs of butter every year! The owner, Mary, spent 8 months perfecting the original Scottish recipe to adapt to Canadian ingredients. Apparently Canadian flour is much “harder” compare to Scottish flour. The shortbread uses only the finest ingredients including pure Belgian chocolate and high quality nuts. No preservatives or additives are used. I sampled the traditional plain shortbread and Belgiam chocolate shortbread at the Food Fest. They tasted amazing! They were so buttery that they literally melt in my mouth and there are no words to describe the sweet aroma of the shortbread!
Mashi Catering (@Mashi_Catering) was started by a culinary student at George Brown college. “Mashi” means “taste” in Korean. The owner comes from a Korean background and he takes a modern spin on traditional Korean dishes. Mashi was serving two hors d’oeuvres at the Food Fest: Kimchi pulled-pork sandwich and deep fried potato ball.
The sandwich uses pulled-pork with a sweet red pepper sauce, topped with chopped kimchi and served on a sweet Korean bun. The pulled pork in the sandwich was sweet with a spicy kick. I found the pulled pork to be a bit dry by itself but the kimchi added some moisture and a spicy tang to the sandwich. Given my high tolerance to spicy food, I also wouldn’t mind if the pork was spicier. Charles thought it was just the right amount of spiciness. The Korean bun was sweet and so fluffy. I was surprised how the “sweet” bun complemented the spicy and salty meat so well. I wouldn’t mind having a little bit more sauce in the sandwich, but it might destroy the nice delicate presentation of the sandwich.
The potato ball is an innovative creation based on traditional potato pancake. The potato balls are made by rolling up the potato in the a ball, breaded with panko crust, and then deep fried. The potato is similar to the “potato salad” one can get as “banchan” (the side dishes that accompany your meal) in Korean restaurants. It is basically little chunks of cooked potato mixed with hardboiled eggs, mayo, and finely choppped vegetables. It is one of my favourite side dishes when I have Korean food. The potato balls were super delicious. They were lightly battered and fried to perfection. It did not even taste greasy at all. The potato was very flavourful and creamy. I could eat those all day! These golden brown potato balls and delicate looking sandwich definitely adds exotic flair to any occasion or event!
Casa Manila (@CasaManilaTO) serves traditional Filipino food in Don Mills & York Mills area. The owner is very passionate about Filipino food (and got me so excited about it!) and explained that Filipino cuisine has evolved over many centuries from its Filipino origin to a mixed cuisine with many foreign influences, inlcuding Malay, Indian, Chinese, and Spanish. The owner stressed that their food strives to provide “world of flavours” in each bite!
With our media passes, we got to sample all the food for free! We tried the pork belly adobo, beef stew, garlic rice, pancit noodles, and pork skewer. Adobo is a type of vinegar commonly used in Filipino food. Adobo is popular for its ability to preserve food and improve flavour. Traditional adobo pork uses only pork belly, but Casa Manila has incorporated pork butt into the stew. The pork belly was super tender and the adobo gave it a nice sour kick. The Spanish-influenced beef stew tasted amazing! It was cooked in a tomato-based sauce with carrots and potato. The beef was so tender and flavourful. The sauce had the perfect combination of sweetness and tang. Charles and I both really enjoyed it. The garlic rice started out as a way to “re-use” day-old rice, by frying minced garlic in oil and mixing the rice with it. The garlic really gave the rice a sweet aroma. The pancit noodle used rice vermincelli and it was very tasty. My other favourite was the pickled papaya slaw that was supposed to go with the BBQ pork. It was tangy and sweet. The green papaya and carrots were still crunchy and the flavour went well with the spicy BBQ pork.
We also tried the sweet dessert, called “Halo Halo” from Casa Manila. “Halo Halo” means “mix mix” in the Filipino language. It was a dessert with 8 different sweet toppings (sweet red beans, sliced mango and coconut, jelly, etc.), crushed ice, and different kinds of syrup, including sweet condensed milk. Halo Halo was very refreshing and Charles really liked it, particularly the coconut meat. The Halo Halo also reminded me of the Taiwanese shaved ice (“剉冰/刨冰” or “tsua-bing/bao-bing).
Charles’ work involves lots of travelling. One of the most frequently visited countries happened to be Brazil. When Charles saw the Brazilian Pastel, he insisted on trying them. The real origin of Brazilian Pastel is not well known, but popular beliefs suggest a few possible origins:
- Originated from Chinese immigrants who had to adapt to the ingredients available in Brazil to make their fried wonton.
- Originated from traditional Italian fried calzones.
- Originated from Indian samosas.
- Originated from the sweet Portuguese sweet pastries.
Regardless of its origin, Brazilian Pastel consists of thin pastry envelopes wrapped around assorted sweet or savoury fillings, then deep fried in vegetable oil till its crispy and golden brown. The savoury fillings usually inlcude beef, cheese, ham, or chicken, whereas the sweet fillings include fruits. We ordered the beef pastel. The ground beef in the pastel was a little spicy, just the way I like it! However, I found the pastry to be thicker than my liking and a little bit too greasy as well.
Big Moe’s Burger opened in Oct/Nov 2011 by 3 food fanatics: Big Moe, Little Moe, and Cousin Moe. :)
Big Moe’s burgers are made from 100% never frozen, real meat. Big Moe’s is famous for its “Juicy Lucy.” This innovative burger consists of 5 oz. of meat stuffed with 1.3 oz. of cheese. Another unique item at Big Moe’s was the “Holey Moly.” The Holey Moly is a donut burger with an egg cooked in the middle.
We got to sample the mini “Juicy Lucy” at the Food Fest. Big Moe’s had the most insane lineup at the Food Fest but it was worth the wait. The burger patties were so juicy and moist, with warm gooey cheese oozing out of the meat. It was slightly too salty for my taste but it was still quite delicious!
Baoss (@baossTO) serves Taiwanese-influenced bun with a modern twist. I assumed that “baoss” is a more “stylish” name for “baozi,” meaning “chinese buns.” The chef at Baoss got his inspiration from the Momofuku pork bun and Taiwanese-style buns. The Taiwanese-style bun (“刈包” or “Koah-Bao”) is basically a steam bun shaped like a taco, and stuffed with braised pork belly, chopped peanuts, vegetables, and garnished with cilantro. I was never a fan of “koah-bao” when I was growing up (possibly because I did not like peanuts), but I fell in love with it again when I went to Momofuku Noodle Bar in NYC.
Charles and I tried the pork belly bun from Baoss. The bun had the perfect texture: fluffy and soft. The pork belly was well marinated, tender, but still had a nice bite to it. The meat was a little bit too salty but the chopped peanuts added a nice crunch and sweetness to it. Having tried the pork belly bun from Momofuku, I couldn’t help but compare the two. Charles and I both prefer the pork bun from Momofuku. The hoisin sauce and cucumber in the Momofuku pork bun gave the bun a sweet and refreshing taste. However, I think Baoss has great potential and I would still recommend others to give it a try!
One of the latest culinary moves is to incorporate savoury ingredients into sweets. I’ve seen bacon cupcakes being made on the show Cupcake Girls. The night before the Food Fest, I also watched Master Chef having a mystery box challenge, using savoury ingredients to create desserts. I have been dying to try this new culinary delight and was very happy to see Bake’n (@BakenToronto) serving bacon cheesecake, sticky toffee bacon cake, and bacon popcorn. The bacon cheesecake used bacon fat in the crust, bacon bits in the cheesecake batter, and topped with bacon bits and caramel sauce with spiced whiskey.
It is shocking how good the salty bacon tasted with the sweet cheesecake. It was the perfect mixture of sweetness and savoury. The cheesecake itself was top notch: creamy, smooth, and perfect level of sweetness. The salted caramel and bacon popcorn had a bacon smokiness to it. I didn’t get to try the cake but I am sure it was delicious as well!
This pretty much concludes all the food we tried at the TO food fest. I have lots of pictures of the vendors and food…
I had a blast at the TO Food Fest. I love that this event brings together local chefs and vendors. It was a very unique multicultural gourmet food experience. I hope this becomes an annual event and I can’t wait for next year!


text:
Eight Shibir men held in Chandpur
03 November 2015,Nirapad News: Police held eight activists of Islami Chhatra Shibir conducting drives in a student mess on Truck Road in Chandpur town of the district.
The detainees have been identified as Shahkawat (21), Abu Bakar Siddique (18), Tareq Hossain (17), Sultan Mahmud (24) and Alauddin (22) of Hajiganj upazila; Farhad Alam (23) of Chandpur town; Al Amin (22) of north Matlab and Mohammad Sohel (22) of Sadar upazila of the district.
After getting information that the Shibir activists were organizing a meeting to carry out subversive attack, police conducted the drive at 3:00am on Monday.
Chandpur Model Thana officer-in-charge (OC) Mamunur Rashid told banglanews that police also seized a computer and blueprint of subversive attacks from the possession of the detainees.