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Health and Well-Being of Immigrant Children and YouthView this Special Issue
Research Article | Open Access
Tahereh Ziaian, Helena de Anstiss, Georgia Antoniou, Peter Baghurst, Michael Sawyer, "Resilience and Its Association with Depression, Emotional and Behavioural Problems, and Mental Health Service Utilisation among Refugee Adolescents Living in South Australia", International Journal of Population Research, vol. 2012, Article ID 485956, 9 pages, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/485956
Resilience and Its Association with Depression, Emotional and Behavioural Problems, and Mental Health Service Utilisation among Refugee Adolescents Living in South Australia
Background. Despite the frequency of traumatic or stressful events experienced by refugee children and adolescents prior to migration and following resettlement, the majority do not experience mental health problems emphasising the critical nature of resilience. While a host of factors deemed to be protective of mental health in young refugees have been identified, there has been little research exploring the role of resilience as a distinct psychological construct. This study aimed to explore the nature of psychological resilience in refugee adolescents and the relationship between resilience and depression, other emotional and behavioural problems, and mental health service uptake. Method. One hundred and seventy multiethnic refugee adolescents aged 13–17 from South Australia were administered a survey comprising the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results. Females tended to have higher resilience, as did those adolescents who had been living in Australia longer. Adolescents suffering from depressive symptoms or other emotional or behavioural problems had lower resilience. There was little evidence of an association between resilience scores and exposure to trauma or service utilisation. Discussion. Fostering resilience may be critical to efforts to prevent or reduce mental health problems in refugee adolescents.
Approximately 13,750 refugees arrive in Australia each year, with children and adolescents comprising at least half of this number . Current knowledge suggests that some of these young new arrivals may be at elevated risk of mental health problems associated with a range of traumatic experiences before, during, and after migration [2, 3]. For example, two Australian studies on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in refugee children reported rates of 18%  and 32%  for any psychiatric disorder. The most commonly reported mental health problems in refugee children are posttraumatic stress disorder and depression though studies have found widely varying rates of incidence. For instance, 18% of Iranian refugee children in Sweden, 25% of Bosnian children, and 57% of Cuban refugee children in the US were found to suffer from PTSD [6–8]. Depressive disorders, including major depression, were reported among 17% of Bosnian adolescents  and 12.9% Cambodian children exiled in the US (; see also, ); while 11.5% Tibetan refugee children in India were also diagnosed as suffering from both PTSD and major depression . A systematic review combining data from five studies with 260 refugee children from Bosnia, Central America, Iran, Kurdistan, and Rwanda, and residing in Canada, Sweden, and the US, found a mean rate of 11% for PTSD . A dose-effect relationship has also been indicated with increasing exposure to traumatic experiences predicting more PTSD symptoms (e.g., [6, 13]). A recent Australian study demonstrated a rate of 7.2% for depression in refugee children and adolescents .
Although most young refugees exposed to trauma do not develop mental health problems [15, 16], resilience and coping are largely neglected in refugee research, theory, and practice [17–19]. Resilience is broadly defined as the ability of a person to successfully adapt to or recover from stressful or traumatic experiences . For example, it is a school-aged child’s ability to make friends, engage in academic pursuits, be guided by primary caregivers, and engage in other behaviours acceptable in his or her society, as well as, be resistant to psychological illness, despite experiencing significant adversity (e.g., war, political oppression, poverty, and child abuse). Although initially, resilience theory focused on personal attributes such as self-esteem, self-efficacy, and hardiness , resilience is currently recognised as a multidimensional construct including personal characteristics and skills (e.g., active problem solving) as well as external protective factors such as a supportive family and social environment . It is also conceptualised as a dynamic process that fluctuates according to age, gender, individual circumstance and developmental, historical, and cultural context (; see also ).
Although increasing exposure to traumatic experiences has been related to higher levels of psychiatric symptoms in both young and adult refugees, a number of protective/risk factors have been found to impact on their psychological well being. For instance, increased well being and reduced psychological problems in their mothers as assessed at a clinical interview and positive peer relationships (having one or more peers to play with) predicted better well being and social adaptation in refugee children, while physiological, psychological, or developmental vulnerabilities prior to the traumatic event predicted slower recovery from posttraumatic symptoms (, see also [25, 26]). Long-time exposure to moderate stressors in refugee camps subsequent to the traumatising events  and relative young age at the time of atrocities (; see also [28, 29] were related to relative low levels of posttraumatic symptoms. Other protective factors included religious beliefs and practices, which were relatively accessible and afforded a sense of continuity, comfort, and meaning in life ( see also [11, 31]), and psychosocial training on nonviolent communication, cooperation, and tolerance .
Religious beliefs and practices, supportive family, and community relationships protected against mental health problems and promoted adaptation in adolescent refugees in Australia ; while intergenerational conflict between parents struggling to maintain cultural values, gender roles, and traditional forms of discipline and children asserting their freedom and rights and striving to acculturate was a potential risk factor (e.g., [34, 35]). In the present study with young Australian refugees, resilience (as measured by the CD-RISC scale; ) primarily encompasses personal characteristics and skills (sense of personal competence and active problem solving) but does include some protective factors such as social relationships and religious faith.
However, despite this exploration of various factors deemed to be protective of mental health, there has been no systematic attempt to explore the nature and predictors of resilience as a distinct psychological construct in young refugees in the literature to date. This may be critical as research has found that poor resilience predicted the development of psychological symptoms such as depression and anxiety , moderated the relationship between childhood adversity and psychiatric sequelae , or was a strong predictor of positive affect which in turn predicted depression and, to a lesser extent, anxiety . Recent cross-sectional research with Norwegian adolescents has revealed a strong association between diminished resilience and psychological symptoms such as depression and anxiety [22, 39]. Thus, the psychological construct of resilience may be a critical element of any interventions to alleviate psychological symptomatology. However, the nature of resilience as a distinct psychological construct has yet to be explored in young refugees. This study therefore aimed to explore the nature and predictors of psychological resilience in refugee adolescents and the association between this resilience and depression, emotional, and behavioural problems and mental health service utilisation.
Participants included 170 refugee adolescents aged 13–17 from the former Republics of Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Serbia) (, 20.59%), the Middle East and South Asia (Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan) (, 48.24%), and Northern and Western Africa (Sudan and Liberia) (, 31.18%) who had migrated, or whose parents had migrated, to Australia between June 1996 and June 2007. This timeframe was used because detailed settlement data only became available in 1996 and these countries were selected because they represented the top refugee source countries at the time. The languages spoken by the participants included Bosnian, Serbian (former Yugoslavia), Arabic, Persian (Middle East and South Asia), Dinka (Sudan), and English (Liberia).
As there was no complete sampling frame from which to draw a random sample, convenience and snowball sampling were used to recruit the participants. The study was widely promoted to the target communities through refugee settlement agencies, schools, community groups, and ethnic media. The data were collected by 20 trained bilingual lay interviewers from the same or similar ethnic backgrounds as participants.
Sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, and ethnicity were assessed using a questionnaire developed by the investigators. Resilience was assessed using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC; ) which was translated into the target languages by an accredited professional translator and back-translated by an independent bilingual professional from each of the population groups. Participants were given the choice of choosing either the English or the translated version. The CD-RISC is a self-report measure comprising 25 items, with each rated on a 5-point scale as follows: 0 = not at all true, 1 = rarely true, 2 = sometimes true, 3 = often true, and 4 = true nearly all of the time. The CD-RISC yields a total resilience score from 0–100, with higher scores reflecting greater resilience.
Factor analysis has demonstrated a five-factor structure as follows: factor 1 relates to personal competence, tenacity, and high standards and is comprised of 8 items including “I believe I can achieve my goals, even if there are obstacles”; factor 2 relates to trust in one’s instincts, tolerance of negative affect, and resolve in the face of stress and is comprised of 7 items including “I prefer to take the lead in solving problems, rather than letting others make all the decisions”; factor 3 relates to acceptance of change and feelings of security in relationships and is comprised of 5 items including “I can deal with whatever comes my way”; factor 4 relates to perceived control and is comprised of 3 items including “I have a strong sense of purpose in life”; and factor 5 relates to spiritual beliefs and is comprised of 2 items including “when there are no clear solutions to my problems, sometimes fate or God can help” .
The CD-RISC has good internal consistency and test-retest reliability, correlates well with measures of stress and hardiness, and differentiates well between community and clinical populations . Increases in resilience measured with the CD-RISC are strongly associated with clinical improvements in psychiatric patients and reflect global improvements in general functioning . The CD-RISC has been used in various cross-cultural studies with population groups from China , Korea , Turkey , Iran , Pakistan , Russia , and South Africa . It has also been used in adolescents from culturally diverse backgrounds [40, 45, 46].
Depressive symptomatology was assessed using the adolescent version of the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI; ). This version of the CDI consist of 27 items and provides a total score along with five subscale scores corresponding with the components of negative mood, interpersonal difficulties, negative self-esteem, ineffectiveness, and anhedonia. The recommended cut-off for determining clinical depression was a total score of 20. The CDI has been used in studies comprising participants from a diverse range of cultural and linguistic backgrounds [48–51].
Other emotional and behavioural problems were measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), a widely used questionnaire designed to identify the presence of emotional and behavioural difficulties in children and adolescents . The validity and reliability of the SDQ has been confirmed in research with culturally diverse populations [53–55] and has been utilised in numerous studies with culturally and linguistically diverse children and adolescents [56–60]. The self-rated SDQ gives rise to a total score and 5 subscales labelled emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer problems, and prosocial behaviour as well as an impact score. Scores are classified as normal if they fall between 0 and 15, borderline if between 16 and 19, and abnormal if between 20 and 40. Higher scores on all scales except the prosocial behaviour scale indicate greater difficulties.
The Migration and Settlement Questionnaire (MASQ; Minas & Klimidis, unpublished) covered various sociodemographic and settlement information including satisfaction with the Australian sociocultural environment, English language proficiency, and premigration rural/urban origin. Additionally, the instrument included a checklist of 24 traumatic events possibly experienced prior to migration, for example, murder of stranger or strangers, witnessing someone being badly injured or killed, and sustaining a serious injury. Responses to this 24-item checklist were used to assess “exposure to traumatic event.” Service utilisation was assessed using questions developed for the Child and Adolescent Component of the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing [61, 62]. These questions assess the six-month history of utilisation of various mental health or support services in schools, health and community services, outpatient hospital-based services, and various other formal service settings. The Survey was completed by the adolescents and one of their parents.
The CDI, SDQ, MASQ and the Australian National Survey were also translated in the Serbian, Bosnian, Arabic, Persian, and Dinka languages using a similar procedure to that followed in translating the CD-RISC (aforementioned).
2.3. Statistical Analysis
Intercooled Stata 10.1 for Windows was used to perform data analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the demographic features of the study populations and their resilience scores. As the total scores and factor scores were significantly skewed, nonparametric tests including Spearman’s rho and the Kruskal-Wallis test were employed to test associations and differences between sociodemographic variables and resilience scores.
2.4. Ethical Considerations
This study was approved by the ethics committees of the University of South Australia, the Women’s and Children’s Hospital, and the South Australian Department of Education and Children’s Services.
The total sample comprised 170 adolescents, 86 (50.6%) of whom were male. The median age of the sample was 15.56 years (Range 12.25 to 18.16, ). The total resilience scores ranged from 0 to 98, with a median total score of 65.5 (IQR = 28 (77–49)). Total and factor subscale scores were analysed with respect to a number of social, demographic, psychological, and behavioural factors as illustrated in Table 1. Females were found to have significantly higher resilience for total (, ) factor 1 (, ), factor 2 (, ), factor 3 (, ), and factor 4 (, ) scores, and also exhibited a strong trend towards higher factor 5 (χ2 = 3.80, ) scores. No significant correlation was found between age and resilience for total (, ), factor 1 (, ), factor 2 (, ), factor 3 (, ), factor 4 (, ), or factor 5 (, ) scores.
|Note. Results reaching statistical significance at an alpha level of appear in boldface.|
Maximum participants with no missing data on the CD-RISC. Further missing data in some of the sociodemographic correlates resulted in some N’s being less than 170.
No significant difference was found between migration regions with regards to total (, ), factor 1 (, ), factor 2 (, ), or factor 4 (, ) scores, but there was a significant difference for factor 3 (χ2 = 12.24, ) scores, with former Yugoslavians scoring the highest (median = 15), followed by Middle Easterners (median = 13) and Africans (median = 12). A significant difference was also found for factor 5 scores (, ), with Middle Easterners scoring the highest (median = 6), followed by Africans (median = 6) and former Yugoslavians (median = 5). A significant positive correlation was found between length of time in Australia and total (, ), factor 1 (, ), factor 2 (, ), and factor 3 (, ) scores but not factor 4 (, ) or factor 5 (, ) scores. Adolescents within the first five years of resettlement had significantly lower resilience scores than those who had been in Australia for five years or longer on total scale (, ), factor 1 (, ), factor 2 (, ), factor 3 (, ), and factor 4 (, ), but not factor 5 (, ) scores.
While no difference was found between adolescents exposed to trauma and those not exposed on total (, ), factor 1 (, ), factor 2 (, ), factor 4 (, ), or factor 5 (, ) scores, those exposed to trauma had significantly lower factor 3 (, ) scores. No significant correlation was observed between the number of traumatic events experienced and resilience scores for the total subscale (, ), factor 1 (, ), factor 2 (, ), factor 3 (, ), factor 4 (, ), or factor 5 (, ).
Total resilience scores were significantly negatively correlated with total CDI (, ) and total SDQ (, ) scores. Adolescents in the “depressed” diagnostic category of the CDI had lower total resilience scores (median = 48) than those who were not depressed (median = 68) (, ). Similarly, adolescents in the “borderline” (median = 49) and “abnormal” (median = 44) diagnostic categories of the SDQ had lower resilience scores than those in the “normal” (median = 68) category (, ). Adolescents who sought mental health care had significantly lower factor 2 (, ) scores (median = 11 versus median = 14), and also exhibited a trend towards lower total (, ) (median = 52 versus 65) and factor 1 (, ) (median = 18 versus 23) scores. No observable difference was found with respect to factor 3 (, ), factor 4 (, ), or factor 5 (, ) scores.
Multiple linear regression analysis, to determine possible predictors of total CD-RISC score, was complicated by the significant correlations existing between each of the SDQ subscales and each of the CDI subscales and also between the total CDI and total SDQ scores. At the univariable level, both the CDI and SDQ total scores as well as each of their subscale scores were significantly associated with the total CD-RISC score. All associations were negative except for a highly significant positive association of the prosocial behaviour score from the SDQ with resilience. In the multivariable model, the CD-RISC scores of females were significantly higher compared to males; the CD-RISC scores of those who had been in Australia for 5 years or more were significantly higher compared to those who had been in Australia for less than 5 years; and the prosocial behaviour score was persistently significant irrespective of other SDQ or CDI scores included in the model.
Our investigation of resilience in refugee adolescents found a mean total score of 62.2 (), which is lower than that found by Connor and Davidson , in the general population (, ), primary care patients (, ), and psychiatric outpatients (, ). This score was, however, comparable to that found in generalised anxiety disordered patients (, ) and higher than that found in PTSD patients (, ) . While further research is needed to compare refugee resilience with that of matched population controls, our findings suggest refugee adolescents may have diminished resilience.
Another important finding was that adolescents who indicated higher levels of resilience had lesser depressive symptomatology and emotional/behavioural problems as assessed by the CDI and SDQ total scores, as well as scores on the CDI subscales (negative mood, interpersonal difficulties, negative self-esteem, ineffectiveness, and anhedonia) and SDQ subscales of emotional and conduct problems, and hyperactivity and peer problems except prosocial behaviour, which was positively related to resilience. This may indicate that resilience protects young refugees against the future onset of mental health and/or that mental health problems have an adverse effect on resilience and coping. Research with nonrefugee adolescents has found that higher resilience including external protective factors such as family cohesion and support from outside the family, predicted lower levels of depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms [22, 39]. Though the present study is unable to conclude about the directionality of the associations found between resilience and mental health and behaviour problems, it is likely that the use of more sophisticated research designs as well as instruments that emphasise more on the family and social domains of resilience may enable future researchers to identify resilience as a predictor of mental illness in young refugees. Additionally, it appears that resilient people are also motivated to engage in prosocial behaviours or that helping others facilitates resilience. Future research can investigate the directionality of this relationship, which in turn could aid in the design of effective interventions to enhance resilience and thereby, mental well being.
A gender difference was demonstrated in total and subscale scores, with females demonstrating greater resilience across all scales. Lower resilience among male adolescents may indicate an increased risk of mental health problems, which is supported by our broader investigation which found that males scored higher on the CDI , while females scored higher on the prosocial behaviour subscale of the SDQ . While we found no significant ethnic differences in total resilience scores, ethnic differences were found in some subscale scores, for example, former Yugoslavians reported greater resilience associated with acceptance of change and security in relationships (factor 3), while Middle Easterners and Africans reported greater resilience associated with religious beliefs (factor 5).
A relationship was also found between length of time in Australia and total resilience and subscale scores, with adolescents in the “5 years or more” group reporting higher total and factors 1, 2, 3, and 4 scores than those in the “less than 5 years ” group. This may suggest that resilience increases with adaption and acculturation to Australian society and culture and with the duration of time since experiencing premigratory traumatic events, or a combination of both. Although time since the experience of traumatic events was not specifically assessed in the present study, sociodemographic data indicate that a substantial proportion of children were not exposed to, or could not remember, experiencing traumatic events, but instead were exposed to stressors of a lower intensity during prolonged displacement and/or in Australia (see ). For these children at least, adaptation and acculturation to Australian society and culture appear to be associated with greater resilience. Additionally, adaptation and acculturation of their parents or primary caregivers as well as improvement in socio-economic conditions whilst in Australia (e.g., ) could also have impacted upon aspects of the children’s resilience.
With the exception of lower factor 3 scores among adolescents exposed to trauma, no significant relationship was found between trauma and resilience. This is supported by a study which found no relationship between childhood trauma and CD-RISC scores in substance-dependent adults . Our finding suggests that exposure to trauma does not necessarily reduce overall resilience in refugee adolescents, although it may affect their ability to successfully accept change and feel secure in relationships. We found that those who self-reported seeking help from formal services, or those whose parents reported their child seeking help, had significantly lower factor 2 (tolerate negative effect and resolve in the face of stress) and factor 3 (accepting change and security in relationships) resilience scores, respectively, and exhibited a strong trend towards lower total and factor 1 (personal competence, tenacity, and high standards) scores for adolescent reports and lower total and factor 2 scores for parent reports. However, due to the low numbers of self- and parent-reported help seekers in the sample, it is likely that the failure to reach statistical significance in the analyses is the result of a type 2 error. Lower resilience among adolescents who accessed mental health care is to be expected as presumably those utilising services are in need of them due to limited resilience. This is supported by the finding of lower resilience scores in psychiatric patients compared to community controls in Connor and Davidson’s original study .
There are a number of limitations to the present study. Firstly, the instruments utilised in this study have not been validated in young refugees from the cultural backgrounds investigated and this limits the confidence in the validity of the findings. However, the instruments have been used in research with children and adolescents from a wide range of countries, cultures, and languages. A second limitation is the recruitment strategy of convenience and snowball sampling which may result in sampling bias and, therefore, limit the generalisability of our findings. However, the large and ethnically diverse sample obtained was comparable according to sociodemographic characteristics with the ethnic populations from which they were drawn when matched against current Australian Bureau of Statistics migration data. Thirdly, not including a control group does not allow the comparison of the results with that of nonrefugee adolescents of both mainstream and culturally diverse backgrounds.
Several limitations regarding the use of CD-RISC as the sole measure of resilience are worth noting. As aforementioned, CD-RISC indicates adequate psychometric properties, reflects the diversity of the resilience construct to some extent, and is a promising measure of resilience in normal and clinical populations . Nonetheless, it does not wholly capture the heterogeneity (personal, family, and social resources; e.g., ) or the dynamic processes underlying the resilience construct as it is currently conceptualised. For instance, a refugee child may excel academically at school while having serious conflict at home with his or her parents; and/or the child’s resilience level may vary at different stages of development (e.g., younger versus older adolescence); these changes have not been considered. Conversely, some researchers have suggested narrowing its focus and refining the definition of resilience that it captures on the basis that some factors (e.g., spirituality) appear to be less relevant to resilience (e.g., ), though in the present study spiritual beliefs were more relevant to some cultural groups (e.g., the Middle Eastern and African adolescents) than to others. Additionally, CD-RISC is based on subjective self-reports of participants and hence subject to the limitations of other self-measurements (e.g., social desirability and demand characteristics). Nonvalidation through objective measures, such as biological and physiological markers or independent coding of reported behaviours by experts, is a limitation of the CD-RISC as well as the present study that has relied solely on the resilience construct captured by the instrument (e.g., [20, 23, 37]).
The key findings in this study were the low resilience scores found in this heterogeneous sample of young refugees and the significant relationships demonstrated between decreased resilience and mental health and behavioural problems, though no predictions could be made regarding the direction of these associations. If the level of resilience is hypothesised to predict mental health, then young refugees who appear to be lower on resilience may be at greater risk of developing psychopathology than their counterparts in mainstream society as well as within their own communities. Future research is needed to appropriately compare the resilience of young refugees with matched population controls in order to conclusively determine if refugee adolescents’ resilience is significantly diminished. If resilience predicts psychopathology in refugee adolescents as the literature with nonrefugee young people suggests, [22, 39] then targeting and enhancing resilience including its various components may be critical to interventions designed to alleviate psychological symptoms and improve psychosocial well being in young refugees. Future research could longitudinally track the progression of resilience and mental health in young refugees to determine the directionality of this relationship.
Due to the complex relationship between resilience and both sociodemographic characteristics as well as pre- and postmigration factors, any interventions will need to be targeted with sensitivity to these factors. The use of resilience measures that more fully capture not only the personal, but the family and social domains of the resilience construct, can also inform future research. This appears to be especially relevant in studies with refugee populations who mainly originate from collectivist societies where family and the community are paramount to one’s well being and identity. Such research could also benefit from exploring the association between resilience and mental health service use which was hampered by the low numbers of service users in this sample but which suggests that service users tend to be lower on resilience. Finally, the present study could be extended to explore the nature of resilience in younger refugee children and examine the changes, if any, in the relationship between resilience and mental health from childhood to adolescence.
This study was supported by a grant from the Australian Research Council (Grant no. LP0562492).
The authors wish to thank parents, adolescents, teachers, and the Migrant Resource Centre of South Australia. Our research assistants included Mr. Ben Stewart, Ms. Teresa Puvimanasinghe, Ms. Bev Rundle, and Ms. Lynda Caudle.
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- L. Campbell-Sills, S. L. Cohan, and M. B. Stein, “Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults,” Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 585–599, 2006.
- R. A. Burns, K. J. Anstey, and T. D. Windsor, “Subjective well-being mediates the effects of resilience and mastery on depression and anxiety in a large community sample of young and middle-aged adults,” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 240–248, 2011.
- O. Hjemdal, T. Aune, T. Reinfjell, T. C. Stiles, and O. Friborg, “Resilience as a predictor of depressive symptoms: a correlational study with young adolescents,” Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 91–104, 2007.
- X. N. Yu, J. T. F. Lau, W. W. S. Mak, J. Zhang, and W. W. S. Lui, “Factor structure and psychometric properties of the connor-davidson resilience scale among chinese adolescents,” Comprehensive Psychiatry, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 218–224, 2011.
- H. S. Baek, K. U. Lee, E. J. Joo, M. Y. Lee, and K. S. Choi, “Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale,” Psychiatry Investigation, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 109–115, 2010.
- Ö. Karairmak, “Establishing the psychometric qualities of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in a trauma survivor sample,” Psychiatry Research, vol. 179, no. 3, pp. 350–356, 2010.
- N. Izadinia, M. Amiri, R. G. Jahromi, and S. Hamidi, “A study of relationship between suicidal ideas, depression, anxiety, resiliency, daily stresses and mental health among Tehran university students,” in Proceedings of the World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance (WCPCG '10), vol. 5, pp. 1615–1619, 2010.
- S. Ahmad, A. Feder, E. J. Lee et al., “Earthquake impact in a remote south asian population: psychosocial factors and posttraumatic symptoms,” Journal of Traumatic Stress, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 408–412, 2010.
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- D. S. Fincham, L. K. Altes, D. J. Stein, and S. Seedat, “Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents: risk factors versus resilience moderation,” Comprehensive Psychiatry, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 193–199, 2009.
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- C. L. Rivera, G. Bernal, and J. Rosselló, “The Children Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI): their validity as screening measures for major depression in a group of Puerto Rican adolescents,” International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 485–498, 2005.
- R. Goodman, “The extended version of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire as a guide to child psychiatric caseness and consequent burden,” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 791–799, 1999.
- M. H. Almaqrami and A. Y. Shuwail, “Validity of the self-report version of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire in Yemen,” Saudi Medical Journal, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 592–601, 2004.
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- N. D. Bilanakis, E. E. Pappas, D. Lecic-Tosevski, and D. B. Alexiou, “Children of war fostered by Greek families for six months: the effect of the programme on children and foster mothers,” European Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 215–222, 1999.
- A. Daud, B. af Klinteberg, and P. A. Rydelius, “Resilience and vulnerability among refugee children of traumatized and non-traumatized parents,” Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, vol. 2, 2008.
- I. Derluyn and E. Broekaert, “Different perspectives on emotional and behavioural problems in unaccompanied refugee children and adolescents,” Ethnicity and Health, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 141–162, 2007.
- M. Fazel and A. Stein, “Mental health of refugee children: comparative study,” British Medical Journal, vol. 327, no. 7407, p. 134, 2003.
- G. Leavy, K. Hollins, M. King, J. Barnes, C. Papadopoulos, and K. Grayson, “Psychological disorder amongst refugee and migrant schoolchildren in London,” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 191–195, 2004.
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Copyright © 2012 Tahereh Ziaian et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

domain: sociology


Experimental Study on the Characteristics of Knock under DI-HCCI Combustion Mode with Ethanol/Gasoline Mixed Fuel
Gasoline homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) can achieve high efficiency and extremely low NOX emissions. However, the working condition range of HCCI is limited by knock occurring during engine operation. To achieve an expanded HCCI working condition range, it is necessary to explore a method predicting knock cases accurately to avoid knock occurring. Based on a DI-HCCI engine with ethanol/gasoline mixed fuel, the knock cases under different conditions have been investigated. In-cylinder pressure signals are used to identify the knock cases and the knock oscillations are extracted with fast Fourier transform (FFT). The effects of the ethanol proportion in the fuel and air/fuel ratio on the characteristics of knock have been studied. The results have shown that the knock parameters, such as maximum frequency, start point angle and the duration, have close relationship with the knock intensity.


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Upend the Hospital Hierarchy
In less than a week, I've read two newspaper stories that told tales of doctors behaving badly. The first, from Kaiser Health News, recouned how a surgeon accidentally broke a surgery tech's finger because she was so angry the tech had given her an incorrectly loaded device to use.
In another, a nurse wrote a blog post for The New York Times about an incident in which a doctor, known for his bad temper, yelled the word "Why?" in her face when she questioned his judgment about a patient.
"This was intimidation, plain and simple," the author, Theresa Brown, wrote. "But it was also an example of a doctor's abusing the legal, established hierarchy between doctors and nurses."
The fact that doctors sometimes don't take nurses seriously, and that doctors sometimes rebuke nurses for questioning their judgment, isn't news. Both of these stories are among the many that describe doctors yelling at nurses who second-guess them, doctors berating nurses for paging them in the middle of the night, and doctors causing (or nearly causing) patient harm or even death because they didn't bother listening to their nurse colleagues.
In reading the post, titled "Healing the Hospital Hierarchy," I found myself thinking, not only about the terrible position these nurses find themselves in when physicians refuse to listen, but also about the word "hierarchy" itself. Is a hierarchal mentality among physicians and nurses really the best way to care for patients?
- ACGME Chief Sees 'Huge' Risk of Error in Proposed Assistant Physician Licensure
- MU Slides into Summer of Discontent
- Doc Shortage 'Fix' Is a Disaster Waiting to Happen
- Hospitals Tops in Physician Benefits
- Physician Pay Increasingly Linked to Value-based Metrics
- 2015 OPPS Proposed Rule Detailed
- 4 Hot Healthcare Exec Titles; 1 Not
- Fees Lurk in Health Plans' Shift to e-Payments
- CDC Expanding Quality of Care Efforts
- Advanced EHRs Save 10% Per Patient, Study Says

domain: medical


text:
In 1939, West Virginia University did not accept black students. Iowa Law did—making Abishi Cunningham’s choice for law school a simple one. Abishi (41JD) was the only black student in his class at Iowa Law.
After graduation, numerous members of his class entered various branches of the military, the F.B.I. and branches of governmental administration in Washington, D.C., as highlighted in the November 1941 issue of the Iowa Law Review. Very few attorneys at the time entered the private practice side of law, but Abishi did.
After graduation he returned back to Welch, West Virginia and opened his office.
“My clientele has always been mixed, and I've always been accepted by the local community. Likewise, I've always accepted every case that came through my door, whether it be criminal, civil, or whatever,” he said in a 1990 interview about his practice in Welch.
Abishi also believed it was important to change with the economy because “when you work for working people, the economy has a tremendous effect on your practice.” He represented quite a few coal miners who were working in the largest industry in McDowell County at that time.
Abishi also became a role model to the local kids in his West Virginia community, specifically to William Redd.
Redd remembers sitting outside of Cunningham’s office waiting to see him on his way to court each day. Redd’s friends and him would pretend to hold court, and Redd would assume the role of Abishi Cunningham.
Later on, Abishi played an instrumental role in guiding Redd to Law School, where Redd eventually graduated and became an Associate Professor and successful lawyer.
William Redd shared his memories in an article in The West Virginia Lawyer (1996), closing with "The moral of the story is clear. Just like Miller, Capehart, and Cunningham, we are all role models and some kids on bicycles are watching our every move, hoping one day to be just like us."
A.C. Cunningham had two children, both of whom ended up becoming lawyers. One of those children, Marjorie Laws and her husband William Laws, recently came to visit Iowa Law with Abishi’s grandchildren.
The Laws’ family continued Abishi’s legacy. Marjorie Laws was a judge of the Cook County 2nd Subcircuit in Illinois from 1996 to 2017. Her husband William was also a lawyer and graduate of Northwestern Law.
During their visit, Marjorie and her kids were able to see Abishi’s composite and explore the Law Library, while learning more about his time at Iowa Law. They also enjoyed seeing some of Iowa Law’s famous firsts, specifically the Clarks after they had learned about them at the African American Museum in Cedar Rapids.
“I’m so thankful to Jill DeYoung and the Iowa Law family for welcoming us with open arms. I realize now more than ever why this school held a special place in my father’s heart,” said Judge Marjorie Laws (Retired).
Payten Little is the Assistant to Social Media for the College of Law in External Relations. She majored in Journalism and Creative writing and graduated from the University of Iowa in December 2020. When she’s not drafting social content or editing web content, she’s writing articles for her personal blog Girl, I Get You.

domain: law


By That Festival Site | 7 July, 2023
All Together Now, one of Ireland's most anticipated music festivals, has just upped the excitement by adding a staggering 78 new acts to its already impressive lineup. Taking place from the 4th to the 6th of August, this year's festival promises to be a musical extravaganza set amidst the stunning Curraghmore Estate in County Waterford.
Among the notable additions are Helena Hauff, Partiboi69, CiCi, Pagan, Al Gibbs, Cailin, and Long Island Sound, who will be gracing the return of the Arcadia stage. These talented artists bring a diverse range of sounds and styles, further enhancing the festival experience for attendees.
Joining the likes of iconic musicians such as Iggy Pop, Lorde, Jamie xx, Caribou, Loyle Carner, Overmono, and Tourist, these new acts ensure that All Together Now 2023 will be a multi-dimensional musical journey.
But the excitement doesn't stop there. Festival-goers can expect even more surprises as the AVA Stage Lineup is set to be revealed next week, adding another layer of anticipation and intrigue to the event.
With tickets already on sale, music lovers are urged to secure their spot at this unmissable festival, where the fusion of incredible artists, breathtaking surroundings, and a vibrant atmosphere will create lasting memories. All Together Now 2023 is shaping up to be an unforgettable experience for music enthusiasts from around the world.


For some reason, Piers Morgan found it necessary to criticize Daniel Craig [AKA James Bond] for the way he chooses to carry his baby.
According to Morgan, wearing your child on your chest is emasculating.
Luckily, Captain America himself -- Chris Evans -- came through to shut down that crazy talk.
People around the world have been weighing in on the controversy, with most calling Morgan out for his warped view of masculinity. What do you think?


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For many years has indicated bookmobile maintained library service in Gimåfors. When Ånge Municipality now decided to discontinue its mobile library operations will therefore Sundsvall mobile library to visit the community center in Gimåfors once a month.
The following times apply:
Date of autumn: 4/9, 2/10, 30/10 and 27/11
Are you missing library card at Sundsvall library we will do it dierkt in bus. Welcome!

domain: library


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Scotch® Film Strapping Tape 8898
General purpose. Tensilized polypropylene backing with stiffness for handling ease. Typical 160 lb/inch width tensile strength for general closure, reinforcing, strapping, and bundling on plastic, metal, or fiberboard. Clean removal.
Tensilized polypropylene backing provides excellent resistance to nicks, abrasion, moisture and scuffing. Specially formulated synthetic rubber resin adhesive bonds to plastic, metal, or fiberboard surfaces.Applications:- General strapping, reinforcing, bundling, box closing, and appliance securing.Typical Physical Properties:- 25% elongation at break.- 65 oz/inch adhesion to steel.

domain: chemistry


The 27-year-old was pronounced dead on Wednesday evening despite having undergone emergency brain surgery over the weekend
In an age where bigger is always better, Japan’s evasive and passing-dependent game could be key in protecting the sport and those who play it
Oil prices slid on Friday on jitters over demand from China after the world's largest oil importer recorded its weakest quarter of economic growth in nearly three decades, dragged down by a trade...
Former Vice President Joe Biden's presidential campaign lashed out at Mark Zuckerberg on Thursday over a speech where the Facebook CEO defended his company's decision not to remove political adverts containing what is alleged to be false information.
Turkey agreed on Thursday to pause its offensive in Syria for five days to let Kurdish forces withdraw from a “safe zone” Ankara had sought to capture, in a deal hailed by Washington but which Turkish...
He said: 'The thing about the greased piglet is that he manages to slip through other people's hands where mere mortals fail.'
The actresses “weren’t really friends before” but Loughlin now “feels like their fates are tied together,” the source said.
England captain has been moved back to fly-half in an effort to bring back his A-game, but it’s do-or-die time for Jones as his reputation goes on the line
Jack de Menezes is joined by Samuel Lovett to reflect on the devastation of Typhoon Hagibis, how Japan’s victory over Scotland united the nation and preview the four quarter-finals this weekend
It was hard to call it a dirty hit, but it surely hurt. Devils star Taylor Hall absolutely bulldozed Rangers defenseman Adam Fox 6:49 into the second period during New Jersey’s 5-2 win Thursday nig…
The fallout from Beijing's outrage at the NBA isn't over yet. This time it just might be China's turn to be on the receiving end.
Asian stocks stumbled on Friday after China posted its weakest growth in nearly three decades, countering a global lift in sentiment on the UK and European Union striking a long-awaited Brexit deal.


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Loch Sunart to the Sound of Jura NCMPA
This area is home to a large number of mature common skate that may also be breeding in the area. The common skate is the largest skate in the world and can reach 2.5m in length. Skates are an ancient group of fish that first appeared in fossil records about 150 million years ago. This is a rare and vulnerable giant which really needs protection.
MPA TypeNature Conservation Marine Protected Area
Nature Conservation Marine Protected Areas (NCMPAs) are designated under UK legislation (Marine Scotland Act 2010) and have been established around Scotland to contribute to the UK MPA network by protecting a range of important habitats, species and features of the seabed.
Designation date24 July 2014
Surface Area741.27 km2 (286.20 mi.2)
Perimeter860.41 km (534.63 mi.)
Did you know?…
Over 500,000 records on undersea habitats and species have been collected by volunteer Seasearch divers providing significant evidence for inshore ‘marine protected areas’
An area over 9 times the size of Wales is now in marine protected areas in the UK, but less than 1% is considered by MCS scientists to be well managed
Over 170 parliamentarians from across the political spectrum signed up to our Marine Charter calling for a network of ‘marine protected areas’ in UK Seas
The future of fisheries is being decided
The UK government has opened a public consultation asking how we think they should manage our fisheries after Brexit through a new Fisheries Bill.Act now!

domain: biology


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Lower East Side film took off using the combat cameras developed during the Second World War, flourished along with the Beats and the New Wave, and culminated in the eighties art scene. The genre has its own pantheon, including the director Jack Smith, the film-supplier Rafic Azzouni, and the actors Rockets Redglare and Taylor Mead, Warhol’s muse. Patterson has assembled an occasionally bewildering collection of essays by, and interviews with, artists who were there. Recurrent themes include slumlords, drugs, and improvisation: Smith “almost always had a script . . . but it just dissolved.” Patterson has his own place in this history as the videographer of the Tompkins Square police riots, and at times one feels he has an axe to grind. One poignant moment is a plea to readers to help the aging Mead fight eviction.♦
The Nihilistic Euphoria of the Fish Tube
Mike Pompeo, the Secretary of Trump
How Mike Pompeo became a heartland evangelical—and the President’s most loyal soldier.
A Reporter at Large

domain: artistic


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Most voters believe violent crime is getting worse and expect the issue to be important in next month’s midterm elections. That’s according to the latest Rasmussen Reports. The survey found that 62% of likely U.S. voters believe the problem of […]
Sharyl: So much is happening with hot-button issues, and you — our viewers — are obviously thirsty for fair, in-depth coverage of these stories. We tackled legalized marijuana, legalized sports betting, the controversies in America’s schools, slave reparations, and America’s
What’s behind America’s violent crime wave and where are the real solutions?
November 30, 2021 Statement by Donald J. Trump, 45th President of the United States of AmericaIt’s really interesting, everybody wants me on television, I get the highest ratings by far, they need ratings to survive, and yet I put out


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NBC Sports Network has announced that it has canceled the hunting show Under Wild Skies after host Tony Makris compared critics to Hitler.
Controversy began after the show aired an episode in which an elephant was shot in the face twice by host Makris. Makris, who has longstanding ties to the NRA, celebrated the killing of the elephant with a bottle of champagne.
Following days of outrage and a petition calling for NBC to cancel the show, Makris took to NRA News on September 26 to respond to critics by claiming they advocated for a form of "animal racism." Makris said the following about critics who argued that elephants not be targeted:
MAKRIS: The nice ones will come up and go, you shoot elephant? Why? And I said well, the short answer is because hungry people eat them and because I'm a hunter. You know, I'm not an elephant hunter. I'm a hunter. I hunt all things. And they go, well nobody should shoot an elephant. I said, why? And they go they're so big and kind and gentle and smart and I said, okay, let me ask you a question. Should I be able to shoot birds? Well, I guess that's okay. Ducks? Yeah. Pigeons? Oh, they're flying rats, okay. Rabbits? Well rabbits are cute. But yea. Squirrels? That's nothing but a rat with a tail -- with a fuzzy tail. And I said, well deer eat all my mother's roses in Long Island and I go-- so I can shoot all of those, but not an elephant? No. Do you realize that if you subscribe to that philosophy you are committing a very unique form of animal racism?
CAM EDWARDS, HOST: [laughter]
MAKRIS: And now they're shocked. And they said but they're so big and special and they're smarter. And I went, you know, Hitler would have said the same thing.
On September 28, NBC Sports Network announced in a statement to Deadspin that Under Wild Skies has been canceled due to Makris' comments:
Under Wild Skies will no longer air on NBC Sports Sports Network due to the program's close association with its host, whose recent comments comparing his critics to Hitler are outrageous and unacceptable. NBCSN will continue to air all of our other quality outdoor programming.
NBC Sports Network host Tony Makris defended his controversial killing of an elephant on an NRA-sponsored hunting show during the September 26 edition of NRA News by claiming that opponents of elephant hunting have a philosophy similar to Hitler's.
Makris has faced widespread criticism since he shot and killed an elephant on the September 22 episode of Under Wild Skies on NBC Sports, which also showed him celebrating the kill with Champagne. A petition calling for the cancellation of Under Wild Skies, which Makris hosts, currently has more than 47,000 signatures.
Makris has longstanding ties to the NRA. According to the Los Angeles Times, "he helped install Charlton Heston as president" of the NRA in 1998. Makris has also been previously identified as an employee of Ackerman McQueen, an ad agency employed by the NRA for decades that was responsible for a controversial ad that politicized security measures that protect the president's children.
On the NRA News show Cam & Company, Makris offered a number of rationales for shooting the elephant, including suggesting that people who oppose elephant hunting but accept other forms of hunting are practicing "animal racism." He added that he would respond to someone who said elephants should not be hunted because of their size, scarcity or intelligence by saying, "Hitler would have said the same thing."
Conservative media are citing an article in the Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons (JPandS) to attack legitimate research on the causes of gun violence. While its title suggests that it is a serious research publication, the journal is published by a conspiracy-minded right-wing organization and has printed articles questioning the link between HIV and AIDS and theorizing that undocumented immigrants are spreading leprosy in the United States.
JPandS is published by conservative non-profit Association of American Physicians and Surgeons (AAPS), an anti-healthcare reform advocacy group that opposes almost all government involvement in healthcare. The National Library of Medicine, which bills itself as "[t]he world's largest biomedical library," has twice declined to index JPandS in its database of medical reports.
Still, an article by AAPS Executive Director Dr. Jane M. Orient has been cited by conservative media to attack calls for more research into the causes and prevention of gun violence by the Obama administration and the medical and scientific communities. AAPS aided the gun lobby in its successful endeavor to block the Centers for Disease Control from studying gun violence during the 1990s.
In a September 23 op-ed for The Daily Caller, National Shooting Sports Foundation Senior Vice President and General Counsel Larry Keane cited Orient's article to attack the scientifically supported claim that "fewer guns equals less violence":
One of the anti-gun lobby's leading arguments is that fewer guns equals less violence. This seems like a logical argument, and is often passed on as fact. But, as with most of the arguments the anti-gun left recycles over and over, the facts simply do not back it up.
In the fall issue of the Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons , Jane M. Orient, M.D. argues there is no evidence-based support for more gun control measures. Rather, the statistics gun-control proponents cite are cherry-picked from larger data sets that show no correlation between more gun laws and less violence.
Orient's article was also approvingly cited by Breitbart.com's AWR Hawkins and promoted by Guns.com. During a September 4 appearance on the National Rifle Association's media arm, NRA News, Orient attacked "organized medicine" for calling for gun violence research and stated that "the best evidence we have" on gun violence "was collected by John Lott." Lott, whose research on gun violence was cited in Orient's JPandS article, has been widely discredited.
NRA News host Cam Edwards issued a correction the day after after Breitbart.com's A.W.R. Hawkins claimed on his show that the mass shooting at Washington Navy Yard "happened because Bill Clinton mandated that" military bases "be gun-free zones." In truth, the policy cited by Hawkins to support this claim allows guns to be carried on military bases under a substantial number of circumstances and was actually enacted during the George H.W. Bush administration.
The myth that a Clinton-era policy was responsible for the shooting, which claimed the lives of 12 victims, was the centerpiece of right-wing media's failed attempt to establish that the Navy Yard shooting took place in a "gun-free zone."
Edwards issued a correction during his September 18 broadcast, citing a Media Matters blog that addressed Hawkins' claim, during a segment with Washington Times senior opinion editor Emily Miller. After Edwards acknowledged that the policy was enacted under George H.W. Bush, Miller said, "Then I've written that wrong too," and she added, "Are you sure that's correct before I change it too? ... Because I don't believe anything Media Matters says."
Hawkins' claim in a Breitbart.com article about the supposed Clinton-era policy originated from a 2009 Washington Times editorial that falsely stated, "Among President Clinton's first acts upon taking office in 1993 was to disarm U.S. soldiers on military bases." Miller promoted that editorial on September 17 on Twitter.
After Edwards issued the correction, Miller attempted to downplay the importance of whether Clinton disarmed members of the military, suggesting that Hawkins' claim was inconsequential to the "public's knowledge of the issues." In reality, Miller was just one of many right-wing media figures who seized on Hawkins' false claims to politicize the mass shooting in its immediate aftermath.
While commentators have noted the National Rifle Association's tendency to go silent in the wake of mass shootings such as the one at the Washington Navy Yard, the gun organization's media arm, NRA News, has stayed on the air to conclude that no new gun law could have prevented the attack, promote false information about the circumstances surrounding the shooting, and allege a media conspiracy against guns.
Since the September 16 shooting that claimed the lives of 12 victims, the NRA has failed to issue a substantive official statement on the tragedy. The gun rights organization has posted a single tweet not related to the shooting and, according to MSNBC.com, a message on the group's homepage on September 16 said, "We grieve and pray for those who lost their lives and for those hurt at the Washington Navy Yard." The message has apparently been removed.
CNN reported that the NRA did not respond to a request for comment on September 16, noting, "The gun rights organization has typically not responded to similar shootings immediately." Indeed, after a December 14, 2012, mass shooting in Newtown, Connecticut, claimed 26 lives, the NRA was silent until a December 21 question-free press conference where Executive Vice President Wayne LaPierre claimed, "The only thing that stops a bad guy with a gun is a good guy with a gun."
The NRA has claimed that it refuses to discuss gun policy in the wake of mass shootings "out of respect for those grieving families and until the facts are known." However, the following excerpts from the September 17 broadcast of NRA News' radio program Cam & Company demonstrate how the NRA uses its own media arm to push its talking points:
NRA News promoted an ad targeting Colorado Senate President John Morse, who is facing a recall election over his support for stronger gun laws, that baselessly suggested Morse used taxpayer money for haircuts and golf outings. The allegations in the ad stem from a 2011 ethics complaint filed against Morse that was unanimously dismissed by a bipartisan ethics panel, a fact the ad does not disclose.
The ad features Laura Carno, the founder of pro-recall group I Am Created Equal, claiming that Morse "charged us for days when you got your hair cut and when you went golfing" while a graphic stated, "Tell John Morse Don't Golf And Get Haircuts On Our Dime." From the August 21 edition of Cam & Company on NRA News, the media arm of the National Rifle Association:
CARNO: Senator Morse, the ethics investigation against you wasn't trivial. When you reimburse yourself with our money, it should be for work you do on our behalf. But Senator Morse, you charged us for days when you got your hair cut and when you went golfing. We didn't elect you to be king, Senator Morse. Every dollar you spend comes out of our pockets. And Senator Morse we don't want to pay for your haircuts and golf games.
Tellingly the ad featured a quote from an April 12, 2011, Associated Press article, ignoring that the article was about the complaint being dismissed:
A spokesperson for the Basic Freedom Defense Fund, the NRA-backed group behind an effort to recall two Colorado Democratic state senators over their votes for stronger gun laws, baselessly claimed on NRA News that the campaign of recall-targeted Senate President John Morse was plotting to commit "massive amounts of voter fraud including ballots possibly even being mailed in from Chicago."
Reacting to an August 12 court decision which will necessitate that the recall election be conducted with polling centers instead of solely through mail-in ballots, BFDF spokesperson Jennifer Kerns said the change could stymie what she described as a plot by Chicago-based groups hired by Morse's campaign to commit voter fraud by sending in fraudulent ballots from out of state. From the August 13 edition of Cam & Company on NRA News:
KERNS: The state of Colorado, in keeping with its crazy election year tradition, the state of Colorado passed a very controversial same day voter registration bill that completely changed the election laws in the state of Colorado and turned this election into an all mail ballot election.
Well we've been bracing ourselves for massive amounts of voter fraud including ballots possibly even being mailed in from Chicago. As you know, John Morse and his campaign, as they say follow the money in politics, he has hired -- even his own political consulting firms are from Chicago. They represent the Chicago Federation of Labor, the AFL-CIO and AFSCME, some of the hardest players in politics. So we've been bracing ourselves for an all mail-in ballot situation where you could potentially have ballots coming in from people out of the state.
Kerns added, "I think it's much harder for the Democrats to cheat if they have to do it in person. They have to spend their time and treasure busing people in to try to commit fraud."
The registration fraud scenario described by Kerns -- where out of district or state individuals would use Colorado's same day voter registration law to obtain mail-in ballots -- has circulated in state conservative media, but is in fact based on a misreading of Colorado's new election laws.
The NRA's newly launched campaign to oppose a California legislative proposal to ban lead ammunition for hunting, Hunt for Truth, has already been pulled from the Internet along with an accompanying NRA press release announcing the initiative. Using archived webpages, Media Matters documents the NRA's repeated denial that lead ammunition poses a danger to wildlife, despite scientific evidence that lead ammunition threatens the survival of the critically endangered California condor.
Media reporting on the verdict that George Zimmerman is not guilty in the shooting death of Trayvon Martin suggested a misleading distinction between the defense attorneys' supposed use of "conventional" self-defense principles and Florida's controversial "Stand Your Ground" law (also known as "Shoot First" or "Kill at Will"), ignoring the fact that the sole justifiable homicide law in Florida incorporates "Stand Your Ground."
Washington Times senior opinion editor Emily Miller compared proposals to tax firearms for the benefit of victims of gun violence to poll taxes, which were used to deny African-Americans the right to vote.
Miller, who writes a gun blog for the Times, is the latest conservative commentator to compare the processes involved in gun ownership to racial discrimination.
Poll taxes are prohibited by the Twenty-fourth Amendment and have been found to violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment by the Supreme Court.
Most commercial firearms and ammunition sales are already subject to an excise tax which funds conservation programs. Recently, a number of states have proposed levying additional taxes on firearm and ammunition sales in order to set aside money for victims of gun violence, fund mental health initiatives and pay for the implementation of firearm licensing programs.
From the June 27 edition of the National Rifle Association News' Cam & Company:
MILLER: Chicago passed a law this year that adds a 25 dollar tax to firearm sales in Chicago, and obviously that's meant to discourage people to buy guns. Puts them out of range or reach for some people, cost wise.
Well now it's about eight states that are following suit with ideas of taxing ammo and guns as high as 50 percent in Maryland on ammo and in Connecticut on ammo. Massachusetts has a tax on guns and ammo in its main bill that is going through the legislature at pretty rapid speed on gun control. So Congressman Graves in the House, Sam Graves, has a bill that would eliminate the ability of these states and jurisdictions to basically tax your Second Amendment, which is pretty much a poll tax.
So his bill would say that Congress has authority under its ability to regulate interstate commerce, because guns and ammo are manufactured and sent interstate, that Congress can intervene and say you can't add taxes onto them, these states and cities. So that has been introduced and will go through the Judiciary Committee and I think that is a really positive move for Congress to do because it is -- I can't believe it will be held up in court that you can tax guns and ammo, you can tax the Second Amendment. I mean I'm sure these things will be eventually taken to court and I would bet they get overturned.
Frank Borelli, a frequent guest on NRA News, noted the excuse used by Nazis who operated concentration camps that they were "just following orders" to applaud sheriffs who would "selectively enforce" Maryland's new gun violence prevention laws.
On May 16, Maryland Gov. Martin O'Malley signed into law a ban on assault weapons, limits on high-capacity magazines and a handgun licensing scheme.
Borelli, who is the editor of the law enforcement news site Officer.com and is a regular guest on NRA News, made the Nazi comparison as a counterpoint to an editorial by Maryland House of Delegates member Jon S. Cardin that criticized a Maryland sheriff who said he would not enforce the new laws.
From the June 20 edition of Cam & Company on the Sportsman Channel:
CAM EDWARDS, HOST: The Baltimore Sun is very upset, particularly Jon Cardin is incensed that there are sheriffs in the state of Maryland who say that they will not be enforcing the new gun control laws against otherwise legal law-abiding gun owners. He says this is a horrible idea, in a country dependent on the rule of law, he says, to protect civil rights and public safety this is dangerous and distressing. I'm curious, what's your take, Frank?
FRANK BORELLI: I'd like to ask Mr. Cardin one question. Does he feel that when Nazis working the death camps used the excuse of, I was just following orders, was that an acceptable excuse and did it exempt them for moral turpitude for their actions? And I'd like to hear him justify that.
These sheriffs have stepped up, again this is my opinion, these sheriffs have stepped up and said you know what, we don't [sic] feel these laws are unconstitutional therefore we're not going to enforce them. They're saying, hey, this isn't a lawful order. These laws aren't enforceable. We choose not to enforce them. I commend them for their courage to do so.
The National Rifle Association's news show inaccurately portrayed a California program that seeks to recover guns from felons and other prohibited individuals as a means of placing law-abiding gun owners in danger of firearm confiscation.
The June 20 special targeted a California law enforcement program that works with the Armed Prohibited Persons System (APPS), a database of individuals who are no longer legally allowed to possess guns. The database works by combining gun registration records with the records of individuals who are barred from owning a firearm because of a felony conviction, restraining order or adjudication of serious mental illness.
According to Pacific Standard magazine, the database includes 20,000 people who possess at least 38,000 handguns and 1,600 assault weapons.
Setting up the segment, NRA News' investigative reporter Ginny Simone said that the special would tell the story of a person who was "wrongly targeted," despite the fact that the person featured is prohibited by federal law from owning a gun. NRA News host Cam Edwards also claimed that "there are so many issues right now for the law-abiding in California because you got lawmakers going after their rights, meanwhile the criminals are getting put back out onto the streets, and it sounds like you've got a government that is in many ways just out of control."
National Rifle Association News host Cam Edwards compared the experience of opponents of new gun laws in Colorado during the legislative process to the experiences of victims of racial segregation.
Edwards hosted Laura Carno, the founder of conservative nonprofit I am Created Equal that is seeking to remove Colorado Senate President John Morse from office for supporting legislation to require background checks on gun sales and limit high-capacity magazines. During this discussion, Edwards said, "We have seen a great deal of disrespect shown to gun owners throughout this process," and added, "It's not just that our rights aren't being respected, our voices aren't being respected."
He then read from the dissent in the 1896 Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson, which railed against the majority ruling that established the racially discriminatory "separate but equal" doctrine. Quoting from Justice John Marshall Harlan's dissent, Edwards said, "In the view of the Constitution, in the eye of the law, there is in this country no superior, dominant, ruling class of citizens. There is no caste here," and, "In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law. The humblest is the peer of the most powerful."
From the June 4 edition of NRA News' Cam & Company:
Conservative commentator Tony Katz said on the National Rifle Association's radio program that some victims of both the May 23 bridge collapse in Washington state and Hurricane Katrina were blameworthy for not doing enough to protect themselves.
Katz, who hosts a radio show and is a contributor to a number of conservative news sites, also claimed that not a single British citizen cared about a May 22 attack on a British soldier in London "because they have an entire society now where you can kill a soldier in broad daylight and no one says, 'let's do something about this.'" Host Cam Edwards claimed that bystanders in the aftermath of the attack were "docile" and "nobody did anything." From the May 24 edition of Cam & Company on NRANews.com:
While criticizing the actions of victims of recent disasters, Katz claimed that some victims of Hurricane Katrina were "up to their knees in water screaming out, where is the government to help me?" He added: "Well if you don't know how to get to dry land or how to move before the storm comes, this is what you get."
As media scrutinize accidental shootings involving children, the National Rifle Association's news program Cam & Company has instead repeatedly highlighted incidents where students clashed with administrators over school policies that relate to guns.
Accidental shootings involving children have been a much discussed topic over the past few weeks, with some incidents receiving widespread coverage. In particular, a fatal accident in Burkesville, Kentucky, where a 5-year-old boy unintentionally shot his 2-year-old sister with a rifle designed to be used by young children, was covered by The New York Times, CNN, the Associated Press, CBSNews.com, and MSNBC's All In with Chris Hayes.
Between the Kentucky accident that occurred on April 30 and May 14, Cam & Company spent only 5 minutes and 33 seconds covering gun accidents, mostly by attacking the media for reporting on the incidents. In comparison, the show spent 71 minutes and 13 seconds highlighting instances where host Cam Edwards felt that students had been unfairly treated by schools for their participation in gun culture. During the sole segment that covered a gun accident, Edwards criticized The New York Times for its reporting on the Burkesville accident.
School incidents that received ample coverage on Cam & Company, which airs on The Sportsman Channel, include:

domain: news


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After finding turntables in 2001, He spent years exploring, promoting and playing electronic music in the Campbell River area. Hosting The “Free Your Mind” events and many other Lake Parties, Campouts and Underground events.
DJ’ing up and down the island at one time, could be seen anywhere from The Voodoo Lounge to an Underground Party. With the odd special appearance on Cortes Island and in the Comox Valley, he’s often as notorious as he is social. Always known to move a dance floor, playing a unique fun remix style of Deep Bass House.
And now, a part of Campbell Rivers Sitka Sound, the 2019 version is harder, funner and more digital then ever. A set you won’t want to miss. Packed with heavy bass and melodies that are sure to rock the dance floor.


text: A detailed investigation of worn teeth should reveal a record of past activity patterns including information regarding diet, food preparation methods, and craft or occupational activities. Anthropological studies of the extensive dental samples from Neolithic (MR 3) and Chalcolithic (MR 2) levels at Mehrgarh, Baluchistan, and Bronze Age Harappa, Punjab, yielded several interesting examples of unusual dental abrasion. This paper provides macro- and microscopic (scanning electron microscope) descriptions of three types of activity-induced dental abrasion: 1) interproximal tooth grooving and interproximal abrasion patches, 2) facial abrasion of maxillary anterior teeth, and 3) lingual abrasion of maxillary incisors in association with rounded wear of lower incisors. The gross size and shape of abrasion features, the orientation of microscopic wear striae, and ethnographic parallels are employed in inferring causal factors involved in their formation. Behavioral activities and dietary explanations possibly associated with each type of dental wear are considered and their implications for reconstructing prehistoric activity patterns discussed. The need for extensive ethno-anthropology research into variations of tooth use among living people with different diets, subsistence bases, and craft specializations is essential to further progress in this field.


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EU Parliament Bans Plastics Responsible for 70% of Ocean Trash
The European Parliament approved a ban on single-use plastics Wednesday, meaning that common plastic items that make up 70 percent of marine litter will be banned in the EU by 2021, the parliament announced in a press release.
The law also sets targets for the collection of plastic bottles, includes new labeling laws and strengthens provisions to ensure companies pay to clean up the pollution they cause.
"Today we have taken an important step to reduce littering and plastic pollution in our oceans and seas," European Commission Vice President Frans Timmermans said, as The Guardian reported. "We got this, we can do this. Europe is setting new and ambitious standards, paving the way for the rest of the world."
The details of the new rule are as follows:
1. Banned Items: The following items will be banned in the EU by 2021:
- Single-use plastic cutlery
- Single-use plastic plates
- Plastic straws
- Cotton swabs with plastic sticks
- Plastic balloon sticks
- Oxo-degradable plastics and food containers and expanded polystyrene cups
2. Plastic Bottles: Plastic bottles will need to be made with 25 percent recycled material by 2025 and 30 percent by 2030. EU states will need to collect 90 percent of plastic bottles by 2029.
3. The Polluter Pays: The law will strengthen provisions requiring companies to pay for cleaning up pollution. This will mean requiring cigarette companies to pay for removing cigarette butts and fishing gear manufacturers to pay for removing nets from the sea, CNN explained.
4. Clearer Labeling: Items like cigarette filters, plastic cups, wet wipes and sanitary napkins will be labeled if they contain plastic and the labels will include instructions for disposing of them in an environmentally responsible manner.
The European Commission first introduced the ban in May of 2018 and it was approved by member states in October of that year, according to CNN. The measure passed European Parliament with 560 votes. Thirty-five opposed it and 28 abstained. Only a few formalities now stand between the rule and its publication in the EU rulebook, after which member states will need to act, The Guardian explained.
The European Commission estimates that 80 percent of marine litter is made up of plastic. Belgian member of the European Parliament Frédérique Ries said the measure should save the EU €22 billion (approximately $24 billion), the expected cost of plastic pollution in the block up to 2030.
"Europe now has a legislative model to defend and promote at international level, given the global nature of the issue of marine pollution involving plastics. This is essential for the planet," Ries said in the European Parliament press release.
EcoWatch Daily Newsletter
By Melissa Kravitz Hoeffner
Over six gallons of water are required to produce one gallon of wine. "Irrigation, sprays, and frost protection all [used in winemaking] require a lot of water," explained winemaker and sommelier Keith Wallace, who's also a professor and the founder of the Wine School of Philadelphia, the largest independent wine school in the U.S. And water waste is just the start of the climate-ruining inefficiencies commonplace in the wine industry. Sustainably speaking, climate change could be problematic for your favorite glass of wine.
By Jeff Turrentine
From day to day, our public health infrastructure — the people and systems we've put in place to keep populations, as opposed to individuals, healthy — largely goes unnoticed. That's because when it's working well, its success takes the form of utter normalcy.
Cell Phone Tracking Analysis Shows Where Florida Springbreakers and New Yorkers Fleeing Coronavirus Went to Next
By Eoin Higgins
A viral video showing cell phone data collected by location accuracy company X-Mode from spring break partiers potentially spreading the coronavirus around the U.S. has brought up questions of digital privacy even as it shows convincingly the importance of staying home to defeat the disease.


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Manhattan’s hottest residential rental market in decades has finally “plateaued,” according to Bloomberg, citing a new report from appraiser Miller Samuel Inc. and brokerage Douglas Elliman Real Estate.
After six months of “record number of records” as median rent in the borough soared to $4,150 in July, the hottest run in decades appears to have subsided as new leases signed in August averaged around $4,100, down $50 from July’s all-time high.
“Rents are robust but they are starting to plateau,” said Jonathan Miller, president of Miller Samuel. He doesn’t expect prices to plunge unless recessionary trends materialize, such as increased job loss, making it more challenging for people to pay rent and bills in current apartments.
August’s median rent decline is barely a relief and still holds 17% above prices seen three years ago. The good news is rapid price increases have stopped (well, at least for now).
“There’s no bottom dropping out here … and landlords are still pushing their rents,” said Hal Gavzie, executive vice president of residential leasing at Douglas Elliman.
We correctly pointed out that rent prices in the borough would skyrocket this summer in an April note titled “Not A Peak” – Manhattan Apartment Rents Hit Another Record High,” informing readers who were looking at renting in the city to hold off because there will be “cooling in the fall.”
Gavzie said landlords aren’t slashing rents yet, but “concessions have slowly started to creep up, which doesn’t really surprise me.”
“All along, we were all wondering how long the high rents could be sustained,” he added.
Miller added the percentage of new leases with bidding wars is still at levels seen earlier this year, which is about 20% of deals, and average rents over asking were approximately 12.6%, indicating “the market is extremely tight.”
Perhaps wait until 2023 to lock in a new residential lease in Manhattan as the likelihood of a Fed-induced recession rises in the months ahead.

domain: finance


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Your body is made up of various things. A big part of your body’s makeup is vitamins and minerals. The key to knowing this is to understand that you must keep your body stocked with these things. The article you are about to read has some great advice and information on how to improve your body with vitamins.
Men require different vitamins and minerals than women. A daily vitamin for men should have higher concentrations of B12 and B6. Another helpful vitamin to prevent hair loss is vitamin H. Along with folic acid, vitamin H will help regenerate cells and reduce the signs of aging. Vitamin E and lycopene are also beneficial for male prostrate health.
If you are lacking a particular vitamin, it is probably best for you to add that to your diet instead of taking a multivitamin. While there are many different vitamins and minerals in these pills, most of the time the level of particular vitamins is not as high as we need. Buying a single vitamin would be more effective.
It is not safe to take more then the recommended value of most vitamins, so make sure that you avoid this. One example of this is iron, which can be damaging to the liver when taken in large doses. If you feel like you are not getting the greatest benefit from your vitamins, you should probably consult a dietician about this.
Thiamine, or vitamin B1, deficiency can cause neurological and psychiatric symptoms. These symptoms can include weight loss, weakness, irregular heart rate and psychosis. A vitamin B complex can ensure you receive the vitamin B1 you need, or you can eat pork, brown rice, liver, oatmeal, leafy vegetables, eggs and potatoes.
Vitamin B2, or riboflavin, can be found in dairy products, bananas, green beans, asparagus and popcorn. Symptoms of a B2 deficiency can come about in the way of scaly skin and a demonstrable decrease in red blood cells. Studies show that riboflavin plays an important role in preventing cataracts, cancers, anemia and carpal tunnel syndrome.
Coenzyme Q-10 is used to treat heart and vessel conditions, including angina, congestive heart failure, diabetes, gum disease and high blood pressure. This potent formula strengthens immune systems and increases energy. Patients can get the substance naturally in seafood and meat; however, most prefer to take a Coenzyme Q-10 supplement.
Track the number of vitamins and minerals you take. If you’re a person that takes a lot of supplements, you could be getting too much of certain vitamins or minerals. This is usually the case with fat-soluble vitamins like K, D, A, and E. If the risks worry you or if you take prescriptions, you should talk to a physician.
Vitamin B9 is an essential vitamin for women. It will reduce high blood pressure, prevents heart disease, and helps reduce memory loss. Orange juice, eggs, melons, dark green vegetables and strawberries are all great foods that have high levels of vitamin B9. Many vitamin supplements are formulated for women with extra concentrations of B9.
Some people believe they are able to get all the nutrients their body needs just by eating a healthy diet. This really is a good place to start, but it would be impossible to eat enough to get all the vitamins and minerals your body needs because most foods have been over-processed.
Glucosamine treats a variety of joint pain issues. This supplement is made from seashells and shark cartilage. Patients have reported glucosamine supplements help relieve knee pain, back pain, glaucoma and the pain associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis; however, there is not sufficient medical evidence to support these claims.
You can add folate or vitamin B9 to a healthy diet. It boosts cell health, boosts red blood cell production, and promotes heart health. It can be found in a variety of foods, too. These include lettuce, asparagus, lentils, spinach, and beans. People that do not get enough folate in their diet can also try taking folate supplements.
Stress is something that is harming the quality of life in millions of people world wide and there is a simple solution for a good percentage of those people. By adding vitamins and minerals like Vitamin C and choline to your diet, you will eliminate some of the stress as C is an anti-stress vitamin and choline does some fantastic things to help the mind and nerves.
Have you ever told yourself you don’t need vitamins and minerals because you never get sick? Well you actually still need them as they not only help fight off infection, they also alleviate symptoms of stress which we all endure at some point. Vitamin C is the wonder vitamin as it aides in not only health and reducing stress but even healthy eyes just for an example.
The darker your skin, the more likely you are to need vitamin D supplements. While light skinned people only need about 20 minutes of sun per day to get their dose, people with very dark skin may need two hours or more. Consider a supplement to ensure you’re getting enough vitamin D.
As we get older we often discover that we have a shorter memory span and forget the simplest things. This is often due to a lack of vitamins and minerals in the system. By talking to your doctor or taking some form of multi-vitamin you will assuredly notice a big difference in memory and brain function.
Be careful with taking vitamins such as vitamin E, vitamin A and iron. These vitamins aren’t water-soluble, which means they build up in your fat and stay in your body if you get too much. This can lead to side effects which can leave you feeling your worst, so talk to your doctor before taking them.
Though you may not understand what goes on inside your body, you can certainly impact how well it works. The article you just read gave you some great info on vitamins and their uses. Add these tips to your daily routine and you will reap the rewards of a healthy body that is properly managed.


News•April 23, 2013 9:46 AM ET•2,967 views
Extol to release new album in June
Norwegian metallers Extol have confirmed plans to release a new album in June. The self-titled effort will hit stores on June 24th in Europe through Indie Recordings, and on June 25th in North America via Facedown Records. The band had the following to say: "On Extol we've had the honor of working with Jens Bogren who has mixed and mastered the album. We've been fans of his work for a long time, and we're very satisfied with the magic touch he has given to our songs! The magnificent artwork is done by none other than the legendary Travis Smith! He has truly visualized the essence of Extol through all the graphical details and the layout on the album. Thank you all for your support and patience! It feels great to be back!" Their new song, "Open The Gates," can be heard below.
Turnstile announce North American fall tour
Turnstile will headline a six-week tour later this year.
Video: 10-year-old girl covers Spiritbox on America's Got Talent
Not only was Miss Harper on network TV last night — she also performed with Spiritbox in London.