|Publication number||US7489792 B2|
|Application number||US 10/528,489|
|Publication date||Feb 10, 2009|
|Filing date||Sep 16, 2003|
|Priority date||Sep 23, 2002|
|Also published as||CN1685763A, CN100594744C, DE60328402D1, EP1547436A2, EP1547436B1, US20060045274, USRE43273, WO2004028204A2, WO2004028204A3|
|Publication number||10528489, 528489, PCT/2003/4002, PCT/IB/2003/004002, PCT/IB/2003/04002, PCT/IB/3/004002, PCT/IB/3/04002, PCT/IB2003/004002, PCT/IB2003/04002, PCT/IB2003004002, PCT/IB200304002, PCT/IB3/004002, PCT/IB3/04002, PCT/IB3004002, PCT/IB304002, US 7489792 B2, US 7489792B2, US-B2-7489792, US7489792 B2, US7489792B2|
|Inventors||Ronaldus Maria Aarts, Roy Irwan, Daniel Willem Elisabeth Schobben|
|Original Assignee||Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (1), Classifications (12), Legal Events (2)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to, in a media system, a method of generating at least one output signal from at least one input signal from a second set of sound signals having a related second set of Head Related Transfer Functions.
The present invention also relates to a computer system for performing the method.
The present invention further relates to a computer program product for performing the method.
This invention further relates to a media system for generating at least one output signal from a first set of sound signals from at least one input signal from a second set of sound signals having a related second set of Head Related Transfer Functions.
2. Description of the Related Art
International Patent Application No. WO 01/49073, corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 7,110,556, discloses a sound reproduction system simulating external sound sources. The system uses a number of so-called Head Related Transfer Functions, HRTFs, to generate sound for a set of headphones.
It is generally known in prior art literature that input channels of sound sources which are to be combined into outputs, i.e., resulting sound signals, will require a relatively high number of HRTFs. This typically leads to system implementations with said HRTFs, which are quite expensive, require unnecessary convolutions and are complex to design. This will be discussed further by means of
The above problems are solved by said method, the method comprising the steps of:
determining, for each signal in the second set of sound signals, a weighted relation comprising at least one signal from a third set of intermediate sound signals and at least one weight value;
determining a first set of Head Related Transfer Functions based on the second set of sound signals, the second set of Head Related Transfer Functions and the weighted relation; and
transferring at least one signal belonging to the third set of intermediate sound signals by means of at least one HRTF belonging to said first set of Head Related Transfer Functions in order to generate at least one output signal belonging to said first set of sound signals.
In the first step, for each signal in the second set of sound signals, i.e., for each signal in a number of input sound signals, a weighted relation comprised by intermediate sound signals and at least one weight value is determined. Hereby said input sound signals are converted to intermediate sound signals for a subsequent internally use.
In the second step, said first, but new set of HRTFs is then determined based on the second set of sound signals, typically input sound signals and said second set of Head Related Transfer Functions, related to said input sound signals and initially dedicated to transform or transfer said second set of input sound signals.
It is an advantage that in said determination—which will be discussed in the embodiments according to the invention—the new set of HRTFs comprises fewer HRTFs than said second set of Head Related Transfer Functions originally dedicated to transfer the input sound signals.
Subsequently, in the third step, said new, but fewer HRTFs (i.e., first set of Head Related Transfer Functions) are used to generate one or more output signal (belonging to said first set of sound signals) since one or more signals belonging to the third set of intermediate sound signals is transferred by means of said new, lower number of HRTFs in order to obtain said output signals.
Said problems are further solved by said media system on which said method can be executed. The media system may be a TV, a CD player, a DVD player, a Radio, a display with sound, an amplifier, a headphone or a VCR.
In a preferred embodiment, said media system comprising:
The media system gives the same advantages for the same reasons as described previously in relation to the method.
The prior art and the invention will be explained more fully below in connection with preferred embodiments and with reference to the drawings, in which:
Throughout the drawings, the same reference numerals and like names indicate similar or corresponding features, functions, etc.
In the present invention a set of head related transfer functions (HRTFs) may be used to generate one or more sound signals. The HRTFs may be defined as functions describing how sound propagates from a specific sound source to the ear and the number of HRTFs belonging to a set, this could be from one HRTF describing sound propagation from a source to the two ears and to a number of HRTFs depending on the number of sources delivering sound. Alternatively, from few (n) inputs signals, m intermediate signals are derived which needs 2 times m HRTFs (m>n) head related transfer functions (HRTFs) may be used to expand said input signals (as the source) into multi-channel sound (as an intermedia product), which then may be down-mixed to fewer resulting output sound signals, e.g., a Left and a Right signal for a headphone.
A description of HRTF can further be found in the following journal: H. Moller, “Fundamentals of binaural technology”, Applied Acoustics, Special issue on auditory environment and telepresence, Vol. 36, No. 3-4, pp. 171-218, (1992).
In the following HRTF is defined in further detail. By finding the sound pressure that an arbitrary source produces at the eardrum (taking into consideration parameters, such as the distance between the ears and the shape of the outer ear), all that is needed is the impulse response from the source to the eardrum, which can be measured, e.g., by placing a microphone in the ear. This is called the Head-Related Impulse Response, and its Fourier transform is called the Head Related Transfer Function (HRTF). The HRTF captures all of the physical cues to source localization. Once the HRTF for the left ear and the right ear are known, it is possible to synthesize accurate binaural signals from a monaural source. The head related transfer function is well known and is described in a number of documents, such as Blauert, Spatial hearing: The Psychophysics of Human Sound Localization (MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1983). When sound is filtered by a set of HRTFs, the sound is optimized for the person to which the set of HRTFs belongs and, therefore, the sound experience is never optimal for anyone but the person to which the set of HRTFs belongs. The set of HRTFs are filter functions with parameters or coefficients being specific for specific persons. For a specific person, different sets of HRTFs can be obtained depending on the arbitrary source mentioned above, the distance between the source and the person and also on the characteristics of the room in which the function parameters are measured. When, e.g., the source is headphones, the HRTFs depend on the headphone through which sound reproduction takes place. The result of filtering sound using this function is that an optimal spatial reproduction of surround sound in headphones is obtained. The source could also be a typical loudspeaker; in this case, it is necessary to perform cross-talk cancellation, which, e.g., can be based on the HRTF.
Stereophonic sound signals comprise a left and a right signal component which may originate from a stereo signal source, for example from a set of microphones, e.g., via further electronic equipment, such as a mixing equipment, etc. The signals may further be received as an output from another stereo player, over-the-air as a radio signal, or by any other suitable means.
Firstly, according to the prior art, it is well known to reproduce multi-channel sound via headphones. This multi-channel sound reproduction through a headphone makes use of the known techniques called binaural and Head Related Transfer Function (HRTF). The term “binaural” refers to the fact that there are two inputs to the listener's ears (left and right). Any set of left and right channel signals that are recorded at the position of the eardrum are called binaural signals.
It is the intention to have the same sound at the eardrum when using a headphone as when loudspeakers are playing. In order to achieve this, more knowledge must be gathered about the transmissions of the sound source into the eardrum. This transmission is best described in terms of Head Related Transfer Functions (HRTF) that include any linear filtering, such as coloration and inter-aural time and spectral differences. Inter-aural time differences occur because a sound wave travels at two different distances to left and right ear. These transfer functions depend on the angle of incidence and distance to the sound source.
Reverting back to the figure, reference numerals 1, 2 and 3 indicate the corresponding three channels (i.e., three input sound signals) CH1, CH2 and CH3 combined into a left, HPL and a right HPR resulting (output) sound signal for the headphone. Said channels are each transmitted by means of three related Head Related Transfer Functions, reference numerals 4 through 9. In other words, CH1, is transmitted by means of the Head Related Transfer Function HRTF1, correspondingly CH2, is transmitted by means of the Head Related Transfer Function HRTF2, etc. This is performed for both channels in order to achieve—by summation of products of channels and related HRTFs, reference numerals 10 and 11—that the stereophonic signals are generated. Said stereophonic (output) signals are indicated by left, HPL reference numeral 12, and right, HPR reference numeral 13, as the two resulting sound signals.
The summation for the left resulting sound signal is then:
H PL =CH 1 ·HRTF 1,L +CH 2 ·HRTF 2,L +CH 3 ·HRTF 3,L (1)
Correspondingly, summation for the right resulting sound signal will then be:
H PR =CH 1 ·HRTF 1,R +CH 2 ·HRTF 2,R +CH 3 ·HRTF 3,R (2)
Thus in the prior art case, this transmission will require two times three, i.e., six Head Related Transfer Functions.
Generally throughout the application, the notation “·” denotes a product if the above-mentioned variables are in the frequency domain; whereas in the time domain, “·” denotes a convolution of the variables.
Generally and correspondingly, when expanding the prior art example, n=3 (input) channels of sound sources (CH1 to CH3) to be combined into m sound outputs, i.e., m resulting sound signals, will require n times m Head Related Transfer Functions.
Secondly, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the same transmission—as the prior art example—may be implemented in a different way. In order to continue the example, the same three channels (CH1, CH2, and CH3) will be discussed. It is that these may be linear combinations or a weighted version of the left and right (intermediate) channel with the weights α and β. Said α and β may have their weight values depending on each channel, i.e., L and R, thus in general:
CHi=α i ·L+β i ·R. (3)
Someone skilled in the art may—when applying the invention for more than two channels (L, R), e.g., for a third, a fourth channel, etc, i.e., C, D, etc.,—subsequently generalize formula (3) into:
CHi=αi·L+βi·R+ci·C+di·D, etc., for a corresponding higher number of resulting (output) sound signals (HPL, HPR, HPC, HPD, etc.) for corresponding speakers or end result sounds.
In the Sound Engineering Society Conference Paper, presented at the 19th International Conference 2001 Jun. 21-24 Schloss Elmau, Germany by Roy Irwan and Ronald M. Aarts, Philips Research Laboratories, a method to convert stereo to multi-channel sound is disclosed. In this paper—on page 3—said α and β's are defined using a corresponding WL(k) and WR(k) (weight) notation—at the time instant k—for the left and right channel, respectively.
For the sake of conciseness, two channels (of resulting (output) sound signals) will only be used in this example.
Continuing the prior art example of
CH 1=α1 ·L+β 1 ·R (4)
CH 2=α2 ·L+β 2 ·R (5)
CH 3=α3 ·L+β 3 ·R (6)
It is found that formula (1) and (2) may still be applied for the summation (of products of channels and related HRTFs), thus when (4) (5) and (6) are inserted in (1) and (2), it gives:
H PL=(α1 ·L+β 1 ·R)·HRTF 1,L+(α2 ·L+β 2 ·R)·HRTF 2,L+(α3 ·L+β 3 ·R)·HRTF 3,L (7)
H PR=(α1 ·L+β 1 ·R)·HRTF 1,R+(α2 ·L+β 2 ·R)·HRTF 2,R+(α3 ·L+β 3 ·R)·HRTF 3,R (8)
Or expressed differently:
H PL =L·(α1 ·HRTF 1,L+α2 ·HRTF 2,L+α3 ·HRTF 3,L)+R·(β1 ·HRTF 1,L+β2 ·HRTF 2,L+β3 ·HRTF 3,L); (9)
H PR =L·(α1 ·HRTF 1,R+α2 ·HRTF 2,R+α3 ·HRTF 3,R)+R·(β1 ·HRTF 1,R+β2 ·HRTF 2,R+β3 ·HRTF 3,R). (10)
However, note—the HRTFs discussed so far in respect of the invention—are merely used as intermediate variables in the formulas—and are not and need not as opposed to the discussion relating to said prior art, be implemented as real Head Related Transfer Functions.
Or for i=3, i.e., in a generalized form:
Thus there are only two filters for the Left headphone driver, HPL needed in order to filter the Left and Right signals respectively, since the factors in formula (11)·(αi·HRTFi,L), ·(βi·HRTFi,L) are considered each as one filter.
Correspondingly, with regard to formula 12, ·(αi·HRTFi,R) and ·(βi·HRTFi,R) are the two filters for the Right headphone driver, HPR.
Thus only two filters are needed to filter the Left and Right signals for the Right headphone driver.
Thus—when continuing the implementation according to the invention with three input sound channels—the transmission will now only require two times two, i.e., four Head Related Transfer Functions. Compared to the prior art example of FIG. 1—where six Head Related Transfer Functions were required—the invention will require fewer Head Related Transfer Functions for the same transmission.
Correspondingly, fewer convolutions will be required for the same transmission.
In other words, when the example is further generalized—starting with and according to the prior art—in a simple cascading of sound signals, e.g., with m=2 (i.e., stereo, two output channels or signals, e.g., for two headphone drivers), n=5 input channels or sound signals (CH1 to CH5) will require a total of 2 times 5 that is 10 HRTF (in the prior art), but only four Head Related Transfer Functions for a similar transmission are still required according to the invention's first embodiment.
Firstly, the prior art will be discussed with a calculation of HRTF's used:
The prior art is applied for only one input channel (as in this figure), i.e., an input sound source M and then distributed to two resulting (output) sound signals HPL, HPR. Compared to and according to
H PL =CH 1 ·HRTF — L,l+CH 2 ·HRTF — R,l (13)
And, correspondingly, summation for the right resulting (output) sound signal will then be:
HPR=CH 1 ·HRTF — L,r+CH 2 ·HRTF_R,r (14)
Here the first uppercase notation is each of the loudspeaker channels, L and R, respectively, and the second lower case notation is l for the left ear, r for the right ear.
Thus in this prior art case, this transmission will require two times two, i.e., four Head Related Transfer Functions.
Secondly, the second embodiment, i.e.,
Imagine a (moving) singer “M” in a studio is recorded onto a CD with two output sound channels, HPL and HPR.
By using Principle Component Analysis, the necessary alpha's, αi's (as shown below in the formulas (15)) may be recovered. Hence two channels are used to locate the singer on the line between the loudspeakers. It may be the case that that the alpha's are time variant.
A general discussion on Principle Component Analysis can be found in Principal Component Analysis by S. Haykin, Neural Networks, Prentice-Hall, N.J., 1999, Second Edition which is used in the previously mentioned article: “A method to convert stereo to multi-channel.”
The single sound (input) source, M may be anywhere between two loudspeakers. E.g., in a studio there is a singer M, pan-potted between both (or even more channels) so the left intermediate channel (CHI1) which may be expressed as αi1·M and the right intermediate channel (CHI2) may be expressed as αi2·M, thus:
CHI 1=αi1 ·M and CHI 2=αi2 ·M (15)
However, note—said channels (CHI1, CHI2) in respect of the invention for this particular embodiment—are merely used as intermediate channels (variables) in the formulas—and are not real channels as opposed to the discussion (i.e. CH1, CH2) relating to the prior art.
In other words, in respect of the invention, left and right (intermediate channels) are mapped onto one channel M.
So equation 13 and 14 can—switching from the prior art to another embodiment of the invention according to FIG. 2—be expressed as:
H PL =α i1 ·M·HRTF — L,l+α i2 ·M·HRTF — R,l (16)
HPR=α i1 ·M·HRTF — L,r+α i2 ·M·HRTF — R,r (17)
H PL =M·(αi1 ·HRTF — L,l+α i2 ·HRTF — R,l) (18)
HPR=M·(αi1 ·HRTF — L,r+α i2 ·HRTF — R,r) (19)
H PL =M·H —1 (20)
H PR =M·H —2 (21)
where H —1=(αi1 ·HRTF — L,l+α i2 ·HRTF — R,l) (22)
and H —2=(αi1 ·HRTF — L,r+α i2 ·HRTF — R,r) (23)
This shows that the invention needs only two convolutions or HRTFs, since the factors (H—1, H—2) in formula 20 and 21, respectively, are considered each as one HRTF filter.
Thus the transmission will now only require two Head Related Transfer Functions. Compared to the prior art—where four Head Related Transfer Functions were required—the invention will require fewer Head Related Transfer Functions (and correspondingly convolutions) for the same transmission from one (input) sound source, M.
However, said second embodiment of mapping only two output channels onto one channel is very simple, the second embodiment may be generalized to mapping of more than two channels onto one (with corresponding α's) as discussed in:
International Patent Application No. WO02/07481: Multi-channel stereo converter for deriving a stereo surround and/or audio centre signal, Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Inventor(s): Irwan, Roy; AARTS, Ronaldus, M., (European Patent Application No. EP1295511, Filed 20010705, A2. Published 20020124) where two channels (L,R) are mapped onto one C, or centre channel, using Principle Component Analysis; and
C. Faller and F. Baumgartner, “Binaural cue coding applied to stereo and multi-channel audio compression”, Convention paper 5574 (L-6) of the 112th AES Convention Munich, Germany, Audio Eng. Soc., May 2002.
Someone skilled in the art may—when applying the invention according the two embodiments—combine and consider these as general-purpose (HRTF) functions blocks with sound inputs and outputs. In other words, said embodiments may be applied to cascade couple sound signals. In other words, instead of HPL and HPR being output sound signals from one function block, they may—by cascading—be input to another function block.
Generally said formulas throughout the application may be implemented in a media system, such as a TV, a CD player, a DVD player, a Radio, a display, an amplifier or a VCR. This is shown by means of reference numeral 20 of
Transmission between channels, (input sound signals) CH's and M to other intermediate sound channels and to resulting (output) sound signals or channels are drawn in the figures by lines with arrows. These lines may indicate that transmission may take place by means of circuitry suitable for enabling the communication of sound data, e.g., via a wired or a wireless data link. Examples of such transmission may be various transmitters, e.g., a transmitter including a network interface, a network card, a radio transmitter, a transmitter for other suitable electromagnetic signals, such as an LED for transmitting infrared light, e.g., via an IrDa port, radio-based communications, e.g., via a Bluetooth transceiver, or the like. Further examples of suitable transmitters include a cable modem, a telephone modem, an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) adapter, a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) adapter, a satellite transceiver, an Ethernet adapter, or the like. Correspondingly, a communications channel may be any suitable wired or wireless data link, for example, of a packet-based communications network, such as the Internet or another TCP/IP network, a short-range communications link, such as an infrared link, a Bluetooth connection or another radio-based link.
Further examples of the communications channel include computer networks and wireless telecommunications networks, such as a Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) network, a Global System for Mobile (GSM) network, a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) network, a Time Division Multiple Access Network (TDMA), a General Packet Radio service (GPRS) network, a Third Generation network, such as a UMTS network, or the like.
In a typical application of the method (or embedded in an apparatus such as said media system), said output sound signal may belong to a first set of output sound signals, e.g., one or more outputs such as HPL or HPR directed to headphones or other speakers. Conversely, said second set of sound signals may be inputs such as CH1, CH2 . . . CHn and M. However, said (input) sound signals may—in a sound signal cascade chain with function blocks of HRTF—be considered as general purpose sound signals as inputs or outputs depending on whether they enter (as input) or leave (as output) a block of cascade coupled sound signals. In other words, output sound signals from one function block may be input (sound signals) to another function block and vice versa.
Said second set of Head Related Transfer Functions (related to said input sound signals) may—from the discussed embodiments—comprise Head Related Transfer Functions (such as HRTF_L,l, HRTF_R,l, HRTF_L,r, HRTF_R,r, HRTF1,L, HRTF 2,L, HRTF3,L, . . . HRTF1,R, HRTF2,R, . . . etc.) initially dedicated to transform or transfer said second set of input sound signals.
In step 90, the method in accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention is started. Variables, flags, buffers, etc., keeping track of HRTFs, input and intermediate sound channels, output sound channels, weights, etc., corresponding to the sound signals processed are set to default values. When the method is started a second time, only corrupted variables, flags, buffers, etc, are reset to default values.
In step 100—continuing the method description—for each signal in the second set of (input) sound signals (110), a weighted relation may be determined. Said weighted relation may comprise at least one signal from a third set of intermediate sound signals (120), such as L and R; CHI1 and CHI2, respectively, (according to the two embodiments discussed) with corresponding weight values.
As discussed in the embodiments of the invention, one example—as the first embodiment—may be CHi (i.e., each of the i input sound signals)=αi·L+βi·R, wherein αi, and βi are weight values, and L and R each is a signal belonging to said third set of the intermediate sound signals.
In the first embodiment, more input sound signals than (generated) output sound signals are processed by means of fewer HRTFs as compared to the prior art.
As further discussed in the embodiments of the invention, another example—as the second embodiment—may be CHI1=αi1·M and CHI2=αi2·M, wherein αi1 and αi2 each is the weight value, and where CHI1 and CHI2 are the corresponding intermediate sound signals for this second embodiment.
In the second embodiment—as opposed to the first embodiment—fewer input sound signals, generally (in the example one) than generated output sound signals (in the example two) are processed by means of fewer HRTFs as compared to the prior art.
In step 200, a first (newly generated) set of Head Related Transfer Functions may be determined. Said first set (of Head Related Transfer Functions) may be based on the second set of sound signals (110), i.e., the input sound signals, the second set of Head Related Transfer Functions (110) (as discussed and used in the prior art) and the newly determined weighted relation(s). In other words, said first new set of Head Related Transfer Functions are generated for the purpose of a subsequent transformation of the intermediate sound signal(s) by means of it in the next step. The determination takes into account the second set of sound signals, i.e., inputs such as sound signals (typical as inputs) such as CH1, CH2 . . . CHn and M, and said second set of Head Related Transfer Functions initially dedicated to transform or transfer said second set of input sound signals. Further, the determination takes said weighted relation (CHi=αi·L+βi·R, etc.) with corresponding intermediate signals (L, R, etc.) into account corresponding to the formulas used to explain the invention's two embodiments.
In step 300, at least one signal belonging to said third set of intermediate sound signals (L, R, CHI1, CHI2) may be transferred by means of at least one HRTF belonging to said first set (of newly generated Head Related Transfer Functions) in order to generate at least one signal (as an output signal) belonging to said first set of output sound signals (HPL, HPR). At this point, newly generated HRTFs, i.e., said first set of Head Related Transfer Functions (·(αi·HRTFi,R), ·(βi·HRTFi,R), H—1, H—2, etc.) may be used to, actually to transfer and transform (convolve) one or more intermediate sound signals, such as L, R, (first embodiment) or CHI1 and CHI2 (second embodiment). As a result, at least one of the output sound signals HPL, HPR is then generated.
It is hereby an advantage by the invention that said generation will—as previously discussed in the embodiments—generally be performed by fewer HRTFs and convolutions than the prior art.
Usually, the method will start all over again as long as the media system is powered. Otherwise, the method may terminate in step 400; however, when the media system is powered again, etc, the method may proceed from step 100.
A computer readable medium may be magnetic tape, optical disc, digital versatile disk (DVD), compact disc (CD record-able or CD write-able), mini-disc, hard disk, floppy disk, smart card, PCMCIA card, etc.
In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be constructed as limiting the claim. The word “comprising” does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those listed in a claim. The word “a” or “an” preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements.
The invention can be implemented by means of hardware comprising several distinct elements, and by means of a suitably programmed computer. In the device claim enumerating several means, several of these means can be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.
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|US5742689 *||Jan 4, 1996||Apr 21, 1998||Virtual Listening Systems, Inc.||Method and device for processing a multichannel signal for use with a headphone|
|US6496584||Jul 18, 2001||Dec 17, 2002||Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.||Multi-channel stereo converter for deriving a stereo surround and/or audio center signal|
|US6829361 *||Dec 18, 2000||Dec 7, 2004||Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.||Headphones with integrated microphones|
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|US7110556 *||Dec 20, 2000||Sep 19, 2006||Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.||Multichannel audio signal processing device|
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|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|USRE43273 *||Sep 16, 2003||Mar 27, 2012||Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.||Generation of a sound signal|
|International Classification||H04R5/02, H04S5/00, H04S1/00|
|Cooperative Classification||H04S2400/01, H04S1/005, H04S1/007, H04S2420/01, H04S5/00|
|European Classification||H04S1/00D, H04S1/00A2, H04S5/00|
|Sep 7, 2006||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: KONINKLIJKE PHILIPS ELECTRONICS N V, NETHERLANDS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:AARTS, RONALDUS MARIA;IRWAN, ROY;SCHOBBEN, DANIEL WILLEMELISABETH;REEL/FRAME:018216/0514;SIGNING DATES FROM 20040415 TO 20040419
Owner name: KONINKLIJKE PHILIPS ELECTRONICS N.V., NETHERLANDS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:AARTS, RONALDUS MARIA;IRWAN, ROY;SCHOBBEN, DANIEL WILLEMELISABETH;REEL/FRAME:018216/0514;SIGNING DATES FROM 20040415 TO 20040419
|Apr 27, 2010||RF||Reissue application filed|
Effective date: 20100317


text:
A beach is a beach
I woke up early this morning to fill out postcards on Nevada Beach. It was freezing cold, but so worth it. A beach is a beach. I don’t care how many cool things I’ve seen, nothing will ever be as therapeutic as a beach.
A hike in the mountains
I wanted to hike some well known trails by myself…you know to have time to think and meditate and reflect since this is my eat pray love tour.
I couldn’t figure out where I was supposed to go.
So I called up Jeff and he took his dog, Zephyr and we went hiking up what I like to call, “Granite Mountain.” That’s not really what it’s called but that’s what it looked like. It was a beautiful view of Lake Tahoe. At the top we drank a couple beers before heading down. Perfect. Just perfect.
A run on the beach ❤
I decided to go for a run on the beach once I got home. It was about 3 miles to get to the pier. Then I walked about another mile and sat on the beach and just smiled. It really is too bad that Lake Tahoe isn’t warm more months out of the year.
I ran most of the way back…not a runner.
A Diet Coke at the bar
Yes, I did order a Diet Coke at the casino. I just wanted to get dressed up and go out. And I figured I wouldn’t really have seen all of Nevada until I went in at least one casino. #Fail. At least I tried.
What I learned in Stateline, Nevada
1.) Medical Marijuana cards are not hard to get
2.) I need to learn winter sports so I can enjoy Lake Tahoe area year round.
3.) Lake Tahoe, contrary to what I thought, is NOT warm in May. And I brought swimsuits instead of sweatshirts. How embarrassing.
4.) Hiking is beautiful there, too.
5.) Tahoe area is probably the only great part of Nevada.
6.) There are a lot of great places to meet people…the casino is not one.
7.) Don’t buy soda at a casino bar. It costs more than the liquor.
8.) Boutiques in tourist towns have awesome clothing…that’s unaffordable.
9.) TripAdvisor is a Godsend. It helped me find the most amazing cabins in the whole town.
10.) I love Tahoe and I will move to Carson City so I am close to my job in Reno and the beach at Lake Tahoe. You betcha.

domain: geography


Typically, Week 1 matchups are lopsided non-conference matchups. What makes the game between the Georgia Bulldogs and Clemson Tigers unique is that both teams are evenly matched.
Last year, Clemson ended the season ranked as the No. 3 team in the country while Georgia came in at No. 7. Although the preseason AP poll has yet to be released, both programs are expected to place near the top of the rankings ahead of the 2021 season. The odds for the game reflect this, as Clemson is only a 3.5-point favorite in a neutral field game.
During the offseason, Tigers quarterback Trevor Lawrence departed to the NFL, where he was the first overall draft pick. Unlike Clemson, Georgia returns its starting quarterback in JT Daniels.
Now, the question for the Tigers is if they can win against a tough Georgia team with DJ Uiagalelei as their signal-caller.
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Clemson vs Georgia Prediction
Going into this season, both Clemson and Georgia have the best defenses in the country. In Phil Steele’s ratings, the Tigers have the second-best defense in the country, while the Bulldogs rank third.
Last year, Georgia allowed only 2.4 yards per carry — the best mark in the FBS — to Clemson’s 3.2, which put them at No. 9. With the Tigers having an inexperienced quarterback in D.J. Uiagalelei, they are going to look to establish the run. However, the Bulldogs are likely to limit the Tigers rushing attack, which will set up a low-scoring game.
- Check out all of our CFB Week 1 Predictions & Bet Picks.
Opposing Uiagalelei is JT Daniels, who should struggle against Clemson’s defensive backs. Last season, the Tigers allowed a lowly 56.3 completion percentage, and Daniels should have a difficult time.
This season, according to Steele, Clemson’s defensive backs are the No. 8 unit in the country. In what should be a low-scoring game, Clemson should win if Uiagalelei shows he’s improved enough over the offseason.
Betting Pick: Clemson 28, Georgia 17
DraftKings Promo for Clemson vs Georgia: Hammer The Over
The more people who bet the Clemson vs Georgia Over, the lower the Over/Under points total will become! See more details here.
Clemson vs Georgia Best Bets
Total: Under 52.5 Points (-110)
Clemson should win against Georgia, but I don’t have the guts to make that bet. Both programs are well-run, and I have questions about how D.J. Uiagalelei will do against a stout Bulldogs defense.
What I believe will happen, regardless of if the Tigers win or not, is that the Clemson defense has a good game. With two elite defenses opposing each other, even at 52.5 points, the under is worth a bet.
It is not one of my favorite bets on the Week 1 slate, as I am skeptical of betting on games that attract a high volume of bets. However, despite the high stakes nature of the matchup, I believe that betting on fewer than 52.5 points is a good bet to make.


text:
Astounding harmony and sweet melodies of the Holiday season were delivered Wednesday by the Stax Music Academy's "Street Harmony Group" during their day of appreciation.
Directed by Justin Merrick, operations manager, vocal/choreography director, the group of talented student singers and musicians went caroling to their major business donors and supporters. They arrived downtown at the offices of The New Tri-State Defender about 10 a.m., and boy, did they put on a show.
The carolers are among 93 students who are currently enrolled in the Stax Music Academy music program. Their efforts were multi-purposed. In addition to bringing holiday cheer, they were out to garner additional support for their Black History Month musical production entitled "The Sacred Side of Soulsville."
Mary Robinson, Snap! afterschool program coordinator and Merrick's administrative assistant, said they are excited about the upcoming production. Auditions are over now and have yielded an excellence group of talented youth for this amazing musical production, she said.
"The Sacred Side of Soulsville" will be performed on Tuesday, Feb. 5 at 10:30 a.m. and 7 p.m.
(For more information, contact Mary Robinson at 901-946-2535.)

domain: entertainment


text:
Leading opposition party, the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) has said that President Goodluck Jonathan is not competent enough to lead this nation, saying that under his administration, the more money you steal, the less punishment you receive
The party in a communiqué issued in Abuja Tuesday by its National Publicity Secretary, Alhaji Lai Mohammed, lampooned one of his special advisers, Doyin Okupe for seeking to blame the opposition for Jonathan’s inability to make a positive impact on the lives of Nigerians.
It said the likes of Okupe, rather than the opposition, had contributed in no small measure to the administration’s low esteem in the eyes of Nigerians.
The statement reads in part: “There is no point rummaging through the dictionary to define incompetence, as Okupe has done in his rambling statement. All one needs to do to understand the meaning of incompetence is to look at the waffling Jonathan administration. “Touting President Goodluck Jonathan’s impressive academic qualifications is also very cheap, as they have not proven to be an asset in the way and manner the President has steered the affairs of his administration, especially his articulation of his government’s policies and the projection of its ability. In any case, while a doctorate degree in any field is something to be celebrated, it is not a pre-requisite for being a good leader,” it said.
According to ACN the incompetence and cluelessness of the Jonathan administration had deterred the nation from growing.
“No administration in our recent history has been more a hotbed of corruption than the Jonathan administration, whether it is the fuel subsidy scam or the police pension scam, just to mention two. Even when a feeble attempt is made to prosecute those behind the scams, the majesty of the law is rubbished by incompetent prosecution that ensures that convicted persons get only a slap on the wrist. Under the Jonathan administration, the more money you steal, the less punishment you receive.
“Profligacy has also been the order of the day. If this government is not building a N2.2 billion banquet hall, it is spending N4 billion on the office building of the African First Ladies Peace Mission. The funds being wasted on these white elephant projects would have been better spent on creating jobs for our youths, millions of whom are roaming the streets daily in search of what to do to make ends meet,” the party said. On the road contracts awarded by the Jonathan administration, it said the joke was on Okupe, who, in saner climes, could not be speaking for any government that was worth its salt.
“There is nothing new about awarding contracts for road rehabilitation. What the public expects from Okupe is how many of the roads have been completed or are nearing completion?” ACN queried. The contracts for most of the roads, which Okupe listed in his statement have been awarded severally by previous PDP regimes, with nothing to show. Even Okupe has collected huge funds for road contracts that he later abandoned. How then can such contracts be celebrated, when all they do is put money in the pockets of party cronies?
How can such a man like Okupe speak for any serious government, when he should have been dutifully prosecuted? Little wonder the citizens have no trust in the Jonathan Administration?” ACN queried.
While a security crisis of the scale perpetrated by Boko Haram might be unprecedented in our country, equally unfathomable was the government’s inability to rise to the occasion, to such an extent that even the President admitted that his administration had been infiltrated by Boko Haram members.
“Of course, there is also unprecedented cases of kidnapping and armed robbery, all of which have overwhelmed the clueless government. “Overall, a government that lies to its citizens by either saying it had been hailed for its anti-corruption effort by Transparency International when that is not the case, or giving an exaggerated amount of electricity that has been generated cannot get much respect from the people. “A government that sends conflicting signals to foreign investors, in particular over whether or not the power contract awarded to Canadian firm, Manitoba has been cancelled, cannot and should not be trusted.
“The Jonathan Administration should address the issue of trust, chase away those among its officials who lack credibility because of their past deeds and begin to take governance very seriously. Then and only then, will it not have to worry about what label an imaginary opposition is putting on the government,” ACN said.
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domain: politics


text:
- 1 boneless centre-cut pork loin (3 – 4 lbs)
- 2 tbsp olive oil
- 4 garlic cloves, minced
- 1 tbsp dried rosemary
- 1 tbsp dried sage
- 1 tbsp dried oregano
- 1 tbsp salt
- 1 tsp ground pepper
- Combine spices, olive oil, garlic, salt and pepper and rub onto pork loin.
- Let stand for 30 minutes at room temperature.
- Preheat oven to 450°F.
- Heat oil in an oven-proof pan over medium-high heat. Sear pork on all sides until golden brown.
- Move pork to oven and roast for 10 minutes.
- Reduce temperature to 250°F and continue cooking for 1 hour or until a meat thermometer in the centre of the roast reads 150°F.
- Place roast on a cutting board. Tent with foil and let stand for 10 minutes before carving.
- Serve at once with Pommes Anna and Braised Red Cabbage.
Suggested Side (pictured): Braised Red Cabbage
Recipe by Simon Clarke
First published in Allergic Living magazine.
To order that issue or to subscribe, click here.
© Copyright AGW Publishing Inc.

domain: food


text:
Europa League round-up: AC Milan held by 10-man Red Star Belgrade, while Bayer Leverkusen slip to agonising defeat against Young Boys
- Milan Pavkov’s stoppage-time header rescued a 2-2 draw for Red Star Belgrade
- Young Boys scored an 89th-minute winner to secure a 4-3 win over Leverkusen
- Roma claimed a 2-0 win at Braga, while Granada beat Napoli by same scoreline
Milan Pavkov’s stoppage-time header rescued a 2-2 home draw for Red Star Belgrade against AC Milan.
Guelor Kanga converted a second-half penalty for Red Star after Radovan Pankov’s own goal just before the interval had given Milan the lead.
Theo Hernandez put the Italians back in front from the penalty spot and although Belgrade defender Milan Rodic saw red for his second booking, Pavkov struck in the third minute of added time.
Defender Theo Hernandez put AC Milan ahead from the penalty spot in the second-half
Bayer Leverkusen slipped to an agonising 4-3 defeat in Bern after fighting back from three goals down to draw level against Young Boys.
The Swiss side raced into a 3-0 half-time lead lead through Christian Fassnacht, Jordan Siebatcheu and Meschak Elia, but Patrik Schick struck twice in three minutes soon after the restart and Moussa Diaby made it 3-3.
But Young Boys’ French striker Siebatcheu popped up with an 89th-minute winner.
Croatian side Dinamo Zagreb appear favourites to progress after winning 3-2 against Krasnodar in Russia, while PSV Eindhoven must overhaul a two-goal deficit in the return leg if they are to progress after losing 4-2 to Olympiacos in Greece.
Milan Pavkov’s stoppage-time header rescued a home draw for Red Star Belgrade
Roma will start their return leg against Braga with a healthy advantage after winning 2-0 in Portugal and Club Brugge drew 1-1 in Ukraine against Dynamo Kiev.
Villarreal won 2-0 against Red Bull Salzburg in Austria thanks to headers either side of half-time from Paco Alcacer and Fernando Nino.
Granada took charge of their tie against Napoli after first-half goals from Yangel Herrera and Kenedy secured them a 2-0 home win.
Young Boys striker Jordan Siebatcheu scored an 89th-minute winner against Bayer Leverkusen
Ajax struck twice in the closing stages to win 2-1 in Lille, who led through Timothy Weah’s second-half effort.
Dusan Tadic equalised for Ajax from the penalty spot in the 87th minute and Brian Brobbey grabbed the winner two minutes later.
Molde twice hit back from two goals down to draw 3-3 at home against Hoffenheim, while Maccabi Tel Aviv face an uphill task after losing 2-0 at home to Shakhtar Donetsk.
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Source: Read Full Article

domain: news


text:
Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) are creating opportunities to improve K-12 education.
The Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) is currently under discussion by the European Parliament and the Council of Ministers. The AIA aspires to be the world’s first legislative framework to comprehensively regulate AI and AI-powered systems.
The Bipartisan Innovation Act (BIA), now in Congressional conference, will be the final legislative product of the Senate’s U.S. Innovation and Competition Act and the House’s 2022 America COMPETES Act.
Federal agencies routinely use a mix of custom and commercial off-the-shelf, or COTS, products for their enterprise and customer-facing IT solutions.
Please join ITIF for an expert discussion about how to integrate the Schumpeterian perspective into competition policy as an alternative to the Neo-Brandeisian movement agenda.
The federal government is in the process of allocating an unprecedented amount of money to close the digital divide. Many of these funds will be sent to states who will distribute them to broadband projects.
It’s been nearly a decade since the FTC updated the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) Rule, which implements the law that governs the collection of personal information from children under 13.
As the metaverse continues to grow and mature, social extended reality (XR) may eventually become the new standard for online interaction. Therefore, it is essential that user safety be a top priority.


text:
Lawrence S. Pertillar
Those Who Challenge Their Obstacles - Poem by Lawrence S. Pertillar
Describing it from my insight and depiction,
Is not as easy when others are accustomed...
To charades that masquerade truth and honesty.
In younger years I did feel isolated.
I felt berated and uncomfortable.
And treated to believe I was weak.
But those who challenge their obstacles,
Eventually dissolves them.
To unmask those culprits shaking in their boots.
And with trembling knees seen unbelieving.
Strength that goes undisplayed,
May mean a strength is in waiting...
For the right way to expose itself,
To show it doesn't hesitate in vain.
Comments about Those Who Challenge Their Obstacles by Lawrence S. Pertillar
Read this poem in other languages
This poem has not been translated into any other language yet.
Still I Rise
The Road Not Taken
If You Forget Me
Edgar Allan Poe
Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening
I Do Not Love You Except Because I Love You

domain: library


text:
If you have ever traveled internationally or simply needed to convert a temperature from one unit to another, you may have found yourself asking the question: What is 18 degrees Celsius in Fahrenheit? The process of converting temperature units can be confusing, but don’t worry! In this article, we will provide you with a complete guide on how to convert 18 degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit.
Understanding Temperature Scales: Celsius and Fahrenheit
Before we delve into the process of converting 18 degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit, it’s important to have a basic understanding of the two temperature scales.
Celsius, also known as centigrade, is the most widely used temperature scale worldwide. It was named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius, who invented it in 1742. The Celsius scale is based on the freezing and boiling points of water, where 0 degrees Celsius is the freezing point of water and 100 degrees Celsius is the boiling point of water at standard atmospheric pressure.
Fahrenheit, on the other hand, is a temperature scale primarily used in the United States and a few other countries. It was invented by the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1724. The Fahrenheit scale is also based on the freezing and boiling points of water, but the values are different from those on the Celsius scale. The freezing point of water on the Fahrenheit scale is 32 degrees, while the boiling point is 212 degrees at standard atmospheric pressure.
Converting 18 Degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit
Now that we have a basic understanding of the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales, let’s move on to the process of converting 18 degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit.
The formula for converting Celsius to Fahrenheit is as follows:
°F = (°C × 9/5) + 32
To convert 18 degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit, follow these steps:
- Take the temperature in Celsius (18 degrees).
- Multiply the temperature by 9/5 (1.8).
- Add 32 to the result.
Using this formula, we get:
°F = (18 × 9/5) + 32 °F = 32.4 + 32 °F = 64.4
Therefore, 18 degrees Celsius is equal to 64.4 degrees Fahrenheit.
Tips for Converting Temperature Units
Converting temperature units may seem like a simple task, but there are a few things to keep in mind to ensure accuracy.
Double-Check Your Formula
Make sure you are using the correct formula for the temperature scale you are converting from and to. The formula for Celsius to Fahrenheit is different from the formula for Fahrenheit to Celsius.
Keep Track of Units
When writing out the equation, be sure to include the unit of measurement for each temperature. This will help you keep track of which temperature scale you are working with and avoid confusion.
Check Your Math
Before finalizing your answer, double-check your math to ensure accuracy. Small mistakes in calculations can lead to big differences in temperature conversions.
Converting 18 degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit may seem daunting at first, but with the right formula and a bit of practice, it can be done easily and accurately. Remember to double-check your formula, keep track of units, and check your math to ensure the most precise results.

domain: chemistry


text:
We all have that one person we confide in, an individual we so dearly trust with our deepest darkest secrets, an individual whom we turn too and count on because we know we can, an individual that knows how vulnerable we are, an individual we turn too when tears well up in our eyes, an individual we seek when we are beyond happy to share the thrills and excitement in hopes that they’ll catch onto it. An individual we open our hearts and minds too, but above all, an individual we so deeply trust and love it goes beyond the laws of this realm.
Here is a message to you.
Our conversations are often beyond this realm, you have assured me countless of times that it’s perfectly normal to feel vulnerable, to feel naked, to cry, because after all, I am Human. We confide in each other because you and I have placed great trust in one another, you have your troubles yet you always seem to put on a strong façade so that those around you would have ineffable joyful memories of you. But behind that façade you so bravely don, I know that things are not as they seem, that life is taking its toll on you, your eyes betray you, you are exhausted, tired of what life has put you through, yet your ability to always smile when you are around your love ones just proves how selfless and strong you are, because you’d deny the reality and severity of your feelings so that those around you aren’t affected by it, so that you wouldn’t be a source of depression for others. That, is how great of a friend you are and I need you to know that.
Thank you for the utmost trust you have placed in me, for allowing me to confide in you.
You are constantly present in my life ever since this all started in what felt like an eternity already, you were always that one individual I could always turn too and for yourself, to me. You have taught me a great many things, you have given me constant assurance and validity on a daily basis, life would be so different if I didn’t have you to talk to everyday, to have slow walks home with, to give awfully wrapped presents too, to share epiphanies with, to share playlists and music with. It would be completely different and I never want to experience that, to live life without your presence.
You aren’t afraid to knock sense into me, you would go beyond length to wake me up when I seem to have become inhumane.
You would remind me of who I am, of the individual you have come to known, how I should respect myself and those around me and that the very things I’d do with a clouded mind would in turn hurt those that love me and you would undoubtedly drill that thought into me.
To the friend I confide in, thanking you would be an understatement because I owe you so much more for what you have done. You once told me that I mean the world to you, I want you to know that you too, mean the world to me. Let’s continue to confide in each other for as long as we live and prepare for what life has for us, because like we both say when the going gets tough.
“Such is life.”
You are the truest and bestest friend any one soul could ever ask for.

domain: literature


Michael Allison and Aaron Sherwood are both musicians and performance artists who partnered up to create Firewall, an interactive performance object that’s made of a piece of spandex stretched across a large frame.
MAKE Volume 34: Join the robot uprising! As MAKE's Volume 34 makes clear, there’s never been a better time to delve into robotics, whether you’re a tinkerer or a more serious explorer. With the powerful tools and expertise now available, the next great leap in robot evolution is just as likely to come from your garage as a research lab. The current issue of MAKE will get you started. Explore robot prototyping systems, ride along with the inventors of the OpenROV submersible, and learn how you can 3D-print your own cutting-edge humanoid robot for half the price. Plus, build a coffee-can Arduino robot, a lip balm linear actuator, a smartphone servo controller, and much more
Join Make: Community Today


Freshman release from this obscure Oakland based synth project, FLESHLIGHT. Five super composed already. Recorded live to tape live with no overdubs, and mastered by Jeff Cook from MANSION.
RONNY BURKE FOREVER <3<3<3 REST IN POWER RAWNMOWER. credits released April 19, 2015
Recorded by Fleshlight. Oakland, CA 2014 Mastered by Jeff Cook. Oakland, CA 2015 Artwork by : Adam Drawdy


text:
According to Cedars-Sinai, depending on the state of the patient and tumor, glioblastoma is sometimes curable, especially in patients younger than 45 with thoroughly operable tumors. However, a majority of patients who receive this diagnosis die within two years. This is a late stage, invasive brain cancer that requires extreme steps, including surgery, radiation and often chemotherapy to treat.Know More
Cedars-Sinai warns that the symptoms of glioblastoma, and brain tumors in general, can vary greatly depending on the size and location of the tumor. The potentially hidden nature of brain cancer is why it is sometimes not discovered until it reaches the late glioblastoma stage. The symptoms of glioblastoma, once they appear, are typical of brain tumors and include abnormal heart or breathing rates, dull headaches, difficulties walking or speaking, dizziness, vision disruption, seizures and vomiting. Glioblastoma often produces signs of increased pressure in the head, including a detectable bulge in the back of the eye.
According to Cedars-Sinai, once the symptoms of glioblastoma manifest, extensive testing by a specialist is required for a definitive diagnosis. These tests generally include imaging scans such as MRI or CT scan of the head. Chest X-rays are also often done to find out if the tumor has spread from another part of the body.Learn more about Cancer
The American Brain Tumor Association indicates that the average life expectancy for adults who receive standard treatment for giloblastoma is between two and three years. For adults diagnosed with more aggressive giloblastoma that requires treatment with temozolamide and radiation therapy, the average life expectancy is 14.6 months. The rate of adults who survive at least two years is 30 percent, and almost 10 percent survive longer than five years.Full Answer >
Glioblastoma, which is a type of cancerous brain tumor, is actually stage IV astrocytoma, according to the National Brain Tumor Society. Stage IV is the most severe form of this brain cancer type that develops from glial cells of the brain called astrocytes. This cancer type tends to occur most commonly in the cerebrum, but it can also develop in the spine or other parts of the brain.Full Answer >
Glioblastoma cancer is a highly malignant form of brain cancer that occurs in the star-shaped cells, or astrocytes, that make up the brain's supportive tissue, according to the American Brain Tumor Association. Because of the massive network of blood vessels that feed this area of the brain, glioblastoma cancer cells tend to reproduce rapidly, making it a fast-growing type of cancer.Full Answer >
As of 2015, there is no empirical evidence that indicates specific causes of glioblastoma, states the American Brain Tumor Association. However, there are some risk factors commonly associated with brain glioblastomas, such as radiation to the head during childhood, rare genetic conditions and age, explains WebMD.Full Answer >

domain: medical


Remember when the UFC used to run two events in one day? That sure was draining, wasn’t it? Well here’s a flashback to those days as we near this Saturday’s UFC 199 pay-per-view in Inglewood, California. Michael Bisping was coming off a tough loss to Tim Kennedy, while Cung Le hadn’t fought since KOing Rich Franklin in 2012. These two were paired for a Fight Pass main event in Macau, where Bisping would turn in one of his most violent performances.
Bisping bloodied and bruised Cung Le’s face in a brilliant showing, finally stopping the battered Le early in the 4th round. You can watch the video at the top of the page.
Round 4 -Bisping comes out throwing combinations again. Le backed up into the cage again and Bisping opens up with a big combination and then lands a hard knee and Le drops hard. Bisping flurries and this one is over. Michael Bisping wins by TKO (knee and punches), round 4.
Normally this is where I show you a screenshot of the BE community’s reaction to the finish as it happened, but I do not think we actually had a play-by-play thread for this. The two events in one day thing was a hell of a time for handling event coverage. May it never return.
Bisping would lose to Luke Rockhold just a few months later, while Le’s drug test fiasco spelled the end of his career. Meanwhile, Bisping is set to rematch Rockhold, this time for Rockhold’s middleweight title, in the UFC 199 main event on Saturday, June 4th.
About the author


Dr. Russ Hittinger (NetQash)
If your institution doesn’t have a crypto strategy for your FI, you need to develop one now!
This article is a preview of a conversation you’re cordially invited to join at CryptoCom 2020, in Denver (CO), where NetQash.Com will be fostering interdisciplinary conversation and promoting inter-industry awareness around the Historical & Contemporary Dynamics of Community Flourishing & Digital Economies. Sign up here
In my previous articles leading up to Cryptocom, Other people’s money…Massive opportunities for Community FIs via Trusted Custodianship of Crypto and Facebook’s Libra & the history of stable value: who decides whether cryptocurrency is “real money?”, I examined two major themes in regards to cryptocurrencies: 1) the current gap in the crypto-space filled by shoddy financial intermediaries and a future for custodianship of digital currencies that could be filled by community FIs and 2) how the recent attention to Facebook’s Libracoin and the question of whether cryptocurrency is “real money” or not reverberates throughout the long history of the shifting definitions of money. In the latter case, I concluded that cryptocurrency is very much “money” and argued that it’s only a question of time until our definitions catch up with reality. Touching on both of these themes, in this article, I’m going to provide a round up of recent developments in the regulation cryptocurrencies: the current pace of regulation suggests that the definition of cryptocurrency as legal money is immanent.
The problem of defining what cryptocurrencies are is inherent to the term itself, where the word “crypto” suggests “hidden” or “secret” and the word “currency” is associated with government issued fiat money— two things that appear to be contradictory. But, as Nathaniel Popper writes in his book Digital Gold, the problem with the name goes back to the fabled pseudonymous founder of Bitcoin “Satoshi Nakamoto” and his partner Martti Malmi, which arose over a geeky conversation about an email list:
“Satoshi [had] pointed to a recent exchange on the Bitcoin email list in which a user referred to Bitcoin as a “cryptocurrency,” referring to the cryptographic functions that made it run. ‘Maybe its a word we should use when describing Bitcoin, do you like it?’ Satoshi asked. ‘It sounds good, Martti relied. ‘A peer to peer cryptocurrency could be the slogan.’”
Thus was born the term “cryptocurrency,” after its cryptographic security features, for which digital money would perhaps be a better moniker. Needless to say, the word itself represents a concept and a reality that the law and regulators were not yet equipped to define until years later, but that is QUICKLY changing both in the United States and around the world. Regulatory clarity is upon us.
One such HUGE development in regulatory clarity seems to have gone largely unnoticed in the United States. In December, the upper parliament of Germany, the Bundesrat, passed a billthat creates a regulatory framework for German states to allow banks in Germany to store and provide financial services in cryptocurrencies starting in 2020. With the help of the new regulation, bank-based crypto-custodianship will exist alongside cryptocurrency exchanges, but function as separate entities to protect consumers from the dangers I previously highlighted in my article “Other people’s money.” As one of the largest economies in the world and the most influential state in the European Union, German legislators, supported by the heads of nearly 200 German financial institutions, are sending a strong message at home and abroad that cryptocurrencies are accepted and that Germany is open for business in financial innovation as a pro-crypto country.
The US Federal government has gotten close to establishing a working legal framework too, but has gotten bogged down in definitional problems.
Problems in defining cryptocurrencies from a regulatory standpoint: commodity, security, or “currency”
A great deal of ink has been spilled on this topic, so we can summarize the regulatory confusion as a question of whether or not a cryptocurrency is actually a security. As you know from Economics 101, a security is a “a fungible, negotiable financial instrument that holds some type of monetary value. It represents an ownership position in a publicly-traded corporation—via stock—a creditor relationship with a governmental body or a corporation—represented by owning that entity's bond—or rights to ownership as represented by an option” (Investopedia). One of the difficulties that clouding the status of cryptocurrencies regards ICOs (initial coin offerings), in which an organization or individuals issue units of cryptocurrency in exchange for fiat money. Is the crypto a commodity or utility token? Or, even if it is those other things too, is it actually tacitly or explicitly a “share” in a business that represents or implies future value or equity/profits to be returned to investors upon redemption of the token? (A commodity or a security could fluctuate in market value; market fluctuation or tradability has nothing to do with the definition).
While there have been many successful models of adopted cryptocurrencies in the “unregulated” world of crypto like Etherium, Litecoin, Bitcoin, and XRP, many other tokens and coins have been offered to buyers that seemed to have functioned rather like stock offerings, and many were awful pump and dump schemes. In other words, the sale of the digital assets functioned more like a capital raise for the creators that would create an expectation of shareholder value and participation rather than the asset functioning as a monetary commodity that is not tied to such an expectation. Lawsuits followed.
Regulators have seen that making this distinction is thus key. How do we tell the difference? The SEC itself has gone to great pains to explain the difference between crypto as a security and crypto as a commodity (while the IRS classifies crypto as a commodity, in so far as it taxes it like property). In its report “Framework for ‘Investment Contract’ Analysis of Digital Assets,” the SEC focuses on running the “Howey test” for the purposes of classifying a particular cryptocurrency:
The U.S. Supreme Court's Howeycase and subsequent case law have found that an "investment contract" exists when there is the investment of money in a common enterprise with a reasonable expectation of profits to be derived from the efforts of others. The so-called "Howey test" applies to any contract, scheme, or transaction, regardless of whether it has any of the characteristics of typical securities.The focus of the Howey analysis is not only on the form and terms of the instrument itself (in this case, the digital asset) but also on the circumstances surrounding the digital asset and the manner in which it is offered, sold, or resold (which includes secondary market sales). Therefore, issuers and other persons and entities engaged in the marketing, offer, sale, resale, or distribution of any digital asset will need to analyze the relevant transactions to determine if the federal securities laws apply.
Under federal law, however, three overlapping jurisdictions of the Financial Crime Enforcement Network (FinCEN), the SEC, and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) oversee cryptocurrency. The application of the Howey test determines how any cryptocurrency would be classified and regulated by those bodies. In short, the SEC is authorized to regulate crypto-assets that can be deemed “securities”—instruments like stocks and bonds. And though some cryptocurrencies do classify as securities, the SEC itself has determined that Bitcoin (and presumably many similar tokens), is not a security, meaning that it is unclear if the SEC would be able to regulate it. As Kelly Funderburk explains in the Regulatory Review, the CFTC considers Bitcoin a commodity—“that is, a good that can be purchased and sold, such as oil or gold.” The CFTC therefore has authority to regulate any “derivative” product involving commodities, such as contracting to buy Bitcoin on a future date at a price agreed upon today. But given lack of clear regulation, the CFTC still has “limited authority over trading commodities for cash, and a considerable amount of activity in the crypto-sector actually revolves around buying and selling Bitcoin for cash.” That also means that the SEC lacks such jurisdiction as well.
For this reason, clarity of the sort provided by German regulators to regulating the exchange and custodianship of non-security cryptocurrencies in the banking industry is imperative. In a widely circulated study from the Brookings institution, Timothy Massad of the Kennedy School of Government of Harvard University, has pointed out that that the federal government needs a comprehensive strategy for crypto-regulation that clarifies the regulatory authority of one of these agencies to oversee the cryptocurrency cash market, and the role that financial institutions play in the custodianship and transactions of cryptocurrency.
It is therefore no surprise that new legislation in the US seems to be coalescing around these definitions and moving to fill the regulatory gap.
Wyoming and Colorado: A Federal Model?
Seeking to resolve these messy regulatory gaps, Wyoming was one of the first states to give clarity to the crypto space. In 2018, the Wyoming House passed a bill that classified many cryptocurrencies as “utility tokens,” exempting them from securities regulations— in recognition that not all cryptocurrencies are securities. According to Caitlin Long, of the Wyoming Blockchain Coalition, “The state of Wyoming is the first elected body in the world to define a utility token as a new type of asset class different from a security or commodity…This has been a hot topic in Washington D.C. recently, as the SEC considers cryptocurrencies to be securities, FinCEN says they’re generally money, and the CFTC views them as commodities. Now, however, you have a state coming out and defining utility tokens as a new form of property, and property is generally the purview of state law.” One of the benefits of this law is that it is paving the way for legal charters for banking in cryptocurrencies. Colorado has recently copied this model: Gov. Jared Polis singed a bill last year, the Colorado Digital Token Act, exempting certain cryptocurrencies from securities regulations.
Congress does seem to be catching up. While many bills are circulating capitol hill, the Crypto-Currency Act of 2020 would provide the clarity that the SEC, CFTC, and FinCEN need to create a healthy space for financial innovation in the United States led by FIs as legitimate intermediaries and custodians, while mimicking some of the work already done in states like Wyoming and Colorado. As Forbes reports, the bill would make the CFTC regulator of crypto-commodities, the SEC regulator of crypto-securities, and FinCEN the regulator of crypto-currencies. In particular--to avoid the arcana of legal definitions—this bill would effectively make what we refer to as crypto-currencies, tokens like Bitcoin, Litecoin, Facebook Libra (if ever released) etc. actually either “crypto-commodities” or “crypto-currencies.” You can read more about it here, but the BOTTOM LINE is that very soon congress will provide clear Federal frameworks financial services and banking in cryptocurrencies.
As I suggested at the outset of this cursory review of events related to cryptocurrency and banking, If you don’t have a crypto strategy for your FI, you need to get one now!
For more on this topic and the history of money, sign up for my Cryptocom discussion, Historical & Contemporary Dynamics of Community Flourishing & Digital Economies.


The official Women's Basketball page for the University of Kentucky Wildcats
The official 2021-22 Women's Basketball Roster for the University of Kentucky Wildcats
Women's British Basketball League – Women's British Basketball League. Clark, Leonard and Beckford-Norton preview Lions’ historic week in Europe. By Jamie Thomas As the London Lions make WBBL history by becoming the first team to compete in the FIBA EuroCup Qualifying Rounds,
Kentucky Wildcats Schedule 2021-22 2021-22 2020-21 2019-20 2018-19 2017-18 2016-17 2015-16 2014-15 2013-14 2012-13 2011-12 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 ...
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LEXINGTON, Ky. – Erin Toller has been dismissed from the University of Kentucky women's basketball team for not upholding the standards of the program, UK head coach Kyra Elzy announced Friday. "We hold our players to a high standard at Kentucky," Elzy said. "Unfortunately, Erin was not ...
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Kentucky women’s basketball reveals schedule for upcoming season. Kyra Elzy’s second season as Kentucky head coach will feature 16 SEC games and marquee non-conference matchups at Indiana and ...
Women's Basketball 11/12/2020 8:00:00 PM Evan Crane. Matthew Mitchell Retires from Coaching; Kyra Elzy Named Interim Head Coach Matthew Mitchell coached 13 seasons at Kentucky and is the winningest head coach in program history
Unofficial Kentucky Women’s Basketball Scholarship Chart Note: The NCAA has granted an extra year of eligibility to 2020-21 D-I winter sports athletes (including women’s basketball players). Programs will be allowed to exceed the 15-scholarship limit for the 2021-22 season only (and only for their own returning players).
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Last week, just two rookies got on the field for the New Orleans Saints: tight end Adam Trautman (who played 7 snaps on offense and 9 on special teams) and defensive tackle Malcolm Roach (23 snaps on defense). But that’s going to change in a big way in Week 2.
The Saints are expected to have their first-round draft pick in the lineup, with former Michigan center Cesar Ruiz filling in at right guard. Ruiz missed the season opener while recovering from a training camp ankle injury, but he turned in two full days of practice and should dress out for this kickoff against the Las Vegas Raiders.
We won’t know for certain until the Saints begin their pre-game warmups at Allegiant Stadium, but it makes more sense to slot Ruiz in at right guard where he can continue to pick up the cadence from second-year center Erik McCoy. But the offensive line should play better as a whole wherever he ends up starting.
And Ruiz will be joined by the other top Saints draft pick, Wisconsin linebacker Zack Baun. Baun missed time in training camp with a tweaked hamstring, so the Saints gave him an extra week of practice to get up to speed before deciding he was game ready. But New Orleans played just three snaps in a base defense with three linebackers in Week 1, so Baun’s contributions will likely come on special teams.
Saints coach Sean Payton said as much in his Sept. 19 conference call: “He is going to be up in this game. A lot of it had to do with just a decision in regards to the kicking game. He’s doing well, he is healthy. He’s had a good week of work. You will see him a lot in special teams. No specific reason.”
The Saints ruled out second-year linebacker Chase Hansen after he suffered a hip injury in practice, and Hansen played 13 special teams snaps (as many as punter Thomas Morstead and tight end Josh Hill) in Week 1. So Hansen’s absence opens an immediate vacancy for Baun in the game’s third phase, but it’s unclear how often he’ll run with the defense. For now, he’s behind starting strong side linebacker Kaden Elliss on the depth chart.
New Orleans could play more base looks against the run-based Raiders offense and star running back Josh Jacobs, and Baun has more positional flexibility than Elliss or Hansen (he often played on the line of scrimmage at Wisconsin). So there may be more opportunities for him outside the kicking game than it appears at first glance, but if that’s the case Payton is keeping it to himself. Would he do that?


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Story | Nov 10, 2014 | 6:38 PM
A collection of news and information related to Oriole Park at Camden Yards published by this site and its partners.
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Story | Nov 14, 2014 | 3:50 PM-Holdenfest: Larger than life when he was alive, Baltimore photographer and drummer Sam Holden is staying so even after his sudden death in April. The Sam Holden Memorial Fund at Towson University, where he taught, has been established to support talented photography students, and Metro Gallery is teaming up with the fund to put on Holdenfest, a photo show and sale featuring the bands Imperial Tramp, Pearly Goats, Bastards of Reality, Foghound, and 4 Footer, with all proceeds going to the fund. Holden shot for years for City Paper and many other publications, and his imprint on the photography and music scenes in Baltimore and beyond looks to be lasting. 8:45 p.m., Metro Gallery, 1700 N. Charles St., (410) 244-0899, themetrogallery.net, $15. (Van Smith)
Story | Nov 4, 2014 | 1:42 PM
Story | Oct 14, 2014 | 8:24 AM
After heading to Kansas City down 0-2, the Orioles faced the unenviable task of trying to climb out of the hole they’d dug themselves in this American League Championship Series. Let’s put it in regular-season terms: The Birds have to take...
Story | Oct 10, 2014 | 11:09 PM
1:20 a.m. Simply put, this was a devastating loss for the Orioles. Yes, it's only the first game of a seven-game series, but everything about the way Buck Showalter managed the Orioles pitching staff shows how important it was to capture the ALCS...

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