- After studying this section, you should be able to:
- Understand the operation of Power MOSFET switches.
- Recognise important characteristics of Power MOSFETs.
- Choose appropriate Power MOSFETs for switching DC current.
- Describe typical driver circuits for power MOSFETs in switching and controlling high current loads.
- Recognise typical safety measures to prevent damage due to over heating, over voltage or over current.
Building MOSFET Switches.
Fig. 4.6.2 The MOSFET Switch
Fig. 4.6.3 PWM+Logic
To test the calculations made in Module 4.5, the circuit shown in Fig. 4.6.2 was built on strip board (proto-board). Only a few components are needed and the circuit also incorporates an opto-isolator to isolate any logic input circuit from the high current high voltage output that the switch may be controlling.
The MOSFET switch circuit load in this case is a 12V 36Watt automotive headlamp bulb and the input to the MOSFET switch will be a pulse width modulated, logic level signal. This may be supplied by any 5V compatible logic circuit producing a PWM signal at a frequency in the high audio frequency range. In initial tests the N Channel MOSFET Low Side switch was connected to a Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) + Logic circuit based on a modified version of the single 555 timer design (Fig. 4.4.8) in the Learnabout-Electronics Oscillators section where a description of its operation can be found. For these tests, a Schmitt inverter was added to ensure fast rise and fall times to the resulting PWM output signal. You can download full construction details for the PWM circuit here.
AAlternatively the variable PWM input signal could be obtained from any circuit having a 5V logic output, such as the Arduino as shown in Fig 4.6.9, in this case running the simple PWM sketch, which continually dims and brightens the lamp.
The circuit diagram for the switch is shown in Fig. 4.6.5 and the layout for initial tests is in Fig. 4.6.1.
Fig 4.6.4 The N Channel Low Side Switch
Pulse Width Modulation Sources
Two outputs are available from the PWM circuit, which are the actual PWM signal and an inverted version. Either can be applied to the input terminals of the MOSFET circuit. For testing, the output of the MOSFET switch was connected to a 36 Watt load (an automotive headlamp bulb) connected between the 12V lamp supply and the Drain terminal of the MOSFET Switch as shown in Fig 4.6.5. This represents the 3A maximum load the circuit is designed for, as 3A is also a common maximum current available from bench power supplies.
The PWM input signal can also be obtained from any circuit having a 5V logic output, such as the Arduino as shown in Fig 4.6.8, in this case running the simple PWM sketch, which continually dims and brightens the lamp.
The operation of the Pulse Width Modulator circuit is based on the 555 circuit described in Oscillators Module 4.4. For use as a MOSFET driver, the circuit has been slightly modified to increase its frequency of operation, as when it is used for driving loads such as DC Brushed motors the frequency of operation needs to be high enough to avoid causing an audible whine, as the inductive nature of the motor can make it operate as a loudspeaker at low frequencies. The action of the opto-isolator is also described in Semiconductors Module 5.2.
A MOSFET Switch Circuit
Fig. 4.6.5 The MOSFET Switch With Isolated Input
The opto-isolator (IC1) and its two resistors R1 and R2 are not absolutely essential to the operation of the MOSFET but are highly desirable because the complete circuit makes a very useful self contained switch, suitable for interfacing many low voltage, low current electronics projects to higher voltage/current peripherals. IC1 performs two functions; it isolates any external driving circuit from the MOSFET and also increases the amplitude of a 5V logic signal sufficiently to drive a standard (i.e. not logic input version) MOSFET without the need for an additional amplifier. The purpose of R3 is to prevent or dampen any ringing that may be caused by the combination of the gate capacitance and the inductance of any wiring, especially in drive circuits working at high frequencies, where this is more important when driving higher frequency circuits such as switched mode power supplies. A Typical value for R3 would be 100Ω or less as higher values can slow down switching.
It is Essential when switching MOSFETs that the switching time between the off and on states is kept as short as possible. When the MOSFET is Fully switched on (saturated) The Drain-Source Voltage is close to zero, so although there may be a large current flowing, the power dissipated (I2R) is very small. When the MOSFET is switched off there will be a large voltage between Drain and Source but practically no current is flowing so again the power dissipated in the MOSFET is practically zero Watts. However during the changes between on and off, both voltage and current will be considerable and so large amounts of power will be dissipated for a very short time. Therefore the quicker the MOSFET can be switched on or off the less power will be dissipated. The total power dissipated during each operating cycle will be approximately the sum of the dissipation during each of the off-to-on and on-to-off periods.
R4 ensures that as the MOSFET switches off when the positive gate drive signal is removed, the gate capacitance is discharged immediately to zero volts rather than remaining close to the switch on level, so reducing the probability of random switch on of the MOSFET. D1 is connected across the load terminals to prevent damage to the MOSFET due to back emf when used with inductive loads.
Fig. 4.6.6 4N25 Opto-isolator Waveforms
Fig. 4.6.7a Drain Waveform at Minimum Power
Fig. 4.6.7b Drain Waveform at Maximum Power
Looking at the switching action of the MOSFET, it can be seen from the waveforms in Figs. 4.6.6 and 4.6.7 a and b. Notice in Fig. 4.6.6 that there is some curvature to the rising voltage in waveform B (the opto-isolator output), which tends to slow down the switching. This is due to the relatively slow switch on time (compared with the operating frequency) of the opto-isolator. However, looking at the drain waveforms in Figs. 4.6.7 a and b this has not adversely affected the switch on time of the MOSFET as the curvature in the opto-isolator output waveform is mainly in the upper voltage levels of the 10Vpp gate signal, after the MOSFET has already switched on. Note that the 4N25 opto-isolator is not rated as particularly fast; there are a number of faster devices, which use opto diodes instead of opto transistors as the output component, however they do tend to cost more and are more likely to be used in higher frequency systems.
On testing the temperature rise for the whole circuit used in Figs. 4.6.8 and 4.6.9 it was found that although the calculations suggested a temperature rise only very slightly above 25°C would be achieved, the completed circuit shown in Fig. 4.6.9 actually ran at a maximum temperature of around 28°. Higher than the calculations suggest but still well within safe limits when using a 3A motor as the load. With the circuit connected to the 36Watt lamp however, as shown in Fig. 4.6.8, the temperature rise was considerably higher, rising to around 37°C, this appeared to be due in some part to the lamp (very hot) being so close to the MOSFET and therefore raising the ambient temperature. The MOSFET temperature dropped back, close to 29° when a small sponge shield was placed between the lamp and the MOSFET.
Fig. 4.6.8 Arduino Driving a 36 Watt Lamp.
Fig. 4.6.9 Arduino & a 3A DC Motor.
The switch therefore worked well with both resistive (12V lamp) and inductive (brushed DC motor) loads upto 3A when driven from a 12V supply with an input from a 5V logic source. The input signal was provided by either a simple pulse width modulator circuit or the Arduino.
The circuit also performed well with the MOSFET replaced by a 039N04L logic level MOSFET. In this case it would not be strictly necessary to use the 4N25 opto-isolator to boost the logic input level to the 10Vpp needed by the IRFZ44N, but then the input circuit would be exposed to any fault condition in the MOSFET circuit. The extra expense in using an opto-isolator compared with a wrecked Arduino is therefore justified.
High Side and Low Side Switching
The MOSFET in the above example is placed between the load and ground, this method of operation is therefore called Low Side Switching and is a simple and much used method of using MOSFET switches. However there are some applications where this may not be suitable, as when the load requires a ground connection in common with other load devices. Also when the MOSFET is 'off' and current through the load ceases, the voltage at Point X in Fig. 4.6.11a will be at the supply voltage. Whilst this may not be a problem at low voltages, MOSFETs can be used to switch high voltage circuits where having a high voltage present on an apparently inactive circuit can be a safety problem by creating a shock hazard. To eliminate either of these problems, High Side Switching can be used, as shown in Fig. 4.6.11b. where, when the MOSFET switches off the voltage across the load (and at point X) will be at zero volts, (providing that the MOSFET does not develop a short circuit fault).
Fig. 4.6.11 Low and High Side Switching
Low side switching is simple to implement using N channel Power MOSFETs but High Side Switching raises some difficulties. The main problem that must be overcome is that the gate voltage (VGS) on an N channel MOSFET must be more positive than the Source voltage in order to switch the MOSFET on. While the MOSFET is off in a high side circuit the Source voltage will be virtually zero volts so the Gate could switch the MOSFET on, but once it is on, the Source voltage will be almost the same as the Drain voltage due to the very low resistance of the conducting MOSFET. As the supply voltage (and now also the source voltage) is likely to be the highest voltage in the circuit, the Gate voltage cannot be made higher than the Source voltage and control is lost.
Fig. 4.6.12 N & P Channel
The High Side MOSFET Switch
To make High Side Switching possible there are a number of methods that can be used. The simplest of these is to replace the N channel MOSFET with a P channel type. The circuit symbols for each are shown in Fig. 4.6.12. The only difference in these symbols is the direction of the arrow indicating the channel; in the P channel MOSFET the arrow now points away from the P type channel.
However the connection of the P channel MOSFET compared with the N channel is reversed, The P channel source is connected to the positive supply and the gate must now be connected to a lower voltage that the source in order for the MOSFET to switch on. The drain is now connected to the more positive side of the load, and the load's negative terminal is connected to ground.
Fig. 4.6.13 P Channel High Side Switch
A circuit for a typical high side switch using a P channel MOSFET is shown in Fig. 4.6.13. Notice the similarities and differences between Figs. 4.6.13 and 4.6.5. Firsly in Fig.4.6.13 the resistor R4 whose purpose is to discharge any remaining potential on the gate at switch off is now connected to the positive supply rail instead of to ground. This indicates that the gate potential, when switched on will be more negative than supply providing a negative value of VGS.
Fig. 4.6.13 also uses a different opto-isolator, a PC817 instead of the 4N25 in Fig. 4.6.5. This is not an important difference as a number of similar isolators could be used, it just needs to have a reasonable 12Vpp output waveform to switch the MOSFET Gate. The MOSFET used in the this high side switch is a logic level 4P03L04 from Infineon and as it only needs its gate to be 4.5V lower than the 12V supply, the 12Vpp waveform applied to its gate easily switches the MOSFET on or off.
The P Channel High Side Switch therefore solves the problem of using an N Channel MOSFET for high side switching; however this 'cure' can also have some side effects. P channel MOSFETs generally have a higher RDSon compared to N type MOSFETs having a similar internal chip size. This means that during the time when the MOSFET is on, a P type MOSFET will produce more heat than a similar N type device. This is especially relevant in high current circuits. However as this module restricts itself to relatively low power circuits the difference in RDSon values is less of a concern. For example the P channel 4P03L04 has an RDSon value of 4.4mΩ whereas the N channel IRFZ44N has a RDSon value of 17.5mmΩ. Despite this the section below describes a method for using an N channel MOSFET in a high side switch circuit.
The N Channel High Side Switch
The main problem in using an N channel MOSFET in a high side switch is that in order for the MOSFET to switch on, once it has been switched off is that the voltage on the gate terminal of the MOSFET must be made higher than the source voltage, which, as the MOSFET is "off" will be at supply voltage Vcc. In order to do this the gate voltage must be 'level shifted' in some way. This technique commonly goes under the name of 'Bootstrapping' (i.e. the mythical abbility to lift oneself up simply by pulling upwards on your boot straps) - apart from the impossibility of this task, Bootstrapping is not the most useful name, as there are several techniques used in other non-related circuits that use the same name, generally meaning to lift some value up to a higher than normal level.
Fig. 4.6.14 N Channel High Side Switch
In this case the "off" voltage (the lowest voltage of the wavaveform) at the MOSFET gate needs to be lifted up to at least as high as the supply voltage. For example if a logic level MOSFET is used, the minimum gate voltage would be equal to the supply voltage (5V) and the peak gate voltage would need to be 5V higher than the supply voltage Vcc.
With non-logic level MOSFETs the minimum gate voltage will need to be at about the supply voltage (e.g.12V) and the peak voltage approximately double the voltage of Vcc. The purpose of bootstrapping is to achieve these increases without an external supply.
This only requires a few extra components, but the system only works for MOSFET circuits that are continuously switched on and off (such as PWM circuits). Circuits that are turned on for long periods require different techniques.
How the Bootstrap Circuit Works
When the output transistor of the opto-coupler is switched on, its collector terminal and the MOSFET gate voltage is pulled down to 0V; The MOSFET is switched off and with the Drain voltage at Vcc (12V), the capacitor C1 charges via the diode D1 to almost Vcc (12V). When the opto-isolator output transistor switches off again, its collector voltage and the MOSFET gate rise to Vcc (12V) and the MOSFET turns on. This however, also makes the Source voltage rise to 12V (which without bootstrapping would instantly switch the MOSFET off again as source and gate would be the same voltage). However as C1 is now charged up to 12V, its negative terminal will be at 12V but its positive terminal will now be 12V + 12V = 24V, (pulling the gate voltage up by its bootstraps!) and also reverse biasing the diode D1. So with the gate terminal of the MOSFET now at 24V the MOSFET stays switched on, Eventually of course the capacitor would discharge and the gate voltage reduce towards a level that would cause the MOSFET to turn off again, except for the fact that the input signal is switching on and off continually. So provided that the 'off' time is long enough for the capacitor to recharge during each cycle and the 'on' time is not long enough for C1 to discharge, (which would be a comparatively very long time due to the MOSFET's very high gate resistance) the MOSFET continues to work.


text:
Garden Scene Kimono
This breezy little kimono will give your Spring attire the pop of color you've been searching for! Our Garden Scene Kimono is a semi sheer, open front kimono with a colorful watercolor print, asymmetrical hem, dropped shoudlers and flared sleeves. Made in the USA. 100% polyester
Allie is 5'5 and wearing a Small.
Hand wash cold. No bleach. Line dry.

domain: design


[SGS Certified] RANDY SUN Unisex Waterproof & Breathable Hiking/Trekking/Ski Socks
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- Some items in this listing are 1-PAIR and some items are 2-PAIR, pls see the color name for the detail information. Outer: 74% high waterproof nylon, 23% lycra,3% elastane, Interlayer: a high performance lightweight function of waterproof and breathable membrane, Lining: 64% coolmax,3% lycra,33% elastane
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Some items in this listing are 1-PAIR and some items are 2-PAIR, pls see the color name for the detail information
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Top customer reviews
I will use these again and again. While they don't always keep your feet 100 percent dry if water gets over them, they work similar to wet suits and allow your body to heat them up and keep them warm. I don't fault the manufacturer for your feet getting wet if water goes over them as this is clearly something that it was not designed to do. If they did something like this they would need to be much tighter in order to support this.


text:
Regents must challenge concealed carry in court
The Montana University System has a professional and ethical obligation to challenge HB 102 in court. This bill is ostensibly meant to make our communities safer; however, even a cursory glance at the bill shows that to be a deeply specious claim.
Montana State University employed over 4,000 people in 2019, according to its website. Those 4,000 employees have good reason to be scared. The prefrontal cortex, the part of the brain
responsible for making rational decisions and impulse control, is not fully developed until age 25. Now imagine that your job involves working with people well under that age who are free to carry a handgun into your work environment. While I am not a lawyer, it seems to be quite clearly unconstitutional, based on the plain language in the Montana state constitution.
For the sake of all those employed at our institutions of higher learning across the state, I beg the Board of Regents to challenge this law in court.
Legislature should have stayed in its lane on guns
Montana Legislature, stay in your lane! As a multiple teaching award winning post-secondary education professional I am writing to state my complete opposition to guns on campus. I can’t believe that in 2021 I even needed to write this letter.
I’m a hunter. I’m obviously a gun owner. There is a place for firearms.
Universities and colleges (and churches) are not the place! The whole idea of concealed or open carry of firearms on Montana campuses is outrageous revealing a rather shocking lack of leadership, integrity, and character in the Montana Legislature to even have considered such a thing. History will speak to how completely mindless the law was and how primitive and shortsighted the people were who put this idea forward.
If you read the Strategic Plan Mission, Vision, Goals and Objectives of the Montana University System, you’ll see that concealed or open carry of firearms on Montana campuses is fear driven and flies in the face of higher education ideals and objectives. It also sets a dangerous precedent by challenging the governance of our education system. Here’s the mandate: “The governance and administration of the Montana University System is vested with the Board of Regents, which has full power, responsibility, and authority to supervise, coordinate, manage and control the Montana University System, and supervise and coordinate other public educational institutions assigned by law.”
Here’s the question I submitted for a virtual public forum: What objective for the betterment of higher education is served by having guns on campus?
Bozeman Daily Chronicle Letters to the Editor 5/18/21

domain: politics


text: Novelty's game calls all players. It is evident in my life - any subject which has extraordinary sophistication requires me to appoint myself of chief investigator as to how this subject arrived to that high level. So some novel fields are investigated at hyper speed. Say, a droplet of information gives enough power to understand. However it is human to turn droplets of information into the biggest tide. The trick is reorganizing the dam to haul in the most power while I'm opening up that ludicrous amount of water. This trick is not silent in any field, in fact it is employed by all. Engineering is that trick - it requires an understanding of multiple definitions. And standing on these fundamental definitions I receive power; I rise in the field and contribute. Contributions differ per field. And it may not be a dam to be built but a scrawling on it, or maybe throwing a rock at it. Such is my poetry - it's the most chaotic structure to everyone outside the author's mind. Now, poetry itself is a medium for communities to organize around, but even so it is as ethereal as a momentary wind in a forest. Nonetheless, this poetry is stored in the library I always carry with me - my mind. And this contribution can be the droplet of information for someone else to create tides of knowledge.

domain: artistic


text:
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Calcium Citrate Caps by Now Foods is a food supplement that supplies an optimal dose of high assimilation calcium. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. Total corporal calcium is approximately 1200g, which is the equivalent of saying that it represents 1,5-2% of our body weight. In fact, almost 99% of calcium is found in bone tissue and the remaining 1% is distributed throughout the blood, interstitial fluids and muscle cells.
A lack of calcium considerably contributes to the development of osteoporosis. Many studies have been published that indicate that an inadequate consumption of calcium during ones life is linked to a reduction in bone density and with a high rate of fractures. National polls on nutrition reveal that most people do not take enough calcium to ensure that their bones grow and remain healthy.
This is why it is essential to maintain a healthy diet and add a food supplement such as Calcium Citrate to our diet. Calcium Citrate is also enriched with some minerals (such as amino acid chelates), essential for maintaining bone health such as Magnesium, Copper, Manganese and Zinc and vitamin D (as ergocalciferol).

domain: food


text:
You don't have to know anything about wine to use Hello Vino. The app uses a simple question-and-answer process to suggest the perfect bottle of wine for meals, special occasions, or your taste preferences.
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domain: hobby


34CrNiMo6 is German standard low alloy high strength[SCALE STEEL] steel, German projects are more used, the same steel number in China is 34Cr2Ni2Mo.
CHINA GB/T 3077-2015
JB/T 6396-2006 34Cr2Ni2Mo
GERMANY DIN EN 10083-3:2007[SCALE STEEL]
DIN 17200:1987 34CrNiMo6
MATERIAL 34Cr2Ni2Mo 34CrNiMo6
C 0.30~0.38 0.30~0.38
Si 0.17~0.37 ≤0.40
Mn 0.50~0.80 0.50~0.80
P ≤0.030[SCALE STEEL] ≤0.025
S ≤0.030 ≤0.035
Cr 1.30~1.70 1.30~1.70
Ni 1.30~1.70 1.30~1.70
Mo 0.15~0.30 0.15~0.30
Mechanical Property（GB/T 3077-2015）
Sample Size（mm） Ø25
Heat Treatment（℃） Quenched(Oil Cooling) 850
Tempered(Water,Oil Cooling) 540
Mechanical Property TSMPa[SCALE STEEL] ≥1080
HardnessHBW Annealed or Tempered in High Temperature ≤269
34CrNiMo6 is similar to 42CrMo in performance and has high strength and good toughness. It is used to manufacture important structural [SCALE STEEL]parts for high load work, such as wind turbine spindles, high-speed train axles, torsion shafts of armored vehicles, crankshafts and connecting rods for heavy diesel engines, and gears for other heavy duty parts.
20Cr1Mo1VNbTiB China's self-developed low alloy high strength steel, also [SCALE STEEL]known as Zhengqi No.1 steel.
GB/T 20410-2006 "high temperature bolts for turbine steel"
DL/T 439-2018 "Technical guidelines for high-temperature fasteners in thermal power plants"
DL/T 715-2015 "Guidelines for Selection [SCALE STEEL]of Metal Materials in Thermal Power Plants"
Chemical Composition（%）（GB/T 20410-2006）
C 0.17~0.23 Cr 0.90~1.30
Si 0.40~0.60 Mo 0.75~1.00
Mn 0.40~0.65 V 0.50~0.70
P ≤0.025 Nb 0.11~0.22
S ≤0.025 Ti 0.05~0.14
Ni ≤0.30[SCALE STEEL] B 0.001~0.004
1020~1040℃ Oil Cooling，700~720℃ Tempering for 6h and then air cooling.
Mechanical Property（GB/T 20410-2006）
Sample Size（mm） Ø25
Heat Treatment Quenched（Oil,Water Cooling/℃ 1020~1040
Tempered（Air Cooling）/℃ 690~730
Mechanical Property TS Rm/MPa[SCALE STEEL] ≥785
YS Rp0.2/MPa ≥670
Hardness HBW 10/3000 255~305
1.Good high temperature performance, high durable strength and plasticity, good anti-relaxation performance, small thermal brittle tendency, low notch sensitivity.
2.Heat treatment is more [SCALE STEEL]sensitive, such as improper thermal processing control, easy to appear naked eye coarse grain, so there are strict grain size acceptance standards for different design grades.
The highest operating temperature is 570℃.
20Cr1Mo1VNbTiB bainite [SCALE STEEL]heat resistant steel has excellent comprehensive properties and is mainly used as high temperature bolts in thermal power plants below 570℃. It is widely used in large and medium-sized units in thermal power plants.
SCM440 is a kind of steel commonly used in the production of high strength fasteners. The product has the advantages of stable composition, low harmful elements, high purity of steel, small decarburization layer, [SCALE STEEL]few surface defects and so on. It is easy to make spidizing annealing, low cold heading cracking rate, stable heat treatment quality and uniform hardness, and is widely used in engine, mold and other industries.
Material Name: Alloy Structural Steel
Brand number: SCM440(Japanese brand, see standard JIS G4053-2008
It belongs to medium hardenability steel. After heat treatment, it has good strength, good comprehensive [SCALE STEEL]mechanical properties, good technability and high yield of finished products.The highest operating temperature is 427℃.Can be used as steam turbine fasteners.
Characteristics and application
1.Good quenching [SCALE STEEL]property, can be deep quenching, rather than the market anti-saw lock surface quenching
2.Less tendency to temper brittleness
3.Good high temperature processing, beautiful after processing
5.The absorption performance of the impact is good, the hammer hit it will have a sense of rebound, unable to carry out violent destruction advantages:
(1) Good processability
(2). Good shock [SCALE STEEL]absorption performance
(3). Welding is easy
C: 0.38 to 0.43
Si: 0.15 to 0.35
Mn: 0.60 to 0.85
P: 0.03 or less
S: 0.03 or less
Cu: 0.30 or less
Ni: 0.25 or less
Cr: 0.90 to 1.20
Mo: 0.15 to 0.30
Ni: 0.25 or less
Cu: 0.30 or less
Mechanical Properties of SCM440:
Tensile strength [SCALE STEEL]σb (MPa) : ≥1080(110) Yield strength σs (MPa) : ≥930(95)
Elongation Δ5 (%) : ≥12
Section shrinkage ψ(%) : ≥45
Impact work AKV (J) : ≥63
Impact toughness value α kV (J/ Cm&SUP 2;)A: 78 (8) or
Hardness: 217 HB or less
SCM420 alloy structure steel has high hardenability, no tempering brittleness, good weldability, little tendency to form cold[SCALE STEEL] crack, good machinability and cold strain plasticity.
Corresponding to Domestic Grade Name: 20CrMo
Corresponding to Germany Grade Name: 25 crmo4 (1.7218)
Executive Standard:[SCALE STEEL] JIS G4053-2003
Features and Scope of Application:
SCM420 is generally used under the condition of quenching and tempering or carburizing. It is used to manufacture high-pressure pipes and various fasteners and advanced carburizing parts, such as gears and shafts, which work in non-corrosive media and medium with nitrogen and hydrogen mixture at [SCALE STEEL]working temperature below 250℃.
SCM420 Alloy Structural Steel
Chemical Composition (unit %) :
C: 0.18 ~ 0.23
Si: 0.15 ~ 0.35
Mn: 0.60 ~ 0.90
S: allowable residual content ≤0.030
P: allowable residual content ≤0.030
Cr: 0.90 ~ 1.20
Ni: allowable residual content ≤0.25
Cu: allowable residual content ≤0.30
Mo: 0.15 ~ 0.25
Mechanical Properties (Tempering and Tempering State) :
Tensile Strength σb (MPa) : ≥885(90)
Yield Strength σs (MPa) : ≥685(70)
Elongation Δ5 (%) : ≥12
Section [SCALE STEEL]Shrinkage ψ(%) : ≥50
Impact Work AKV (J) : ≥78
Impact Toughness Value α kV (J/ Cm&SUP 2;)A: 98 (10) or
Hardness: 197 hb or less
Heat Treatment Specification and Metallographic Structure:
Heat Treatment [SCALE STEEL]Specification: Quenching 880℃, water cooling, oil cooling;Tempering 500℃, water cooling, oil cooling.
Delivery Status: Delivered under heat treatment (normalizing, annealing or high temperature tempering) or without heat treatment. The delivery status shall be specified in the contract.
40CrNi2Mo, also known as 4340 steel, is a kind of low alloy ultra-high strength steel.Only steels with tensile strength greater than [SCALE STEEL]1400MPa and yield strength greater than 1200MPa at room temperature are termed "ultra-high strength steels".4340 steel is a typical ultra high strength steel, which is obtained by heat treatment.
CHINA GB/T 3077-2015 40CrNi2Mo，A50400
GB/T 34484.2-2018 40CrNi2Mo
GB/T 38809-2020 40CrNi2MoA
GB/T 5216-2014 40CrNi2MoH
USA ASTM A29-2005[SCALE STEEL]
ASTM A322-2007 4340，G43400
JAPAN JIS G4053-2003 SNCM439
GERMANY DIN EN 10263-4:2002 41NiCrMo7-3-2，1.6563
Grade A50400 4340 SNCM439 1.6563
C 0.38~0.43 0.38~0.43 0.36~0.43 0.38~0.44
Si 0.17~0.37 0.15~0.35 0.15~0.35 ≤0.30
Mn 0.60~0.80 0.60~0.80 0.60~0.90 0.60~0.90
P ≤0.030 ≤0.035 ≤0.030 ≤0.025
S ≤0.030 ≤0.040 ≤0.030 ≤0.025
Cr 0.70~0.90[SCALE STEEL] 0.70~0.90 0.60~1.00 0.70~0.90
Ni 1.65~2.00 1.65~2.00 1.60~2.00 1.65~2.00
Mo 0.20~0.30 0.20~0.30 0.15~0.30 0.15~0.30
Cu ≤0.30 ≤0.35 ≤0.30 ≤0.25
QUENCHED FIRST TIME NORMALIZED AT 890℃，OIL QUENCHING
SECOND TIME 850℃，OIL QUENCHING
TEMPERED(AIR COOLING) 560~580℃ 220℃ TWICE OIL QUENCHING
TENSILE STRENGTH MPa ≥1050 ≥1790
YIELD STRENGTH MPa ≥980 ≥1500
ELONGATION % ≥12 ≥6
REDUCTION OF AREA %[SCALE STEEL] ≥45 ≥25
IMPACT TESTJ ≥48 --
TEMPERED HARDNESS ≤269HBW
4340 steel after heat treatment, not only obtain ultra-high strength, but also have good plastic toughness, excellent fatigue performance, fracture toughness and stress corrosion resistance, good comprehensive mechanical [SCALE STEEL]properties, so that it is often used in the industry as a tempering steel to manufacture bearings, gears and crankshafts, and in the aircraft structure has been widely used.Such as aircraft landing gear, helicopter rotor shaft and turbojet turbine shaft and other moving parts.
9Cr18Mo, also known as the American standard 440C martensitic stainless steel, is added to Mo on the basis of 9Cr18 steel, steel composition [SCALE STEEL]is characterized by high carbon and high chromium.
CHINA GB/T 1220-1992 9Cr18Mo
GB/T 1220-2007 102Cr17Mo，S45990
USA ASTM A276-2006 440C，S44004
JAPAN JIS G4303:2005[SCALE STEEL] SUS 440C
GERMANY DIN EN 10088-1:2005 X105CrMo17，1.4125
GRADE 9Cr18Mo 440C SUS 440C 1.4125
C 0.95~1.10 0.95~1.20 0.95~1.20 0.95~1.20
Si ≤0.80 ≤1.00 ≤1.00 ≤1.00
Mn ≤0.80 ≤1.00 ≤1.00 ≤1.00
P ≤0.035 ≤0.040 ≤0.040 ≤0.040
S ≤0.030 ≤0.030 ≤0.030 ≤0.030
Cr 16.0~18.0 16.0~18.0 16.0~18.0 16.0~18.0
Ni （≤0.60）[SCALE STEEL] -- （≤0.60） --
Mo 0.40~0.70 ≤0.75 (≤0.75) 0.40~0.80
➣ Annealing: Heating to 850~870℃, holding 4~6h, 30℃/h cooling to 600℃, air cooling, hardness ≤255HBS;
➣ recrystallization annealing: heating to 730~750℃, air cooling;
➣ Quenching: Heating to 1050~1100℃, oil cooling;
➣ Tempering: Heating to 150~160℃, [SCALE STEEL]holding for 2~5h, air cooling, hardness ≥58HRC.
The quenching has high hardness and high wear resistance;
② It has excellent corrosion resistance in the atmosphere, water and some acid and salt aqueous solutions;
(3) Good high temperature [SCALE STEEL]dimensional stability, the use of temperature does not exceed 250℃;
(4) tempering: heating to 150~160℃, heat preservation 2~5h, air cooling, hardness ≥58HRC.
9Cr18Mo is suitable for the manufacture of bearings, bushings, and other parts or die parts that are both wear-resistant and [SCALE STEEL]corrosion-resistant in corrosive environment and non-lubricating strong oxidation atmosphere.
Pure copper appearance is purplish red, commonly known as "red copper", "red copper" or "red copper".Pure copper conducts electricity very well, [SCALE STEEL]ranking second only to silver among all metals, so it is used very widely in industry.T2 is a typical grade of pure copper, usually referring to red copper, or T2 unless otherwise specified.
CHINA GB/T 5231-2012
GB/T 2529-2012 T2，T11050
USA ASTM B187-2006 C11000
JAPAN JIS H3100:2006
JIS H3140:2006[SCALE STEEL]
JIS H3250:2006 C1100
GERMANY DIN 1787:1973 E-Cu58，2.0065
DIN CEN/TS 13388:2008 Cu-ETP，CW004A
GRADE T2 C11000 C1100 CW004A
Cu ≥99.90 ≥99.90 ≥99.90 ≥99.90
Ag -- ≤0.03
Bi ≤0.001 -- -- ≤0.0005
Sb ≤0.002 -- -- --
As ≤0.002 -- -- --
Fe ≤0.005 -- -- --
Pb ≤0.005[SCALE STEEL] -- -- ≤0.005
S ≤0.005 -- -- --
O -- -- -- ≤0.040
1. Excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, good ductility, deep drawing performance, corrosion resistance and atmospheric corrosion performance, can be welded and brazed.
2. Trace amount of oxygen is easy [SCALE STEEL]to cause "hydrogen embrittlement", not suitable for processing and use in high temperature (such as BBB 0 370℃) reducing atmosphere.
T2 has the advantages of electric conduction and heat conduction of pure copper, and is widely used, such as wire and cable, sealing [SCALE STEEL]gasket, hardware, mold electrode, etc.
FROM SCALE STEEL


Security vulnerabilities correlate with low code health, development hotspots, and a high author churn in the organization.
In this article we look deeper at the findings and show how you can measure these critical facets of software on your own codebase.
Code Quality should be a Business Priority
It’s easy to dismiss code quality as something technical. Something that’s a responsibility for the development team. That’s a fallacy – code quality needs to be a priority for the business too:
- Business risks and customer impact: Low code health leads to technical debt where the average organization wastes 23- 42% of their development time due to technical debt.
- Security vulnerabillities: Recent research shows that low code health leads to a high number of total security errors!
While an organization can accept low developer productivity, security vulnerabilities are a show stopper. Or let me put it this way: if low developer productivity means a slow death for your business, a data breach could be a sudden death. Let’s look at the data behind it so that your organization can act early and prevent future risks.
Security Errors: Code + People
My previous blog posts have covered the productivity and business impact of code health issues, so let’s focus on the security aspect here.
A recent study (“The Presence, Trends, and Causes of Security Vulnerabilities in Operating Systems of IoT’s Low‐End Devices” (2021) by Al‐Boghdady, Wassif, El‐Ramly) investigates the presence of security vulnerabilities in some of the most popular open source IoT codebases via the CodeScene analysis platform. What’s fascinating is that the study didn’t just look at code, but also human factors like team experience and evolutionary properties of the code.
To really understand vulnerabilities, we need to understand the whole system; making sure you have the right people and teams with active mastery of how the system us built is vital. The study confirms this by identifying a “strong negative correlation between security error density and the Qualitative Team Experience”. In other words, the more experience the team has in the domain and codebase, the fewer security errors.
Organizations that fail to build system mastery have more security errors (graphs via CodeScene).
It’s worth pointing out that while there are several code scanning tools, organizational factors like system mastery are invisible in the source code itself; using a behavioral code analysis tool like CodeScene allows us to see this invisible dimension.
The study also found a direct link between the code health metric and security issues: “CodeScene shows that the low Code Health of IoT OS leads to a high number of total security errors”. Code health is an aggregated metric designed to classify code with respect to correctness and ease of understanding. The study found that the violation of certain code health properties like Brain Methods, DRY violations, Bumpy Road, and Developer Congestion also lead to high numbers of vulnerabilities.
Finally, combining code health with the temporal dimension of an evolving codebase gives another powerful indicator: “CodeScene also indicates strong positive correlation between security error density (errors per 1K SLOC) and the presence of hotspots”. Hotspots are complicated code that the developers have to work with often:
Hotspots are complicated code that the developers have to work with often, which correlates with security issues.
Minimize the risk for security vulnerabilites
The research study used static analysis tools lie Flawfinder and RATS to identify known vulnerabilities in the source code. Static analysis tools are useful and highly recommended as they can catch a bunch of issues early in the development cycle. Complement the static checks with a behavioral code analysis tool like CodeScene in order to:
- Reveal critical development hotspots so that these can be supervised and refactored if/when needed.
- Enable automated code reviews that catch trends in code health decline, so that you can improve vulnerable areas of your code pro-actively.
- Build awareness of system mastery and mitigate off-boarding risks guided by data.
Get a detailed, automated code review on each Pull Request to avoid critical code health declines.
But perhaps the main advantage of the CodeScene platform is that it lets everyone – developers, architects, non-technical stakeholders – share the same view of how healthy the codebase is. That way, you can communicate in a context where everyone working on the product has the same situational awareness.
Try it out
CodeScene’s analyses are completely automated, and the tool is available as an on-premise version or as a hosted service at CodeScene Cloud. It is easy to create and set up a free account or a paid plan for larger projects, and try out CodeScene. It is free for all open source repositories and (very) affordable for closed source projects.


text:
OUTTA SIGHT presents 24 rare R&B treasures from the Great American Cellar of Soul.
It is almost 50 years since UK soul fans were presented with one of the finest soul compilations of all time… “Bell’s Cellar Of Soul Vol.1”. The LP, now extremely collectable, introduced us to the likes of Curly Moore, Mighty Sam, James Carr, Benny Spellman, Diamond Joe and Betty Harris. These exotic sounding luminaries of soul were largely unknown in the UK at the time and the music that they brought across the Atlantic is still as popular today.
Here, Outta Sight pay homage to Bell’s pioneering foray into the hidden sounds of black America with a new series of rare, classic, upbeat, unheard and unusual rhythm & blues.
No Screaming Please


text:
Play any type of Game at Y8.com. The biggest Game Collection to play free online. Flash, Unity 3D, Html5, Android, Java and Shockwave.
New maps,New Action.Monster invasion bases.Mercenaries who picked up their weapons to defend against the monster.Kill all of the monsters as soon as posibble.
Use mouse to shoot. And space the see the target.

domain: entertainment


PRESS RELEASE – The Carnival Planning and Marketing Authority (CPMA) is staging the annual Carnival Parade of the Bands on Monday, July 20 and Tuesday July 21, 2015 to commence near Caribbean Cinemas on the Choc Highway.
The Royal Saint Lucia Police Force will be responsible for the effective management of security and traffic during the two-day event.
The public is hereby advised of the route and commencement and end time of Carnival 2015.
J’ouvert will commence at 4:00 a.m. and end at 8:00 a.m. on Monday, July 20, 2015.
Bands and revelers will assemble at Vigie Playing Field; proceed down the John Compton Highway then right onto Jeremie Street, onto Bridge Street, right onto Micoud Street, right onto Manoel Street and right onto Jeremie Street, left onto Peynier Street and up the John Compton Highway to complete the city circuit.
Parade of the Bands
The parade of the bands will commence at 10:00 a.m. and end at 7:00 p.m. on Monday, July 20, 2015 and commence at mid-day and end at 7:00 p.m. on Tuesday, July 21, 2015.
Bands and revelers will assemble near Mega J’s onthe Choc Highway, Castries. The Bands shall parade down the Vide Bouteille Highway,utilizing the south bound lane on the dual carriageway then onto John Compton Highway, onto Peynier Street, right onto Micoud Street, right onto Manoel Street, right onto Jeremie Street, left onto Darling Road, left onto Jn. Baptiste Street, right onto John Compton Highway to end at the original starting point.
Commuters are advised that all vehicles travelling into Castries from the north shall utilize the Grand Riviere Gros-Islet Road.This diversion shall take effect from 9:00 a.m. on July 20, 2015 and from 10:00 a.m. on July 21, 2015.
All vehicles travelling to the North shall utilize the outer lane on the dual carriageway.
The inner lane of the dual carriageway, northbound must be kept free from all vehicular traffic and shall only be utilized by emergency vehicles. The relevant signage will direct motorists accordingly.


text:
People are staying in their homes longer than ever before, but it may pay off big for them should they choose to move.
That’s according to a recent report from ATTOM Data Solutions, which stated that both homeownership tenure and home seller profits simultaneously hit new highs.
ATTOM’s Year-End 2019 U.S...Read more
Single-family rent prices increased 3% in November 2019 over the same time period in the previous year, according to CoreLogic’s Single-Family Rent Index,
In October, low-end rent prices went up 3.6%, while high-end price gains rose 2.9%.
(Image courtesy of CoreLogic. Click to enlarge.)
Overall, year-over-year rent price increases have slowed down since...Read more
TransUnion recently reported that there will be a flood of first-time homebuyers in the market over the course of the next three years.
Now, it looks like that flood may be ready to start, but the news isn’t all good.
The latest Housing Trends Report for the National Association of Home...Read more
Just a few weeks ago, it looked like CrediFi, a commercial real estate data and analytics provider that had raised nearly $30 million in funding over the last five years, was mere days from shutting down.
Now, it looks like the company has been saved from the chopping block, at least...Read more
Keller Williams, the largest real estate franchise, is expanding its presence in Latin America and the Caribbean, opening new offices in Honduras and Turks and Caicos.
The Honduras office will be led by Raul Martinez, and the office in Turks and Caicos, an archipelago of 40 islands about 400 miles southeast...Read more
It looks like Radian Group’s much-heralded acquisition of Clayton Holdings back in 2014 is turning out to be quite the hit-or-miss deal.
Radian paid $305 million to acquire Clayton, which provides loan due diligence, surveillance, REO management, consulting, valuation, title and settlement services to the mortgage industry, along with its subsidiaries...Read more
CNBC's Diana Olick reports on new home sales data that largely beat expectations.Read more: https://www.cnbc.com/video/2020/01/22/existing-home-sales-jump-3point6percent-vs-1point5percent-expected.htmlRead more
U.S. existing-home sales reversed course in December, rising 3.6% from the previous month’s pace, according to the National Association of Realtors.
Total existing-home sales – completed transactions that include single-family homes, townhomes, condominiums, and co-ops – rose to a seasonally adjusted annualized rate of 5.54 million. This means sales are 10.8% above December 2018’s...Read more
Buyers are trolling the nation's neighborhoods looking for homes at the fastest pace in nearly two years, making an already critical shortage of inventory even worse. Sales of existing homes jumped a larger-than-expected 3.5% in December compared with January, according to the National Association of Realtors.Read more: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/22/supply-of-homes-for-sale-hits-record-low-and-prices-suddenly-jump.htmlRead more
The traditional February pickup in new-home traffic is watched by economists as an early gauge for overall housing demand. This year is different.
This content is for HW+ members. Join today! Already a member? log in
The post Housing’s busy season arrives early this year appeared first...Read more
WeWork said the sales are part of the company's effort to focus on the core co-working business.Read more: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/22/wework-sells-teem-and-its-stake-in-the-wing.htmlRead more
Home prices increased in November, rising only 0.2% from the previous month’s revised pace, but up 4.9% from 2018, according to the latest monthly House Price Index from the Federal Housing Finance Agency.
The FHFA monthly HPI is calculated using home sales price information from mortgages sold to or guaranteed by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac...Read more
Mortgage applications fell 1.2% from last week, according to data from the Mortgage Bankers Association’s Weekly Mortgage Applications Survey.
This means on a seasonally adjusted basis, the index slid by 1.2% for the week ending on Jan. 17, 2020.
On an unadjusted basis, the index inched forward 0.4% compared to the previous week.
Joel Kan, the associate vice president...Read more
Mortgage application volume fell 1.2% last week from the previous week, according to the Mortgage Bankers Association.Read more: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/22/weekly-mortgage-applications-pull-back-slightly.htmlRead more
Thomas Li from CLSA says based on the firm's so-called 'Feng Shui Index,' Hong Kong's Hang Seng index is set to gain this year, driven by property and resources sectors.Read more: https://www.cnbc.com/video/2020/01/22/property-and-resources-sectors-to-excel-in-year-of-the-metal-rat-clsa.htmlRead more
Fannie Mae raised its forecast for 2020 home-price gains, saying low mortgage rates and a strong labor market will pump up demand for properties.
Single-family home prices probably will increase at a 4.6% pace this year, Fannie Mae said in a forecast on Tuesday. That compares with the 4.1% advance for...Read more
Construction finance software company Built Technologies announced this week that it acquired of lienwaivers.io, a provider of lien waiver management and payment solutions for commercial and residential construction.
With this acquisition, Built Technologies states that it is now the first construction finance platform to provide solutions for all key stakeholders involved...Read more

domain: finance


text:
Book review - Valda & The Valkyries
review by Becky
Loki, the Trickster, has a scheme guaranteed to make him the absolute ruler of
the Nine Worlds. The only one with a prayer of stopping him is Valda,
a 15 year old Dwarf girl who doesn't even know that she's a part of
his plan. Everything revolves around Valda... and a magic pendant...
and a raven... and some dwarves... and the gods... and the elves...
and even a wyrm or two. It's complicated, but Loki's plans are never
Available on Amazon.com both in hardcover and kindle: Valda & the Valkyries
This was a real joy to read. Had me emotionally engaged from the start with the clear and strong characters. There wasn't a single stereotype to be seen. The world Mark has created with his norse mythology is truly amazing in its depth and detail.
He has created a unique nordic universe that is refreshing and as original as other nordic worlds I've read in other norse fantasies. His interpretation of the role of the Valkyries and the way they functioned is incredible, I loved the trials he created and how he picked up on how they also served the mead and food to the einherjar warriors, who too were great characters in their own right.
I loved the way he introduced the much forgotten characters of norse mythology, Mimir, Freki, Geri, Giants and even one of Odin's ravens Mugnin. The plot was gripping with each chapter - no wonder it only took me a few days to read. The ending was also breath taking - fits the 'they think it's all over' line.
Do hope he writes more from my new favourite valkyrie fantasy book :)
This book is also available in paperback:
Want to adventure throught the lands of the Vikings? The height of the Vikings is an amazing period of time and there is a lot of great fiction that is based on historical facts from that period and place. Rebecca Wilson has written a guide to the genre and to some of the best works in the genre.
If you are fascinated by the subject of Vikings you should check out her blog at: http://www.soulchaserbecky.blogspot.com/
You can follow her on Twitter @soulchaserbecky.
Related Fantasy Guides:


text:
South Korea needs to further remove regulations to support the development of domestic autonomous or self-driving vehicles, a private think tank here said Wednesday.
In a report, the Korea Economic Research Institute claimed excessive or unnecessary regulations here created a major hurdle to local developers of self-driving cars, partly by adding to their costs.
The report came amid government efforts to help develop and commercialize level 3 self-driving cars by 2020. A level 3 self-driving car refers to an autonomous car that can fully assume control of all safety-critical functions in certain conditions, while it automatically senses conditions that require the driver to retake control and provides a "sufficiently comfortable transition time" for the driver to do so.
To this end, the transportation ministry announced plans to build a new test site for self-driving cars, known as K-city.
The government has also designated sections of existing roads, totaling 320 kilometers in length, for testing self-driving cars.
Such efforts by the government come as most global automakers and IT firms are racing to become the first to develop a self-driving car, considered one of the largest future engines of growth.
Such companies include South Korea's top automaker Hyundai Motor Group, the world's fifth-largest carmaker with around 8 million cars in annual sales.
The automaker and others developers here, however, may have to take vehicles to as far as Arizona in the United States to test them, the report noted.
This is because the Seoul government currently requires at least two safety drivers to be inside a car even when testing a driverless vehicle.
Arizona, on the other hand, allows testing of driverless cars on its roads, according to the report.
"Most other countries are moving to simplify requirements for test driving autonomous vehicles. Because conducting tests on actual roads is very important for the development of self-driving cars, the country must ease its requirements to allow various tests and research," it said.
The report also noted a need to turn the country into a regional test bed for autonomous vehicles.
"The test site set to be built in the country does not fall far back behind those of other countries in terms of its size and infrastructure, but related regulations are again becoming a major obstacle in the construction," it said.
The research institute is a private think tank run by the Federation of Korean Industries, the largest business lobby in South Korea that represents about 600 top businesses here. (Yonhap)

domain: economics


text:
Howdy folks, our todays latest coloring sheet that your kids can work with is Soup Alphabet Coloring Pages Printable, posted on Alphabet Coloring category.For even more sheet similar to the picture right above you, your kids can check the following Related Images section at the end of the webpage or simply surfing by category. You could find many other exciting coloring picture to collect. Enjoy it!
All characters, names are trademark are belongs to their respectful copyright owners, it may not be altered or used for commercial purpose by any means.
Any infringement on trademarks and copyrights is unintentional and will be rectified upon notification.


text:
If you and your partner struggle to communicate effectively, this can lead to unresolved issues and resentment over time.
If your partner tries to control your actions, behavior, or decisions, it may be a sign of an unhealthy power dynamic.
Cheating can cause irreparable damage to a relationship and break trust.
Frequent fighting and disagreements can create a toxic and stressful environment.
If your partner consistently disrespects you or your boundaries, this can lead to feelings of resentment and anger.
If you and your partner have radically different goals and values, this can lead to conflict and unhappiness in the long run.
Money issues can be a significant source of tension and conflict in a relationship.
A lack of physical and emotional intimacy can lead to feelings of loneliness and disconnection.
Substance abuse can lead to erratic behavior and lead to the breakdown of relationships.

domain: sociology


text:
- Subscribe NowLimited Time Offer
Time: 5:00 pm - 8:00 pm
Place: Omni William Penn
Medicare Advantage plan sponsors weigh reimbursement increase
Send this story to a friend
The region’s two biggest Medicare Advantage plan sponsors say they are reviewing government reimbursement rates for next year before making any decision about member benefits.
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services recently issued the fiscal 2015 rates for Medicare Advantage and prescription drug benefit programs that plan sponsors say are essentially flat when compared with the current year. Since enactment of the Affordable Care Act in 2010, Medicare Advantage premiums have fallen by 10 percent while enrollment increased by 38 percent to an all-time high of more than 15 million beneficiaries nationwide.
Highmark, UPMC Health Plan, Aetna/Coventry and Gateway Health are the region’s biggest Medicare Advantage plans. Nationwide, plan sponsors will see a reimbursement increase 0.4 percent for 2015, which compares with a cut of 1.9 percent that had been forecast.
“It’s in line with what we baked into our 2015 internal budget,” said Austin Ifedirah, vice president of Medicare and Strategic Planning at Gateway Health, which has 45,000 special-needs plan members. “It’s better than what the government announced in the advanced notice.
“We’re hoping to keep things as steady as we can, but it’s challenging in this environment.”
Tim Lightner, vice president of product and marketing at Highmark, said the insurer was also reviewing the government reimbursement rates before making any decisions about member benefits. Highmark has 207,890 Medicare Advantage members in the region, making the insurer the biggest provider of the coverage in western Pennsylvania.
Eugene Scanzera, vice president of Medicare at UPMC Health Plan, said the government’s rate increase will help maintain plans’ benefit package, which the insurer was reviewing. It was too soon to say what the impact of the new rates will be, he said.
Kris Mamula covers health care, insurance and employee benefits for the Pittsburgh Business Times. Contact him at firstname.lastname@example.org or 412-208-3825.
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text:
Despite the fact that this pope is the head of a male-dominated and privileged colossus that has ruled virtually unchanged for centuries, he is slowly but surely making inroads in the right direction.
Read what he says about current economic theory:
“Some people continue to defend trickle-down theories which assume that economic growth, encouraged by a free market, will inevitably succeed in bringing about greater justice and inclusiveness in the world,” Francis wrote in the papal statement. “This opinion, which has never been confirmed by the facts, expresses a crude and naive trust in the goodness of those wielding economic power and in the sacralized workings of the prevailing economic system.”
“Meanwhile,” he added, “the excluded are still waiting.”
Then read this, from the pope's same statement last November. The bolding is mine:
In his most authoritative writings as pontiff, Francis decried an “idolatry of money” in secular culture and warned that it would lead to “a new tyranny.” But he reserved a large part of his critique for what he sees as an excessively top-down Catholic Church hierarchy, calling for more local governance and greater inclusiveness — including “broader opportunities for a more incisive female presence in the Church.”
Why, it's almost enough to make a Roman Catholic out of me.

domain: news


Domestic airlines are increasingly finding it difficult to bring back their airplanes sent abroad for maintenance due to rising costs.
BusinessDay’s checks show that some aircraft have been stuck in different maintenance facilities in Europe, South Africa, the Middle East and the US. Four major domestic airlines have seven of their aircraft abroad for maintenance currently, though they claim they are not stuck.
Sources in the aviation industry however told BusinessDay that some of the aircraft have spent more than one year in these facilities with most of the airlines finding it difficult to bring them back into the country due to lack of access to dollars and also the weaker naira which has resulted in a spike in the cost of maintenance.
Sources at the Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA) confirmed this development, adding that about 25 percent of existing aircraft owned by commercial airlines are on maintenance or AOG (aircraft on ground) either because they are no more airworthy or are due for maintenance.
Gbenga Olowo, President of Aviation Round Table (ART), explained that recently, there has been continuous depletion of the fleet of Nigeria’s domestic airlines.
Olowo recalled that in 2010, Nigerian airlines had 54 commercial operating aircraft but by 2014 the fleet had reduced to 39, noting that with declining fleet size, route expansion would be limited and robust schedule very difficult and down time for maintenance would impact negatively on schedule.
He attributed the failure of airlines to replacing or add more aircraft to their fleet to the harsh operating environment and high charges paid by the airlines to aviation agencies.
“Some of the airlines have sent their aircraft for maintenance and could not pay for the maintenance fee itself, so what they end up doing is that they leave the aircraft there,” Dung Pam, chairman, Governing Board of the Nigerian Aviation Safety Initiative (NASI) told BusinessDay.
Tayo Ojuri, an industry expert and Chief Executive Officer, Aglo Limited, an aviation support service, told BusinessDay that there has been a drastic drop in the number of functional aircraft in the country because most airlines can no longer pay for maintenance as a result of scarcity of foreign exchange.
“Airlines also pay for insurance using foreign exchange and when foreign exchange is not available to pay insurance companies, they will be left with no choice but to ground the aircraft,” Ojuri added.
BusinessDay checks show that Aero Contractors, which used to have ten aircraft in its fleet, currently has only two operational aircraft, three on maintenance and others have been returned to the leasing company. Dana currently has three operational aircraft, while two are abroad for maintenance. First Nation has two operational aircraft but one abroad for maintenance, while Medview has four operational aircraft and one abroad for maintenance.
Nogie Meggison, President, Airline Operators of Nigeria, (AON) said that a major challenge airlines continue to face is that they generate revenues in naira, whereas they carry out maintenance and purchase major aircraft parts in foreign currency.
Meggison said that with the current challenge of aviation fuel scarcity, it is now very difficult for airlines to comfortably carry out their mandatory checks and repairs on their aircraft, adding that with the weaker naira, the airlines are paying more than twice the maintenance cost.
BusinessDay’s checks also show that Aero Contractors currently operates triangular flights from Lagos to Abuja and Port Harcourt. It has three of its aircraft in maintenance facilities in Jordan and France.
On Aero’s operations, Isaac Balami, president of the Nigeria Aircraft and Pilot Engineers, told BusinessDay that the Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria (AMCON) is trying its best to revive the airline and make it as robust as it was before.
“I can tell you that a lot of investors have shown interest in investing in the airline and it is at AMCON’s discretion to decide how to go about it. Shareholders are also trying to see how they can look for money and bring in. If we are given ten aircraft now, we can start robust operations,” Balami said.
He explained that all domestic airlines are struggling and the government needs to intervene because the last intervention that was done was not for the airlines, as the banks took the money to settle outstanding debts.
“If Aero had the kind of money given to the banks, they would have gotten more than ten aircraft and paid back all their debt. At some point, Aero paid its workers (expatriates and nationals) about N700million monthly and still spent about N800million on aviation fuel every month.
“The airline also paid in dollars, almost every six months for maintenance abroad. The overhead cost was so much and there was no way we could break even,” Balami disclosed.
He suggested that government should encourage domestic airlines by building hangars here in the country for airlines to carry out maintenance and repairs on their aircraft.
He also suggested that the refineries in Warri, Port Harcourt and Kaduna be revived to provide aviation fuel for airlines, adding that government can partner with national leasing companies to provide aircraft for domestic airlines.


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Nikki Bella and her fiance Artem Chigvintsev have welcomed a baby boy to the world.
Nikki took to Instagram to reveal she gave birth on July 31. This is Nikki's first child. Mom and child are both healthy.
Earlier in the day, Nikki's sister Brie Bella revealed she had welcomed her second child, also a baby boy, with Daniel Bryan. Brie's boy was born on August 1.
Fightful would like to extend congratulations to Nikki and Artem.

domain: celebrity


아래 리스트에서 제품을 선택하여 각종 자료를 다운받으실 수 있습니다.<br>(Data sheet, Mounting Instruction, Brochure 외):
- catman DAQ Software
- QuantumX / SomatXR
- Somat eDAQXR / eDAQ / eDAQlite / Infield
- Genesis HighSpeed, ISOBE5600 Isolation System, Perception Software
- MGCplus / CANHEADdirect
- Drivers and API for HBM DAQ Systems
- TEDS (Transducer Electronic Data Sheet)
- High precision amplifier DMP41
- Industrial Amplifiers: ClipX, PMX, PME (incl. MP85A), MVD, SCOUT55, digiCLIP, PACEline CMD
- Optical Interrogators: FS22 Industrial BraggMETER
- Torque Products: T12 / T12HP, TIM40, TIM-PN, TIM-EC
- Digital Load Cells and Weighing Electronics: PanelX, FIT Digital Load Cells, AED Weighing Electronics, PAD Digital Transducer Electronics, WE2107, WE2108, WE2111
The data sheet supplied with your strain gauge provides valuable product information, e.g. the strain gauge's temperature response.
You cannot find your data sheet? No problem.
The working standard calibration certificate supplied with your product provides valuable product information.
You cannot find the working standard calibration certificate anymore? No problem.


The Canadian Space Agency (CSA) announced April 9 that Radarsat-1 experienced a “technical anomaly” and that government and commercial users of the satellite have been advised that no new orders for imagery are being accepted.
Controllers last heard from the spacecraft March 29, when engineers noticed Radarsat-1 was in safe mode, a semi-dormant state in which the spacecraft conserves energy, according to Michel Doyon, flight operations manager at the Canadian Space Agency.
The satellite launched more than 17 years ago, surpassing its five-year design life and establishing Canada as a world leader in radar imaging from orbit. Doyon said Radarsat 1’s performance was “remarkable” since launching in 1995.
Radarsat 1 data was used in maritime surveillance, cartography, ice research, oceanography, agriculture, forestry and disaster management applications.
A follow-on craft named Radarsat-2 launched in December 2007 and continues operating. Since its launch, Radarsat 1 took on a backup role to alleviate demand on the new satellite, Doyon said.


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Somewhat delayed by the recent WorldCon, Hugo and “what is SF” discussions, here is the second part of my post featuring photos taken during a recent trip to Bremerhaven. Part I with some information about the city in general is here BTW.
This post will focus on photos of ships. Since Bremerhaven is the fourth busiest port in Europe, there are rather a lot of them. Most of the historical ships seen in these photos are courtesy of the German Maritime Museum and the extensive exhibits in the so-called museum harbour.
The “Gera”, built in 1959 in East Germany, is the last surviving side trawler and apparently the only fishing vessel museum worldwide. Nowadays, she is moored in the touristy part of Bremerhaven’s fishing harbour.
The “Grönland”, a polar research vessel built in 1867, with the old lighthouse in the background.
The tugboat “Stier” in front of the glass dome of the Mediterraneo mall and the Sail City Hotel.
A closer look at the tugboat “Stier”, built in 1954. The name means “bull” BTW, because the “Stier” was a particularly powerful tugboat.
A close-up look of the reason the “Stier” was so powerful, its unique arrangement of Voith-Schneider propellers.
The “Seefalke” (Sea Hawk), a high sea salvage tugboat built in 1924, which even survived being sunk during WWII.
The “Rau IX”, originally built as a whaler in 1939, but then used to hunt submarines in WWII. Behind the “Rau IX” you can see the “Seefalke”. The highrise in the background is the Columbus Center mall and apartment complex.
Two uses for concrete: In the background you can see the Columbus Center, in front you can see the rare concrete tugboat “Paul Kossel”, built in 1920. There is a very big anchor as well.
A close-up look at the concrete hull of the “Paul Kossel”. And yes, amazingly, vessels with concrete hulls do swim.
The “WSS10”, an experimental hydrofoil vessel built in 1954.
Another view of the hydrofoil “WSS10”. Doesn’t it look like something out of a James Bond film?
The smokestack of the nuclear powered research vessel “Otto Hahn”, built in 1968, when nuclear powered vessels were all the rage. Note the atomic symbol.
The lightship “Elbe 3”, a mobile lighthouse built in 1908 and in active service as a lightship in the estuary of the river Elbe, the approach to the busy harbours of Hamburg and Cuxhaven, until 1966
The lantern of another lightship, the “Fehmarnbelt”, originally built in 1905 and used until 1967. The names of lightships designate their location, i.e. the “Elbe 3” is the third lightsignal in the Elbe estuary, while the “Fehmarnbelt” was stationed in the strait (belt) near the island of Fehmarn in the Baltic Sea.
The bark “Seute Deern” (Lower German for Sweet Maiden) is the most famous exhibit of the German Maritime Museum next to the wreck of a 14th century cog. The “Seute Deern” was built in Gulfport, MS, in 1919 and has been in Bremerhaven since 1966. Nowadays, she’s not just an exhibit, but can also be rented for events and used for weddings.
And here is the Sweet Maiden herself, the figurehead of the “Seute Deern”. I remember that when I first saw the ship as a young child, I exclaimed “But she looks like an old woman, not like a pretty girl”. When my parents asked me why I thought that, I answered, “Well, she wears a headscarf and only grandmas wear headscarves.”
A look across the museum harbour with the “Seute Deern”, “Elbe 3”, “Seefalke” as well as the Mediterraneo mall, climate house museum and Sail City hotel in the background.
This semi-gantry crane was originally built in 1925, refurbished in 1951 and has been in active service in the port of Bremerhaven until 1978. Nowadays, it looms above the museum harbourand the whaler “Rau IX”.
The submarine “Wilhelm Bauer”, built as U2540 in 1944. It was sunk by its own crew in 1945, spent the next twelve years on the bottom of the Baltic Sea, was raised in 1957, refurbished and then served as a submarine of the German Navy until 1982. In the background you can see the “Seute Deern”, the “Elbe 3”, the rear of the “Seefalke” and the radar tower.
The submarine “Wilhelm Bauer” seen head on with the “Seute Deern” and the radar tower in the background. The “Wilhelm Bauer” is the only surviving Nazi era submarine in the world.
I have something of an adverse relationship with the “Wilhelm Bauer”, because every visitor to Bremerhaven, whether it’s a family friend or a businessperson I’m paid to show around, inevitably wants to visit the “Wilhelm Bauer”. They may or may not want to visit the other vessels (they’re all open to the public, at least in summer), but everybody wants to see the “Wilhelm Bauer”. As a result, I have been aboard several times. And the bloody submarine is not just cramped, it also seems to shrink every time I go aboard. I also really hate bumping into bulkheads aboard the “Wilhelm Bauer”, because during WWII, human hair was used as a sealing and insulation material aboard German submarines (it’s kind of obvious where the human hair came from, given that the submarine was built by the Nazis). Which is just plain icky. Nowadays, I usually foist touring the “Wilhelm Bauer” onto someone else, whenever possible.

domain: geography


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The role and activity of the endocrine system and of metabolism in bodily functions and disease processes are a primary concern for health practitioners today. Anyone seeking a comprehensive resource on metabolic endocrinology will welcome this revised edition. It provides a wealth of technical information with a blending of pathophysiologic principles and practical, up-to-date recommendations for diagnosis and patient management.
The four editors present an invaluable blend of biochemistry, pharmacologic research, clinical medicine, and clinical research in endocrinology and metabolism. Significant revisions have been incorporated to present material that is both timely and research based. The comprehensiveness of topics and
Endocrinology and Metabolism.. Ann Intern Med. 1988;108:651. doi: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-108-4-651_1
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Published: Ann Intern Med. 1988;108(4):651.
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domain: literature


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Adekunle Gold – Work + No Forget Ft. Simi
YBNL ensign artist Adekunle Gold is really buzzing this time as he debut his first album titled GOLD. Here’s one featuring X3M music angel Simi titled No Forget and another one titled Work
Download and listen to Work and No Forget Ft. Simi by Adekunle Gold below!
Adekunle Gold Ft Simi – No Forget


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Late Night Tackles Trump and Russia
Special Counsel Robert Mueller has impaneled a grand jury to consider potential criminal wrongdoing by President Trump or his associates tied to the wide-ranging Russian election-meddling investigation, The Wall Street Journal reported Thursday, and this bombshell was not missed on late night TV. "I'm going to say something right now nobody has ever said before: God, I wish I had jury duty!" Stephen Colbert said on Thursday's Late Show. "But really, how are they going to find unbiased people to serve on this jury? 'Ma'am, have you ever heard of a man by the name of Donald Trump?' 'No, father never mentioned him in our cave-dwelling cult.'"
This news "doesn't mean there's gonna be a trial, but it is a strong indication that something is going to happen," Colbert explained. "It's like picking up a blind date, and the first thing they say is, 'Hey, I need some condoms — can we swing by the store?'"
On Thursday's Daily Show, Trevor Noah had a little more context for Mueller's grand jury, and more jabs. "I just hope that if the police ever do arrest him, they protect his head when they put him into the car," he said. "You know what I just realized? If they find out that Trump did commit a crime, he's the one American who can't escape to Mexico."
But the Mueller grand jury news just capped off "a terrible day for Donald Trump," Noah said, starting with the leaked transcripts of his calls with the leaders of Mexico and Australia. He read some actual quotes, then spent the next seven minutes talking about police body cameras, and how they are uncovering evidence of evidence-planting and other police malfeasance.
On Late Night, Seth Meyers began his look at Trump's terrible day with a gawk at his terrible new poll numbers. Then he jokingly suggested that maybe Trump won't take the Mueller news all that hard, at least at first. "Trump's probably excited, because he thinks a grand jury is just a fancier jury. 'So beautiful, not like one of those dump juries.'" Meyers also pored through the leaked transcripts of Trump's calls, providing commentary and making special note about a comment Trump made about Meyers' home state: "New Hampshire has been hit hard by the opioid crisis, but still, don't call it a 'drug-infested den'! It's New England — it's a drug-infested inn." Watch below. Peter Weber


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On September 23, 2019, The New York Review of Books and David Zwirner Books held the first in a four-part series of public talks bringing together leading writers, artists, and thinkers to explore the role of power within the cultural sphere.
The series launched with “The Power of the Critic,” a conversation about the evolving role of critics, publications, and media in making taste, careers, and canons, with Manohla Dargis (co-chief film critic for The New York Times), Antwaun Sargent (independent writer and critic and author of The New Black Vanguard: Photography between Art and Fashion), Jillian Steinhauer (art critic for The New York Times), and Daniel Mendelsohn (editor-at-large of The New York Review), moderated by Lucas Zwirner (head of content of David Zwirner).
Below are some excerpts from the discussion, and a video recording of the event. (Excerpts have been edited and condensed.)
On critics as outsiders:
Lucas Zwirner: I thought I would begin by asking what it has been like to see yourselves move from the periphery of the critical landscape—meaning, writing for smaller publications and freelance—and shift into power centers.
Manohla Dargis: I live in Los Angeles, so, being 3,000 miles away, I can pretend that I’m not in the power center. But I’m very aware of it. When I first started at the Times, I had a horrible moment when I realized “Oh, I’m The Man! Ugh.” I had started at the Village Voice and then moved to the LA Weekly, alternative newspapers. I was used to that position and it was upsetting not to be, and then I had to adjust.
Daniel Mendelsohn: I think the question is not about a career arc, but about a positioning as a critic. You have to be standing outside of the phenomenon that you’re describing because that’s what gives you the perspective to be able to think.
On the consequences of positive and negative reviews:
Jillian Steinhauer: The more time you spend in an industry, the more people you know. The more I know gallery owners, the more I wonder: What’s the right line to put up? If I review their shows, what does that mean? And those questions become more complicated the more you do it.
DM: There’s the famous problem of running into people at book parties when you trashed their book. It’s a real-life phenomenon of which that is an extreme example.
JS: Or you didn’t trash the book and you feel that you should have. It’s also a question of honesty.
On presenting artists’ work to readers:
LZ: Antwaun, I’m curious how you see your role, as a young critic, in terms of drawing attention to the work versus making critical statements about it?
Antwaun Sargent: So many of the artists that I write about have not previously had any sort of exposure. It’s unfair to engage in a formal kind of criticism without someone being able to state their case. I don’t really think you get a lot out of that, on both ends of the spectrum, if you’re not allowing the artists to say what they want about their work first.
On “thumbs up” criticism:
MD: Do you ever feel like a seller? Because there was an editor who used to always ask me to make sure I put a little word in the first sentence so everyone knew if I liked the movie or didn’t. But I just wanted them to read me. Maybe they’ll figure it out from my enthusiasm around writing, but I want them to know in my own sweet time.
DM: What always gets eroded is any possibility of complexity. Thumbs up, thumbs down, five stars, one star—this is idiotic, right? Because most things are mixed. Don’t tell them everything in the first paragraph—because you liked certain things but not others, and that’s how most things are. If the whole discourse becomes “like/not like,” that’s not conducive to anything interesting.
On the question of expertise:
AS: I think there is an over-education thing happening right now. I’m not saying that you shouldn’t go to school, but you might not need a Ph.D. For me, there was a motivation to think critically about the stuff I was seeing, and some of the conversations I was having with artists in their studios.
JS: I’ve been thinking a lot lately about how most critics, up until very recently, have been white, and mostly men. When you talk about expertise, it also opens up a conversation about who gets to be an expert, who is trusted with being an expert, who is considered an authority.
DM: Did Pauline Kael have a degree in film? I don’t think so. Expertise can be overrated. If you’re interested in something, you can develop your own expertise. There’s a strange alchemy that transforms what you know into something interesting about the subject, and not everybody can do that.
The next discussion in this series, “The Power of the Artist,” will be held at David Zwirner in New York in early 2020. Please sign up for the Review’s email newsletter to receive information about this and other events.


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We are taking a trip down memory lane for UFG’s past t-shirt designs. Each year, the organization made t-shirts for members and for the Capstone Fashion shows. While we do not have every single t-shirt from past years, we do have more recent designs.
Warning: These shirts are very wrinkled from their storage in large boxes.
Currently, we have our minimalist design UFG’s logo on a white colored t-shirt. Current members can pick these up whenever we hold our monthly meetings. Let one of the officers know that you would like to pick up your t-shirt!
Next, we found the 2021 Capstone Collection Fashion Show t-shirt. These were given to volunteers that helped backstage to dress the models and set up the event space. 2022 t-shirt design has not been finalized yet. But, if you want to build your UFG t-shirt collection, don’t forget to sign up as a volunteer!
There are still shirts from the Elements, Fusion, and Innovation fashion shows from previous years. These were often worn by our volunteers and officer team backstage. The black background is a great color for behind the scenes crew!
Last year, our UFG go to color was purple. Naturally, the organization designed a shirt with the iconic Pantone color blocks. The tricolor effect is my favorite detail on these t-shirts.
In 2019, the UFG came out with bright orange long sleeve shirts. Fun fact, this was the first and only time UFG had a long sleeve t-shirt as the yearly official organization shirt. This shirt is bold with words describing the people and the organization.
The year before, UFG had t-shirts with the words University Fashion Group designed like a “Thank You” plastic bag. The red lettering has become iconic with multiple designers adding in their own slogans in the same design.
There are two undated t-shirt designs in our storage. One design is a cute, sassy, pink t shirt telling anyone who reads it to look up what fashion is. The other design is reminiscent of the jersey-like t-shirts. Except this shirt is rooting for the University Fashion Group org!
All of these shirts are styled on the UFG instagram page. My favorites are the 2021 Pantone shirt or the 2018 Thank you plastic bag inspired shirt. What t-shirt design is your favorite? Which design should the organization use for next year?
Written by: Kayla Nelson