|Publication number||US6594990 B2|
|Application number||US 10/010,168|
|Publication date||Jul 22, 2003|
|Filing date||Dec 10, 2001|
|Priority date||Nov 3, 2000|
|Also published as||DE50001415D1, EP1205647A1, EP1205647B1, US20020073696|
|Publication number||010168, 10010168, US 6594990 B2, US 6594990B2, US-B2-6594990, US6594990 B2, US6594990B2|
|Inventors||Johannes Kuenstler, Paul Eduard Moraal, Urs Christen, Yasser Mohamed Sayed Yacoub|
|Original Assignee||Ford Global Technologies, Llc|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (20), Referenced by (195), Classifications (54), Legal Events (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present invention relates to a method for regenerating a diesel particulate filter in the exhaust gas system of a diesel engine and for controlling a diesel engine which is set up for carrying out the method.
Diesel particulate filters (DPFs) in the exhaust gas system of diesel engines are used to remove unburned soot particles from the exhaust gas. Filters such as these are regenerated periodically by burning the accumulated particulate matter. The particulate matter ignites only at relatively high temperatures, typically, about 550° C. Temperatures such as these are reached only in high load and high engine speed conditions. To ensure operation of the DPF, measures are taken to increase the exhaust gas temperature to sufficiently high levels, regardless of engine operating condition, to cause DPF regeneration.
DE 34 08 057 describes a method to ignite particulate matter in a DPF of a diesel engine by increasing the engine load using vehicle brakes, compression release brakes, exhaust brakes, or the like. This applies mainly to commercial vehicles.
DE 43 21 767 is of similar content as DE 34 08 057, but directed to industrial vehicles.
DE 39 09 932 describes a method to regenerate a DPF for an engine with a turbocharger where for low to medium engine loads the exhaust gas will bypass the turbocharger to increase the exhaust temperature and at the same time reduce the intake airflow or use an intake airflow heater.
DE 42 34 841 describes a method to regenerate a DPF for diesel engines by adjusting EGR. To increase the exhaust temperature, EGR rate is reduced.
DE 31 25 305 describes a method to regenerate a DPF for an engine with a turbocharger. A controlled portion of the exhaust gas stream bypasses the turbocharger.
Other procedures have been proposed for such an increase in the exhaust gas temperature. For example, engine load can be increased artificially by switching on electrical loads. If the diesel engine is equipped with a catalytic converter upstream of the DPF additional fuel can be injected into the combustion chamber or into the exhaust gas system. The unburned fuel is oxidized in the catalytic converter causing heat release and a temperature rise in the DPF.
The inventors of the present invention have recognized that individual measures such as these result in problems in that they intervene in complex mutual relationships so that, depending on the engine operating conditions; even the opposite of the desired effect can occur in some circumstances. To illustrate the problem, limits and interactions between the various subsystems for exhaust gas temperature control are described, by way of example, in the following text:
i. Exhaust gas temperature may be as low as 100° C. when the engine is idling, operating at low load, or operating at low speed. This temperature is well below the lightoff temperature or activation temperature of the catalytic converter, that is, below the temperature at which significant oxidation rates are achieved for hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. Thus, in operating conditions such as these, post injection of fuel, with the aim of passing hydrocarbons to the oxidation catalytic converter, would have negligible effect on the inlet temperature at the DPF.
ii. At higher engine speeds and loads, exhaust gas temperature is high enough for the catalytic converter to cause oxidation of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and unburned fuel. However, the speed of the gases through the converter may be too high, so that the residence time in the catalytic converter is insufficient for complete conversion of the unburned hydrocarbons.
iii. By restricting intake flow, the ratio between the pressure in the exhaust manifold and in the intake manifold rises. This pressure ratio causes exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) flow when the EGR valve is open. If the intake is restricted to a major extent by closing the intake throttle valve, EGR can become excessive.
iv. Reducing intake throttle opening increases engine pumping losses, which leads to a reduction in the torque available at the shaft.
v. If engine load is high, i.e., the main fuel injection quantity is high, and the intake is restricted, the air/fuel ratio may become too low meaning that there is little oxygen remaining after the combustion event. Post-injected fuel cannot be oxidized in the catalytic converter and oxygen is not available for combustion of the carbon in the DPF.
vi. The turbocharger, if the engine is so equipped, may have a variable geometry turbine (VGT) in the exhaust duct which is coupled by a shaft to the intake compressor in the intake duct. VGT provides a degree of control over intake pressure by adjusting the angle of the turbine's vanes. If the turbocharger has a VGT, the turbine vanes are closed when the throttle valve is closed. This can lead to turbocharger over speed and an unnecessary temperature drop across the turbine.
A method for raising the temperature in a particulate filter, which overcomes disadvantages of prior approaches, is disclosed. The particulate filter is located in an exhaust duct coupled to a multi-cylinder, reciprocating engine located downstream of a catalytic converter which is also located in the exhaust duct. The method includes the steps of: closing, at least partially, an exhaust gas recirculation valve; adjusting an intake throttle valve disposed in the intake duct toward a closed position to provide a desired intake pressure; and increasing a main quantity of fuel supplied in a main fuel injection in response to the above steps. Preferably, the method further includes: discontinuing feedback control of a variable geometry turbine located in the exhaust duct upstream of the catalytic converter in response to closing the exhaust gas recirculation valve; injecting a quantity of post injected fuel when a temperature in a catalytic converter exceeds a predetermined activation temperature; and adjusting a timing and quantity of a pilot injection such that a noise level generated by combustion in the engine remains below a predetermined acceptable level.
A system for an engine capable of increasing temperature in a particulate filter disposed in an exhaust coupled to the engine is disclosed. The engine has a multiplicity of cylinders with pistons reciprocating within the cylinders, an intake with an intake throttle valve, a fuel injection system providing at least one fuel injector in each cylinder, and an exhaust gas recirculation system. The engine has an exhaust turbine located upstream of the particulate filter in the exhaust. The exhaust gas recirculation system is coupled to the engine intake and the engine exhaust via an exhaust gas recirculation valve. The fuel injection system is capable of providing multiple injections in each cylinder during a single revolution of the engine. The system includes an electronic control unit operably connected to the engine, the exhaust recirculation valve, the throttle valve, and the fuel injectors. The electronic control unit closes, at least partially, the exhaust gas recirculation valve; closes, at least partially, the intake throttle valve; increases a quantity of main fuel supplied in a main fuel injection event.
An advantage of the present invention is that a coordinated method for regeneration of the particulate filter in a diesel engine is provided. The method takes into account of the relationships between the various parameters and ensures a robust regeneration under all engine operating conditions. Furthermore, the coordinated approached of the present invention overcomes the difficulty with prior approaches in that they occasionally cause the opposite of the desired effect.
The above advantage, other advantages, and features of the present invention will be readily apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.
The advantages described herein will be more fully understood by reading an example of an embodiment in which the invention is used to advantage, referred to herein as the Detailed Description, with reference to the drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 shows, schematically, those components of a diesel engine involved in carrying out the method;
FIG. 2 shows a flowchart of algorithm for controlling exhaust gas temperature; and
FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of the control strategy for the exhaust gas temperature.
FIG. 1 shows, schematically, those components of a diesel engine significant to the present invention. Air is inducted and compressed by a compressor 1, and is supplied to diesel engine 5 through its intake manifold. An intake throttle valve 2 is, in the air duct between compressor 1 and diesel engine 5. Fuel is injected into the cylinders of diesel engine 5 via fuel injectors 6, and is burned with the air. The exhaust gases produced in the cylinder leave diesel engine 5 via exhaust manifold 7.
A portion of these exhaust gases is supplied by an EGR system to the intake of diesel engine 5. Exhaust gases pass through an EGR cooler 4 and an EGR valve 3. EGR quantity is controlled by EGR valve 3.
The portion of the exhaust gases which is not recirculated to the intake manifold flows into a turbine 8, possibly a VGT type, which rotates by expansion of exhaust gases flowing through it. Turbine 8 is coupled to and provides the driving force for compressor 1. Exhaust gases then flow into an exhaust gas aftertreatment system comprising an oxidation catalytic converter 9 and a DPF 10 located downstream of turbine 8.
To remove particulate matter from DPF 10, it is known to increase exhaust gas temperature above the ignition temperature of the particulate matter. There are at least three measures for increasing exhaust gas temperature:
reducing the gas flow through the engine so that the energy released during combustion is distributed over less mass;
reducing engine efficiency, so that more energy is consumed for the same mechanical power, and more thermal energy is rejected into the exhaust gases;
and providing unburned hydrocarbons to catalytic converter 9 to react within exothermically.
The exhaust gas flow is reduced by restricting the amount of air inducted into engine 5, which is accomplished by partially closing intake throttle 2. This increases pumping losses, which decreases engine efficiency.
The output power level of the engine is increased further when electrical loads are applied to the alternator.
The hydrocarbons, mentioned above, can be provided either by injecting additional fuel into all of the cylinders, or some of the cylinders, after the fuel injected in the main injection has ignited and substantially fully combusted, termed post injection, or by direct injection of fuel into the exhaust gas duct at a location upstream of catalytic converter 9. If the engine, as illustrated in FIG. 1, is equipped with a variable geometry turbine (VGT) 8, mass air flow rate and efficiency can also be varied by VGT position.
The present invention is based in a known manner on the fact that particulate matter is burned by increasing the temperature of the exhaust gas above the ignition temperature of the filter residues. The coordinated approach of the present invention is described below:
a) Electrical loads that are suitable for this purpose are switched on, to increase the engine load and thereby increase the amount of rejected heat in the exhaust stream. Suitable electrical loads are, for example, glow plugs in the diesel engine, windshield heating and the like. The engine may or may not be equipped with suitable electrical devices. Even if such devices exist, this step is not crucial to the successful implementation of the present invention.
b) The EGR valve is closed, so that restriction can be carried out later (item d). At the same time, the pilot injection parameters are adapted, as appropriate, to maintain combustion noise within acceptable limits.
c) If boost pressure control is provided by means of a turbocharger with a variable geometry turbine (VGT) and the VGT is feedback controlled to a specific intake manifold pressure, this feedback loop is opened. Alternatively, basic control (feed forward) can be used for turbine control, or the position of the VGT can be set to new, calibrated values.
d) The fresh air supply is restricted such that the intake manifold pressure assumes a value that depends on engine speed and load. The air mass flow is thus reduced so that the same amount of thermal energy is distributed over a smaller amount of exhaust gas.
e) The above-mentioned restriction of the fresh air supply (item d) is lessened if increased power is demanded by the driver. This may be indicated by sudden depression of the accelerator pedal. This ensures that the engine still produces an acceptable driving response. Also, the intake restriction is lessened if the air/fuel ratio falls below a predetermined minimum value. This ensures that both the catalytic converter and the DPF receive the required amount of oxygen for the chemical reactions taking place therein.
f) If the fuel supply is not controlled automatically (by means of an idle speed regulator or cruise control), the fuel supply is increased to compensate for losses and changes in combustion efficiency. The fuel supply is preferably increased as a function of intake manifold pressure, accelerator pedal position and engine speed.
g) Finally, fuel may be injected at a time late in the combustion stroke, provided the catalytic converter, which is arranged upstream of the DPF, has reached its operating temperature. Consequently, unburned hydrocarbons are supplied to the catalytic converter and are reacted in the catalytic converter, thereby causing a temperature rise in the exhaust gases and the DPF. The amount of fuel injected late in the combustion stroke, post injection, can be increased if the temperature of the catalytic converter rises. The throttle remains partially closed.
The coordinated use, as explained above, of various measures reliably produces the desired increase in exhaust gas temperature under a variety of engine operating conditions. Furthermore, inadvertent and uncontrolled negative effects are avoided.
Although the step sequence described above represents a preferred sequence, the step sequence can be varied within the scope of the present invention. Several steps can be carried out simultaneously or virtually simultaneously. This relates in particular to items a) to c).
Post injection of fuel is postponed until the catalytic converter temperature is above the activation temperature, i.e., the temperature above which significant catalytic conversion takes place. Instead of waiting, attaining the activation temperature can be speeded up by carrying out post injection of fuel close to the time of the main injection, according to item f), until the catalytic converter has reached its operating or activation temperature. In this case, the main injection quantity is reduced, to avoid overshooting torque.
Increase in fuel supply, according to item f), can be produced, for example, by applying a multiplication factor to the basic fuel supply strategy. The multiplication factor depends on the engine speed and/or the intake manifold pressure. The values of this multiplication factor may be established in the course of engine testing and may be stored in table memories.
Post injection of fuel which is carried out in item g) advantageously takes place at approximately 100° after top dead center into an expansion stroke. The expansion stroke is a downward movement of the piston in the cylinder when the cylinder is shut off from the intake and exhaust ducts.
Once a state has been reached in item g), in which the engine is operating with reduced efficiency and hence with increased rejected heat, the result is a temperature rise in the DPF. This state is preferably maintained until all the particulate matter in the DPF has been burned or, in the case of a self-sustaining reaction, until it is certain that the reaction is reliably initiated.
The various parameters which can be influenced, such as EGR, the intake manifold pressure, the fuel supply quantity and the amount of post injection, are preferably controlled such that a sufficiently high temperature is maintained in the particulate filter to burn the particulate matter such that the torque demanded by the driver is produced, so that the driving response is not noticeably impaired.
Furthermore, EGR, the intake manifold pressure, the fuel supply quantity and the amount of post injection are preferably controlled such that the air/fuel ratio remains above a given minimum value. This minimum value is above the stoichiometric level, so that oxygen is available in the exhaust gases for combustion of particulate matter in the DPF.
According to another aspect of the present invention intake manifold pressure is varied in an oscillating manner so that the air/fuel ratio likewise exceeds said minimum value in an oscillating manner. This procedure is appropriate when the required temperature cannot be reached while at the same time maintaining the minimum oxygen concentration downstream from the catalytic converter. In this case, the engine is periodically throttled to reach the required temperature. The thermal energy produced in the process is stored in all parts of the exhaust gas path. Subsequently, sufficient oxygen is provided for the combustion process in the DPF by periodically opening the throttle valve, in which case the exhaust gas temperature remains sufficiently high owing to the thermal inertia of the system, provided the throttle opening intervals are sufficiently short.
Furthermore, while the particulate matter is being burned in item g), or after this step—in a similar way to that in item f)—the restriction to the fresh air supply is reduced if the desired engine speed cannot be maintained or if the driver demands acceleration. The torque demanded by the driver can be taken into account by a differential filter acting in one direction (only for positive acceleration) for the pedal position.
The invention furthermore relates to a diesel engine having EGR, a catalytic converter, a DPF arranged in the exhaust gas system downstream from the catalytic converter, and a control device for regenerating the DPF by increasing the exhaust gas temperature. The control device is connected to sensor inputs and outputs to actuators, such that it can carry out a method of the type explained above.
For the items discussed above to be successful, they are carefully coordinated. In particular, they are started in the correct sequence, and they are not allowed to compete with one another or interfere with one another or with other parts of normal engine control.
FIG. 2 shows the control strategy, in the form of a flowchart, according to the present invention. The strategy, according to the present invention, results in the various items being coordinated in such a way to provide efficient regeneration of DPF 10 in a manner, which is robust and is imperceptible to the driver.
The strategy illustrated in FIG. 2 commences after its start 20 with a decision in the block 21 as to whether DPF 10 does or does not need to be regenerated. Methods for making this decision are well known by those skilled in the art, and will thus not be explained further for the purposes of the present invention. If the decision result is negative, the algorithm terminates in block 22.
If, on the other hand, DPF 10 is to be regenerated, control passes to step 23 in which all electrical loads that are suitable for this purpose are switched on to increase the engine load, and hence the production of rejected thermal energy. The battery voltage is monitored continuously during this process. Should it fall below a lower limit value, electrical loads are switched off. However, when battery voltage is low, the alternator provides an additional load on the engine, in recharging the battery. As soon as the nominal battery voltage is reached, said electrical loads are switched on again.
Next, in step 25, EGR valve 2 is closed. At the same time, the pilot injection is adapted, in order that combustion noise remains at an acceptable level.
In the next step, 26, boost pressure feedback control by VGT 8 is disabled. If such control is present, only the feed forward control is retained.
Then, in step 27, intake flow rate is restricted via intake throttle 2, although in a coordinated manner. Closure of intake throttle 2 is lessened in feedback loop 28 if the driver makes a demand for acceleration or if a minimum air/fuel ratio is undershot.
In step 29, the basic fuel supply is adapted as a function of intake manifold pressure and engine speed.
A check is then carried out in block 24 to determine whether the temperature of oxidation catalytic converter 9 is above a threshold value. If catalyst 9 is not above the threshold temperature, control jumps back to step 23. If, on the other hand, catalytic converter 9 has reached its operating temperature, then, in step 30, post injection is activated.
FIG. 3 shows those components: computational subsystems, sensors, actuators, and connections between such, which are significant for exhaust gas temperature regulation according to the present invention. A target value 46 for the intake manifold pressure and the maximum value 47 for post injection are defined in subsystem 31. The input parameters are, in this case, temperature 40 of DPF 10, engine speed 42, cruise control flag 44, and pedal position 45 of the accelerator pedal.
Limiting boundary conditions are taken into account in subsystem 32. These include, in particular, the air/fuel ratio 41, engine speed 42 and changes in pedal position 45. The input parameters of subsystem 32 are the outputs 46 (desired intake manifold pressure) and 47 (maximum post injection amount) of subsystem 31, and signals relating to air/fuel ratio 41, engine speed 42, desired engine speed 43, a cruise control flag 44, and pedal position 45.
On the output side, subsystem 32 passes the desired intake manifold pressure 49 and the maximum post injection amount 50, which have been modified, if necessary, on the basis of the boundary conditions. The desired intake manifold pressure 49 is passed on to a throttle subsystem 34, which uses desired intake manifold pressure 49 and the actual intake manifold pressure 48 to supply signals for the EGR valve position 53, the intake throttle position 54, the pilot injection 55, and for a flag 56 for switching off the VGT feedback.
The maximum post injection amount 50 is passed on to a subsystem 35 for post injection, which also receives a signal 51 relating to the catalytic converter temperature. As its output variables, subsystem 35 provides the post injection amount 57 and the timing control 58 for the post injection process.
Subsystem 33 is provided to compensate for torque reduction. On the input side, subsystem 33 receives signals relating to pedal position 45, cruise control flag 44, engine speed 42, and intake manifold pressure 48. On the output side, subsystem 33 emits a signal 52, which governs the additional fuel supply for the main injection.
While several modes for carrying out the invention have been described in detail, those familiar with the art to which this invention relates will recognize alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the invention. The above-described embodiments are intended to be illustrative of the invention, which may be modified within the scope of the following claims.
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|U.S. Classification||60/295, 60/311, 60/300, 60/285, 60/278, 60/274|
|International Classification||F01N13/02, F01N3/28, F01N3/023, F02D41/00, F02D41/04, F02M25/07, F01N3/02, F02D41/38, F02B37/18, F02B37/24, F01N3/035, F02D23/02, F02D41/40, F02D43/00, F02D41/02, F02D21/08, F01N3/24, F02D41/14|
|Cooperative Classification||F02M26/15, F02P19/026, Y02T10/47, F01N3/035, F02D41/029, F02D41/0055, F02D41/405, F01N2250/02, F01N2430/085, F01N13/0097, F01N3/023, Y02T10/26, Y02T10/42, F02D41/0002, Y02T10/44, F02D41/0007, F02B37/18, F02D41/024, F02D2041/026, Y02T10/144, F02B37/24|
|European Classification||F01N3/023, F02D41/00D4, F02B37/18, F01N3/035, F02D41/02C4D5, F02D41/00D, F02D41/40D4, F02D41/02C4B, F02D41/00F6B4|
|Feb 26, 2002||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: FORD GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC., A CORP. OF MICHIGA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:FORD MOTOR COMPANY, A CORP. OF DELAWARE;REEL/FRAME:012645/0587
Effective date: 20020206
Owner name: FORD MOTOR COMPANY, MICHIGAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KUENSTLER, JOHANNES;MORAAL, PAUL EDUARD;CHRISTEN, URS;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:012645/0550
Effective date: 20020131
|Apr 22, 2003||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: FORD GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, LLC, MICHIGAN
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:FORD GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:013987/0838
Effective date: 20030301
Owner name: FORD GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, LLC,MICHIGAN
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:FORD GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:013987/0838
Effective date: 20030301
|Dec 18, 2006||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 28, 2010||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 29, 2014||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Get to Know about the Texas Country Music Cruise
Many changes and innovations have been registered over the years in the world of entertainment. Different types of entertainment are getting numerous small and big changes from day to day. One of the areas of entertainment that has seen some of these changes is music. As the days progress, there has been invention of new genres of music. Individual changes are also being made to the existing genres from time to time.
One of the genres that has been making headlines over the years is country music. For this reason, country music has enjoyed fans and support from people of all ages across the entire globe. It is this reason also that has seen a myriad of country music festivals and events organised. The Texas country music cruise is one of the most spectacular country music events in the world today. Being a country music fan or not, you should aspire to be in this one of a kind music event. To give you a glimpse of this spectacular event, here are a few things you may be interested in knowing.
Many music events usually take place for a single day or night. The entertainment one gets during such events is most of the times inadequate. This whole unsatisfying entertainment is replaced by the Texas country music cruise which gives you a three day excusive country music entertainment. In these three days, you will fulfil all your music cravings and get all the refreshment you would ever need.
Having known that the entire country music voyage takes place in the sea for three days, you might be concerned about you accommodation. Top class cruise ships are used for the voyages meaning that you do not have to be worried about a thing. You get in them the best accommodation services anyone could get in any cruise ships. You are also guaranteed of getting a variety high quality meals being served thus ensuring your adventure is fun filled.
Something else that should make you aspire to be part of the Texas country music cruise is the fact that you get to be entertained by many top country music artists. One thing the Texas country music cruise has been famed for is making some of the best country music artist selections. Getting personal interaction with the artists is another great chance the cruise gives you while on the three day extravaganza.
Another thing the Texas country music cruise gives you is a good seas adventure. You get to sail through one of the most adventurous parts of the seas. In the entire here days, you make it to at least four sea towns along the ocean. This way ,you go to new parts of the world and meet the people in these places.

domain: artistic


text:
Sudan: Oil Firms Accused of Fueling Mass Displacement and Killing
Oil companies operating in Sudan are complicit in the systematic depopulating of large areas of the country and atrocities against civilians, tens of thousands of whom have been killed and displaced from the areas around the oil fields, according to a report to be published today.
Christian Aid, in a searing report on the consequences of Sudan's new oil bonanza, accuses the oil companies of deep involvement in the government's war machine against southern civilians.
The companies are protected by government forces and allow their airstrips and roads to be used by the military, while the revenues from oil are funding expansion of the war, the report says.
The report includes dozens of eyewitness accounts from villages where people have been driven out by bombing and ground attacks.
"Oil has brought death," said one Nuer chief, Malony Kolang. "When the pumping began, the war began. Antonovs and helicopter gunships began attacking the villages. All the farms have been destroyed, everything around the oil fields has been destroyed."
Christian Aid's report calls on foreign oil companies - from Canada, Sweden, China, France and Austria - to suspend their operations in Sudan. It also calls for BP and Shell to divest their shares in firms whose parent company is involved.
The report accuses the oil companies of trying to distance themselves from the catastrophe of southern Sudan by claiming they are not responsible for the behaviour of companies in which they are shareholders.
BP said last night it had no intention of disposing of its interests in PetroChina "because there is no reason why we should". The Chinese company, in which BP bought a $578m stake 12 months ago, is not active in Sudan, although its parent group, China National Petroleum Corporation, (CNPC) is.
Toby Odone, a spokesman for BP, insisted there was no operational connection between PetroChina and CNPC. "When PetroChina did its IPO [listing on the US stock market] it assured the Securities & Exchange Commission that it had no interests in Sudan because of the sanctions issue," he explained.
A Shell spokesman said it had no exploration or production interests in Sudan either directly or through its Chinese partner Sinopec. Dave Stuart said: "Although Sinopec did at one stage control interests in Sudan as a result of the restructuring of the Chinese state oil industry, that stake was moved back to CNPC during 1999."
He said Shell would not agree to Christian Aid demands that it withdraw from its shareholding in Sinopec because there was no connection between Sinopec and CNPC.
Rolls Royce admits it provided 34 diesel engines to help pump oil along a 1,000-mile pipeline from Sudan's oil fields to an export terminal on the Red Sea.
Martin Brody, a Rolls Royce spokesman, said the company always took advice from the British government on where it could do business but also had its own criteria. He added: "As a supplier of equipment we always take a responsible view of our actions. We gave a lot of information to Christian Aid and will need to look at its report in more detail."
Glasgow-based Weir Group is also being criticised for a 20m contract to provide equipment for pumping stations on the same pipeline. Emrys Inker, a spokesman for Weir, confirmed its involvement in Sudan but said all the work had been done with the approval of the Department of Trade and Industry and the British government.
Weir had no comment on accusations that it is complicit in human rights abuses, or on speculation that it is involved in a second contract to supply pumps.
The report gives harrowing details of the lives of refugees from the oil areas who have walked hundreds of miles to very precarious areas of southern Sudan, already wracked by decades of civil war.
"All the villages along the road have been burned," said John Wicjial Bayak, a local official driven from a village close to the main road built for access to the oil fields. "You cannot see a single hut. The government doesn't want people anywhere near the oil."
One man described fleeing the bombing with six of his grandchildren to hide in a forest. "We dug a hole for the children and put a blanket on top," he said. "We stayed 20 days in the forest eating wild fruit."
Systematic attacks on the villages began in March 2000, according to village chiefs. One was bombed 10 times before government troops finally burned out the residents.
Across southern Sudan life is on a knife-edge and the government's strategy of banning aid flights to Upper Nile is fanning fears of a new famine tragedy similar to that of 1998, in which tens of thousands died.
- 107 Energy
- 116 Human Rights

domain: politics


text:
Louis Vuitton calls it ‘the most authentic high-end sneaker ever’. But the new drop of 47 bespoke Nike Air Force 1s – a collaboration with the French fashion house – also happens to be the first-ever crafted outside a bona fide Nike factory. The so-called authenticity refers, instead, to the painstaking craftsmanship, hand-cut decals, and hand-stitching at Vuitton’s accessories atelier in Fiesso d’Artico.
Abloh had spoken about his fondness for the Air Force 1, calling it an emblem of the streetwear community in Rockford, Illinois, where he was raised, and a cultural symbol worldwide. The designs he staged at LV’s Spring/Summer 2022 show featured the familiar hallmarks of the legendary trainer, realised in Vuitton go-to materials like crocodile, faux fur, and PVC.
In production since 1982, when Abloh was two years old, Nike’s Air Force 1 grew beyond their function and milieu, becoming one of those rare cultural signifiers that transcend border, language, and class. In his inimitable way, Abloh brought the touchstone of his past into the rarefied world he occupied at the height of his career. Together, the two iconic brands represent the high-low culture fusion that was his trademark.
Louis Vuitton and Nike’s Air Force 1; by Virgil Abloh – at the Greenpoint Terminal Warehouse in Brooklyn until 31 May – features all 47 editions of Abloh’s Nike Air Force 1, and the immersive spaces will exhibit the creative dialogue between Nike and Abloh, representing Louis Vuitton.

domain: news


text:
Sharing the joy of reading in tribal communities in Rajasthan
India has the second largest school system in the world, after China. The Covid-19 pandemic exacerbated the learning crisis, especially for children from underserved communities. We risk losing decades of progress towards improving our country’s educational outcomes. A study conducted by Azim Premji University in 2021* of over 16,000 children in 1,137 public schools in five states found that the learning losses due to school closures during the pandemic resulted in an average of 92% of children losing at least one specific language ability and 82% of children losing one mathematical ability from the previous year across all classes. This study included nearly 4,000 children in 200 schools in Rajasthan.
According to the 2011 Census, tribal communities make up almost 14% of the population of Rajasthan, India’s largest state by area and the seventh largest by population. In tribal communities, children learn language through the oral tradition of interacting with their family and community in their mother tongue, since there is often no written script of the language. At school, however, they are taught in the mainstream language, which can be a difficult transition.
Tribal children in Rajasthan face innumerable challenges in accessing education. Schools are generally far away from their hamlets; often, parents have to migrate seasonally in search of work, so the children have to stop attending school. To address some of these issues, the Tribal Area Development (TAD) department of the Government of Rajasthan set up community schools for tribal children in remote areas through its development wing called SWACH. These community schools, or Ma Bari Centres are for children between the ages of 6 and 12 years of age. A total of 2,609 Ma Bari Centres are being operated in 11 districts of Rajasthan where 3,500 teachers are teaching 78,270 tribal children.
UNICEF and TAD-SWACH first partnered with Pratham Books in 2020 to develop open licensed high quality local language digital libraries through translation workshops in the tribal languages of Sahariya and Vagadi. 100 storybooks were translated with the help of language experts and enthusiasts.
In 2021, the printed storybooks were distributed to 9000 children enrolled in 300 Ma Bari centres located across four districts in Rajasthan to help them continue their learning journeys while at home, as schools remained closed due to the pandemic. Supplemental support was also provided in the form of Read at Home book packs, including activity workbooks in Sahariya and Vagadi. Teachers were also trained on how to use the storybooks effectively to develop the children’s reading skills. Through this collaborative effort, we were able to bridge the learning gap for children from these tribal communities.
This project was supported by UNICEF Rajasthan and implemented in partnership with TAD-SWACH.
*Loss of Learning during the Pandemic Field Studies in Education |. (2021). [online . Available at: https://archive.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in/SitePages/pdf/Field_Studies_Loss_of_Learning_during_the_Pandemic.pdf [Accessed 2 July 2021].

domain: sociology


text:
Iterative reactions of transient boronic acids enable sequential C–C bond formation
Tran, Duc N
Allwood, Daniel M
Blakemore, David C
Nature Publishing Group
MetadataShow full item record
Battilocchio, C., Feist, F., Hafner, A., Simon, M., Tran, D. N., Allwood, D. M., Blakemore, D. C., & et al. (2016). Iterative reactions of transient boronic acids enable sequential C–C bond formation. Nature Chemistry, 8 360-367. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2439
The ability to form multiple carbon–carbon bonds in a controlled sequence and thus rapidly build molecular complexity in an iterative fashion is an important goal in modern chemical synthesis. In recent times, transition-metal-catalysed coupling reactions have dominated in the development of C–C bond forming processes. A desire to reduce the reliance on precious metals and a need to obtain products with very low levels of metal impurities has brought a renewed focus on metal-free coupling processes. Here, we report the in situ preparation of reactive allylic and benzylic boronic acids, obtained by reacting flow-generated diazo compounds with boronic acids, and their application in controlled iterative C–C bond forming reactions is described. Thus far we have shown the formation of up to three C–C bonds in a sequence including the final trapping of a reactive boronic acid species with an aldehyde to generate a range of new chemical structures.
We are grateful to Pfizer (C.B., D.M.A., D.C.B. and J.M.H.), the Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes (German National Academic Foundation, F.F.), the Alexander-von-Humboldt foundation (A.H.), Erasmus+ (M.S.), the Swiss National Science Foundation (D.N.T.) and the EPSRC (S.V.L., grant n° EP/K009494/1 and EP/M004120/1) for financial support. We would also like to thank Dr Richard Turner for providing assistance throughout the development of the research programme.
External DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2439
This record's URL: https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251410

domain: literature


Microsoft Corp. co-founder Paul Allen said a cancer he successfully received treatment for several years ago has returned.
In a post on his personal website Monday, Allen said his doctors have recently started treating him for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the same type of cancer he was diagnosed with in 2009 and received chemotherapy to treat.
“A lot has happened in medicine since I overcame this disease in 2009. My doctors are optimistic that I will see good results from the latest therapies, as am I,” Allen said in the post.
Allen and Bill Gates founded Microsoft
Also popular on WSJ.com:


text:
There's a new poll on the CNYSpeaks blog.
It asks readers to select -- based on the information currently available -- which solution they prefer for replacing the elevated sections of I-81 as it runs through Downtown Syracuse. The spans were built in the 1960 and transportation officials say they are at the end of their useful life.
An article on the future of I-81 was recently posted in this space and generated more than 170 comments.
But it did not provide a way of really quantifying what solution the commentators preferred. The poll will help us do that.

domain: geography


Liverpool target Christian Eriksen scores an awesome 89th minute free kick against Georgia
- June 5, 2013
On Wednesday night, Denmark came from behind to beat Georgia 2-1 in a friendly.
They have Ajax starlet Christian Eriksen to thank after he scored a fantastic free-kick to bag the winner.
With one minute left of the allotted 90, the Liverpool target released a beauty which left the keeper rooted to the spot.
Check out the free-kick right here:
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- Thiago Messi’s appearance at Barca celebrations has produced cute Photoshops
- Cristiano Ronaldo comes to the rescue of Japanese child interviewer attempting Portugue...
- What Pep said to Messi


text:
- Publish Date
- Tuesday, 7 February 2017, 3:43PM
The Superbowls infamy for nip slips continues to rise. Considering it's been 13 years since the most famous case of nip slip occurred thanks to the Janet Jackson and co-star Justin Timber lake, it was about time another celeb made the Superbowl about the nip.
Chrissy Teigen and hubby John Legend were spending the day at NRG Stadium for one of the biggest days for American sports when the camera caught a shot of the lovely couple. However, it was what the Twitter-sphere noticed sticking out that made caught the reaction of Teigen.
In true Chrissy Teigen fashion, the amount of f***s given cannot be valued because there are none!
All she was worried about is Pizza and the fact that it is the "25th quarter" of the game:
What's a nip slip to Sports Illustrated model anyways???


text:
Pilot Beach Holidays has launched a sale that will get you a 5-star week in Crete this April for £349 per person. This deal includes a room upgrade, daily meals and spa access and saves up to 38% on the usual rates.
In full, you get:
This deal is valid for travel on 27 April. It is £399 to fly on 30 April; 15, 22 October.
There are alternative departures available on select dates in April and October from London Stansted, London Gatwick, East Midlands, Glasgow Prestwick, Leeds Bradford from £299 per person. Click here for a full list.
Pilot Beach Resort is on Almyros bay, near the fishing village of Georgioupolis on Crete's northern coast. It is set amid olive and avocado trees on a private stretch of the Blue Flag Georgioupolis Beach. The beach is "long and sweeping and safe for children", according to The Daily Telegraph, and guests can take part in a variety of watersports (charges apply). Facilities include tennis courts, a health club, four outdoor pools and one heated indoor pool.
The hotel has four restaurants. Guests staying on a half-board basis can have dinner in either the buffet-style Kronos Restaurant or the Ariadni Greek Restaurant. There is also an including an à la carte eaterie available for a supplement.
One child aged 2-12 stays for free on a full-board basis when sharing the adults' room (flights are still payable). The price for two adults and a child starts at £679.
Transfers are from £36-39 per person (return).
Book by 27 March.
Please go to your email and confirm your subscription.

domain: travel


text:
Police say Decatur man tried to hire “hitmen” to kidnap two women
DECATUR, Ala. – The FBI and Decatur Police have arrested a Decatur man who they say tried to hire “hitmen,” who were actually undercover agents, to kidnap two women.
Brian Boersma has been arrested and charged with conspiracy to commit murder, conspiracy to commit kidnapping, and conspiracy to commit human trafficking, Decatur Police say.
According to a release from Decatur Police, they began a joint investigation with the FBI in October. They say Boersma met with two undercover agents, who were posing as hitmen, and detailed a plan for the two women he wanted to be kidnapped.
He was arrested after the meeting.
His bond is currently set at $2 million.
Police say they recovered additional information after the arrest, and they expect to add even more charges.
They also add that they believe Boersma was acting alone and not part of a gang. They say social media rumors suggested otherwise, but those rumors are not true.


text:
Web Links – Just for You.
TinManTinToys, LLC., is dedicated to providing tin toy collectors a variety of resources in support of their exciting avocation. Please refer to this helpful information on other web sites related to tin toys and collectibles of all sorts. You’ll find auctions, collectible toys, antiques, reproductions, repair and replacement services, research links, etc. Inclusion of a link below does not imply endorsement of any organization, business or website of any kind.
- Bob Luby’s Fine Artwork
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The Internet’s toy and treasure box!
Numerous links to old vintage antiques online. Find antique dealers, appraisers, collectors, clubs and more at CollectibleDetective.com
- One of the busiest and best toy and collectibles websites.
A great place for storage and display solutions for the serious collector.
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Top quality restoration and replacement parts for tin toy’s or almost any toy. If you don’t have it–these folks do!!
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domain: hobby


Volleyball: Bear River, FLC learn postseason matchups
No. 7 Bear River vs. No. 10 Union Mine, 7 p.m. Tuesday
No. 13 Forest Lake Christian at No. 4 Holt Academy, 7 p.m. Tuesday
For the fifth straight season, the Bear River girls volleyball team is in the playoffs and for the fourth straight time they will be hosting a first round matchup.
The Lady Bruins found out Wednesday they will be hosting Union Mine next Tuesday to open the Sac-Joaquin Section Division-IV playoffs.
Bear River (18-10, 8-2 Pioneer Valley League) grabbed the No. 7 seed, assuring at least one home playoff game.
The Lady Bruins took second place in the PVL this year and had expected a better seed, said Bear River head coach Matt MacDonald.
“We were very shocked,” MacDonald said of his team’s seeding. “I thought our body of work would put us in a situation to get into that No. 3 or No. 4 seed.”
Last season Bear River also placed second in the PVL with an 8-2 record, but garnered a No. 3 seed in the 2013 playoff bracket.
“We were hoping for two home games, but you move on,” MacDonald said. “It’s a little frustrating, but we have to move on and prepare for Union Mine.”
The Lady Bruins and No. 10 seed Union Mine (13-11, 8-2 Sierra Valley Conference) already played once this season on Sept. 18. In that game, Bear River won in four sets, getting 21 kills from junior Kaely Rath and 12 kills from sophomore Ashley Albee.
“We’re frustrated with a seven, but they have to be upset about a 10-seed,” said MacDonald. “They were co-champs in their league and they got a road game to start the playoffs.”
The last time the Lady Bruins and Union Mine met up in the postseason was 2011 in the D-IV title game. Union Mine won that match in four sets.
In 2012, Bear River won the section title, beating Ripon Christian in four sets. Last season, the Lady Bruins were bounced in the D-IV semifinals by Hilmar, a team they could possibly face in the second round.
“We’re happy to get a chance to potentially go back to Hilmar,” said MacDonald. “To get an opportunity to play them again is exactly what we wanted, granted we can get past Union Mine.”
Also making the playoffs from the PVL is Placer and Colfax. Placer (14-11, 9-1 PVL), who took the league title this season, grabbed a No. 5 seed in the D-III bracket and will face Vista del Lago in the first round. Colfax (10-10, 7-3 PVL) is the No. 12 seed in the D-IV bracket and will travel to play Amador in the first round.
The Forest Lake Christian girls are also into the postseason, garnering a No. 13 seed in the D-V playoff bracket. The Lady Falcons (16-10) will hit the road to face No. 4 seed Holt Academy.
“I did not expect to be that low,” Forest Lake Christian head coach Travis Smith said. “There are lots of teams with the same record as us, an identical finish in league and they are placed ahead of us. The No. 3 and No. 13 seeds have the same league record. Bradshaw Christian got the No. 3 seed after finishing in second place in the Sierra Delta League.
Forest Lake Christian, who placed second in the Central Valley California League, has made the playoffs every season since volleyball became a sport at the school, said Smith. The last time FLC won a section title was 1998. Since 1993, the Lady Falcons have reached the section title game nine times, but have just the one championship.
Despite the No. 13 seed, Smith said he is confident his team can compete with, and beat, Holt Academy.
“The seeding is weird, but we definitely got into the bracket where we feel we can go a long way,” said Smith.
Last season the Lady Falcons reached the D-V semifinals, but fell to Bradshaw Christian in five sets.
This year’s Lady Falcons were hit hard by the injury bug, but have persevered behind strong play from sophomore Emily O’Neill, sophomore Alysse Moore and junior Maddie Switzer.
The Lady Falcons also got some good news this week as senior hitter and team leader Hailey Adams returned from an injury that had sidelined her for several games.
“We got Hailey in our final game, she played sparingly but got a couple good swings in and worked a little on blocking, and I think she will be good to go,” said Smith.
Also making the playoffs from the CVCL are league champ Woodland Christian (24-8, 10-0 CVCL) and Foresthill. Woodland Christian is the No. 2 seed in the D-V bracket, and Foresthill is the No. 14 seed in the D-V bracket.
The Nevada Union girls volleyball team did not make the playoffs after finishing in sixth place in the Sierra Foothill League. The top five teams in the SFL get automatic bids.
The Lady Miners closed the season 13-18 overall and 3-9 in SFL play. Nevada Union made the playoffs last season but were bounced in the first round.
Since 2002, Nevada Union has appeared in eight section title games, winning seven of those, but have not been past the first round since 2009.
Making the playoffs from the SFL are Oak Ridge (25-7, 10-2 SFL), Granite Bay (24-12, 10-2 SFL), Rocklin (24-13, 10-2 SFL), Del Oro (13-21, 4-8 SFL), and Woodcreek (13-18, 4-8 SFL).
The Sac-Joaquin Section volleyball playoff brackets were released Wednesday. For more information about the playoffs or to view brackets, visit http://www.cifsjs.org.
To contact Sports Editor Walter Ford, call 530-477-4232 or email email@example.com.
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The 2021 High School Optimist All Star teams for baseball, softball and boys volleyball have been announced, and several local student-athletes made the cut.