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The Role and Impact of Geofluids in GeohazardsView this Special Issue
Consolidated and Undrained Ring Shear Tests on the Sliding Surface of the Hsien-du-shan Landslide in Taiwan
A new consolidated undrained ring shear test capable of measuring the pore pressures is presented to investigate the initiation mechanism of the Hsien-du-shan rock avalanche, triggered by Typhoon Morakot, in southern Taiwan. The postpeak state of the landslide surface between the Tangenshan sandstone and the remolded landslide gouge is discussed to address the unstable geomorphological precursors observed before the landslide occurred. Experimental results show that the internal friction angle of the high water content sliding surface in the total stress state, between 25.3 and 26.1°, clarifies the reason of the stable slope prior to Typhoon Morakot. In addition, during the ring shear tests, it is observed that the excess pore pressure is generated by the shear contractions of the sliding surface. The remolded landslide gouge, sheared under the high normal stress, rendered results associated with high shear strength, small shear contraction, low hydraulic conductivity, and continuous excess pore pressure. The excess pore pressure feedback at the sliding surface may have accelerated the landslide.
In 2009, the Hsien-du-shan landslide, triggered by Typhoon Morakot [1, 2], killed more than 400 people at the Hsiaolin village, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Before this landslide mobilized, the authority announced two potential debris flow torrents (Kaohsiung County DF06 and DF07) (http://246.swcb.gov.tw/allfiles/PDF/98%E5%B9%B4%E8%8E%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E9%A2%B1%E9%A2%A8-%E9%AB%98%E9%9B%84%E7%94%B2%E4%BB%99-001-(%E9%80%9F).pdf) as major threats to the local residents in the Hsiaolin village. The debris flow damaged the village during the Kalmaegi in 2008. However, the historical record was unavailable to warn the residents that the village is located at a geological site with a large unstable slope.
The Hsien-du-shan landslide had demanded the authorities to respond urgently in developing new technologies for warning the occurrence of a rainfall-induced rock avalanche. In addition to detecting an abnormal geomorphological pattern [3, 4], clarification of the initiation mechanism of a large rock avalanche is another important task to mitigate disasters (Chen and Wu (2018); Hung et al. (2018); ). Figure 1 shows the available mathematical models to describe the mechanical behavior of the sliding surface of the Hsien-du-shan landslide. A conventional constant friction coefficient was applied to different numerical methods to simulate the postfailure behavior (dashed line) (Figure 1) [1, 2, 6]. Kuo et al.  discovered experimentally slip weakening by the colluvium on the sliding surface that was within the range of natural water contents using high-speed rotary shear tests with maximum shear speed and shear displacement of up to 1.3 m/s and 90 m, respectively (solid lines). Slip weakening is defined as a significant decrease in the friction angle of a sliding surface under high-speed sliding. However, the friction models in Figure 1 did not explicitly consider the pore pressure changes during the Hsien-du-shan landslide. But, studies [8–10] highlighted the importance of including changes in pore pressure to clarify the triggering process of a sliding surface. Lee and Delaney  concluded analytically that the rise in temperature and pore pressure were, respectively, 200 K and 0.2–2 MPa during the movement of the San Andreas Fault zone with an average stress of 10 MPa. Miller et al.  calculated the excess pore pressure of a fault using the porosity reduction mechanism. Iverson  proposed that landslide motion is regulated by , which depends on the dilatancy angle and the intrinsic timescales for pore pressure generation and dissipation. When , soil in the shear zone contracts during slope failure. Then, the shear zone causes positive pore pressure feedback and runaway acceleration. Conversely, when , slow and steady landslide motion occurs while positive pore pressure is supplied by rain infiltration.
Currently, knowledge of the shear behavior of rock avalanches is rather limited, especially when sliding occurs at a great depth. Fortunately, the ring shear apparatus has two obvious advantages for investigating the initiation of a rock avalanche: (1) there is no change in the cross-sectional area of the shear plane as the test proceeds; and (2) the sample can be sheared through an uninterrupted displacement of any magnitude .
Table 1 shows the available ring shear tests. Developing a CU ring shear test apparatus is crucial to clarify the coupling of landslide motion and pore pressure feedback. In addition, ring shear tests have focused on sand [12, 13] and clayey soils [14–18]. Moore and Iverson  concluded that although dilation reduces the internal friction angle of dry granular materials, pore expansion in fluid-saturated materials increases friction and strength by reducing pore-fluid pressure and increasing normal stresses at grain contacts. Atterberg limits, particle shapes, and shearing rates strongly govern stress fluctuations , although the particle size distribution is an additional factor for controlling the residual shear strength  in ring shear tests.
The maximum depth of the Hsien-du-shan rock avalanche was 85.6 m  based on the topographic data before and after the sliding event. In this study, the unit weight of the soils is assumed to be kN/m3. The maximum normal stress may exceed 2000 kPa. In Table 1, although the designed maximum normal stresses of the DPRI-4, DPRI-5, and DPRI-6 exceeded 2000 kPa, a successful case study indicating a maximum normal stress exceeding 2000 kPa was lacking. Although the DPRI-7 achieved a successful maximum normal stress of up to 750 kPa, Sassa et al.  raised the issue regarding the poor performance of a servo-control system. Therefore, only the ring shear test devices proposed by Liao et al. , ICL-2 , and Wu et al.  would fulfill the desired high normal stresses that occurred at the Hsien-du-shan rock avalanche. This study presents an improvement in the ring shear device proposed by Liao et al.  and Wu et al.  to monitor the pore water pressure and the shear behavior of the soil/rock interface of the Hsien-du-shan rock avalanche.
2. The New Ring Shear Apparatus
The ring shear box consists of the upper ring shear box (Figure 2(a)) and the lower shear box (Figure 2(b)). For the ring shear apparatus only for the soils ([15, 25]; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9vTsrE8bSA), the rough interface or vanes must be installed at the top and the bottom shear boxes to ensure that the shear failure occurs in the soils but not the interface of the shear box and the soils. In this study, the apparatus was designed to investigate the interface of two rock samples or of the rock and the soil. Rock sample is adhered to the upper shear box, and the interface between the rock sample and the top shear box is flat (Figure 2(a)). The soils are installed to the lower ring shear box (Figure 2(c)).
(a) Upper shear box with rock sample
(b) Lower shear box without soils
(c) Lower shear box with soils
This ring shear system consists of an MTS, ring shear box, ring displacement control system, signal generator, and data acquisition system (Figure 3(a)). The MTS applies the normal stresses and measures the normal displacement and torque in the ring shear tests. The axial force and torque capacities of the MTS are 50 kN and 500 N-m, respectively. The ring shear box (Figure 3(b)) comprises the upper and lower boxes and is capable of functioning a maximum normal loading of 100 kN. When investigating the interface of the two rock samples, an epoxy is used to adhere rock specimens to both the upper and lower shear boxes . However, when a soil-rock interface is investigated, the rock sample is adhered to the upper shear box, and the soils are put in the lower shear box. The ring displacement control system below the lower shear box, with a large displacement and rotational speeds ranging from 0.0018–1.8 mm/min, drives the lower shear box during the shearing tests. In each testing, the Square Teflon O-rings are, respectively, attached on the inner and outer sides of the samples, in the upper and lower shear boxes, to prevent extrusions water and soils.
(a) Ring shear test system
(b) Sketch of the ring shear box
(c) Arrangement of the pore pressure cell
In this study, the inner and outer diameters of the ring-shaped specimen are 11.0 cm and 14.9 cm, respectively. The inner and outer radius ratio is . The designs meet the dimensional requirements for a specimen as suggested by (1)  and (2) , for obtaining a uniform distribution of stress on the shear plane. where is the specimen outer radius, is the specimen inner radius, is the specimen outer diameter, is the specimen inner diameter, and is the ratio of the inner radius to the outer radius.
The normal and shear stresses applied to the shear zone of the specimen are represented by (3), (4), and (5): where is normal stress, is shear stress, is normal force, is torque, and and are the inner and outer radii, respectively.
When the ring shear tests start, a stress-controlled normal stress is applied from the upper shear box to consolidate the soil samples, and then the ring displacement control system below the lower shear box drives the lower shear box at a specified shear rate. The shear resistance along the shear plane, the interface of the samples, is measured.
During the ring shear test, the sliding surface must ensure a high water tightness, and the pore pressure cell installation must be adjoining to the sliding surface to accurately measure the changes in sliding-induced pore pressures. In the new ring shear apparatus, a drainage pipeline is drilled in the lower shear box slightly lower than the Teflon square O-ring and is adjoined to the sliding surface (Figure 3(b)). Note that if the pressure cell is directly attached to the drainage pipeline, the rotating ring shear test apparatus under a large shear displacement may tie up the pore pressure cell cable and break the pore pressure cell. To avoid the pressure cell damage, the drainage pipeline is connected to a pore pressure cell by a flexible tube to monitor the pore pressure of the shear plane (Figure 3(c)). The flexible tube is connected to the drainage pipeline after setting rock samples to the ring shear test apparatus, and the infilling water to the hollow acrylic cover should fill up the tube and the pipeline (Figure 3(b)). The pore pressure cell should be connected to the flexible tube below the water table and then is attached to the top of the acrylic cover (Figure 3(c)) before the shear test starts. The water tightness of the new ring shear apparatus was assured by Wu , in which the pore pressure reduced from its initial state of 125 to 120 kPa within 20 hours. The dilatancy or contraction at the shear plane during shearing can be obtained from changes in the specimen height.
3. The Hsien-du-shan Rock Avalanche
Figure 4 shows the rainfall data during Typhoon Morakot in 2009 recorded at the Chiahsien Station, which is the nearest rainfall station to the Hsien-du-shan landslide site in Kaohsiung County, Taiwan. The cumulative rainfall exceeded 2000 mm. The Hsien-du-shan rock avalanche occurred at 6:09 a.m. on August 9 and resulted in compound disasters, comprised of slope failure, landslide dam, and dam breakage, claiming more than 400 local residents of Hsiaolin village near the toe of the slope in Kaohsiung (Figure 5).
The shear strength parameters of the sliding surface are key factors when investigating a failure mechanism. Studies by Kuo et al.  indicated that the static friction as the peak coefficient of friction is between 0.3 () and 0.75 (), with a normal stress = 1.0 MPa, when the water content of local colluvium is between 9 and 25% (Figure 1). When the rotary shear speed reaches 1.3 m/s, significant slip weakening occurs, and the coefficient of friction drops to a range between 0.1 () and 0.2 (). The experimental results of the rotary shear test clarify that the shear strength of the sliding surface decreases remarkably when the landslide accelerates. Wu et al.  applied conventional direct shear tests to the high water content remolded soil obtained from the sliding slope of the Hsien-du-shan slope and suggested the normal stresses of 0.5, 1.0, 2, and 3.49 MPa for the experimental testing. The shear strength parameters of the high water content remolded soil are kPa and . In addition, Lin et al.  concluded that the shear strength parameters of the interface between the Tangenshan sandstone and the remolded Yenshuikeng shale, exhibiting high water contents, were and as determined by conventional direct shear tests. Then, the studies validated the stability of the Hsien-du-shan slope under the impact of the Chi-Chi earthquake in 1999 and the Heng-Chun earthquake in 2006. In fact, due to the absence of well-installed in situ groundwater monitoring instruments, the pore pressure change of the Hsien-du-shan sliding surface during its initiation is difficult to be obtained. In addition to field monitoring, Kuo et al.  and Wu et al.  have also difficulties in monitoring the pore pressure changes in experimental shear tests.
3.1. Geological Outline
The Hsien-du-shan slope is located at the east wing of the Hsiaolin syncline. The Hsiaolin syncline axis is located at the toe of the slope near the Hsiaolin Village and is east of the Chishan River [30–32]. A shear zone was discovered at the south boundary of the Hsien-du-shan rock avalanche .
The topographic and elevation differences in the source area before and after the occurrence of a landslide can be used to obtain the volume and maximum thickness of the sliding mass, respectively. The obtained values are carefully considered for maximum normal stress during the shear tests. Chen and Wu  calculated that the slid volume of the Hsien-du-shan rock avalanche was c.a. 27.118 × 106 m3 and the maximum sliding thickness was 85.6 m using a 5 m × 5 m Digital Elevation Model before and after the landslide. The sliding surface is located at the interface of the fractured and weathered Yenshuikeng shale at the top and the Tangenshan sandstone at the bottom . The water content of the sliding surface was high because the rock avalanche was triggered by heavy rainfall. Gravitational slope deformations were observed as unstable precursors before slope failure [2, 32].
4. The Consolidated Undrained Ring Shear Tests
4.1. Sample Preparation
In 2009 and 2010, the sliding gouges still covered the Tangenshan sandstone formation near the source area post the landslide event. The yellow sliding gouge implies that the gouge was generated as a filling layer at the interface of the Yenshuiken shale and Tangenshan sandstone prior to the incident of the landslide. In addition, the results of the X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the minerals in the sliding gouge are very close to those observed in the Yenshuikeng shale . To better understand the shear behavior of the sliding surface of the Hsien-du-shan rock avalanche, the interface between the sliding gouge and the Tangenshan sandstone is also investigated.
4.1.1. The Tangenshan Sandstone Sample
Tangenshan sandstones were obtained at the slope near the east edge of the 590 height (Figure 5), whose elevation is 590 m above the sea level. The physical and mechanical properties of the obtained Tangenshan sandstone are shown in Table 2. The uniaxial compressive strength and Young’s modulus of the sandstone decrease significantly as the water content increases. In addition, the slake-durability index of the sandstone is Id1 = 99.03–99.29 and Id2 = 98.39–98.76. Based on the Gamble classification, sandstone is classified as a very high-durability rock .
Hollow cylinder samples with an inner diameter of 11.0 cm and an outer diameter of 14.9 cm are drilled from the retrieved rocks. The cylinders are cut with a height of 5 ± 0.2 cm to satisfy the size requirements of the ring shear box (Figure 6).
4.1.2. The Remolded Landslide Gouge
Due to the precipitous landform, a sufficient number of the gouges at the sliding surface of the source area were unavailable. In this study, the sandstones and the gouge at the sliding surface were taken in the transitional zone (Figures 5 and 7(a)). Therefore, the gouges are remolded to investigate the postpeak shear behavior because of the unstable topographical precursors before the landslide [2, 32]. In addition, Japanese landslide case studies  showed good agreement between the residual friction angles determined from undisturbed samples and remolded specimens using ring shear tests.
(a) Location to get the soils at the sliding surface
(b) Picture to get the landslide gouge
In Figure 7(a), only the gouges at the depth adjoining to the underlying Tangenshan sandstone were taken to avoid mixing external debris at the ground surface during slope failure (Figure 7(b)). Table 3 shows the physical properties of the landslide gouge, which are classified to be CL based on the Unified Soil Classification.
The procedures for preparing the remolded local soils for the consolidated undrained (CU) ring shear tests include the following:
Step 1. Soils are passed through a no. 10 sieve to reduce the impacts of large grains on the shear test because the thickness of the sample is 2 cm. The lower shear box is installed in the ring displacement control system (Figure 3). Then, the lower shear box is filled with the dry gouges until the groove for the square Teflon O-ring.
Step 2. At the Hsien-du-shan slope, the landslide gouge is located above the Tangenshan sandstone. However, in the ring shear test, the arrangement of the Tangenshan sandstone sample above the remolded gouges (Figure 8) is opposite to the in situ case on the Hsien-du-shan slope. The upper and the lower shear boxes are integrated into the ring shear apparatus. The specified normal force is applied to the soil sample in dry conditions for 12 hours. Then, the interface of the remolded landslide gouge and sandstone sample is submerged in water for an additional 36 hours for the CU ring shear tests considering that the Hsien-du-shan landslide was triggered by heavy rainfall.
(a) Sample in the ring shear apparatus
(b) Integrated samples
4.2. Identification of Test Parameters
The area of the ring shear sample, , is 79.33 × 10−4 m2 because the outer and inner diameters of the sample are 14.9 and 11.0 cm, respectively. The normal forces used in the tests are calculated by the equation . In the CU tests, the normal force, , to consolidate the remolded landslide gouge is 21.5 kN, considering the maximum depth of the Hsien-du-shan rock avalanche was roughly 100 m based on the topographic data before and after the landslide. Then, three normal forces, kN, kN, and kN, corresponding to depths (Dep) of 50 m, 75 m, and 100 m, respectively, covered the normal force calculated from the maximum sliding thickness of 85.6 m  and are applied in the ring shear tests.
Vertical displacement of the sample in each test is monitored using the LVDT of the MTS from the beginning of the consolidation. A pore pressure sensor having a full capacity of 500 kPa, manufactured by Kyowa, Japan, is connected to the drainage pipeline beneath the water table at the lower ring shear box (Figure 3(b)) before the ring shear test starts. The ring displacement control system below the lower shear box (Figure 3(a)) controls the shear rate of 1.5 mm/min (1.3 degree/min) for the CU shear test after the normal stress, converging the vertical displacement, is applied. The normal and shear stresses are computed by incorporating the measured axial force and torque to (3) and (5). Subsequently, the curves of the shear stress-shear displacement, normal displacement-shear displacement, and pore water pressure change-shear displacement are plotted.
5. Experimental Results
CU ring shear tests were conducted on the interface of the Tangenshan sandstone and the remolded landslide gouges to clarify the mechanical behavior of this surface under large shear displacement. Figure 9 shows the CU ring shear test results under the three normal forces, kN, kN, and kN. For each ring shear test, the sample was sheared for 3 cycles (rotation angle = 1080°; shear displacement = 1218 mm). The experimental time is approximately 13.5 hours under the shear rate of 1.5 mm/min.
The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion (Figure 10) is obeyed to interpret the corresponding shear stresses by the three designed normal stresses, , , and , based on the shear stress-shear displacement curves (Figure 9). Figure 10 shows the minimum, average, and maximum residual strengths of the ring shear tests in each shear circle. The total stress failure criteria of each shear circle show that the cohesion of the sliding interface is 0.0 kPa. In addition, the internal friction angles are (coefficient of friction = 0.480), 26.1° (coefficient of friction = 0.491), and 25.3° (coefficient of friction = 0.473) for shear circles 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The total stress failure criteria changed insignificantly when the shear distance is within 1218 mm, which can be considered as a landslide initiation (Figure 10). Comparing this experimental data to the available shear strength parameters of the Hsien-du-shan sliding surface (Figure 1), the ring shear test results are close to the data obtained from conventional direct shear tests, . However, this new ring shear test provides higher strengths than the strengths determined by high-speed rotary shear tests with a water content exceeding 20%  (coefficient of friction = 0.1 to 0.2), numerical simulations  (coefficient of friction = 0.1), or the topographic map [1, 2] (coefficient of friction = 0.23). Studies by Kuo et al.  and Lo et al.  focused on investigating slip weakening of the sliding surface under high speed and very large shear movements. Rock mass disintegrations and the high sliding speed are key factors in decreasing the friction angle [2, 7] of the postfailure rock mass. However, the objective of this study is to investigate the slope failure initiation. The internal friction angles of the sliding surface investigated by the ring shear test, to 26.1°, are larger than the dip angle of the slope (Figure 5), which clarifies that the Hsien-du-shan slope was stable before Typhoon Morakot.
(a) Cycle 1
(b) Cycle 2
(c) Cycle 3
In addition, in Figure 9, the sliding interface undergoes shear contractions when normal stresses corresponding to depths of 50, 75, and 100 m are applied. The slope of the axial stroke vs. shear displacement curve is defined as tanψ. The dilatancy angle, , is positive in the case of dilative shearing, but this value is negative in the case of contractive shearing. The value of evolves as shear displacement proceeds, and indicates that these shear displacements are large enough that the deforming soil in the shear zone approaches a constant critical state porosity.
The flexible tube connecting the drainage pipeline and the pore pressure cell (Figure 3(b)) is full of water and is returned to zero before the ring shear test starts. Figure 9 shows the pore pressure variation during the shear test. Shear contraction increases pore pressure during the ring shear tests. However, pore pressures decrease in the first 2 shear cycles in all the ring shear tests. The pore pressure decrease during the initial stage of the ring shear tests may be due to the unsaturated remolded landslide gouge even if it is put in water and is consolidated for 36 hours. When the sample is fully saturated, the shear contraction (Figure 9) increases the pore pressures in an undrained condition. Oppositely, water may flow into the shear face and decrease the pore pressure.
Table 4 shows the water contents of the remolded landslide gouge cross section and rock samples after the ring shear tests. The water contents of the remolded landslide gouge are between 8.82 and 14.49%, varying within 2% in the cross section. The water content is close to the PL of the landslide gouge (Table 3) and is within the range for in situ colluvium, which is between 9 and 25% . The increase in pore pressures caused by the shear contraction implies that the effective normal stress and slope stability both decrease as the shear displacement increases after the onset of the sliding. In addition, an increase in the consolidating pressure increases the density but decreases the hydraulic conductivity of the remolded landslide gouge. Therefore, by considering both the long shear displacement of the rock avalanche and the large normal stress, the pore pressure would increase significantly and continuously (Figure 9).
The new CU ring shear tests provide additional remarks to clarify the initial sliding behavior of the Hsien-du-shan rock avalanche: (1)The sliding surface is in the postpeak state because of unstable topographical precursors before the landslide [2, 32](2)After the landslide starts, the CU ring shear test results indicate that shear contractions would occur at the sliding surface leading to a large increase in the pore pressure. Iverson  has also supported that the increasing pore pressure would further accelerate the sliding. In addition, a deep sliding surface with a high normal stress results in a landslide gouge with low hydraulic conductivity, which dissipates the pore pressure later(3)The ring shear test results with a shearing rate of 1.5 mm/min are close to the data from conventional direct shear tests, . Both shear tests got the shear strength parameters when the landslide was initiated with slow shearing rate but not the whole sliding process. The sliding velocity of the Hsien-du-shan landslide is estimated from 20.4 to 33.7 m/s . Yang et al.  indicated that the shear rate controls the shear behavior of a sliding surface. When the sliding surface is accelerated to a high speed, the slip weakening  governs the mechanical properties of the sliding surface. In addition, Wu  showed that the disintegration of the rock mass during a landslide increases the run-out distance of the sediments. Therefore, the slip weakening at the sliding surface and the disintegration of the blocky rock mass are the two main reasons that the internal friction angle of the sliding surface determined by the ring shear test ( to 26.1°) surpassed the apparent friction angle (), which is defined as the ratio of the vertical height and the horizontal travel distance of a landslide, suggested by the topography . Further verifications can be carried out by a discrete element method with the slip weakening algorithm  in the future
In this study, a new ring shear apparatus capable of conducting a CU shear test was developed. The capacity of the new device is ascertained by the successful modelling of the initiation of the heavy rainfall-induced Hsien-du-shan rock avalanche at the sandstone/landslide gouge interface with a maximum normal stress exceeding 2 MPa. Furthermore, the shear behaviors of the sliding surface under the different normal stresses were explored.
The experimental results indicated that the remolded landslide gouge governs the shear behavior of a high water content sliding surface such as the Hsien-du-shan rock avalanche. The internal friction angle of the sliding surface in the total stress state investigated by the ring shear test falls between 25.3 and 26.1°, which is larger than the dip angle of the slope and thus clarifies the stability of the slope before Typhoon Morakot.
When the movement of the sliding interface initiated, the shear contraction at the sliding surface generates excessive pore pressure feedback and destabilizes the slope. In addition, the low hydraulic conductivity of the landslide gouge/sandstone interface would result in the significant and continuous pore pressure increase during the long shear displacement when the sliding surface is sheared under large normal stresses. The excessive pore pressure can accelerate the rock avalanche.
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
The authors appreciate their colleagues in the rock laboratory of the Department of Civil Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, for their kind help during rock gathering and sample preparations. In addition, thanks are due to the National Science Council of Taiwan (NSC 92-2211-E-426-003) and the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (MOST 107-2625-M-006-014) for their financial support. Special thanks are due to the reviewers and Prof. Ching Hung for his valuable comments.
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domain: literature


text:
It hailed a new era for Birmingham when it was reopened in 2015 - with Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II no less officially marking the occasion.
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The report was based on a number of categories, including operating hours, types of tickets, waiting times, delayed trains, in-station information, escalators/lifts, wheelchair and restroom accessibility, shops/kiosks, restaurants, lounges, smartphone application, free WIFI, transport connections, international coverage, competition and ride sharing.
Here’s 13 very valid reasons why Birmingham New Street is not the UK’s worst train station:

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domain: geography


New employee parking rates beginning in 2017
As you may know, parking rates at various King County parking facilities located in downtown Seattle will increase on January 1, 2017. The new rates will affect employees parking at the Goat Hill Garage, the King County Correctional Facility, the Chinook Building, and King Street Center. King Street Center is anticipated to enter King County’s property inventory in June 2017. Therefore, the new parking rates at King Street Center will be effective on June 1, 2017.
The parking rates for 2017 are as follows. Please note *indicates unchanged rates:
- Monthly Reserved Parking – $385
- Monthly Unreserved Parking – $300
- Monthly Rate for City of Seattle Certified Carpools and Electric Vehicles – $210
- Monthly Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) Parking – $150
- Maximum Daily Employee Parking – $20
- Open Surface Lots – $20*
- Daily Motorcycle Parking – $5*
- After-Hour and Weekends – $7*
- Bicycles – Free* (Bicycle racks are located in the Goat Hill Garage, 5th Avenue Plaza of the Administration Building, and on Level A in the Chinook Building.
King County employees are eligible for a variety of commute benefits including an ID/ORCA card that pays your fare on a range of bus, rail and ferry systems, and discounts on Vanpool and Carpool fares. Find out more at the Employee Transportation Program website.


text:
Greenhill Primary Care Centre, Greenhill lane, Leabrooks, Alfreton, Derbyshire, DE55 1LU
Also known as: Branch Site- Jessop Medical Practice - Church Farm Primary Care Centre Ripley
Waiting area. TV - with new on. Newspapers - Daily. Vending machine. Water machine. More children toys/entertainment. Children's channel on TV. Children's books. Being told your estimated waiting time when you check in as my last appointment the doctor was running an hour late.

domain: medical


|Publication number||US5076328 A|
|Application number||US 07/666,347|
|Publication date||Dec 31, 1991|
|Filing date||Mar 8, 1991|
|Priority date||Mar 8, 1991|
|Publication number||07666347, 666347, US 5076328 A, US 5076328A, US-A-5076328, US5076328 A, US5076328A|
|Inventors||David L. Lyon|
|Original Assignee||Cherne Industries Incorporated|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (15), Classifications (11), Legal Events (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This invention relates generally to pressure relief valves, and more particularly, to pressure relief valve assemblies for use in pneumatic pipeline plugs.
Pressure relief devices are typically designed to prevent over pressurization of a system by allowing the escape of a fluid, such as gas or liquid. Pressure relief valves are typically designed to relieve fluid pressure from a system at a specified pressure limit and to reclose when the system pressure returns to that pressure limit.
Pressure relief valves are most often designed for specific applications and uses in constant or fixed volume systems. In relief valves used in flexible systems and those in systems having the potential of repeated use it is of increased importance to provide valve reliability. For example, repeatability of cracking and reseating pressures are important in these pressure relief valve structures.
Pneumatic plugs are monitored during inflation and use with a pressure gauge, the valve of this invention further ensures the integrity of the pneumatic plug. Although pressure relief structures have been designed in the past for use in pneumatic plugs, they have typically been designed to function in cooperation with other elements of the plug body itself. These prior art valve structures and the use of known pressure relief valve designs have been found to yield low fluid flow characteristics, inconsistent reseating results, to be difficult to adjust and expensive to manufacture.
The pressure relief valves of this invention are designed to be incorporated in a flexible pressurized system and particularly in pneumatic pipeline plugs. Pneumatic plugs are used in the plumbing industry, for example, to seal pipelines and other conduits. These plug devices expand upon the introduction of a pressurized fluid, such as air or water, to seal against the interior wall of the pipe. These pneumatic plugs are flexible pressurized systems which operate at relatively low fluid pressure ranges. The relief valve structures, therefore, require specific requirements including reliability, repeatability, economy and ease of manufacture.
Despite the need for a functional and inexpensive pressure relieve valve device in the art which can be incorporated into pneumatic plugs, and which overcomes the limitations and problems of the prior art, none insofar as is known has been proposed or developed.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an efficient and inexpensive pressure relief valve for pneumatic plugs. The pressure relief valve of this invention has a structure that provides a large area for fluid flow in a relatively small diameter valve size and provides repeatable reseat characteristics. Particularly provided is a relief valve structure which is integral with an end cap assembly for pneumatic test plugs, which can be preset during manufacture and assembly and which is tamper resistant in the field.
The present invention provides an adjustable, tamper-resistant pressure relief valve assembly for use in a fluid pressurized system. The pressure relief valve comprises a valve body constructed and arranged for securement in the pressurized system and particularly in a flexible system, such as a pneumatic plug. A passage extends through the valve body and terminates in inlet and outlet ends. The passage includes a valve chamber located between the inlet and outlet ends. A valve seat is disposed at the inlet end of the passage and an adjustable valve base is provided in the passage towards the outlet end. The outlet end of the passage includes a threaded interior portion and the valve base has a threaded periphery for the adjustable securement therein. A valve head is provided for sealingly engaging the valve seat by biasing means interposed between the valve head and valve base.
This invention further provides a valve body that is constructed and arranged for use with a flexible pressurized system, such as a pneumatic pipeline plug, and particularly provides a molded end cap structure for use in pneumatic plugs. The valve body provided yields an adjustable assembly that is integral an end cap and which can be preset during manufacture and one which is tamper resistant in the field.
These and other benefits of this invention will become clear from the following description by reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a lateral view, partially in section, showing the pressure relief valve end cap assembly of a pneumatic plug;
FIG. 2 is a frontal view of the pressure relief valve assembly of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the pressure relief valve of this invention;
FIG. 4 is a top view of the adjustable base of the pressure relief valve;
FIG. 5 is a bottom view of the adjustable base of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a bottom view of an alternate embodiment of the valve base of the pressure relief valve;
FIG. 7 is a top view of the valve head body of the pressure relief valve;
FIG. 8 is a lateral view of the valve head body of FIG. 7; and
FIG. 9 is a sectional view of the adjustable valve base of FIGS. 4 and 5.
Pressure relief valves exhibit certain functional characteristics or parameters under specific conditions and applications. Therefore, the use of a relief valve assembly must be determined in view of its operational parameters. For example, pressurized systems that are flexible and movable require that certain functional parameters for a pressure relief valve be provided. Important to the valve structures of this invention are the cracking pressure or the pressure at which the valve first responds to fluid pressure and its subsequent seating pressure or the pressure at which the valve reseats. Repeatability of these parameters is of great importance when pressure relief valves are used in flexible pressurized systems, such as pneumatic test plugs. Further, it is important in these applications to provide pressure relief valves which are adjustable so that a particular valve configuration can be used for various pneumatic plug sizes as well as for enabling the fine tuning or presetting of each valve structure that is installed in a particular pneumatic plug. For example, a particular end cap assembly having the valve elements of this invention may be used for various pneumatic plug sizes, i.e., plug diameters usable in a range of 3-8 inches. Importantly, the functioning parameters of the pressure relief valve assemblies of this invention are preset at the place of manufacture or assembly and are tamper resistant in the field.
FIG. 1 shows a pressure relief valve assembly 10 incorporated in the forward end 35 of a pneumatic test plug 30. The pneumatic plug 30 has an elastomeric sleeve 42 with circumferential ribs 43 and an inflater assembly 44. The introduction of a pressurized fluid into inflater 44 causes the sleeve 42 to expand to seal the plug 30 in a pipe. A fluid pressure gauge is used to monitor the plug during inflation. The pressurized fluid introduced can be compressed air or a pressurized liquid such as water. Further, a garden hose adapter can be attached to the inflater assembly 44 so that a common water source can be used for plug inflation.
Referring to FIGS. 1-3, the pressure relief valve assembly 10 is shown having a valve body 11 which is constructed and arranged to function as an end cap structure for the pneumatic plug 30. The valve body 11 is constructed and arranged to function as an end cap structure for the pneumatic plug 30. The valve body 11 has a circumferential groove 32 which receives the mating internal rib portion 33 of the pneumatic plug sleeve 42. A tightening strap 34 and associated fastening member are used to secure the pressure relief valve assembly 10 in the forward end 35 of pneumatic plug 30. Alternatively, the end cap body 11 can be adhesively secured in the forward end 35.
The valve body 11 has a passage 12 which extends axially therethrough and which has internal threads 20 to adjustably receive a valve base 17. The passage 12 has an inlet end 13, an outlet end 14 and a valve chamber 15 therebetween. The valve chamber 15 is shown to begin at the inward termination of the inlet end 13 and to have a diameter greater than that of the inlet end diameter. The forward end of the end cap valve body 11 is shown to have a conical front end 31 having an angle "X" of approximately 45 degrees with respect to a line parallel to the valve body flow-through axis or axial passage.
Although the sloped conical front end of the end cap structure is shown to have an angle of approximately 45 degrees, this angle may vary from 30-70 degrees, for example, depending upon the size and shape of the pneumatic test plug in which it is incorporated. The conical end configuration aids in the insertion and use of the pneumatic plug by permitting the easy insertion and manipulation of the plug in pipeline structures. Thus, end cap configurations having truncated hemispheric or parabolic shaped ends are also usable and are within the purview of this invention.
FIG. 2 shows a top view of the pressure relief valve assembly 10 and shows screen member 28 integrally mounted into the outlet end of valve body 11. The screen member 28 is adhesively fixed, for example, into a circumferential recess or ledge 29 adjacent the end face 41 of the end cap body 11. The screen member 28 protects and maintains the interior structure of the pressure relief valve assembly 10 in a clean environment and provides tamper resistance to the operation of the valve assembly 10.
FIGS. 3-5 and 9 show the adjustable valve base 17 having external circumferential threads 21 which engage the internal threads 20 of the central passage 12 of the valve body 11. The adjustable member 17 has an adjustment slot 36 which can be used to turn the threaded body 17 to thereby secure the member 17 in the threaded passage 12. Although an adjustment slot 36 is shown, any other shaped indentation into the top of the valve base 17 may be utilized to provide this adjustability feature. For example, any shaped slot or indentation that is usable with an adjustment tool to turn the valve base 17 may be used. The adjustable placement of the valve base 17 in the outlet end 14 of passage 12 permits the adjustment of the compression on the spring 19 so that the pressure relief valve 10 can be adjusted as to its functional operation during assembly. The valves of this invention are typically preset at about 35-60 p.s.i.g. during assembly so that any over-inflation from an 80 p.s.i.g. pressure source, for example, is expelled through the pressure relief valve assembly 10.
The adjustable valve base member 17 has a central aperture 27 which extend through the valve base 17 to permit the egress flow of excess fluid pressure, such as compressed air or water. FIG. 6 shows an alternate valve base 37 having a plurality of circumferentially placed apertures or ports 38 which permit a greater flow of fluid therethrough so that the pressure relief valve 10 can more quickly respond to increased pressures of the water or air. The valve base 37 further has external threads 39 for adjustability in the central passage 12. And, slot 40 is provided so that the valve base 37 can be adjusted with respect to the internal threads 20 so that the compression spring 19 yields the proper cracking pressure for the valve assembly. As discussed with respect to valve base 17, other adjustment means may also be utilized.
FIGS. 3, 7 and 8 show the valve head 18 used at the inlet end 13 and having an elastomeric seat member 26. The valve head 18 moves within the valve chamber 15 in response to over-inflation or that exceeding the preset pressure at the inlet end 13. The compression spring 19 is shown positioned between the valve base 17 and the valve head 18 and is secured within their respective cavities 22 and 23. Although opposing cavities 22 and 23 are shown utilized to hold or captivate the spring 19, other means to effectuate this result may also be utilized. For example, raised central portions extending from the valve base 17 and valve head 18, respectively, may be used for extension into the ends of the spring 19 to, thereby, captivate and hold the spring 19.
The compression spring 18 can, for example, be constructed of plated music wire to resist corrosion. For purposes of use in relief valves for pneumatic plugs described herein, a spring 18 having a spring rating of approximately 48 lbs./inch has been found suitable. The elastomeric member 26 may be constructed of natural rubber, neoprene, or the like having a Shore A Durometer range of 50-55. The elastomeric member 26 can be adhesively fixed or mechanically fastened to the valve head 18. FIGS. 7 and 8 show the valve head 18 having a hexagonal configuration which when positioned in the circular passage 12 defines a plurality of peripheral fluid flow passages 25. Thus, as the elastomeric member 26 is forced from valve seat 16 due to excess fluid pressure, the fluid is able to pass through the peripheral passages 25, through the valve chamber 15 and out through the aperture 27 of valve base 17 or, alternatively, out through the external ports 38 of the valve base 37 of FIG. 6.
Importantly, the valve head 18 is shown to be in close proximity to the orifice or inlet end 13 of the pressure relief valve assembly 10, and this configuration and placement has been found to provide a responsive pressure relief valve structure which permits high fluid flow characteristics for a relatively small valve area. A valve seat 16 is provided at the inlet end 13 and which is circumferentially positioned in the central passage 12 to define the valve chamber 15. The valve seat 16 is shown having a rounded annular periphery 24. This annular periphery 24 may also be elliptical or parabolic in cross-section or have a triangulated cross-section so as to provide a peripheral line of concentration for the elastomeric member 26.
In summary, the pressure relief valve assemblies 10 of this invention are relatively inexpensive in that the valve bodies 11 are preferably constructed of a molded plastic, i.e., injection molded of ABS plastic, are easily assembled and adjusted and are constructed and arranged for use in flexible pressurized systems, particularly for pneumatic test plugs. The pressure relief valves 10 of this invention exhibit high flow characteristics and can easily be made integral with pneumatic plug structures by utilizing the end cap valve body 11. Further, the compression spring 19 is used in cooperation with an adjustable member valve base structure 17 which permits the adjustability for presetting the functional parameters of the pressure relief valve structure.
As many changes are possible to the embodiments of this invention utilizing the teachings thereof, the descriptions above, and the accompanying drawings should be interpreted in the illustrative and not the limited sense.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US1180282 *||Oct 6, 1915||Apr 25, 1916||Harry Bunn||Apparatus for testing pipes or the like.|
|US4614206 *||Nov 14, 1985||Sep 30, 1986||Cherne Industries, Inc.||Expansible pneumatic plug device|
|US4790356 *||Nov 23, 1987||Dec 13, 1988||George Tash||Drain pipe plug device|
|US4865136 *||Oct 5, 1987||Sep 12, 1989||Cummins Engine Company||Pressure relief valve for roller bit|
|US4889151 *||Nov 3, 1988||Dec 26, 1989||Oten Peter D||Snap action pressure relief valve with over pressure indicator|
|CA501420A *||Apr 13, 1954||Bastian Blessing Co||Safety device|
|GB1371514A *||Title not available|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US5503188 *||Jan 30, 1995||Apr 2, 1996||Petrone; Joseph A.||Inflatable air bag pipeline stopper|
|US6488049||Jan 12, 2001||Dec 3, 2002||James O. Sims||Super sensitive, full flow, adjustable pressure valve|
|US6581620 *||Mar 21, 2001||Jun 24, 2003||Dennis Babcock||Method and apparatus for repairing or replacing valves|
|US7325574||Apr 11, 2005||Feb 5, 2008||Cherne Industries Incorporated||Rupture disc assembly for pneumatic plugs|
|US7370668 *||Mar 31, 2004||May 13, 2008||Dimce Vasilev||Valve for winterizing a pool|
|US7520301 *||Nov 1, 2005||Apr 21, 2009||Crucible 1 Trust||Blocking assembly|
|US7597118||Mar 26, 2009||Oct 6, 2009||Ips Corporation||Pneumatic pressure relief test plug|
|US8042576||Oct 25, 2011||Ips Corporation||Mechanical clean-out test plug|
|US8256467||Sep 4, 2012||Ips Corporation||Plug with pressure release valve|
|US9016321 *||Jun 30, 2014||Apr 28, 2015||Jim Champlone||Deployable culvert plug system|
|US9416908 *||Apr 17, 2015||Aug 16, 2016||James Richard CHAMPLONE||Deployable plug system|
|US20040177882 *||Mar 31, 2004||Sep 16, 2004||Dimce Vasilev||Valve for winterizing a pool|
|US20070246115 *||Nov 1, 2005||Oct 25, 2007||Richard Ord||Blocking Assembly|
|US20080295911 *||May 29, 2007||Dec 4, 2008||Billy Joe Davis||Hose inflation adapter kit|
|US20100243090 *||Mar 26, 2009||Sep 30, 2010||Ips Corporation||Mechanical clean-out test plug|
|U.S. Classification||138/93, 137/540, 137/543.21|
|International Classification||F16L55/134, F16K17/06|
|Cooperative Classification||F16L55/134, Y10T137/7929, Y10T137/7938, F16K17/06|
|European Classification||F16K17/06, F16L55/134|
|Mar 21, 1991||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: CHERNE INDUSTRIES INCORPORATED, 5700 LINCOLN DRIVE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:LYON, DAVID L.;REEL/FRAME:005639/0748
Effective date: 19910307
|Mar 10, 1995||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 27, 1999||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Jan 2, 2000||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Mar 14, 2000||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 19991231


text:
By Don Chareunsy
Grammy Award-winning singer Fergie, successful solo artist and vocalist with the Black Eyed Peas, celebrated her belated 37th birthday at the new 1 OAK in the Mirage on Friday night, and the sexy star was F-E-R-G-A-L-I-C-I-O-U-S with her long, wavy blonde locks and curve-hugging, floral-print blue dress.
Fellow Grammy winner -- and hometown hero -- Ne-Yo was among the crowd at 1 0AK, where Fergie was presented with a three-tier birthday cake topped with a pink stiletto. Check back later for more details of the birthday soiree for the Las Vegas regular, born Stacy Ann Ferguson and married to actor Josh Duhamel. Meantime, enjoy the fun birthday photo gallery.
Don Chareunsy is editor of VegasDeLuxe.com and arts and entertainment editor of LasVegasSun.com.
Robin Leach has been a journalist for more than 50 years and has spent the past decade giving readers the inside scoop on Las Vegas, the world’s premier platinum playground.
Follow VDLX Editor Don Chareunsy on Twitter at Twitter.com/VDLXEditorDon.
Follow Robin Leach on Twitter at Twitter.com/Robin_Leach.
Follow Vegas DeLuxe on Twitter at Twitter.com/vegasdeluxe.

domain: artistic


text:
Did Shakespeare write his plays essay?
There are a few letters and bills addressed to him, but only a handful of signatures written in Shakespeare’s hand. Shakespeare’s will, written a month before his death in 1616, doesn’t mention anything about his plays or sonnets.
Can Shakespeare spell?
Sources from William Shakespeare’s lifetime spell his last name in more than 80 different ways, ranging from “Shappere” to “Shaxberd.” In the handful of signatures that have survived, the Bard never spelled his own name “William Shakespeare,” using variations or abbreviations such as “Willm Shakp,” “Willm Shakspere” …
How old is Shakespeare now?
At age 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three years later….William ShakespeareDied (aged 52) Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, EnglandResting placeChurch of the Holy Trinity, Stratford-upon-AvonOccupationPlaywright poet actorYears activec.
Did Shakespeare’s death go unnoticed?
No, his death was not unnoticed. He has a substantial and laudatory monument in the Church of the Holy Trinity in Stratford-upon-Avon, the place where he was born and where he died. More to the point, the First Folio of 1623 conclusively demonstrates that he was far from unnoticed.
What was Shakespeare’s nationality?
Where is Shakespeare buried?
What words are on Shakespeare’s grave?
Good friend for Jesus sake forbeare, To dig the dust enclosed here. Blessed be the man that spares these stones, And cursed be he that moves my bones.


text:
Located in a quiet, residential area in Estartit, the Residence Tarraco offers holiday rentals in 10 villas (semi-detached/terraced houses) with private terrace and garden just 800m from the beach and 500m from the town centre where you will find all the necessary amenities, restaurants and shops. Enjoy a summer holiday on the Costa Brava under the warm Catalan sunshine and discover the gastronomical delights of the region, the hidden creeks and the beautiful beaches and the Medes islands.
Communal swimming pool for 16 villas (open all year round depending on weather conditions)
Wifi access (extra charge)
This residence on the Costa Brava in Spain offers holiday rentals in comfortable villas (semi-detached/terraced houses, max. 90m²) each with either 2 or 3 bedrooms, a separate kitchen, TV and heating, fenced garden with terrace and garden furniture and access to the communal swimming pool.
While on Holiday in Estartit, enjoy some of the following activities:
- Golf (club 8km from campsite)
- Crazy golf
- Riding school
- Sailing club
- Bike hire
- Water sports, SCUBA diving
Visit some of the exceptional sites while on holiday in Estartit on the Costa Brava:
- Dali museum in Figueras (40km)
- Cadaques (50km): a charming little fishing port, which has long attracted artists
- Boat trips (including tours in a glass-bottom boat) and SCUBA diving around the Medes islands : the archipelago is a preserved area, with an exceptional variety of marine flora and fauna
- Barcelona, Girona
- Pals : charming, ancient medieval city
- Peratallada : superb medieval village, with a few restaurants renowned for their traditional Catalan cooking
Price in Euros, per accommodation, per stay
Deposit to be paid on site on arrival : credit card imprint or number required
Tourist tax to be paid on arrival : €1/person/day (valid for all guests over 16 years old)
Check-in & check-out :
Check-in between 5pm and 7pm.
In the case of late arrival please inform reception as soon as possible. You will be given a code to collect your keys from a special letter box. You will be charged a €30 administration fee. Your official check-in will take place the following morning.
Check-out before 10am (inventory is carried out after your departure, you are not obliged to be present).
Please note :
In the case of a problem on your arrival or during your stay :
• Contact the reception and the personnel on site will do their best to resolve the problem.
- Bed linen
- Access to the communal swimming pool (open all year round depending on weather conditions)
Price guide only, subject to modification, to be paid on site
- Wifi access (4-6 connections) : €60/1 week, €100/2 weeks
- Cot : €6/day
- Towels : €4/person
- Late arrival fee : €30/accommodation
- Pets allowed* : €9/day
* Please inform residence at time of booking. Please supply proof of vaccinations against rabies and a health check-up certificate dated within the last 3 months. Dogs must be kept on a lead at all times within the grounds.
Please note :
- End of stay cleaning service : €75-€95/accommodation
• ID card or passport required for all guests (babies included). Drivers licence not valid.
• Please pay attention to your personal belongings and/or make use of the safe at reception (if applicable) during your stay. Odalys Vacances cannot be held responsible for damage or theft of personal belongings.
• Special offer for Odalys holidaymakers, PortAventura theme park
To be reserved and paid for at the time of accommodation booking (no charge for children under 4 years old)
Entrance 1 park
Adult (11 - 59 years old incl.) : €51 - Child (4 - 10 years old incl.) and senior (from 60 years old) : €44
Ferrari Land :
Adult (11 - 59 years old incl.) : €22 - Child (4 - 10 years old incl.) and senior (from 60 years old) : €18
Pass 1 day/2 parks
Adult (11 - 59 years old incl.) : €55
Child (4 - 10 years old incl.) and senior (from 60 years old) : €48
Pass 2 days/2 parks
Adult (11 - 59 years old incl.) : €61
Child (4 - 10 years old incl.) and senior (from 60 years old) : €54
Present your voucher at the entrance of PortAventura at the “ATENCION AL
VISITANTE–GUEST RELATION-INVITATION” counter on the right of the ticket office.
Imagine your dream holiday : with Odalys everything is possible ! Lively, convivial holidays for the whole family !
During the winter season 2018/19, our clients assessed their holiday rental.More Info
With Odalys you have many services included or à la carte and advantages with our partners !
With our insurance offers, our secured payment method and our client service centre available to help when needed. With Odalys enjoy peace of mind on your holiday !

domain: travel


Take four Midwestern musicians, weld 'em to their instruments, lock 'em in a bar for 10 years and feed them whiskey and beer, and you might get something akin to "This Is It!"
Then again, probably not. This is some great, original blues that would be pretty hard to duplicate under any circumstances, much less pull off with the aplomb, humor and down-to-earth style this group has mastered.
From the diesel-throated vocals of Tom "Trashmouth" Baker to theshuffling snare stickwork of drummer Tim "Buzz" Osburn, this album stands out as blue-collar blues that's as fun to listen to as it is easy to relate to.
The Kansas City-based band got its start in 1987, and at the time this album was recorded (1998) had four members: Baker; David Creighton on the Hammond B-3 and piano; Karl Angerer on guitars, and Osburn. (The group is now a five-piece, sans Creighton but with the addition of Mike Sedovic on guitar and Ralph Ybarra on bass.)
Apart from an updated version of the 1967 classic "Buzz Me," "This IsIt!" is all original - and all good - music from the band.
The Blues Notions' sound is heavy on Kansas-city swing, with a smattering of jump, Chicago, and a little R&B thrown in on the side. The band's strength lies in its ability to craft fresh and innovative tunes. Instead of your standard "mean-mistreatin'" music, the band takes a contemporary approach with tracks about such things as divorce ("Divvy Up"); a husband's cheating ways that earn him a good dose of comeuppance (Where's
Your Wife?"); and a rather humorous look atgood times gone bad ("When U Die U Dead").
The only problem I have with "This Is It!" lies in the band's ability to stay synchronized. It's a minor gaff, and it shows up on only a few tracks ("Choice of Poisons" and the title track stick out) but it's noticeable. Perhaps in the three years since this album has been released they've solved the problem.
But the positives far outweigh the negative. This is a decent, dynamic effort from a band that has fun with the music it takes seriously.
Visit the Blues Notions online at www.sound.net/~blues41
This review is copyright © 2001 by Patrick O'Donnell, and Blues On Stage, all rights reserved. Copy, duplication or download prohibited without written permission. For permission to use this review please send an E-mail to Ray Stiles.
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4-Piece Intergrip Welding Clamp Set easily aligns and grips panels for precise butt welds.* Set of 4 clamps* Perfectly align panels * A must for long-lasting panel repairs* Easy 3-step process Miniature butt-weld clamps align panels edge-to-edge and surface-to-surface with the appropriate 0.040" gap…
This welding clamp pliers kit comes complete with 6 different axial pull locking pliers. Each of the pliers allow for clamping of different type joints. They feature one handed push button releasing and are made of durable heat treated steel. Also included with the pliers is a blow molded case to…
Pinch Weld Clamps hold in tight spaces where larger clamps won’t fitTrying to weld in tight spots but your clamps won't fit? Get this miniature 4-pc. Pinch Weld Clamp Set instead. Holds outer panels to inner heel lips, rockers, trunk well opening, custom dash or door panel fabrication, outer door…
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…jaws come together means you can clamp T shaped joints too. The clamping jaw swivels and self-centers, it is free to move and hold 2 different thicknesses of material together. The threads on the screw spindle are copper plated to keep them clean and free of welding slag mishaps, for years of use.
6pc welding clamp set for #14106 welding table. Designed to retain, clamp or postion round, square, flat or round objects. Kit includes 2 mag spring clamps, 1 multi angle magnet, 1 mini multi angle magnet, 2 pcs adjustable magnetic V pads for round object
…Set helps you weld without burning holes.* Prevents warping and weld burn-thru* Welding material won't stick to copper* 4" and 8" copper panels are magnetic; no hands or clamps needed Two magnetic copper backing panels provide hands-free support when doing butt-welding or welding holes in sheet…
…a Locking C-Clamp that gives you plenty of throat capacity and flexibility for even unusually shaped projects. Lock and unlock with just one hand.* 18" overall length* Clamps a variety of shapes* Locks closed and adjusts for maximum clamping force* Swivel jaws help prevent damage to your workpiece
3 axis welding clamp with machined base and clamping surfaces holds objects up to 3.75 inch square or round at 90 degrees for secure fixturing during welding. Can also be used as traditional 90 degree vise for tubing
Item #spot weld
Now you can "spot weld" with your MIG welder...just add this Spot Welding Kit to your tool box!Use your MIG welder together with our Spot Welding Kit to produce professional spot welds without the need for a large resistance welder.* Duplicate full-penetration OE spot welds from one side with your…
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…Backer helps you weld without burning holes.* Prevents warping and weld burn-thru* Welding material won't stick to copper* 2" x 4" copper panel is magnetic; no hands or clamps needed Magnetic copper backing panel provides hands-free support when doing butt-welding or welding holes in sheet metal.
Magnetic Soldering Clamp works like an extra pair of hands. Alligator clamps securely hold wire and small parts while you solder. Versatile design gives you more ways to use this soldering clamp. Clips and base are magnetic and can be attached to any ferrous surface. Magnetic arms are also…
…a Locking C-Clamp that gives you plenty of throat capacity and flexibility for even unusually shaped projects. Lock and unlock with just one hand.* 11" overall length* Clamps a variety of shapes* Locks closed and adjusts for maximum clamping force* Swivel jaws help prevent damage to your workpiece
Item #13908 TIG200 ACDC Plasma 40
…over individual prices! Eastwood-engineered TIG welding machine, the TIG 200 AC/DC Welder, offers professional-quality TIG welding at an affordable price!* Operates on either 110vAC, 15-amp circuit or 220vAC, 30-amp circuit* 1/4"-thick welding capacity* High-frequency start for precise arc control*…
Spot Welding in the past had primarily been done by large resistance welders but can now be achieved with your MIG welder and this Spot Welding Kit from Eastwood. Spot welding is accomplished by clamping two panels together and fusing them with a number of welds sequentially-placed rather than a…


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We reviewed Forza Horizon 5: Hot Wheels, the first DLC from Playground Games’ popular racing game that expands with an all-new setting.
Downloadable content, as it has evolved today, carries significant weight in the video game economy, expanding its scope and boundaries, and at times proving as important in terms of production values as the original content that preceded it. This applies to all types of business, except perhaps racing games, which are in most cases updated with new car and track packages, and nothing that requires much when compared to the wider expansions typical of other genres.
This could be true for many car titles, but not for the titles of the Forza Horizon series, which thanks to its open-ended nature over the years has received some great additions, capable of undermining the semantics of the core game in an often very original way.
After appearing in some chapters of the series, the Hot Wheels brand has recently returned to its autograph Epic Mirrors playground games With an expansion that promises to make us melt the engine, between a parabolic curve and a death loop.
Putting on the helmet and delivering the last wishes to the notary, we set out to explore all of this DLC, eager to talk about it on our site. Forza Horizon 5: Hot Wheels Review. Will the expansion be able to replicate the quality that appeared in the third installment of the series?
As has already happened in Australia’s iteration set, Forza Horizon 5 Hot Wheels DLC once again puts us at the wheel of some of Mattel’s most famous toy cars, in an all-new environment suspended in the skies over Mexico. Here he built the Festival Horizon Without Borders flying island Divided into three main sections, dedicated to the Mexican biomes explored in the original game: one is surrounded by a dense rainforest, another develops among the slopes of a majestic snow-capped volcano while the latter takes us among the peaks of a mountainous desert region. The three areas are linked by a highly intricate interweaving of orange tracks, the ones for which the Hot Wheels brand is famous, on which more than 15 races are run which does not seem monotonous even after several hours of play thanks to the strong presence of the parabola. Curves, death courses and track sections with special effects like ice or magnetic effects.
The track design The tracks are something that cannot be compared to any other racing game on the market, as you can guess from the first moments of the expansion, when our adventure in the clouds of Mexico began with a short but intense introduction that gave us the driving hand to discover the most adrenaline-pumping sections of the map. In principle, the purpose of the DLC is to take us to the rank of legend at the height of a climb that includes the beauty of five different skill levels, each dedicated to a specific class of vehicle. We start with B, and only after completing enough races and unlocking enough missions do we have the points needed to continue towards Class A, Class S1, S2 and X cars.
there is a lot to do
If it is to expand driving model He continues to settle for this classic compromise of the series, which can be described under the name “sim-falls”, while rising to the rank of Legend will really put you to the test, because to accumulate progress, the game will not only require you to win all the races you participate in and be subject to regular completion of activities Others are on the map, but also to achieve very specific and sometimes particularly complex goals.
From a numerical standpoint only, I Contents Downloadable content from Hot Wheels will keep you occupied for a few hours, even if the races with unique mechanics aren’t as many as we imagine. There are a series of races that tell the story of the Hot Weels brand from the 1960s to the present, but beyond these activities and the introduction of expansion, there is a lack of races that offer a consistent variety of theme.
the number of Hot Wheels cars, then, it would have been much larger, even if the care with which the cars were taken into the game simply leaves you speechless. There are 10 cars drawn from models, and among them we find historical cars such as the Rip Rod, Deora II and the legendary Bone Shaker, but also some more modern offerings such as the latest Bad to the Blade, the cool cover car expansion. Acquired gradually during the DLC arc, they are extraordinarily loyal to their miniature counterparts, so much so that we only played driving a huge mega truck and then found them identical in every respect in the site’s home. by Hot Wheels .
Once you’ve finished rising to the rank of Legend and got all the cars included in the expansion, you may be at the beginning of the experience that Forza Horizon 5: Hot Wheels only offers. The fifth chapter of the series developed by Playground Games actually includes the entire body Track Editor, which is now enriched with all the featured items for Hot Wheels tracks. With the addition of orange track pieces, the possibilities are now nearly endless and we can’t wait to see what crazy stunts the Forza Horizon community will come up with.
- crazy track design
- The cars are identical to their mini versions
- The structure of the DLC will tempt you to complete all its contents
- Races with unique dynamics are very few
“Unable to type with boxing gloves on. Freelance organizer. Avid analyst. Friendly troublemaker. Bacon junkie.”

domain: hobby


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domain: entertainment


Picatinny rail consists of slots with 5.23 mm spaces between one another, which means that it can be used across its entire length. It is simple to mount and interchangeable – if something is made for a Picatinny rail, it will fit regardless of the manufacturer or manufacturing date. It is affordable, resilient and reliable – this is why it so commonly used by professionals and military. Because of all its great qualities, Picatinny rail has been dominating the rail market in the recent years.
Picatinny is a big step forward from the Weaver standard. Weaver has a few predesignated slots while Picatinny has slots all over its surface, allowing the device to be mounted wherever the user finds it fitting. Weaver's slot is 3.8 mm wide, which is why ring mounts made for a Weaver rail will also fit on a Picatinny rail while ring mounts made specifically for a Picatinny rail will not fit on a Weaver rail. This is one of the main reasons why Picatinny is a far better mounting solution.
Rusan, a company from Croatia, is one of the manufacturers of Picatinny rails. They make mounts from steel and aluminium and provide buyers with a wide selection of Picatinny rails for various rifles. They are made from high quality deep blue finish steel. Picatinny Rails include screws with appropriate thread for the corresponding rifle. Rusan covers 10 years of warranty for all its products.
Remington Arms was founded in 1816 when Eliphalet Remington made a flintlock rifle with a firing mechanism. Remington is possibly the oldest gun maker in America that still produces its original product guns. They produce firearms, ammunition and other accessories. Remington model 700 and model 870 are among the best selling firearms of all time. The company is also known for the development of more cartridges than any other company in the world.
Remington 700 is a series of bolt-action rifles. It's important to know that these rifles have been in production since 1962 and are still in production today. There are various models on the market but all are based on the same centerfire bolt action. They come with three, four, five or six round internal magazine which depends on the caliber used. Its action is designed with two forward dual-opposed lugs and uses a C-clip extractor. All models are equipped with externally adjustable triggers, hammer-forged barrels, and supercell recoil pads. The rifles weigh about 4 kg, and are available in barrels length 16,5'', 18,5'', 20'', 22'', 24'' and 26''. There are four holes drilled and tapped for the purpose of mounting. There are many model 700 rifles on the market and they are made for various calibers. Short-action models are chambered for the following calibers: .17 Rem., .222 Rem., .223 Rem., .22-250 Rem., .220 Swift., .243 Win., .257 Roberts, .260 Rem., 7mm-08 Rem., .308 Win., .300 Rem. SA Ultra Mag. and 7mm Rem. SA Ultra Mag. If you are looking for a 20 MOA Picatinny rail for short-action models, click here.
SA stands for short action. If you are looking for a 20 MOA Picatinny rail for rifles Remington 700, 78 short-action, click here.
When a rifle is available in more than one action length, only two-piece mounts are interchangeable between these rifles (a two-piece mount made for rifles Remington 700, 78 short-action (SA) can also be mounted on rifles Remington 700, 78 long-action (LA)). One-piece mounts will only fit a rifle with a specific action length (a one-piece mount made for rifles Remington 700, 78 short-action (SA) will not fit rifles Remington 700, 78 long-action (LA)).
Remington 700, 78 SA (short-action) has a similar action as rifles Mauser M96, Mauser M97, Sauer 100, Sauer 101, Roessler Titan 16, Bergara B14 LA, Haenel Jäger 10 and Sabatti Rover LA. The radiuses of the mounting surfaces are the same but there is a difference in B distance (see the picture below). This is why two-piece mounts made for Remington 700 SA (short action) will fit rifles Mauser M96, Mauser M97, Sauer 100, Sauer 101, Roessler Titan 16, Bergara B14 LA, Haenel Jäger 10 and Sabatti Rover LA while one-piece mounts made for Remington 700, 78 SA (short-action) will not fit those rifles.
A: 21.9 mmB: 92.3 mmC: 15.3 mmBHU: 2.9 mmFi: 6-48R1: R17R2: R51
Remove all the stains (grease, oil etc.) from the rifle's receiver with a cleaning fluid (acetone). Once the surface is clean and dry, check whether the screws match the rail and the holes on the receiver. Make sure that the Picatinny rail is compatible with the rifle by inspecting the mounting holes on both. Before mounting the rail permanently, apply a minimal amount of thread-locking fluid 278 or 648 on screws and contact surfaces. Be careful not to get the fluid in or near the mounting holes. Carefully clean the remaining excess fluid around the rail with a cleaning fluid. Using a torque driver, screw the screws appropriately (up to 2.2 Nm) – do not overtighten.
The product has a warranty period of 10 years.
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Thousands of members of the No Shoes Nation flocked to CMAC in Canandaigua to see their idol and leader Kenny Chesney on his Spread the Love tour. Kenny Chesney’s fans differ from other artist’s fans because they not only buy his music but are also buying and adopting his beach-bum lifestyle. You could sense this by the casual, easygoing vibe that filled the venue. People smiling with Coronas in hand made it clear that they were ready to unwind and let their workweek stresses melt away for the night.
Chesney himself made sure to let everyone know he was there to party by coming out onto the stage singing his hit “Beer in Mexico” while sporting his signature faded blue jeans, tank top and cowboy hat. All smiles, he welcomed the crowd’s cheers while going into another one of his hits “Reality.” He kept up the no worries beach vibe playing “Til it’s Gone,” “Summertime,” “Pirate Flag,” and “No Shoes, No Shirt, No Problems.”
Before playing “I Go Back” Chesney reflected on how many times he’s visited the area and said whenever the show is over at CMAC he always tells his crew that the rest of the summer has a lot to live up to because the crowd there is so great.
After a few more songs he brought out openers Old Dominion to perform “Save it for a Rainy Day,” a song the band wrote with him a few years back. Each member of the band joined in singing and playing with Chesney’s band and made the song a special treat for the audience.
Taking a break in between his hits, Chesney sang his new, more serious single called “Noise.” This song may not have had everyone singing along but it didn’t spoil the party mood.
Chesney threw in a cover of The Steve Miller Band’s “Space Cowboy.” He meshed this cover with Bob Marley’s “Three Little Birds.” The set ended with his most well-known hit “She Thinks My Tractor’s Sexy” and came back out for an encore with “Don’t Happen Twice.”
During his encore, Chesney brought a young girl on stage and he and Old Dominion signed a guitar to give to her. He also stayed for several minutes while the band played, signing autographs for lucky fans in the front, showcasing his love for his fans. Chesney also made sure to grab gifts that fans had given to him throughout the show including an old college fraternity composite that he was blown away by seeing. His appreciation for the signs, photos and other gifts from fans is another display of his true class act attitude.
Chesney performed for just over two hours and in that two hour span there wasn’t a moment he wasn’t beaming at his audience. He even had the venue light up the packed lawn so he could see each of his followers. You can’t argue with the fact that no matter where Chesney’s fans were in the crowd, he made sure to make each of them feel like a rock star for the night.
Setlist: Beer in Mexico, Reality, Til It’s Gone, Summertime, Pirate Flag, No Shoes, No Shirt, No Problems, Somewhere With You, I Go Back, Anything But Mine, Save It for a Rainy Day – (with Old Dominion),
Living in Fast Forward, Young, Noise, American Kids, You and Tequila, How Forever Feels, Big Star, The Joker – (Steve Miller Band cover), Big Star, Out Last Night, She Thinks My Tractor’s Sexy
Encore: Don’t Happen Twice


Courtyard by Marriott
Manhatttan, New York | Façade Shade and Zoning/Building Code Solution
The World Trade Center area hotel is accented with a beautiful mesh sunshade for the lower floors and an architecturally arresting podium that was an innovative solution for meeting city regulations. Zoning in lower Manhattan requires street walls to be held to 85 feet, meaning buildings cannot be set back until they rise above that height. By creating a metal mesh screen, designers struck the right balance to convince city officials that it was a both a wall and window that met zoning and building codes. Pulling back the interior walls then created right-sized guest rooms and gave designers 3,600 square feet of usable floor-area-ratio that was redistributed to a roof top bar. In place, the mesh shades guest rooms on floors 1-5 and still allows views of the September 11 memorial.
"The mesh allowed us to do the seemingly impossible: create a single element that could function as both a solid wall and open window. We were able to satisfy legal requirements, meet the demands of the city, give the developers the rooms they needed, strategically optimize square footage, and clad our podium in a unique glowing veil that transforms from day to night."


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Piazza del Popolo and the Spanish Steps, Rome, Italy
Do: Sit on the Spanish Steps The Spanish Steps are a first-rate spot for people watching, and both locals and tourists gather on the 138 stairs, constructed in the 18th century. The Trinita dei Monti church is at the top, and at the bottom is the bustling Piazza di Spagna, where the Baroque Fountain of the Old Boat and the former home of poet John Keats also draw visitors. Stay:Condotti Palace On a cobblestone street lined by restaurants and shops, the 22-room Condotti Palace has a great central Rome location, within walking distance of numerous iconic sites -- the Spanish Steps are just two blocks away. Rooms are well-kept and have up-to-date extras such as small flat-screen TVs and free Wi-Fi, but the standard rooms are a bit small.


First, a polite nod in the direction of Washington Post reporter Michael D. Shear, who has a very fair piece on George Allen’s mother’s Jewishness today. (The paper has been treating Allen as target practice for the last month.)
The article is actually quite moving. It seems that Etty Allen disclosed her Jewish ancestry to her son George only last month. Further, and this sheds light on Allen’s flustered response to the reporter’s question the other day, she swore him to secrecy.
Etty was raised as a Jew in Tunisia, where her father was imprisoned by the Nazis. Some Jews choose to abandon their faith in the face of persecution and she was one. George Allen Sr. knew, but his family did not. It’s a moving and sad and thoroughly understandable story now. No fair person could possibly judge George Allen harshly in light of this fuller picture.


Between the constant background music of Mister Softee’s truck in the summer, the $1.99 ice cream from the corner bodega, the helado carts and Baskin Robbins 31 Flavors can Harlem really stand another source for the rich creamy cold delight? Apparently so. Harlem Fur has been tipped off about a possible Cold Stone Creamery coming to 125th Street. Could this be the end of Mister Softee? Mister Softee isn’t trying to hear it; he wants to keep a cool head. Stay tuned as the battle of the ice cream continues to heat up this summer.


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If you see a naked man in Chaparral call the cops. 526-0795 is the number and there have been recent reports of man walking in Deloris Wright Park wearing only shoes. The Sheriff’s department has increased patrols and other investigative methods in the area and asks people in Chaparral to be aware and report suspicious activity. Deputies have been unable to identify the man and are asking the public for help. If the individual is seen again, or if anyone can safely obtain license plate information from the car he reportedly drives, please call central dispatch.
The bond for Guy Jaime Young is now a million dollars. Magistrate Court Judge Kent Wingenroth made it so yesterday. Young is accused is the savage beating of an elderly couple Tuesday morning. The 42 year old Young has been charged with two counts of attempted murder, two counts of aggravated burglary, two counts of robbery, three counts of tampering with evidence and one count of unlawful taking of a motor vehicle.The elderly couple sustained serious injuries and has been hospitalized.
You remember the “Case of the Disloyal watch dog”. 26 year old Gabriel Garcia was bitten by his own dog, when he ordered it to attack a woman who had spurned him. The Las Cruces Sun News is reporting that Garcia was indicted on one count of first-degree kidnapping, aggravated battery with a deadly weapon, battery, criminal sexual contact and assault. Garcia lives with his father and is out on bond.
At the request of Fire Marshal Robert Monsivaiz, the Doña Ana County Board of Commissioners has issued a 30-day proclamation declaring extreme drought and fireworks restrictions throughout Doña Ana County.
Once sales begin, Doña Ana County Sheriff's Department deputies, State Police officers and county fire officials will issue citations related to the possession or use of illegal fireworks. Each citation carries a fine of up to $300 and/or 90 days in jail.Officers from all participating agencies will confiscate illegal fireworks and work to identify vendors who are not in compliance with local restrictions. Due to the drought, Doña Ana County has banned the use of all fireworks within areas that are covered wholly or in part by timber, brush or native grass.
In 2013, New Mexico high school students were less likely to binge drink than their counterparts across the United States according to results from the Centers for Disease Control. While New Mexico students were less likely to binge drink by comparison, they were more likely to have their first drink of alcohol before the age of 13. In addition to information about youth alcohol use, the survey provided information about youth risk behaviors related to health, such as nutrition, physical activity, tobacco use, drug use, violence, unintentional injury, mental health, and sexual activity.
The fossilized skull of a stego-mastodon, an extinct elephant-like creature that roamed in the subtropical New Mexico climate millions of years ago is the real deal. The fossil was found near Elephant Butte and is being studied by experts. It died about 3 million years ago, near the Rio Grande’s bed at the time. A group of campers celebrating a bachelor party made the initial discovery in an area that was submerged two weeks ago.
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday
6A.M. - 10A.M.
Roadblocks subject to change without notice.


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Kong Stretchezz Lion Jumbo 30″ Long!
This is an extra large jumbo dog toy from the top brand for dog toys – Kong. This toy is over 2.5 feet long and has a stuffed head with a squeaker in it and an extra long stuffingless body with both crinkle and 2 large sqeakers.
This toy is perfect for the larger dog that loves their plush squeaky toys.
- Extra long stretch for long lasting fun
- Perfect for interactive play
- Less stuffing means less mess

domain: pet