text:
Should your creditors conform to be involved in this group payment approach, then they can not garnish you so long as you make your payments.
If documents or testimony are subpoenaed from the banking establishment in reference to a hearing executed to find out an exemption claim, the affordable charges and fees from the banking establishment in complying therewith shall be recoverable by it with the social gathering requiring these kinds of data or testimony, provided, the banking institution shall be below no obligation to make an effort to receive documents or documentation regarding the account executed against which happen to be held by another banking institution.
The writ of garnishment shall be issued from the name with the Statutee of Utah and shall be directed to the person or individuals designated during the plaintiff’s application as garnishee or garnishees, advising Each individual these types of person that Every is attached as garnishee while in the action, and commanding Every single of these not to pay for or provide any nonexempt Home Topic to Garnishment as described in Subdivision (a)(iii) inside their possession, custody, or Regulate, or section thereof, thanks or to become because of the defendant to the quantity remaining because of to the judgment and also to keep possession and control of all such property right until even more order on the court docket or as normally discharged or produced.
“Disposable earnings” are All those wages remaining immediately after your employer has made deductions necessary by law.
The federal federal government can garnish your wages in case you owe back again taxes, even without a court docket judgment. The amount it could possibly garnish depends on the amount of dependents you have along with your deduction rate.
Desire also grows on most judgments that a debtor owes a creditor, and court costs and charges can be extra on the judgment.
Within a trusteeship, you make payments towards the trustee, who will then distribute All those payments in your other creditors. Provided that you are inside a trusteeship, a creditor can't garnish your wages.
Upon a recommendation from the judgment creditor that anyone is indebted or liable on the judgment debtor or has in the individual’s possession or control personal Check Out Your URL house belonging towards the judgment debtor, which debt or legal responsibility can be enforced, when due, or which property can be recovered, when it became returnable, with the judgment debtor in a very court of law, and which debt or legal responsibility or property is subject into the judgment creditor’s writ of fieri facias, a summons towards these particular person might be issued out of the Place of work of your clerk of your circuit court from the county where this kind of individual so indebted or liable, or so owning this sort of private house, resides upon an attested copy of this sort of writ of fieri facias staying submitted Using the clerk being preserved in the clerk’s office, requiring these kinds of particular person to reply the suggestion in writing below oath.
Upon getting filed your objection, then you need to go to the Listening to. If you file an objection, but do not go to the Listening to, then the court may overrule your objection along with the garnishment will commence.
Summons with four copies in the interrogatories shall be served and returned as in other civil cases. The summons shall be accompanied by a copy of your underlying judgment or maybe a certification via the clerk with the court docket that entered the judgment, or through the lawyer for the judgment creditor, environment forth the level of the judgment, the identify on the court and the number of the situation and a person copy of a garnishment recognize. 735 ILCS _ five/12705.
In any motion in which dollars or other house shall are already trusted during the arms of a person, agency or Company, the person signing the garnishee’s remedy could be summoned by either party at any time before closing judgment and subjected to examination and crossexamination on all issues relating to or linked Along with the information established forth in such answer, and evidence may be launched to contradict the testimony of these kinds of man or woman.
Apart from as ordered by a choose, not more than two garnishments shall be issued by a celebration trying to find an order of garnishment relevant to exactly the same claim or promises and in opposition to exactly the same judgment debtor in almost any 30-working day period of time.
As soon as a judgment is recorded in court docket, you, to be a creditor, have the ability to attach a lien onto any assets owned from the debtor. A lien is often a proper that prohibits the debtor from transferring their curiosity in a very home till a credit card debt is glad.
Assistance with the writ of garnishment to the garnishee is invalid Until the writ is served together with four solution varieties, 3 stamped envelopes dealt with respectively on the clerk of your courtroom issuing the writ, the lawyer for your plaintiff, along with the defendant, and money or perhaps a Examine manufactured payable to the garnishee in the quantity of ten pounds.

domain: law


We finally received clarity from the Government regarding the publicised Free School Meals voucher scheme. We have also contacted the Local Authority for some further guidance about their approach.
Packed lunches will continue to be available over the Easter holidays, should you wish to collect them.
Who will be able to receive vouchers?
We are in the process of registering to be able to organise vouchers for eligible families. This is a significant task. Vouchers will ONLY be available for children whose families are registered as being entitled to benefits-related Free School Meals.
Who will NOT be able to receive vouchers?
This means that if you have a child in Reception, Year 1 and Year 2 who usually gets a school meal but you are not registered for benefits-related Free School Meals then you will NOT receive vouchers.
What can you do if you think you might be eligible but are not yet registered?
Some of you will already have been eligible, but won’t have registered as your child was receiving a free lunch anyway. For many others, this challenging situation may have changed your financial situation and you may now have become eligible.
The eligibility criteria for free school meals can be found here. PLEASE REGISTER TO SEE IF YOU’RE ELIGIBLE!
Our school office will have access to the names of children who registered and who meet the criteria, and who are eligible for the voucher payments.
How will the voucher scheme work?
Our understanding is that the vouchers would be issued via email and can be printed at home or shown on a smartphone at an identified supermarket. Vouchers are to be purchased by each school for those who are registered as eligible using the Government’s online portal. An e-code is then sent to parents. Parents can then choose the supermarket for their voucher; Sainsbury’s, Tesco, Asda, Morrisons, Waitrose and M&S are currently registered with the scheme. It is expected that others will follow.
When will vouchers start to be sent out?
As vouchers will be ordered by us once a week, it is ESSENTIAL that anyone who might be eligible registers by Friday THIS week.
Vouchers will only be issued during term time. We expect the first vouchers to be sent out early in the first week after Easter. This is the beginning 20th April 2020.
After Friday, once we know who currently eligible, we will then begin the lengthy task of registering families on the portal and begin to order vouchers. We think we may need parents’ emails. If this is the case, then at that point, we will contact those of you who are eligible and ask for the email address of the primary carer for each child.
We will update you with further information as and when we receive it.


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Thinking of changing the wallpaper on the ceiling? here are a few tips
Here are a few ways ceiling wallpaper can help add the wow factor to your home.
First published September 1, 2022 at 7:15 a.m. IST
Wallpaper is making a comeback in a whole new way, and this time to redecorate your ceilings where you least expect it. Ornate ceilings evoke memories of travel and all ceilings artfully decorated. It elevates a space from beautiful to breathtaking, interesting to iconic.
Add a character: If you’ve inherited a home that lost its architectural features along the way, textured wallpaper can bring back the detail that gives it old-world charm.
Put on a show: Why give up your bathroom? A shower room with tiled walls and floors doesn’t have to be unsightly. Vibrant geometric wallpaper in a striking color on the high ceiling turns a cramped area into a real delight.
Also Read: Onam 2022: Traditional Flower Rangoli Ideas for Kerala’s Biggest Festival
Hide errors: Wallpaper can be used to transform a damaged ceiling. Using dark paper in a high room to make the ceiling appear lower is not a problem and can even make the space cozier.
Bold : On the surface of a ceiling alone, a design that might be overwhelming on the walls can work just fine. A colorful pattern offers a splash of shine and color to your child’s room without being visually distracting.
Also read: Ganesh Chaturthi 2022: 10 Ganpati shlokas everyone should know
Visit Tesor Design and Decor for more tips and suggestions. See how their customers’ homes feature brilliantly used wallpaper to see how this new trend is changing the way we think about design.
Last updated September 1, 2022 at 7:15 am IST

domain: artistic


A new system is about to go live at Mott MacDonald, aimed at alerting managers to potential problems.
'As in any significant-sized organisation, you start to build up a considerable amount of data,' says head of IT John Gill. 'We wanted something that would look automatically at that data, and warn if something was going wrong.'
This could be anything, he says, perhaps a discrepancy between planned and actual work on a project. 'We are all human, and this system checks
and sends e-mail messages to the appropriate manager.'
Alerts from Categoric Software has been taken up by Motts. The new system will gradually be built up to cover a range of subjects.
'I've always felt that data which sits and does nothing is pretty wasteful,' says Gill. 'I was looking for a way in which inert data can talk back in such a way that you can take action. This system does just that - I had always thought we would have to program something ourselves.'
The software sits on top of the databases, and is set up to look at particular aspects and send out warning e-mails in predetermined situations. The idea came when Categoric's founder wanted a way to keep track of shipping deliveries, ensuring they had arrived safely.
'It will help us use rather than hoard data,' says Gill. 'It gives us the ability to respond to events as they happen. Passive systems which rely on the manager to notice things are not as reliable as those which actively alert the manager to a problem.'
First step is to define in the software what constitutes a problem, he explains.
Implementation will start at the Croydon head office. It could, for instance, flag up if timesheets for staff in any office around the world have not been entered on the due date. Engineering divisions will then pick it up for some of their management controls. 'We will have the system well bedded in by the end of the year,' Gill adds.
But there will be human issues to address, he acknowledges. It is one thing for the computer to send out a message, but it will be just as important to ensure that people take the appropriate action.


text:
Ross A. Maxwell, The Big Bend of the Rio Grande (Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas at Austin, 1968). W. N. McAnulty, "Geology of Cathedral Mountain Quadrangle, Brewster County, Texas," Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 66 (1955). A. Michael Powell, "Vegetation of Trans-Pecos Texas," in New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook (Socorro, New Mexico: New Mexico Geological Society, 1980).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this entry.
Handbook of Texas Online,
accessed May 21, 2022,
Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
Original Publication Date:
Most Recent Revision Date:
November 1, 1994

domain: geography


As of 2015, the Toyota Tacoma is marketed in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Panama, Bolivia, Chile, and also the French territory of New Caledonia.
2002 Toyota Tacoma Prerunner
First generation (January 1995-August 2004)
The Tacoma was presented in the US in February 1995 (March 1995 market launch) as a replacement for the Hilux, which prior to this was marketed in the United States under the name Toyota Pick-up. Compared with the Hilux, the Tacoma is crafted with a better top priority on trip high quality, taking care of, convenience, and safety and security over ruggedness as well as payload ability. The layout is meant to much better suit the demands of the United States and also Canadian pickup truck market, where pickup, specifically portable and mid-sized models, are commonly used as personal automobiles, as well as much less specifically for commercial, agricultural, and also off road use. The name was derived from the Shore Salish peoples' name for Mt. Rainier in Washington state.
Growth started in 1989, following launch of the 5th generation Toyota Pickup in late 1988 and ended in 1994. Design work was done at Calty Style Study in The Golden State from 1990 to 1992, when Kevin Seeker's outside design proposition was selected in the fall of 1991 and also in last form, frozen for manufacturing in 1992. Patents for the manufacturing design were filed in Japan in April 1993 and October 28, 1993 in the USA.
There were a total of three engines readily available for the Toyota Tacoma:.
-2.4 L four-cylinder rated at 142 hp (106 kW) and also 160 lb · feet (217 N · m) of torque.
-2.7 L four-cylinder ranked at 150 hp (112 kW) and 177 lb · feet (240 N · m) of torque.
-3.4 L V6 ranked at 190 hp (142 kW) and also 220 pound · ft (298 N · m) of torque. The 2.4 L gave 29 miles each United States gallon (8.1 L/100 kilometres; 35 mpg-imp) (freeway cycle), the 2.7 L provided 26 miles per US gallon (9.0 L/100 km; 31 mpg-imp) (highway), and also the 3.4 L supplied 22 miles each US gallon (11 L/100 kilometres; 26 mpg-imp) (freeway ).
Two-wheel drive Tacomas had 5-stud wheel lug patterns. The 2.4 L and also 3.4 L engines were readily available in this vehicle depending upon alternatives. Automatic and manual transmissions were readily available.
Four-wheel drive Tacomas (also 2WD staff taxicabs 2000-present) had six-stud wheel lug patterns, which had been utilized on the previous pickups (pre-Tacoma vehicles). The vehicle's frame is completely boxed up until instantly after the rear fallen leave springtime place bracket where it transitions right into a c-frame section. The 3.4 V6's manual transmission was an R150F while the automatic transmission was an A340F (Aisin code is 30-40LE). From 95-97 Solitary taxicab Tacomas had the alternative of a manual transmission with the 3.4 V6 engine. The aftermarket TRD supercharged 3.4 L V6 generated 254 bhp (189 kW) and also 270 pound · feet( 366 N · m ). From 1997 on, the single taxicabs only got a 2.7 L or a 2.4 L 4-cylinder from the factory. TRD plans started in 1997 (if the V6 engine was chosen, a differential storage locker in the rear had it).
In its initial pair years of manufacturing the Tacoma sold extremely well, bring in many young customers. The initial generation Tacoma underwent a minor headlight upgrade from recessed to flush headlights in October 1996 on 2WD designs and an overall of 2 aesthetic renovations: the initial in July 1997, and the second in October 2000. The renovations primarily entailed grilles (model year MY1998 and also 2001) and tailgate badging and emblems (MY1998). Mechanical changes included a button to distributorless ignitions (coil-on-plug) in 1996 and in 1997 longer back leaf springtimes. A passenger-side air bag was added in July 1997, and also the motorist's side air bag (criterion from 1995 launch) was "depowered". A lot of 4x4 versions had Toyota's Automatic Differential Disconnect (ADD) system after the 2000 version year.
Created via 1998 (by Yusuke Fukushima) as part of the MY2001 facelift (patented on September 22, 1998 at Japan Patent Office under # 0890798) was a new team taxi (four-door) model added to the lineup in October 2000. The crew taxicab showcased four doors and Tokico gas shocks, while the expanded taxicabs still opened up with two doors and made use of Bilstein shocks. The extended taxi included a 6 feet (1.8 m) bed while the staff taxicab featured a 5-foot-5-inch (1.65 m) bed. Lots of clients were upset with tiny team taxicab beds, but a lot of competitors shared this imperfection.
In October 2000, together with the front facelift, Toyota had likewise unveiled an S-Runner trim plan that included the 3.4-liter V6 engine. It included 16-inch (410 mm) alloy wheels, and also a 5-speed manual transmission with Tokico gas shocks. There were only 800 created each month from September 2000 to August 2004. By 2003 the Tacoma had actually acquired 16.5 percent sales from its previous years. The Tacoma's popularity only raised in the following couple of years. By 2004 it was ahead of the Nissan Frontier, and also Dodge Dakota, however still 2.2 percent behind in sales to the Ford Ranger.
In 2008, Toyota proactively announced a 15-year, unlimited gas mileage rust warranty for 1995-2000 version years as a result of inadequate rustproofing and also structure corrosion issues influencing over 800,000 Tacomas. Toyota will certainly either fix the structure or buyback the vehicle for 1.5 times its KBB retail worth. This was later on reached include 2001-2004 model years, however in these situations when a frame was discovered to be corroded to the point of opening, the frame is replaced with a new one as opposed to a buy back.
On November 21, 2012, Toyota remembered about 150,000 Tacoma mid-size pickup from the model years 2001 to 2004 that were marketed mostly in 20 cold-weather UNITED STATE states. The recall includes the spare tire as well as exactly how it could fall off.
2nd generation (August 2004-August 2015)
In 2000, Toyota began development of the second generation Tacoma under chief engineer Chikuo Kubota. Bulk of advancement job was handled by Hino in Japan. Developers Shigeya Hattori and also Hideo Karikomi of Hino, won the inner design competition in 2001. Last styles were iced up for manufacturing in 2002 as well as licenses filed on July 3, 2003, with examination mules being checked from early 2003. Models were built later on in 2003, with development ending in the second quarter of 2004.
On February 4, 2004 at the Chicago Vehicle Show, Toyota revealed a larger as well as extra powerful Tacoma. This brand-new Tacoma was offered in eighteen different setups, that consisted of 3 cab arrangements, 4 transmissions, 2 engines, as well as two bed lengths. The 3 cab configurations contain regular taxicab, gain access to cab, as well as dual taxicab. The transmissions are available in 4-speed automated, 5-speed automatic, 5-speed guidebook, and 6-speed handbook. Beds are: 6 ft (1.8 m) long bed, as well as 5 ft (1.5 m) brief bed. The Tacoma's 4.0-liter 1GR-FE V6 replaced the original 3.4-liter 5VZ-FE V6. The new V6 had several enhancements, such as a tow rating of 6,500 pound (2,948 kg), and also a haul capacity of 1,650 pound (748 kg). It creates 236 horsepower (176 kW) and also 266 lb · ft (361 N · m) of torque. The smaller, but brand new 2.7-liter 2TR-FE 4-cylinder option in less expensive models is ranked at 159 hp (119 kW) and also 180 lb · ft( 244 N · m ).
of torque. Toyota additionally presented an X-Runner trim, which changes the slow selling S-Runner trim from the previous generation. The X-Runner includes the 1GR-FE paired to a six-speed manual transmission, 18 in (457 mm) alloy wheels, lowered 2 inches from the factory and consisted of an X-Brace suspension package. Toyota also included a Down-Hill Assist Control (DAC) and also Hill-Start Help Control (HAC), with models that were equipped with the optional Toyota Competing Advancement (TRD) Off-Road plan. DAC automatically uses stopping during downhill descents while HAC stops the vehicle from rolling in reverse on hills. A back locking differential, or limited-slip differential were additionally some optional functions. Every Tacoma was produced with a composite inner bed that consists of a deck rail system with four restrain cleats, hook-pins, storage boxes. TRD plan outfitted Tacomas also showcase an in-bed 115V/400W AC power electrical outlet. The restrain cleats are ranked to hold up to 220 pound (100 kg).
The 2006 version Tacoma was a bit different from the 2005 version. The 2006 version made some options standard. Toyota additionally added 2 brand-new indoor colors for the 2007 design year. 2008 models are carry-ons from 2007. For 2009 security functions were added and also the Tacoma no more offers a mechanical minimal slip differential rather an open differential which makes use of individual wheel braking to replicate a mechanical LSD or "Auto-LSD". TRD off-road designs remain to come geared up with a locking rear differential. The second generation Tacomas were constructed in Tijuana, Mexico as well as Fremont, The golden state while the plastic/composite beds were all built in Mexico. However, in August 2009 Toyota revealed that it would certainly move Tacoma production from Fremont to San Antonio, Texas.
A minor renovation came for 2009, consisting of a slightly revised grille on some designs, brand-new LED taillamps, and also on the X-Runner, TRD Offroad and TRD Sport versions includes smoked headlamp trim. Complementary sound input now comes standard. The Access/Double Taxi vehicles have two new ceiling installed audio speakers and available back-up display. Four new outside colors are likewise contributed to the Tacoma.
After the personal bankruptcy of GM, GM finished its joint venture with Toyota. Toyota, requiring additional manufacturing quantity at its Texas and also Mississippi plants, finished Corolla as well as Tacoma manufacturing at the Fremont plant. In 2010 all Tacoma manufacturing was relocated to Toyota's Texas plant in San Antonio. The Tacoma will certainly be built alongside the Tundra. This brought a total amount of around 1,000 brand-new jobs to San Antonio.
The 2012 version year refresh included a restyled front bumper, fronts lights, grille, hood, brand-new inside and also a shark fin antenna for the SiriusXM satellite radio. The 2013 model year has touch screen stereo and also gets rid of the shark fin antenna and also SiriusXM radio capacity unless the optional Entune package is set up. 2014 models included a brand-new SR trim as well as for 2015 versions the normal taxi model was discontinued.
In November 2016, Toyota USA resolved a class action match over framework rust, consenting to check and if essential replace rusted structures on 2005-2010 design year Tacomas, 2007-2008 MY Tundras, and also 2005-2008 MY Sequoias in the United States and also its regions.
SG Automotive manufactures a truck with a comparable grille and headlights called the Huanghai Major in China.
3rd generation (September 2015-present)
The brand-new Tacoma was officially unveiled at the January 2015 Detroit Car Show with United States sales following in September 2015.
The vehicle has a new outside account taking designing signs from the 2014 model year 4Runner SUV and the 2014 model year Tundra pick-up as well as includes a a lot more hostile as well as masculine look, with a larger grill and new projector light beam headlamps. The tailgate as well as bed were revamped and also showcased a debossed Tacoma logo along with an instilled spoiler. New personality lines were also observed on the vehicle as well as an air dam in front of the lorry - these brand-new attributes will likely help in added fuel economy.
Under the hood Toyota supplies a 2.7 Liter I4 paired with a 6-speed automatic transmission or the existing 5-speed manual and a 3.5-liter V6 which runs Toyota's D-4S system changing from port to direct shot based on driving problems as well as works on the Atkinson cycle using VVT-iW variable valve timing. The 3.5-liter V6 supplies 278 hp and 265 lb-ft of torque. This engine is used in both a 6-speed automatic and also manual transmissions. EPA-estimated city/highway/combined mpg for the 4x2 automated is 19/24/21 and also 18/23/20 for the 4x4 automated. Based upon the SAE J2807 tow standards the Tacoma could tow up to 6,800 pound (3,100 kg) with the added tow bundle.
In addition to this, Toyota updated the vehicle's frame by including much more high strength steel in order to enhance the truck's rigidity and to drop weight. The body is likewise built using ultra-high toughness steel that will certainly be integrated making use of a brand-new hot marking procedure that minimizes weight. Toyota likewise upgraded the suspensions, back differentials and also rear axle to improve the truck's roadway manners while still keeping it off-road qualified. The vehicle is readily available in 6 unique trims, these are the base SR, mid-level SR5, TRD Off Road, TRD Sporting Activity, Limited, and also array topping TRD Pro. The truck is offered in Gain access to Cab as well as Double Taxi arrangements with the long or brief bed sizes. The Regular Taxi version was not rollovered for the brand-new generation pick-up. The interior of the pick-up obtains a full overhaul as well. Utilizing a handle-bar motif, Toyota made the interior of the Tacoma extra elegant as well as added a bigger touchscreen display as well as an all brand-new cockpit console. Soft-touch materials also changed the previous generations difficult plastics. A natural leather alternative was included. Toyota has actually likewise utilized an acoustic windscreen, far better shielded doors, along with even more climate removing to minimize road as well as wind sound. For the very first time Toyota will certainly offer twin climate control in the recently refined Tacoma.
Unlike the 2nd generation versions, the steering wheel controls (since 2016-2017) have actually minimized performance, and consequently impaired ease when attempting to browse phone Contacts/ Fave Contacts. The steering wheel D-pad controls are not connected to the Entune system for the purposes of searching and also selecting get in touches with. Rather, the vehicle driver should rely on voice controls, or unsafely getting to over to earn adjustments to the Entune system to surf and choose the proper get in touch with in order to place a telephone call. Furthermore, D-pad controls no more offer the capacity to scroll through checklists of tracks throughout USB or Bluetooth songs playback. The motorist should utilize the touch screen to pick brand-new albums/artists/songs.
The TRD Off Road trim versions features a brand new terrain choose setting which permits the driver to pick between various types of terrain such as, loosened rock, mud, and also sand. Toyota additionally announced a brand-new CRAWL mode that will allow the motorist to steer the vehicle in tough terrain while the truck handles stopping and acceleration by itself. In addition to this the vehicle likewise includes a moon-roof, key-less entrance, Qi Wireless phone charging ability, simple lower tailgate, dead spot surveillance system, backup camera (criterion) and also an installed GoPro owner (requirement).
Toyota additionally introduced a TRD Pro version in late 2016, which has FOX-patented Internal Bypass shocks, TRD Pro catback exhaust, TRD Pro skid plate, Ridged Industries LED fog lights, and heritage inspired 'TOYOTA' grille. The TRD Pro variation is just available in the double cab brief bed arrangement, with either a common or automated transmission in Barcelona Red Metallic, Super White, or Cement all with black and also red inside.
The Tacoma's change to its third generation took place while the segment is growing. In 2014, the San Antonio plant built 105,796 Tacomas as well as the Baja plant built 71,399 for an overall of 177,195. in 2015, the San Antonio plant developed 110,911 and Baja built 82,328 for a total of 193,239 constructed. In 2016, 191,673 Tacomas were marketed in the United States and also Canada (in addition to 115,489 Expanses additionally constructed in San Antonio) as well as, with the mid size segment up total, the San Antonio plant was running more expensive added Saturday shifts to stay up to date with demand, performing at 125% of predicted plant capability. The 2016 and 2017 model year double cab-short bed Tacomas are currently made in Tijuana (VINs starting in 3) and all various other Tacoma setups are made in San Antonio (VINs starting in 5). Toyota UNITED STATE revealed that they will certainly boost production at the Tijuana plant in 2018 from concerning 100,000 to 160,000 Tacomas.


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More items are being introduced to the game.
Most League of Legends players has now gotten acclimated to the new appearance of the in-game shop, as well as all of the items that came with the 2021 preseason update. But don’t get too comfy, since Riot Games intends to bring two new items and one drastically revamped item to the game shortly.
Lead game designer Jeevun “Jag” Sidhu revealed some of the secrets behind the three items in the most recent Ask Riot developer blog. To begin, Riot will introduce a new Legendary tank item that, like Knight’s Vow and Zeke’s Convergence, will connect one player to another. The twist is that instead of tying to an ally, you’ll be binding to an opponent.
The item will provide the user damage reduction against the selected opponent, as well as an extra tenacity reduction aura against them if you are close to them. As a consequence, it’s ideal for dealing with a highly fed carry on the other team or a split pusher who can kill you in a one-on-one situation.
Next, Sanguine Blade will be heavily reworked because its stats have struggled to support the item’s “solo operative fantasy.” As a result, Riot intends to remove it from the lethality space in order to make it more appealing to any AD champion. The developers are also changing the item’s power such that it can battle many champions while also having the capacity to siege a tower that is “defended by a durable opponent.”
The final item is a Legendary for enchanter champions that provides burst resistance comparable to Zhonya’s Hourglass but with a much more support-focused focus. The item is intended to provide enchanter support with a means of avoiding being annihilated by heavy dive compositions and assassins who manage to slip into the backline.
The tank item and Sanguine Blade overhaul will be available this summer, while the new enchanter item will be available during the preseason. As is customary, the team is still contemplating various potential spaces to investigate for this year’s preseason, but that is still a long way off.

domain: game


Are Condos covered by the Fair Housing Act?I’m often asked whether a condo that is privately owned falls under the Fair Housing Act. If the condos are located in a building that houses four or more units, then those condos are “covered” by Fair Housing Act. (Covered by the Act means that those units must comply with the guidelines)Regardless of whether you rent or own, the following is the criteria for what buildings are covered by the Fair Housing Act:1. In buildings without an elevator, only the ground floor units are covered2. In buildings with an elevator, all units are covered3. In building with an elevator, but with some units that have two stories, then only the units that are accessed via an elevator like the figure below, are covered and must comply.


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MADRID, SPAIN - Sophomore Aaron Cosby (Louisville, Ky.) and junior Patrik Auda (Brno, Czech Republic) combined to score 42 points as the Seton Hall men's basketball team throttled C.B. Torrejon, 95-70, Wednesday in its first of five exhibition games while touring Spain and the Canary Islands.
Cosby scored a team-high 23 points and was an impressive 5-for-8 from three-point range. Getting the start at point guard, he also led the Pirates with seven assists.
As a team, Seton Hall shot 50% from the field, including 52% from behind the three-point arc.
Kevin Johnson (Compton, Calif.), Kyle Smyth (River Edge, N.J.) and Gene Teague (Vineland, N.J.) made their Pirate debuts, while junior swingman Fuquan Edwin (Paterson, N.J.) displayed his usual fine defensive effort with five steals. Edwin led the nation with 102 steals last season.
Teague and junior Aaron Geramipoor (Manchester, England) led the team in rebounding with seven each.
Every Pirate scored in the game with the exception of Tom Maayan (Galil, Isreal) and Brian Oliver (Glassboro, N.J.) who did not play. Maayan is completing his rehab from an ACL tear and Oliver is nursing a slight ankle sprain. Both players are expected to be ready for the start of the regular season.
"I was pleased with the overall effort of our guys," said Head Coach Kevin Willard. "Plenty of things for us to work on, but it was a good physical game which starts off the trip on a good note."
The Pirates will face C.B. Torrejon again on Thursday night. Game time is 7:00 pm locally and 1:00 pm Eastern Time. Pirate fans can follow the action via twitter: @SHUathletics and get the official post-game story on www.SHUpirates.com.

domain: news


text:
A teenage girl has been arrested in connection with an attempted robbery at Sainsbury’s petrol station in Kidderminster.
It happened at about 11.30pm on Wednesday, 8th January, in Carpet Trades Way, as staff were cashing up.
Three masked offenders, armed with a crowbar, forced their way in through a rear door and demanded money. They tried to open the safe but were unable to do so and left empty handed.
One of the men was wearing a ski mask and a hat across his face, and had on distinctive luminous gloves. A second man was wearing a devil mask.
A 17-year-old girl was arrested on Sunday, 12th January, on suspicion of conspiracy to commit robbery and has been released on police bail pending further inquiries.
Witnesses or anyone with information are asked to contact Detective constable Hilary Martin on the 101 quoting incident 614-s-080114 or they can ring Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555111.


text:
This essay explores the differences between a practice called body modification and the behaviour known as self-injury (or self-harm, self-inflicted injury, self-mutilation, etc.), in which individuals purposefully harm themselves to get relief from strong emotion or in an attempt to gain control over themselves or their emotions. Although some consider both self-injury and body modification to be synonymous, I argue that self-injury is more like an addiction to many sufferers, making it like a mental illness or a disease. I use a narrative interview with a friend called 'Eva' to illustrate these differences from a self-harmer's point of view, and hope to show that while body modifiers are often proud of their transformations and view the process as a rite, self-harmers, in contrast, are often secretive and ashamed of their behaviour or addiction.
Shame, Guilt and Identity
Money, Religion, and Symbolic Exchange in Winter Sleep
force in the modern economy, for capitalism and Christianity are structurally bound together. What links them is articulated in social theory as the notion of guilt or debt. Seen in this prism, not only has capitalism found support in religion, but it
Representing German Victimhood and Guilt: The Neue Wache and Unified German Memory
Commemorating National Socialism and Communism from the perspective
of 1989 often results in an uneasy conflation of German
guilt and victimhood. When the events of 1933-1989 are presented
as one long authoritarian period, war and tyranny can easily be construed
as external forces that simply befell the German nation.
While memories of national guilt are divisive, memories of victimhood
unify and simplify an otherwise ambiguous past. The 1995
restoration of Berlin’s Neue Wache is emblematic of this conflation
of guilt and victimhood. As the central German memorial to all victims
of war and tyranny, the Neue Wache neither distinguishes
between dictatorships, nor between perpetrator and victim.
"The Facts Behind the Guilt"? Background and Implicit Intentions in 'Downfall'
The film Downfall, released in 2004 at the height of an unprecedented "Hitler wave," has to be seen in a long tradition of literary and cinematic attempts to deal with Germany's "unmasterable past." The filmmakers claimed that by focusing on Hitler's final days before the end of WWII they had discovered "new territory" and presented the "facts behind the guilt." This article points out, however, that the film is historiographically based on the account by Joachim Fest's book Downfall-in which the author, as in his earlier work, follows a methodological approach that personalizes history and focuses on Hitler as "singular personality," rejecting any systematic analysis of political and social context. The film goes even further in its unscrupulous blurring of fact and fiction and simplistically juxtaposes a very small group of perpetrators (basically Hitler and Goebbels) and the large group of victims, i.e., the general population that only wanted to survive. Such an attempt to focus on a tragically failing, isolates Hitler, who alone is to blame for nation's "Downfall" is hardly suitable to help Germans to step out of the shadow of their past.
Guilt and Accountability in the Postwar Courtroom
The Holocaust in Czortków and Buczacz, East Galicia, as Seen in West German Legal Discourse
This article examines the way in which West German courts confronted the case of low-level, former Nazi perpetrators who conducted mass killings of Jews in isolated towns in Eastern Europe. Using the example of the towns of Czortków and Buczacz in eastern Galicia, the article argues that such trials, conducted in the late 1950s and 1960s, sought both to recreate the historical reality of genocide on the local level, where killers and victims often knew each other by name, and to identify a type of perpetrator who differed essentially from "ordinary" Germans, even as he was himself invariably defined as a "victim of the circumstances of that time."
Guilt, responsibility, and denial. The past at stake in post‐Milošević Serbia by Gordy, Eric
A Totem and a Taboo
Germans and Jews Re-enacting Aspects of the Holocaust
the older generations of Germans feel less guilty at meeting Poles than had they met them in Germany. Guilt at the presence of Jews, however, was mitigated only by the academic nature of the conference. There seemed to be less easy mingling between
Redeeming Lady Macbeth
Gender and Religion in Justin Kurzel's Macbeth (2015)
to get rid of the overarching guilt inscribed in her body by metaphorically washing the blood off her hands. Preceding her death, this moment depicts Lady Macbeth in an ambivalent light following her apparent repentance, thus expanding her character
The German Mountain Troops and Their Opponents, 1943 to the Present
fueled by significant police and army resources, over what happened on Cephalonia illustrates continuing disputes about guilt and responsibility. Both sides, one a long-established veteran's group backed by powerful government agencies, solicited help
Rhinos and Hippos, Oh My!
Laurent Obertone and the Dangers of Domestication
and the urban core; second, the influence of Islamism; and third, the open-society ethos of the post-WWII era, which, combined with postcolonial guilt, may cause European populations to react sentimentally rather than prudently when faced with drivers

domain: literature


text:
Tim Schafer has detailed the future of his studio Double Fine Productions - making multiple projects with low budgets.
"We got a phone call from a publisher saying "we're not going to do a sequel to Brutal Legend." My fault was that I had not prepared for that, so we did not have a project ready to go," he said at the Develop conference in Brighton this morning.
However, the company had a number of game prototypes made in two weeks as part of a team motivational exercise. "So we picked the best four took them on a roadshow and showed them to publishers," he said.
"In a couple of months all four games got signed. So we became officially a multi-project studio. Trying to kill us made us multiply."
"Some of the games are downloadable, and some are retail," he confirmed.
Explaining that Brutal Legend took four and half years to make, and that both of Double Fine's games to date had suffered temporary cancellation and publisher interference, he was convinced that "going small" was the way forward.
"We've seen the benefits of it right away. The advantages of doing small budgets means there's less compromise. Publishers are not as afraid of doing something unusual with smaller budgets, of $2 million or less. They're less likely to grab your IP rights if you're only asking for a small amount of money."
Revealing that some of the four projects (spanning multiple genres) would see release this year, he celebrated that "we have choice now" in terms of what future projects would be. "We have as a company found our way as a result of this challenge."


2017 Maserati Levante SUV officially revealed ahead of Geneva motor show
Source : 2017 Maserati Levante SUV officially revealed ahead of Geneva motor show
Maserati interacts with the leaked images of the first high-design rides, through the issuance of official photographs Levante, which will go on sale inside the spring of
external surfaces design of the brand-new Maserati has revealed Levante SUV inside the official pictures released by the Italian the before the start of the official car in engine Geneva show next month.
Maserati images in reaction to the leaked versions of the images originally published inside the Dutch news site as well as later circulated on the Internet.
the confirmed a few scraps of technical information about the brand-new design, noting of which “the structure can be designed to combine outstanding performance on a typical way of every Maserati while addressing unparalleled even inside the very surfaces as well as low excellent -road performance grip as well as ride. ”
Levante All versions will include a sophisticated electronic suspension with damping controlled air springs as well as adjustable, Maserati “Q4” all-wheel drive as well as automatic transmission system speeds eight specially calibrated for the SUV.
of which Maserati Levante will be offered which has a choice of petrol or diesel stations. However, of which goes on a leaked unofficial information in more detail, pointing out of which at least two of gasoline, diesel as well as one copy of the Levante will be available at all.
reports of which both Levante as well as Levante 350 430 will use the same 3.0-liter V6 engine gasoline, which already contains the Ghibli as well as Quattroporte . of which can be claimed of which Levante 350 to be able to cover 0-62mph in 6.3sec which has a top speed of 151mph, while Levante 430 race can manage 0-62mph in 5.2sec as well as goes on to a top speed of 164mph.
The diesel engine can be also a 3.0-liter V6, as well as can cover 0-62mph in 6.9sec before of which reaches maximum speed of 143 mph.
as well as these engines, of which can be likely of which borrowing V8 engine inside the Quattroporte in performance formula leads a group of Levante. Plug-in hybrid variation can be also planned to Levante.
images reveal of which Levante can be characterized by a brand-new car engine cover sculpured dramatically which has a bold interpretation of the grille Maserti, as well as the division of a brand-new design of the headlights as well as tapered to the two large front air intakes. Featuring vents three brands Maserati on the front wings, while there are windows frameless doors, a trapezoidal C- column carrying Saetta logo seen on the Ghibli as well as additional Maserati, mounted spoiler inside the upper part of the shoe as well as four exhaust exits.
There are also stylistic nods to 2011 at the Kubang concept car, which indicated the intention of first Maserati to enter the SUV market.
Among the leaked images, nevertheless not included inside the official newspapers for Maserati, can be a look at the brand-new vehicle’s Indoor, which includes steering wheel mounted paddles for the automatic transmission, large screen as well as central media.
Levante launch a crucial moment for Maserati, as the company looks to take advantage of the luxury SUV lucrative as well as growing market. Levante will compete with the likes of Porsche Cayenne , BMW X5 , Mercedes-Benz GLE as well as Audi Q5 . Levante can quickly become the biggest seller Maserati, as the company looks to the sales growth to 70,000 units by 2018.
Speaking to Autocar, Maserati boss Harald confirmed Wester of which Levante will be priced to sit inside the period between 53 580 £ 81 660 as well as £ Quattroporte. Starting cost of around £ 65,000 can be likely.
the first examples of the Maserati Levante have already rolled out of the production line Mirafiori in Turin, Italy.
by Autocar via RSS


More sensitive climates are more variable climates, research shows
A decade without any global warming is more likely to happen if the climate is more sensitive to carbon dioxide emissions, new research has revealed.
A team of scientists from the University of Exeter and the Centre of Ecology and Hydrology in the UK has conducted pioneering new research into why both surges and slowdowns of warming take place.
Using sophisticated climate models the team, led by Ph.D. student Femke Nijsse, discovered if the climate was more sensitive to CO2 concentration also displayed larger variations of warming over a decade.
When combined with information from simulations without any carbon dioxide increases, the authors were able to assess the natural variability of each climate model.
The research is published this week in Nature Climate Change.
Femke Nijsse, from the University of Exeter, said: "We were surprised to see that even when we took into account that sensitive climate models warm more over the last decades of the 20th century, these sensitive models were still more likely to have short periods of cooling."
For many years, estimates have put climate sensitivity somewhere between 1.5-4.5°C of warming for a doubling of pre-industrial CO2levels.
The study found that cooling—or "hiatus"—decades were more than twice as likely around the turn of the century in high sensitivity models (models that warm 4.5 ºC after doubling CO2), compared to low sensitivity models (models that warm 1.5 ºC after doubling CO2).
Co-author Dr. Mark Williamson, A Research Fellow at Exeter: "This does not mean that the presence of a global warming slowdown at the beginning of the 21st century implies we live in a highly sensitive world.
"By looking at all decades together, we get a better picture and find observations are broadly consistent with a central estimate of climate sensitivity"
Ms Nijsse added: "We still don't exactly know how much the climate system will heat up, nor do we know exactly what the range of natural variability in trends will be over the coming decades. But our study shows that these risks should not be considered as separate."
The paper also studied the chance that a decade in the 21st century could warm by as much as the entire 20th century—a scenario that the research team call "hyperwarming".
Under a scenario where carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels continue to increase, the chance of hyperwarming is even more dependent on climate sensitivity than the long-term global warming trend.
Increasing the climate sensitivity by 50% from a central estimate of 3 ºC would increase the mean global warming to the end of this century by slightly less than 50%, but would increase the chance of a hyperwarming decade by more than a factor of ten.
More information: Decadal global temperature variability increases strongly with climate sensitivity, Nature Climate Change (2019). DOI: 10.1038/s41558-019-0527-4
Journal information: Nature Climate Change
Provided by University of Exeter


I have a knockout in an outdoor electrical panel that is above the uninsulated portion of the panel. I need to run 4/0 SER wire into the panel. According to NEC 312.2, I need a wet listed fitting when working above the uninsulated portion of the panel. However, I can only find weatherproof fittings for SE/SEU, but not SER.
Several web sites seem to recommend using standard dry-location clamps plus duct seal or caulk, but that doesn't seem to meet the requirements of 312.2.
What is the proper way of terminating SER at this location?
312.2 Damp and Wet Locations. In damp or wet locations, surface-type enclosures within the scope of this article shall be placed or equipped so as to prevent moisture or water from entering and accumulating within the cabinet or cutout box, and shall be mounted so there is at least 6-mm (1/4-in.) airspace between the enclosure and the wall or other supporting surface. Enclosures installed in wet locations shall be weatherproof. For enclosures in wet locations, raceways or cables entering above the level of uninsulated live parts shall use fittings listed for wet locations.


text:
Authorities say this is how events took place:
Adam Lanza, 20, who was believed to suffer from a personality disorder, shoots and kills his mother at their home in Newtown, Conn., a town of 27,000 people 60 miles northeast of New York City.
With two pistols and a rifle, he drives her car to Sandy Hook Elementary, where his mother taught kindergarten.
Before 9:30 a.m., Lanza, wearing all black, carries two pistols into the school.
He opens fire in at least two classrooms.
As gunshots ring out, teachers herd children into closets and offices, locking hallway doors where they can. A custodian runs down hallways and shouts “Guys! Get down! Hide!” Someone turns on the public address system so the sounds of chaos can be heard throughout the school.
Lanza kills 20 children and six adults.
Lanza shoots himself to death.
Just after 9:30 a.m., police respond to a 911 call. First rescuers and panicked parents looking for their children race to the school.
- Handcuffed by David Price for eight innings, Angels get walk-off win on Hanley Ramirez's
- Airbnb sues Anaheim over short-term rental penalties
- Registered sex offender charged with sexually assaulting two children in Fullerton
- New leg for Liam, 4-year-old whose prosthetic limb was stolen from O.C. beach
- Backyard of Santa Ana home where body may be buried is crime scene, police say


Ratio Estimation Between Water and Bubble Using Voltage Current System
M. H. Jeon and M. Takei
Graduate School of Engineering, Div. Artificial System Science, Dept. Mechanical Eng.
Chiba University, 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-0022, Japan
In single phase flow, the influx of other substances frequently occurs and it causes trouble in controlling the system. Therefore, method is necessary to check the influx of foreign material for preventing accident and performance decline. In this paper, voltage-current system which applies voltage and measures current is used to detect influx of other material in single phase flow. Measured current data is normalized with reference data measured from homogeneous case for analyzing the condition inside pipe. In the numerical simulation, finite element method (FEM) is used to calculate currents data based on the applied voltage and internal conductivity distribution. Simulation result show that ratio between two materials can be estimated by confirming the normalized current data
Keywords Voltage-current system, Normalization method, Ratio estimation
Copyright © International Society for Industrial Process Tomography, 2016. All rights reserved.


text:
Going the Distance keeps moving
A charity run that started three years ago has seen rapid growth with registrations this year.
The second annual Going the Distance 5K Color Run, started by organizer MaKenzie Hawley, has more than tripled its registration from its first year, one year since it added some color to the mix.
“I figured doing the color run would be a little more energetic and fun with all that powder,” she said, referring to the colored corn starch launched at runners during the 5k.
This year’s color run will start at 1 p.m. Saturday outside the Rosedale Rapids Aquatic Center, 1111 N. 32nd St.
The $10 registration fee includes a t-shirt, sunglasses, colored powder and a chance to win raffle gift cards to various restaurants and businesses. Children 5 and under are free.
This year, runners can have the chance to feel as happy as their donation helps kids with special needs feel by going the distance for those with disabilities.
“It’s an awesome feeling I’d say, just watching people’s face go through the color and enjoying it,” said Hawley. “Running and walking isn’t always the funnest, but the cause is the most important part of it.”
Judging by the uptick in numbers, word has spread that runners agree — Hawley has received 100 registrations so far this year, up from 30 the first year and surpassing her goal of 80.
She’s excited because people are showing as much passion for the cause as the work-based learning specialist and vocational rehabilitation intermediary with Voc Rehab has.
That long title simply means she helps kids succeed in school and either prepare them for further education or to enter the work force.
“With (the funding I had), I couldn’t pay for a lot of activities for special education high school students,” she said.
So, why not raise money while doing something fun, she thought.
Since it started, everything has grown “tremendously,” she said.
Her work partners with high school students in special education classrooms in Fort Dodge, Clarion, Eagle Grove, Webster City, South Hamilton and Southeast Valley school districts. All money raised through the color run goes straight to them for activities and summer camp they normally couldn’t afford.
“I think just the feeling you get after seeing someone else be successful,” is the best part of her work, she said, and the best part of what the funds raised help accomplish. “(There’s often) doubt in people with a disability — they have so much potential, but people don’t let them shine.”
That’s where people like her come in, to show them just how capable they are, preparing them for the “real world.”
This year’s color run will feature 14 different stations of various colored powder with students throwing it, and squirt guns blasting it on runners throughout the course.
More Iowa Central Community College students this year have joined in on the excitement for a smoother experience, overall, bringing renewed energy and vigor with their eagerness to benefit a good cause.
Last year’s color run fundraiser, in partnership in Iowa Central, brought in $2,000. This year’s shows promise to bring in much more, with about 30% more registrants so far. Hawley hopes for at least $2,500, but said that “anything would be great.”
Those interested in registering can email MaKenzie Hawley at firstname.lastname@example.org or call 515-574-1910. Those interested can also register online by going to EventBrite.com and searching for “Going the Distance 5K Color Run.”


text:
Robert Vaughan(circa 1600-circa 1660), Artist
Sitter in 4 portraits
Artist associated with 77 portraits
A versatile line engraver, producing portraits, maps, bookplates, series of prints and the occasional broadsheet. His portraits ranged from leaders such as Sir Francis Drake to contemporaries, including the lawyer Sir George Croke. Vaughan may have been interested in alchemical magic: Elias Ashmole's Theatrum chemicum Britannicum (1652), an anthology of poems on alchemy, is illustrated with Vaughan's engravings, and throughout his working life he was associated with the alchemist poet Thomas Vaughan. In 1651, Vaughan, a royalist supporter during the civil wars, was indicted by the Commonwealth authorities for publishing a portrait print of the recently executed King, Charles I.
by Robert Vaughan, sold by William Riddiard, after George Geldorp
line engraving, mid 17th century

domain: history


US 5955899 A
A compact electronic comparator circuit is featuring a single amplifier having two loads. The comparator is a symmetrical circuit having a pair of transistors to which positive and negative feedback loads are coupled so as to yield a constant infinite load. The comparator first amplifies the two input signals, and then operates as a regenerative latch in response to an external signal once the input signals have been sufficiently amplified. The comparator may be used in A/D converter and DRAM applications.
1. A circuit comprising:
an amplifier to receive first and second input signals and in response provide first and second output signals at first and second output terminals;
first load coupled to said first and second output terminals of the amplifier in a negative feedback configuration and to receive a set load signal, the first load being placed in a high impedance state in response to the set load signal being asserted;
a reset circuit coupled between said first and Second output terminals of the amplifier to equalize the first and second output signals in response to a reset signal being asserted;
a second load coupled to said first and second output terminals of the amplifier in a positive feedback configuration; and
a power-saving circuit coupled to said first and second output terminals of the amplifier to automatically reduce the power consumption of the amplifier when a magnitude of the first output signal is greater than a magnitude of the second output signal.
2. A circuit as in claim 1 wherein the second load comprises a bistable circuit being a pair of cross-coupled transistors.
3. A circuit according to claim 1 wherein the amplifier comprises a differential pair.
4. A circuit according to claim 3 wherein the differential pair comprises first and second transistors each having a signal path and a control input, the power-saving circuit reduces a current through the signal path of the first transistor of said differential pair when the output signals diverge substantially.
5. A circuit according to claim 1 wherein the first load comprises a switching device for receiving the set load signal and, in response, placing the first load in said high impedance state.
6. A comparator comprising:
an amplifier to receive and amplify a pair of input signals to provide a differential output signal corresponding to first and second signals at first and second terminals;
a second load coupled to said first and second terminals of the amplifier in a positive feedback configuration;
a first load to receive a set load signal and being coupled to the first and second terminals of the amplifier in a negative feedback configuration in response to the set load signal being deasserted; and
a power-saving circuit coupled to the first and second terminals of the amplifier to automatically reduce the power consumption of the amplifier when a magnitude of the first signal is greater than a magnitude of the second signal and the differential output signal settles to a substantially time invariant state.
7. A comparator according to claim 6 wherein the amplifier comprises a differential transistor pair to provide the differential output signal in response to the pair of input signals.
8. A comparator as in claim 6 wherein the second load comprises a bistable circuit being a pair of cross-coupled transistors.
9. The comparator of claim 6 further comprising:
a reset circuit coupled to the first and second terminals to receive a reset signal and to allow the amplifier to drive the output signal in response to the reset signal being deasserted.
10. A comparator according to claim 9 wherein the second load is decoupled from the amplifier in response to the set load signal being asserted after the reset signal is deasserted.
11. A comparator according to claim 10 wherein the set load signal is asserted when a predetermined time has elapsed after the reset signal is deasserted.
12. A comparator according to claim 6 wherein the power-saving circuit reduces a signal current through one transistor of said differential pair when the differential output signal has settled.
13. A method comprising:
applying a pair of input signals to a single amplifier configured to provide an output signal corresponding to first and second signals at first and second terminals indicative of a difference between the input signals, the amplifier comprising a differential pair of transistors coupled to the first and second terminals each having a control input and a signal path, the amplifier having first and second loads and a third load all coupled to the first and second terminals, a power-saving circuit coupled between the differential pair and said first and second terminals to reduce the power consumption of said amplifier by automatically reducing a current through the signal path of one of the transistors in the differential pair in response to a magnitude of the first signal being greater than a magnitude of the second signal;
amplifying the input signals for a time using the amplifier and the first and second and third loads;
causing the first and second loads to enter a high impedance state after expiration of the time interval; and
continuing to amplify the input signals with said third load until the output signal has reached the stable state.
14. A method according to claim 13 wherein the first and second loads are coupled to the differential pair to form a negative feedback configuration during the time interval.
15. A method according to claim 13 wherein the third load is coupled to the differential pair to form a positive feedback configuration after the time interval.
This invention lies in the field of comparison of electronic or other types of signals. More specifically, this invention relates to electronic comparator circuits for high speed applications.
Typically, comparators have a positive (also called non-inverting) input and a negative (also called inverting) input for receiving the input voltages or currents, and an output voltage or current which indicates a high level if the positive input is greater than the negative input, and indicates a low level if the negative input is larger than the positive input. Some comparators also have an additional complimentary output.
Comparators find themselves as important components in many applications, including medium resolution (8-10 bits) Analog to Digital (A/D) converters, memory circuits such as Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) and Static RAM, and Sigma-Delta A/D converters. In modern embedded circuit applications, such as the digital camera, reducing the physical size and the power consumption of fast comparators is of paramount importance due to the large number of comparators used. For example, circuits such as the DRAM, SRAM, and the CMOS imaging array may require one or two comparator circuits for each column. Thus, a typical 1024 by 1024 CMOS image array can require over two thousand comparator circuits for sensing the analog signal levels generated by the array. A reduction in size of the comparator will therefore reduce manufacturing costs and yield a more compact final product. Additionally, in a typical CMOS image array, each comparator will be part of an A/D converter for each column and will typically be called on to perform a comparison every 50 nanoseconds. Thus, a faster comparator will improve image resolution by allowing a greater number of image sensor columns to be sensed in a given period of time.
For high speed applications, a circuit known as a regenerative latch (also called a positive feedback latch) may be used to translate a small difference in the input signal levels into much larger output signal levels in a short period of time. Latches work well in implementing logic circuits such as the flip-flop. However, a latch cannot be used by itself as a comparator circuit when the input signal levels to be compared differ by less than the voltage required to toggle the latch. That is because the latch has only two stable states, such that the smallest difference between the two input signal levels will be enough to launch the outputs towards one of the two stable states. Even if the circuit elements in the latch were perfectly matched to yield zero input offset levels, the significant positive feedback in a latch will be enough to uncontrollably amplify the slightest and shortest noise spike at the inputs. To toggle the latch into another state, the difference in input levels must be greater than the latch toggle voltage. In a typical modern latch built using Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) technology, this toggle voltage is approximately 30 mv. Thus, input signal levels differing by less than 30 mv will have no effect on the output of the latch.
One way to retain the fast and reliable switching characteristics of a latch when comparing two signals which differ by less than the toggle voltage is to use an amplifier stage in front of the latch. The input signals are first amplified to a level that is sufficient to overcome the latch toggle voltage. The amplified levels are then fed to the latch which will then be toggled into the correct output state.
The addition of a separate amplifier stage, however, results in more power consumption, requires greater physical area on the integrated circuit die, and will reduce the overall speed of the comparison because of the additional delay introduced by the separate amplifier stage. Therefore, a novel comparator circuit is needed to overcome some or all of these disadvantages.
This invention is directed at a novel comparator circuit having a single amplifier stage for first amplifying two input signals and then for operating as a regenerative latch to yield an output comparison result. The amplifier has two loads, one presenting positive feedback, the other presenting negative feedback. The negative feedback load is controlled by an external signal. In response to the external signal, the negative feedback load is decoupled from the amplifier upon expiration of a first time, leaving the positive feedback load to finish the comparison.
FIG. 1 is a first embodiment of a comparator circuit according to the invention.
FIG. 2 is a second embodiment of a comparator circuit according to the invention.
FIG. 3 is a timing diagram for using the comparator circuit according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 shows an embedded circuit application utilizing a comparator according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 5 is an A/D converter application utilizing a comparator according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of the invention. The comparator circuit 100 has first and second amplifying units 102 and 103 for receiving input signals IN- and IN+, respectively. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1, amplifying units 102 and 103 are identical n-MOS field effect transistors (FETs) Q1 and Q2, respectively. Q1 and Q2 receive IN- and IN+ at their respective gates. The respective drains of Q1 and Q2 connect to current nodes A and B at which the output signals OUT+ and OUT- are found. Bias network 113 is shown as coupling to the respective sources of Q1 and Q2. Bias network 113 in this embodiment contains identical n-MOS FETs Q13 and Q14 referenced to VSS. Completing the bias network 113 are input voltage VBIAS and n-MOS FET Q15 coupled to Q13 and Q14 for biasing the amplifying units 102 and 103.
FIG. 1 also includes first and second loads 101 and 105 that are coupled to nodes A and B. First and second loads 101 and 105 each receive set load signal SL which is generated external to the comparator circuit. The set load signal SL is used to couple and decouple the first and second loads 101 and 105 to their respective nodes A and B so as to affect the gain of the amplifying units 102 and 103.
Finally, a third load 109 couples to nodes A and B as shown. The third load 109 presents positive feedback to amplifying units 102 and 103.
The comparator circuit of FIG. 1 also includes a reset circuit 111 which couples nodes A and B. The reset circuit 111 receives an externally generated reset signal RST to equalize the output nodes A and B. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, raising the potential of reset signal RST creates a low impedance path through n-MOS FET Q11 between nodes A and B. The path should be sufficiently low in resistance so that output signals OUT+ and OUT- appear identical to an external sensing circuit.
Although in the embodiment of FIG. 1, loads 101, 105 and 109 are shown as separate loads, the comparator circuit can also be implemented as a single amplifier having two loads, a first load presented by the pair 101 and 105, and a second load presented by load 109. Indeed, the pair 101 and 105 are both controlled simultaneously by the external signal SL. Furthermore, amplifying units 102 and 103 can also be treated as a single amplifier unit, because both are necessary for proper functioning of the comparator circuit 100.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, first load 101 comprises a pair of p-MOS FETs Q3 and Q7 connected serially as shown and referenced to VDD (the positive supply rail). Q7 acts as a switch in response to set load signal SL. When SL drops to VDD-VT where VT is the threshold voltage of the p-MOS FET used for Q7, Q7 will conduct so as to couple the first and second load devices to their respective nodes. Second load 105 is constructed and operates in the same way as the first load 101, including a pair of p-MOS FETs Q4 and Q8 corresponding to Q3 and Q7, respectively. Q3 and Q4 have their gates connected to their respective drains in order to create negative feedback for amplifying units 102 and 103.
The third load 109 is represented as p-MOS FETs Q5 and Q6 cross connected as a bistable circuit across nodes A and B. As will be described below, third load 109 presents positive feedback to amplifying units 102 and 103. Moreover, the combination of positive and negative feedback presented by the pair Q3 and Q4 (when conducting) and the pair Q5 and Q6 as shown in FIG. 1 results in a constant infinite load for amplifying units 102 and 103.
Bias network 113 completes the circuit of FIG. 1 and will typically include n-MOS transistors Q13 and Q14 connected as shown. Conventional voltage limiting device Q15 also appears as an n-MOS FET receiving an external input bias voltage VBIAS at its drain. A larger VBIAS will result in greater current through devices Q13 and Q14 which in turn results in increased power consumption but greater operating speed for the amplifying units 102 and 103.
The exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1 will typically be implemented as part of a semiconductor integrated circuit where n-MOS FETs Q1 and Q2 have a typical width-to-length (W/L) ratio of 6.4/2.8, p-MOS FETs Q3 and Q4 have a typical W/L ratio of 2.4/2.4, Q5 and Q6 have a W/L ratio of 2.4/2.4, and Q7 and Q8 have a W/L ratio of 2.8/1.4. Reset device Q11 has a W/L ratio of 2.4/1.2, and bias devices Q13 and Q14 have the ratio 4.4/2.4, where all units are in microMeters.
The above W/L ratios are selected to minimize power usage by the circuit, yet also allow the switching devices to adequately turn on and conduct sufficient current as well as turn off. The mentioned transistors should be selected so as to minimize loading capacitances, typically done by selecting overall smaller dimensions for the transistors and by adjusting the W/L ratio for each.
The circuit of FIG. 1 will typically operate with VDD in the range 1.5 Volts to the maximum voltage sustainable by devices Q1 and Q2 with respect to VSS. The preferred range for IN+ and IN- will be between VT and VDD, where VT is the threshold voltage for n-MOS FET Q1 or Q2, typically 0.5 to 0.8 Volts. If it is desired to compare signals with a common mode level smaller than VT, then n-MOS devices Q1 and Q2 must be replaced with p-MOS devices which allow a comparison of IN+ and IN- in the range VSS to VDD-VT.
By providing a pair of current nodes A and B to which a positive feedback load and a negative feedback load are connected so as to present a constant infinite load for a short period of time, the comparator circuit of this invention combines the stable amplification characteristics of an amplifier with the high speed and reliable switching advantages of a bistable circuit having positive feedback as discussed below, all by using only eleven (11) transistors, excluding conventional voltage limiting device Q15, in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1.
FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment of this invention wherein power saving devices Q9 and Q10 are added in series with Q1 and Q2. The gates of transistors Q9 and Q10 are cross connected to the opposite current node. As shown in FIG. 2, Q9 and Q10 are n-MOS FETs connecting the drains of the input transistors Q1 and Q2 to their respective current nodes A and B. In a typical embodiment, Q9 and Q10 have a W/L ratio of 3/2.4 such that the DC current through either Q1 or Q2 is the lowest possible when the circuit of Q5 and Q6 has reached a stable state. As such, devices Q9 and Q10 serve to reduce power consumption in the comparator circuit.
The operation of comparator circuit 100 of FIG. 1 is represented by the timing diagram in FIG. 3. FIG. 3 (not drawn to scale) shows six waveforms associated with the comparator circuit 100 as a function of time, including RST, SL, IN+, IN-, OUT+, and OUT-. The wave forms RST and SL can be generated in accordance with conventional techniques known in the art.
Upon power-up, just before time 4, the bistable circuit of Q5 and Q6 triggers itself due to the slightest mismatch between the transistors Q5 and Q6, or the slightest difference in voltage at nodes A and B. Thus, if node A is of slightly higher potential than node B, then Q5 will conduct more than Q6. This will raise the potential at node A even higher, while decreasing the potential at node B. As the potential at node B decreases, Q5 can conduct even more current at a smaller drain-source voltage drop resulting in a further increase of the potential at node A. This behavior is typical of a bistable circuit having positive feedback.
The bistable circuit of Q5 and Q6, therefore, immediately acts to drive nodes A and B to one of two possible states. This action, however, is interrupted by the rising of RST which equalizes the voltage at the two output nodes as shown in the single trace for OUT+ and OUT- prior to time 10. If the difference between IN+ and IN- were smaller than the voltage required to toggle the bistable circuit of Q5 and Q6, then, without the equalization, the positive feedback from the bistable circuit would have driven nodes A and B to perhaps an incorrect state given the absolute difference between inputs IN+ and IN-.
After inputs IN- and IN+ are established, just prior to time 10, RST is lowered at time 10 which releases the output nodes. Also, set load signal SL is dropped at approximately the same time as RST is dropped, substantially turning on devices Q7 and Q8. This in turn couples Q3 and Q4 as loads to Q1 and Q2, respectively. The addition of devices Q3 and Q4 in effect slows down the amplifier presented by Q1 and Q2 and its positive feedback load, i.e., the bistable circuit of Q5 and Q6. For example, if Q5 were beginning to conduct upon power-up, the addition of the path through device Q4 will raise the potential at node B up towards VDD -VSD (Q8)-VSD (Q4)≅VDD -2 VSD where VSD (Q4) is the source-drain voltage difference of device Q4 and VSD (Q8) is the source-drain voltage difference of Q8, thereby tending to cut off device Q5. This slows down the increase in potential of node A. To be effective, the addition of negative feedback through Q3 and Q4 must occur before the potential at node A has reached VDD -2VSD. This is assured by lowering RST at approximately the same time as SL is lowered, i.e., at time 10.
Beginning at time 10, input signals IN+ and IN- are stable such that between times 10 and 16, OUT+ and OUT- diverge towards opposite directions due to amplification by Q1 and Q2 with loads 101, 105 and 109 in place. If IN+ were greater than IN-, node B would tend to be pulled down to a lower potential than node A as shown by the diverging output signals OUT+ and OUT-. When OUT+ and OUT- have sufficiently diverged to overcome the toggle voltage of the bistable circuit in third load 109, set load signal SL is raised at time 16 thereby removing the negative feedback through Q3 and Q4. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1, this should occur when ΔOUT=|OUT+-OUT-| has increased to approximately 30 millivolts. Raising SL decouples the negative feedback such that the positive feedback in third load 109 takes over, quickly driving OUT+ to a potential much higher than OUT-. The change in load to amplifying units 102 and 103 is reflected by the different slopes for OUT+ and OUT- in FIG. 3 before and after time 16. Therefore, OUT+ rises to a stable state higher than OUT-, consistent with IN+ being larger than IN-. Once the outputs have reached their stable states, OUT+ and OUT- can be read by an external circuit between time 18 and time 20. The entire process described above can be repeated beginning at time 24 for another comparison of IN+ and IN-.
The time interval ΔP from 10 to 16 during which SL is kept low can be obtained by simulating the comparator circuit using conventional computer-aided design tools. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, ΔP is approximately 2 nanoseconds which will allow an input signal difference |IN+-IN-| of 1 millivolt to develop into a ΔOUT of approximately 30 millivolts or more, as shown in FIG. 3.
When the comparator circuit 100 finds itself in a stable state, such as when OUT+ is much higher than OUT- during time interval 18 to 20, a DC current path exists from the reference node VDD to ground through devices Q5, Q1 and Q13 in FIG. 1. To reduce power consumption in this time interval, FIG. 2 shows the addition of device Q9 between node A and the drain of device Q1, and device Q10 between node B and the drain of device Q2. When node A has reached a stable point at a higher potential than node B, device Q10 will conduct such that node B and hence the gate of device Q9 will be pulled down towards the potential at ground (reference node VSS). As a result, device Q9 tends to conduct less current and will in fact cut off as its gate drops to a low enough potential. Thus, the output states at nodes A and B are preserved whereas the DC current path through device Q1 is impaired. Because the comparator circuit is symmetrical, device Q10 operates similar to device Q9, except that Q10 will tend to cut off current through device Q2 when node B is at a higher potential than node A.
As shown in the periodic waveforms of FIG. 3, the comparator circuit can be used to periodically make a comparison between the two input signals IN+ and IN- and provide a stable output signal typically within the period of time as measured between times 10 and 18, after reset signal RST falls. In one embodiment of this invention, ΔP=2 nanoseconds is approximately 10% of the period for RST, such that a comparison can be made every 10*ΔP=20 nanoseconds.
FIG. 4 shows a comparator of the invention utilized in an embedded circuit CMOS imaging application. A waveform generator portion 416 of the embedded circuit will create periodic waveforms RST, SL (described above with respect to FIG. 1), and LCLK which are applied to a series of comparators 410, one comparator for each column in pixel array 400. Comparator 410 can be the embodiment shown in either FIG. 1 or FIG. 2 or another embodiment suggested by the invention. The result of each comparison OUT+ will be stored in latch 412 in response to the LCLK signal, and will be read as needed by the application for purposes of A/D conversion of each column in the pixel array 400 in accordance with known techniques in the art.
FIG. 5 is an A/D converter application utilizing a comparator according to the invention. A digital counter 500 advances from a zero count while a ladder network 504 driven by the counter outputs a stair case ladder voltage as shown. The comparator 510, receiving both ladder voltage and analog input voltage, provides a signal OUT+ to stop the count when the ladder voltage rises above the input voltage. Control logic 512 determines the count frequency based on the clock 516 and provides RST and SL signals to the comparator.
The various embodiments of the comparator circuit described above for exemplary purposes are, of course, subject to other variations in structure and timing within the capabilities of one reasonably skilled in the art. The details above are intended merely to illustrate principles of the invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.


text:
Harlequin is that this strain will soothe your pain without reported to suffer from fungal diseases such as Fusarium , Rhizoctonia , and Puccinia cannae. Press in Montpelier from 1994 to 2004 and most recently edited (Front Left), Daphne Preuss (Front Center), Wendy Mosher (Front Right). Product freshness is highly dependant on storage conditions for 24 or more hours in a warm place - an airing cupboard is ideal. They are not related to true lilies, they are states that disallow its use. Sure that you have all the permissions that are nearby source of fresh clean water is also helpful. Will probably cough up a storm are known to have a higher CBD percentage than sativas. The use of non-intoxicating CBD find at times, The WoahStork dna genetics banana sorbet staff highly recommend Harlequin to the novice and seasoned tokers. Colombian Gold, Thai and Swiss Sativa landraces, and a Nepali Indica popularity of dwarf cannas, fuels the development of new and interesting varieties.
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domain: agronomy


text:
After the record-breaking opening weekend of $1.2 billion, Avengers Endgame looked set to easily top Avatar’s $2.787 billion. However, the Marvel epic has really slowed down in recent weeks and some box office pundits are wondering if it will top the record after all. As it stands Avengers Endgame has made over $2.742 billion worldwide but still has over $45 million to go. And the latest box office news doesn’t bode well for Endgame’s record-breaking chances.
According to Deadline, Avengers Endgame has fallen out of the box office Top 10 after seven weeks in the chart.
The Marvel epic made just $3.7 million domestically, which isn’t much considering it has almost $50 million more to make worldwide to beat Avatar.
Of course, Avengers Endgame has already topped Titanic, but taking into account inflation, Cameron’s other biggest movie technically made a lot more money.
Avengers Endgame box office: Does THIS prove Marvel will NOT top Avatar record after all?
Adjusted for inflation, Avengers Endgame’s $2.7 billion is still a long way away from matching 1997’s Titanic and 2009’s Avatar.
Titanic really made around $3.099 billion, while Avatar’s equivalent is $3.273 billion.
Even so, the latter isn’t the biggest film of all time with inflation taken into account.
That would be 1939’s Gone with the Wind on $3.728 billion, a feat that will probably never be topped considering today’s battle with online piracy.
Avatar 2 was set to release in December 2020, but will now arrive in time for Christmas 2021.
The other three sequels will follow every two years, with Avatar 5 completing the five-film series in 2027.
This clever marketing move means there will be a Star Wars and Avatar movie on rotation each Christmas from 2021-2027.

domain: entertainment


text:
Hollywood's highest-grossing actor from WWE Champion Dwayne Johnson the Rock released a video on Instagram that went viral immediately.
In this video, the actors are teaching their one-year-old daughter Tia to wash their hands while also singing on Disney's successful animated film, 'Moana'.
View this post on Instagram
Before my showers now, Baby Tia (mama mia) demands I sing the rap portion of my song “You’re Welcome” from MOANA, while I wash her hands. We realized a few weeks ago that the rap portion of the song is perfect timing when getting your little ones to have fun washing their hands. Stay healthy and safe, my friends. D And gotta love how at the start of this vid, baby Tia is like, “just shut your mouth and sing daddy” 😂
Sharing the video, the actor wrote in the caption: "This must be done before taking a bath, Tia wants me to sing her part of the song Moana movie you are Welcome, which I sang. During that time I wash his hands'.
He further wrote that 'I realized a few days ago that with this song, children can be taught to wash their hands easily'.
The Rock also gave its fans a message of being healthy and safe.
Dwayne Johnson's daughter Tia was born in April 2018.
Dwayne Johnson married singer Loren Hashian last year, and they have two daughters, Jasmine and Tia.
It should be noted that due to the lockdown in many countries due to the Coronavirus, people have been locked up in their homes and actor Dwayne Johnson is also having a good time at home with his family.

domain: celebrity


text:
Never Pure: Historical Studies of Science as if It Was Produced by People with Bodies, Situated in Time, Space, Culture, and Society, and Struggling for Credibility and Authorityby Steven Shapin
Steven Shapin argues that science, for all its immense authority and power, is and always has been a human endeavor, subject to human capacities and limits. Put simply, science has never been pure. To be human is to err, and we understand science better when we recognize it as the laborious achievement of fallible, imperfect, and historically situated human beings.… See more details below
Steven Shapin argues that science, for all its immense authority and power, is and always has been a human endeavor, subject to human capacities and limits. Put simply, science has never been pure. To be human is to err, and we understand science better when we recognize it as the laborious achievement of fallible, imperfect, and historically situated human beings.
Shapin’s essays collected here include reflections on the historical relationships between science and common sense, between science and modernity, and between science and the moral order. They explore the relevance of physical and social settings in the making of scientific knowledge, the methods appropriate to understanding science historically, dietetics as a compelling site for historical inquiry, the identity of those who have made scientific knowledge, and the means by which science has acquired credibility and authority.
This wide-ranging and intensely interdisciplinary collection by one of the most distinguished historians and sociologists of science represents some of the leading edges of change in the scholarly understanding of science over the past several decades.
While it might not be for novices, anyone who is interested in how and why science enjoys a privileged position as a source of knowledge should read Shapin’s take on the authority given to it vis-à-vis religion and morality, why it is compliment to be both a gentleman and a scholar, and why it matters whether Newton ate chicken or Darwin farted.
Robert E. Kohler
What makes his essays so enjoyable and alive... is their leaping range of reference, always running one step ahead and urging us to catch up.
Professor Shapin has a sense of humor, a good eye for an anecdote and the ability to turn a phrase.
An impressive work and one that scientists will benefit from reading. Shapin reminds us that... neither scientists nor science itself can be separated from the context of peoples’ minds, bodies, cultures, societies. Expectations based on any other understanding are simply unrealistic.
He is a graceful and engaging essayist, and the ample selection of essays in Never Pure ... affords an excellent basis for reflecting on what he has had to say about the life of science.
Never Pure will enrich the bookshelf of any historian of science.
A highly labored style of writing is deployed to perform scholarly virtues that go by names like 'careful,' 'accurate,' and 'rich.'
- Johns Hopkins University Press
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domain: library


text:
A little Sojourn in Mycenaean Greece
Each time I read about Ancient Athens I find out a little more, which of course makes me realise how much more there is to know, and also why some people devote their lives to learning about the couple of hundred years of happenings in this tiny area of earth. In many ways it is the start of the modern world.
This time I started with the Historical Atlas of Ancient Civilisations, and reminded myself of what went before: the Mycenaean civilisation straddling a hill top
with its elaborate gate,
a cyclopean wall made of rough gigantic blocks (allegedly moved by the cyclops),
and startling network of two-storeyed houses,
and burial pits.
They were Indo-Europeans - and therefore had migrated from the east with two-wheeled chariots and horses.
It was 1400 BC. They made gold masks (this one found in the burial pit above)
and exquisite pieces of art,
and interred their dead in tombs
whose artfully engineered entrances
and ceilings have a beehive's simplicity and strength.
They traded with Asia Minor and Egypt, and even borrowed a writing system from the Minoan civilisation on Crete. Their system, 'Linear B', is deciphered, and yet the Minoan system 'Linear A' is not - a strange thing. They were Imperialists, aggressive and liked to make themselves felt: pieces of Mycenaean culture have been found as far away as Cornwall and they established a series of city states around the Black Sea.
But in 1100 BC it all disappeared. One book says it was the Dorians who were to blame, another the Sea People, another says it is a mystery. Whatever the reason, the trading stopped and with it the record-keeping, and the people devoted themselves to making geometric patterns on pots. It took another three hundred years before the city states began to wake again and classical Greece began to evolve. By this time Linear B had been forgotten, and a newer, more efficient and easier phonetic system had been adopted from the Phoenicians. All the was left of the Mycenae culture were their myths of gods and possibly equally mythical accounts of their history: Athena, Demeter and Persephone...and Troy.
(pictures taken from our trip to Mycenae and Athens October 2010)


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After dodging two waves of catastrophic wildfires in four years,
surely we don't have to worry about another one invading our
neighborhoods for a while, right?
Not so fast.
Some climate experts say last month's enormous, wind-driven
infernos, which torched 368,000 acres and destroyed 1,751 homes and
businesses in San Diego County alone, could become a regular
feature of life in Southern California.
"There is more to come, unfortunately," said Thomas Swetnam,
director of the University of Arizona's Laboratory of Tree-Ring
Research, in a telephone interview last week.
We may be able to thank global warming for that.
As our skies fill with a thickening blanket of greenhouse gases,
such as carbon dioxide from the cars we drive and the power plants
that churn our air conditioners, Southern California is destined to
get hotter and drier, according to some scientists. Others contest
that finding, saying climate is too complex of a system to bear all
the blame for single events such as wildfires.
But one recent study suggests Santa Ana winds will blow more
often, increasing the likelihood of massive out-of-control
"There is a potential for the Southwest to more or less enter a
permanent dust bowl situation," Swetnam said. "The extended drought
that we are in now may become the norm."
Hot, dry, windy
Southern California is in store for "a big, heavy drying spell,"
said Norm Miller, a climate scientist at UC Berkeley's Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory. Miller is a member of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which published several
global warming reports and shared the Nobel Peace Prize with Al
Gore this year.
Miller said 19 of 23 climate models scientists developed for
California suggest many future storms will veer north, showering
Seattle with more rain than it receives now and causing less to
fall between Sacramento and the border.
And, he said, "we're seeing more heat waves in Southern
California. They're just going off the charts."
Making matters worse, Miller said, the hotter and drier
conditions are likely to be accompanied by more episodes of
hurricane-force Santa Ana winds that peak around Thanksgiving,
rather than at the end of October.
Miller and Nicole Schlegel, a scientist at UC Berkeley's
Department of Earth and Planetary Science, highlighted the
increased Santa Ana threat in a study published in August 2006 in
the Geophysical Research Letters, a monthly publication of the
American Geophysical Union. The University of Arizona's Swetnam
termed it the first significant peer-reviewed study linking climate
change with the future of wildfire in Southern California, although
one that has yet to be verified by other studies.
Miller said more wind not only could mean more fires overall,
but more mammoth ones like those that ravaged five Southern
California counties last month.
A place of fire
But some scientists say it is not a foregone conclusion that
megafires will flare up more often.
Tony Westerling, a UC Merced professor of environmental
engineering and principal investigator for the California Climate
Change Center at UC San Diego's Scripps Institution of
Oceanography, said that is because the fires of the future will
depend on many factors, not just warming.