GAME OF THE NIGHT: No. 21 San Diego State 71, Colorado State 61
Xavier Thames continued his terrific play, going for 23 points, and Winston Shepard added 17 points as the Aztecs went into the always-difficult Moby Arena and knocked off a rebuilding Colorado State team, 71-61. It was a big win for a San Diego State team off to their second-best start in school history, as they locked up a league win in their first game of the season and did it in one of the toughest road environs in the conference. It could have been easy for the Aztecs to overlook this game as well. SDSU heads to Lawrence on Sunday to take on Kansas in a game with massive implications not only for the Aztecs but for the Mountain West as well. The league didn’t do all that well in the non-conference portion of the schedule, and picking of a team like Kansas — a Big 12 favorite that’s only going to get better as the season goes — would be a huge boost for their computer numbers.
1) Willis Hall went for 26 points and 21 boards as Charleston picked up a huge road win at Davidson. Those 21 rebounds tied Hall for the second-highest total in a game this season. Roscoe Smith of UNLV and Brandon West of Jackson State both snatched 22 boards in a game this season. The last time someone had that many boards and that many points in a game came on November 24th when Stony Brook’s Jameel Warney finished with 32 points and 21 boards in an overtime win against Detroit. The last time it happened in a game in regulation was when Yale’s Greg Mangano went for 35 points and 21 boards in a win over St. Joseph’s (NY) in January of 2012. The last time it happened in a game against a Division I program was when Thomas Robinson had 30 points and 21 boards on New Year’s Eve in 2011 against North Dakota.
2) Justin Jackson was a fantasy dream on Wednesday night. In Cincinnati’s 65-57 win over SMU, Jackson finished with 17 points, six boards, five blocks, five steals and three assists.
3) Bryce Dejean-Jones had 24 points and six boards and Khem Birch went from 14 points, 17 boards and four blocks in a 75-62 win for UNLV against Fresno State.
1) Olivier Hanlan went 3-for-12 from the floor and committed three turnovers as Boston College got smacked around by Harvard on Wednesday night.
2) Langston Hall was 1-for-8 from the floor and had just four points as Atlantic Sun favorite Mercer lost at North Florida, 89-83.
3) Playing their first game without Daniel Dingle, Anthony Lee was just 3-for-15 from the floor as Temple lost to Rutgers 71-66 in their American opener.
- Utah State, playing without Jarred Shaw, lost to Air Force, 73-72. That’s a bad loss in what is supposed to be the easy road trip leg in the MWC.
- Dayton put five players in double-figures as they beat Winthrop by 34.
- Brett Comer scored 24 points as FGCU moved to 2-0 in Atlantic Sun play and took a one game lead over Mercer.
Missouri and new head coach Cuonzo Martin have landed the No. 1 player in the Class of 2017 a week after he took the job as forward Michael Porter Jr. committed to the Tigers on Friday.
Formerly a Washington commit under now-fired head coach Lorenzo Romar, the 6-foot-9 Porter was released from his Letter of Intent this week and many believed he’d end up back at Missouri.
The Porter family lived in Columbia for many years as two of Michael’s older sisters play for the Missouri women’s team while Michael Porter Sr. was an assistant coach for the women’s team.
When Porter Sr. was hired to Missouri to be an assistant coach on Martin’s staff this week — after losing his assistant coaching job at Washington when Romar was fired — it all but sealed the deal that the Porters would return to Missouri and Michael Jr. would play for the Tigers.
Missouri might not be an NCAA Tournament team next season after struggling to an 8-24 finish and 2-16 record in the SEC. But Porter might be the most productive freshman entering college basketball next season as he has a chance to be dominant in the SEC.
Oklahoma State has decided to promote assistant coach Mike Boynton to head coach, the school announced on Friday.
Boynton was an assistant with the Cowboys under former head coach Brad Underwood, who left Oklahoma State to take the Illinois job last weekend. Also an assistant coach at Stephen F. Austin, South Carolina, Wofford and Coastal Carolina, Boynton is a native of New York City who played his college ball for the Gamecocks.
The hire of Boynton is surprising since he doesn’t have any head-coaching experience as it follows in the footsteps of Cal promoting assistant coach Wyking Jones earlier in the day. Boynton also notably won the job over broadcaster and former Oklahoma State guard Doug Gottlieb as Gottlieb interviewed for the job but wasn’t selected.
Rhode Island junior guard E.C. Matthews will return to school for his redshirt senior season, the school announced on Friday.
The 6-foot-5 Matthews led the Rams in scoring at 14.9 points per game this past season as he returned from a torn ACL and helped Rhode Island reach the NCAA Tournament for the first time since 1999.
Besides for being a talented scorer, Matthews is a good overall playmaker for the Rams as he also put up 4.3 rebounds and 1.4 assists per game.
With Matthews returning, it gives head coach Dan Hurley a huge weapon for next season as Rhode Island returns everyone besides the senior front court of Hassan Martin and Kuran Iverson.
Cal will promote interim head coach and former assistant coach Wyking Jones to head coach, a source confirmed to NBCSports.com. The story was first reported by Jon Rothstein of FanRagSports.com
A native of Inglewood, California, Jones has been an assistant coach for the Golden Bears for the past two seasons as he replaces former head coach Cuonzo Martin, who departed to take the Missouri job. This promotion comes as a bit of a surprise for some since Jones has never been a head coach at the Division I level.
Jones has spent 15 years as an assistant coach at the Division I level at places like Cal, Louisville, New Mexico, Pepperdine and Loyola Marymount — where Jones spent his playing career.
Helping Louisville to the Final Four in 2013, Jones is a respected coach and recruiter who gets a great opportunity for his first head coaching job at the Division I level with Cal.
The Golden Bears made the NCAA tournament last year but finished 21-13 this season as they missed making the field of 68. Sophomore big man Ivan Rabb has already declared for the NBA Draft and it will be interesting to see what kind of roster Jones gets to work with right away.
One of the reasons Jones might have been retained is to help Cal keep its solid five-man recruiting class from bolting. While the Golden Bears don’t have any five-star talents coming in, it is a solid foundation for the program’s future led by a four-star guard in Jemarl Baker.
Florida State freshman forward Jonathan Isaac has declared for the 2017 NBA Draft.
The 6-foot-10 Isaac was a five-star prospect out of high school as he averaged 12.0 points and 7.8 rebounds per game. One of the most versatile defenders in the country, Isaac could protect the rim (1.5 blocks per game) and also switch out to the perimeter and cover smaller wings as well (1.2 steals per game). Also showing a solid skill level, Isaac shot 50 percent from the field, 34 percent from three-point range and 78 percent from the free-throw line.
That kind of versatility is what Isaac is banking on in the NBA Draft as he’s expected to be a top-15 pick. If Isaac can prove that he’s a reliable perimeter shooter then teams could be intrigued by him as a matchup nightmare in the front court.


Matt Schlicht, Chatbots Magazine: “Bots Represent the Apps of the Messaging Platform World”
As part of our recently launched eBook about Chatbots, Conversational UI and the Future of Online Interaction, we had the pleasure and the opportunity to interview Matt Schlicht, Founder and Editor of Chatbots Magazine. Read his interview below and find out the recommended platforms and frameworks for chatbot development, how chatbots can help companies generate revenue, whether the increased usage of Messenger bots could lead to a decrease in the usage of mobile apps and many more chatbot-related insights.
1.As the editor of Chatbots Magazine, you must have heard of hundreds of chatbots by now. Which one would you say represented the biggest surprise?
Matt Schlicht: This is a really tough question because even though there are thousands of chatbots by now, I have yet to find one that I actually really, really like, and that I’ve been delighted by. Everyone that’s building chatbots has all the tools in front of them for doing so, but they have not yet figured out how to create an incredible chatbot that I would want to brag about in this interview.
On the other hand, there is a chatbot that I really like. I don’t know where it will go, and I don’t know how big it will get, but I was surprised of how simple it was and how much I liked it. It’s called Streak Trivia, a Facebook bot that sends out a notification at 1PM to anyone who has ever chatted to it before. It does a multiplayer true-or-false trivia game. If 50 people are playing today, it sends a question out to all of them, and whoever gets the answer right gets hit the next question, while whoever gets it wrong gets knocked out of the game. It’s a competition to see who can get the most answers right, and the last one standing wins the game for the day.
“Everyone that’s building chatbots has all the tools in front of them for doing so, but they have not yet figured out how to create an incredible chatbot.”
Chatbots, much like websites or mobile apps, can provide value in a lot of different ways, so this would be a must for a great bot to surprise me. Other than that, it should be lightweight and feature interactions. Some of the ideas would be better as a website or a mobile app, but companies forcibly turned them into bots and provide a bad experience this way. The last thing is that bots should be delightful in some way, and should make people happy when using them. One of the biggest things that people need to be careful about, whether they are companies using a chatbot or a developer inventing a chatbot, is the idea of sending massive amounts of messages (deals, coupons) to all the potential customers all the time. That wouldn’t make chatbots any different from spam over email, and people would start ignoring them. On top of that, platforms like Facebook, Skype or Kik would start filtering out the messages people get from bots because so many of them would be sending spam. So spamming people would be the number one thing not to do when creating a chatbot.
I noticed that when developers first start building a bot, they get very excited with the potential that the bot can have machine learning behind it and can have natural language processing, and they spend a lot of time incorporating different APIs from 3rd-party services to power machine learning and NLP in their bot. The problem is that this technology isn’t quite there yet. I mean, if anybody has talked to Siri before on the Apple iPhone, Siri doesn’t even work that well, and that’s with a massive company behind it. The chances that you could create something that’s better than Siri are really-really slim. If you can, that’s awesome, you should totally do it, but most people can’t. One other recommendation I have, at least for the next couple of years, is that any bots that you’re creating probably shouldn’t be reliant on any machine learning or NLP, and you should just focus on making them very-very simple and lightweight, and providing value in a very straightforward way, and not relying on too much conversational interaction.
2. What if every company out there had its own chatbot, either on Facebook or on their own website? Could these bots start interacting with one another to facilitate business processes?
Matt Schlicht: Yeah, I think that it could happen. However, it’s unclear exactly how that would work because a lot of companies already have APIs. If one company has a chatbot and for some reason, it wanted to interact with another company, and it had the option to interact with that company’s chatbot or that company’s API, it would make more sense in most scenarios to interact with the API. It’s definitely possible that bots would start talking to each other, but even if that sounds super cool, if it turns out that it’s more efficient for a bot to interact with an API rather than with another bot, then that’s most likely what’s going to happen.
3. For companies who are at their first chatbot, what platform would you recommend? What is the best framework they could use if none of their employees has software development skills?
Matt Schlicht: In terms of what platform you should build your bot on when you’re first starting out, it really depends on where your customers are and where your audience is. If you’re targeting a US-based audience, then Facebook Messenger is probably the best option, whereas if you’re based in China, you would probably want to build your bot on top of WhatsApp. That’s really how you would come to the decision which platform you should be building on. Based on where your audience is, where your customers are, what messaging platforms they’re using, you can select the platform where it makes the most sense to build your bot.
In terms of products that people can use to build bots without any programming experience, there are multiple companies who are trying to do this, but none of them is really that great right now. I’ve seen a lot of people who are trying to create bots on any of these platforms that promise that you can create a bot without programming, and everybody gives up. They spend four or five hours, and unless they’re very-very technically oriented people, they are not successful and get frustrated. So, a product that we can recommend to any business out there and that can be used to create bots doesn’t exist yet.
4. So if you don’t have programming skills, the best thing to do is to go to a software development company or somebody who has the experience, right?
Matt Schlicht: Right now, that is going to be the most efficient solution. I think there will come a company and a product that every business can use to get a bot up and running very quickly, and I know a lot of people trying to do that, but that solution doesn’t exist in a truly usable fashion right now. If there is a mechanic trying to put a bot together for his store, or another small business, they’re going to run into a lot of problems with the existing solutions today. Hiring somebody right now would be the fastest and the most efficient way to get a bot that actually does what you want it to do.
5. There was all this hype a few years ago around mobile apps. All software development companies started building iOS and Android apps. Do you think this is also going to happen with chatbots? Is this the new big thing that software development companies will try out?
Matt Schlicht: Bots and mobile apps are very different, for sure, but they both represent distribution channels for a product and for a way to interact and acquire customers. The reason mobile apps did so well is because everybody had mobile phones, and some apps such as Instagram, Snapchat, Vine or Pokemon GO rose to the top and did really well. With bots, most people don’t know this, but more people now are using messaging platforms rather than social networks, which is super crazy. That’s billions of people!
Bots represent the apps of the messaging platform world, so it does make sense that every company is going to need to have a bot strategy. In the beginning, those bots will probably be very simple and straightforward, and they’re not going to be like little virtual assistants and super AI-powered, but they’re going to do something. Over time, in 3, 5 or 10 years from now, with AI, machine learning and NLP progress, the bots will get even smarter and they’ll eventually live on every messaging platform. Therefore, if you want to interact with a business and you don’t want to visit their website, go to their store, or download their mobile app, you could quickly have a conversation with their bot.
6. How can chatbots help companies generate revenue, besides saving them time and human resources by handling customer service?
Matt Schlicht: Those are definitely the biggest ways that they could save money, but there are other ways. Let’s take Facebook for example. I can message my friends on Facebook, but I can also message businesses on Facebook, who are actually receiving messages every day. Unless they have somebody who’s on staff and is responding to these messages, all these messages are going into a black hole. In a lot of cases, that represents missed opportunities for sales, whether it’s in the short term or in the long term.
“Bots can help reduce the cost of customer support, and that’s definitely one way that they can help save money for a business.”
Secondly, if a business receives X messages a day from potential customers and doesn’t respond to any of them, the moment it starts responding to all of them, it’s going to see some sort of increase in sales. These bots are getting better and better, and smarter and smarter, so the percentage increase in sales will also go up over time. That’s definitely the other area where bots will help businesses make money.
Companies could also offer increase bot functionality at a cost, so users could make microtransactions or pay a subscription to access additional features. Advertising could also work on major platforms such as Facebook, Kik, Skype or Telegram, which could include a checkbox that, if ticked, would enable users to include ads in their bots. I don’t know how exactly that would look like, but the same way people monetize mobile apps or websites through micropayments, subscriptions and ads, is probably the same way people are going to monetize bots.
7. Could the increased usage of Messenger bots mean a decrease in the usage of mobile apps? Nowadays, there’s an app for everything.
Matt Schlicht: I think that mobile apps and bots are completely different and that most people don’t have a tremendous amount of apps that they use regularly. They probably have a handful that they use every day, and those apps most likely cannot be recreated through a chatbot. Some examples include Instagram, Snapchat, email and calendar apps, internet browsers, or even Facebook. I’m not going to stop using their services to switch over to something in a bot. These are things that I’ll always use apps for. There could be additional services or experiences that I tap into by using bots. Therefore, I don’t think that it’s going to cut down on apps, and even if it did, it would only cut down on it by only a tiny amount.
8. If AI is too difficult to implement and rule-based conversation flows don’t cover all bases, is there a middle ground for businesses that want a chatbot?
Matt Schlicht: My recommendation is that most chatbots right now shouldn’t have machine learning or natural language processing programmed into them. They should just present very straightforward options. On most platforms, you can even display buttons, things that consumers can already understand through interacting with a website or mobile apps, and not try to confuse them with too much conversational UX. Maybe there’s not even a middle ground right now. I think that you just shouldn’t do much with NLP or machine learning, and you should just be very straightforward, with buttons at the moment.
You can’t use NLP or machine learning right now for two reasons. One is that consumers aren’t used to it, they don’t know how to do it, and their only experience has been with Siri, and Siri doesn’t really work and can be very frustrating to use. Consumers are already preconditioned to thinking that this technology isn’t going to function very well. Usually, when you present someone with a conversational bot, the first thing that they’re trying to do is not use the bot correctly, but they spend the first couple of minutes trying to screw the bot up. They yell at the bot, they make fun of the bot, they try to ask the bot unrelated questions, and most bots aren’t prepared to answer these, and the consumer is left with a bad experience.
The other reason this isn’t very good is that the technology just doesn’t work very well. NLP can’t handle any possible scenario. Imagine that Chipotle had a chatbot, and they were using NLP. Chipotle has had a lot of problems with people finding E. Coli in their food, which is really-really bad for business, but the company has denied these accusations. So if I was talking to Chipotle’s chatbot, imagine what would happen if I tricked it into telling me that there was E. Coli in Chipotle’s food. The only reason I could trick it is because NLP isn’t perfect, and I would probably be able to do that. Then I could go out to all the news outlets and I would tell them: “Look, I talked to Chipotle’s bot, they told me that there’s E. Coli in their food.” CNN and everyone else would pick that up, and that would be really horrible for Chipotle. The only reason that could’ve happened is because NLP doesn’t fully work yet and you can still trick it.
9. What does the future of chatbots look like to you?
Matt Schlicht: Right now, everything is in the discovery phase. People understand that chatbots are a big opportunity, there’s a massive amount of people who can use chatbots, but nobody really understands how to create a good chatbot. Nobody really knows how people are going to use chatbots, and what people want out of chatbots. At this point, everyone is just creating a lot of different things, and nothing is really taking off yet. I think one of the interesting things right now about chatbots is that if you’re a really creative person, you have a really good shot at creating a chatbot that’s better than everybody else’s because the differentiator isn’t technology, but creativity and implementation.
“Bots represent the apps of the messaging platform world, so every company is going to need to have a bot strategy.”
The first phase of chatbots is a discovery phase where there’s a huge rush of people coming in, nobody knows what they’re doing, everybody is just kind of shooting in the dark, and it’s driving competition on the creative level.
The next stage involves very simple bots, that are also very creative. Some people are going to figure out how to create bots that are technically complicated, but are very creative. Those will be wildly successful.
The third phase, over the next couple of years, will include companies focusing completely on AI and NLP that provide APIs. At a certain point, that technology will become super useful and will work correctly. Everybody that has been building bots won’t have to build their own API, AI or NLP, they’re just going to use a third-party provider, and they’re going to incorporate that API into their bot. So the chatbots resulting in the third phase will be the ones from the previous stage, now powered by AI and NLP. What’s most likely going to happen there is that the bots that were wildly successful as simple bots might not be as wildly successful once you combine them with AI and machine learning.
During the last phase, there are going to be these cool breakout bots that are powered by AI and NLP and they become wildly successful, and they will be completely different from anything from the previous stages. I have no idea what that’s going to look like, but I’m super excited about it. On top of that, it’s really hard to tell when that is going to happen, as it could be anywhere in 3 to 10 years from now. The technology will get increasingly better, but it will take a while until we can use it to its full potential.
About Matt Schlicht
Founder and Editor of Chatbots Magazine, YC Alum, Forbes 30 Under 30, product at Ustream for 4 years (sold for $130mil), advisor to SocialCam (sold for $60mil).
About Chatbots Magazine
The #1 Place to Learn About Chatbots, AI, NLP, Facebook Messenger, Slack, Telegram, and more.
Want to learn more about the future of chatbots and how they are changing online interaction for both individuals and businesses? Read the interviews on our blog or download our eBook.
- Barbara Ondrisek, Like a Hipster: “When You Stop Developing Software, It Instantly Dies”
- Thomas Schranz, Blossom: “Chatbots Transform the Customer Support Experience in Every Industry”


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What does it contain?
These condiments and infusions are not only a truly sustainable and fully traceable alternative to the products of the big brands whose intensive monocultures and industrialised processes generate a huge environmental impact, but also their aromas and flavours are 100% natural.
The creation of our products begins in the camp. We live in a well-preserved natural environment with an abundance of marigold, rosemary, oregano, thyme, mastic, laurel, lavender, lavender and rockroses that impregnate the Mediterranean bush with aroma and colour. Harvesting in our environment is almost like a walk. We then transform these wild plants in our own distillery and workshop, which we restored and built in 2022.
The condiments and infusions of Esencia Rústica are conditioned by the natural availability of the wild plants, which depend on the particular climatic conditions of each year, so they are seasonal products, with limited stock and with inter-annual variability or depending on the harvesting area.
Bosque mediterráneo Box:
- 1 x Condiment: wild LAUREL leaves (Laurus nobilis) in Weck bottle with cork lid (580ml)
We collect the leaves of this Mediterranean tree, which, once dried, are a condiment that cannot be missing in our traditional stews, casseroles, soups and rice dishes. It is an excellent stomach tonic, appetite stimulant, digestive, cholagogue and carminative.
- 1 x Leaves and flowers of Wild THYME (Thymus mastichina) in Weck bottle with cork lid (370ml)
The flowering tops are harvested at the beginning of summer and, once dried, are ready for use as a seasoning for stews and meats or in the preparation of pickles. In addition, because of its expectorant, antitussive and antispasmodic properties, taken as an infusion it is a traditional natural remedy for respiratory and stomach problems. Try it as an infusion with honey and a few drops of milk.
- 1 x ORGANIC SALT with LEMON in Weck bottle with cork lid (220ml)
Made with organic flower salt from the Salinas del Alemán (Huelva), rich in magnesium and low in sodium, seasoned with lemon peel from our own farm. The lemon is used to season and give its characteristic flavour to salads, meats and fish, providing vitamin C. It will surprise you with a special touch added to cocktails and fruits.
- 1 x Infusion or seasoning of OLIVE POWDER in Weck bottle with cork lid (220ml)
The olive leaves are harvested by hand from the branches from the maintenance pruning of the estate’s own century-old olive trees. The olive leaf powder can be used to make both hot and refreshing drinks. It can be diluted in water, milk, vegetable drinks, juices or cocktails. Olive leaf extract helps to regulate blood pressure and oleuropein, one of its antioxidants par excellence, inhibits the oxidation of LDL cholesterol, among many other properties.
Tierra de matorrales Box:
- 1 x Condiment of NEOTA and FENNEL leaves in Weck bottle with cork lid (370ml)
Used as a seasoning to flavour stews as Neota enhances the flavour. Mixed with thyme, its infusion has expectorant, stimulating and digestive properties. It is used to treat fever and stomach cramps.
- 1 x Infusion of LAVENDER flowers (Lavandula stoechas) in a Weck bottle with cork lid (370ml)
The lavender flower is a symbol in Mediterranean landscapes, turning the fields purple in the central spring months, when the flowers are harvested one by one. The infusion of lavender can prevent and relieve gastrointestinal spasms and stomach heaviness, it is also relaxing and relieves symptoms of colds.
- 1 x ORGANIC SALT with BASIL in Weck bottle with cork lid (220ml)
Made with organic flower salt from the Salinas del Alemán (Huelva), rich in magnesium and low in sodium, impregnated with fresh basil extract from our garden. Delicious in pastas, sauces, pizzas and salads.
- 1 x Infusion or seasoning of THYME POWDER (Thymus mastichina) in Weck bottle with cork lid (220ml)
Thyme is a plant endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, traditionally known in some areas as green salt. Used as a seasoning, it intensifies the flavour of food and allows the use of salt to be reduced considerably. Thyme powder can also be used to make both hot and refreshing drinks. It can be diluted in water, milk, vegetable drinks, juices or cocktails.
Aroma de la Sierra Box:
- 1 x Condiment and infusion of wild OREGANO in Weck bottle with cork lid (370ml)
Oregano is a source of vitamins A, C, E and K, as well as being rich in minerals such as iron, magnesium and potassium. As a condiment it provides an intense and aromatic flavour, suitable for seasoning salads, broths, stews, pizzas and pasta. It combines with other aromatic plants such as basil. Taken as an infusion, it relieves digestive disorders, is diuretic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and relaxing.
- 1 x Infusion of PENNYROYAL in Weck bottle with cork lid (370ml)
It is one of the most emblematic infusions of our mountain region and also forms part of some traditional cooking recipes, where it is used to flavour soups or cooked vegetables.
- 1 x ORGANIC SALT with LOCAL TOMATOES in Weck bottle with cork lid (220ml)
Made with organic flower salt from the Salinas del Alemán salt flats, in our own province, rich in magnesium and low in sodium, flavoured with dried tomato powder from traditional Serrano vegetable varieties grown in our own garden. Delicious on toast, pasta, sauces, cheese, salads and vegetables.
- 1 x Condiment and infusion of wild ROSEMARY (Salvia rosmarinus): leaf powder in a Weck bottle with cork lid (220ml)
It has a strong flavour with aromas of camphor, pine, nutmeg and lavender, making it perfect as a seasoning for meat or fish. Also in marinades or in the preparation of pickles. Try adding a pinch to any dish you want to give a Mediterranean touch: toast, pasta, salads, sauces, soups, rice, pulses or vegetables. It will surprise you in biscuits and jams. A small amount reinforces the other flavours. You can also drink it as an infusion, with water, milk or vegetable drink. Or to add an exotic touch to juices and cocktails.
Light and direct heat, humidity and air are the greatest enemies for the preservation of our natural condiments and infusions.
In order to prolong the properties of our condiments and infusions, Sete recommends storing the products in a cool, dry place, protected from direct light, and in their original containers, as their airtight characteristics help to preserve and protect the products from the air.
The artisan does not recommend storing the products in the fridge as this will cause condensation that will make them damp. And as we have seen, humidity is one of the enemies of our condiments and infusions.

domain: food


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The 78-year-old has been ordered to appear in court over charges stemming back to 2004.
A Pennsylvania judge ruled there is enough evidence for the iconic star to be criminally tried on the claims he attacked Andrea Constand after giving her drugs.
Bizarrely, within minutes of the decision being announced, Cosby was seen thanking the judge for the outcome.
According to CNN, the star's next court date will be on July 20.
Cosby was seen looking frail as he made his way into the court, clinging onto the arm of his spokesman for support.
While he suffers with visual problems, witnesses say Cosby could be seen "listening attentively" and even "stretching his neck" to hear the judge.

domain: news


Vapour Blasting Services
Vapour blasting is a process where a slurry (mixture of abrasive media and water) is pumped at very high flow rates to a nozzle. At the nozzle a high volume flow of air is introduced and this propels the slurry mixture onto the component to be cleaned. A multitude of finishes can be produced by using different blast media, slurry flow rates, air flow/pressure, nozzle diameters and distance from the gun.
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• Maximum part dimensions: 1200mm x 1100mm x 900mm (corner


British Pattern 1853 Rifle Musket (AL6931)
This Pattern 1852 percussion Rifle Musket is dated 1862. The 39" 577 caliber (bore meassures .585) has a fair bore with light roughtnss and visible rifling. The barrel has Birmingham proofs with the 25 designating the caliber (577). It has a gray-brown patina with light roughness around the bolster. The lock is stamped 1862 over TOWER at the center and with a crown at the tail. It, and the hammer, have a smooth brown patina. The screw-fastened bands are a smooth brown. The brass nose cap, trigger guard, escutcheons, and butt plate have an even age patina. The stock is very good with good edges, no cracks or chips, and a little wood loss at the bottom of the lock plate. The stock has been pieced together at the rear barrel band. This is undetectable until it is disassembled. It has two crown proofs at the rear of the trigger guard tang and is markee SWINBURN on the bottom about halfway to the buttplate. C.P. Swinburn & Son of 16 to 19 Street, Birmingham, was one of the larger and more important Birmingham gun makers. E. HENDRIKSON is stamped horizontally and vertically on each side of the butt stock. This is most likely a retailer that we have been unable to identify. In addition, the left flat is stamped upside down in small block letters CSA over SAS 46. This most likely was added at a later date. The sling swivels and ramrod are present. The action functions correctly. This Pattern 1853 rifle musket would fill that gap in your collection.


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If you’re someone who wants to get into the nitty-gritty of everything, then spec homes are not for you. You do not have much option when it comes to designing a beautiful house. The builder makes the choices.. You will not be able to downgrade to The builder makes the choices. You will not be able to downgrade to cheaper features since they are already there.
Buying a real estate property requires a significant amount of investment. If that is the case, then why not just turn it into a really profitable investment? And when it comes to real estate investment, your best bet is to buy a rental real estate property. And here are the top 5 reasons why you should.

domain: design


Denver Newsroom, Aug 3, 2020 / 02:25 pm (CNA).- Protestors in Portland, Oregon burned a Bible in the street during a protest outside a federal courthouse in the early morning hours of August 1, according to a local media report.
Around 12:30 am on Aug. 1, people started a fire in the street in front of the federal courthouse which began with the burning of a Bible, then an American flag, with “more and more items” added to keep the fire going, KOIN, Portland’s CBS affiliate, reported.
Yellow-clad members of the group Moms United for Black Lives Matter went over to the fire and put it out with bottles of water and stamped it out around 1 am, according to the KOIN6 report.
Protestors later built a new fire; the reporter did not specify whether the second fire consumed more Bibles.
A video reposted online Aug. 1 by journalists covering the protests appears to show groups of masked people burning American flags and several pieces of paper and books, including one with the words “Holy Bible” visible on the cover.
That video appears to have originated from the Russia-controlled Ruptly video agency, and has not been verified. But Portland CBS reporter Danny Peterson also reported that a Bible was being burned, and his tweeted photos seem to capture such an event.
Elsewhere on the street, a bible is being burned pic.twitter.com/MsRk02Vpgc
— Danny Peterson (@DannyJPeterson) August 1, 2020
According to Portland Police’s official report, people started a bonfire in the middle of Southwest 3rd Avenue in front of the federal courthouse in the early morning hours of August 1. People brought “plywood and other flammable material to keep it going,” police said.
Portland has seen more than 60 straight days of protests and unrest following the May 25 death of George Floyd at the hands of Minneapolis police. The protests often have taken the form of crowds of hundreds of masked people protesting, ostensibly, against racism, police brutality, and fascim.
The protests have garnered national and international headlines, with federal agents garnering some criticism for occasionally using tear gas and other forceful methods against protesters.
Some of the protests have been accompanied by riots and looting. In addition to extensive property damage in the city’s downtown, there have been occasional incidents of violence within or adjacent to the protests, including shootings and stabbings.
Protesters in Portland have at various times fired commercial-grade fireworks at the federal courthouse— the epicenter of the violence— and have thrown rocks, cans, water bottles, and potatoes at federal agents, the AP reported. On July 26, the protestors attempted to burn the courthouse down, police reported.
Archbishop Alexander Sample of Portland has spoken out several times against the violence in his city, while encouraging Catholics to renew their faith and hope in God.
He said in a July 31 video message that although he worries about the state of the Church and the world, “it’s a great time to be a Catholic. I really think the Lord is going to ask some great things of us.”
“A lot of the unrest is legitimate, and civilized, and peaceful, and needs to be expressed, and I applaud that and absolutely support that. But we know…some of it has also become very violent and destructive and divisive,” Sample said.
Sample said in a Friday interview with EWTN News Nightly that “with the violence that has erupted here in Portland, the focus has been taken off the central issue that we all need to be looking at and addressing, and that is the issue of the remnants of racism that are still very much present in our society.”
Catholics— and anyone, for that matter— should be outraged at the sin of racism, Sample said, but Catholics must be careful, rational and calm, and should avoid “virtue signaling,” instead putting in the work actually to grow in virtue and to turn to Catholic social teaching in response to racism.
The Church teaches that every person has a dignity that we, as humans, do not bestow on other humans, but rather comes from God, the archbishop said.
Sample has encouraged Catholics to read the U.S. bishops’ 2018 letter on racism, “Open Wide Our Hearts,” and instructed Portland’s parishes to organize groups to read, study, and discuss the letter.
The archbishop did not respond to a request for comment Aug. 3 regarding the specific incident of the Bible burning.
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Where in Portland could those street thugs have possibly found a Bible?
A brave young videographer who appeared on Fox News a few nights ago mentioned that some Antifa people were being put up at nearby hotels.
Isn’t it time to stop talking about the sin of racism and start talking about the sin of anarchy?
You don’t score points with Deep State by talking about anarchy.
That would take some politically incorrect spine, which, unfortunately, is
not in our bishops’ DNA.
The symbolism of Moms United for BLM trying to put out a Bible burning started by their twenty-something, everyone-gets-a-trophy kids and kid’s peers with personal water bottles is prophetic for things to come. What happens when Mama’s not there to clean up after their mess? And where’s Dadda? We need to pray now with all our might to avoid the same consequences of societies who make pies out of the forbidden fruit and bid all to partake.
Boy, who could have seen this coming?
I mean, it’s not like either the Old or New Testaments contain anything, um, politically-incorrect or anything.


The 500ml Car heater mug with car / USB charger keeps your beverage hot no matter where you go. Be it your home, office or car, it’s 12v socket which can be plugged into your car or can be converted into a USB plug, making it suitable for use with computers, power banks, or electricity.Wire can also be removed to use as a regular mug.
TWS BT Earbuds by Portronics with a 350mAh in-built battery. Enjoy up to 4 hours of nonstop audio and calling without having to stop to charge. Enabled with noise-canceling, crystal clear sound, and acoustic echo reduction technology. Summon your virtual assistants, like Google- Assistant, Siri, or Alexa, just by double-tapping on one earbud. The touch-enabled earbuds give you full control of your device and earbuds, be it making/answering calls, navigating through music, or using virtual assistance.
Wireless audio adapter by Portronics. With this 2-in-1 Transmitter and Receiver, turn non-Bluetooth devices into Bluetooth, with the flip of a switch. Seamlessly stream your late-night movie marathons from your Television or CD player, straight to your Bluetooth headset, via 4.2 Bluetooth.


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Thursday, June 21, 2012
Monday, June 4, 2012
Thursday, May 24, 2012
So the Davenport Perth Spring Fair went well. I forgot to get a photo of my table but I was happy with how it looked. I got some T-shirts and some buttons made and they did well, especially the former; I'll have to make a bigger run next time. I also got some fancy prints done of the above pieces so people can email me if they're interested.
Thanks to my friend Mia Skye for telling me about the event and to everyone who purchased things.
Thank you especially to Evan Doherty for being so generous with his time, skills, and resources; lately I don't get much done without him.
For further information on Evan Doherty, read his informative About page from groupofevan.ca:
Friday, April 27, 2012
Sunday, February 19, 2012
Monday, February 6, 2012
The illustration I did depicts Kali, a hindu goddess Das identifies with. Kali is usually depicted standing atop Shiva, holding the decapitated head of the demon Raktabija.
Even though this is quite different from what I usually paint, it was an enjoyable project overall and the client was great to work for. Most images I looked at of Kali seem to be done with airbrush but I used acrylic for my final stage.
I dropped off some issues of Leisure at the renowned Beguiling comic store in Toronto on Markham Street yesterday. If you don’t want to pay shipping costs, or you want to put my name in the Beguiling clerks’ brains, buy a copy from them; my comics are on the first floor in the zine section.
If you buy a Leisure issue from them send me an email saying so so I can keep track of how many are still there. Thanks friends.
Tuesday, January 10, 2012
Friday, December 30, 2011
Tuesday, December 6, 2011
I've been making a lot that I haven't been posting on here; I can't decide whether or not to post projects over which I didn't have complete creative control. They make me money and I like doing them but I can't decide whether or not I want them next to my entirely personal work or not.
I have been more inspired by commercial art than the art I've seen in galleries lately; I follow Jillian Tamaki's blog and I like a lot of James Jean, Tomer Hanuka and Maira Kalman illustrations. I guess I'm just greedy. Painting more fine art-type stuff makes me want to do illustration and vice versa; I like variety.

domain: hobby


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HPLC ANALYSIS OF CEPHALOSPORINS AND STUDY OF DIFFERENT ANALYTICAL PARAMETERSHTML Full Text
HPLC ANALYSIS OF CEPHALOSPORINS AND STUDY OF DIFFERENT ANALYTICAL PARAMETERS
P. N. Patil*1 and S. Jacob2
Department of Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, Near Chitranagari, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE
ABSTRACTCephalosporins are the most important type of antibiotics used vary widely. Analysis of these antibiotics is challenge because of their sensitivity and instability to different conditions. The present review is extended to find out different HPLC methods used for analysis for cephalosporins in formulations and biological fluids. The chromatographic conditions used for the analysis as well as analytical parameters study carried out with different experimental conditions and different combinations. During the study analytical parameters studied such as range, linearity, precision, accuracy, LOD, LOQ etc. The focus of study of analysis of cephalosporin in formulation and biological fluid are useful for the determination of various cephalosporin for budding researchers
INTRODUCTION: Although there are several classification schemes for antibiotics, based on bacterial spectrum (broad, narrow) or route of administration (injectable, oral, topical), or type of activity (bactericidal, bacteriostatic), the most useful is based on chemical structure. Antibiotics within a structural class will generally have similar patterns of effectiveness, toxicity, and allergic potential.
Most commonly used type of antibiotics are Pencillins, Fluoroquinolones, Cephalosphorins, Macrolides and Tetracyclines. While each class is composed of multiple drugs, each drug is unique in some way. Antibiotics are obtained from three major sources such as, microorganisms, synthesis and semi synthesis.
- Microorganisms: For example, bacitracin and polymyxin are obtained from some Bacillus species streptomycin tetracycline etc. from streptomyces species; gentamycin from Micromonospora purpura; griseofulvin and some penicillin and cephalosporin from certain genera (penicillium, acremoni) of the family Aspergillacea; and monobactam from Pseudomonas acidophila and Gluconobacter species. Most antibiotics in current use have been produced from streptomyces species.
- Synthetic: Chloramphenicol is now produced by a synthetic process.
- Semi-synthesis:- This mean that part of the molecule is produced by a fermentation process using the appropriate microorganism and the products is then further modified by a chemical process. Many penicillin and cephalosporin are produced in this way.
History: Antibiotics are the most important bioactive and chemotherapeutic compounds made by microbiological synthesis. They also include antimicrobial compounds present in higher plants and animals. They have proven their significance in varied fields like medicinal chemistry, agriculture and food industry.
Up to now about 40000 antibiotics have been found and about 80 of them are in therapeutic use. They are isolated primarily from metabolic products of living cells. Various penicillins, cephalosporins and several other antibiotics are semi-synthetic ones, which mean one part of the molecule, i.e. 6-amino penicillanic acid is prepared from say penicillin G or penicillin V, followed by synthetic introduction of an appropriate side chain 1.
Cephalosporin compounds were first isolated from cultures of Cephalosporium acremonium from a sewer in Sardinia in 1948 by Italian scientist Giuseppe Brotzu. He noticed that these cultures produced substances that were effective against Salmonella typhi, the cause of typhoid fever, which had beta-lactamase. Guy Newton and Edward Abraham at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology at the University of Oxford isolated cephalosporin C.
Cephalosporins are structurally and pharmacologically related to the penicillins. Like the penicillins, cephalosporins have a β-lactam ring structure that interferes with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. They are used for the treatment of infections caused by Gram (+) and Gram (−) bacteria. They are among the safest and the most effective broad-spectrum bactericidal antimicrobial agents and therefore, they are the most frequently prescribed class of antibiotics 2.
To date, more than 20 cephalosporins have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and new ones continue to appear. Cephalosporins have an excellent safety profile and a basic structure that lends itself to numerous alternations, resulting in compounds that have widely different spectra of antimicrobial activity. The continuing emergence of resistant strains of bacteria necessitates the development of new antibiotics.
Structure: Cephalosporins like penicillins having a b-lactam ring antibiotic containing a dihydrothiazine ring with D-a-aminoadipic acid. Cephalosporins are less toxic and broad-spectrum antibiotics comparable in action to ampicillin. Organisms known to produce cephalosporin C include Acremonium chrysogenum and Acremonium chrysogenum ATCC 36225 3, 4.
The cephalosporin ring structure is derived from 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) while the penicillins are derived from 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA). The first cephalosporin, known as cephalosporin c, was isolated from the fermentation products of a fungus, Cephalosporium acremonium from a sewer in Sardinia in 1948 by Italian scientist Giuseppe Brotzu. He noticed that these cultures produced substances that were effective against Salmonella typhi, the cause of typhoid fever Hydrolysis of this compound produced aminocephalosporanic acid, which was modified with different side chains to create the whole family of cephalosporin antibiotics.
The cephalosporin nucleus, 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), was derived from cephalosporin C and proved to be analogous to the penicillin nucleus 6-aminopenicillanic acid, but it was not sufficiently potent for clinical use. Modification of the 7-ACA side-chains resulted in the development of useful antibiotic agents, and the first agent cephalothin (cefalotin) was launched by Eli Lilly in 1964.
The cephalosporin molecule is composed of a nucleus and two side chains. The nucleus 7-aminocephalosporinic acid consists of a four member’s β-lactam ring fused to a six-member dihydrothiazine ring. By comparison, the penicillin nucleus, 7-aminopenicillanic acid has β-lactam ring fused to a five-member thiazolidine ring.
The cephalosporin nucleus has two advantages over the penicillin nucleus. First, it is inherently more stable to β-lactamases; bacteria that produce penicillinase are usually susceptible to cephalosporin. The second advantage is the presence of R2 substituent. The penicillin molecule can be modified at only one site (R1), while the cephalosporin molecule has two sites (R1 and R2). Thus, compared with penicillins the potential number of cephalosporins is considerably greater.
The presence of an intact β-lactam ring is essential for the antimicrobial activity of the cephalosporin. Modifications of the R1 substituent, which is in close proximity to the β-lactam ring, affect antibacterial activity by altering β-lactamase stability and/or binding affinity for the penicillin-binding proteins.
Changes in the R2 which is attached to the dihydrothiazine ring, affect the pharmacokinetic property of the drug. Substitution of an acetoxy group ([-CH.sub.2]-O-CO [-CH.sub.3]) for R2 is associated with significant metabolism to desacetyl derivatives. The introduction of a methoxy group (-O[CH.sub.3]) on the β-lactam ring at position 7 is associated with a marked increase in both Β-lactamase stability and activity against anaerobes.
CORE STRUCTURE OF CEPHALOSPORIN
STRUCTURE OF CEPHALOSPORIN
Classification of Cephalosporins:
Analysis of Cephalosporin: There are various methods used for the analysis of cephalosporin in the various forms like chromatographic, UV, electrophoresis etc. The applications of HPLC to the analysis of antibiotics introduce a powerful tool for therapeutic drug monitoring as well as clinical research 5.
GC methods are fast but it requires elevated temperature, it may cause thermal degradation of drugs. To avoid that it requires derivatization to improve volatility and to improve chromatographic behavior. So these methods are not applicable for antibiotics.
While other chromatographic methods having high limit of detection value so they are also not preferred. HPLC technique can provide valuable tool which generating high pure compound and HPLC has ability to analyze both volatile and nonvolatile compounds with ultra trace level may be employed in clinical research. Many antibiotics contain ionizable group can be analyzed by ion exchange chromatographic methods. High resolving power of HPLC serves as a particularly important method for isolation and purification of antibiotics 5.
Official Methods of Analysis: The United States Pharmacopeia XXX 6 prescribes a polarographic method for the assay of cefamandole naftate and HPLC methods for the assay of the other cited cephalosporins while the European Pharmacopeia 2002 7 prescribes HPLC methods for their assay. The analysis of cephalosporins in biological materials from human origin and in food-producing animals 8 foods, waters and pharmaceuticals was performed with liquid chromatographic, capillary electrophoretic, spectro- scopic and electrochemical methods. None of them, however, was analyzed the seven cephalosporins simultaneously 9, 10.
Analysis in Bulk Drug and Dosage Forms: There are various methods available for the analysis of antibiotics in different formulations as well as in biological fluids. Some methods found in literature survey are for single cephalosporin while some methods are available with different combination. Various methods found are on different instrumental methods such as, HPLC, HPTLC, GC, CE, TLC, UV spectrophotometric, AAS, Electrochemical methods.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Methods (HPLC): The most common methods for the analysis of cephalosporins in formulation and in biological fluids are HPLC method for analysis. As reported in the literature, several analytical procedures have been described for analysis of cefotaxime, ceftazidime and ceftriaxone in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids. These include high-performance thin layer chromatography 11, high-performance liquid chromatography 12-14, differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry 9, NMR spectrometry 15, polarography 16 and UV derivative spectrophotometry 17.
There are various HPLC methods are reported for the analysis of a single cephalosporin in biological fluid 18-25. All these methods present a unique preparatory and chromatographic protocol for single cephalosporin or its metabolite or both of them. Several methods have been used for the analysis of Ceftazidime the third generation cephalosporin for estimation of ceftazidime alone which includes High Performance Liquid Chromatography 26-28 and in combination with pyridine 29 Vancomycin 30 and cefepime 31.
The impressive increase in the use of high-performance liquid chromatography in the past thirty years did not pass the b-lactam antibiotics. HPLC has been used frequently in all fields of B-lactam research, not only as an assay method but also as a tool for purification of the antibiotics. Due to the insolubility of these compounds in organic solvents, normal phase LC was sparingly used. Most methods employ reversed-phase or ion-pair reversed-phase LC and chemically bonded packing materials.
A review on the evidence of chemical structure and stability profiles of ceftazidime 17 and cefotaxime 32 has been reported. Recently, full spectrum quantitation (FSQ) was used for rapid multi-component analysis of complex biological and pharmaceutical mixtures 33. The technique was successfully applied for simultaneous analysis of binary mixtures of cortisonecortisol 34, cephalexinxephradine, phenobarbiton ephenytoin sodium and ternary mixture of aspirin-caffeine salicylic acid 35.
Moreover, FSQ has been used to evaluate the stability of chloramphenicol succinate in injections 36 and to determine famotidine 37 in the presence of its acid induced degradation products. The present work reports on the use of FSQ and HPLC to quantify cefotaxime, ceftazidime and ceftriaxone in the presence of their alkali-induced degradation products and in commercial injections. Furthermore, the application of HPLC as a stability-indicating assay to study the kinetics of degradation of the investigated antibiotics in aqueous solutions of varying pH (2-10) is demonstrated.
Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Methods:Cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and ceftazidime were determined in the presence of their alkali-induced degradation products through spectrophotometric full spectrum quantitation over the range of 265-230 nm 37. Various UV spectrophotometric methods are reported for the analysis of Ceftazidime alone in presence of other drugs 38-42.
Mixtures of ceftazidime, cefuroxime sodium, cefotaxime sodium and their degradation products were analyzed by first-derivative spectrophotometry at 268.6, 306, 228.6 nm, respectively. Cefotaxime and cefuroxime were determined through the reaction with 1 chlorobenzotriazole and the absorbance was measured at 298 nm.
UV, first-derivative, second-derivative and H-point standard addition methods were applied for the determination of cefalexin in pharmaceutical preparations. Derivative spectrophotometry was also applied for the determination of some cephalosporins in binary mixtures 43. A spectrophotometric method was reported for the determination of cefalexin bulk drug and its acid-induced degradation products 44. UV spectrophotometry and difference UV spectrophotometry were applied to determine cefalexin in tablets. In addition, derivative spectrophotometry was used to determine the triethylammonium salt of cefotaxime in the presence of related compounds resulting from the synthesis.
Dissociation constants of cefepime and cefpirome were determined by UV spectrometry. Cefuroxime axetil and probenecid were simultaneously determined in solid dosage forms by UV spectrophotometric method. Derivative spectrophotometry was reported for the determination of cefprozil in pharmaceutical dosage forms in the presence of its alkali induced degradation products. Binary mixtures of cefalotin and cefoxitin were determined by first-derivative spectrophotometry. A spectrophotometric method has been developed for determination of cefadroxil in bulk powder and its pharmaceutical dosage forms based on the reaction of primary amine group with acetylacetone-formaldehyde reagent, which gives a yellow coloured chromogen. Another method was reported for the determination of cefadroxil in pharmaceutical dosage forms through mixing with sulfanilic acid; the absorbance was measured at 440 nm.
Thin-layer Chromatographic Methods: Qureshi et al., has determined Cefradine and cefalotin by spectrodensitometric method after contact with iodine vapors. Cephalosporins were applied to TLC plates coated with a mixture (2:1) of layered double hydroxide of aluminum(III) and magnesium(II) and silica gel G and developed with a range of mobile phases, the spots were detected with iodine vapours and the cephalosporin content was determined. Degradation products of ceftazidime, cefuroxime sodium and cefotaxime sodium were prepared by acid hydrolysis, mixtures of these drugs and their degradation products were analyzed by quantitative densitometric TLC. Some cephalosporins in phosphate buffer of pH 3.6 were spotted on TLC plates coated with silica gel with a fluorescent indicator or silica gel RP 18; the spots were visualized at 254 nm or with a color-forming agent.
Ceftriaxone, cefixme, cefotaxime, cefaclor and cefalexin were determined in their pharmaceutical dosage forms using HPTLC and the measurement of each spot was carried out at specified wavelengths using a scanner in absorbance/reflectance mode 45,46 reported a method for simultaneous determination of cefadroxil and cefalexin in pharmaceutical preparations using quantitative TLC. Cefalexin was analysed by HPTLC on silica gel F254 plates. The plates were scanned in reflectance mode at 263 nm 47. Few methods have been reported for the quantification of Cephalexin single drug and in Combination by HPTLC 46-48.
The use of RP-HPLC procedures for determination in plasma, serum and urine has been reported 49-51. Few HPLC methods also have been reported for quantification of Cephalexin 44, 52. Some spectrophotometric and colorimetric methods also have been reported 53, 54.
However till now, no stability indicating method for estimation of Cephalexin has been reported Cefuroxime axetil and cefuroxime were determined using TLC densitometry after separation on silica gel using chloroform/ ethyl acetate/glacial acetic acid/water (4:4:4:1) as a mobile phase.
Dhanesar proposed a densitometric method for quantitation of some cephalosporins on a hydrocarbon impregnated silica gel HPTLC plate. Simultaneous determination of cefalexin and probencid in pharmaceutical preparation was performed by HPTLC using silica Gel 60 F254 HPTLC plate and they were detected at 254 nm. Also HPTLC method was used for the determination of ceftriaxone in injection solutions using butanol/acetonitrile/water (3:1:1) as developing solvent and detection at 254 nm 11.
Analysis of Cephalosporin in Biological Fluids:
High- Performance Liquid Chromatographic Methods: This technique is the most frequently applied technique for the determination of cephalosporins in biological fluids (blood, plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, etc.), animal tissues, food, etc. summarises the recent HPLC reported methods for the analysis of cephalosporins in biological fluids, animal tissues, food, etc.
Capillary Electrophoretic Methods: Nine cephalosporins were determined using capillary zone electrophoresis after hydrodynamic injection on a fused-silica capillary and detection was performed at 210 nm Mrestani et al., proposed a CZE (Capillary Zone Electrophoresis) method for the determination of four cephalosporins after injection on a fused-silica capillary with detection at 270 nm and 30 kV separations potential. Cefixime and five of its metabolites were determined in human digestive tissues by high performance capillary electrophoresis on a fused-silica capillary tube with detection at 280 nm. CZE was used to determine β-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, quinolones and tetracyclines in biological samples.
Cefotaxime and its deacetyl metabolite were determined by CZE using a fused-silica capillary with borate buffer pH 9.2 as electrolyte .CZE was used for the determination of four cephalosporins in clinical samples.
Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) Cefuroxime was determined in human serum by MEKC using a fused-silica capillary with 150mM sodium dodecyl sulfate in 20mM sodium phosphate and borate (pH 9.0) as electrolyte, with applied potential of 15 kV and detection at 274 nm.
Yeh et al., proposed a MEKC method for determination of ceftazidime in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid using Tris buffer with sodium dodecyl sulfate as background electrolyte and detection was performed at 254 nm. MEKC was used for determination of cefotaxime and it’s deacetyl metabolite using a fused-silica capillary with phosphate buffer pH 8.0 containing 165mM sodium dedecylsulphate as separation electrolyte. Cefpirome was estimated in human microdialysis and plasma samples by MEKC.
The effect of various parameters such as pH, pre-concentration time, deposition potential, supporting electrolytes, possible interferences and other variables were investigated for the examined drugs. Statistical analysis was carried out for the obtained results. Good linearity's were obtained. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of the studied drugs in their available pharmaceutical formulations 55 and in biological samples (serum and urine). The interference of some amino acids urea, ascorbic acid and some metal ions was investigated.
The developed Liquid chromatographic method with UV-Visible detection offers, sensitivity, precision and accuracy. It produces symmetric peak shape, good resolution and reasonable retention time for Ceftazidime and sulbactam sodium.
Moreover there is no pretreatment of the sample which makes the method simple and easy to perform. It can be used for the simultaneous determination of Ceftazidime and sulbactam sodium in the pharmaceutical companies and research laboratories for routine analysis and in plasma samples 56.
TABLE 1: DIFFERENT HPLC METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CEPHALOSPORIN WITH ANALYTICAL PARAMETERS
|Method||Type of cephalosporin||Linearity||Precision% RSD||Accuracy& its range||LOD||LOQ||RetentionTime||Reference|
|HPLC method||cefepime, cefixime and cefoperazonewith seven cephalosporins||0.5, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 ugmL−1||3.6–7.8 4.2–5.9 1.6–4.8 (inter day)5.2–8.0 6.8–9.8 0.8–7.8(intra day)||0.50, 5.00 and 3 0.00ugmL−1.||25, 10 and 15 ngmL−1||80,35 and 50 ngmL−1||-||Emirhan Nemutlu et. al. 57|
|HPLC method||cefetamet pivoxil in drug substance and powder forms||30.0–80.0 ug ml−1||1.71 – 1.51 % RSD||100.09%||1.03 ug ml−1degradation||3.15 ug ml−1Degradation||6.2 min||Lisoni M. Morsch et.al. 58|
|HPLC method||Oral cephalosphorinsPlasma(S-1090)||0.09–9 ug/ml
|< 6 % RSD||0.09–0.9 ug/mlRecovery, 102.3%||-||0.09 ug/ ml||22 min||H. Fujitomo et.al.59|
|HPLC method||Oral cephalosphorinsUrine(S-1090)||0.5–100 ug/ml||< 6 % RSD||0.9–9 ug/ml95.8–100.3%||-||0.5 ug/ ml||23 min||H. Fujitomo et.al.59|
|HPLC method||cephradine in human plasma||0.2- 30 ug/ml||0.2 mg/ml was 4.9% (intra-assay)||0.2 - 30 ug/ml||-||0.2 and 30 ug/ ml||10 min||Virginia M. Johnson et.al. 60|
|HPLC method stability indicating method||Cefazolin||1 to 50 μg/ml||% RSD0.8033 and 0.5856 %||95 – 100 %.||0.1 ug/ml,||0.3 ug/ml||UV 254 nm||N Lalita et al.76|
|HPLC method||Ceftazidime and Sulbactam inSpiked Plasma||125-750 ppm forceftazidime and 62.5-375 ppm for sulbactam sodium.||0.110.74||98.69±0.1298.75±0.31||0.11 ppm||0.34 ppm||-||Masoom Raza Siddiqui et.al.63|
|HPLC method||Cephalosporin||5-50 – 500 ug/ml||0.993 – 100||93 to 101%.||0.2 to 1.0 ug/ml||-||4 to 6 min||Steven A.Singns et.al.67|
|HPLC method||Oral cephalosphorins Urine (S-1090)||0.5–100ug/ml||Less than 6%||100.2–101.5%||-||-||-||H. Fujitomo et al.59|
|HPLC method||cefotaxime, ceftazidime and ceftriaxoneAlong with alkali induced degradation product and commercial injection.||5-20 ug/||RSD % of 0.91,2.66 and 1.83 for cefotaxime, ceftazidime and ceftriaxone.||98.6 , 100.1 , 97.6 %in degradation product and104.9, 102.2, 100.3
Cefotaxime Ceftazidime Ceftriaxone respectively
|0.25 u,g/ml||-||270 nm using a diodearray detector.||Mohammed E. Abdel-Hamid68|
|HPLC methodStability study||CEFPROZIL IN ORAL SUSPENSION CEFZIL||6.51 u/mL to 97.66 u/mL||0.40n1.60%||5.96 mg/mL||18.07 mg/mL||UV 280 nm||Anna Jeli—SKA et al.69|
|HPLC simultaneous estimation||ceftriaxone sodium andsulbactam sodium in injection dosage form||140‐250μg/mL||97.65%||100.21± .50||3μg/mL||12 μg/mL||UV 230 nm||B. Palanikumar et al. 70|
|HPLC simultaneous estimation||Cefixime and Cloxacillin in Tablets||160 -240 ug/mL for cefixime and 400 – 600 ug/mL cloxacillin||0.69 forcefixime and 0.77 for cloxacillin||99.99% and102.24%.||-||-||UV 225 nm||G.Rathinavel et al.71|
|HPLC simultaneous method||Cefuroxime axetil||5-50 μg/ml||0.328 interday0.545 intraday||100.976 ± 0.439||2.409 ug/ml||7.951 ug/ml||UV 225 nm||Mahima R. Sengar 72|
|HPLC simultaneous method||Five cephaloCefixime, cefaclore, cefadroxile, cephalexine, cephradine||Cefixime 10 -100 mg/lRest – 0.1 -||5.8 – 6.9 intraday8.3 – 7.7 interday||Recovery80 – 90 %||-||-||UV 240 nm||Joy A. Mcateeret al. 73|
|HPLC simultaneous method||Cefixine and Dicloxacillin||Correlation coefficient0.9959||% RSD 0.379||99 – 100 %||-||-||UV 220 nm||K.Kathiresan et al. 74|
|HPLC method||Cefadroxil||Correlation coefficient0.9941||% RSD 0.02||high||0.06 ppm||0.2 ppm||UV – vis 210 nm||Ravi Shankar Shukla et al. 75|
|HPTLC method||Cefprozil in Tablet Dosage Form||400, -2000ng/spot||RSD 1.48||101.04±1.78||133, ng/spot||400, ng/spot||Rf –0.37-0.40||V. JAGAPATHI RAJU et.al.61|
|HPTLC determination of||ceftriaxone, cefixime and cefotaxime in dosage forms||125–500 ng||RSD: 1.12–2.91%||99.8 to 101.4%||Satisfactory||satisfactory||-||S. Eric-Jovanovic et.al.64|
|Stability Indicating HPTLC Method||Cephalexin in Bulk and Pharmaceutical||of 500–1500 ng||0.7267 % intra day and 1.3623 %Inter day||98.71%.||51.03 ng||154.64 ng||Rf, retardation factor, value–0.56||R. M. Jeswani et.al.65|
|UV spectrophotometric method||Cefuroxime in formulation||4-28 ug/ml||% RSD 0.36||99.97 ± 0.3969||1.3669 ug/ml||4.1421 ug/ml||281 nm||Santosh Shelke et.al.62|
|UV Spectrophotometric Method of||CefuroximeAxetil in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulation||4-28μg/ml||99.50% (Intra-day precision) and 99.60%(Inter-day precision)||99.97 ± 0.3969||1.3669(g/ml)||4.1421(g/ml)||281 nm||Santosh Shelke et.al.62|
|Electrophoresis method||EIGHT CEPHALOSPORIN||3–1000 μg mL−1||0.6–1.6% intra day0.5 - 1.8%, interday||100%||0.5–5 μg mL–1||A. R. Solangi et.al.66|
TABLE 2: DIFFERENT CHROMATOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS
|Cephalosporins||Biological fluid/ Formulation||Method used||Column||Mobile phase||Detector||Reference|
|cefepime, cefixime and cefoperazone etcSeven cephalosphorins||Plasma & Amniatic food||HPLC method||XTerra C18 (250mm×4.6mm, 5_m i.d.) column||40mM phosphate buffer,pH 3.2, 18% MeOH, 0.85mLmin−1||photodiode array detector||Emirhan Nemutlu et. al. 57|
|cefetamet pivoxil||Oral Formulation||HPLC method||C18 absorbosphere column (150×4.6 mm i.d., 5 _m particle size),||water–acetonitrile–methanol–phosphate buffer, pH 3.5 (50:35:10:5, v/v), flow rate of 1.5 ml min−1||UV detection at 254 nm.||Lisoni M. Morsch et.al. 58|
|Oral cephalosporinsPlasma(S-1090)||Human plasma||HPLC-column switching method||internal-surface reversed-phasepre-column and a C analytical column
|pre-column was of 0.05 M phosphate buffer (KH PO –H PO , pH 2.5) analytical column was of 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 2.5)–methanol (80:20) mixture cont mM sodium 1-heptanesulfonate||UV detector||H. Fujitomo et.al.59|
|Oral cephalosporinsPlasma(S-1090)||Urine||HPLC-column switching method||Two pre-columns packed with cyano and phenyl materials and a C analytical column were used for the urine assay||0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 2.5)– methanol (75:25) analytical column was a 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 2.5)–methanol (80:20) mixture cont mM sodium 1-heptanesulfonate||H. Fujitomo et.al.59|
|Ceftazidime and Sulbactam||Spiked Plasma and Combined Dosage form-Zydotam||HPLC method||Hypersil ODS C-18 column||Acetonitrile and tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide adjusted to pH 5.0 with orthophosphoric acid in ratio 25:75.||UV detection at 230 nm||Masoom Raza Siddiqui et al.56|
|Ten Cephalosporins||Plasma||HPLC method||C-18reverse-phase column,||0.01 M sodium acetate andAcetonitrile-methanol.||254-nm UV wavelength||STEVEN A. SIGNS et al.67|
|cephalosporins||pork and beef muscle tissues||HPLC method||SPE cartridges Bond Elut C18 6cc-500mg||pH 7 0.02M acetate buffer / methanol) in a gradient mode||252 nm UV wavelength||E. Verdon and P. Couëdor[|
|cephradine||HumanPlasma||HPLC method||polymeric reversed-phase PLRP-S column||10.5% (v/v) acetonitrile in 20 mM ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate (pH 2.75)||ultraviolet detection at 260 nm||Virginia M. Johnson et al.60|
|oral cephalosporin, cefmatilenhydrochloride hydrate, and its seven metabolites||Human andanimal plasma and urine||HPLC methodcombination of ion-exch pre- column and (ODS) columns||Ion exchange precolumn and ODS column||Phosphate buffer, Methanol, acetonitrile and water.||UV detector 260 nm||I. Nishino et al.78|
|cefotaxime, ceftazidime and ceftriaxone||In presence of their alkali induceddegradation products and in commercial injections||HPLC method||( 150 mm X 6 mm ID) SchimpackGLC-ODS. 5 pm column||Mobile phase composed of acetonitrile-ammonium acetate buffer solution (0.1 M) in a ratio lo:90 (pH 7.5) with peak.||detection at 270 nm using a diodearray detector||Mohammed E. Abdel-Hamid 68|
|Cefprozil||Tablet Dosage Form||HPTLC method||silica gel G 60F254(20 cm x10 cm)||chloroform: methanol: toluene: diethyl amine: water in the ratio 4: 4.4: 3.2: 3: 0.8 v/v as mobile||Densitometer in absorbance mode at 286 nm.||V. Jagapathi raju et.al 61|
SPECTRA1: A TYPICAL LC CHROMATOGRAM OF A MIXTURE OF CEFTAZIDIME PENTAHYDRATE 500 ppm (PEAK NO. 1) AND SULBACTAM SODIUM, 250 ppm (PEAK NO. 2) ACHIEVED USING THE PROPOSED METHOD 56
SPECTRA 2:- CHROMATOGRAM OF CEFTAZIDIME PENTAHYDRATE AND SULBACTAM SODIUM AFTER SUBJECTED TO ACID DEGRADATION56
SPECTRA 3: CHROMATOGRAM OF CEFTAZIDIME PENTAHYDRATE AND SULBACTAM SODIUM AFTER SUBJECTED TO THERMAL DEGRADATION 56
SPECTRA 4: A TYPICAL HPTLC DENSITOGRAM OF CEFPROZIL STANDARD 61.
SPECTRA 5: DETERMINATION OF MAX OF CEFUROXIME AXETIL BY UV SCANNING
SPECTRA 6:- TYPICAL ELECTROPHEROGRAM OBTAINED FROM A MIXTURE OF THE CEPHALOSPORINS. CE CONDITIONS: APPLIED POTENTIAL 20 KV; BUFFER 50 MM SODIUM TETRABORATE, pH 9; DETECTION WAVELENGTH 214 NM.
1, CEFRADINE; 2, CEFTIZOXIME; 3, CEFOTOXIME; 4, CEFUROXIME; 5, CEFACLOR; 6, CEFADROXIL; 7, CEFTRIAXONE, AND 8, CEFIXIME 66
SPECTRA 7:- TYPICAL ELECTROPHEROGRAM OBTAINED FROM A MIXTURE OF THE CEPHALOSPORINS. CE CONDITIONS: APPLIED POTENTIAL 30 KV; BUFFER 50 MM SODIUM TETRABORATE, pH 9; DETECTION WAVELENGTH 214 NM.
1, CEFRADINE; 2, CEFTIZOXIME; 3, CEFOTOXIME; 4, CEFUROXIME; 5, CEFACLOR; 6, CEFADRO-XIL; 7, CEFTRIAXONE AND 8, CEFIXIME 66.
DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION: This review contains different analysis methods includes some chromatographic methods especially HPLC, HPTLC and some capillary electrophoresis methods of analysis.
The different methods of analysis are specifically studied about the analytical parameters which include linearity, range, accuracy, precision, LOD, LOQ and robustness of the method along with combination of more than one antibiotic from formulation and biological fluids.
Analysis of antibiotics present in formulated and unformulated samples demands for a highly specific and rapid method as many antibiotics (e.g. β-lactams) have serious stability problems. This has made HPLC preferred over other traditional microbiological methods. Also chromatographic techniques are usually sensitive enough for most antibiotics as they achieve a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.3-0.5ug/ml. Sensitivity can be further enhanced by coupling it with fluorimetric, electrochemical or mass-spectrometric detection methods. By using different types of columns and varying combinations of solvent systems, scope of HPLC method can be further expanded to a wide range of samples, although reversed phase columns were used more frequently.
The purpose of this study is to find out the methods which are giving good results like precision. Some of these methods are used at very low concentration range of linearity. HPLC, HPTLC, UV spectrophotometric, capillary zone electrophoresis methods are commonly used for determining drugs in pre and final pharmaceutical products. Some reported methods are suitable for the identification and quantification of the cephalosporins at many ranges of analysis.
In conclusion, the different HPLC method has been successfully used on a routine basis and allows the quantification of the drug in pharmaceutical formulations and body fluids in a short analytical time.
These methods are sensitive, simple, fast, ease extraction procedure and possess excellent linearity and precision characteristics. These observations made it possible to anticipate the use of this method as an official procedure.
The data of validation also shows that the proposed methods are selective, linearity, precise and accurate with low LOD, LOQ values and adequate to determine the content of drug substance in formulated, non formulated products and in body fluids.
The HPTLC method by V. Jagapathi Raju et al., has shows a method for analysis of cephalosporin in tablets with nano gram level and high precision value. H. Fujitomo et al., proposed two methods for the determination of cephalosporins in oral suspension with little change in analysis range and variation in method.
The HPLC is more sensitive, linear, precision and high accurate method. Lisoni et al., showed that the analysis of cefatanet proxitil in drug substance and powder form with very low precision and high % of recovery. The LOD and LOQ value of the said method is also low concentration.
Masoom Raza et al., and Ravi Shankar et al., develop a method which can work on ppm level of concentration with high accuracy and precision with low LOD, LOQ value. Some HPLC methods can be used for the multi-component analysis with 7 - 10 cephalosporins at a time.
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- N Lalitha, Pai PN Sanjay, MG Vyshak and Uvesh Kadri: Stability-Indicating Reverse Phase HPLC Method for the Determination of Cefazolin; Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, February 2010; 9 (1): 45-50.
- Deana C. Hurum, Brian M. De Borba, Jeffrey S. Rohrer: Dionex Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA USA, Determination HPLC Determination of Impurities in the Cephalosporin Antibiotic Cefepime by Ion Chromatography and HPLC , Dionex Application note,
- I. Nishino, H. Fujitomo, T. Umeda : Determination of a new oral cephalosporin, cefmatilen hydrochloride hydrate, and its seven metabolites in human and animal plasma and urine by coupled systems of ion-exchange and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, Journal of Chromatography B, 2000; 749 , 101–110.
P. N. Patil* and S. Jacob
Department of Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, Near Chitranagari, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
10 August, 2011
04 November, 2011
22 December, 2011

domain: chemistry


In actress Tippi Hedren ("The Birds"), established the Shambala Preserve in California’s Mojave Desert, a wildlife sanctuary for lions and tigers. This lions name is Togar. He was brought to the sanctuary but had never been around any other lions.
Lion, South Africa-Photograph by Barbara Motter This South African lion looks a bit grouchy, but he was actually yawning. His yawning caused a chain reaction of yawns from every member of the pride. Are you yawning yet?


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Chiropractic treatments restore alignment to your spine and motion to your extremities so that your body can heal itself and keep moving. At Spring Creek Chiropractic & Massage, we believe that movement is life! Dr. Jake Hennen and his wellness team in Plano, Texas integrate chiropractic care with supportive therapies—including massage, infrared sauna, nutrition, and Pilates—for total body preventative and maintenance care that improves function, relieves pain, and optimizes overall health. Spring Creek Chiropractic also offers care plans for patients recovering from accidents and injuries.
Chiropractic care is a licensed, touch-based holistic therapy that focuses on aligning your spine and correcting subluxations (misalignments) so that your body can function freely, optimally, and without pain. Dr. Hennen may correct subluxations manually or with specialized instruments that help break up knots of tension so that your spine assumes a healthy position.
Dr. Hennen believes that no two people — and no two spines — are alike. When you first come to Spring Creek Chiropractic & Massage for a consultation, he spends time talking with you about any pain, issues, and goals, and takes a complete wellness history. He also conducts a thorough physical examination and may order on-site low-radiation digital X-rays to clarify what’s going on in your body.
While you lie comfortably on the treatment table, he adjusts your spine to correct subluxations either using his hands or specially designed chiropractic instruments. He may also decompress (stretch) your spine with Cox® flexion-distraction or traction. Dr. Hennen may then recommend adjunctive therapies to support your newly aligned spine, promote circulation of blood and lymph, and build strength and vitality.
Chiropractors believe that disease, pain, and disorder starts with subluxations in your spine that interfere with your body’s function. When your spine is misaligned, it impedes the flow of nourishing blood and detoxifying lymph fluid. Subluxations also affect how you distribute your weight and hold your body, leading to joint pain, muscle pain, and an increased risk for injury.
No matter what illness or type of injury you have, you could benefit from supportive, healing chiropractic treatments. Some conditions that respond well to chiropractic include:
You can also use chiropractic to bring your health and sports performance to the next level, or to prevent possible injuries and disabilities.
Dr. Hennen and his team are dedicated to promoting complete health, which includes physical, mental, and spiritual aspects. At Spring Creek Chiropractic & Massage you can support your chiropractic treatments with:
Your treatment plan evolves with your health and over the passage of time. Dr. Hennen always evaluates your needs in the present moment and makes the adjustments you need to be happy, pain-free, and optimal.
To align your spine so that your body can heal itself and function at its peak, contact Dr. Hennen by phoning the Spring Creek Chiropractic & Massage team or using the online scheduler.

domain: medical


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Higher Education and Training Minister Naledi Pandor says the National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS) has received more than 400 000 funding applications for the 2019 financial year.
With 9 days left before the closing of 2019 applications cycle, the National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS) has called on all students, who have not yet applied for financial aid, to submit their online applications before the closing date.
Higher Education and Training Deputy Minister Buti Manamela says the National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS) has received 10 000 applications for free higher education through its contact centre on Monday.
The National Education Crisis Forum (NECF) says resolving the higher education crisis will depend on government's responsiveness to the civil society's proposals.
Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa says Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETAs) play an important role in identifying the skills needs of every economic sector in the country.
A roadmap to finance the study costs of poor and working class students is needed to address the ongoing university fees protests across the country, government said on Wednesday.