Global Endurance Modding presents the 4 Hours of Silverstone, held on April 30th and May 1st. It’s the second of six big endurance events organized by GEM in 2021.
The 4 Hours of Silverstone will be a full simulation of the famous ELMS event, using its 3 classes: LMP2, LMP3 and GTE.
LMP1 will be the class that will fight for the overall podium, represented by our very own Ginetta G60-LT-P1. The LMP1 class is known for its immense speed and downforce, coming closer to the downforce levels of the Formula 1 cars than any other current racing car. The Ginetta has authentic LMP1 physics and features, including an entirely new tyre model. The LMP1 class has onboard Traction Control only.
LMP2 will be represented by the official LMP2 cars: the Oreca 07 and the Ligier JS P217. As a homologated class, currently featuring 3 manufacturers of which 2 are represented in the game, LMP2 has always been a popular class for privateers with the dream of competing at Le Mans. The LMP2 cars have onboard Traction Control.
LMP3 is the lowest tier of prototype racing currently in existance. Its top speeds are comparable to GTE, but the
GTE Pro and GTE Am will be represented by the official GTE cars: Aston Martin Vantage GTE, BMW M8 GTE, Corvette C8.R, Ferrari 488 GTE and Porsche 911 RSR. These cars feature onboard Traction Control.
A special feature for GTE Am will be the addition of an onboard Anti-Lock Brakes System, in exchange for a 6% decrease in engine power. With this special feature, we ensure that drivers of all levels can participate in the event, while the decreased engine power ensures that GTE Am will be a class on its own.
Friday, 30 April
14:00 - 16:00
17:00 - 19:00
19:00 - 19:30
19:30 - 19:50
20:00 - 20:20
Saturday, 1 May
10:00 - 12:00
12:00 - 12:25
Free Practice 1
Free Practice 2
Free Practice 3
* Broadcast live on YouTube


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Expertise recognition is challenging in teamwork, particularly in intercultural collaboration. This research seeks to investigate how cultural differences in communication styles may affect expertise recognition and influence in face-to-face (FtF) versus text-based computer-mediated communication (CMC). Using experimental intercultural groups, we found that in FtF groups East Asian experts had a lower participation rate, and were perceived as less competent, less confident, and less influential than experts from Western culture. No such differences occurred in CMC. The results support mediated moderation effect of perceived confidence on expert influence such that changes in perceptions of Chinese and American experts' confidence accounted for their different levels of influence in CMC versus FtF. No such effect was found with participation rate.
Supported by communication technology, global collaboration has become more common in contemporary organizations. One of the advantages of such collaboration is the increased access to expertise from across the globe, but expert resources can remain untapped in intercultural collaboration because cultural differences between group members and technological mediation can create difficulties for successful group work (Gibson & Gibbs, 2006). Thus, the goal of this research is to examine the joint effects of culture and technology on expertise recognition and expert influence in intercultural groups.
Although expertise recognition is essential to knowledge coordination, task assignments, and effective performance (e.g., Moreland, 1999; Yuan, Fulk, & Monge, 2007), groups often have difficulties recognizing and utilizing expertise, even in culturally homogeneous groups (e.g., Bottger & Yetton, 1988; Littlepage, Schmidt, Whisler, & Frost, 1995). Considerable research efforts have been directed towards understanding the type of social information that people use to infer expertise. Most of this research, however, is concerned with surface characteristics and associated social stereotypes (e.g., Bunderson, 2003; Yoon & Hollingshead, 2010). Much less attention has been given to the role of communication in expertise recognition, with Littlepage and colleagues' works (Littlepage & Mueller, 1997; Littlepage et al., 1995) among the few exceptions. However, Littlepage et al.'s studies focused on culturally homogeneous FtF groups. Thus, this research seeks to make two contributions: first, to study of the role of communication behaviors in expertise recognition in intercultural collaboration; and second, to explore the impact of FtF vs. CMC on this process.
Recent research in intercultural collaboration has shifted attention from the question of whether culture matters for intercultural group work to when and how it matters (Gibson, Maznevski, & Kirkman, 2009). Specifically, situational characteristics are recognized as key factors that moderate the extent to which culture has an impact on people's behaviors (Maznevski & Peterson, 1997). In the context of this research, we approach communication technology as one situational factor that would impact “if” and “how” culture influences expertise recognition in group collaboration.
In the following section of the paper, we first review research on how cultural differences influence communication styles, and how a communication medium moderates the relationship between culture and communication styles. We then discuss how cultural differences in communication styles mediate the moderation effects between communication medium and culture on expertise recognition and perceived influence (the mediated moderation hypothesis). Hypotheses were tested using experimental groups composed of American (as representatives of Western culture) and Chinese (as representatives of East Asian culture) graduate students. The paper ends with a discussion of theoretical and practical implications of the results.
The Impact of Culture on Communication Styles
Cultural differences refer to “general patterns of cultural values, attitudes, and communication behaviors associated with specific sets of individuals” (Oetzel, Burtis, Sanchez, & Perez, 2001, p. 242). Previous research has identified a set of cultural values that lead to differences in communication styles, as well as preferences for effective communication styles, between members of Western and East Asian cultures (M. S. Kim, 1999; Oetzel, 1998). One such difference is individualistic versus collectivistic cultural value orientation. Individualism fosters a cultural value on the self, personal autonomy, personal goals, and individual uniqueness and control (Hofstede, 1991; Triandis, 1989). Collectivism, in contrast, cultivates a social orientation that focuses on social roles, values, norms, and expectations (Oyserman, Coon, & Kemmelmeier, 2002). Whereas people from Western culture have a stronger orientation toward self, East Asians, particularly Chinese people (Oyserman et al., 2002), have a stronger predisposition to a social or collectivist orientation (Hwang, 1987). Such differences in individualist versus collectivist orientations affect intercultural communication among people from different cultural backgrounds (Oetzel et al., 2001).
Influenced by a high social orientation of collectivistic values, East Asians are more attentive to social concerns and situational expectations than people from Western culture (Hofstede, 1991; Markus & Kitayama, 1991). In order to preserve their positive social image, as well as group harmony and solidarity, East Asians may intentionally suppress the expression of their authentic selves by exercising restraint in the expression of personal opinions and feelings (Menon & Fu, 2005). East Asians also tend to adopt a more passive communication style and are less motivated to communicate compared to people from Western cultures (M. S. Kim, 1999). In explaining inequity in the amount of conversational contributions in intercultural groups, Oetzel (1998) wrote, “It is possible that the individualistic members in these groups dominated the discussion in part because the collectivistic members focused on listening and supporting the others… The individualistic members may have expected the other members to ‘jump into’ the conversations, while the collectivistic members waited to be invited” (p. 140).
In addition to participation rate, people from East Asian and Western cultures vary in their perceptions of appropriate communication styles, which, in turn, affect their own communication behaviors (M. S. Kim, 1999). Whereas Westerners consider communication apprehension as a weakness, East Asians do not think of it as negatively because of their intrinsic de-emphasis on self-expression and individual uniqueness (Zhang, Butler, & Pryor, 1996). The differences in beliefs about communication appropriateness result in East Asians' scoring higher on communication apprehension, as well as adopting a less assertive, less self-confident, and less argumentative communication style compared to Westerners (M. S. Kim, 1999).
The Moderation Effect of Communication Medium on the Relationship Between Culture and Communication Styles
Because much of intercultural collaboration is supported by communication technology, it is important to examine the impact of communication medium on group communication and outcomes. Comparing broad bandwidth (e.g., FtF) with narrow bandwidth (e.g., text-based CMC) media, previous research has documented the “equalization phenomenon” (Dubrovsky, Kiesler, & Sethna, 1991) of text-based CMC on reducing differences in participation rate between group members of different status. Whereas FtF group members attend and conform to “the expected social order” (Dubrovsky et al., 1991, p. 137), social differences and attributes matter less in text-based CMC because group members are less concerned about being evaluated in the absence of contextual and nonverbal cues. As a result, more equal participation may result across the whole team.
In addition to the equalization effect, text-based CMC may facilitate the “empowering effect” (Amichai-Hamburger, McKenna, & Tal, 2008) such that CMC lowers social expectations and related costs/risks of social sanctions, and can thereby serve as a catalyst to stimulate participation and reduce apprehension in revealing an “authentic self” (Bargh, McKenna, & Fitzsimons, 2002; McKenna, 2007). This effect is especially potent for people who have high concerns about social constraints and situational expectations (Amichai-Hamburger et al., 2008). Research showed that individuals who scored high on communication apprehension communicated more actively and confidently, and felt more comfortable arguing their opinions in CMC than FtF (e.g., High & Caplan, 2009). Extending the “equalization effect” and the “empowering effect” to intercultural collaboration, reduced social constraints of CMC may help East Asians assume a more active and assertive role in online discussion, despite their communication apprehension and/or concerns for social sanctions in offline communication.
In addition to reducing social and situational constraints, CMC also facilitates reallocation of cognitive resources, which enhances people's self-presentation through strategic message construction (Walther, 1996). According to the hyperpersonal theory, when nonverbal cues and situational context are filtered out in CMC, individuals can “recapture cognitive resources that would normally be allocated to FtF nonverbal processes and apply them instead to message creation” (Walther, 2006, p. 465). As a result, CMC can not only allow for a greater control over self-presentation in order to project oneself as a confident communicator, but also help conceal nonverbal cues that give off contradicting information. For example, in High and Caplan's (2009) study, nonconfident communicators in FtF discussions were perceived as more confident in text-based CMC. Furthermore, because East Asians are usually more context-sensitive (Hall, 1976) and have greater difficulties in thinking out loud than Westerns as a result of cultural differences in cognitive styles (H. S. Kim, 2002), a reallocation of cognitive resources from contextual factors to the message creation could be especially beneficial. Taken together, because of the removal of nonverbal cues and distractions, and the greater allocation of cognitive resources for structuring communication, East Asians can assume a more active communication role and be perceived as more confident in CMC than in FtF discussions. We predict that although in FtF groups East Asians would participate less and be perceived as less confident than their Western counterparts (i.e., the main effect of culture on communication styles as discussed in the previous section), such differential effect of culture on communication styles will be reduced in CMC settings for the reasons reviewed above.
H1: Communication medium moderates the effect of an expert's culture on his/her participation rate such that East Asian experts participate less actively than Western experts in FtF discussions, but not in CMC text-based discussions.
H2: Communication medium moderates the effect of an expert's culture on his/her perceived confidence such that East Asian experts are perceived as less confident than Western experts in FtF discussions, but not in CMC text-based discussions.
Communication Styles as Mediators of the Moderation Effect of Medium on the Impact of Culture on Expertise Recognition and Influence
Both field and experimental research have repeatedly demonstrated that groups have difficulty accurately recognizing and using their members' expertise (e.g., Bottger & Yetton, 1988; Littlepage et al., 1995). Because expertise is not always observable, errors in expertise recognition can occur when group members use wrong cues to infer expertise, including gender (e.g., Hollingshead & Fraidin, 2003; Thomas-Hunt & Phillips, 2004), social status and age (Bunderson, 2003), and race (e.g., Yoon & Hollingshead, 2010). In addition to personal characteristics and related social stereotypes, people infer others' expertise based on characteristics of their communication styles, which may also lead to inaccurate expertise judgments if they do not comport with true expertise.
Previous research identified participation rate and expressions of confidence as key communication cues used to infer task expertise in Western culture. For instance, Littlepage and Mueller (1997) found that participation rate related to both expertise recognition and influence because talking made expertise available and apparent to other group members. Other research has related the amount of group participation to members' opinions about quality of ideas (Bavelas, Hastorf, Gross, & Kite, 1965), social influence (Sorrentino & Boutillier, 1975), creativity (Regula & Julian, 1973), and inferred dominance (Mast, 2002). In Littlepage et al.'s (1995) research, participation rate was the most important predictor of perceived expertise, even though participation rate was not significantly correlated with actual expertise in their study.
In addition to participation rate, people also rely on expressions of confidence as an expertise proxy, known as “confidence heuristics” (Thomas and McFayden, 1995). Confident members, who argue assuredly, rather than tentatively and reservedly, have greater influence on group decisions because other members anticipate that they exert the level of influence compatible to their confidence level. Also, confident expressions convey a sense of certainty and commitment (Keren & Teigen, 2001). As a result, members are more likely to make judgments about information reliability based on the confidence with which this information is expressed.
To sum up, research using culturally homogeneous groups lends strong support to the relationship between participation rate and confidence in communication on the one hand and expertise recognition and perceived influence on the other. In intercultural collaboration, because cultural differences and communication medium can exert contextual influences on communication dynamics, we anticipate that changes in these process factors (i.e., participation rate and perceived confidence), in turn, bring about changes in the outcome variables, (i.e., recognition of expertise and perceived influence). As argued in the preceding sections, text-based CMC reduces situational constraints and social expectations, which could bolster participation rate and confidence of East Asians, who tend to suppress self-expression and seek group solidarity and conformity in FtF situations. As a result, East Asian participants' expertise may be better recognized in CMC than in FtF, and they may also have a better chance to exert greater influence in CMC conditions.
Thus, we propose a mediated moderation effect (Baron & Kenny, 1986; Muller, Judd, & Yzerbyt, 2005), which is concerned with how the overall moderation effect is mediated by a third variable (Baron & Kenny, 1986; Muller, Judd, & Yzerbyt, 2005). Testing this effect requires first establishing the moderation effect (i.e., the magnitude of the culture effect on expertise recognition and influence depends on the moderator—communication medium), and then the mediation effect (i.e., experts' communication styles—participation rate and perceived confidence—are responsible for the overall moderation effect).
H3: Communication medium moderates the effect of experts' culture on expertise recognition such that East Asian experts are recognized less than Western experts in FtF discussions, but not in CMC text-based discussions.
H4: Communication medium moderates the effect of experts' culture on their perceived influence such that East Asian experts are perceived as less influential than Western experts in FtF discussions, but not in CMC text-based discussions.
H5: (a) Participation rate and (b) perceived confidence mediate the proposed moderation effect of communication medium on cultural differences in expertise recognition.
H6: (a) Participation rate and (b) perceived confidence mediate the proposed moderation effect of communication medium on cultural differences in perceived influence.
One hundred and thirty-four graduate students from different fields of study at a university in the northeastern U.S. were recruited to participate in this study. Sixty-seven of them were Americans of Western family backgrounds, and 67 were Chinese. For the Chinese participants, their length of stay in the US was restricted to less than 5 years because a longer socialization in a Western country could change their original communication style. The age of the participants ranged from 19 to 42, with a mean 26.4 (SD = 3.9). Participants were compensated $20 each for their participation in the study. As an additional stimulus, each member of the five top performing groups received a $30 gift certificate to a local restaurant.
Experimental Design and Procedure
We adapted the moon survival task frequently used for group decision simulations (e.g., Bottger & Yetton, 1988). The task presents a scenario of stranded astronauts on the moon, who need to rank a set of items (e.g., water, star chart) in the order of their importance for survival. The task has an objective solution, against which individual expertise can be evaluated.
Participants initially volunteered through an online sign-up system. After receiving their demographics, researchers randomly assigned them to either the FtF or the CMC condition controlling for gender and culture. Because previous research identified a gender effect on expertise recognition and influence (Thomas-Hunt & Phillips, 2004), only all-male (N = 16) or all-female (N = 23) groups were used in the study. All the groups were culturally heterogeneous, varying in size from 3 members (2 Americans and 1 Chinese, or 2 Chinese and 1 American) to 4 members (2 Americans and 2 Chinese). In total, there were 17 groups with 4 members, and 22 groups with 3 members, randomly assigned into 19 FtF groups and 20 CMC groups.
In most cases only one group participated in the study at a time. In cases when two groups were scheduled for the same time slot, participants were escorted to separate rooms. Upon arrival, each member received hard copies of the instructions about the general purpose of the study—“to understand how people work in teams” and a description of the task. Participants were instructed to first rank items from the moon survival task individually, and then discuss them with members of their group and rank them as a group. Group discussions in FtF condition were video-recorded and later transcribed. Group discussions in the CMC condition were automatically archived by the chat system, the Online Institute's synchronous text chat software.
In the CMC condition, the computer screen showed an online chat program and a shared online document with task-related information, which participants also used to rank the survival items. In the chat program, each person was referred to as “Member 1,” “Member 2,” “Member 3,” and “Member 4”; participants' first and last names corresponding to their member number were displayed in the shared online document open and visible to all the group members throughout the discussion. To parallel this in the FtF condition, members of FtF groups were placed at a round table, with labels “Member 1,” “Member 2,” “Member 3,” and “Member 4” on the tabletop; group members' names, along with their member numbers, were written on a whiteboard visible to the group. In both conditions, each participant individually filled out an online questionnaire upon completion of the group task.
Individual expertise was determined by comparing each individual participant's ranking of the survival items to the correct rankings (Littlepage & Mueller, 1997). Following the example of Thomas-Hunt & Phillips (2004), we used only the top four and bottom four ranks when summing up the deviation scores as they represent the most important survival choices. Higher values indicated a greater deviation from the correct scores, and hence a lower level of expertise. Members with the best two scores in each group were deemed as experts.
Expertise recognition was derived as the difference between an expert's actual expertise ranking in the group and the average expertise rankings she/he received from other group members (with negative numbers representing underestimation; positive numbers representing overestimation of expertise; and zero, perfectly accurate evaluation). Because the analyses were run on the top two experts for each group (i.e., their actual expertise rankings were 1 and 2 in the group), the difference in scores between actual and perceived expertise primarily reflected expertise underestimation rather than its overestimation; the difference score was multiplied by -1 to facilitate result interpretation such that higher values represent greater expertise underestimation in the analyses.
Perceived influence was measured using two items adapted from Thomas-Hunt and Phillips (2004). Participants were asked to evaluate other group members on (a) how influential each of them was during the discussion, and (b) how important that person was to the success of the group. The two items correlated significantly with each other: r (190) = .415, p < .01.
To calculate participation rate, discussions in FtF groups were first transcribed. Both FtF transcripts and CMC chat records were unitized using Holsti's (1969) definition of an utterance as “a single assertion about some subject” (p. 116). Two coders jointly unitized 18% of all CMC and FtF transcripts, with the intercoder unitization agreement of .01 per the Guetzkow's (1950) method. Upon confirming high intercoder agreement, the task of unitizing the remaining transcripts was divided between the two coders.
Finally, the measure of perceived confidence was adapted from Norton's (1978) communication style questionnaire by asking group members to rate one another on how confident, tense, relaxed, and nervous they were during the discussion. Each item was measured on a 7-point Likert scale, with 1 = “Strongly Disagree” and 7 = “Strongly Agree,” alpha = .71; M = 5.44, SD = .93.
Moderation Effect of Technology on the Impact of Culture on Communication Behaviors
Hypothesis 1 predicted a moderation effect of communication medium on the impact of experts' cultural background on their participation rate such that Chinese experts would participate less than their American counterparts in FtF, but not in CMC groups. Because participation rate was not normally distributed, H1 was tested with a Poisson log-linear regression model on the number of utterances for each group member, while adjusting for potential nonindependence of data coming from members of the same group (Kenny, 1995). The model had experts' cultural background as a level-1 predictor (an attribute of a member nested within a group), communication medium as a level-2 predictor (each group's experimental condition), and the log-transformed count of total utterances in the group as an offset term (to control for differences in the discussion length across groups). Participation rate had an intraclass correlation of .41; group-level variance was significant, χ2 (1) = 6.18, p = .01, based on a likelihood ratio test which compares deviances between the model with a random intercept and the model without a random intercept (Hayes, 2006).
Both main effects were significant: for communication media, χ2 (1) = 5.29, p = .02, and for experts' culture, χ2 (1) = 15.33, p < .01, but the main effects were qualified by a significant interaction effect, χ2 (1) = 7.22, p < .01. The interaction effect suggests that whereas there were significant differences in participation rate between American and Chinese experts in FtF groups, p < .01 (mean difference in log estimates = .51, SE = .13), their participation rate was approximately equal in CMC groups, p = .24 (mean difference in log estimates = .10, SE = .08). This results support the moderation effect of communication medium in equalizing participation rate between Chinese and American members in CMC settings (Figure 1).
Because each participant rated all other group members on their respective confidence levels, ratings coming from the same rater could be potentially nonindependent (Kenny, 1995). Therefore, the analyses on perceived confidence controlled for nonindependence of observations coming from both common group membership and a common rater. Intraclass correlation was .47, out of which variance attributable to differences between raters was .44, χ2 (1) = 13.22, p < .01, and variance attributable to differences between groups was .03, χ2 (1) = .26, p >.05. Therefore, the random effect of group was dropped from the model, but the random effect of rater was still included.
H2 predicted that Chinese experts would be perceived as less confident than American experts in FtF groups, but not in CMC groups. The main effect of experts' culture was significant, F (1, 120) = 17.05, p < .01, suggesting that American experts were judged as more confident overall than Chinese experts. The main effect of communication medium was not significant, F (1, 136) = 1.17, p = .28. Supporting H2, there was a significant interaction effect between medium and expert's culture, F (1, 120) = 15.11, p < .01 (see Figure 2): Whereas Chinese experts were perceived significantly less confident than American experts in FtF settings, p < .01 (mean difference = -.81, SE = .14), no significant difference between Chinese and American experts was detected in CMC settings, p = .87 (mean difference = - .03, SE = .15).
Mediated Moderation Effects
Individual performance baseline
To ensure that any potential differences in expertise recognition and perceived influence between Chinese and American members would not be due to their actual differences in expertise, we first analyzed their individual performance on the task. Following the example of Thomas-Hunt & Phillips (2004), we calculated their individual scores using the top 4 and bottom 4 ranks. The results showed that American and Chinese members had similar levels of actual expertise, t (75)= .07, p > .05, mean difference= .08, SE =1.23.
After confirming equivalent levels of expertise between American and Chinese top performers, the next question of interest was to examine whether they were perceived as equally competent after the group discussion of the task. Intraclass correlation attributable to differences between groups was negligible (.001), χ2 (1) = .001, p > .05, and, therefore, the random effect of group was dropped from the model.
The main effect of experts' culture was not significant, F (1, 187) = 3.13, p = .08. The main effect of communication medium was not significant either, F (1, 187) = .39, p = .54. Consistent with the prediction of H3, there was a significant interaction effect between medium and experts' culture on expertise recognition, F (1, 187) = 4.07, p < .05. Chinese experts were underestimated compared to American experts in FtF groups, but not in CMC groups (see Figure 3). In FtF groups, the mean difference in expertise recognition between Chinese and American experts was .68, SE = .26 (p < .01); in contrast, in CMC groups the mean difference between American and Chinese experts was .02, SE = .26 (p = .94). Thus, although American and Chinese experts had similar levels of actual expertise, their expertise was not recognized equally in FtF groups, but the difference leveled out in CMC groups.
H4 predicted that Chinese experts would be perceived as less influential compared to American experts in FtF groups, and that there would be no such difference in CMC groups. Intraclass correlation for perceived confidence was .28, out of which .26 was attributable to differences between raters, χ2 (1) = 45.68, p < .01, and .02, χ2 (1) = .33, p > .05, was attributable to differences between groups. Therefore, a random effect of group was dropped from the model, but a random effect of rater was still included.
The medium effect was not significant, F (1, 139) = 2.60, p =.11. The main effect of experts' culture, F (1, 149) = 7.14, p = .01, was significant, but this difference was qualified by a significant interaction effect between medium and experts' culture, F (1, 161) = 6.59, p = .01. Chinese experts were perceived as less influential than American experts in FtF groups (mean difference = -.73, SE = .20, p < .01). In contrast, Chinese and American experts were judged equally influential in CMC groups (mean difference = -.04, SE = .20, p = .86) (see Figure 4).
Finally, hypotheses H5 and H6 predicted mediated moderation, which refers to the mediating process responsible for the overall moderation effect (Baron & Kenny, 1986). The mediating process is established by showing that the moderation effect declines (partial mediator) or disappears (full mediation) after controlling for the mediator (Baron & Kenny, 1986; Muller et al., 2005). To establish the mediation effect we followed a set of analytical procedures laid out in Baron & Kenny (1986). The first step was to establish that potential mediators—participation rate and perceived confidence—had a significant effect on expertise recognition and perceived influence. The analyses showed that neither participation rate, F (1, 57) = 1.49, p = .23, nor perceived confidence, F (1, 188) = 1.70, p = .19, had a significant effect on expertise recognition. Therefore, H5a and H5b were not supported.
The analyses on perceived influence showed that participation rate did not influence perceived influence, F (1, 59) = .07, p = .79, therefore, rejecting H6a. Perceived confidence, however, had a significant effect on perceived influence, F (1, 178) = 42.46, p < .01. Therefore, the next step was to regress perceived influence on communication medium, experts' culture, and the interaction between communication medium and experts' culture, as well as perceived confidence. The moderated effect of communication medium and experts' culture ceased to be significant, F (1, 164) = 1.57, p = .21, while perceived confidence remained significant, F (1, 170) = 29.21, p < .01. This provides support for the mediated moderation effect: Perceived confidence accounted for the differences in the effects of experts' cultural backgrounds on their perceived influence in FtF versus CMC discussions.
The present study explored how communication in FtF and CMC impacted expertise recognition and perceived influence in intercultural collaboration. This is one of the few studies that examined the role of communication processes in expertise recognition in groups of any kind (but see Littlepage et al., 1995; Littlepage & Mueller, 1997), and one of the first to explore this question in intercultural groups. The results reveal that the impact of cultural backgrounds is moderated by communication medium on experts' participation rate and their perceived confidence in communication, as well as the extent to which their expertise and influence are recognized in intercultural collaboration. In FtF groups, despite having comparable levels of task expertise, experts from East Asian culture participated less, were perceived as less confident, less competent, and less influential in comparison to experts from Western culture. In contrast, differences in communication styles between experts from East Asian and Western cultures, as well as perceptions of their expertise and influence, leveled off in text-based CMC groups. Furthermore, the difference in perceived influence between East Asian and Western experts disappeared with increase in perceived communication confidence of East Asian participants, supporting the mediation role of confidence on the moderation effect of communication medium in predicting how an expert's perceived influence varies between cultures.
Culture and expertise recognition
Although expertise recognition is a major topic of interest, especially in research concerned with transactive memory (TM) theory (Wegner, 1986), most existing studies focus on the impact of TM on group collaboration (see for review, Ren & Argote, 2011). Considerably less attention has been paid to factors that influence accuracy of expertise recognition, which is central to the development of TM systems. The few exceptions include studies about the impact of collective training (Moreland, 1999), gender and stereotypes (Hollingshead & Fraidin, 2003; Yoon & Hollingshead, 2010), and social network ties (Yuan, Fulk, Monge, & Contractor, 2010). Our study contributes to this line of research by examining communication processes underlying expertise recognition in group collaboration, as influenced by the effects of culture and communication technology. It also contributes to a growing body of research on the effects of culture on communication processes in different media (e.g., Setlock, Fussell, & Neuwirth, 2004; H-C. Wang, Fussell, & Setlock, 2009) by showing how communication mediates the impact of culture and medium on group outcomes.
As mentioned above, we found across-the-board moderation effects of communication technology on reducing differences between experts from East Asian and Western cultures in participation rate and confidence in communication (the communication process variables), as well as expertise recognition and influence (the group outcome variables). Using the two communication process variables as mediators to explain the observed moderation effects related to the two group outcome variables, four combinations (2 x 2) are possible. Among these combinations, however, only perceived confidence mediated the moderation effect of communication medium on cultural background leading to expert influence link. In regard to participation rate, Littlepage et al. (e.g., Littlepage et al., 1995; Littlepage & Mueller, 1997) found that in groups with members from Western culture, participation rate was significantly associated with both expertise recognition and influence. In contrast, our results show that participation rate had no significant mediation effect on either of the moderation effects related to the two group outcome variables. This difference in results suggests that people from different cultural backgrounds may draw on dissimilar heuristics cues to infer expertise, and participation rate may not be associated with judgments of competence and influence in East Asian culture as much as it is in Western culture.
Interview data from twelve Chinese and American students appear to support the above proposition (Yuan & Bazarova, n.d.). We found that participation rate was a stronger indicator of expertise for Western participants than for East Asian participants, and that a quiet team member was much more likely to be judged incompetent by Westerners than East Asians. East Asian and Western interviewees seemed to value confidence in communication, and indicated that they were more likely to yield to confident communicators (even when they didn't judge them competent). It seems plausible that for communication styles to serve as mediators between cultural/contextual factors and expertise recognition/influence, they need to be valued equally by members of different cultures in intercultural collaboration.
Communication medium as a moderator of cultural effects on communication and expertise recognition/influence
To explain the role of communication medium as a moderator on the impact of culture, we have drawn on several CMC theories, including equalization effect (Dubrovsky et al., 1991), empowerment effect (Amichai-Hamburger et al., 2008), and hyperpersonal theory (Walther, 1996). Whereas the equalization effect provides a general framework for understanding how differences in participation rate can be equalized due to reduced social constraints and sanctions, its fundamental assumption is that text-based CMC filters out social cues and thereby renders group members relatively anonymous and depersonalized. As a result, they experience reduced evaluation anxiety and increased social inattention, and either or both of these psychological effects can lead to equal participation across the whole team (Dubrovsky et al., 1991). In contrast to the equalization effect, the empowerment effect and the hyperpersonal theory emphasize the role of interpersonal processes in how people can take advantage of unique characteristics of text-based CMC to reveal their true identity and increase self-efficacy (Amichai-Hamburger et al., 2008), as well as to exercise greater control over their self-presentation and cognitively focus on verbal exchange in order to achieve interpersonal goals (Walther, 1996). Although future research will need to examine specific mechanisms that change how people from different cultures communicate in text-based CMC compared to FtF, the present findings suggest that the high abundance of both verbal and nonverbal cues in FtF communication media might not always lead to the most desirable results in intercultural collaboration. In intercultural groups, using “lean” media to reduce such nonverbal and contextual cues may be in some cases more desirable for effective collaboration.
Another CMC theory relevant to explaining the effect of culture on group behaviors is the social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) (Lea & Spears, 1992). According to SIDE, a lack of individuating information in CMC diminishes reliance on interpersonal cues, but instead prompts stereotypical behaviors and perceptions based on gender, cultural, and other social stereotypes. There are, however, certain conditions that need to be met to produce SIDE effects of culture-based stereotyping, including (a) a salience of a social identity and scarcity of individuating information (e.g., the use of a nickname “Woman 1” instead of an individuating name, as in Postmes & Spears, 2002), (b) the fit of a social identity to the task (e.g., stereotypically fitting expertise in math and martial arts to East Asians, as in Yoon & Hollingshead, 2010). When individuating information is exchanged either prior to or during a group interaction, or when people work on tasks that do not fit cultural stereotypes as in the present study, social judgments are more likely to be based on interpersonal perceptions rather than on social categories predicted by SIDE theory (e.g., Z. Wang, Walther, & Hancock, 2009).
To conclude, although few studies have investigated or theorized about the interaction effect between culture and technology on expertise recognition and influence in intercultural groups, it is clear that more evidence needs to be accumulated. The present findings suggest a possible boundary condition for the usefulness/need of technology to support all types of social cues in that members' cultural backgrounds can serve as a contingency condition determining when rich media that support higher social presence is desirable.
Directions for Future Research
This study reveals several areas of research that deserve further attention. First, in this paper, we focused mainly on two characteristics of communication styles as heuristic cues to judge expertise: participation rate and confidence. Future research should also explore whether other characteristics of communication, such as openness, assertiveness, use of reason, and attentiveness, can have similar impact. In addition, while it is important to explore what characteristics of communication styles are used universally across cultures to judge expertise, it is equally important to explore cultural differences in expertise perceptions because people from different cultures may draw on different heuristics to infer expertise.
Future research also needs to examine the combined effects of culture and gender on expertise recognition and influence in computer-mediated versus F-t-F groups. Whereas our study controlled for the effects of gender by using all-male and all-female groups1, intercultural groups often have a mixed-gender composition. Based on studies of FtF mixed-gender culturally homogeneous groups (Thomas-Hunt & Phillips, 2004), male and female experts differ in the amount of participation, communication confidence, the level of influence on group decision, and the extent to which their expertise is recognized. Although text-based CMC may help equalize some communication differences between genders, others still persist. For example, whereas males and females participated equally in mixed-gender CMC groups, males displayed a more dominant communication style (e.g., using a more confident, forceful, and assertive language) than females (Postmes & Spears, 2002). Similarly, research in CMC naturalistic settings shows that males and females differ in communication styles, as well as in their perceptions of communication appropriateness (Herring, 2003; Kapidzic & Herring, 2011).
Results from this study show that despite having an identical level of actual expertise, Chinese experts were underevaluated in their expertise level, confidence, and perceived influence in FtF groups. The results also revealed the potential danger of using communication styles as heuristic cues to judge expertise in intercultural collaboration. Therefore, when group members come from different cultural backgrounds, both management and group members themselves need to be mindful of the difference in communication styles. Knowing, for example, that regardless of the actual level of expertise, East Asian members may talk less than participants from Western cultures, both management and group members would be able to avoid rushing to a conclusion that quieter and “less confident” East Asian participants are less competent. Instead, conscious effort should be made to solicit input from them to make sure that all members' expertise is incorporated, despite differences in their communication styles. Conversely, knowing that in the Western culture, participation and confidence in communication are key indicators of expertise, group members from East Asian countries should make extra effort to participate actively in discussion and communicate in a more assertive fashion. In addition, our results showed support for the “empowering” capability of CMC for Chinese participants. This finding implies that using multiple media could be beneficial for intercultural collaboration. The ultimate goal is to provide all group members an equal opportunity to participate in group decision-making, regardless of their communication styles. As intercultural collaboration becomes more common, more attention is needed to explore the mechanisms through which cultural differences may compromise effectiveness in collaboration, and what situational factors can moderate the effects of culture on group processes and outcomes.
The work was supported by NSF-IOS grant 0822784 awarded to the second author, and the Institute for the Social Sciences grant, Cornell University, awarded to both authors.
The authors wish to thank Harmonie Farrow, Tiffany Fiedler, Jill Mendelsohn, Keren Wong, Jennifer Herlihy, Alex Kresovich, Stephanie Tabone, and Alexandra Lux for their assistance with running the experiment and data coding.
We probed for differences between the male-only and female-only groups by comparing them overall and separately in FtF and CMC conditions. There was neither a main effect of gender nor an interaction effect between gender and communication technology for participation rate, perceived confidence, and expertise recognition. There was a marginally significant interaction of communication technology and gender, F (1, 137) = 3.92, p = .05, suggesting that overall, experts were perceived as more influential in CMC than FtF in all-female groups (p = .02), but not in all-male groups (p = .62).
Natalya “Natalie” Bazarova (firstname.lastname@example.org) (Ph.D., Cornell University) is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Communication at Cornell University. Her research is concerned with interpersonal and small group cognitions and behaviors, with a particular emphasis on social media and computer-mediated communication.
Address: 318 Kennedy Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853.
Y. Connie Yuan (email@example.com) (Ph.D., University of Southern California) is an Associate Professor in the Department of Communication at Cornell University. Dr. Yuan's research focuses on how the development of social capital, and the adoption and usage of communication technology influence knowledge management in organizations and communities.

domain: sociology


text:
Wilden.herbals meets / An interview with Laura Zura-Puntaroni
We interviewed the founder of Festa Foresta, a 100% made in Italy fashion brand whose watchwords are sustainability and body positivity
In the second week of December we were guests of Festa Foresta Jungle Market, an unusual Christmas market. A real jungle set up in the heart of Milan to take refuge from the cold and chaos of the city.
Part of the event was not only a selection of Festa Foresta fashion items, but also the perfumes of Masque Milano, the new candles collection by 23bassi and plants by le Georgiche. And how could our herbal teas be missing!
Festa Foresta is a brand born from the creative vision of Laura Zura-Puntaroni who is inspired by the key concepts of Nature and Enthusiasm. Each of her creations, designed and prototyped in Milan, is then made with the utmost attention to detail in small artisan laboratories. We immediately recognized it was a project with a philosophy very similar to ours, here’s how she tells it herself.
Tell us about your background and education
I trained as an architect, I studied at the Milan Polytechnic and graduated in 2017. After working for a few years at a large studio in Milan, I gave birth to my very own brand in the spring of 2020. It was a particular period of my life in which I understood that I had to direct my path towards something that I liked completely and that was totally mine. I threw myself into this project with the desire to do something that mirrored me, my world and my imagination. The project was born spontaneously without major strategies or marketing research, it was an evolution of my being. That’s where Festa Foresta comes from.
How would you describe Festa Foresta?
Simple – because simplicity these days is perhaps the hardest thing to achieve, but also sustainable, spontaneous and transparent.
What kind of work do you do on fabrics, how do you choose them and how do you design the model?
There is a part of the research that I take care of myself. First of all through the trade fairs for sustainable materials, in particular for stretch fabrics and swimwear materials. I like having the possibility to meet the suppliers and present my project.
Then we keep in touch online, up to the longest part of the test that precedes the final approval of the material. The timing depends on the collection but usually it lasts a whole year in which I try on the model and the fabric myself to understand the yield.
The design of the model does not always precede the choice of fabric, sometimes the opposite happens. In the case of our latest collection which was very small and made with a deadstock of silk and wool for example, I first found the fabric and then the models were born. In this case it is the model that has adapted to the characteristics of the fabric. Although this rarely happens for costumes, because it is generally the fabric that supports the model.
How did the collaboration with Wilden.herbals come about?
It all begins in the world of architecture, through mutual contacts or friends. We got closer because I’m a curious person by nature and because I found our values and ways of doing things are very compatible.
What I wanted to do was to promote a brand similar to mine, which spoke a common language and believed in the same things I believe in. And also that it was made by the same kind of people.
Healthy and wild is the motto of Wilden.herbals. What does it mean for you?
For me, being healthy is connected to the concept of feeling good about your body, which is central to my brand. And it also approaches the concept of making peace with your body.
And then what’s better than the word “wild”, since my brand is called “Festa Foresta”? In one of my latest collections, that of underwear in biodegradable fabrics, one of the concepts was precisely this idea of the primordial, free woman, wild, without restrictions. When I think of this word I think of the female sphere.

domain: artistic


text:
Total loan: $2,100
Chiriquí, Chiriquí Province, Panama / Services
Juan Domingo's loan finished fundraising,
but these similar borrowers just need a little more help to reach their goals!
A loan helped to purchase equipment for a business renting construction equipment.
Juan Domingo's story
Don Juan is a businessman who has formed a family business transporting and renting construction equipment. With a loan of $2,100 he can purchase equipment for welding, an extendable ladder and a box of tools. This way he will increase his equipment offerings for rent and increase his marketability, thereby generating better earnings for his family.

domain: finance


text:
Bachmann ethics investigation widens
Investigators are examining whether staffers on Bachmann's presidential campaign played an improper role in her 2011 tour to promote her memoir
Rep. Michele Bachmann says CBS News' Scott Pelley, who moderated Saturday's foreign policy-focused GOP debate, unfairly limited the Minnesotan's airtime.
Alex Wong/Getty Images
THE WEEK'S AUDIOPHILE PODCASTS: LISTEN SMARTER
MOST POPULAR ON THE WEEK
- America created the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria? Meet the ISIS 'truthers'
- How American businessmen are ruining American business — and the U.S. economy
- Russia's giant spy ship was a high-tech disaster waiting to happen
- The Obama era is over. The presidency continues.
- Fall movie guide: All the films you should see in September
- What would a U.S.-Russia war look like?
- On ISIS, neocons and liberal hawks have a 'boy who cried wolf' problem
- How Harry Houdini escaped death
- 10 things you need to know today: September 2, 2014
- The 10 best networking tips for people who hate networking
Subscribe to the Week

domain: news


Sharp XG-P560W 3-chip DLP Projector Review
|Sharp XG-P560W Specs|
|Brightness (Manufacturer Claim)||5000|
|Zoom Lens Ratio||1.25:1|
|Lamp Life||Up to 2000 hours (eco mode on), 3000 hours (eco mode off)|
|Warranty||3 years Parts and Labor on projector, 90 days on lamp|
Sharp XG-P560W Projector Highlights
- Very High Brightness – 5200 lumen rating
- Dual lamps for brightness and uniformity
- Wired networking capability
- 3-chip DLP technology for color accuracy
- Power zoom, focus and lens shift
- Choice of seven optional lenses
- Multiple video connectivity options – two computer/component inputs, DVI-D w/HDCP, composite video, S-video and an HDMI input
- Built-in 3-watt stereo speakers
Sharp XG-P560W 3-chip DLP Projector Overview
Designed for the large venue installations, the Sharp XG-P560W uses a dual-lamp system for maximum brightness (5200 lumen rating). It is also offers widescreen, WXGA (1280 X 800) resolution, which matches up well with the majority of laptops out there. Also, unlike many other DLP projectors, it uses 3-chip DLP technology to achieve accurate color and image uniformity. Most DLP projectors use a single DLP chip with a spinning color wheel to project different colors. While this approach keeps the cost of the projector down, it can result in a lack of color depth, as well as adding artifacts to the image. By using three DLP chips, each projecting a primary color (red, green and blue), there is no color wheel and its associated issues. The advantages (and disadvantages) of the 3-chip DLP approach will be discussed later in this review.
For flexibility of installation, the XG-P560W also features power zoom, focus and lens shift. These features are very welcome and can be essential if the projector is mounted in a location that is not readily accessible. Two component/computer inputs, as well as inputs for HDMI, DVI, video and S-video enhance the XG-P560W’s flexibility when working with multiple video sources.
Sharp provides a LAN port for wired network implementation. The networking capabilities include the ability to allow three other computers on the network to fully control the projector, as well as allowing for monitoring the projector’s status, scheduled maintenance and problem notification (via email) remotely.
The XG-P560W comes with the standard lens, which is a 1.8-2.25 zoom lens. There is also an XG-P560W-N model that does not come with a lens, instead giving the customer the option of choosing between seven different lenses. These lens options will be discussed in more detail later in this review.
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ToBeInStyle Girls' Pack of 6 Set of Bras or Boyshorts - Girl & Watering Can
Regular price $9.95
Get your girl these great 6 Pairs of stylish Bras or Boyshorts, and she'll be in complete comfort, day or night.
- Pull On closure
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- Sizes: Small to Large


The city recently revealed an extensive, multi-faceted transit plan that they believe will make Philly more eco-friendly, walkable, and bike-able within the next seven years.
The plan is divided into five categories: increasing pedestrian safety, improving transportation systems, maintaining street condition, making the city competitive, and making the entire process an efficient, transparent, one.
It comes in response to a reported population growth, which officials believe will continue to increase within the next seven years. Officials are looking to make the city more desirable to developers and businesses, while also combating some very real problems it has with road conditions and safety.
There are a ton of specific steps included in the overall plan, which you can read more about here, but some major ones include rehabbing trolleys, doing away with bus transfer fees, installing more protected bike lanes, and doubling the number of street repairs per year.
It’s a lot of smaller, specific plans within one large-scale proposal, and we want your thoughts. Is the city on target with the transit plan? Did they miss anything specific that they should be looking at? What would you like to see from the city in terms of transparency and communication, going forward?
Sound off in the comments.
- Philly unveils massive seven-year plan to improve city transit system [Curbed Philly]


OR WAIT null SECS
INTERPHEX exhibitors will display software, printing, and packing equipment designed for serialization.
Serialization will be a major theme at INTERPHEX (April 26–28, 2016, Javits Center, New York, NY). Adents, widely known in Europe for its Pharma Suite software, has opened a US office in Princeton, NJ. Developed in compliance with GMP and 21 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 11 regulations and following GAMP5 guidelines, the Pharma Suite serialization software generates unique barcodes, imports serial numbers, manages affiliations (bundle, pallet, etc.) and distribution of serialized codes, drives code printing, and centralizes data and reports processing (1).
Another serialization software provider, Systech International, has established the UniSolve Partner Ecosystem to formally collaborate with hardware providers to deliver bundled serialization solutions. Partners such as Omega Design integrate Systech’s configurable UniSolve serialization software into an all-in-one, preconfigured offering. As a result, serialization modules can be deployed in as few as 60 days. The serialization-ready equipment streamlines startup with integrated operations manual and validation documents as well as a combined factory acceptance test (2).
A full serialization and aggregation line, spanning track-and-trace levels 1 through 4, will be displayed by Antares Vision. Set up to accommodate automatic or manual operation, the line consists of a Print & Check Advanced machine integrated with a Top View Case Packer (3).
Bosch Packaging Technology also plans to emphasize integrated lines equipped for serialization. Multimedia presentations will demonstrate systems for different types of products and packaging. In addition to serialization and aggregation solutions, Bosch’s product portfolio spans all process steps for liquid and solid pharmaceuticals from product formulation and filling to secondary packaging (4).
For firms needing to outsource serialization, contract packager, Apace Packaging, offers an automated, high-speed packaging line for bottled solid-dose products. Scheduled to be qualified and operational before the end of the third quarter of 2016, the line consists of integrated systems from NJM Packaging, ESS Technologies, and Optel Vision and is capable of four levels of aggregation (5).
In the Optel Vision booth, serialization-related equipment such as Flying CartonTracker and the PackStation SAP semiautomatic aggregation station will be demonstrated (6). Another aggregation solution, ACG North America’s Hawkeye aggregation station for secondary packaging, can be integrated online or used as a standalone system (7).
An option for laser-coding serialized codes eliminates the need for a dark printed area for the laser to etch. Instead, the Clear Code coating from 3C! Packaging changes color when exposed to laser energy to produce a positive contrast image. The coating can be applied overall or as a spot coat on any substrate 3C! Packaging prints, including paperboard cartons, extended-content and conventional labels, foil, and Tyvek (8).


text:
The only reason to get a seperate power amp in my opinion is for power. Most receivers are going to put out a nice safe amount of power perfectly suitable for most listeners needs. But I don't think most of the people here are "most listeners". If you have a pair of M80's for example which are 4ohm speakers and designed for high volume levels , they do sound better at higher volume levels with more power, especially the bass. I moved from about 200 watts to 600 watts and the biggest improvement was in the bass department. They will now pound out the bass much louder. I have a sub, but for 2 channel music I like to go full range with the M80's.
I don't see the point of buying a 2 channel amp that puts out 150 watts, when a Denon, HK, Yamaha all put out just as much with all the processing thrown in too, into 5 channels, many times for about the same money.
M80ti's, VP150, QS8's

domain: hobby


text:
Real estate portal Housing has raised $14.7 Mn (INR 100 Cr) in a fresh round of funding from Softbank.
The company said that the funding will be used to drive its new strategy and growth plans.
Jason Kothari, CEO of Housing said, “Softbank is one of the world’s largest and most successful investors. Their continued support as both investors and advisors to Housing.com is invaluable to us and signifies their long-term commitment to the company
Over the last few months, Housing has been rapidly building its business. It has expanded its senior management team, established a strategic multi-year partnership with MCHI and CREDAI, created the first virtual real estate expo that resulted in gaining 60,000 home buyers and released a first-of-its-kind innovative branding solution for premier developers called BRAND FALCON. The company is now working with over 40,000 developers and agents.
Jason added that the company is now well-capitalized to aggressively execute on its focused strategy and growth plans.
The company said in the statement that it has established a focused strategy on buying and selling homes. With 85 million visits in 2015 and 1.7 million verified listings to date, Housing is building scalable revenue streams around its product, demand and supply, and facilitating and fulfilling transactions.


text:
Dr. Dennis Alsofrom MD
Diagnostic Radiologists — Modesto, CAContact Dr. Alsofrom
Dr. Dennis Alsofrom specializes in diagnostic radiology, radiology in Modesto, California. Details of Dr. Alsofrom's 36 years experience as an MD, his 2 hospital affiliations and education at SUNY Downstate are available on your free doctor report.
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1524 Mchenry Ave
Modesto, CA 95350
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Board Certification, Specialty and Expertise
Dr. Dennis Alsofrom identified specializing in
Diagnostic RadiologyDiagnostic Radiology
A radiologist who utilizes x-ray, radionuclides, ultrasound, and electromagnetic radiation to diagnose and treat disease. and RadiologyRadiology
A radiologist utilizes radiologic methodologies to diagnose and treat disease. Physicians practicing in the field of radiology most often specialize in radiology, diagnostic radiology, radiation oncology, or radiological physics.. He is certified in Radiology.
A hospital affiliation covers any doctor who has an affiliation, association or admitting privilege with a hospital. A doctor's particular affiliation to a specific hospital can translate to the overall quality of that provider.
Dr. Alsofrom is affiliated with 2 hospitals:
2000 Vale Rd
San Pablo, CA 94806
LicenseDr. Dennis Alsofrom has been confirmed to have a license in California
EducationDr. Alsofrom attended medical school at SUNY Downstate College of Medicine and graduated in 1977 having 36 years experience. Additional Radiology training was conducted at University of New Mexico School of Medicine.
While there is no proven correlation between the quality of one's educational institution and the quality of one's professional competence, it is often an indicator. Medical schools have various levels of selectivity (some are harder to get into than others), and both the quality of their clinical training and level of research are measured. Additional medical training in both residency and fellowships and the facilities they are conducted at also provide a history of the doctors' level of training and experience.
Patients may also know Dr. Dennis Alsofrom MD as:
- D Alsofrom
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domain: medical


text:
March S.,Primary Care Research Unit of Mallorca |
Ripoll J.,Primary Care Research Unit of Mallorca |
Ruiz-Gimenez J.L.,Vicente Soldevilla Primary Health Center |
Montaner Gomis I.,El Carmel Primary Health Center |
And 25 more authors.
BMJ Open | Year: 2012
Introduction: According to Spanish health regulations, primary care professionals have the responsibility to carry out health-promoting community activities (CAs). However, in practice, their implementation is not as widespread as it should be. The aims of this study were to identify factors within the team, the community and the professionals that influence the development of these activities and to describe the community interventions in progress. Methods and analysis: This study is an observational analytical retrospective study. The information will be collected from five Spanish regions: Catalonia, Madrid, the Balearic Islands, Navarra and Aragón. The authors will contact primary care teams (PCTs) and identify the CAs from the previous year. The research team will conduct a peer review whether the inclusion criteria are met. In the health centres where CAs are implemented, the authors will select professionals carrying them out and randomly select an identical number of professionals not doing these activities. In the centres where no CA is implemented, three professionals will be randomly selected. The selected professionals will complete the questionnaires for individual-level variables. Information about the registered population and the PCTs will be collected through questionnaires and secondary sources. Outcomes: Variables will be collected from the community, the PCTs, the individual professionals and CAs. Analysis: A descriptive analysis of all the variables will be carried out, along with a bivariate and a logistic regression analysis, with CAs being the primary outcome. Ethics and dissemination: This study has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Jordi Gol y Gurina Foundation in Barcelona and area 11 in Madrid. The questionnaire distributed to the professionals will be anonymous.


Nowadays, as the number of people using interchangeable lens digital cameras increase, default combinations of camera lenses and bodies are no longer able to satisfy the increasingly sophisticated demands of the many photography enthusiasts. The advent of lens adapters have given users full rein of customizing their equipment to best fulfill their needs through different combinations of lenses and camera bodies. However, although individual camera manufacturers have created their own customized adapters, lenses and camera bodies between different manufacturers can not be used directly. At KIPON, a world-renown camera adapter manufacturer, we have developed over 400 types of adapters. With our various adapters, we offer our users the freedom and compatibility of lenses and camera bodies that transcends different times and manufacturers. We have made possible not only the interchangeable use of products across brands but also the use of traditional film lenses.
KIPON camera adapters can be classified as the following:
macro adapters, electronic adapters, adapters with built-in glass, optical focal reduction adapters, tilt adapters, shift adapters, tilt and shift adapters and more.
The KIPON BAVEYES EOS-NEX AF 0.7x mounts Canon EOS EF series lenses onto Sony NEX series mirrorless camera bodies. Please note that after mounting the adapter, while infinity focus is available, only manual mode will be accessible in shooting. The adapter has an additional feature of automatic focusing. This adapter, designed by German optics research institution IB/E OPTICS, can mount full frame lenses onto APS-C frame camera bodies.There are four pieces of optical customized multiple layer coating glasses within the adapter.
With the optical focal reduction adapter, when the full frame lens is mounted onto the APS-C frame camera body, the crop factor is negated and you can get a full view filed though the lens. This solves the issue of edge cracking in photos caused by adapter without optical glasses and allows for sharper images. The image will also be much brighter due to an increased concentration of light, equal to one stop more aperture value for a typical lens for the same aperture value. This increase is more obvious when the lens aperture value is less than 2.
All KIPON adapters undergo the CNC turning center procedure during manufacturing to provide our customers with only the utmost precision and quality. We guarantee an ideal fitting between cameras and lenses to maintain the ease and accuracy of photography. All adapters are made of brass and or aluminium alloy.
Please note that not all camera models and lenses are compatible with this adapter. Please take extra care and notice when attempting to use any adapter with wide angle and fish eye lenses. Please contact a local dealer if you have any questions regarding compatibility.
| Product Type
|| Aluminium anodised
| Product Color
| Type of Lens Ddapter
| Mount Camera
|| Sony E
| Mount Lens
|| Canon EF
| Electronic Data Transfer
| Height of Packaging
| Length of Packaging
| Weight incl. Packaging
| Width of Packaging


text:
My passion for wildlife was stimulated in my teenage years, mainly thanks to my Mum (a biology teacher) who made me look at the world differently and being inspired by writers such as Paul Colinvaux. This early interest developed into biological research in my 20s, when I did practical conservation work in places such as the Comores and Mongolia.
Today, any free time I have I spend pottering around the flatlands of East Anglia or escaping to our hut on the Northumberland coast looking for wildlife and castles with my wife and children.
I studied Biological Sciences at Oxford and Conservation at UCL, and worked at Wildlife and Countryside Link before spending five years as Conservation Director at Plantlife.
I joined the RSPB as Head of Government Affairs in 2004, became Head of Sustainable Development in 2006, before becoming Conservation Director in 2011.
I try to end the week with a bit of good news for a Friday, and as we come to the end of a short series of blogs about Brexit and farming (where admittedly the news has been pretty mixed), I wanted to conclude by saying why I think we’ve got a fantastic opportunity to get things right and set out a future that is good for farming, good for nature, and good for people.
On Wednesday, Janet gave us some insights into the critical role that many farmers play in managing important habitat for species like curlew and lapwing. Much of this work is currently underpinned by agri-environment support. In the uplands, where some of the most ‘High Nature Value’ farming systems are already economically marginal, the future of that management is uncertain and will, to a large degree, depend on the direction of future policy and availability of financial support.
Yesterday, Chris shared a different perspective, focussing on how upland farmers can build their resilience through careful business planning, by focussing on profitability rather than just productivity, and by working together to extract more value from within the supply chain. Chris highlighted how upland farmers’ environmental credentials can play an important role in creating brand recognition and achieving better value for top quality food.
And last night, at a dinner for 40 European BirdLife partners, I listened to a Dutch dairy farmer, Alex Datema, explain why farming and the Common Agriculture Policy needed to change for both wildlife and for people. Whether in or outside the EU, there appears to be consensus that the future of farming needs to be different.
From reading the various reports that have been published on this theme and reflecting on the contributions from Janet, Chris and Alex, some clear themes seem to be emerging:
- The future is uncertain, the picture is complex, and there are a huge mix of both risks and opportunities for farmers and for the environment.
- There is a vital role for public policy to play in shaping that future and ensuring that farmers who are doing great things for nature and the countryside are better rewarded – both through environmental management payments and through the supply chain.
- The difference between ‘getting it right’ and ‘getting it wrong’ is huge and now is the time to set the direction of travel. If we get it right, I believe we can have sustainable, resilient and productive farming nested within a vibrant rural landscape where nature can thrive. If we get it wrong, the consequences for many farmers, for wildlife, and for the environment could be dire.
That is why the RSPB, in collaboration with others, are calling for continued support for farmers and land managers based on the principle of ‘public money for public goods’. At a time when public expenditure will need to be justified more robustly than ever before, we argue that by supporting continued public investment in farming and land management in return for these public benefits, we are acting in the long-term interests of not just the environment, but also the farming community. This argument is supported by recent statements from the Secretary of State, that “…support can only be argued for against other competing public goods if the environmental benefits of that spending are clear”.
Our proposals for future policy, alongside the recent report we commissioned on Brexit, are intended to be a constructive, pragmatic and ambitious contribution to the ongoing debate about the future of the countryside post-Brexit, and will form the basis of conversations we have with farmers, land managers, other NGOs, Government and other stakeholders across the UK in the months ahead.
We can’t talk for too long though. To do so risks the uncertainty of Brexit turning into drift and stagnation, something that can only increase the risks for both farming and nature. If Brexit is an ‘unfrozen moment’, we need a plan in place before the winter comes.
I would take issue to some extent with the Secretary of State’s statement above and that is that because financial support for farmers for environmental benefits has been ongoing for some time it is not easy for those outside the conservation moment and farming industry to appreciate the effects if this financial support has had if it was no longer on be forth coming. It seems to me Mr Goves statement is yet another rather glib and over simplification of the situation ,something which this country suffers from so much from our politicians.
Allied with this, I am sure the RSPB will push hard, at all the politicians and civil servants, all the great work done and being done at RSPB Hope Farm, as an example of what can be done, no doubt with support to some extent from the current farm subsides.

domain: agronomy


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Dub Pistols Sound system feat DJ Barry Ashworth & Mc Seanie Tee are set to return to Australia later this year to perform at The Pleasure Garden Festival in Melbourne.
There is a new festival on the scene! Coming to St. Kilda, Melbourne this December, The Pleasure Garden will be like nothing you have ever seen before. An immersive, creative music and arts experience that has all the ingredients to become the premier arts and music event in Australia.
In its inaugural year The Pleasure Garden’s first announcement of artists includes The Cat Empire,Dub Pistols, The OPIUO Band, The Correspondents, Tash Sultana, Spoonbill, Dub Fx, Jakubi, Mista Savona, Boogs, Steve Ward and KODIAK KID. With many more to be announced.
Reminiscent of established UK festivals such as Bestival, Secret Garden Party and Boomtown Fair, Melbourne’s Pleasure Garden will be the first offering of its kind in Australia.
A diverse and unique musical programme, mischievous roving theatrical performances, inspiring art installations and large, themed stages. All set to a backdrop of picturesque parkland, complete with lush green lawns and shady Palm trees to relax under. An event filled with colour, movement, eye-catching
décor and art, carnival rides, and boutique cocktail and food options. Dedicated to creating nothing less than an extraordinary experience for the punter, The Pleasure Garden festival directors, are also excited to announce that the music will be delivered through the state of the art Funktion One Vero PA system. They are also utilising technology that will allow pre-emptive 3D soundmodelling and mapping, as well as delay towers and multiple speaker stacks to ensure the sound is delivered in its highest quality to the festival goer. This, plus rearfacing, noise cancelling sub arrays at the back of speakers and integrated acoustic paneling mean less noise spill and more volume on the dance floor!
THE PLEASURE GARDEN
The Cat Empire
Dub Pistols Sound System
The Opiuo Band
Blue King Brown
The Chicken Brothers
JPS (Jerry Poon / The Operatives)
Mortisville and Friends
With more to be announced
THE PLEASURE GARDEN
Saturday 10th December
Catani Gardens, St Kilda Foreshore Melbourne, Victoria
Gardening Enthusiast Tickets Available For $115 Until November 12th thepleasuregarden.com.au

domain: entertainment


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'The Origin of Financial Crises' provides a compelling analysis of the forces behind the recent economic crisis. In a series of disarmingly simple arguments George Cooper challenges the core principles of today's economic orthodoxy, explaining why financial markets do not obey the efficient market principles but are instead inherently unstable and habitually crisis prone.
First published in the summer of 2008 in the midst of the crisis, the author accurately pinpointed the fundamental problems in policy and economic theory that led to the banking crisis. Now updated to reflect the massive upheavals since then and providing even more forthright opinions, the book is essential reading for anyone looking to find the root cause of our current financial situation.
The book describes the evolution of our modern monetary system, explaining along the way how financial instability emerged and why this instability required the development of central banking. Cooper makes the point that misguided faith in the power of free markets has led some central banks to neglect their core role of managing the financial system and instead caused them to pursue policies promoting a series of ever more violent boom-bust cycles. 'The Origin of Financial Crises' calls for a radical shift in central bank strategy, the abandonment of inflation targeting and a paradigm shift in our attitude to economic policy.
The reader will also learn about the fundamentals of inflation and discover what policy makers can learn from the designers of the Eurofighter jet and how an obscure paper on steam engines, written in 1868, shows us how to avoid repeating recent monetary policy mistakes.
Uniquely, 'The Origin of Financial Crises' presents tangible policy proposals aimed at helping break out of the seemingly endless procession of damaging boom-bust cycles.


Once upon a time, two of your doting Flavorpill staffers were banned from a “ruin pub” in Hungary. The whole debacle was a bit of a silly misunderstanding, but hey — at least we weren’t banned from the entire country, eh? The same can’t be said for the following celebrities, who have somehow landed themselves on a handful of nations’ naughty lists. We’ve got everyone from drug addicts to human rights activists to drug rights activists. Check ’em out after the jump, and hit the comments to tell us your thoughts and dreams.
Remember when Brad Pitt starred in Seven Years in Tibet? As a result, the actor (along with director Jean-Jacques Annaud and co-star David Thewlis/Remus Lupin) was banned from China in 1997. Early yesterday morning, however, Brad Pitt joined the popular Chinese microblogging site Weibo and posted “It is the truth. Yup, I’m coming…” Crazy timing, eh? Way to ruin our listicle, you good for nothing beautiful man.


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The use of electronic health records (EHRs) has brought numerous benefits to healthcare providers including improved efficiency better patient outcomes enhanced data security. EHRs are a digital version of a patient’s medical record can be accessed by care providers anytime anywhere. However errors in EHRs can occur it is crucial to know how to correct them.
Identifying Corrections to be Made
Before making a correction in an EHR it is necessary to identify the error first. If the error is related to the patient’s demographic information such as their name address or contact information the correction can be made quickly by updating the information in the patient registration system.
If the error is related to the patient’s medical record such as inaccurate medication dosage a new diagnosis or a miscommunication in the progress note the correction will need authorization. This authorization process involves checking if the individual making the correction is authorized to do so if the correction has a valid reason.
Once the correction is authorized the next step is to make the correction. In most EHRs the correction is made in the form of an addendum. An addendum means adding new information to the patient’s record while keeping the original record intact. The original record will still show the previous entry or note but with a notation indicating that a correction was made.
After making the correction in the EHR it is necessary to review the change to ensure that it is accurate complete. Once the review is over the correction can be approved signed off by the authorized care provider. It is essential to note that the individual making the correction is legally responsible for the accuracy of the information that was modified.
In conclusion errors in EHRs can occur can lead to potential harm to patients. It is necessary to identify correct these errors promptly to ensure patient safety proper healthcare service delivery. The process of making corrections involves identifying the error authorizing the correction making the correction in the form of an addendum reviewing approving the change legal responsibilities. The methods of making corrections in EHRs are integral in ensuring patient safety good healthcare service delivery.
Discussion about this post

domain: health


The Honda Accord Hybrid is a hybridized Accord vehicle that is equipped with significantly more power than its older sibling despite using less fuel.
This particular vehicle is equipped with a powertrain that is capable of producing as much as 212 horsepower, a 16-horsepower upgrade over its predecessor. The vehicle is also very fuel efficient, and is rated at a mile per gallon more efficient than the regular Accord. The vehicle is equipped with a whole raft of desirable features including a high-tech infotainment system that can be used in conjunction with both Android Auto as well as Apple CarPlay. The car also features a classic Accord design that has received some timely and modest modifications.
Having just announced a hybrid version of its Clarity model, Honda has reworked the hybrid version of its Accord. Even though it's got more power than its predecessor, the new Accord Hybrid uses less fuel, and has been treated to a modest refresh in the looks department, too.


text: The little Arcade Straps trainer from NO NAME plays on the mix of materials this season: indeed you will find a black suede upper and a patent leather with a scale print on the straps. A timeless pair of shoes that will go with all your looks. A casual but trendy style with a wide white rubber sole of 3 cm. You will find the NO NAME logo embossed on the back of the shoe. Its expertise in terms of footwear will assure you an infallible quality with an insole and a textile lining. This model has a normal shoe size.

domain: design


According to the Associated Press:
A federal judge in Washington is ordering the Trump administration to immediately return the White House press credentials of CNN reporter Jim Acosta.
U.S. District Court Judge Timothy Kelly announced his decision Friday morning.
CNN had asked that Acosta’s credentials be returned while a lawsuit over their revocation goes forward.
So I suppose now he can go to press conferences and stand up for 45 minutes asking questions. In fact, Acosta can decide he’ll take questions from the press too. Maybe he can attend briefings in his Halloween costume.
The judge was appointed by President Trump.
However, one thing is very important to note here. The White House, if it’s going to make a fight about this, could very easily revoke the pass again and it might stay revoked until the case is decided.
According to CNN itself:
Kelly made his ruling on the basis of CNN and Acosta’s Fifth Amendment claims, saying the White House did not provide Acosta with the due process required to legally revoke his press pass.
He left open the possibility, however, that the White House could seek to revoke it again if it provided that due process, emphasizing the “very limited” nature of his ruling and saying he was not making a judgment on the First Amendment claims that CNN and Acosta have made.
So it’s a technicality, essentially. As long as the White House takes it away again using proper procedures, it can do so. The judge is not saying that Acosta has a first amendment “freedom of the press” or “freedom of speech” right to be in the White House while the case is being decided.
Which makes sense to me. CNN has other reporters who can cover the place, and Acosta can continue to report from off campus, even though that’s not as good as reporting from the White House. But if the White House is making the case the Acosta has abused his privileges there, then it seems reasonable that he be kept off the property while the case is decided.
Again, my position is that Acosta should be offered a second chance and given his pass back if he promises to obey White House protocols. Freedom of the press suggests that any White House reporter should be permitted to enter the premises. But it stands to reason that such freedom does not allow you to do whatever the hell you like once your there.
Here’s Acosta’s reaction.


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WHO & WHAT
Join Leilani Chan, Ova Saopeng and Litdet Viravong, the cast of Refugee Nation in Long Beach, CA for an open rehearsal as they prepare to go on tour to Minneapolis! Celebrate early for the Southeast Asian New Year and help us bring blessings to the Minneapolis Lao community. Food will be served.
ABOUT THE PLAY
A mother lives alone in darkness. A father struggles to forget a lost war. A son battles in the streets of urban America. A daughter searches for answers in her community. Based on stories collected from Lao refugees in the US, Refugee Nation is about a young generation struggling to understand their history and the silence of an elder generation still healing from the traumas of war.
7 PM – Social mixer with Lao appetizers
7.30 PM – Refugee Nation
9 PM – Post-show hang with Lao food
VENUE & PARTNERS
The open rehearsal is hosted by Khmer Arts Academy, with additional community outreach by United Cambodian Community Inc. and Khmer Girls in Action.
Admission is FREE. Reservations requested.
This event is also a fundraiser for TeAda.
Donations and sponsors welcome. $10 suggested donation
The mission of TeAda Productions is to expand the awareness of issues affecting underserved communities through the development and presentation of performances by people of color. For more info on TeAda, please visit www.teada.org


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Behold, the Ultimate Anime Fan T-Shirt which houses One Piece, Naruto, DBZ, Fairy Tail, Katekyo Hitman Reborn, Hunter X Hunter, Pokemon and many more of your favorite anime/manga series on one awesome shirt! If you truly love anime, you cannot afford to miss this!
- Item Type: T-Shirt
- Pattern Type: Print
- Sleeve Style: Regular
- Material: Cotton, Polyester, Spandex
- Collar: O-Neck