CBSE Notes for Class 10 Foundation of Information Technology – Internet Basics
The Internet has gained popularity and emerged as an important and efficient means of communication. The term Internet is derived from the words ‘interconnection’ and ‘networks’. A network is a collection of two or more computers, which are connected together to share information and resources. The Internet is a worldwide system of computer
networks, i.e. network of networks. Through Internet, computers become able to exchange information with each other and find diverse perspective on issues from a global audience. Most of the people uses Internet for sending and receiving E-mail and net surfing for retrieving information.
HISTORY OF INTERNET
In 1969, the University of California at Los Angeles and the University of Utah were connected with the beginning of the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork) using 56 kbit/s circuits, which is sponsored by U.S. (United States) Department of Defense (DoD). The goal of this project was to connect computers at different Universities and U.S. (United States) defense.
In mid 80’s another federal agency, the National Science Foundation (NSF) created a new high capacity network called NSFnet (National Science Foundation Network), which was more capable than ARPANET. The only drawback of NSFnet was that it allowed only academic research on its network and not any kind of private business on it. Now, several private organisations and people started working to build their own networks, named private networks, which were later (in 1990’s) connected with ARPANET and NSFnet to form the Internet. The Internet really became popular in 1990’s after the development of World Wide Web (WWW).
WORKING OF INTERNET
The computers on the Internet are connected to each other through small networks. These networks are connected through the gateways to the Internet backbone.
All computers on the Internet, communicate with one another using TCP/IP, which is a basic protocol (i.e. set of rules) of the Internet. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) manages the transmission of data/file/document on the Internet by breaking the data/file/document into small pieces or parts called packets or datagrams.
Each packet contains actual data and address part, i.e. addresses of destination and source upto 1500 characters. Functioning of TCP and IP are as follows:
- TCP It breaks message into smaller packets that are transmitted over the Internet and also reassembles these smaller packets into the original message that are received from the Internet.
- IP It handles the address part of each packet, so that the data is sent to the correct address. Each gateway on the network check this address to see where to forward the message.
USES OF INTERNET
Internet has been the most useful technology of the modern time, which helps us not only in our daily lives, but also in our personal and professional lives developments.
Thus, some uses of Internet are as follows:
- E-Commerce (auction, buying, selling products etc.)
- Research (online journals, magazines, information etc.)
- Education (E-learning, distance learning etc.)
- E-Governance (online filling of application, Income Tax, Sales Tax etc.)
- E-Reservation (online reservation, online ticket booking etc.)
- Online Payments (credit and debit card payments etc.)
- Video Conferencing
- Exchange of Views (files, music, folders etc.)
- Social Networking Sites (facebook, twitter etc.)
- Entertainment (play music, videos, games etc.)
Advantages of Internet
- Greater access to information reduces research time.
- Allows you to easily communicate with other people.
- Global reach enables one to connect everyone on the Internet.
- Publishing documents on the Internet saves paper.
- A valuable resource for companies to advertise and conduct business.
Disadvantages of Internet
- Cyber frauds may take place involving credit/ debit card numbers and details.
- Unsuitable and undesirable material is available that sometimes can be used by notorious people such as terrorists.
- It is a major source of computer viruses.
- Messages sent across the Internet can be easily intercepted and are open to abuse by others.
- It is difficult to check the accuracy of information available on the Internet.
Who Governs the Internet?
Internet is not governed by any single organisation. Some volunteer groups had been formed to help, co-ordinate and wrist with the development of the Internet.
These organisations are as follows:
- Internet Architecture Board (IAB) It is a technical advisory group of the Internet society and is chartered to provide oversight of the architecture of the Internet, its protocols and resources.
- Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) It develops and maintains the Internet’s communication protocols.
- Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) It looks into long-term research problems that could be critical in five or ten years.
- Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC)
It provides various registry services needed for the Internet to operate effectively.
- World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) It develops standards for the evolution of the Web.
- Internet Society (ISOC) It concerns with the growth and evolution of the Internet and the way in which the Internet can be used.
CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET
There are mainly three ways of connecting to the Internet, which are as follows:
1. Dial-up Connection
It is a temporary connection, set-up between your computer and ISP server.
Dial-up connection uses the telephone line (Public Switched Telephone Network-PSTN) and modem to connect to the Internet. The modem connects the computer through the standard phone lines, which serves as the data transfer medium. When a user initiates a dial-up connection, user need to enter the password and specify a username and modem dials a phone number of an Internet Service Provider (ISP) that is designated to receive dial-up calls.
The ISP then establishes the connection, which usually takes about 10 sec and is accompanied by several beeping and buzzing sounds.
2. Broadband Connection
The term broadband commonly refers to high speed Internet access that is always ON and faster than the traditional dial-up access. It is the short form of broadband width, that uses a telephone line to connect to the Internet. Speed of broadband connection is measured in Mbps (Megabits per second).
Broadband access allows users to connect to the Internet at greater speed than a standard 256 Kbps (Kilobits per second) modem or dial-up access. Broadband access requires the use of a broadband modem.
Broadband includes several high speed transmission technologies, which are as follows:
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
It is a popular broadband connection which provides Internet access by transmitting digital data over the wires of a local telephone network. It uses the existing copper telephone lines for Internet access.
A special modem is necessary in order to be able to use a DSL service over a standard phone line.
Faster forms of DSL, typically available to businesses are as follows:
- High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL)
- Very High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VHDSL)
- Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
- Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL)
This service enables cable operators to provide broadband using the same co-axial cables, that deliver pictures and sound to your TV set.
A cable modem can be added to or integrated with a set-top box that provides your TV set for Internet access. They provide transmission speed of 1.5 Mbps or more.
Broadband over Power Line (BPL)
It is the delivery of broadband over the existing low and medium voltage electric power distribution network. Its speed is comparable to DSL and cable modem speeds.
BPL can be provided to homes using existing electrical connections and outlets. It is also known as power-band. BPL is good for those areas, where there are no broadband connections, but power infrastructure exists, e.g. in rural areas.
- ARPANET was the world’s first operational packet switching network.
- An Internet backbone is a point, where one or more networks are connected.
- ISP refers to the company that provides Internet connections to the users.
- A modem changes the digital data into analog data and vice-versa at source computer in a format that can be carried by telephone lines. Modem stands for Modulator and Demodulator.
- Bandwidth is the amount of data that a circuit or a signal can carry.
- TCP/IP was designed in 1973, which in 1983 became the standard for communicating between computers over the Internet.
- Some popular ISPs of India are:
- Data Communication Ltd.
- Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. (MTNL)
3. Wireless Connection
Wireless broadband connects a home or business to the Internet using a radio link between the customer’s location and the service provider’s facility. Wireless broadband can be mobile or fixed. Unlike DSL and cable, wireless broadband requires neither a modem nor cables.
The distance between the’ devices connected to each other through a wireless Internet connection does not affect the rate of data transfer between them.
Some ways to connect the Internet wirelessly are as follows:
Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)
It is a universal wireless networking technology that utilises radio frequencies to transfer data. Wi-Fi allows high speed Internet connections without the use of cables or wires. Wi-Fi networks can be designed for private access within a home or business. It can be used for public Internet access at ‘hot spots’ that offers Wi-Fi access such as restaurants, coffee shops, hotels, airports, convention centres and city parks.
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)
Today, it is one of the hottest broadband wireless technology. These systems are expected to deliver Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) services upto 31 miles (45 km) for fixed stations and 3-10 miles (5-15 km) for mobile stations.
WiMAX It would operate similar to Wi-Fi but at higher speed, over greater distances and for a greater number of users. It has the ability to provide services even in areas that are difficult for wired infrastructure to reach. Also, it has the ability to overcome the physical limitations of traditional wired infrastructure.
Mobile Wireless Broadband Services
These services are also becoming available from mobile telephone service providers and others. These services are generally appropriate for mobile customers and require a special PC card with a built-in antenna that plugs into a user’s laptop computer. Generally, they provide lower speeds in the range of several 100 Kbps.
Some advantages and disadvantages of different connection types are as follows:
|Dial-up||(a) Easily available.
(b) Available at low cost.
(c) Can be used through fixed or cellular phone.
|(a) Slower than broadband.
(b) Needs expensive set-up.
(c) Phone remains busy.
|Broadband||(a) Telephone can be used with Internet connection.
(b) Faster than a dial-up connection.
(c) Always on type of connection.
|(a) Expensive than dial-up.
(b) Not available in all areas.
(c) Needs expensive set-up.
|Wireless||(a) No phone line required.
(b) Easy and inexpensive to set-up.
(c) No limitation of location.
(d) Connectivity is never a problem.
(b) Not much secured.
(c) Limited security mechanisms.
(d) Medical disadvantage can cause one cancer.
Satellites which are orbiting around the earth, provide necessary links for telephone and television service. They can also provide links for broadband. Satellite broadband is another form of wireless broadband and is also useful for serving remote or sparsely populated areas.
- The ARPANET was released in:
(a) 1969 (b) 1995 (c) 1981 (d) 1990
- Name the organisations that govern the Internet.
- Internet provides three ways of connection. Name them.
- What do you mean by the ability of WiMAX?
WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)
It is a system of Internet servers that supports hypertext and multimedia to access several Internet protocols on a single interface. It is often abbreviated as the Web or WWW. It is a way of exchanging information between computers on the Internet, trying to tie them together into a vast collection of interactive multimedia resources. It is only a portion of what makes up the Internet, but it is the fastest growing part of the Internet.
The Web lets people, organisations and companies publish information for other people to see. This makes the Web a very useful tool for finding information about any topic.
It refers to a set of rules that co-ordinates the exchange of information. Both the sender and the receiver should follow the same protocol to communicate data.
Protocols of the Web
- HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) A protocol that transmits hypertext over networks. It is the stateless protocol of the Web.
- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) It distributes E-mail messages and attached files to one or more electronic mail boxes, e g. atmail
- FTP (File Transfer Protocol) It transfers files between a server and a computer, e.g. Filezilla.
- VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) It allows delivery of voice communications over IP networks, e.g. Skype.
- POP (Post Office Protocol) It is the primary protocol behind E-mail communication e.g. Outlook.
- IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) It is a standard protocol for accessing E-mail from your local server, e.g. broadband mechanisms.
WWW provides various attributes, which are as follows:
- User-friendly The WWW resource works smoothly with most Web browsers, such as Internet Explorer, Firefox etc.
- Multimedia documents WWW allows users to create and display Web pages that contains various graphics, audio, video, animation and text.
- Interactive WWW provides interactivity using hyperlinks and input boxes (i.e. textboxes and checkboxes).
- Frames WWW supports frames that allow users to display more than one independent section on a single Web page.
HyperText and Hyperlinks
Hypertext is the text that appears on the page, on which we can click and reach to another page with which it is linked. Hypertext is also a combination of hyperlinks and multimedia. Hyperlink or dynamic link i simply called a link, may be an icon, graphic or text in a document that links to another document.
The backbone of the World Wide Web is made up of files or documents called pages or Web pages, that contain information and links to resources both text and multimedia. It is created using HTML (HyperText Markup Language). The Web is a collection of large number of computer documents or Web pages that are stored on computers around the world which are connected to one another using hyperlinks.
A group of related Web pages that follow the same theme and are connected together with hyperlinks is called a Website. In other terms, “A Website is a collection of digital documents, primarily HTML files, that are linked together and that exist on the Web under the same domain”.
A Website displays related information on a specific topic. Each Website is accessed by its own address known as URL (Uniform Resource Locator). e.g. http://www.carwale.com is a Website, while http:// www. carwale.com/new/ is a Web page.
Two terms that are associated with a Website are as follows:
The main or first page of a Website is known as home page.
Advantages of Home Page
- It helps viewers to find out what they can find on that particular site.
- It helps in the Publicity of on individual or community.
- It makes the visitors more comfortable with the website.
It is a Web page that combines useful information and links.
Advantages of Web Portal
- Easy for users to customize personal places.
- It provides communication between portals (i.e. between different applications).
- It provides flexible content and layout.
It is a software application that is used to locate, retrieve and display some content on the World Wide Web, including Web pages. These are programs used to explore the Internet. It is an interface that helps a computer user to gain access over all the content on the Internet.
We can install more than one Web browser on a single computer. The user can navigate files, folders and Websites with the help of a browser.
There are two types of Web browsers, which are as follows:
Text Web Browser
A Web browser that displays only text-based information is known as text Web browser, e.g. Lynx.
Graphical Web Browser
A Web browser that supports both text anu graphic information is known as graphical Web browser. e.g. Internet Explorer, Firefox, Netscape, Safari, Google Chrome, Opera.
Some Popular Graphical Web Browsers
NETSCAPE – It was introduced in 1994. Netscape comprises the major portion of the browser’s market.
INTERNET EXPLORER (IE) – It is a product of Microsoft. This is the most commonly used browser in the world. This was introduced in 1995 alongwith Windows 95 launch and it has passed Netscape popularity in 1998.
SAFARI – It is a Web browser developed by Apple Incorporation and included in Mac OS X. It was first released as a public beta in January 2003. Safari provides good support for latest technologies like XHTML, CSS2 etc.
FIREFOX – It is a new browser derived from Mozilla. It was released in 2004 and has grown to be the second most popular browser on the Internet.
GOOGLE CHROME – This Web browser was developed by Google. Its beta and commercial versions was released in September 2008 for Microsoft Windows.
OPERA – It is smaller and faster than most other browsers, yet it is fully featured. It is the most popular mobile Web browser.
- WWW was introduced on 13th March, 1989.
- The first graphical Web browser was NCSA Mosaic.
- Web portal is a Website that has hyperlinks to many other Websites.
- Intranet is a collection of private computer networks within an organisation. It is also known as corporate portal or private business network.
It is a computer program that serves requested HTML pages or files from the Web client. A Web client is the requesting program associated with the user. The Web browser is a client that requests. HTML files from Web servers.
Every Web server that is connected to the Internet is associated with a unique address, i.e. IP address which is made up of a series of four numbers between 0 to 255 separated by periods!.), e.g. 22.214.171.124 or 126.96.36.199.
Web server software generally requires a fairly robust operating system like Unix, Windows NT. Every Website need to be stored on a computer called the Web server from which it can be accessed. Currently, there are five major Web servers commonly used for hosting Websites as follows:
Apache HTTP Server
It was developed by Apache Software Foundation. The Apache HTTP server is the most popular Web hosting server in the world. This software can be installed virtually on all operating systems including Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, UNIX etc. At present, 60% of server machines run on the Apache Web server.
Internet Information Server (IIS)
It is a product of Microsoft and is considered to be a very high performance Web hosting server. It is easily administrable and integrated with the Windows platforms.
This is a free Web hosting server distributed under the BSD license. It is considered fast, reliable, secure and power efficient CPU. Lighttpd, Web servers are compatible with Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Unix and Solaris operating systems.
Sun Java System Web Server
It is developed by Sun Microsystems. It is not an open source server. It supports Windows, Linux and Unix operating systems.
Sun Java also supports many different technologies, scripts and languages including PHP, PERL (Practical Extraction and Report Language), ASP, Coldfusion, Python etc.
This is a free open source server for Website hosting that comes straight from the W3C. The Jigsaw Web hosting server is written in Java and supports both PHP (Personal Home Page) programs and CGI (Common Gateway Interface) scripts. It supports different platforms like Linux, Mac OS X, Windows, Unix, FreeBSD etc.
- What is the relation between Hyperlink and Hypertext?
- Name few popular graphical Web browsers.
- Which Web server was developed by Sun Microsystems?
WEB ADDRESS AND URL
Web is a collection of documents (Web pages) stored on computers around the world. Each Web page has an address describing where it can be found. This address is known as Web address or domain name. A Web address identifies the location of a specific Web page on the Internet, such as http://www.1earnyoga.com .
On the Web, Web addresses are called URLs. It is the Web address for a Website or a Web page. The URL specifies the Internet address of a file stored on a host computer connected to the Internet.
Parts of URL
The URL contains three parts, which are as follows:
- The name of the protocol to be used to access the file resource.
- A domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet.
- A path name with hierarchical description that specifies the location of a file in that computer, e.g.
Types of URL
Common types of URL are as follows:
- Absolute URL It specifies the exact location of a file/directory on the Internet. Absolute URL identifies that each absolute URL is unique, which means that if two URLs are identical then they point to the same file. It uses the following format:
- Relative URL It points to a file/directory in relation to the present file/directory. It locates a resource using an absolute URL as a starting point. It typically consists of the path and optionally, the resource but no scheme or no server.
It is the text name corresponding to the numeric IP address of a computer on the Internet. Internet users access your Website using your domain name. It is a way to identify and locate computers connected to the Internet. It must be unique. Domain name always have two or more parts, separated by periods (dots).
e.g: google.com, yahoo.com etc.
Domain are organised by the type of organisation and by the country. A three letter abbreviation indicating the organisation and usually two letter abbreviation indicating the country name. Most common domain abbreviations for organisation are as follows:
|org||Usually non-profit organisation|
Some domain abbreviations for country are as follows:
Domain Name System (DNS)
It translates domain names (computers host names) into IP addresses. It also stores and associates many types of information with domain names. It provides world wide keyword based redirection service.
DNS can be quickly updated and specifies the technical functionality of database service. The naming scheme by which servers are identified is known as the domain name system. e.g. the domain name www.example.com might translate to 188.8.131.52.
Numeric Computer IP Address
IP addresses are in aaa.aaa.aaa.aaa format, where each aaa is a number from 0 to 255. The length of IP address is 4 bytes. IP addresses identify the host computers, so that packets of information reached to the correct computer, e.g. 184.108.40.206
The IP address has the following characteristics:
- IP addresses are unique.
- No two machines can have the same IP address.
- IP addresses are also global and standardised.
- All machines connected to the Internet agree to use the same scheme for establishing an address.
E-mail stands for ‘Electronic Mail’. It is a paperless method of sending messages, notes, pictures and even sound files from one place to another using the Internet as a medium. It is an individual name, which is used to send and receive E-mail on the Internet. It is used to specify the source or destination of an E-mail message.
The format of an E-mail address is user@domain. Where,
- the first part (user) identifies a unique user name.
- “@” separates the user from the domain, which identifies the mail server.
Some sites which provide the E-mail services are Gmail, Yahoo! mail, Rediffmail etc.
A blog is a Website or a Web page, in which an individual records opinion links to other sites on regular basis. A blog content is written frequently and added in a chronological order. It is written online and visible to everyone.
A typical blog combines text, images and links to other blogs, Web page? and other media related to its topic. In education, blogs can be used as instructional resources. These blogs are referred to as edublogs. The entries of blog are also known as posts.
A person who writes a blog or a Weblog is known as blogger. Blogging is the act of posting content on a blog.
Advantages of Blogs
- You can work at any time of the day and work with your ease.
- Blogger does not require more efforts to write articles for his/her blog.
- Easy and quick to update or add new posts.
- People can leave comments on your blog.
- It increases blog revenue.
- Blogs can be set-up quickly.
- It is all about being social. You (blogger) need to answer to peoples’ queries and for that, reading should be a part of day-to-day tasks.
Disadvantages of Blogs
- The common problem of full time blogger is isolation from society.
- Mostly people love blogging but they don’t have a fix source of income. Some choose freelance writing job for earning money and few chooses to depend on their parents to fulfil the need of money.
- If the blogger get ill, then they don’t get time to update their blog and it ultimately results in loss of blog income and traffic.
An area on a computer network especially the Internet, devoted to the discussion of a specified topic is known as Newsgroup.
Newsgroup is an online discussion group that allows interaction through electronic bulletin board system (Usenet) and chat sessions.
To simplify the selection of suitable newsgroup, they are divided into subject classification which are as follows:
- rec – Recreation and entertainment topics.
- news – Matter related to the functionality of Usenet itself.
- sci – Science related topics.
- soc – Discussion related to society and social subcultures.
- comp – Computer related topics.
A newsgroup is a world wide platform for exchanging its content, ideas and information by common minded people. Newsgroup and contents are stored on special servers called Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) servers. The groups can be either “moderated”, where a person or group decides which postings will become part of the discussion “unmoderated”, where everything posted is included in the discussion.
e.g. alt.tennis, alt.astrology, comp.lang. C++ etc.
Advantages of Newsgroup
- Newsgroup is similar in some ways to mailing lists, but it has a better structure.
- It is also easier to access a newsgroup.
- Usually, you will be able to find a FAQ (Frequently Asked Questio ) section on a newsgroup, which is always helpful tor those who are not sure of certain things.
- Free to subscribe and post.
Disadvantages of Newsgroup
- A newsgroup is not as quick as an E-mail or even a mailing list.
- The information on newsgroup is submitted by people who may have no real idea of what they are talking about.
- It is not user friendly and the risk of viruses is high.
HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP)
It is the protocol used to transfer data over the World Wide Web. It defines how messages are formatted and transmitted and what actions should be taken by the Web servers and browsers in response to various commands.
e.g. when you enter a URL in your browser, this actually sends a HTTP command to the Web server directing it to fetch and transmit the requested Web page. The other main standard that controls how the World Wide Web works is HTML, which covers how Web pages are formatted and displayed. HTTP is a stateless protocol because each command is executed independently without any knowledge of the commands that came before it.
HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE (HTML)
It is used for designing Web pages. A markup language is a set of markup (angular bracket, <>) tags, which tells the Web browser, how to display a Web page’s words and images for the user. Each individual markup code is referred to as an element or a tag. The text placed between a pair of angular brackets (<>) defines an HTML element.
HTML elements have two basic properties, i.e. attributes and content.
Attributes are used to apply the desired style on the text and content refers to the text that you want to display on the browser. When a Web page is opened in a Web browser, then the formatted content is displayed.
- What are Web addresses called on the Web?
- How many parts URL can be divided?
- State whether statement is True or False. The first part of E-mail address is domain name.
- Which protocol is known as stateless protocol?
- How user can select a suitable newsgroup for a discussion on a valuable topic?


Novell Storage Services (NSS): Pushing IntranetWare to New Heights
Articles and Tips: article
01 Sep 1997
Imagine a storage system that can hold hundreds of millions of files and over half a billion directory entries in a single volume, load such a volume (or larger ones) in as little as 32 MB of memory, and bring such a volume back online and ready to use in a few seconds upon restart, even after a crash! It's coming soon in the form of NSS, the future of IntranetWare data storage.
IntranetWare has long been considered the most powerful high-performance server operating system available. IntranetWare provides powerful, reliable processing for efficient file, print, directory, security, and management services. IntranetWare integrates all major computing platforms, powers great applications, makes the most of Web technology, and significantly reduces the cost of network management and administration.
Even with all the advantages provided by IntranetWare, network administrators and users need more. They need to push beyond the limitations still imposed by the traditional IntranetWare storage system. They need the ability to store larger files and to store more of them in a single directory. They need to mount more volumes on a single server. They want faster volume mount times and quicker error recovery. While gaining these new capabilities, users and administrators still need all the IntranetWare advantages they've come to depend on.
Novell Storage Services (NSS) is Novell's response to these needs. NSS gives you the ability to store large objects, and large numbers of objects, without degrading system performance. NSS gives you rapid access to your data. Volumes can be mounted and repaired in seconds rather than hours, regardless of their size. Best of all, NSS gives you all these new capabilities while still maintaining full backward compatibility.
What Is Novell Storage Services?
Novell Storage Services is a powerful new high-performance storage and access system that greatly expands the performance of Novell's current IntranetWare products while maintaining backward compatibility with traditional file storage systems. NSS has three basic goals:
Backward compatibility with the IntranetWare 4.11 file system
In order to support Novell's extensive installed customer base, the NSS project is committed to backward compatibility with the currently deployed file system. NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) and NetWare Core Protocol (NCP)interfaces are both emulated, and NSS-powered servers can be made to look just like Novell's current file system. This allows Novell to protect its customers'investments while still realizing the significant benefits deliveredby NSS.
Eliminate NetWare 4.11 file system limitations
Some customers have been hampered by several limitations imposed by the NetWare 4.11 design and implementation. In particular,they have run into sizing limitations which in turn affect availability and suitability for larger deployments. The use of 32-bit interfaces limits users to files no greater than 2 gigabytes. A maximum of 16 million directory entries are available per volumeand up to 64 volumes per server. The use of File Allocation Table(FAT)-oriented approaches to file system organization requires memory roughly linear to the number/size of files. It also takes time roughly linear to the volume size to mount a NetWare 4.11 volume after a clean dismount. After a crash, it may take hours before very large NetWare 4.11 volumes are scanned and repaired with VREPAIR, during which time they are unavailable to users.
NSS is completely new technology, specifically designed to provide the scalability Novell's customers need to move them through the next generation of storage services and applications. Its internal and external interfacesare all 64 bits wide, allowing not only huge numbers of entities, but entities that are individually very large as well.
Wide interfaces aren't enough, though. The FAT-based organization has been eliminated and replaced by high-performance, compact, and memory-efficient structures and algorithms. NSS completely decouples the amount of memory needed by a server from the amount of disk storage it maintains.
The amount of time needed to mount a volume under NSS is also decoupled from its size. After a clean shutdown, a volume mounts in a fraction of a second regardless of its size. After a crash, full integrity is restored between 15 seconds and a minute regardless of the volume'ssize, whether it contains 100 megabytes or 100 terabytes of data.
Support completely new generations of storage environments
It's not just vanilla file systems any more, and NSS is targeted to deliver more than just vanilla files. At its core is a modular, object-oriented storage engine. For backward compatibility, NSS comes with a native set of objects including standard versions of files and directories. In the future, objects new to NetWare 4.11 (but well-known and well-loved elsewhere) suchas symbolic links and hard links will be plugged in.
NSS volume objects are more powerful and flexible than the NetWare 4.11 versions. NSS volumes support transaction-based journaling in the underlying storage, delivering the rapid mount times described earlier. In a future release, NSS volumes will be organized in a hierarchical tree much the same as Novell DirectoryServices (NDS) partitions. This core NSS object engine provides a common solution to the scalability, availability, performance, and robustness requirements for the various ways clients wishto access data.
Above the NSS object engine is the Semantic Agent(SA) layer. Its specific mission is to provide these different "flavors" of client access to system storage. An example of a pluggable resident in this layer is the NetWare 4.x (IntranetWare) FileSystem SA. The job of this Semantic Agent is to implement the NLM and NCP interfaces that define the NetWare 4.11 file system. Another possible future Semantic Agent above the common storage engine might be an HTTP service, implementing the six Web access methods (for example, GET, PUT, POST, and so on) over TCP/IP.All NSS Semantic Agents exist side by side in this layer, running simultaneously.
Novell Storage System Benefits
You won't have to give up any system performance to enjoy all the benefits provided by NSS. NSS benefits include:
Quick access to data-- mounting and repairing volumes in seconds, independent of their size
Improved resource use-- improving memory and disk space usage
Handles large objects and large numbers of objects -- storing objects as large as hundreds of terabytes and a virtually unlimited number of directory entries
Superior return on investment-- providing a faster, easier to manage system
Quick Access to Data. The electrical power to the office was only off for five minutes, but that was enough to bring your server down and corrupt a large volume. You've explained to several impatient users about the time it takes to re-mount all the server volumes, but how are you going to keep tempers in check while vrepair sorts through the damaged volume? You're already 45 minutes into the process, and your phone just won't stop ringing.
NSS changes wasted time spent waiting for volumes to mount into productive work time. Mounting and repairing an NSS volume takes minutes rather than hours to complete.
In an IntranetWare 4.11 environment, the amount of time required to mount a volume is generally related to the number of files in the volume-more files usually require more time. A lengthy wait to mount a large volume isn't uncommon. Compare that wait to an NSS system than can mount any size volume in seconds.
NSS further reduces wasted time when recovering data from a file system after a crash. You'll no longer have to face the possibility of waiting for hours while the VREPAIR utility repairs a volume. Instead of laboriously scanning an entire volume for corruptions, the NSS advanced journaling algorithms can quickly replay uncommitted changes and get a volume back online in under a minute.
Improved Resource Use. Imagine a smaller-sized company with a stingy hardware budget and an enormous new Web site to bring on-line. Imagine a server with a limited amount of RAM available and no hope of adding more. It isn't hard to imagine a situation where the volume containing the Web site files won't load because the server doesn't have enough memory to cache the entire directory entry table.
NSS solves this and similar memory management problems by running on virtually any amount of memory you have available. NSS mounts any size volume with as little as one megabyte of memory. NSS lets systems with limited resources perform better, and larger systems provide even higher performance.
NSS provides more than just improved memory management. Sophisticated data management techniques let NSS make more efficient use of available disk space as well. NSS lets multiple name spaces share storage space rather than using additional storage for each version of an object's name. NSS also stores objects in balanced trees (B-trees) for faster storage access.
Handles Large Objects and Large Numbers of Objects. Your patient accounts database is quickly approaching two gigabytes in size. You've got to find a way to store two million image files in the Radiology volume. The servers in the hospital network already hold the maximum number of volumes, and you need to add two more. You need an NSS storage system that can be easily scaled to meet your needs.
NSS uses 64-bit interfaces everywhere in the storage engine, and uses advanced algorithms to manage the storage system. This technology lets you easily store single files as large as several hundred terabytes and provides a virtually unlimited number of directory entries, all without degrading the system performance.
Return On Investment. It all looked good on paper. True, switching to a new network operating system required upgrading all the server hardware, but those figures the sales people showed off made you assume those costs could be recovered in a matter of months. Now you've even managed to outgrow the new system. You're paying the network administrator to spend more and more time just to keep the system operating. When you total up the real costs, that new system doesn't look as good any more.
There are no hidden costs associated with upgrading to an NSS storage system. There is no new hardware required and no need to purchase additional memory. Rapid volume mount and repair times mean NSS will provide savings in increased administrator and user productivity. Best of all, your needs cannot outgrow the system. The modular structure of NSS lets you add needed new functionality as technology and your needs change.
Structure of Novell Storage Services
This section describes the internal NSS structure and explains how the benefits provided by NSS are achieved. If you're not interested in the technical details, skip to the "Future Novell Storage Services Directions" section to learn how an investment in NSS technology will satisfy your file system and storage service needs well into the future.
Figure 1 shows the four basic sections of the NSS system. From the bottom up, they are the Media Access Layer(MAL), the Object Engine, the Common Layer Interface, and the Semantic Agents.
Media Access Layer
The Media Access Layer (MAL) provides connection to a wide range of storage devices such as standard hard drives, CD-ROMs, the new Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) media, virtual disks implemented as networked clusters, and even non-persistent media such as RAM disks. The MAL lets you view the storage capabilities of your server as simply a quantity of storage blocks and frees administrators from the details of enabling various storage devices. The MAL's modular design allows new devices and technologies to be easily added as needed. The MAL also provides the interfaces used by the Object Engine to interact with the available storage devices.
Figure 1: The structure of Novell Storage Services.
The Object Engine
The Object Engine layer is the NSS object storage engine. The NSS Object Engine differs from traditional object engines by providing significantly higher levels of efficiency. The NSS Object Engine uses sophisticated and highly efficient mechanisms to manage the objects it stores, achieving high levels of performance, scalability, robustness and modularity.
Performance. The Object Engine stores objects on disk in balanced trees, sometimes called B-trees, to improve system performance. Using the compact B-tree structures guarantees the system can retrieve an object from the disk in no more than four I/O cycles. B-trees also improve memory management by letting the system locate an object anywhere in storage without loading the entire directory entry table into memory.
The ability to share name spaces also improves disk space usage. Instead of storing a name for each name space in a single stored object, such as one name for DOS and another for NFS, the name spaces in an object share a common name, if no naming conflicts exist.
Scalability. The Object Engine uses 64-bit interfaces to let you create far more objects and individual objects far larger than was possible in the traditional IntranetWare file system.
Robustness. To enable rapid volume mounts after a crash, the Object Engine maintains a journal that records all transactions written to disk and all transactions waiting to be written. In the event of a system crash, the traditional IntranetWare recovery procedure would include using the VREPAIR utility to laboriously check and repair inconsistencies in the Directory entry tables. Instead, the Object Engine can locate an error on a disk by referencing the transaction journal, noting the incomplete transaction, and correcting the error by either re-processing the incomplete transaction or by backing it out-all without searching the volume.
Modularity. The Object Engine's modularity lets you define new objects and plug them into the storage system whenever needed. New storage technologies, such as DVD, can be transparently plugged into the engine at any time without affecting the rest of the system. This modularity lets you make use of hard links, symbolic links and authorization systems not previously available through the traditional IntranetWare file system.
Common Layer Interface
This layer defines the interfaces the Semantic Agents use to access the underlying Object Engine. These services fall into three basic categories: naming services, object services, and management services.
Naming Services. These services include basic object naming and lookup operations as well as name space management services.
Object Services. These services provide the standard and direct input and output to and from objects, as well as other operations on objects themselves, such as create, delete and truncate operations.
Management Services. These services cover a variety of tasks, including locking, managing volume operations, and the addition and registration of new objects.
The Semantic Agent layer contains loadable software modules that define the client-specific interfaces available to stored objects. For example, the IntranetWare File System Semantic Agent interprets requests received from IntranetWare 4.x clients and passes the requests to the Common Layer Interface and onward to the Object Engine for execution. Another Semantic Agent implements an HTTP interface, allowing Web browsers to access data also stored by the Object Engine. Additional Semantic Agents will be developed to add support for other popular systems, such as NFS and a Web Proxy Cache. This modular approach means you no longer need separate storage solutions for different storage systems. New Semantic Agents can be created and added to the system at any time, without impacting any Semantic Agent currently loaded.
Future Novell Storage Services Directions
Advances in technology have a way of revealing new limitations in computer hardware and software. What was state of the art today could be the source of your biggest aggravation next year. However, the modular design of NSS will be helping administrators, developers and users solve problems far into the future.
Future Administrator Benefits
The modular structure of NSS means administrators will be able to load new Semantic Agents to add storage capabilities for any object storage need, including HTML, IntranetWare, NFS and Java Virtual Machine (JVM). NSS will provide a single storage solution for all common object types, eliminating the need to implement new solutions as technology and needs change. The ability to add new Semantic Agents to NSS systems means you'll be able to store virtually anything in NSS, both now and in ten years from now.
Modularity will also simplify and reduce the cost of setting up and administering server systems. For example, to set up an NFS server, all you'll need is the NSS core and NFS Semantic Agent. To set up a web server, you can easily add an HTTP Semantic Agent and the supporting Web server components to the NSS core system. Administrators will also benefit from the availability of NSS services on many different platforms, including NT and UNIX.
Future Developer Benefits
Application developers will also benefit from the modular design of NSS. Novell is committed to open interfaces and will publish a well defined NSS application program interface to provide an open interface for developing new Semantic Agents and interfaces to new storage devices. Since NSS is language and platform independent, developers will be able to write in any format they choose, including Java programs and new NLMs.
Future User Benefits
NSS will continue to provide users with enhanced performance in the future. Users can expect to see significantly faster responses from all IP-based services, including responses from NSS-based Web servers, without losing the ability to run over IPX. Improvements in data access will continue, with the ability to store and run Java applications quickly. All 64-bit applications will become available, and integration of data replication technology and client-side caching will provide even more improvements in data availability and performance.
Novell Storage Services provides a way to push IntranetWare to new heights. NSS provides:
Quick access to data by reducing volume mount times to under a second, and reducing volume repair times to under a minute
Improved memory utilization and more efficient disk space management
The ability to store files much larger than even two gigabytes, and a virtually unlimited number of available directory entries
A superior return on investment
For More Information
Novell Storage Services (NSS) is currently in Alpha stage, and is scheduled to be delivered as part of the next IntranetWare release.
The latest NSS Alpha evaluation release(at this writing, v1.40 Build 523) provides the following features at this point in the NSS product roadmap:
Object-oriented base storage engine The core object engine is in place.
(Internal) 64-bit interfaces Although these interfaces are currently in operation, NetWare 4.11 is unable to expose them to clients through its current interfaces.
Huge numbers of files A virtually unlimited number of files may be created per NSS volume.
Huge individual files Files up to 8 terabytes may be created per volume(and even larger in future revisions).
Huge number of volumes per server Thousands of volumes may be created and maintained.
Super high-speed volume mounts and dismounts After a clean shutdown, NSS volumes mount in less than one second regardless of size. After a crash, NSS volumes mount in less than a minute regardless of size.
Small memory footprint An NSS-powered server requires a minimum of 32 MB of memory to operate comfortably. Given that minimum amountof memory, NSS is capable of mounting any size volume, even one with hundreds of millions of files.
Shared storage for name spaces Whenever possible, NSS volumes share storage between multiple name spaces. By default, NSS volumes automatically load the following three name spaces for its volumes: DOS, LONG, and UNIX.
Unicode storage All system strings are stored internally in 16-bit Unicode.
Support for existing NLMs, NCPs, Clients Many standard NLMs have run successfully against this evaluation code without modification. They include MONITOR,SERVMAN, Oracle, backup/restore Target Service Agents (TSAs) including SBACKUP and Cheyenne, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), various Java apps on this JVM, and the Novell Web Server.The most common NCPs are currently being emulated by this Alpha release.Some of the clients now running successfully include IntranetWare Client32, VLM, Windows NT, Windows 95, Macintosh, and NetWare UNIX Client (NUC).
NetWare 4.11 Semantic Agent (SA) This Alpha supports a Semantic Agent that emulates the current IntranetWare file system product, although some limitations exist (see "NSSEvaluation Code Warnings").
Support for unlimited trustees The original NSS Alpha release only allowed fourtrustees per object.
Better internal system resource allocation Work has been done to allocate system resources more dynamically. The result is reduced system deadlocks.
Robust Transactioning The transactioning system is now tightly integrated with the storage system, making it more reliable.
The NSS Engineering group has been running on an NSS-powered server for the last two months for all their development work! Their entire development environment is hosted on NSS volumes. This has served to help locate bugs quickly and repair them as we move forward.
NSS Alpha Evaluation Code Warnings
Here are some items you should be aware of when using the NSS Alpha evaluation code.
Most importantly, this is Alpha code and is not yet intended to host any permanent user data! Novell does not in any way warrant data placed onto NSS volumes. Future releases of NSS will changeon-disk layouts and formats, so there is no guarantee of compatibility between this code and future Alphas, Betas, and the final product.
The disk format used by NSS is different than that used by NetWare 4.11. Do not create NSS volumes in a NetWare partition! Data in the NetWare 4.11 partition will be destroyed.
There is a fixed-size memory cache of 8MB created by NSS at load time. This memory cache is not shared; the default value may be changed in the NSS command line when the NLM is being loaded.
This Alpha evaluation code is not intended as a base for computation of performance metrics. The code is completely untuned, and several features have not yet been added (described in the next section). Thus, any performance numbers computed for this Alpha release will not serve as a metric for future product performance.
Use of the "/ResetVolumes" command-line switch will result in the complete re-initialization of all NSS volumes on that machine. Use this switch with care!
Any NSS volume re-initializations will have absolutelyno impact on NetWare4.11 volumes on other partitions!
Although a number of NLMs have been tested against this Alpha release, not all Novell or third-party NLMs willwork properly.
Future NSS Additions
Several features and capabilities must still be added to this evaluation Alpha. This section lists some of the coming features:
Extended attributes support
Multiple data stream support
Macintosh name space
SYS volume support
Byte-range, Logical, and File locking support
Event System to replace FS hooks
More robust error handling
Where to Get Updates and More Information
New information and code drops will be made available on a regular basis via the Internet as well as through formal Alpha and Beta programs. Check the following URL on a regular basis for new documentation, news, and binary releases:
The NSS Development Team encourages and welcomes any and all comments, suggestions and feedback via their Internet mailing address:
Your input can (and does) make a difference as far as what NSS looks like when it appears as a product. If something is important to you or you have strong opinions about certain features (either planned or missing) that are important to your needs, please let us know.
* Originally published in Novell AppNotes
The origin of this information may be internal or external to Novell. While Novell makes all reasonable efforts to verify this information, Novell does not make explicit or implied claims to its validity.


text:
The Complete Federalist and Anti-Federalist Papers written by Alexander Hamilton & James Madison & John Jay and Patrick Henry among others is widely considered by many to be among the most important historical collections of all time. In "The Federalist Papers," three of the founding fathers brilliantly defend their revolutionary charter: the Constitution of the United States. The Anti-Federalist Papers are a collection of articles, written in opposition to the ratification of the 1787 United States Constitution. Unlike the Federalist Papers written in support of the Constitution, the authors of these articles, mostly operating under pen names, were not engaged in a strictly organized project. Major Anti-Federalist authors included Cato (likely George Clinton), Brutus (likely Robert Yates), Centinel (Samuel Bryan), and the Federal Farmer (either Melancton Smith, Richard Henry Lee, or Mercy Otis Warren). Speeches by Patrick Henry and Smith are included as well.
James Neal Madison also is the painter of the lithograph, The Highland Charge at Drummossie Muir, Battle of Culloden, April 16, 1746. Published by Pelican, this vivid, full-color print is in its second edition printing.
Both John Jay and Sarah Livingston Jay are deceased.

domain: library


Tottenham Hotspur are reportedly set to continue their lavish spending in this transfer window, by making an approach for Manchester United striker Javier Hernandez.
Spurs have already signed Spanish striker Roberto Soldado, Brazilian midfielder Paulinho, Argentine forward Erik Lamela, Belgian winger Nacer Chadli and French anchorman Etienne Capoue this summer, while deals for Danish playmaker Christain Eriksen and Romanian defender Vlad Chiriches are understood to be in the pipeline.
Andre Villas-Boas seems determined to break into the top four this season and, according to the Mirror, the Portuguese tactician will now continue his rebuilding measures, with a swoop for out-of-favour Red Devils star Hernandez.
The Mexico international, who joined United in 2010 from native side Guadalajara, has struggled to break into the club's line-up in the last two seasons, despite his good from, courtesy of the superb scoring record of Wayne Rooney and later Robin van Persie. The 25-year-old still impressed whenever given the chance, with 10 goals from 22 appearances (nine starts) in the Premier League last term.
The report claims Tottenham are hoping to drive a hard bargain as usual and land Hernandez for around £8m but United are unlikely to sanction a sale for any offer under £15m, with the player's current contract valid till 2016.
Spurs currently have Jermain Defoe and Emmanuel Adebayor in their ranks to offer cover and competition to Soldado but both players have been labeled unwanted and are expected to be forced out, if the north London club can snap up another forward.
Meanwhile, Villas-Boas has urged his players to see off Dinamo Tbilisi, when the Georgian side visit White Hart Lane on Thursday for the second leg of their Europa League play-off. The north London outfit currently lead the tie 5-0.
"It was a good performance and a good result in Georgia. It puts us in a very strong position. Speaking to the boys today, they know that they can't be complacent and we need to finish the job," Villas-Boas stressed.
"We want to give a chance to a couple of them [younger players] and include them in the squad. I think we can hopefully throw them into the game if it goes our way, but the most important thing is to ensure that we are there for the group stage," the manager added.


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text:
1. Frozen - $20.7 million
2. Paranormal Activity: The Marked Ones - $18.2 million
3. The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug - $16.3 million
4. The Wolf of Wall Street - $13.4 million
5. American Hustle - $13.2 million
Frozen continues to chill the competition at the box office.
The animated flick was number-one with $20.7 million, beating out the weekend's only new release, Paranormal Activity: The Marked Ones -- which earned $18.2 million.
The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug dropped from first to third with $16.3 million.
The Wolf of Wall Street rose from fifth to fourth with $13.4 million, while American Hustle went from fourth to fifth with $13.2 million.

domain: news


text:
8 June 2013
Chicago Police Department Case # None (Delayed Police Response)
Being attacked and robbed is bad enough. Having to stand around and wait 45 minutes for the cops to show up? Priceless.
That's exactly what happened early this morning after a man was attacked and robbed on Roscoe Street, just east of Broadway. The man's wallet was taken by an offender described as male, black, aged 25 to 30, wearing a black hoodie. The thug then escaped eastbound on Roscoe to Lake Shore Drive.
The call for help came in at 2:40AM, with the victim saying he would wait for officers at the corner of Roscoe and Broadway. Yet, a full half hour later, the police unit assigned to the robbery still had not responded. They were too busy "handling some drunks" nearly a mile away. At 3:22AM, the officers finished dealing with drunks and wandered on over to the apparently unimportant robbery case. Not surprisingly, the victim was gone when they arrived at 3:24AM.
So, will this be yet another robbery that slips under the radar?
UPDATED 16 JUNE 2013: Confirmed that no report was filed in this case.

domain: law


It was a traumatic moment for Jarod Brown when the kick sailed wide Saturday night. Old Dominion's senior placekicker hadn't missed an extra point in nearly two years - 94 in a row.
He wanted to be perfect as a senior.
But Brown had no time to feel sorry for himself. As he came to the sidelines, ODU coach Bobby Wilder approached him. "We need an onside kick, Jarod, and we need a good one. Can you handle it?"
Brown replied: "Let's do it."
He approached the ball as if he was going to kick it deep, but instead tapped it forward, sending it squirting along the turf. ODU caught The Citadel's three frontline players backpedaling. The ball came loose after Brown jumped on it but was recovered by teammate Anthony Wilson.
After the Monarchs scored a touchdown, he again caught Citadel flat-footed, dribbling the ball and pouncing on it. As it was knocked from his grasp, he slapped it back toward teammate Scott Wiggins, who fell on the ball.
Brown then bailed out the ODU offense after it stalled, kicking a 52-yard field goal, a school record.
The Monarchs left the field 59-58 victors in a game they clearly would not have won without Brown.
It wasn't the first ODU victory Brown had a large hand in. Last season against New Hampshire, he booted six kickoffs into the end zone and kicked two field goals, including a 25-yard game-winner with 41 seconds left in a 64-61 victory.
Like so much of what Brown accomplished, his performance in that game was overshadowed by quarterback Taylor Heinicke, who threw for a Division I-record 730 yards. Yet, this side of Heinicke, Brown's statistics are as glitzy as anyone's in ODU's football history.
He is first among ODU's career scorers with 316 points - 132 ahead of Thomas DeMarco and Nick Mayers. Brown has made 41 field goals, including all five attempts this season. Last year, he set a Football Championship Subdivision record by making 73 extra points in a row. He was eighth nationally with 30 touchbacks, made 10 of 12 field goals and was named All-Colonial Athletic Association.
"He's so explosive with his kicks," special teams coach Michael Zyskowski said. "And he's been a steady performer."
It's remarkable resume for a guy who first kicked a football at age 16.
Brown's father was a youth soccer coach in York County, and his four kids all played soccer. Brown's younger brother, Jalon, was a Division III All-American at Christopher Newport last season as a sophomore.
Brown was a center back on Grafton High's team with a propensity to boot the ball over the goal. Grafton football coach Kevin Montini needed a placekicker and approached him in the spring of Brown's sophomore year.
Why not? Brown said.
He'd never kicked a football, not even just fooling around, but after a few weekends working out with Matt Bevins, a Warwick High star, he seemed to grasp the fundamentals.
By the third game of the season, he was starting for Grafton. He was stunned when Montini called him at the end of the season to say he'd made All-Bay Rivers District.
"At first I thought I'd do this on the side and play soccer," he said. But Montini's call prompted him to take football more seriously.
That summer, he attended the Special Teams Solutions camp in New Jersey. He was tutored by Phoebus assistant Dick Van Dyke, a kicking guru on the Peninsula. His accuracy improved, as did his leg strength.
He kicked a 57-yard field goal as a senior, the second-longest in Virginia High School League history.
Zyskowski recruited him as a senior, but so did half a dozen other CAA teams, as well as West Virginia. All wanted him to walk-on without a scholarship.
"If you want to play big-time college football, come to West Virginia," Brown said the Mountaineers told him. ODU was preparing for its first season, and Brown had stars in his eyes.
He said he was told he would compete with three other kickers at WVU. Instead, there were nine. One day that fall, coaches held a kicking competition to figure out who would be cut. "I didn't have a good day," Brown said. Neither did Cameron Starke, who was cut along with Brown but who now starts at James Madison and was second to Brown
in All-CAA voting last season.
"We've been friends ever since," Brown said.
Brown transferred to ODU in January of 2010 as a walk-on but quickly vaulted ahead of a scholarship kicker. As a freshman, he made 12 of 16 field-goal tries, was 39 of 41 on extra points and earned a scholarship.
Brown said he's gotten over the bitterness of his experience at West Virginia.
"When I said to them, 'This isn't what you promised me,' I was told to deal with it," he said. "I did deal with it. And I'm very happy with how things worked out."
Brown said he hopes to get a shot at an NFL tryout camp, but already has his plans for the spring set - he and his younger brother will coach junior varsity soccer at Grafton.
Brown isn't eligible for most postseason all-star teams because ODU is transitioning to the Football Bowl Subdivision. But Brown said that's OK with him.
"I've gotten a chance to win a CAA championship here, to go to postseason play," he said. "Now we're playing against big-time schools. What's happened at Old Dominion has been amazing."
Harry Minium, 757-446-2371, firstname.lastname@example.org


text:
Demi Kutcher is an hollywood actress and American celebrity. For most of her career, she has been known as Demi Moore, using the surname of her first husband, singer-songwriter Freddy Moore.She became well-known after a string of 1980s teen-oriented movies, and was one of the best known actresses of 1990s Hollywood. Moore is also known for her husky voice.
Moore's biological father, Charles Harmon, left her mother, Virginia King , after a two-month marriage, before Moore was born. As a result, Moore had the surname of her stepfather, Danny Guynes , on her birth certificate.
Moore married singer Freddy Moore in 1980 before she was eighteen. They divorced in 1985 and in 1987 Moore met Bruce Willis. The two soon fell in love and married two months later. The star couple had three daughters together: Rumer Willis (1988), Scout LaRue Willis (1991) and Tallulah Belle Willis (1994). The pair separated in 1998 and divorced in 2000, but remain friends to this day. In 2003, Moore started dating actor Ashton Kutcher, fifteen years her junior. After much press speculation and interest, the pair married in 2005.
Birth name: Demetria Gene Guynes (Moore)
Birth date: 11-11-1962
Birth Place: Roswell, New Mexico, U.S.A.
Years active: since 1982
Spouse(s): Freddy Moore (1980—1985)
Bruce Willis (1987—2000)
Ashton Kutcher (2005-present)

domain: entertainment


text:
Description - The Girl at the Window Starter/Beginner by Antoinette Moses
Award-winning original fiction for learners of English. At seven levels, from Starter to Advanced, this impressive selection of carefully graded readers offers exciting reading for every student's capabilities. For Grace, a ghost in a haunted house, the arrival of a young mother with a baby stirs memories of the man and the child she lost so many years before. But then danger threatens the baby girl and Grace must act decisively. Paperback-only version. Also available with Audio CD including complete text recordings from the book.
Buy The Girl at the Window Starter/Beginner by Antoinette Moses from Australia's Online Independent Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
(213mm x 131mm x 3mm)
Cambridge University Press
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Country of Publication:
Book Reviews - The Girl at the Window Starter/Beginner by Antoinette Moses

domain: literature


text:
Pizza Crust or French Bread
7-7¼ C flour
2 pkg (5 tsp) dry yeast
1 Tbsp sugar
1 Tbsp salt
1 Tbsp shortening
1 egg white
Put 3 C flour in a large mixing bowl. Mix yeast and sugar with 1/2 C warm water, let stand until foamy. Heat 2 C water with salt and shortening to 120 degrees. Add both liquids to the flour. Beat at low speed of electric mixer for 1/2 minute. Beat at high speed for 3 minutes. By hand mix in enough remaining flour to make a soft dough. Turn out on a lightly floured surface and kneed until smooth and elastic, 10-12 minutes. Place dough in a lightly greased bowl turning once. Cover and let rise in a warm place until doubled, 1-1½ hours. Punch down, divide in half. Let dough rest for 10 minutes.
Roll each half into a 15-12 rectangle, starting with the long edge roll up tightly, seal well, taper the ends. Place seam side down on a greased baking sheet sprinkled with corn meal. Gash tops diagonally every 2-2½ inches, ¼inch deep.
Beat egg white just until foamy; add 1 Tbsp water. Brush tops and sides of loaves.
Cover and let rise until double, about an hour.
Bake in a 350° oven for 20 minutes, brush again with egg white mixture and bake 20 minutes longer. Remove from baking sheets; cool on wire racks.
Flatten each piece of dough onto a greased jelly roll or pizza pan, that has been sprinkled with corn meal, leaving a little bit thicker on the edges. Allow to rise for 1/2 hour. Top with sauce, toppings and cheese. Bake at 350° until cheeses melt and crust is lightly browned, about 20 minutes. This recipe can make 2 large pizza crusts.
Whole Wheat Crust:
Substitute 1-2 Cups of the white flour for whole wheat.
Add 1-2 Tbsp fresh herbs to dough during the final kneeding.
Try - Basil, Oregano, Thyme, Parsley, Rosemary
Add 1-2 C shredded cheese like parmasan, or cheddar to the dough during the final kneeding.

domain: food


text:
Investors lap up E-House IPO
Despite turbulent markets, the China-centric real estate broker raises $201 million after pricing its shares 2% above the top of the range.
ChinaÆs real estate broker E-House garnered solid demand for its US initial public offering, despite the ups and downs the market experienced during the course of the bookbuild, enabling it to price at $13.80.
E-House launched its roadshow on July 24, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average was going strong at about 13,700 points. Nervousness triggered a selldown from July 26 onwards and the index went as low as 13,182 on August 3. It bounced back this week, closing at...
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domain: economics


text: After 70 years of affirmative action if the black community has not made any headway then it is time to look in the mirror. Preferencial treatment for jobs, admission to college, government give away progams what else do you want. As long as you continue to cry discimination you will be the pawn of the government. Who would you blame if your skin was white??????

domain: politics


text:
How Riot made the iconic Worlds 2022 Opening Ceremonies
Feb 22, 2023
The Worlds 2022 Opening Ceremonies were the biggest performance of the League of Legends year, here’s how Riot Games pulled them off.
The World Championships are the biggest event of the year, and it’s always given the scale to match its status. In 2022, massive artists Jackson Wang and Lil Nas X were brought on to step up the production. In a recent video, the League of Legends developer took fans behind the scenes. It shows the trials, tribulations, and triumphs of producing an event of this size.
Worlds 2022 Opening Ceremonies behind the scenes
A Youtube video published by Riot Games takes fans behind the scenes of the opening ceremonies to reveal what goes into the visual and auditory spectacle that precedes the Grand Finals every year. 2022 included bringing Jackson Wang and Lil Nas X, two massive pop music stars, to headline the performance. From the beginning to arrange choreography to the sudden addition of major talent to the plans, and everything in between, Riot shows it all.
In the video, Riot Games employees and collaborators talk about the process of working towards a Worlds Grand Finals. A key struggle is finding the right artists for the job. According to the video, Lil Nas X was one of the prime candidates. So he was priority one when it came to putting a voice to the year’s esports anthem. Luckily, the breakout artist was enthusiastic and excited to collaborate with the world’s largest video game.
Another central focus of the show is the physical aspects that make up the stunning performance. In 2022, Riot had a 270-degree stage surrounded by a holoscreen. The use of holoscreens to add gorgeous visual effects to dance and music numbers has become a pattern for Riot Games at the Worlds finals. Last year, Riot was dealing with five times the number of projectors compared to 2021.
Bringing champions to life
As the stars of the enormous MOBA, it’s no surprise that champions take center stage amidst the Worlds finals. Riot had six champions to showcase and make the central element of the show. In Lil Nas X’s music video, several champions are depicted as enormous mechs striding through San Francisco. This idea that League of Legends was taking over the city led to the use of enormous vertical holoscreens.
Champions were literally larger than life, and importing that sense of presence into the arena was important. In order to do this, the champions were projected onto the floor-to-ceiling holoscreens. They were so well incorporated that at one point, Lil Nas X is raised twelve feet in the air, appearing to be lifted in the hand of an enormous mechanized Azir.
These opening ceremonies always try to push the boundaries of esports ceremony, and Riot Games continues to be at the forefront. With Worlds 2023 returning to South Korea, fans can expect another dazzling show. South Korea is one of the best competitive regions, and esport is incredibly popular. Given its propensity to try and one-up itself each year, 2023 should be just another visual feast.
An interview with Mikyx, G2 esports’ support at LEC
“I think we’re going to show a better showing.”
Aug 26, 2023

domain: artistic


text:
Hello hungry ones! I hope you like coconuts because Maja Blanca is the treat of the day. Maja what? Maja blanca is a sweet Filipino treat that is usually served as an afternoon snack. I grew up with it as my yaya (nanny) would bribe me with a plateful if I actually slept through the afternoon! When I got older and my yaya moved on from our house, my mom took charge and made it for an easy Sunday snack.
Anyway, I went to my mother’s house in the Philippines last week and I found my old hard drive (hooray!) that I left when I started to work in Thailand. The hard drive proved to be a time machine of memories. I found my HHO folder in it and I found this unpublished recipe of my mother’s Maja Blanca.
Without further ado, here is my mother’s Maja Blanca recipe:
What you need:
- 4 c coconut milk
- 1 c evaporated milk
- 2 1/2 cups corn starch/ corn flour dissolved in 2 cups water
- 1 can cream style corn or kernel corn (optional)
- 2 cups sugar (adjust according to taste, I usually just use 1 cup)
- 1 cup water
- toasted desiccated coconut or crushed peanuts for toppings
What to do:
1. Mix the corn starch/corn flour with the water in a mixing bowl then set aside.
2. In a big pan, pour the coconut milk and water. Bring to boil, stirring constantly.
3. When the coconut milk is boiling turn the heat down to medium heat. Add the rest of the ingredients EXCEPT for the corn starch/corn flour. Bring it to boil again. You can taste the mixture if you want to add more sugar then do so.
4. Once the mixture is boiling, turn the heat to low then gradually add the dissolved corn starch/corn flour make sure you stir it at the same time. It will thicken straight away. Mix thoroughly till the thickness is even and paste-like consistency, turn off the heat.
5. Transfer the mixture in 2 big trays. Sprinkle the toppings. Refrigerate it for at least 4 hours so that it will firm up. Then it’s ready to serve! Nom noms!


text: On Monday November 1st, 1886, a large group of Dunmanway Gaels assembled in the Market House (where the statue of Sam Maguire now stands) to form the Doheny Football and Hurling Club. The club was named after Michael Doheny, the young Irelander from Tipperary who while on the run, stayed for a short time in Dunmanway. The underage section, as well as the pitch are named after Sam Maguire. The famous Ardagh Chalice inspired the design of the Sam Maguire Cup, both cups have great similarity to one another. The Cup was first presented to the All-Ireland Football champions in 1928. Kildare was the first county to win the Sam Maguire Cup in 1928 after defeating Cavan 2-6 to 2-5. The original Cup was retired in 1987 as it had received some damage over the years. The GAA commissioned a replica from Kilkenny based silversmith Desmond A. Byrne and the replica is the trophy that has been used ever since. The original Sam Maguire Cup is permanently on display at the Croke Park Museum.

domain: history


text:
Coastal Anchor Pendant
Made by the women of the Flowering Desert Project in Tamil Nadu, India – employment that’s fairly paid, and with training – this anchor-shaped pendant adds a jaunty nautical touch to your look. Whether you’re a cheeky pirate, a dashing yacht fan, or seaside lover, you’ll feel closer to the waves wearing this iconic piece. Handmade from brass sheet and planished using a hammer, this textured necklace will shine at night and add personality during the day. Matching earrings available.
Chain length 45cm, pendant 2.5cm x 2cm


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