US 6726401 B1
The performance of a leach field in processing waste water is maintained or improved by a control system in which one or more selected parameter in a waste water conduit, or in the influence zone of the conduit, is measured, compared to a set point(s), and one or more variable is manipulated. For example, gas composition, gas pressure, water level and water content are measured; waste water flow, heating, air flow and air composition are changed. In one mode of operation the manipulated variable is qualitatively different from the parameter being measured.
1. A method of improving or maintaining the performance of a waste water system comprised of a leach field having a conduit buried within soil, wherein waste water is flowed into the conduit and then into an associated influence zone in the soil in which zone the biochemistry of the waste water is made more environmentally benign, by means which includes flowing of air or other active gas through the influence zone, which comprises:
sensing a property of a fluid contained within said conduit;
comparing said fluid property to a desired reference point;
controlling the flow of air through the influence zone to cause the sensed fluid property to be less than said desired reference point.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. A method of improving or maintaining the performance of a waste water system comprised of a leach field having a conduit buried within soil, wherein waste water is flowed into the conduit and then into an associated influence zone in the soil in which zone the biochemistry of the waste water is made more environmentally benign, by means which includes flowing of air or other active gas through the influence zone, which comprises:
sensing gas pressure in a conduit;
comparing the gas pressure to a desired reference point;
controlling the flow of air through the influence zone, to cause the measured gas pressure to be less than said desired reference point.
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. A method of improving or maintaining the performance of a waste water system comprised of a septic tank and a leach field comprising a conduit buried within soil, wherein waste water is flowed into the conduit and then into an associated influence zone in the soil in which zone the biochemistry of the waste water is made more environmentally benign, by means which includes flowing of air or other active gas through the influence zone, which comprises:
sensing gas pressure in a conduit;
comparing the gas pressure to a desired reference point;
controlling the flow of air through the influence zone, to cause the measured gas pressure to be less than said desired reference point.
8. The method of
9. The method of
This application claims benefit of provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/262,694, filed Jan. 17, 2001.
The present invention relates to subsurface waste water disposal, in particular to processing of waste water in a leach field.
In a waste water treatment system of the type commonly used for domestic dwellings and other limited volume waste water sources, waste water flows first via a sewer line into a primary treatment vessel, such as a septic tank, where it is acted upon by microorganisms in an anaerobic environment. The septic tank effluent, or waste water, then flows through a distribution box and piping to a leach field, for aerobic processing.
There are a variety of types of leach field constructions. Generally, they are characterized by some sort of excavation in the soil that may be a void or may be filled with gravel or crushed stone. In one common construction, perforated distribution pipes run along trenches filled with stone. In another, hollow concrete or plastic chambers or structures are used. Generally, the devices buried in the soil which convey waste water are referred to here as conduits. The conduits receive waste water, and temporarily store it until it infiltrates or disperses into the soil surrounding the conduit.
While seemingly simple in essential construction, the functioning or failing of a leach field, and its restoration, are not so simple. Ian properly functioning leach field biochemical activity makes the waste water environmentally benign. The region of the soil where the preponderance of such biochemical activity takes place is referred to as the influence zone. The influence zone typically extends outwardly from the sides and bottom of the conduit. Its nominal outer bound may vary as a function of many variables, including time, some of which are mentioned here.
A leach field should have sufficient capacity to receive and properly process the anticipated flow of waste water. The steady state capacity of a leach field for waste water flow, sometimes referred to as the percolation rate, is a function of various factors including the nature of the interface between the conduit and the soil and the nature of the surrounding soil, as such natures may have been affected by use of the leach field. Since waste water contains organic substances which are supposed to be oxidized or otherwise acted on by bacteria, conditions in the leach field may be such that, over time, there is an accumulation of such substances within the soil. Thus, the flow resistance or infiltration rate of a leach field will not simply be a function of the permeability, mechanics and hydraulics of the original soil.
In a properly functioning system, according to conventional thinking, the soil surrounding the conduits of a leach field ideally remains predominately unsaturated and aerobic, thus enabling oxidation and destruction of pathogenic bacteria. There can be local anaerobic regions. Nitrogen, discharged in human waste, passes through the influence zone predominantly as ammonium (NH4 +), to be nitrified, or converted to nitrate (NO3) form. Foreign constituents in the waste water may also sorb and or react with soil constituents. As the waste water is treated in the influence zone, it moves through the soil, typically toward the natural water table in the earth.
In a properly designed, used and maintained leach field, once biochemical equilibrium is reached, the capacity of the leach field typically remains stable insofar as waste water treatment capacity. However, too frequently, a system will demonstrate insufficient infiltration capacity with the passage of time, and will consider to be failed. The failure might be due to inadequate original design, or to over-use. In both cases, typically there is degradation with time of the capacity of the leach field to properly treat waste water, compared to when it was first installed. Failure of the leach field can be manifested by continuous or intermittent surfacing of inadequately treated waste water to the surface or elsewhere, by inadequate purification of the waste water in the field, or by refusal of the system to accept the ordinary waste water input. And, even if a system has not failed, it is desirable to guard against failure by having the greatest economically feasible margin of safety against failure.
In certain technologically related patent applications discussed further below, different techniques and devices are disclosed for improving, maintaining or correcting the performance of leach fields. There is a need for controlling those different processes and devices, so that the proper result is obtained in an efficient and economic manner, and interdependencies are dealt with. The present invention addresses that need.
An object of the invention is to improve the performance of a leach field of a waste water system. A further object is to correct poor performance in a leach field, particularly one which at or near failure.
In accord with the invention, a leach field is treated by being subjected to controlled amounts of input, or manipulated variable, according to measurements of selected parameters in the field. In the leach field which comprises the conduit, influence zone and other soil, one or more parameter is measured, where the parameter is selected from the group comprising (a) composition of the gas within the soil (b) moisture content within the influence zone; (c) water level in the conduit; (d) gas pressure in the conduit or the soil; (e) temperature in the influence zone. The measured parameter is compared to a desired reference point for the parameter. And, then a manipulated variable is controlled by activation or change, to thereby cause the measured parameter to change in the direction of the desired reference point, where the manipulated variable is selected from the group comprising (a) flowing air or other active gas through the influence zone; (b) heating the influence zone; (c) heating air or other active gas which is flowing through the influence zone; (d) removing waste water from the conduit, including removing waste water in sufficient quantity to cause water to flow from the influence zone into the conduit; (e) lessening that amount of waste water flowing into the conduit.
In further accord with the invention, the manipulated variable being controlled is qualitatively different from the parameter being measured. For example, when the temperature is controlled by raising or lowering the pressure of air supplied to the conduit, the parameter and manipulated variable are qualitatively different.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments and accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic of a control system for a leach field.
The invention here uses technology which is disclosed is other of my patent applications, including: patent application Ser. No. 09/526,381, for Method and Apparatus for Treating Leach Fields, filed Mar. 16, 2000; application Ser. No. 10/053,284, for Heating a Leach Field; and, application Ser. No. 10/053,511, for Dewatering a Leach Field. The disclosures and drawings of the three foregoing patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference.
In the invention of the application Ser. No. 09/526,381, air or other reactive gas is flowed through the influence zone to beneficially affect the biochemical activity there. Various ways of causing air to flow through the influence zone are described. Among them are flowing atmospheric air into the leach field conduits, and then into the influence zone. The generality of the prior related invention is referred here to as Leaching Field Aeration, or LFA.
In the invention of the Ser. No. 10/053,511 application, the leach field is dewatered, to reduce the water or moisture content of the soil. That invention is primarily used when a leach field has failed; and, it facilitates and makes better the use of the other related inventions. In the invention of the related Ser. No. 10/053,284 application; a leach field is heated by various means, to increase the level of biochemical activity in the influence zone. All three of the related inventions can be used alone or in conjunction with one or both of the other inventions.
In the generality of the present invention, certain parameters in the leach field which are affected by the above inventions are measured and controlled, to beneficially affect the leach field in a feasible or effective way. The parameters may be controlled separately or simultaneously. They have certain interdependencies, so when they are simultaneously or sequentially controlled, a complex system results. Control of different types of parameters is described next.
In a properly performing influence zone, the Oxygen Demand is met. The term “Oxygen Demand” is an environmental engineering characterization of how much oxygen is needed to effectively treat the oxidizable constituents of a substance—here waste water, to make them relatively environmentally benign. Oxygen Demand (OD) is usually characterized by measuring Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD); alternately by measuring Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). For waste water systems associated with habitations, BOD has been the commonly used parameter of reference and control. It is measured in accord with United States Environmental Protection Agency Standard 405.1. COD may be measured in the U.S. by the so-called Hach Method 8000.
Typical domestic waste water has a BOD of about 200-500 mg/l. There is usually a general correlation between the parameters for a particular type of waste water stream. Determining COD is the quicker method of the two. More preferably, the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the waste water, in the water stream or within the soil, is measured instantly by means of commonly available instruments. For control purposes, DO is found to be sufficient surrogate for BOD or COD in when DO content rises BOD or COD can be inferred to have decreased. Inferential measurements can also be made, e.g., by measuring total organic content in the waste water. See Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. “Wastewater Engineering” 3rd. Ed. (1991) McGraw Hill, New York, especially chapter 3. A reference hereinafter to OD will be understood that such encompasses a reference to either of BOD or COD or DO, according to the user's choice of parameter.
Whether or not the OD is being met in the influence zone can be ascertained by taking samples and testing, and to the extent meters may be available, directly monitoring OD near a presumed boundary of the influence zone. More directly, the effectiveness of waste water treatment can be ascertained by measuring the in situ composition of the gas contained in the influence zone. For instance, the concentration of oxygen is measured intermittently of continuously by means of a probe and measuring instrument, where the probe is inserted at one or more selected points in the influence zone. Instruments are commercially available for instantly measuring gas composition. One kind of instrument for measuring oxygen and certain other gases mentioned next, and a preferred probe for use with it or some other gas sampling instrument, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,018,909. See also the Considine book, referenced below. A measuring device for determining the dissolved oxygen content of waste water in the influence zone is Model Y55 meter (Yellow Springs Instrument Co., Yellow Springs, Ohio, US).
The oxygen measurement is compared to a reference standard or set point that has been developed from experience with leach fields. Generally, the aim is to change a composition that is deficient in oxygen, to the extent of being biochemically significantly less than the volume percent oxygen in air, to a composition that approximates that of air. In one example, the reference point or target level for oxygen in the gas of a leach field might be 19-21% oxygen; and, a measured composition of 14-19% oxygen may increased in direction of the reference point by controlled use of some or all of the techniques described here and in the related applications.
Since the levels of other gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen sulfide, etc., can be correlated with the desired biochemical activity in the soil and inversely with oxidation, the concentrations of those other gases may alternatively or additionally be measured as inverse surrogates for oxygen, and used for process control purposes. Thus, measurement of the gas content in the influence zone may show other gases having contents substantially different from the composition of air. For instance, carbon dioxide may exceed 2%, methane 1% and hydrogen sulfide 0.005%. In the invention, such compositions will be changed in the direction of the composition of air.
When the gas content, for example, oxygen, is measured, air or other active gas is flowed through the influence zone in accord with the teachings of the LFA patent application. Air is characterized as an active gas principally because of the role of oxygen on the biochemistry of the influence zone. Accordingly, other active gases may be used with or in substitution of air. For instance, oxygen or ozone enriched air may be used for better activity, and a oxygen-helium mixture may be used for a combination of greater fluidity and activity. Optionally, reactive substances such hydrogen peroxide, or gases such as ozone, may be introduced directly or indirectly (e.g., by using air being flowed into the conduit) into the influence zone to change the gas composition, based on a measurement of the gas composition of, and for action in, the influence zone. That is accomplished by conventional dosing devices, metering pumps, metering valves and the like.
When the means for changing gas composition is the preferred one, namely causing flow of atmospheric air or other active gas into the influence zone, then the flow rate and duration of flow is controlled. If an additive, such as hydrogen peroxide or ozone is added to the air or directly to the influence zone, then the fractional percent or total mass flow is controlled, as is the air flow. The quantity and duration of the flowing of air or other substance will depend on the time it takes to move the composition to the desired reference level.
Conventional devices are used to measure air or water pressure, most simply by connecting the point of interest to a device such as a Bourdon-spring or elastic diaphragm type unit with a signal sender. For pressures, and for other measurements, sensible averaging or other data processing of measurements taken over time is used when appropriate.
As an example, a pressure probe is inserted into the influence zone when LFA is initiated, and the pressure inside the conduit is compared to the pressure in the influence zone, to provide an indication with respect to the flow that is being achieved. When a pressure in the conduit is not greatly different from the pressure in the influence zone, for instance if 3 inch water column (WC) is found in the conduit and 1 inch WC in the influence zone, reasonably good flow is indicated. However, where there is a large difference, e.g., 20 inch WC in the conduit vs. 0.05 inch WC in the zone, then control action is taken. The great difference in pressure, and the low influence zone pressure, indicate a high impedance and a comparatively impermeable influence zone, which may include a dense biomat. The action taken may be to raise the pressure in the conduit to induce more flow, or to raise the temperature of the air (if it is heated) to seek to induce more biochemical activity. Alternately, those actions can be seen to be ineffective, and flow of air may be ceased, so that the influence zone can be dewatered.
The aim of heating of the influence zone is to increase biochemical activity. For every 10° F. increase in temperature the rate of biochemical activity is doubled. Generally, any significant rise is useful. Preferably, the temperature is raised or maintained in the range 50-100° F., more preferably 50-75° F. Temperatures above 120° F. are avoided because of adverse effects on microorganisms. The desired temperatures compare to typical average soil temperatures of 50-70° F. across the continental United States (and waste water temperatures of the same approximate order). Soil temperatures approaching 32° F. are not uncommon in colder regions during winter time.
If the temperature is substantially below the desirable temperature range, as can occur due to seasonal or climatic conditions, then it will be an aim in using the invention of the Atty. No. 2014 application to raise the temperature an amount that is biochemically significant. In this aspect, a temperature increase of about 1-2° F. is significant. A rise of the order of about 5° F. is considered substantial How high the temperature is raised is a function of the desired effect which is sought. The preferences are stated in the prior paragraph and related application. To determine the effect of raising temperature, and conversely, the need, measurement may be made of the reduction in oxygen demand of waste water as it flows within, or as it exits, the influence zone. See FIG. 7 of the Atty. No. 2014 application. Since influence zone temperatures ordinarily should not exceed 120° F., when hot air is supplied to the leach field, it ought not to greatly exceed 120° F.
The temperature in the soil of the influence zone is measured by various means. Included within such means are: inserting probes into the soil, which probes may be thermistors, thermocouples, RTDs, and the like. For control purposes, surrogate temperatures may be measured. For instance, the temperature of soil that is adjacent the influence zone, or the temperature of a chamber wall, may be measured.
Different means may be employed for adding heat, as described more fully in the Atty. No. 2014 application. Heating elements may be placed in, or in vicinity of, the influence zone soil, to heat the soil and waste water contained therein. For example, heating elements are placed adjacent to, and or beneath, and or within the conduits. In another embodiment, comparatively warm air is flowed into the conduits and thence into the soil that comprises the influence zone. In another embodiment heated fluid is delivered directly into the influence zone, as by pressurized perforated pipes placed within the influence zone.
When air or other fluid is being flowed into or through the leach field, the total heat added will be a function of the mass flow, the temperature of the medium being delivered, and the time of flow. Thus, those variables may be controlled to affect temperature. When resistance heating elements are used, the temperature, power level, and duration will be controlled.
The heat source for heating elements or hot air or hot water flowed into a leach field may be any of many familiar sources, such as fuel combustion, electric resistance heating, and the like. In another technique, heat for the leach field is extracted from a geothermal source, for example, the natural water table in the earth. The extracted heat is delivered to the influence zone by means of a circulating heat exchange liquid or the working substance (refrigerant) or a heat pump system. Controlling the output of such systems is well known.
Of course, to add heat and raise temperature usually means raising operating cost. Therefore, in another aspect of the invention, the amount of heat is controlled so that it is not greatly more than is required. Thus, if measurement indicates the flow of waste water is lowered with respect to volume or oxygen demand, then the temperature of the field is allowed to decrease by lowering the heat input. This saves energy cost, since a lowered level of biochemical activity at any given point in the field can be found acceptable. In another mode of control, different portions of the field may be heated differently from time to time.
Water content in a leach field is controlled by monitoring two different parameters: (a) by water level in the conduit and (b) by moisture content in the influence zone.
The water level and moisture content will vary with the loading or input to the system and the ability of the system to convey away the liquid. There may be momentary periods of overload, due to an episode of heavy use. Or there may be more systematic overload, as when the soil refuses to convey away the water which is delivered. The level of water in conduits is measured by use of any of a variety of common liquid level detection systems may be used, such as floats, capacitance gages, and conductivity meters. The level is monitored with respect to a certain pre-determined set point, which point would likely be less than a full conduit.
The waste water level in the conduit is monitored and controlled either directly or indirectly. Water level is directly manipulated by diverting part or all of the waste water flow to another part of the leach system or to a storage tank or the like, by means of valves, distribution box “levelers”, and other know flow control devices. Of course, if possible water consumption at the source may be modified. Alternately, water may be removed from the conduits and any septic tank, to cease flow to the influence zone temporarily, while waste water accumulates. Quite often, the entire waste water system has a problem there is no where to meaningfully divert waste water and indirect means must be used.
The water content can be controlled indirectly, as some of the following examples indicate. When the pre-determined action point for water level or moisture content is reached, one or more of several actions or mechanisms are activated:
a. Flow of air through the conduit and influence zone is activated by turning on a blower; or existing blower-flow is increased by raising the pressure applied to the leach field component be used, e.g., the conduit or a buried auxiliary air pipe in proximity to the influence zone. The desired effect is that air flow enhances the biochemical activity in the influence zone, and reduces excess organic matter contained therein, so that flow of waste water is increased.
b. The temperature of the influence zone is increased, by thermal input into leach field. This is done by activating (or increasing the effect of) heating elements, or raising the temperature of air which is flowing through the leach field.
c. The quantity of a reactive substance such as ozone, added to air flowing into the conduit, is increased or activated, as the case may be.
d. The water flow to part or all of the conduit of the leach field is ceased, and pumping of suction is applied to the conduit, to draw water from the conduit and to cause water to flow from the influence zone, back into the conduit, to dewater the influence zone.
The above exemplary actions, and others within the teachings of the related applications will be undertaken separately or in combination. The intensity and duration of any action will be controlled according to what is observed in change in water content parameter.
The water content in the soil of the influence zone, may be measured and controlled as described in the Atty. No. 2032 application alone or in combination with conduit water level. The amount of moisture in the influence zone soil is measured by means of an electrical conductivity or capacitance type instrument, and the measurement is compared to a desired reference point, or pre-determined action point. For example, an Aqua-Tel-TDR dielectric type moisture sensor (Automata, Inc., Nevada City, Calif., US) is used. As an example, the set point for moisture content might be in the 40-60% moisture content range, where 100% would represent soil that is fully saturated with water.
While the moisture content in the influence soil is usually correlated with the water level in the conduit, with respect to levels of saturation, the two variables may or may not be correlated. For instance, if the biomat layer becomes rather impermeable, the average influence zone may be less than 100% moisture, whereas the conduit may be full of water.
In another aspect of the invention, the air pressure applied to the leach field in practice of LFA is periodically lowered or ceased, to enable intermittent flow of waste water. This process is employed when air pressure is continuously applied to the leach field conduit, but the air pressure is greater than the head of the water which is entering the leach field from the source, e.g., a septic tank. In such instance, the check valve which keeps air from flowing back to the source, will not open. Thus, the level of water in the septic tank is monitored. When it rises above a pre-determined point, the air flow is ceased or reduced in pressure sufficiently, to allow the level to fall; then the air flow is resumed. In another approach, the air pressure is lowered on a periodic basis by a timer, based on experience with the system.
In still another aspect of the invention, the leach field is fed waste water by a dosing pump. In such a system, waste water collects in a reservoir or sump, and is periodically pumped into the leach field. In preferred practice, the flow or air, or other factor being controlled, is correlated with the dosing action, as by monitoring the dosing pump activation and resultant flow. For example, the air pressure (or vacuum, as taught in the previously filed Ser. No. 09/526,381 application) and resultant air flow is applied in alternation with the pumping action.
Interwoven with the above, and thus implicit, is to control,the various input variables to the leach field by means of the monitoring other parameters which are not in the leach field itself, but are reflective of it's behavior. For instance, OD of water at or beyond the boundaries of the leach field influence zone or leach field as a whole may be measured, as an indicator of the overall performance of the field; the atmosphere air temperature may be measured as an indicator of the soil temperature in the leach field.
Various other sensors and control means may be employed, beyond the examples given above. For known different ways of measuring and controlling, in substitution of the examples, and for examples not given, see the book by G. McMillan, “Process/Industrial Instruments and Controls Handbook” (1991) McGraw Hill, NY.
From the foregoing, it will appreciated that for any given parameter being measured, the manipulated variable being controlled may be qualitatively different. This has been in part referred to as indirect control above. For example, when the temperature in the influence zone is controlled by raising or lowering the temperature of air flowing into the conduit and through the leach field, then the parameter and the manipulated variable are qualitatively the same. When the temperature is controlled by raising or lowering the pressure of air supplied to the conduit, the parameter and manipulated variable are qualitatively different. When the oxygen content of the influence zone is controlled by flowing air into the influence zone, there is a qualitative similarity. When the oxygen content is changed by changing the temperature, there is a qualitative difference.
When parameters which are being measured and then affected by controlling the action of the manipulated variables, sensor measurements and control functions are preferably continuous; and, a control system is automated to achieve such. When the system is automated, as by electrical or pneumatic processors, standard control technology is preferably used, e.g., proportional plus reset and proportional plus rate control actions are used. For example, the driver of the control system outputs a control signal proportional to the degree of deviation measurement parameter from the reference point, so the resultant driven action or control step is proportioned to the difference between the measurement and the desired reference level of the parameter. Suitable algorithms suggested by the examples herein will be programmed into a computer of a control system. In the generality of the invention, the measurement and control may be intermittent and manual. Optionally, manual data is entered into a control system. Familiar drivers and means for controlling or actuating are used, including on-off control, varying motor speed or power level to a device, adjustable valves, throttling, etc.
FIG. 1 shows schematically the elements of an example of automated leach field measurement and control system, where the system comprises a septic tank source. The system is configured for measuring and influencing certain parameters by manipulated certain variables. In other embodiments, greater or lesser numbers of parameters and variables, as may be inferred from the description above, will be respectively measured and controlled. The operation of the system in FIG. 1 is illustrative of the generality of the measuring and controlling modes. In FIG. 1 waste water (w) flows through septic tank 98 to leach field 100 within which are conduits 102. Air (a) flows through air mover 104 to heater 106 to conduits 102 within leach field 100. Sensors 108, 110 measure respectively pressure and temperature in the influence zone and provide signals (s1). Sensors 112 and 114 measure respectively pressure and temperature of the air and provide signals (s2). Signals (s1) and (s2) run to the processor 116 of controller 120. Processor 116 compares the temperature signal (s1) from the leach field to the input reference temperature; if below the reference, through driver 118, controller 120 provides signal (s2) to activate the heater. Signal (s2) of the heated air is compared to a reference limit temperature, and if above, action of the heater is limited. Alternately, the blower pressure is increased to increase air flow. Pressure signal (s1) from the influence zone is compared to pressure sensor signal (s2) from the air line running out of the air heater (which reflects essentially the same pressure as inside the hollowness of the conduit) and the difference is compared to a difference reference input. If the comparison is greater than the comparison reference difference the pressure is increased to induce more flow and a higher pressure in the influence zone. Pressure signal (s1) from the influence zone is also compared to an absolute pressure reference; if less than the reference, flow of air (a) is maintained or pressure is increased. When the absolute pressure and or the pressure difference criterion is satisfied, the input air pressure is sustained or reduced. Based on signals (s1) and an internal clock, and the trend of influence zone pressure upward, processor 116 signals additive injector 122 to flow chemical (c), such as ozone, into the air stream running into the conduit and thence the influence zone.
The following are examples of the practice of the invention.
A. The leach field has a blower and associated air heater, to apply air to the conduit by injecting it into the distribution box. A check valve prevents air from flowing back to the source septic tank when air is applied to the distribution box and conduits. The blower and heater system has the usual sensing and control system, for measuring blower pressure and air temperature, where they are fed to the distribution box. One or more sensors for oxygen content are imbedded in the soil within the influence zone. The blower runs in an on-off mode according to whether the measured oxygen content in the leach field is above or below a set point.
B. The system is set up like Example A, however, temperature sensors are used instead of oxygen sensors, and the blower action and flow of heated air is turned on-off according to a temperature reference level. In variations of A and B, both variables are controlled; a modulated control system is employed and blower speed varies with the amount of offset from the set point. In a further variation, there is no dedicated heater, but warm air is drawn by the blower from the heated air space within the building being served.
C. The leach field has a blower only, to provide air to a distribution box, and there is a check valve, etc., as in Example A. The blower draws air from the heated interior of a dwelling. A float switch is set within the interior of a conduit that is an arch shape chamber 18 inch high. The float switch is closed when water level rises above 6 inches. It is opened when water level falls to 2 inches. The blower is normally off. When the float switch indicates that the level has risen to 6 inches, the blower is activated, to apply air pressure to the conduits. With time, the air increases the capacity of the influence zone to process, and convey away, waste water. When the water level falls to 2 inches, the blower shuts off. In a variation, the blower has a heater and there is another water level sensor for 8 inch depth, if the water level continues to rise despite the action of the blower, the heater is activated, to warm the air. In a still further variation, the energy to the heater, and temperature of the flowing air is increased over time if the sensor shows water level continues to rise.
The principles and teaching of the invention are useful for testing, i.e., monitoring, evaluating and comparing, the condition of a waste water processing system, particularly a system which does not have the obvious and common parameters of failure, mentioned in the Background. The aim here is to acquire information and no control action is taken. Basically, other than testing the waste water for pollutants, they tend to be go-no go types of measures. Thus, for example, it is not known to monitor the performance of a leach field system by measuring soil gases (as compared to gases which are dissolved in the waste water); and, that is done in the testing invention. In another example, air is flowed through the conduit and into the leach field so that by measuring the pressure in the influence zone on an absolute basis, for comparison to the input pressure which is causing flow. The degree to which the field is saturated or clogged can be determined. In another example, air is pulled through the soil of the influence zone, to determine the resistance of flow. For instance, a probe connected to a vacuum pump is inserted into the soil and the resistance to flow of air into the probe is determined, as by measuring the flow rate as a function of the degree of vacuum in the probe. This will give an indication again of saturation or clogging.
The inventions will be useful with all manner of conduit in leach fields, as the definitions and descriptions in the related applications illustrate. They will be useful as well for sand filters, wherein typically waste water is flowed onto a bed of sand or like granular media from dosing pipes (conduits) which are embedded in the upper layer of the sand bed, or suspended above the surface of sand bed.
Although this invention has been shown and described with respect to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in this art that various changes in form and detail thereof may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed invention.


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Conventional wisdom holds that it’s good to “see friends” and “do things,” but for many of us, calling off social obligations can be a kind of pressure valve. Instead of selecting an outfit, slapping on a smile and stepping out to face the world, it can be indescribably freeing to simply text a friend “can’t make it tonight :(” and then make a grilled cheese and watch Netflix instead.
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Of course, the outcomes that social distancing is designed to avoid are no laughing matter; the impact of coronavirus’s spread is being felt massively around the world. Holding off on post-work drinks is one way to stay clear of others, but large-scale events, from SXSW to Coachella, are being rescheduled and canceled (with local economies plummeting along with them). Weddings, parties, and other long-planned events are being reworked or delayed, and Chinatowns around the country are suffering losses due to racist assumptions about coronavirus’s link to Wuhan.
Still, in such uncertain and frightening times, the natural inclination is to look for a silver lining, no matter how faint. For those who derive some inexplicable amount of pleasure from canceling plans, social distancing could be just that: an opportunity to be far from the madding crowd, and to check in with ourselves instead of dreading spring’s crush of events we don’t actually want to attend. While even a short quarantine could prove taxing for many, for others, a 14-day period of self-isolation—which is what the CDC recommends for anyone who is at “medium risk”—could be an opportunity to reset from social demands.

domain: news


It's tempting to call the duo of harpist Yolanda Kondonassis and guitarist Jason Vieaux high-powered. After all, both musicians are heralded around the world for prowess on their respective instruments.
But is it possible for harp and guitar, together or alone, to have a potent impact? Kondonassis and Vieaux proved without doubt Sunday at Pilgrim Congregational Church in Tremont that penetrating artistry has little to do with volume or overt virtuosity.
These musicians are masters on instruments that require special gifts for the works at their fingertips to weave any kind of spell. Harp and guitar are plucked, which means connecting notes into smooth lines is a major challenge, and they speak in modest voices.
So Kondonassis and Vieaux deserve to be termed magicians for the way they shaped phrases with natural fluidity, grace and, when required, fiery drama. Their program of duo and solo pieces, presented by Arts Renaissance Tremont, was a joy from top to bottom.
The players devoted most of the program – their first complete concert together – to appealing duets by composers who explored music of many cultures. Argentine guitarist Maximo Diego Pujol's Suite Magica embraces various dance forms (waltz, tango) even as it brings individual flavor to Spanish and West African sources.
- Yolanda Kondonassis and Jason Vieaux
Alan Hovhaness' "Spirit of Trees" was an apt choice for this concert, which celebrated Earth Day. The five movements constitute something of an international journey, with stops in the Middle East, Asia and Spain.
The most alluring of the duets was Spanish composer Xavier Montsalvatge's Fantasia for Guitar and Harp, whose three movements abound in charismatic and haunting imagery, with folk elements often catapulting the activity. Taps on the body of the guitar and harp add rhythmic zest and color.
The musicians' tonal radiance and crisp articulation were but starting points for performances that sounded like the most civilized of conversations. Their playing had sweetness and sweep, as well as a shared sense of balance.
In his solo piece, Fernando Sor's Variations on a Theme of Mozart, Op. 9, Vieaux revealed how agile and multi-faceted the guitar can be in inspired hands. Every fleet figure came across with utmost clarity, and Sor's tweaks of Mozart's theme, from "The Magic Flute," received fresh delineation.
Kondonassis turned to two works she has recorded for her solo fare. French composer and harpist Carlos Salzedo's "Chanson de la Nuit" had elegant shimmer and piquant character, while Kondonassis' arrangement of Gershwin's Prelude No. 2 (originally for piano) was a bluesy pleasure.
Arts Renaissance Tremont winds up its season at 7:30 tonight at Pilgrim Congregational with a bonus concert, a recital by violinist Jinjoo Cho and pianist HyunSoo Kim previewing Cho's program for the Queen Elisabeth International Music Competition next week. The program includes music by Bach, Paganini, Schumann, Ysaye, Kissine, Poulenc, Waxman and Beach.


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Attorney General Bondi's Weekly Briefing
Working with the Office of Financial Regulation and our great law enforcement partners, this week, we announced the arrest of members of a Florida family and a pastor on multiple financial fraud charges. According to the investigation, the defendants operated an investment scheme that victimized more than 20 Floridians.
The alleged illegal activity led to the collection of approximately $1.3 million in racketeering proceeds. Victims were told their funds would be invested in real estate projects, primarily assisted living facilities, but the investigation revealed that many of the ALFs never opened or lost licensing as a result of mismanagement. A large portion of investor funds were allegedly used for the defendants' personal living expenses, including the purchase of a new family home.
Thanks to the tireless efforts of investigators with OFR, state and local law enforcement agencies, and my Office of Statewide Prosecution, these investment schemes, that in many cases targeted victims’ retirement savings, have been stopped and the targets of the investigation have been arrested.
In closing, as we prepare to welcome a new year please celebrate responsibly. New Year’s Day is one of the deadliest days of the year for alcohol-related fatalities. If you see someone trying to drive intoxicated, take their keys or call a cab, do not let them drive drunk. Working together we can have a happy, safe New Year.
.Attorney General Bondi and Marion County Sheriff Gainey Announce Human Trafficking Arrest
Attorney General Pam Bondi and Marion County Sheriff Emery Gainey announced the arrest of an Ocala man on charges related to human trafficking. Ryan Gemelle Poole faces one count of human trafficking, one count of deriving support from proceeds of prostitution and one count of using a two-way communication device to facilitate a felony.
“Human trafficking is an abhorrent crime and the allegations in this case are sickening—further proving that we must do everything in our power to eliminate human trafficking in Florida,” said Attorney General Pam Bondi. “Working with our great law enforcement partners like Marion County Sheriff Emery Gainey and the Marion County Sheriff’s Office, the subject of this investigation was arrested and justice will be served.” More.
Former Health Care Worker Arrested for Abuse of a Disabled Patient
TALLAHASSEE, Fla. – Attorney General Pam Bondi today announced the arrest of a former Jackson County Sunland Center employee for alleged physical abuse of a disabled patient. Following an investigation by the Florida Attorney General’s Medicaid Fraud Control Unit, the Jackson County Sheriff’s Office arrested Ashley Nicole Griffin, age 21, on charges related to the alleged abuse.
The Medicaid Fraud Control Unit investigation was prompted by a complaint from the Florida Department of Children and Families about the alleged abuse of a patient at Sunland’s intermediate care facility for the developmentally disabled. According to the investigation, staff member Griffin struck a disabled patient in the face and caused bleeding and bruising. More.
Defendant in Undercover Drug Operation Sentenced
TALLAHASSEE, Fla.—Attorney General Pam Bondi announced the sentencing of a Florida man arrested during a massive undercover drug operation targeting sellers of cocaine and oxycodone in South Florida. Joshua Roth entered a guilty plea to a charge of conspiracy to traffic oxycodone and was sentenced to 15 years in the Florida Department of Corrections.
Roth was arrested in 2013 following an undercover investigation by the Key West Police Department, Monroe County Sheriff’s Office, Homeland Security Investigations, Drug Enforcement Administration, and the South Florida and North Florida High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area. Roth was prosecuted by Attorney General Bondi’s Office of Statewide Prosecution with the assistance of the State Attorney’s Office for the 16th Judicial Circuit of Florida. More.


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Recollections and reminiscences of the Stonewall Brigade
Nicknames communicate a great deal about the people who participated in the events of the American Civil War. This was not only true in the case of individuals — much better to be known to your men as “Uncle Billy” than “Granny Holmes,” for example — but also in the case of regiments and brigades. The importance of nicknames is why, when asked to name some of the most illustrious units to serve in the war, many would call to mind the Midwesterners of the Iron Brigade or the Virginians who composed the Stonewall Brigade. The latter shared its nickname with its most famous commander, Thomas Jonathan Jackson, who organized the men of the 2nd, 4th, 5th, 27th, and 33rd Virginia infantry regiments for service in 1861.

domain: library


text: Shortly after the close of the American Revolution, Boston whalers and other ships hunting the prized sea otter began navigating in California waters. Merchant ships from several nations followed. At the time, Spanish-owned California was a bucolic, pastoral land sparsely populated with Franciscan missions and families who lived on government land grants called ranchos. After Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1822, more than 500 new grants were authorized. A few of these land grants were enormous parcels and some were smaller, but all were grazing lands for thousands of cattle. There was no industry to speak of, and farming outside of mission properties was limited to home gardens and private orchards. The ranchos traded their hides, which became known as “California bank notes” at an average price of $1.50 to $2.50 each, plus rendered beef tallow, for the miscellaneous goods carried in the holds of the merchant ships. French, English and American vessels brought calico, muslin, furniture, tableware, and other items. Ships flying the Mexican flag took hides in payment for fancy embroidered men’s suits, satin shoes, cloaks, riding saddles, sugar, and goat skins made to cover the legs while riding in the rain.

domain: geography


text:
Sam Edelman Black Womens Gillian Wedges in Black Edelman 369ecaPublished 19 April 2016 | Authored by: Ryan Lake
BEJ1018DM-6/BPU/SMRS Pleaser Platforms Ankle/Mid-Calf Boots Size: 9, This is first in a series of blogs by Ryan Lake. The blogs are intended to give an overview of some of the contemporary legal issues impacting the sport of ice hockey, with a strong focus on the National Hockey League (“NHL”). Readers are encouraged to leave comments and participate in debates around the topics raised.
This blog examines the difficult and concerning issue of player concussions, focusing on a review of the ongoing consolidated litigation by ex-players against the NHL relating to the long-term effects of concussion and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (“CTE”).
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Brooks Women's Glycerin 16 Running Shoes, The true extent of brain damage after suffering multiple concussions in sport was not scientifically discovered until the untimely death of Mike Webster in 2002.1 Webster was a Hall of Fame football player for the Pittsburgh Steelers in the National Football League (“NFL”).2 After playing 17 years in the NFL and suffering multiple concussions, Webster started to experience symptoms normally only shown in people suffering from dementia and was prescribed a powerful cocktail of medications.3 In 2002, at the age of 50, Webster died from heart failure.
The pathologist on call at the Allegheny Medical Coroner’s office the day Webster died was Dr. Bennet Omalu.4 Dr. Omalu, conducted several tests on Webster’s brain, in the hope of discovering what was causing his symptoms. What Dr. Omalu found would change medical and sports history. Dr. Omalu described Webster’s brain “as one of boxers, very old people with Alzheimer’s disease or someone who had suffered a severe head wound.”5 Dr. Omalu published his findings and named his discovery CTE.
A medical diagnosis of CTE can only be made after a posthumous examination of the brain. Over the next ten years, several former NFL and College football players were diagnosed with CTE, including, Terry Long, Andre Waters, Tom McHale, Owen Thomas, Dave Duerson, Ray Easterling, and Junior Seau, among others.6
About This Item:We aim to show you accurate product information. Manufacturers, suppliers and others provide what you see here, and we have not verified it.Product Short Description:Sam Edelman Womens Gillian Wedges in Black. Add some height to your look. The Gillian Wedge is crafted in rich leather and features Chelsea-inspired elastic gore panels, a stacked wedge heel, and comfortable padded insole. Looks sleek with black skinnies and a draped blouse.Sam Edelman Womens Gillian Wedges in Black
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After the discovery of CTE and the multitude of deaths associated with the disease, former NFL players filed a lawsuit against the NFL. Additionally, the U.S. Congress launched a former investigation in the NFL and its handling of players suffering from concussions.7
These events not only impacted the NFL but had ramifications throughout the sporting world.
CTE and the National Hockey League
The summer of 2011 was one of the most tragic periods in the history of the NHL. That summer saw the deaths of Derek Boogaard, Rick Rypien and Leafe Wade Belak in a span of four months. Boogaard, Rypien, and Belak, all played the role of enforcer during their NHL careers. An enforcer, in hockey terms, is a designated player given the responsibility and task of defending the other players on his team from cheap shots and other dirty plays. Enforcers tend to accomplish this task by playing a very physical game and specialize in the art of fighting. The three players also shared many of the common symptoms of CTE.8
It is reported that it is common for those who suffer from CTE to become depressed and resort to the use of drugs and alcohol to cope with the disease.9 Boogaard, Rypien, and Belak all suffered these symptoms towards the end of their lives.10
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- Could incidents of concussion in sport be an issue of negligence?
- Moore & Bertuzzi officially reach an agreement: NHL violence avoids spotlight for now
- The legality of boxing: a punch drunk love?
- The knock out blow: how Australia is tackling concussion & neck injuries
About the Author
Ryan is an American attorney at Lake Law Group, LLC and a sports consultant at Beyond the Playbook. He works extensively on ice hockey, soccer, baseball, basketball and Olympic movement issues. Ryan is also an Adjunct Professor at St. John’s University School of Law.
- Full Profile

domain: sports


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Intel investors, take note: When the world's largest semiconductor maker holds its press conference Wednesday, keep your ears open for the words "tri-gate transistor." The unveiling of such ready-for-prime-time transistors would be a monumental advancement for the chip giant, say Wall Street analysts.
Intel (INTC), which is keeping the details of what's being announced strictly under wraps, will only say that this will be "its most significant technology announcement of the year," notes a CNBC report. But should the announcement be that its long-awaited tri-gate transistors, which it alluded to as far back as 2006, are finally ready for production, that would be a real show stopper, analysts say.
"This architecture will separate the men from the boys," said one Wall Street analyst. "No one else has a tri-gate transistor in volume production."
Transistors are part of a chip's architecture, which is rarely overhauled. But as chip companies repeatedly shrink the size of their chips, eventually they have to change that architecture -- the recipe for how the chips are built. The analyst noted that very few semiconductor companies can afford to retool their chips' architecture as they get smaller and still maintain the benefit of Moore's law. Under Moore's law, the number of transistors on a chip is expected to double roughly every two years, substantially boosting the power and performance of the chip.
According to Intel's 2006 sneak peak at its plan for tri-gate transistors:
The integrated CMOS tri-gate transistors will play a critical role in Intel's energy-efficient performance philosophy because they have a lower leakage current and consume less power than planar transistors.
Because tri-gate transistors greatly improve performance and energy efficiency, they enable Intel to extend the scaling of silicon transistors. Intel expects that the tri-gate transistors could become the basic building block for microprocessors in future technology nodes. The technology can be integrated into an economical, high-volume manufacturing process, leading to high-performance and low-power products.
Back then, it was predicted that chips with tri-gate transistors would be on the market by 2010.
Some of the other predictions of what may be unveiled tomorrow include an Atom processor that consumes less power for mobile phones and tablet computers, according to CNBC.
Meanwhile, the electronics engineering website EE Times speculated that Intel may be unveiling its 22-nanometer chips. The silicon giant noted last fall at its Intel Developers Forum that it was on schedule to market its 22-nm chips during the second half of this year. Those chips are expected to use planar technology -- a flat surface -- rather than vertical tri-gate transistors.
Get info on stocks mentioned in this article:


text:
The Northwestern Juvenile Project: Next Generation, led by Linda Teplin, PhD, will be the first prospective study of intergenerational transmission of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the children of delinquent youth
Drug Abuse and Related Health Disparities: An Intergenerational Longitudinal Study of Offspring of Delinquent Youth
Funding Agency: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health
Award Date: August 31, 2018
Amount: $2,753,906 (total costs) over 5 years
Principal Investigator: Linda A. Teplin
Every year in the United States, more than 900,000 juveniles are arrested and approximately 250,000 court cases result in incarceration. Racial/ethnic minority youth and adults are disproportionately incarcerated, especially for drug crimes. To address health inequities, the study team has been conducting the Northwestern Juvenile Project (NJP), a 16-year longitudinal study of health outcomes of youth after detention. Substance use disorders (SUDs) were the most common psychiatric disorders at detention (affecting about one-half of males and females), the most common comorbid disorder, and the most persistent disorder, affecting 1 in 5 participants in young adulthood. Many delinquent youth become parents when young; their offspring are at great risk for SUDs and related problem behaviors. The current investigation, the Northwestern Juvenile Project: Next Generation, will be the first prospective study of intergenerational transmission of SUDs in the children of delinquent youth. The project addresses the limitations of prior intergenerational studies, many of which were conducted overseas and therefore unable to address health inequities in the United States.
We will study n=428 offspring (ages 12-15 years), their parents, n=428, and an additional primary caregiver, estimated n=261. We chose ages 12-15 years because it is a critical developmental period for substance abuse. Leveraging prospective data that have already been collected on parents (up to 14 interviews), the Specific Aims will investigate: (1) intergenerational transmission of substance use, SUDs, and related problem behaviors in offspring; (2) mechanisms of intergenerational transmission, focusing on the exposure of the child to the parents’ substance abuse and to the collateral consequences of the parents’ incarcerations; and (3) how services can ameliorate the intergenerational transmission of substance abuse.
The investigation is innovative by focusing on: (1) parents who have been in the correctional system; (2) the consequences of incarceration; (3) African Americans and Hispanics, groups that are disproportionately incarcerated and who face the most serious consequences of drug abuse; (4) use and disorder, examining 10 subcategories of substances: marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogen/PCP, opioid, amphetamine, inhalant, sedative, unspecified drug, alcohol, and tobacco; (5) resilience to intergenerational transmission in an exceptionally high-risk population; (6) patterns of homotypic and heterotypic continuity.
The study responds to (1) the National Academy of Medicine’s call for translational research to address the social determinants of health disparities; (2) the NIMHD Strategic Plan, which requests studies to address disparities in the causal factors of substance abuse; (3) the NIAAA Health Disparities Strategic Plan to build a knowledge base for populations that have received less attention in studies of alcohol abuse; and (4) the NIDA 2016-2020 Strategic Plan to identify environmental, behavioral, and social causes and consequences of addiction and determine mechanisms that underlie individual risk and resilience for addiction.Back to top

domain: medical


text:
The A.V.A (American Vocal Academy) started as a free online music community of singers, song writers and industry professionals from around the world who strive to support new artists and their music. By coming together they formed a strong online force of over 47,000 people willing to help and contribute their knowledge to nurture young artists and develop talent. The people involved with the A.V.A have all pledged to contribute their talents on a regular basis to the growth of the independent artist and are dedicated to the cause. We hope that you will join us in our quest to keep music alive and thriving in the world.
Together we are strong…
With the A.V.A behind you,
No one person shall walk alone, we don’t just help artists, we kick start careers!
** Learn to sing and develop your talents in the A.V.A’s Artist Development program: (Click here)

domain: artistic


text:
By Dan Gramza
September 11, 2013 • Reprints
The most volatile sector for Q4? Here's how our experts see it
S&P 500 Index: Room to disappoint
What's driving ruble lower?
CFTC to look at bitcoin, forex clearing
US Energy Revolution: Below $3 at...
Trading with Nadex bull spreads
No freezing out bears


New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg could announce as early as Thursday that he will ask the city to change its rules on term limits so that he can seek a third four-year term.
If Mr. Bloomberg does make this move, as was widely reported Tuesday, it highlights the extent to which the financial crisis threatens an economic crisis for the city, one he will argue demands his continued steady hand. While a spokesman for Mr. Bloomberg declined to comment Tuesday, at least one potential rival put out a statement opposing a change to the law, which voters approved in an election.
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Has anybody ever heard of a good way to set up a FPTV for RP with about a 92" screen. I know they make RPTV screens for this but they are very expensive so I have heard about 4000.00 Is there a cheaper DIY alternative. Thanks.
Kevin C. http://www.avsforum.com/ubb/smile.gif
We will be adding such a paint to our product line in the future...so you can spray a plastic film material (damn, you'd better paint evenly!). If that turns out be a dismal failure due to consistency problems... then you would really have to shop around. I think it can be done, it will just have to ba a product that requires multiple thinned layers, to cut the accumulative effect of overlap errors. No lensing effect, though. Low gain only.
---Place Signature Here---
[This message has been edited by KBK (edited 01-23-2001).]
Last summer I completed an RPTV type screen out of the "frosted" privacy film that can be purchased at the local home improvement store. It was sold in rolls 4 feet wide by 15 feet in the one I got.
48 inches tall would yield a 16x9 image that is 85" horizontally and approx 98" diagionally.
Here's how things worked for me. I cut a hole in the side of a storage shed next to the pool and mounted the glass. Then I squeeged the film onto the window following the directions. Piece of cake. Only problem was the major reflection on the glass with the film on the inside of the shed. Placed film on outside of glass and it worked awesome. One thing to consider is to "low" mount the projector so that you can not see directly into the bulb path, otherwise there is a large white "hotspot". I place my 400 lumen sony down low. From pool level / seated position the picture was perfect. If you stood up, things got pretty bad.
Another really cool thing to try is to put this film on a first surface mirror.... Unfortunatly the largest size I had was about 30" square, but the picture was sweet!
To bad the temp in texas this summer was over 110 the week that I built the screen. Needless to say that the screen looked like bubble pop by the following weekend. This stuff should work pretty well, if you keep it indoors...
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Select () or exclude () categories to narrow your recipe search.
As you select categories, the number of matching recipes will update.
Find exactly what you're looking for with the web's most powerful recipe filtering tool.
1/2 Photos of Barbecued Meatballs
Got this from a friend a long time ago. I like the tangy flavor it gives. I always serve it with mashed potatoes and a salad.
Units: US | Metric
Serving Size: 1 (234 g)
Servings Per Recipe: 4

domain: food


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What Can you Do With a Fretlight Guitar?
Fretlight Electric Guitar
The Fretlight FG-671 Classic
The Fretlight FG-671 Classic is an amazing guitar on its own, add the Fretlight Learning System and it's just amazing. A gorgeous Swamp Ash semi-hollow body and a hard-tail bridge make one serious guitar.
The Fretlight System with two-way truss rod and complex polymer fingerboard add the prefect touch to this insane T-Caster axe. Clearly a silent scale killer like never before.
Fretlight Features that give you an Edge
Fretlight Acoustic Guitar
The Fretlight FG-629 Acoustic/Electric
The Fretlight FG-629 Acoustic/Electric is a guitar players dream. Built-in digital tuner, bridge saddle pickup and EQ system for plugging into a PA or amp.
A spruce top highlights the full-size concert style body with light walnut back and sides. Abalone inlay decorates the sound hole while the top edge is finished with an ornamental cream colored binding. The gloss finish on the front, sides, back and neck gives this Acoustic/Electric an elegant look to match an exquisite sound. The two-way truss rod ensures that no matter what the environmental conditions, the neck remains straight and true.
Gary W., Verified Buyer 09/07/2018
"I've already seen improvement. It's much cleaner and faster to learn when the entire scale lights up and you can just focus on truly playing...you won't be disappointed."
Steve L., Verified Buyer 10/17/2018
I am impressed with the guitar. The Katana Fret-Level is the real deal. The guitar plays great. I lit up a scale i had never played and man, i killed it! It woudl have taken me weeks or months to learn it. What a great product and learning system.
Kevin C., Verified Buyer 11/3/2018
Soooo....easy to use...easy to see...wireless for most things I simply do not like...HOWEVER, this changes everything...Fretlight has offered up an amazing toolbox full of the coolest tools ever...looping...tempo changes...different tunings...somebody's gonna have to check on me next month to make sure I remember to eat....I may only leave the house when there's somewhere else to play
Brian J. Verified Buyer, 11/1/2018
Stop looking back and forth! Their right. I'm completely over the top of my expectations...the guitar is hands down worth double the price....Katana fret level is an absolute game changer...DON'T WAIT FOLKS.
Jim D., Verified Buyer
I've been a musician for decades. Someone please tell me why a guitarist wouldn't want tabs playing solos, riffs, arpeggio's, scales, modes, and chords playing right on the neck of their guitar? This is an unbelievable tool...
The Fretlight Guitar and Guitar Pro 7.5
Now you can connect your Fretlight wireless guitar to your PC or Mac via Bluetooth and see tablature light up on the Fretlight's fingerboard. Browse and download the thousands of free tabs on the Ultimate Guitar website. Open the tab in GP7.5 and watch as the tab plays and your Fretlight shows you exactly where to play. Slow it down, loop it, change to a custom tuning and much more!
The concept is simple. Instead of looking back and forth from diagram to the guitar, just look down at the diagrams right on the neck. The result is that you learn faster, have more fun, and memorize quicker.


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18k Two-Tone Engraving Detailed Emerald Cut Semi-Mount Engagement Ring SettingRegular price$5,940.00
Tax included. Shipping calculated at checkout.
18-karat white gold with yellow gold engraving detail and 2 side stones totaling .65 carats. Must ensure center stone fits inside center stone setting before purchasing. Inquire for more information before purchasing.
Can be sized.

domain: design


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A miserable little pile of secrets? No, where did you get that idea? Join the scholar Matteus Carter as he unveils the secrets of an ancient dwarven poem.
A royal heirloom passed down from the original dwarven deep-king Hjotar Zan Madroszal. Also known as the hammer of delayed oomph.
A dwarven masterwork shield, imbued with the power of wind.
The cover depicts a stylized rose with one drop of blood dripping from one of its thorns.
(But is there more than meets the eye with this book, of bloody course there is!)
What used to BEE the crown of an old dwarven king has now BEEn made a portable BEE-hive.
A large forest which is the site of a research monastery dedicated to Silence. In the course of developing new spells, the monks frequently deaden all sound in huge areas of the forest, an extremely eerie experience for anyone passing through.


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REDDIT fans are slamming Kourtney Kardashian and Travis Barker for letting his daughter, Alabama, 16, get a job.
Alabama Barker shared some exciting news with her followers, but the couple's fans aren't too happy about it.
"I'm SO excited to finally announce I am @prettylittlething's newest Brand Ambassador Stay tuned… 👀," she captioned her post.
The post featured her crouching down, reading a book in an all-pink room as she wore white, lace-up boots, a pink shirt, and a denim jacket.
Kourtney commented a bunch of hearts, while friends offered their congratulations.
Pretty Little Thing is a fast-fashion retailer, aimed at 16 to 42-year-old women.
They range from sizes 00 to 26.
Fans of Kourtney and Travis are slamming them saying "she's just a child" and "shouldn't be working."
A Reddit thread with a screenshot of the post and the title of her announcing her role got a lot of comments.
"Isn’t she 16? God this world is so f****d lol," one commenter said.
Most read in Celebrity
"Gosh, every time I see her I just CANT believe she’s a teenager. And maybe I’m just a 30-year-old grandma sitting on a high horse, but seriously I just cannot comprehend the psyche of a child who looks like this, with the celebrity power she has, and still only has been on this earth for a teenage amount of years," said another.
"I'm really getting old huh.... There's no denying it now when the new generation of influencers are her age," said a third.
LIKE STEPMOTHER, LIKE STEPDAUGHTER
Alabama is known to be a pretty fashionable teenager.
With her stepmother having a lot of money and nice clothes, it was only a matter of time before she started to wear Kourtney's clothes as well.
Just last week, she posted a photo on Instagram, showing off her dress, and fans quickly noticed it was a hand-me-down.
In fact, it was Kourtney's $2.3k Dolce & Gabanna dress.
The 16-year-old wore it to The Kardashians Hulu premiere, where she made her way down the red carpet.
"I think Kourtney is the cool mom who lets the kids raid her closet because I’ve seen things on both Atiana & Alabama that I swore I’d seen on Kourt first," said one fan.
"What a perk of having her for a stepmom. I think it’s a big deal letting your kids (step or not) raid* your designer closet!," wrote another.
NOT ALWAYS PICTURE PERFECT
Despite Travis' daughter usually looking perfect on social media and in front of the cameras, there was one instance where she didn't look so flattering.
The Instagram account Kravis4Ever posted a photo of Alabama in a black leather dress and an unflattering angle at Landon Barker's show.
She was quick to slam the fan page for posting that specific picture of her.
"But why this photo out of alllll of them like," Alabama commented.
Alabama is slammed a lot for "dressing too maturely" and "overdoing her make-up."
She revealed she copes with the trolls by distancing herself from social media.

domain: celebrity


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Florida State University’s annual “Art in STEM” exhibit returns for its eighth year on April 23, inviting global audiences to experience stunning visuals created by scholars in the disciplines of science, technology, engineering and mathematics.
The event is organized by FSU Graduate Women in STEM (GWIS), in collaboration with the FSU College of Arts and Sciences and the FSU Libraries Office of Digital Research and Scholarship. It will take place in a virtual format, as it has done since 2020.
The photography and art exhibit will feature the work of 19 students representing FSU departments of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences, Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mathematics, Molecular Biophysics, and Scientific Computing. This year’s artwork, which will also be on display at FSU’s Dirac Science Library, covers a range of topics including crystal growth, cancer research and flight data visualization.
Marcus Liebenthal, a chemistry PhD student whose research focuses on quantum chemistry, is among the students whose artwork features in this year’s exhibit, “Orbital Visualization of Thorium Complex,” a simulation showing how power plants and factories bind chemicals to radioactive elements, making it easier to dispose of toxic solutions.
“I simulate such a reaction, where thorium – a radioactive element – is bound to three cyclopentadiene anions,” Liebenthal said. “During the simulation, I visualize an orbit of one of the electrons that helps bind these molecules together, giving deeper insight into the underlying quantum mechanics.”
He added that he made ray-traced images of molecules as a hobby.
“I love the idea of simulating billions of photo rays and the realistic effects they can produce,” he said. “I wanted to share my artwork with people, and ‘Art in STEM’ seemed like a wonderful place to do that.”
Liebenthal said the exhibit “shows how much creativity goes into research and how often it goes unnoticed.”
“Art in STEM” has steadily grown in popularity since its inception in 2015. Its successful 2020 transition to a virtual platform inspired event organizers to deliver the format online for 2021 and 2022.
Azza Ben Akacha, PhD student in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and co-vice-president of GWIS, presented “Art in STEM” as the organization’s most important and anticipated event of the year.
“‘Art in STEM’ is a great opportunity to showcase the diversity of research done at FSU by undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral researchers,” said Ben Akacha. “Artwork is usually displayed at the Dirac Science Library throughout the year, so the FSU community has a chance to learn about the research work in the various departments.”
Ashley Arcidiacono, Ph.D. student in chemistry, added, “FSU has a proud heritage of outstanding research in STEM, and I think the community is always thrilled to learn of the great work being done on its campus. From record-breaking solar cell devices to new sustainable plastics, there are plenty of discoveries to celebrate at FSU.
Arcidiacono is the event coordinator for GWIS and has participated in the annual event for the past few years. She sees the expo as a great way to demonstrate the creativity and intriguing nature of STEM research for the entire campus community.
“Historically, science has been presented in a way that’s not always accessible to those who aren’t in a scientific field,” Arcidiacono said. “This event is a way to share innovative research conducted by undergraduates, graduates and postdocs in an exciting way to close this gap. Science is for everyone, and ‘Art in STEM’ celebrates this idea.
Members of the FSU community and the public are also invited to vote for their favorite artwork in the People’s Choice “Art in STEM” Award. The winning artist will receive a prize basket provided by the sponsors of the participating exhibition. Voting closes April 24 and the winner will be announced April 25.
The 2022 “Art in STEM” exhibition is now live at fsudrs.github.io/artinSTEM/. Viewers who missed the 2021 exhibit can browse the artwork at fsudrs.github.io/artinSTEM/past-exhibits/.


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Wednesday, Aug. 6, 2014 | 9 p.m.
A former emissions inspector in Las Vegas was sentenced to six months in prison after he falsified the smog test results of more than 1,000 vehicles, U.S. Attorney for Nevada Daniel Bogden announced today.
Henry Alberto Batista, 30, pleaded guilty to one count of making a false statement to a government agency in March. He also faces six months of home confinement and three years of supervised release. Batista must report to prison by Oct. 3.
His brother, Luis Batista, pleaded guilty to the same charge and was sentenced in May to time served and three years of supervised release, U.S. attorney officials said.
After serving about seven months, he is now on home confinement.
Alberto Batista, who was a licensed Nevada emissions inspector, knowingly made false material statements, representations or certifications to the Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles in about 1,600 records from July 2009 to Dec. 19, 2012, officials said.
He falsified emissions certificates for cars that couldn't pass the smog test by using substitute cars that would pass or by using a computer programmed emulator to trick the emissions analyzer into accepting data for the car that couldn't pass, officials said.
The case came to light in 2008 when the Nevada DMV hired a contractor to build an identification database for cars in an effort to find possible emissions testing fraud.
In 2008, the DMV discovered that more than 4,000 false car emissions certificates had been issued in Las Vegas, officials said.


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Words and pictures by Glenn Wilson
1/72 RS Models (Resin) Heinkel 112 V6 (A type) Kondor Legion
The Heinkel 112 V6 was a prototype of the Heinkel 112A, which ultimately lost out to the Messerschmitt 109 in the competition for the next Luftwaffe fighter. Its cannon armament was hoped to be useful for tank-busting, and this prototype was sent to Spain to check out the usage of cannons in this role. It was flown mainly by Harro Harder and eventually was written off (in Spain) when its back broke after a heavy landing.
This old resin kit was well moulded, went together well and was an enjoyable build. This (long Out Of Production) kit is the only kit I know of the Heinkel 112A – RS Models kitted two different protypes. The kit included the Kondor Legion markings.

domain: history


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- 1 How do you refrigerate food when camping?
- 2 How do you keep food safe from animals while camping?
- 3 Is it safe to store food in car when camping?
- 4 Can I keep food in my tent?
- 5 Where should I leave food when camping?
- 6 How long will dry ice last in a cooler?
- 7 What smells do bears hate?
- 8 Can bears smell through Ziploc bags?
- 9 Why we shouldn’t leave food lying at the campsite?
- 10 Can a bear smell food in a car?
- 11 Is food in a cooler in a car safe from bears?
- 12 Can bears smell food in a refrigerator?
- 13 What should you not bring camping?
- 14 Will Raccoons attack my tent?
- 15 How do you keep a tent safe from bears?
How do you refrigerate food when camping?
13 Tips: Keeping Food Cold When Camping
- Invest in the right cooler. This is the single more important decision to keeping your food cold.
- Pre-chill your cooler.
- Choose long-lasting ice.
- Freeze your food.
- Use ice packs.
- Two coolers are better than one.
- Pack your cooler tight, and pack it right!
- Keep your cooler in the shade.
How do you keep food safe from animals while camping?
How to Store and Dispose of Food While Camping to Keep Critters Away
- Reduce the Amount of Packaging (and Food) You’ll Need to Dispose Of.
- Don’t Create Highly Scented Garbage.
- Use Odor-Proof Bags.
- Use Bear Bags and Bear Canisters.
- Keep Your Distance.
- Don’t Leave Food—or Garbage—Unattended Even for a Short Time.
Is it safe to store food in car when camping?
Yes, you can typically keep food in your car while you’re camping. However, keep in mind that it may draw animals to your campsite. You’ll need to know how to keep the scent of your food locked in. Additionally, some campgrounds may have rules requiring you to keep your food in a locker at night.
Can I keep food in my tent?
Never leave food in your tent [source: NPS]. You can wrap food in plastic bags and hang the bags on trees above the ground [source: Sanders]. Keep all your supplies, including toothpaste and deodorant, away from your tent because anything with a smell can attract bears [source: NPS].
Where should I leave food when camping?
Be sure to keep the container closed and locked even while you’re around your campsite.
- Place containers on flat, level ground 100 feet or more from your campsite.
- Do NOT place containers near cliffs or any water source, as a bear may knock the container around or roll it down a hill trying to open it.
How long will dry ice last in a cooler?
Dry ice lasts approximately 18-24 hours in a regular sized styrofoam cooler with 1-2 dry ice blocks. Dry ice can last up to 3 or 4 days in a larger cooler and when more blocks of dry ice are used in conjunction with each other.
What smells do bears hate?
Bears also dislike the strong scent of pine-based cleaners, but avoid using anything with a fresh, lemony or fruity smell. And never mix bleach and ammonia; the combination produces fumes that can be deadly to both people and bears.
Can bears smell through Ziploc bags?
Yes, bears can smell through Ziploc bags. This is because scent molecules can easily escape the thin plastic of the bags, and also because bears have one of the greatest senses of smell in the entire animal kingdom. When in bear country, don’t rely on Ziploc bags to block the smell of your food.
Why we shouldn’t leave food lying at the campsite?
Avoid leaving food out Human food can attract animals, even if it’s not nutritious and actually damaging to their health. Clear up all food you cook and eat, rather than leaving crumbs and scraps lying around. If an animal discovers food the chances are they’ll keep coming back.
Can a bear smell food in a car?
The reason a bear will smell food in your car is because out of all animals, bears have the best sense of smell. On average, a bear has a sense of smell 2,100 times better than a human. A bear’s intelligence and sense of smell are just two of the many good reasons not to leave food in your car.
Is food in a cooler in a car safe from bears?
Car Camping Food and other items with odors should still be stored in bear-resistant containers or hung properly. Keep windows and doors closed and locked at all times. Don’t leave anything that a bear might associate with food in view, such as coolers or grocery bags, even if there is no food in them.
Can bears smell food in a refrigerator?
Yes. Bears have a great sense of smell and can smell food inside a refrigerator.
What should you not bring camping?
Here’s a list of what not to bring camping on your next adventure trip.
- Colognes, perfumes, and scented lotions.
- Glassware and individual beer bottles.
- Family-size containers of food.
- High fashion jewelry or clothes.
Will Raccoons attack my tent?
When camping outdoors do raccoons attack tents? In general, raccoons don’t attack tents, which is good news if you’re looking to enjoy a weekend in the woods. Keep in mind, however, that raccoons do love to scavenge around campsites for food, so it’s important to store your food properly while outside.
How do you keep a tent safe from bears?
Keep a flashlight and bear spray in your tent at night. Sleep in your tent, not out in the open. Set up camp away from trails, berry patches, fresh bear sign and carcasses. Pack out all garbage and food scraps.


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My Favorite Interior Design Books
Discover some of the best interior design books to help you create a home you’ll love for years to come!
My love for interior design books runs deep! If I could go back in time, I’m pretty sure I would opt to attend interior design school over becoming a teacher. Don’t get me wrong – I love children. I had two of them. 🙂 But I really feel my passion ‘or obsession’ is more with home design and decorating.
I try my best – with a limited budget – to make our home a retreat from the world that’s comfortable and hopefully a little stylin’ as well. But I know there’s a whole lot that I don’t know in this area. So I research interior design books trying to learn all I can. So today I wanted to share with you five of my favorite interior design books that I’ve found to be extremely helpful.
Plus I have a little giveaway too! More on that in a bit. But first, let’s talk about the books!
1 | Design Wise: Your Smart Guide to a Beautiful Home
I found this interior design book incredibly helpful in learning how to space plan for a room. Vern includes a ton of information on how to get the right measurements – which in turn will give you a roadmap of where to go with furniture and it’s proper placement.
Plus there’s great tips on how to shop smart when it comes to furniture buying and how to make a room your own. And there’s a ton of inspirational photos as well to help get your own home design imagination cranking! 🙂
2 | Homebody: A Guide to Creating Spaces You Never Want to Leave
Joanna has great style (in my humble opinion). Even though her style is often labeled ‘farmhouse’ which isn’t necessarily my style. But there’s still so much she designs that speaks to my neutral loving heart.
In the first part of her book, she helps you discover your own home interior style. And then she gives you a ton of design ideas for designing and decorating every room in the home. I found it to be a very practical guide to help me add design and style to our own home.
3 | Made For Living: Collected Interiors for All Sorts of Styles
Amber is super, duper talented. I’ve followed her on Instagram for years and I’m always impressed with her design. So when she came out with a book a few months ago, I had to snatch it up!
Amber describes her book as “designed to help you develop a personal approach to interior style that feels as if it grew up out of the ground, rather than bought or prescribed”. She wants to help you create spaces in your home that feel both fresh and current and but also layered and approachable. If you love good interior design eye candy – this book is perfect!
4 | The Home Edit: A Guide to Organizing and Realizing Your House Goals
If you know me, you know I love to organize all the things. And even though I have already organized a ton of places in our home – I still have a ton more to go. So, I bought this book to not only give me a ton of organizing tips but also to motivate me.
There’s places in our home that need some serious organization and I’ve been overwhelmed and frustrated. So instead of diving into those areas, I run away and retreat. And then leave the mess for another day when some how I will ‘magically’ know what to do. Ugh. Yea – don’t do what I do. Get this book and get moving into a more organized home!
5 | Habitat: The Field Guide to Decorating
Lauren’s book has been my favorite (of all time) go-to interior design book! This book is divided into three sections. One – the fundamental elements of design – where she breaks down architecture, hardware, floor plans, furniture, rugs and more. Two – the intangible elements of design – which is things like style, mood, authenticity, comfort, risk, confidence and more. And finally the third section – her room-by-room guide – where she shares her thoughts on specific rooms and how she goes about decorating them. So much valuable information!!!
I also have Lauren’s Down to Earth, which is a collection of the homes she has styled. Highly recommend this book as well!
SHOP THE POST:
And guess what? I want to help you get inspired with all the home design tips you can get your hands on. So, I have an extra copy of HABITAT to giveaway! To enter to win – just leave a comment on this post. I will pick a winner and announce it here on this post next week. Good luck! UPDATE: Congratulations, Barbara! You were the lucky winner! 🙂
Do you have favorite interior design books? What’s your go-to?
Thank you for this post! I always look forward to your posts. I bought the Made For Living book the other day and it is SO good!
Thank you for your posts! I love the Studio McGee Target Spring Decor. I never would have known about it without your post.
Really enjoying your posts. We just moved to Colorado from upstate New York last July to be closer to my son and his family. I found you right after we moved here. We’ve been living in an apartment since then and 2 weeks ago we moved into our new house so this book would really be great to help me decorate the new house
Thanks for the chance to win! I love all things PotteryBarn. Always trying to get the look for less!
Love your posts and thanks for chance for the giveaway. I get so many ideas!
Wonderful post! Thank you. I need to buy the Made For Living book as well, it looks amazing.
Like you, I absolutely love interior design books! I already have two of the five (Made for Living is amazing – I love Amber Lewis’ work) but I would love to have Habitat, as well.
Love both Home Body & The Home Edit, and am excited to add the other 3 to my list… thanks for compiling! I also love Inspired You, by Marian Parsons, and ALL of James T. Farmer’s books.
Thanks for this list! Already love Home Body & The Home Edit, and can’t wait to check out the other 3. Would definitely recommend any of the James T. Farmer books ~ you’ll love them!
Thank you for sharing these books. I’m looking forward to checking them out for some new design ideas and creative inspiration.
They are all beautiful books! Thank you for sharing!
I love this post, and always look forward to reading your newsletter. Thanks for always inspiring me!
Hey Barbara! You are the lucky winner! Congratulations! Could you please email me at inspirationformoms (at) gmail (dot) com with your mailing address? Thank you!
Ahh, all of these look and sound wonderful! Absolutely would love to own Habitat!
I don’t think I could pick just one!
I’m such a fan of Lauren Liess! She has a way of making home design look so effortless, nothing looks “overworked”. Thanks for a chance to win her incredible book.
I enjoy reading your posts. Thank you for sharing your favorite sources!
I love looking at design ideas. Thank you for posting these great books! It’s so fun to see your decor!


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The phrase root canal is one that makes patients cringe. No one wants to hear their dentist tell them they need this procedure. But, while it may sound scary, the truth is that it is becoming nearly as common as a filing for a cavity.
Root canal treatment can help to save your tooth – and relieve pain. So, what is it? And, when is it required? Let’s talk about it.
Root Canal Treatment: What is it?
What may have started out as a small cavity grows without treatment. As the decay spreads, it can work its way through the outer layer of enamel, the second layer known as dentin, and the soft inner core that goes all the way to the jaw bone. It’s the core where you will find the pulp, full of nerves, blood vessels, and tissue.
Once the decay reaches the core, it can lead to inflammation and infection which can be incredibly painful for some.
Root canal treatment cleans out the decay that has reached the pulp and heals the infection.
Signs a Root Canal Treatment is Needed
Signs of infection and decay that are serious enough to warrant a root canal treatment are:
Root canal pain in teeth can be present when eating, when applying pressure to the area, or just a general chronic ache. It is important to keep in mind that there are many dental issues that cause tooth pain – and not all require a root canal. A thorough examination by a dentist will help determine the appropriate treatment method.
Sensitivity to Hot or Cold
When a root canal is needed, it is common to feel sensitivity when eating or drinking something cold or hot. Sipping hot coffee or eating ice cream, for example, can give you an uncomfortable sensation that hurts momentarily. Though, sometimes the pain can linger for a little bit.
Keep in mind that some people are naturally sensitive to certain temperatures so it is best to have your dentist examine the teeth to see if a root canal is needed.
Changes in Gums
The decay going on within the tooth can impact the gums, too. Sometimes they will swell or feel sore and tender around the infected tooth. The appearance of a small bump that looks similar to a pimple may also be found on the gums near the tooth.
This can signal that something is going on within the tooth that requires attention.
Discoloration of the Tooth
A tooth that is full of decay will often begin to change color. Rather than being its usual pearly-white self, it may start to darken. This may be in certain areas or within the whole tooth.
Anytime you see color changes and darkening within a tooth it is cause for concern and should be addressed by your dentist.
Root Canals at Hudson Endodontics
If you require a root canal or you think you may need one, it is important to see your dentist right away. At Hudson Endodontics, we are specialists in saving teeth.

domain: health