This thesis focuses on the development of a flexible, physics-based life prediction approach for steels under complex conditions. Low alloy steels continue to be the materials of choice for large turbomachinery structures experiencing high temperatures for long durations. There has been significant advancement in the research of modern alloys; furthermore, these materials are continue to be utilized in boilers, heat exchanger tubes, and throttle valve bodies in both turbomachinery and pressure-vessel/piping applications. The material 2.25Cr-1Mo is studied in the present work. The resistance of this alloy to deformation and damage under creep and/or fatigue at elevated temperatures make it appropriate for structures required to endure decades of service. Also, this material displays an excellent balance of ductility, corrosion resistance, and creep strength under aggressive operating conditions. Both creep-fatigue (CF) and thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) have been the limiting factor for most turbine components fabricated from various alloys; therefore, a life prediction approach is constructed for simulating fatigue life for cases where the material is experiencing mechanical loading with thermal cycling. Flexibility is imparted to the model through its ability to emphasize the dominant damage mechanism which may vary among alloys. A material database is developed to improve and compare the model with experimental data. This database contains low cycle fatigue (LCF), creep fatigue (CF), and thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) experiments. Parameters for the model are obtained with regression fits with the support of a broad experimental database. Additionally, the cumulative damage approach, better known as Miner's rule, is used in this study as the fundamental method to combine damage mechanisms. Life predictions are obtained by the usage of a non-interacting creep-plasticity constitutive model capable of simulating not only the temperature- and rate-dependence.
If this is your thesis or dissertation, and want to learn how to access it or for more information about readership statistics, contact us at STARS@ucf.edu
Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering (M.S.A.E.)
College of Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Aerospace Engineering; Thermofluid Aerodynamic Systems
Length of Campus-only Access
Masters Thesis (Open Access)
Irmak, Firat, "A Flexible Physics-Based Lifing Method for Metals Under Creep and Thermomechanical Fatigue" (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 5667.


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domain: economics


text:
Painted cotton fragment
Object Place: India
Overall: 71 x 32.5 cm (27 15/16 x 12 13/16 in.)
Medium or Technique
Not On View
Ground: white cotton. Design: delicate scrolling vines with flowers and conventionalized rococo leaves painted red, blue, and neutral violet with dark neutral outlines.
Purchased by the MFA, March 6, 1930
Arthur Mason Knapp Fund

domain: design


text:
|Publication number||US4834908 A|
|Application number||US 07/104,658|
|Publication date||May 30, 1989|
|Filing date||Oct 5, 1987|
|Priority date||Oct 5, 1987|
|Also published as||CA1302720C|
|Publication number||07104658, 104658, US 4834908 A, US 4834908A, US-A-4834908, US4834908 A, US4834908A|
|Inventors||James L. Hazen, Rudolf H. A. Frank, Paul S. Zorner, James R. Campbell|
|Original Assignee||Basf Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (6), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (131), Classifications (29), Legal Events (4)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
1. Field of the Invention
The subject invention relates to crop oil concentrates. More particularly, the subject invention relates to improved crop oil concentrates which enhance the efficacy of herbicides, and which defeat the antagonism which often results when two or more herbicides are used in combination.
2. Description of the Related Art
It is well established that a variety of adjuvants play important roles in the application of herbicides. These adjuvants are a diverse group of components with equally diverse functions which may often be determined from their generic names, i.e. "spreaders," "stickers," "solubilizers," "emulsifiers," "flow control agents," "drift control agents," and so on. Among the many useful herbicide adjuvants are the so-called "crop oil concentrates."
Crop oil concentrates are often recommended by herbicide manufacturers and formulators for inclusion in tank mixes to increase the efficacy of postemergent herbicide formulations. Crop oil concentrates are available from a variety of sources, and generally consist of from 75-95 percent by weight of a hydrocarbon oil or solvent with the balance being a surfactant. The hydrocarbons which form the bulk of the crop oil concentrate may be derived from mineral (petroleum) or vegetable sources. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,990,884 discloses an herbicide system containing, in addition to the 4-chloro-2-butynyl-m-chlorocarbanilate active ingredient, from 10-30% by weight of an oxyethylated fatty alcohol, 5-15% of calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate and 25 to 75% of a hydrocarbon oil.
Although the use of selected crop oil concentrates may enhance herbicidal efficacy, it is well known that many of the proprietary concentrates available are not as effective as others. Some may even impact negatively upon herbicidal efficacy. Additionally, there is a great deal of inconsistency with regard to the make up of available crop oil concentrates. Finally, to further complicate the situation, manufacturers frequently change the formulations without notifying the consumer, resulting in a great deal of uncertainty with regard to their performance.
In recent years, the situation with respect to crop oil concentrates has achieved such a level of notoriety that some agriculturists refer to them as "snake oils." Thus there is a need in the agricultural sector, for a crop oil concentrate with a well defined make-up which is capable of enhancing the efficacy of a broad spectrum of herbicides, and which gives reproducible results.
It has now been surprisingly discovered that certain crop oil concentrates enhance activity of a broad spectrum of herbicides to an unexpectedly high level, and moreover these same crop oil concentrates surprisingly defeat the antagonism which is often created when two or more herbicides are utilized simultaneously.
The crop oil concentrates of the subject invention comprise a mixture of (a) a lower alkanol ester of a long chain carboxylic acid; (b) an anionic surfactant derived from esterification of a polyoxyalkylene nonionic surfactant with a dihydric or trihydric inorganic acid or by carboxylation with an organic acid derivative; (c) a long chain carboxylic acid; and (d) a hydrocarbon component.
The lower alkanol ester of the long chain carboxylic acid (a) may be considered as derived from a lower alkanol having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, or butyl alcohol, and a long chain carboxylic acid. The methyl and ethyl esters are preferred. Most particularly, the methyl esters are utilized. The long chain carboxylic acid generally contains from 10-20 carbon atoms, preferably from 14-18 carbon atoms. Preferred are those carboxylic acids obtainable from natural sources such as fats and oils, for example lauric, myristic, stearic, linoleic, linolenic, palmitic, and oleic acids. Mixtures of these acids are also useful. Preferred are oleic and palmitic acids and their mixtures. Thus the most preferred alkanol esters are methyl oleate, methyl palmitate, and mixtures of these esters. In the remainder of the specification, such compounds will be referred to as lower alkanol esters.
The anionic surfactants (b) which are useful in the practice of the subject invention are preferably the partial sulfate and phosphate esters of polyoxyalkylene ethers. These partial esters are prepared by methods well known to those skilled in the art, for example by reacting one of the well known and commercially available monohydric polyoxyalkylene ethers with sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid or their chemical equivalents. The sulfate esters so obtained consist predominately of the half ester (monoester) while the phosphate esters generally contain both mono- and diesters. Also useful, are the carboxylate surfactants.
The methods of preparation of such surfactants are well known to those skilled in the art. The sulfate esters may be prepared, for example, by reacting a suitable monofunctional polyoxyalkylene ether with sulfuric acid or its chemical equivalent, preferably sulfamic acid or sulfur trioxide. The phosphate esters may be prepared similarly by reaction of the monofunctional polyoxyalkylene ether with phosphoric acid, diphosphorus pentoxide, polyphosphoric acid, or phosphorus oxytrichloride. Methods of preparation are described in the treatise Nonionic Surfactants, Martin Schick, Ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, ©1967, in Chapter 11, pp 372-394.
The nonionic, monofunctional polyoxyalkylene ethers used to prepare the sulfate and phosphate esters are also well known to those skilled in the art, and are available commercially from many sources. Preferred nonionic, monofunctional polyoxyalkylene ethers have molecular weights of from about 400 to about 3000 Daltons, more preferably from about 600 to about 1200 Daltons, and particularly about 800 Daltons.
The preferred polyethers are prepared by oxyalkylating a monofunctional initiator by known methods. Preferred initiators are the alkylphenols such as octyl- and nonylphenol, and the aliphatic alcohols, particularly the latter. The preferred aliphatic alcohols have from 6 to 30, more preferably from 10 to 20, and in particular, from 12 to 16 carbon atoms in the aliphatic residue.
The alkylene oxides which may be used to prepare the nonionic monofunctional polyoxyalkylene intermediates include ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and butylene oxide. Tetrahydrofuran may also be useful. Preferred alkylene oxides are ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. When both these oxides are utilized, they may be added simultaneously, in sequence, or in combinations of these modes of addition, to prepare block, heteric, and blockheteric surfactants. Ethylene oxide may also be used alone to form homopolymeric polyoxyethylene polyethers.
The carboxylate surfactants are derived from oxyethylated alipatic alcohols by reaction with chloroacetic acid in the presence of base. The preparation is described in the Schick treatise, supra, at pages 388-89. Preferably, the aliphatic alcohol contains from 8 to 18, more preferably from 10 to 14 carbon atoms, and is oxyethylated with from 2 to 10, preferably from 3 to 8 moles of ethylene oxide. Preferred is the carboxylate formed from the reaction of chloroacetic acid and the four mole oxyethylate of lauryl alcohol. Reference in the specification and the claims to "carboxylates" of monohydroxyl functional polyoxyalkylene ethers is to this type of surfactant.
The long chain carboxylic acid (c) may have a chain length, of from 10 to 20 carbon atoms. Preferably, the carboxylic acid is selected from the group of naturally occurring fatty acids such as stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and the like and mixtures thereof. The unsaturated fatty acids are preferred. Most preferably, the organic acid is oleic acid. The long chain carboxylic acid may be added as an individual component, or it may be derived from the in situ hydrolysis of the lower alkanol ester (a). It is preferable to add the long chain carboxylic acid as an individual component and thus substantially avoid changes in the overall composition over time due to ester hydrolysis.
Components (a), (b), and (c) may be used alone as the crop oil concentrate. However, in such a case, the viscosity of the concentrate is higher than is desirable. Furthermore, at low temperatures, certain of the components of the concentrate may precipitate to some degree. Such low temperatures are often encountered in the northernly climates or in the early spring. Hence it is desirable that component (d), the hydrocarbon component, be added to decrease the viscosity of the concentrate and to help prevent component separation at low temperatures.
The hydrocarbon component (d) may be derived principally from vegetable or petroleum sources. Preferred are the aromatic solvents particularly those containing alkylated benzenes and naphthalenes. Such solvents are readily available from a number of sources, for example, the Shellsolve® solvents available from the Shell Oil Co., Houston, Tex., and the Aromatic® 150 and 200 solvents available from the Exxon Corporation. The hydrocarbon component may also contain up to about 30 percent by weight, preferrably from 10-30 percent by weight of a solvent soluble alcohol, for example isooctanol, to maintain or enchance the physical properties of the blend. Other solvent soluble alcohols which are suitable are those which generally contain from 5 to about 18 carbon atoms, preferably from 5 to about 10 carbon atoms. The term "hydrocarbon component" as used herein should be taken as including both aliphatic and aromatic solvents as well as their mixtures, including also the solvent soluble alcohol component described immediately above. The hydrocarbon component is believed to exert some biochemical effect in concert with that of the remaining ingredients, and hence may be considered an active ingredient.
When utilized as a crop oil concentrate without the hydrocarbon component, the composition generally contains, in percent by weight relative to the total weight of the concentrate, from 20 to 90 percent lower alkanol ester, 4 to 40 percent anionic surfactant, and 2 to 20 percent fatty acid. Preferably, the composition contains 30 to 80 percent lower alkanol ester, 4 to 20 percent surfactant, and 4 to 16 percent fatty acid. Most preferably it contains 70 to 80 percent lower alkanol ester, 10 to 20 percent surfactant, and 8 to 14 percent fatty acid.
The prefered hydrocarbon component-containing crop oil concentrates generally contain, in percent by weight relative to the total weight of the crop oil concentrate, from about 10 to about 60 percent of lower alkanol ester, from about 2 to about 20 percent anionic surfactant, from 1 to about 10 percent fatty acid, and from 70 to about 30 percent hydrocarbon component. More preferably, the crop oil concentrate contains from 25 to 45 percent lower alkanol ester, 2 to about 10 percent anionic surfactant, 2 to 8 percent fatty acid, and 60 to 40 percent hydrocarbon component. Most preferably, the crop oil concentrate contains from about 35 to about 40 percent lower alkanol ester, from about 5 to about 10 percent anionic surfactant, from about 4 to 7 percent fatty acid, and about 50 percent hydrocarbon component. The hydrocarbon component may optionally contain up to about 30 percent, preferably from 10 to about 20 percent, and most preferably about 18 percent of a solvent soluble alcohol.
The crop oil concentrates of the subject invention may be utilized in many postemergent herbicide formulations, generally in amounts of from about 0.5 to about 8 l/ha, preferably from about 2 to about 5 l/ha. Many manufacturers recommend the use of crop oil concentrates for particular applications or, in some cases, for all applications of their herbicides. In other cases, the concentrates may be used as experience dictates. The crop oil concentrates of the subject invention have been found effective with herbicides of diverse chemical structure, for example with the cyclohexenone herbicides, with benzothiadiazinonedioxide herbicides, with diphenylether herbicides, with dipyridilium herbicides and with aryloxyphenoxy herbicides including analogues containing heterocycles such as the quinoxalinyloxyphenoxy herbicides. The crop oil concentrates are especially effective with the cyclohexenone-type herbicides, and particularly when these herbicides are used in conjunction with herbicides of other classes.
The cyclohexenone herbicides with which the subject invention crop oil concentrates may be used are well known. Examples of their preparation and use may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,950,420; 4,011,256, 4,249,937, and 4,666,510. Specific mention may be made of certain of the more common cyclohexenones, including alloxydim, sethoxydim, cycloxydim, clethodim, and cloproxydim.
The diphenyl ether herbicides and their analogues are likewise well known. These herbicides are described, for example, in chapter 14 of Herbicides, P. C. Kearney et. al., published by Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York ©1976. Many other classes of herbicides are also described in this two volume treatise. Also well known are the dipyridilium herbicides such as paraquat, diquat, and morfamquat.
In the examples which follow, herbicides or herbicide mixtures are tested for their efficacy against a variety of common weeds. In many cases, comparisons are made to similar compositions containing other crop oil concentrates. The "standard" crop oil concentrate used for comparison purposes is "Booster Plus E," a product of the Agway Corporation. This product has been widely used in herbicide applications and appears to have consistent formulation and product quality. In the examples, this "standard" crop oil concentrate is labeled "OC". In certain cases, sunflower oil methyl ester, nonionic surfactants, or other crop oils are compared to the subject invention crop oil concentrates. In all the tables showing efficacy of the crop oil concentrate/herbicide mixtures against various species of weeds, the numerical values in the tables represent the percentage of weed control, or percent kill of the various species. The term "Concentrate" is used to represent "crop oil concentrate" in these tables.
Crop oil concentrates COC-1, COC-2, and COC-3 were prepared by mixing together the following ingredients in parts by weight:
______________________________________ COC-1 COC-2 COC-3______________________________________C-65 ® methylester.sup.1 37.5 37.5 30.0Klearfac ® AA270 7.5 7.5 15.0anionic surfactant.sup.2Oleic acid 5.0 5.0 5.0Aromatic ® 150 solvent.sup.3 50.0 42.5 35.0Isooctanol -- 7.5 15.0 100.0 100.0 100.0______________________________________ .sup.1 C-65 ® methylester is a product available from the Stepan Chemical Co. It is an approximately 1:1 blend of methyloleate and methylpalmitate derived from natural sources. .sup.2 Klearfac ® AA270 is a phosphate ester surfactant derived from nonionic polyether having a molecular weight of about 800 Dalton. It is available from BASF Corp., Parsippany, N.J. .sup.3 Aromatic ® 150 solvent is a mixed aromatic solvent available from the Exxon Chemical Corporation.
In comparing the efficacy of the subject invention crop oil concentrates with alternative crop oil concentrates, the respective concentrates were added at levels of generally from 2 to 5 l/ha to tank mixes of the herbicides and agitated to prepare a uniform mixture. Cyclohexenone herbicides A, B, C, and D are experimental cyclohexenones of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,249,937, 4,011,256, and 3,950,420.
Standard abbreviations for the various weed species found in the text which follows may be found below:
______________________________________AVEFA Avena fatua wild oatsAVESA Avena sativa oats (volunteer)BRAPP Brachiaria platyphylla broadleaf signal grassBROSE Bromus secalinus ryebromeCHEAL Chenopodium album fat henDAOTE Daubentonia texana coffee weedDATST Datura stramonium thorn-appleDIGSA Digitoria sanguinalis large crabgrassECHCG Echinochloa crus-galli barnyard grassFESAR Festuca arundinacea tall fescueHORVU Hordeum vulgare barley (volunteer)IPOLA Ipomoea lacunosa pitted morning gloryLEFTI Leptochloa filiformis red sprangletopLOLMU Lolium multiflorum annual ryegrassPANTE Panicum texanum witchgrassPOAAN Poa annua meadow grassPOAPR Poa pratensus smooth meadow grassSETFA Setaria faberii giant fox tailSETLU Setaria lutescens yellow foxtailSETVI Setaria viridis green foxtailSORHA Sorghum halepense Johnson grassTRZAX Triticum aestivum wheat (volunteer)XANPE Xanthium pennsylvanicum cockleburZEAMX Zea mays corn (volunteer)______________________________________
Herbicide mixtures are frequently used in weed control. Often, one selective herbicide will show great efficacy in controlling several weed species but will have little effect on others. When complete weed control is desired either sequential application of two or more herbicides is required or one application of a mixture of two or more herbicides is required. Successive herbicide application is not cost-effective. However, the use of mixtures of herbicides often fails to achieve the desired results due to apparent antagonism between the herbicides.
Antagonism may be true biological antagonism where, for example, the biochemical effect of one herbicide is partially or wholly destroyed by the second herbicide. Antagonism may also be physical antagonism where either one herbicide or its formulation ingredients wholly or partially prevents the biological uptake of the second herbicide. It is frequently difficult, if not impossible, for the agriculturist to identify which of these types of antagonism is operative. Thus the term "apparent antagonism" is an appropriate one to describe the net, observable effect--a decrease in the efficacy of one herbicide when used in conjunction with another.
An example of apparent antagonism frequently occurs when grass herbicides and broadleaf herbicides are used simultaneously. Cyclohexenone herbicide A for example, is very effective in controlling a number of obnoxious grass species in various crops. Cyclohexenone A has little or no effect, however, on broadleaf weeds, where bentazon is very effective. When cyclohexenone A is used with the "standard" crop oil concentrate, control of POAAN and BROSE is greater than 90 percent control, a very acceptable value. There is no grass control at all in the presence of bentazon when the "standard" oil concentrate is used. When the crop oil concentrate of the subject invention is used, however, control is maintained at high levels. These results are summarized in Table I.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________Effect of Oil Concentrates on Antagonism BetweenCyclohexenone A and Bentazon Oil Concentrate Species:Herbicide @ rate @ rate POAAN FESAR POAPR BROSE AVESA OVERALL__________________________________________________________________________Cyclohexenone A @ 75 g/ha OC @ 2 l/ha 91 95 97 91 99 92 COC-1 @ 2 l/ha 95 96 99 92 99 96Cyclohexenone A @ 75 g/ha + OC @ 2 l/ha 0 94 96 0 94 40bentazon @ 70 g/ha COC-1 @ 2 l/ha 89 95 98 93 97 91__________________________________________________________________________
When normal rates of either sethoxydim or cycloxydim are used in conjunction with bentazon, control of several week species, may be adversely effected. In Table II, sethoxydim is shown to be very effective on all weed species tested when used with the standard oil concentrate or with a commercially available nonionic surfactant, e.g. PLURAFAC® LF700 nonionic surfactant. However when bentazon, (Basagran® herbicide) is added, the control of all grass species decreases. TRZAX and HORVU control reaches totally unacceptable levels. Replacement of the oil concentrate or nonionic surfactant with the crop oil concentrate of the subject invention results in raising the level of control to substantially the same level as sethoxydim when used without bentazon.
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________Effect of Oil Concentrates on Herbicide Antagonism Concentrate Species:Herbicide @ rate (@ 2 l/ha) TRZAX AVESA LOLMU HORVU OVERALL__________________________________________________________________________Sethoxydim @ 200 g/ha OC 90 98 97 83 88 LF-700 93 99 98 84 90 COC-1 94 99 99 85 90Sethoxydim @ 200 g/ha + OC 32 93 90 28 50bentazon @ 720 g/ha LF-700 20 77 72 23 40 COC-1 80 98 94 72 80__________________________________________________________________________ .sup.1 PLURAFAC LF700 nonionic surfactant, a product of BASF Corporation, Parsippany, N.J.
As a further example, the addition of bentazon to tank mixes of cycloxydim and standard crop oil concentrate lowers overall weed control from 78 percent control, a quite acceptable level, to only 32 percent control, a level which is unacceptable. As Table IIa demonstrates, the use of COC-3 in place of the standard concentrate raises control to 73 percent. Thus the crop oil concentrate of the subject invention once again defeats the apparent antagonism displayed by the mix.
Not only are the crop oil concentrates efficient in defeating herbicide antagonism, they are valuable as highly effective crop oil concentrates in tank mixes containing but a single herbicide. The tables which follow illustrate the greater efficacy of the subject invention crop oil concentrates as compared to other concentrates.
TABLE IIa__________________________________________________________________________Effect of Oil Concentrate on Cycloxydim/BentazonAntagonism in Grass Control Oil Concentrate @ Species:Herbicide 1.5 l/ha DIGSA ECHCG ZEAMX OVERALL__________________________________________________________________________cycloxydim @ 50 g/ha OC 94 98 23 78 COC-3 96 98 76 92cycloxydim @ 50 g/ha + OC 40 40 10 32bentazon @ 720 g/ha COC-3 86 92 23 73__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE III______________________________________Grass Control by Cycloxydim at 100 g/haConven- Species OVER-rate* TRZAK AVESA LOLMU HORVU ALL______________________________________OC 73 100 99 91 90COC-1 82 100 99 96 93COC-2 87 100 99 98 96______________________________________ *at 1.5 l/ha
TABLE IV______________________________________Grass Control By Sethoxydim at 150 g/haConcen- Species OVER-trate* TRZAX AVESA LOLMU HORVU ALL______________________________________OC 30 92 86 30 62COC-1 73 99 98 68 85COC-2 75 99 98 77 87______________________________________ *at 2.0 l/ha
TABLE V______________________________________Grass Control By Sethoxydim at 125 g/haConcen- Species OVER-trate* TRZAX AVESA LOLMU HORVU ALL______________________________________OC 77 99 99 65 79COC-1 90 99 99 86 92COC-2 89 95 99 84 92Sunflower 85 99 99 80 87oil methylesters______________________________________ *at 2.0 l/ha
Tables III-V indicate that the crop oil concentrates of the subject invention are more effective than either the "standard" concentrate or sunflower oil methyl ester in achieving effective control of the grass species tested. This is particularly evident with regard to control of TRZAX (volunteer wheat). As certain grass species are more sensitive than others, the herbicide application rate would have to adjusted for each species to permit demonstration of the greater efficacy of the subject invention crop oil concentrates for each individual weed species.
A major feature of the crop oil concentrates of the subject invention is that they allow retention of high levels of control while using less herbicide, thus decreasing costs and benefiting the environment. This is demonstrated in Table VI.
TABLE VI______________________________________Effect of Oil Concentrate on Efficacyof Sethoxydim Across Species.sup.1 Sethoxydim Rate (g/ha)SPECIES Oil Concentrate.sup.2 7.0 3.5 1.7 0.8______________________________________SETFA OC 100 30 0 0 COC-1 100 100 95 40DIGSA OC 50 20 0 0 COC-1 98 50 30 0BRAPP OC 100 100 30 0 COC-1 100 100 100 80AVEFA OC 98 0 0 0 COC-1 100 95 30 0PANTE OC 98 90 20 0 COC-1 100 98 90 20SETVI OC 100 90 40 0 COC-1 100 100 90 50SETLU OC 98 95 50 10 COC-1 100 95 85 30SORHA OC 90 70 20 10 COC-1 100 100 98 60ECHCG OC 100 100 90 10 COC-1 100 100 100 60ZEAMX OC 50 20 0 0 COC-1 100 100 50 20______________________________________ .sup.1 Greenhouse trials with exposure to direct sunlight .sup.2 OC applied at 2.3 l/ha, COC1 applied at 4.6 l/ha.
In Table VII, the greater efficacy of the crop oil concentrate of the subject invention in controlling ECHCG (echinochloa crus-galli) is demonstrated. The data indicates that cycloxydim at 50 g/ha has greater efficacy when used with the subject invention crop oil concentrate at 0.5 l/ha than cycloxydim at 75 g/ha with the "standard" concentrate at 1.5 l/ha. It even outperforms cycloxydim at 50 g/ha when used in conjunction with 5.0 kg/ha of ammonium sulfate and the "standard" concentrate at 1.5 l/ha, which is often the treatment of choice to enhance efficacy of certain herbicides systems.
TABLE VII______________________________________Echinochloa Crus-galli Control Using CycloxydimCycloxydim Rate, g/ha OC.sup.1 COC-1.sup.2______________________________________50 93 9875 96 9950 + ammonium sulfate @ 5.0 Kg/ha 97______________________________________ .sup.1 @1.5 l/ha .sup.2 0.5 l/ha
Table VIII below shows the effect of using the crop oil concentrate of the subject invention to aid in control of AVEFA and LOLMU in barley with three different cyclohexenone herbicides. In all cases, the degree of control is much higher with the crop oil concentrate of the subject invention than with the "standard" concentrate.
TABLE VIII______________________________________Weed Control in Barley Concen- Species:Herbicide @ rate trate* LOLMU AVEFA OVERALL______________________________________Cyclohexenone OC 68 65 67B @ 200 g/ha COC-2 87 95 94Cyclohexenone OC 58 58 58C @ 100 g/ha COC-2 78 88 83Cyclohexenone OC 47 50 48D @ 50 g/ha COC-2 79 94 86______________________________________ *2 l/ha
Table IX demonstrates the improvement made possible by the crop oil concentrates of the subject invention when used for weed control in peas.
TABLE IX______________________________________Sethoxydim* Weed Control in PeasConcen- Species: OVER-trate** TRZAX AVESA LOLMU HORVU ALL______________________________________OC 30 92 86 30 62COC-1 73 99 98 68 85COC-2 75 99 98 77 87______________________________________ *at 150 g/ha **at 2 l/ha
In Table X below is demonstrated the effect of the crop oil concentrates of the subject invention when compared to the common, locally used concentrate, LOC, in the control of SORHA (sorghum halepense) with two cyclohexenone herbicides.
TABLE X______________________________________Cyclohexenone Control of Sorghum halepenseHerbicide @ Rate Concentrate @ Rate % Control______________________________________Sethoxydim @ 370 g/ha LOC @ 2 l/ha 60 COC-1 @ 2 l/ha 89 COC-1 @ 1.5 l/ha 82Cycloxydim @ 200 g/ha LOC @ 2 l/ha 60 COC-1 @ 2 l/ha 89 COC-1 @ 1.5 l/ha 89______________________________________
Tables XI-XIV demonstrate that the subject invention crop oil concentrates are effective with a wide variety of herbicides. The herbicidal efficacy was evaluated in Greenhouse trials with a predetermined optimum amount of oil concentrate. The weed species tested reflect real conditions as would be found in relevant crops.
TABLE XI__________________________________________________________________________OilCon- EFFICACY OF CROP OIL CONCENTRATES IN VARIOUS HERBICIDESHerbi-cen- Species:cide trate AVEFA BRAPP CHEAL DAOTE DATST DIGSA ECHCG IPOLA SETVI SORHA ZEAMX__________________________________________________________________________haloxy-OC 0 -- -- -- -- 40 50 -- -- -- 50fop- @ 2.3methyll/ha@ 31 COC-1 30 -- -- -- -- 90 100 -- -- -- 100g/ha @ 4.6l/hafluazifop-OC -- 90 -- -- -- 40 40 -- -- 50 96P--butyl@ 2.3@ 25 l/hag/ha COC-1 -- 98 -- -- -- 80 85 -- -- 98 99@ 4.6l/haparaquat@ 140X-77.sup.1 85 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --g/ha @ 0.5l/haCOC-1 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --@ 2.3l/ha@ 9 X-77 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 45 -- --g/ha @ 0.5l/haCOC-1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 65 -- --@ 2.3l/haacifluor-fen@ 18 OC -- -- 15 25 90 -- -- 40 -- -- --g/ha @ 2.3l/haCOC-1 -- -- 85 78 100 -- -- 93 -- -- --@ 2.3l/ha@ 9 OC -- -- 10 15 37 -- -- 18 -- -- --g/ha @ 2.3l/haCOC-1 -- -- 90 75 98 -- -- 23 -- -- --@ 2.3l/ha@ 4.5OC -- -- 5 5 12 -- -- 10 -- -- --g/ha @ 2.3l/haCOC-1 -- -- 80 38 20 -- -- 10 -- -- --@ 2.3l/ha__________________________________________________________________________ .sup.1 X-77 is a product of the Chevron Chemical Co., San Francisco, CA.
TABLE XII______________________________________Efficacy of Postemergence Broadleaf Herbicidesin Presence of Oil Concentrates Species:Herbicide @ rate Concentrate* DAOTE XANPE______________________________________bentazon @ 1.12 kg/ha OC 62 COC-1 78acifluorfen @ 36 g/ha OC 77 COC-1 98acifluorfen @ 40 g/ha + OC 73bentazon @ 1.12 kg/ha COC-1 98______________________________________ *at 2.3 l/ha
Table XIII and XIV show data from field trials indicating the superiority of oil concentrate of subject invention compared to "standard" concentrate.
TABLE XIII______________________________________Effect of Crop Oil Concentrates on Clumpcorn Controlwith Various Herbicides ZEAMX.sup.1 :Herbicide @ rate Concentrate @ 2.3 l/ha 8-12" 12+"______________________________________sethoxydim @ 168 g/ha OC 23 25168 g/ha COC-2 60 70fluazifop-P-butyl @ OC 78 80210 g/ha COC-2 88 85Fluazifop-P-butyl @ OC 60 65100 g/ha COC-2 68 68Fenoxaprop-ethyl @ OC 25 27112 g/ha COC-2 60 70______________________________________ .sup.1 Zea mays clumpcorn of 8-12 and 12+ inches height
TABLE XIV______________________________________Effect of Crop Oil Concentrates on Clethodim.sup.1Control of Various Weed SpeciesConcen- Species: OVER-trate FESAR BROSE POAPR AVESA ALL______________________________________OC @ 90 58 92 93 812 l/haCOC-2 94 84 92 95 902 l/ha______________________________________ .sup.1 Clethodim @ 75 g/ha
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|U.S. Classification||504/357, 516/DIG.4, 504/363, 516/73, 516/908, 106/250, 516/913, 504/364, 106/267, 516/DIG.1|
|International Classification||A01N25/02, A01N37/02, A01N37/06, A01N43/88, A01N25/30|
|Cooperative Classification||Y10S516/01, Y10S516/908, Y10S516/04, Y10S516/913, A01N25/02, A01N25/30, A01N43/88, A01N37/06, A01N37/02|
|European Classification||A01N43/88, A01N37/02, A01N37/06, A01N25/30, A01N25/02|
|Mar 17, 1989||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: BASF CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE, MICHIGAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:HAZEN, JAMES L.;FRANK, RUDOLF H. A.;ZORNER, PAUL S.;ANDOTHERS;REEL/FRAME:005031/0660;SIGNING DATES FROM 19870924 TO 19871001
|Jun 2, 1992||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
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Year of fee payment: 12

domain: chemistry


text:
Poverty, by America, he explains, is a book about how and why the rest of us abide poverty and are complicit in it. Why do many of us seem to accept that the problem is one of scarcity—that there is simply not enough to go around in our very rich country? Where there is exploitation, there are exploiters, and this time Desmond sees many more of them, including most of his prospective readers. Corporations batten on low-wage labor, but so do consumers, who have come to expect the cheap goods and services—the illusorily frictionless food deliveries, the Amazon orders that arrive like conjuring tricks the afternoon you place them—that poorly paid, nonunionized, often temporary workers provide.
"Landlords are not the only ones who benefit from housing exploitation; many homeowners do, too, their property values propped up by the collective effort to make housing scarce and expensive,” Desmond writes, noting that most homeowners receive federal aid in the form of mortgage-interest deductions and other subsidies. (The payout to homeowners in 2020—a hundred and ninety-three billion dollars—far exceeded the fifty-three billion dollars in direct housing assistance that the government gave to low-income families.) "We need not be debt collectors or private prison wardens to play a role in producing poverty in America,” Desmond goes on. “We need only to vote yes on policies that lead to private opulence and public squalor and, with that opulence, build a life behind a wall that we tend and maintain.”
The short answer, Desmond argues, is that as a society we have made a priority of other things: maximal wealth accumulation for the few and cheap stuff for the many. At the same time, we’ve either ignored or enabled the gouging of the poor—by big banks that charge them stiff overdraft fees, by predatory payday lenders and check-cashing outlets of what Desmond calls the “fringe banking industry,” by landlords who squeeze their tenants because the side hustle of rent collecting has turned into their main hustle, by companies that underpay their workers or deny them benefits by confining them to gig status or that keep them perpetually off balance with “just-in-time scheduling” of shifts. To the extent that middle- and upper-class people unthinkingly buy products from such companies and invest in their stock, or park their money in those banks, or oppose public housing in their neighborhoods despite a professed commitment to it, or bid up the prices of fixer-uppers in Austin or San Francisco or Washington, D.C., they, too, are helping to buttress the system.
In part because this book is aimed at the hearts and minds of the widest possible swath of readers, it doesn’t have much to say about politics.... Activists and elected officials who want to take up his proposals will have to devise their own strategy.
"Politics," in fact, is always "where it's at," when we talk about transforming the social and economic realities that define our existence. We "Live In A Political World," and that means that political action is required if we want to change it.

domain: sociology


text:
Target: Texas Governor, Greg Abbott
Goal: Repeal legislation that allows guns on college campuses, compromising safety and limiting free speech.
Students will be lawfully allowed to carry concealed guns on public and private university campuses due to a recently passed Texas law that is going into effect this summer. While gun rights advocates see this as a victory, this legislation could severely compromise a safe and open educational environment.
A recent faculty forum at the University of Houston covered safety techniques for professors. A slide from the presentation reads, “You may want to: Be careful discussing sensitive topics; Drop certain topics from your curriculum; Not ‘go there’ if you sense anger; Limit student hours of access.”
These concerns severely limit the conversations teachers feel they can safely have in class and the safety they feel when speaking privately with a student with a failing grade. Allowing guns on campus compromises the value of education while not guaranteeing safety.
Gun rights advocates often argue that in the event of a mass shooting, a bystander with a concealed weapon could quickly neutralize the shooter. However, a study performed by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime shows that higher levels of gun ownership correlates with high rates of mass shootings.
Guns have devastated college campuses across the country. There is no need to put a gun advocacy agenda onto these institutions, and the focus should remain on educational integrity and safety. More than 20 private Texas universities will continue their ban on guns, including Baylor, Southern Methodist and Texas Christian Universities. Baylor president Ken Starr referred to this legislation as “unwise” and student support appears low.
This is not a matter of anti-gun rhetoric or “taking guns away.” This is a matter of providing a safe educational environment for faculty and students alike. Urge Governor Abbott to repeal this legislation and keep our students safe and educational standards intact.
Dear Governor Greg Abbott,
The law allowing students to carry concealed weapons on college campuses must be repealed. Gun violence and mass shootings have touched each corner of this country, especially on college campuses. Gun advocates may say that bystanders could neutralize an active shooter situation, but scientists and researchers from institutions like the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the Harvard Injury Control Research Center say that gun violence increases with the number of gun owners.
The educational standards of these universities stand to be compromised. In a recent teaching forum at the University of Houston, professors were advised to skirt around potentially controversial conversations and limit time with individual students. It’s these hard talks and face-to-face time with teachers that foster strong, intelligent students–and fear of another student should not inhibit the learning process.
A school is a school, and shouldn’t be the hotbed of a controversial law or a political agenda. Members of universities should be allowed to teach and learn freely without fear for their safety. Over twenty of Texas’ top private universities have already rejected this law, opting to continue their ban on guns based on similar concerns.
Repeal this legislation and prioritize university safety and education over the gun rights agenda.
[Your Name Here]
Photo credit: Brian Reading


text:
Ukrainian refugees now living in the Twin Cities head south to help tornado victims
[anvplayer video=”5169787″ station=”998122″]
Rolling Fork, Mississippi, is on the other side of the globe from Ukraine, but images of the tornado destruction there are hitting close to home for a group of Ukrainian refugees now living in the Twin Cities.
They see the devastation and the loss, and they see reminders of the homeland they have left behind.
“I came from a situation like that,” said Iryna Hrebenyk, who arrived in the Twin Cities from Ukraine in January. “It’s a disaster. I feel bad for these people.”
“They have no homes, no water,” she added.
That’s why the nonprofit The American Service is helping organize a small group of Ukrainian refugees, some of whom have only lived in the Twin Cities a few months, to deliver supplies and aid to tornado victims in Mississippi. They are driving 1,000 miles, picking up a 50-foot U-Haul and filling it with supplies along the way.
“These are some of the hardest-working, generous people I have met. To see them respond like this doesn’t surprise me at all,” said Aswar Rahman, Executive Director of The American Service. “You can tell they have a lot of love for the country that has welcomed them, and they want to show that love.”
The group will spend a few days on the ground and return by Friday. They say the main plan is to deliver as many pallets of water as possible.

domain: news


text:
Dear Family & Friends
No new year's resolutions for me because it's just not effective. What I do instead is to have a wish list and hopeful projects to work for. I write it down and I tick the list as I tackle my dream in whatever little step I give to it. I aim to fulfill this within the year.
This year, I hope to focus more on making our home garden more productive, at the same time, find ways to make it efficient. I am going for a more natural gardening. If nature will be favourable and I end up with more produce, I would like to share it with others in the city, to give them the taste of a more affordable good food that we have in our village.
Just look at this picture, somewhere in eastern europe...I find it inspiring. You can see the city in the far distance. Then, there's the village houses so full and beautiful with their respective productive food source right in their backyards. I just love the idea:) There's something in it that will certainly push me to fulfill my 2017 aspirations.
Hope you have a peaceful 2017 year ahead of you and don't forget to keep working and aspiring for the better...May you have all the success as you work on it:)

domain: hobby


text:
We stayed at Rocky Ridge from December 24th to the 27th this year. We booked the whole lodge to celebrate Christmas with our extended family. We had five couples two single adults and two children in our group. The variety of rooms and layout allowed each couple to have their own living space and the 5 bathroom facilities (3 rooms... More
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Priceline and Odigeo so you can book your Rocky Ridge Country Lodge reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Rocky Ridge Country Lodge Mountain View, Canada - Alberta

domain: travel


text:
Here’s today’s AdExchanger.com news round-up… Want it by email? Sign-up here.
Google Gets MySpace Display
Google announced a new multi-year deal with MySpace that will re-new the multi-year, search partnership (at likely a much lower rate than before) and add display advertising to the mix -identified in the release as: “Full display ad solutions (including participating in the Google Display Network and DoubleClick Ad Exchange).” After acquiring the assets of Fox Audience Networks, it appears that at least part of (if not all) of the MySpace display inventory did not go Rubicon Project. Read more from PaidContent’s David Kaplan. Also of note in the release is the increasing, public profile of Google’s platform sales maven Henrique de Castro who is driving the deals which span across digital channels – in this case, search and display. Read the release.
OneScreen Adds Video To XA.net
Online video content and ad platform OneScreen and demand-side platform XA.net announced a new partnership that will offer “audience-based online video advertising at scale.” According to the release, One Screen’s in-banner and media player capabilities will be integrated into XA.net’s platform. Read more.
AdKeeper Offers Cash Money
In an interview with Ad Age’s Edmund Lee, AdKeeper CEO Scott Kurnit discusses his company’s ad-banner-keeping technology and boldly challenges Ad Age readers: “I will make an offer of $100 to Ad Age readers for the first person or the first 10 people who find me an ad — they’ll have to capture that with a camera or something — that wouldn’t be more useful to a reasonable segment of the audience if it was kept for later.” Not only is Kurnit giving away $100 (potentially), his company is also providing “keeping” services for free to big brand marketers for 6 months. Keep more here. And, read on Forbes, too.
Michael Learmonth turns the Ad Age spotlight on Ad Summos which he identifies as “an ad network and data provider, but with a big difference: Publishers can see who is bidding what on an ad placement — and can then either accept or reject the buy.” Ad Summos CEO Curt Viebranz shares insights on how his company’s technology works and announces that Forbes.com – opposed to networks in the past – has signed on as a client. Read more on Ad Age. And, read the press release.
Pictela Acquisition Price
Yesterday’s Pictela acquisition price is rumored to be between $20-30 million according to The Wall Street Journal’s Emily Steel. Read more. Seems like a good guess, if not at the high end of a possible range.
Facebook Sales Growing Like Weed
Bloomberg reports that “Facebook Inc., the world’s most popular social-networking service, is likely to generate 2010 revenue of about $2 billion, a larger sum than projected earlier, according to three people familiar with the matter.” And, if three people said it, it MUST be true! Read about Like $$$.
Bring Me To Your Data Scientists
On GigaOm, Ryan Kim says that “Data Scientists” are the latest key positions in start-ups as big data swarms/enables the consumer and the enterprise. A Bit.ly data scientist defines the role: “Someone who can obtain, scrub, explore, model and interpret data, blending hacking, statistics and machine learning. It’s a set of skills that go beyond many existing job titles and it’s increasingly in demand.” Read more.
Attribution Modeling And Print
Forbes has been busy lately. The company also announced a new research project aimed at attribution. From Folio mag, “[Forbes] will work with MediaVest and comScore to measure the direct impact of specific ads within Forbes on driving traffic and engagement to the advertiser’s Web sites.” Read more. Print can survive and thrive if it can prove its cross-channel benefit.
The Battle For Display In Asia
Display advertising is gaining momentum across the globe -including Asia. The Asia Media Journal offers an article, “The Battle For Display,” which looks at Google and Facebook in the region and the traction they’re gaining. Sounds like the same battle fought everywhere except China, perhaps. The AMJ writes, “Although search will still account for most of Asia’s online ad revenue for the foreseeable future, [Facebook’s and Google’s] swoops for a greater share of online display underscore key trends that are reshaping digital advertising.” Read the article extract.
Google Responds On Anti-Trust
Google doesn’t take anti-trust talk laying down. Responding to a Washington Post column by Steve Pearlstein, Google’s Don Harrison, Deputy General Counsel, responds, “Pearlstein writes that he has no problem with Google growing naturally, but that we shouldn’t be allowed to make acquisitions in new spaces. This isn’t how we — or most companies — approach these decisions. Sometimes it’s possible to develop a new product in-house; other times a company decides it can bring a new product to market faster by acquiring another company.” Read more on Google’s Public Policy blog.
Lotame CEO Andy Monfried pulls out some of his favorite baseball metaphors with a post on his personal blog called “High and Tight.” He wants agencies to demand more from their vendors and writes, “My hope for 2011 is that Agencies ask for more than a response to an RFP. Ask for more than the latest “out of the box idea” — ask from the publishing partners, more than ‘what’s your Comscore index/rating.'” Read more about he thinks agency “players” should be asking for.
33across announced that it has hired a Chief Scientist -namely, Adwait Ratnaparkhi who “will oversee all research and development related to the company’s proprietary social targeting platform.” Ratnaparkhi comes from Yahoo! Labs. Also, 33across announced that it has hired former Drop.io-er Scott Schwanbeck to drive biz dev. Read the release. Meanwhile, data company Clearspring announced that it has hired Peggy Fry as Chief Revenue Officer. According to the Clearspring release, “Fry is credited with launching the advertising monetization strategy at Netflix across both their offline/envelope and online businesses.” Read more.


text:
by Thibault Gavalda
We thought border was a past concept and an outdated reality. But, at the beginning of the 21st century, we are seeing the comeback of boundary. We have all grown up with a preconceived idea about the fact that globalization and freedom of movement for humans and goods will make boundaries disappear. But since the year 2000, geographers estimate that humans have drawn about 26.000 kilometers of additional borders.
Humankind has built more walls since the year 2000 than during its entire history. There were 65 built or planned border walls in 2017. This is 40.000 kilometers long, the circumference of the Earth.
For some people, this resurgence of a space marker is, most of the time, a nostalgic claim of a former own territory that they assure it was better protected before. For others, the comeback of borders is synonym for nationalistic and protectionist returns.
Walls break the development of essential cross-border areas
A cross-border area is constantly evolving, especially in terms of environment and ecology. First, the animals, the fauna, do not recognize any borders except the natural ones. Monica Embrey, a Greenpeace activist said in 2017 that "Trump's proposed border wall would be devastating for people and animals that have migrated for centuries across the US's southern border with Mexico"(Aljazeera, 2017). She added that building the wall includes severing a “wildlife corridor for endangered species”.
The India-Bangladesh border wall is the longest wall in the world. Made of bricks or a double fence of barbed wire, it measures 3200 km following the border but inside the Indian territory, at 150 meters of the “real” boundary. Narendra Modi has succeeded in passing the budget for the rebuilding of the wall that costs $4 billion. Approximately 220.000 men are employed by the Border Security Force (BSF). It includes between 60,000 and 80,000 soldiers that are stationed permanently at the wall. Despite costs of equipping and maintaining the army that are quite substantial, the Indian population seems to be convinced of the value of this separation.
One of the major consequences of the Indian wall is the fact that on each side of this wall, there are enclaves, isolated territories, of each country that cannot anymore communicate with their home country. A joint census in 2010 found 51,549 people residing in these enclaves: 37,334 in Indian enclaves within Bangladesh and 14,215 in Bangladeshi enclaves within India. The fact that the enclave, especially the Indian ones within Bangladesh, can no longer communicate with their country creates huge poverty. They do not possess any modern infrastructures such as running water, electricity or public services. The wall prevents each Indian and Bangladeshi citizen to cross the border to reach schools, administrations and other services. These territories are considered abandoned.
The human development as the major negative externality of a wall
A wall is a concrete separation. The action of separating means to isolate, to set apart, to break. In the US, the wall tears apart people, family or friends. Indeed, migrants who succeeded in reaching the US and crossing the border wall, are now stranded in the United States. They are “stuck in a country that does not want them”, as Elisabeth Vallet said. Once illegal migrants reached the US, they cannot come back to their former country because of both their illegal status and the presence of the wall.
In the same way, the India-Bangladesh wall has divided lives, villages, lands, family, people. The journalist Ananya Bhattacharya has anonymously interviewed several Indians that are directly touched by the wall. One said “There are people whose houses have fallen on the wrong side of the fence - in the No Man's Land - while their fields and livelihoods lie on the other. In this No Man’s Land, people have, or at least had, their life”.
To allow Indians to still work in their land, gates have been set up and are open during one or two hours, twice or thrice a day according to Indian official authorities. But the reality that Bhattacharya reports is another one: “People who live in the no man's land have alleged for several years now that the border-gates are not opened for more than an hour at one time”. Indeed, people need to cross these gates because they have their farm fields into this zone or because people, who live into the zone, need to go to schools, markets or workplaces.
Border Security Forces’ guards control each identity of the crosser. These people must carry their voter I-cards along (a sort of ID). It is this crucial piece of paper that will ensure them access to their own country. No transgression is officially possible so it could be dangerous for sick, injured or old people if they lose or forget their ID.
Because of permanent tensions and fear of foreigners, violence and drifts have been recorded. In 2010, Human Rights Watch issued an 81-page report which brought up the BSF’s uncountable abuses. The report stated that over 1000 Bangladeshi citizens were killed during the first decade of the 21st century. According to HRW, the BSF did not only shoot illegal migrants or smugglers but even innocents who were seen near the wall, sometimes even people working in fields near the border.
According to Elisabeth Vallet, a wall at a border induces mechanically logics of transgression. Despite the existing wall between the US and Mexico, the American authority calculated that, despite the wall, each year 300.000 migrants cross the border. It appears that tunnels are a kind of automatic response to fences. The tunnels have grown more sophisticated as border security above ground has become more elaborate and extensive.
At the wall border between India and Bangladesh, the number of illegal smugglers is currently increasing between Bangladesh and India but also within the Indian territory. Farmers that still have their land within this No Man’s Land must illegally transport their product when the gates are closed.
Boundaries, borders, frontiers are part of the State-building process of our modern states. Our states have needed to be externally recognized to exist. In a broad way of thinking, the delimitation of the territory and the control of its borders are part of so-called sovereign missions of a State.
However, delimitation does not mean separation. History has proved that autarky is inefficient and, even, undesirable. We return to the nature itself of human beings: the contact, the meet, the exchange. Cultures have been forged by sharing and meeting of other cultures.

domain: geography


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Katana is a sceney Japanese restaurant in River North. The space is massive, with tall ceilings, huge booths, and tons of private dining areas designed for parties and corporate get-togethers. The whole space feels like a gigantic hotel lobby, and the huge amount of tourists it attracts only adds to this feeling. Their menu has an assortment of hot and cold Japanese dishes, a robata section, and sushi. Everything is fine, but nothing really stands out as interesting or inventive. We can’t really think of a reason to come here unless you’re hosting a huge corporate get-together. It’s expensive and just not that interesting
Katana is permanently closed.
More spots in River NorthSee more
Eataly is full of tourists, but somethings they're worth fighting for quality fish at Il Pesce. It's a good option for seafood needs in River North.
Boss Bar is an old River North dive bar that's been giving a new makeover, but it's still a relative dive compared to the rest of posh River North.
More Japanese spotsSee more
Friends Ramen serves mini ramen bowls in the Gold Coast, but it's not very good. Skip it and opt for regular size ramen bowls somewhere else.
Yuzu Sushi and Robata Grill
Yuzu Sushi and Robata Grill in West Town is an upbeat restaurant with elaborate sushi rolls.
Suggested by our writers
Momotaro is like a Japanese Discovery Zone. You may need to sample the menu a bit, but hit your stride and it’s a great meal.
Filter and browse restaurants near you
Text us for personalized recommendationsLearn more

domain: food


text:
Jefferson City, MO – Missouri Governor Bob Holden has nominated two curators for the University of Missouri.
St. Louis attorney Cheryl Walker and publisher Don Walsworth, of Marceline, in north-central Missouri, both must gain approval from the State Senate before taking their new jobs.
Walker is a former President of the St. Louis City Mental Health Board of Trustees and currently works at the firm Bryan Cave LLP in St. Louis. She's a University of Missouri-Rolla alumnus.
Walsworth has served as Mayor of Marceline, a small community about 90 miles northwest of Columbia; he is a UM-Columbia alum.
The two will replace curators whose terms have expired. Walker will replace Beverly "Malaika" Horne; Walsworth takes the seat of Paul Steele.

domain: law


text:
Hit-and-Run Squad (2019) [Korean] Movie Download
Hit-and-Run Squad (2019) [Korean] Mp4 Download
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Min-jae, a rookie police officer with a natural born talent for driving, is assigned to the perfect team: the Hit-and-Run Squad. But at the same time, for police detective Si-yeon, it is a place she is unjustly demoted to for doing her job. The two team up to arrest the rich and powerful speed maniac Jae-chul who is suspected of committing crimes for his obsession for speed.
Genre: Action, Crime
Release Date: Jan 30, 2019
Stars: Hyo-Jin Kong, Jun-yeol Ryu, Jung-suk Jo
Subtitle Language: English

domain: entertainment


text:
'American Idol' Sets New Record: 55 Million Votes Cast on Performance Show
12:13 PM PDT 3/31/2011 by Mark Cina
Two finalists will be sent home during the live results show tonight.
After the Top 11 finalists performed the songs of Sir Elton John on Fox’s American Idol Wednesday, more than 55 million votes were cast, setting a new voting record for this early in the competition.The stakes heat up tonight, as two finalists will be sent home during the live results show. One of them could likely be Casey Abrams, who was saved from elimination last week by judges after he received the fewest of America’s votes. The judges’ save is not an option tonight. Meanwhile, season three champ Fantasia Barrino will return to the show Thursday to belt out her latest hit, “Collard Greens & Cornbread.” Will.i.am of The Black Eyed Peas and Jamie Foxx also will take to the Idol stage to debut their collaboration, “Hot Wings (I Wanna Party),” an original song written for the highly anticipated animated feature film Rio.
What's Hot In Music
Follow Idol Worship
- Listen to a Soulful, Previously Unreleased Track From Chance the Rapper and Donnie Trumpet
- Moviegoers Don't Follow Alice Down the Rabbit Hole While X-Men: Apocalypse Does Damage at the Box Office
- John Carpenter Has Some Choice Words About Friday The 13th, Specifically, 'It Just Doesn't Rise Above Its Cheapness'
- Jesse Eisenberg Discusses Lex Luthor's Return in Justice League, Risks Being 'Picked Off' By DC's Killer Drones


Readers React: Allentown State Hospital could be used for homeless vets
The Morning Call|
Jun 21, 2019 | 4:28 PM
There are potentially positive uses for the “grand old lady,” the Allentown State Hospital. When I worked there as a licensed psychologist manager and the quality assurance risk manager, the buildings were Medicare and Medicaid certified.
Couldn’t any of these buildings be utilized as a home for our homeless veterans or restorative centers for people in need of psychiatric or addiction intervention? This was done at Hollidaysburg State Hospital several years ago when the state transferred ownership of the hospital to the federal government for our veterans in need.
I wonder why there seems to be such a rush to demolish resources when they might be used to help our citizens.
Lower Macungie Township
The Morning Call encourages community dialogue on important issues. Submit a letter to the editor here or email email@example.com.


4 days for the smallest package doesn't seem quite reasonable tbh.
So what's the point of this thread if you've already made your decision?
Congrats man. How would I get started in this field? I know programming and already an undergrad CS student.
There's no doubt they have a top notch customer service, but I don't think they're too generous to replace the full keyboard just because they...
Hope I see any bump I'll be using it much more in the future, thanks!
Thanks a lot for this, the fact that they're already paying gives a lot of weight to this as a source for leads.
Great website, thanks a lot!
Have some use for them right now.
Thanks for sharing.
This really intrigued me as a Computer Science student myself.
Wish you the best with this project, I'll be following closely.
Man you're making me cry lol. Would like more info if possible.
Good luck OP, you can try accsmarket I bought a cheap 3-4 year old fb account...
Check their rules about allowed traffic source and if your traffic source is allowed, then you can tell him.
I think you should try buying some fake reviews because that's probably the only reason you're not getting any sales with this amount of clicks.
I don't totally agree with the idea, but these kinds of threads usually reveal that most people don't actually comprehend the idea of what $100 or...
As long as he's not being cocky and not secretly advertising, there's no reason to be mad about this thread imo.
People think they're too fucking...
@BassTrackerBoats Seems like stuna is still here.
Please show me available travel accounts in the 50-150 USD budget.
Yeah sounds like a great idea to make it cost 5 month of living expenses in a third world country, as if the subscription fees to get freelance...
Send me the RiseDecoded free software
Yes, but it makes things easier later.
OP before going with Python check the Harvard CS50 course it starts with C.
I wouldn't advise starting out with Python as you'll have a hard time later figuring out basic programming concepts like data types.
You can learn...
Separate names with a comma.


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The SpaceThe bed is a double; so, it can sleep one or two comfortably. The bathroom's arrangement makes it easy for two to use it simultaneously, and the shower has safety bars and a built-in seat. Your bedroom also has the TV, microwave, mini-fridge, and coffee maker with a chair nearby where you can relax and sip your coffee.
In addition to a quick drive to Tamaya, you have easy access to 550. Head west on 550 to Zia and Jemez Pueblos, Cuba, and Farmington. Go east and connect to I 25 south for a 30 minute drive to downtown Albuquerque and UNM. If you want to head north to Santa Fe, a 45 minute/hour's drive away, you have choices: Drive to Santa Fe or park at the Rail Runner commuter train station in Bernalillo and see the scenery as you ride peacefully to Santa Fe. At the station in Santa Fe, you will be met by free shuttles that stop at all the popular destinations, including the historic Santa Fe Plaza and the state capitol. I have lived in various parts of the state and can recommend restaurants, places to see, and things to do. Restaurants, fast food spots, Walmart, Walgreen's, and a grocery store are 10 minutes away should you need anything. My two dogs and I look forward to sharing our home with you! Guest AccessYou do have a door to the backyard that can also be used as a private entrance. The few steps to the front door are quicker and easier, though. The yard is standard Rio Rancho--lots of rocks with just a few trees and shrubs. Your shoes will scuff quickly. Bring old shoes to enjoy the yard and terraces.
Should you stay several days, you are welcome to use the washer and dryer--with my detergent, please. It's fragrance-free.
I am a visual organizer, which means I have stacks of things in the areas of the house where I work. You will not want to go in those. Interaction with GuestsI will be home to greet you and show you to your room. Feel free to ask questions. I tend to come and go during the days and evenings, but will be in residence while you are here.
Not being an early riser, I will have your mini-fridge and its freezer stocked with juices, bottled water, and fruit. In the freezer you will find a variety of breakfast foods that can all be quickly thawed and warmed in the microwave. I keep coffee and a selection of teas, both caffeinated and non, for your use. I prepare these in the microwave. If you prefer to bring your own coffee and brew it, there is a 5 cup coffee maker in your room. The NeighborhoodMy home is on a quiet cul de sac with wonderful, friendly neighbors. One reason we liked the house is that we can see the Sandia Mountains from the front and back of the house. It is very peaceful to sit and watch the setting sun change the colors of the mountains and clouds and let day fade into twilight. If you prefer morning, you are welcome to sit on the back porch, enjoying the shade and coolness before starting the day.
The neighborhood food choices include hamburgers, Mexican, Chinese, Thai, sushi, pizza, and sandwiches. Getting AroundNew Mexico is a place where one takes driving distances for granted. There is cab service and a commuter train station about 20 or 25 mins. away if you want to use that to go to Santa Fe or downtown Albuquerque. A rental car, though, is your best option for getting around.
There is room for parking in the driveway off the street. Should you be travelling in an RV and just want a rest from the road, there is also room to park the RV in the backyard or on the side of the house. Other Things to NoteYou are very near the Bosque along the Rio Grande River where there are hiking trails and birds to sight. This is an historic area where archaeologists have found many relics from a camp site used by Coronado and his men when exploring the area. At nearby Coronado Monument you can see the remains of an Indian pueblo and have a beautiful view of the river. They have a small but interesting museum there and a gift shop. South of here in west Albuquerque is Petroglyphs National Monument where you can see thousands of petroglyphs left by ancient dwellers and travelers in the area.


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Very patient staff and super nice people
- Tiffany P.
Friendly staff great people. Very helpful when it came to picking out glasses, we have a spec co in bigspring but they are rude and force a sale, unlike Phillip's eye clinic! Great easy going people
- cody c.
First time going there and the experience was very pleasant. Dr. Phillips is funny, friendly and caring! Overall the staff is very nice, helpful and welcoming.
- Damaris M.
1st Class Eye Clinic in Midland, TX.
- Victor B.
Apr 01, 2020
Coronavirus and Your Eyeglasses Did you know that our glasses (this includes the lenses and the frame) can potentially transfer viruses, such as COVID-19, to our eyes, nose, and mouth? This is because viruses — as well as bacteria — ...
Mar 26, 2020
As coronavirus (COVID-19) spreads around the world, health professionals are demanding that people limit their personal risk of contracting the virus by thoroughly washing their hands, practicing social distancing, and not touching their nose, mouth, or eyes. In fact, it...
Mar 18, 2020
Is your eye doctor's appointment coming up? Are you worried about going to the eye clinic during the new coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? Rest assured, keeping our patients and staff are safe is our top priority. We anticipate that this outbreak...

domain: medical