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Production of a microcapsule agent of chromate-reducing Lysinibacillus fusiformis ZC1 and its application in remediation of chromate-spiked soil
SpringerPlus volume 5, Article number: 561 (2016)
Lysinibacillus fusiformis ZC1 is an efficient Cr(VI)-reducing bacterium that can transform the toxic and soluble chromate [Cr(VI)] form to the less toxic and precipitated chromite form [Cr(III)]. As such, this strain might be applicable for bioremediation of Cr(VI) in soil by reducing its bioavailability. The study objective was to prepare a microcapsule agent of strain ZC1 for bioremediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil. Using a single-factor orthogonal array design, the optimal fermentation medium was obtained and consisted of 6 g/L corn flour, 12 g/L soybean flour, 8 g/L NH4Cl and 6 g/L CaCl2. After enlarged fermentation, the cell and spore densities were 5.9 × 109 and 1.7 × 108 cfu/mL, respectively. The fermentation products were collected and embedded with 1 % gum arabic and 1 % sorbitol as the microcapsule carriers and were subsequently spray-dried. Strain ZC1 exhibited viable cell counts of (3.6 ± 0.44) × 1010 cfu/g dw after 50-day storage at room temperature. In simulated soil bioremediation experiments, 67 % of Cr(VI) was reduced in 5 days with the inoculation of this microcapsule agent, and the Cr(VI) concentration was below the soil Cr(VI) standard level. The results demonstrated that the microcapsule agent of strain ZC1 is efficient for bioremediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil.
Chromium (Cr) is one of the most abundant heavy metals and primarily presents in the natural environment in chromite [Cr(VI)] and chromate [Cr(III)] forms (Srivastava and Thakur 2007; Liu et al. 2012). The Cr(VI) form is much more toxic and soluble than the Cr(III) form, and Cr(III) exhibits greater affinity for organics and consequently forms insoluble complexes (Nickens et al. 2010). Because of its mutagenic and carcinogenic characteristics, Cr(VI) and its compounds are recognized by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as priority pollutants (USEPA 1996). It is known that Cr(VI) enters the cell through the sulfate transport channels, possibly due to the structural similarity between Cr(VI) and sulfate (Ramírez-Díaz et al. 2008). After entering the cell, Cr(VI) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause DNA damage and oxidative deterioration of lipids and proteins (Bagchi et al. 2002; Liu et al. 2014; Ackerley et al. 2004; Valko et al. 2005; Wang et al. 2006).
Currently, Cr(VI) contamination is increasing rapidly and is widespread in soil, aquatic sediment, surface water and groundwater due to the extensive use of Cr in various industrial processes (Yang et al. 2009; Cheng et al. 2012). A total of 450,000 tons of Cr(VI)-containing wastes are discharged per year in China (Gao and Xia 2011). The extensively widespread Cr(VI) form could be taken up into the food chain and eventually cause a series of human health risks (Nickens et al. 2010). In addition, Cr(VI) also alters the microbial community structure and activity in soil (Shi et al. 2002; Desai et al. 2009). Hence, an urgent need exists for remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil. Traditional technologies for Cr(VI) remediation include chemical reduction (Su and Ludwig 2005), solidification/stabilization (Kumpiene et al. 2008) and electrokinetic remediation (Lu et al. 2012). However, these methods suffer from a number of problems, such as high cost, low efficiency, consumption of energy and chemical reagents, and generation of secondary environmental pollution (Dhal et al. 2013). In contrast, biological remediation has attracted increasing attention due to its low environmental impact and low-cost advantages (Wu et al. 2010).
Bioremediation of Cr(VI) compounds involves different strategies, such as biosorption, bioaccumulation and bioreduction (Srinath et al. 2002). Microbial reduction of Cr(VI) to less toxic and less mobile Cr(III) is considered an effective method for remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil (Kanmani et al. 2012). Certain microorganisms have been reported to reduce Cr(VI) in soil, such as strains of Pseudomonas (Oves et al. 2013), Microbacterium (Soni et al. 2014), Brucella (Maqbool et al. 2015), Bacillus (He et al. 2010; Kathiravan et al. 2011; Kumari et al. 2014), Streptomyces (Polti et al. 2009; Aparicio et al. 2015), Staphylococcus (Zhang et al. 2014) and Pannonibacter phragmitetus (Chai et al. 2009; Liao et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2015). However, most of the studies on bioreduction of Cr(VI) were performed with direct addition of pure cultures to soil, which is inconvenient for transportation and storage. Currently, few studies have investigated the possibility of producing a microcapsule microbial agent for bioremediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil. It is known that a microcapsule reagent has the ability to retain the physical characteristics of substances and is less sensitive to temperature, light, oxygen and humidity (Desai and Park 2005; Sabikhi et al. 2010). Microcapsule reagents could enhance the biological activity of several biological control agents and protect them from adverse environments (Jin and Custis 2011). Therefore, bioremediation using a microcapsule microbial agent is a promising method for better use of Cr(VI)-reducing strains.
Lysinibacillus fusiformis ZC1 is a highly Cr(VI) resistant strain that can efficiently reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) (He et al. 2011). Because Cr(III) is less soluble and less bioavailable, such a strain might be applicable to immobilization of Cr(VI) in soil by causing plants to adsorb less Cr. Previously, we found that the growth of tobacco in Cr(VI)-containing pot experiments was promoted, and the Cr(VI) contents in roots and leaves were reduced with the addition of fresh ZC1 culture (Jia et al. in preparation). The objective of this study was to produce a microcapsule agent of strain ZC1 at low cost and with ease of manipulation for bioremediation of Cr(VI) spiked soil. The culture conditions were optimized using an orthogonal test, and the microcapsule agent was obtained by spray drying after fermentation. The remediation efficiency of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil with this microcapsule agent was significantly increased in simulated soil microcosm Cr(VI) remediation experiments. The current findings present a portable and effective method to produce a microcapsule microbial agent for bioremediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil.
Selection of medium components
To optimize medium cost with ideal cell and spore production, single-factor experiments were performed for selection of the culture medium components. Different carbon sources, organic nitrogen sources, inorganic nitrogen sources and inorganic salts were considered for strain ZC1 growth and spore production. Seven carbon sources were investigated, i.e., sucrose, corn flour, maltose, glucose, lactose, dextrin and starch. Among the various carbon sources tested, corn flour had the most prominent effect on the growth of strain ZC1, reaching (2.95 ± 0.07) × 108 cfu/mL cells (Fig. 1a). The basal medium contained 5 g/L tryptone, 3 g/L yeast extract and 6 g/L KH2PO3.
To further optimize the culture medium components, the effects of nitrogen sources were studied, including organic nitrogen sources (soya peptone, tryptone, soybean flour, yeast extract) and inorganic nitrogen sources [KNO3, NH4Cl, CO(NH2)2, (NH4)2SO4]. Strain ZC1 was inoculated in basal medium containing 2 g/L corn flour, 6 g/L KH2PO3 and various nitrogen sources. It was shown that the highest cell and spore production rates were achieved in medium supplemented with soybean flour and NH4Cl, respectively (Fig. 1b, c).
Additionally, seven inorganic salts of KH2PO3, NaCl, CaCl2, Na2SO4, KCl, MgSO4 and K2HPO3, were chosen to examine the effects of the different inorganic salts on viable cell and spore productions. Each inorganic salt was added to basal medium containing 2 g/L corn flour, 8 g/L soybean flour and 8 g/L NH4Cl. As shown in Fig. 1d, CaCl2 resulted in the highest cell and spore productions. Therefore, corn flour, soybean flour, NH4Cl and CaCl2 were selected as the best components for further investigation.
Optimization of concentrations of the medium components
An orthogonal array design L9(34) was used to optimize the concentration of each culture medium component. The factor levels in the orthogonal experiment are listed in Table 1. The final experiment results and the effects of those factors on the yield of strain ZC1 cells and spores are shown in Table 2. According to the magnitude of k or K (Table 2), the optimal combinations for viable cell and spore productions were A3B3C2D1 and A3B2C2D2, respectively.
The variance was calculated to evaluate the significance of each culture component. The results indicated that corn flour (A) and soybean flour (B) both had significantly positive effects on strain ZC1 viable cell and spore productions, NH4Cl (C) had a slightly positive effect only on viable cell production, and CaCl2 (D) had a significantly positive effect only on spore production (Table 3). Therefore, to maximize both viable cell and spore productions, the theoretical optimized combination should be A3B3C2D2, and an additional growth experiment was performed out to confirm this choice. The results illustrated that the cell and spore densities of A3B3C2D2 were 3.3 × 108 and 0.68 × 108 cfu/mL, respectively, which are higher than those of A3B3C2D1 and A3B2C2D2.
Thus, the optimal concentrations of the four components were confirmed as 6 g/L corn flour, 12 g/L soybean flour, 8 g/L NH4Cl and 6 g/L CaCl2, respectively. The optimal medium produces a cell yield similar to that of the original LB medium but is much less expensive (He et al. 2011).
A fermentation process using the optimal medium was performed in a 50 L fermenter. Based on the characteristics of strain ZC1, the fermentation process was conducted under the following conditions: inoculum volume of 2 % (v/v), cultivation temperature at 37 °C, initial pH of 8.0 and cultivation time of 28 h (early stationary phase). As shown in Fig. 2a, the numbers of viable cell and spore production were increased rapidly after 16 h, at which time strain ZC1 grew into the log phase. At the same time, the pH and dissolved oxygen values were decreased sharply from 16 h to 20 h (Fig. 2b). The counts of strain ZC1 cells and spores reached maximum of 5.9 × 109 and 1.7 × 108 cfu/mL, respectively, at 28 h. The fermentation was terminated when the pH value declined to 4.5, which was not suitable for continuous growth of strain ZC1.
Production of microcapsule agent by spray drying and storage
Subsequent efforts focused on production of a microcapsule agent using the fermentation products, the survival rates of strain ZC1 with different carriers in the process of spray drying were investigated. The results demonstrated that strain ZC1 acquired the highest survival rate of (34.8 ± 2.75) % with a combination of 1 % (w/v) gum arabic and sorbitol (1:1), which yielded viable cell counts of (1.4 ± 0.11) × 1011 cfu/g dw (Fig. 3a). Hence, the most appropriate carrier for strain ZC1 was the combination of 1 % (w/v) gum arabic and 1 % sorbitol (1:1).
To investigate the protective efficacy of the carriers, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the micromorphology of the spray-dried microcapsule agent. It was shown that the resulting particles were nearly spherical and dispersed uniformly with similar sizes from 1 to 10 μm (Fig. 3b). The microcapsule particles had smooth surfaces with no apparent cracks or pores, which could decrease the permeability of gases and better protect the core. The results indicated that bacterial cells of strain ZC1 were successfully microcapsule with the carriers. Hence, the combination of 1 % (w/v) gum arabic and sorbitol (1:1) as carriers yielded the highest survival rate and also protected the cells quite well.
The spray-dried microcapsule agent particles were stored in sealed bags made of aluminum–polyester–polyethylene, and the stabilities were investigated at 4 °C and room temperature. The results showed that the viable cell counts of the microcapsule agents decreased slowly during storage under both temperature conditions (Fig. 3c). However, (3.6 ± 0.44) × 1010 cfu/g dw cells survived in the microcapsule agent after 50-day storage at room temperature, which was quite similar to that of storage at 4 °C [(4.9 ± 0.21) × 1010 cfu/g dw] (Fig. 3c). The changes in viable cell counts for the microcapsule agents stored at both 4 °C and room temperature conditions are shown in Table 4. No statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the number of viable cell counts of the microcapsule agents for those stored at 4 °C and room temperature, indicating that the survival of the microcapsule agent was not strictly tied to temperature.
Simulation of Cr(VI) soil microcosm remediation
Bioreduction of Cr(VI) to the less toxic and less bioavailable Cr(III) is considered an effective approach for bioremediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil. To study the bioreduction efficiency of the microcapsule agent of strain ZC1, a simulated soil microcosm remediation experiment was conducted at laboratory scale. The soils used in this study were artificially mixed with 28 mg/kg dw Cr(VI), which corresponds to three times the soil Cr(VI) permissible level (9 mg/kg dw) (Kumari et al. 2014). With microcapsule agent inoculation, 67 % Cr(VI) was reduced into Cr(III) in the first 5 days, which was significantly better than that of uninoculated control soils (25.6 %). In this case, the Cr(VI) concentration of soils with the addition of the microcapsule agent was reduced to (8.5 ± 0.1) mg/kg dw after 5-day bioreduction, which was lower than the soil Cr(VI) permissible level. In contrast, the Cr(VI) concentration of uninoculated control soils was reduced to (19.0 ± 2.6) mg/kg dw, which was still two times higher than the permissible level. Ultimately, 88 % Cr(VI) was eventually reduced into Cr(III) in 30 days under the effect of microcapsule agent, which is 48.93 % higher than that of the uninoculated control soils (Fig. 4). These results indicated that the microcapsule agent of strain ZC1 has a remarkable effect on the bioreduction of Cr(VI) in soil.
Previously, we reported that L. fusiformis ZC1 is an efficient Cr(VI)-reducing strain during cultivation with LB medium. This strain could resist up to 60 mM Cr(VI) and reduce 1 mM Cr(VI) completely within 12 h in LB medium (He et al. 2011). In addition, we found that the growth of tobacco was promoted in Cr(VI)-containing pot experiments, and the Cr(VI) contents in roots and leaves were reduced with the addition of fresh ZC1 culture (Jia et al. in preparation). To apply this strain more efficiently and with low cost, in this study, we focused on medium preparation with low cost and production of a stable microcapsule agent.
It has been reported that the carbon sources, mixed nitrogen source and inorganic salts are important for bacterial growth and spore productions (Rao et al. 2007; Shi and Zhu 2007; Chen et al. 2010; Sella et al. 2009). Hence, the culture medium of strain ZC1 was optimized for low cost and high yields of bacterial cells and spores. In optimization of the culture medium, the combination of a single-factor experiment and orthogonal array design proved to be a powerful tool. The optimized medium containing 6 g/L corn flour, 12 g/L soybean flour, 8 g/L NH4Cl and 6 g/L CaCl2 offers a price advantage and a cell yield similar to that of the traditional LB medium (He et al. 2011).
Spray drying is the most common technique for microencapsulation of microbes from fermentation broth because of its low cost and high capacity, which makes it suitable for large-scale manufacture (Sunny-Roberts and Knorr 2009). Factors that affect the bacterial survival rate during spray drying are grouped into intrinsic (stress tolerance) and extrinsic factors (including growth phase, drying conditions and carrier materials) (Fu and Chen 2011). L. fusiformis ZC1 is a Gram-positive bacterium with a thicker cell wall that displays higher stress and heat tolerance during the process of spray drying. In addition, it was reported that in E. coli K12 and L. acidophilus strains, the survival rates of bacterial cells harvested in the early-stationary phase were much higher than those in the mid-log phase (Pispan et al. 2013; Morgan et al. 2006). In this study, the bacterial cells of strain ZC1 were harvested at the early-stationary phase, which is consistent with previous studies.
To find a suitable protective carrier for the production of a microcapsule agent, the carriers mentioned in the previous studies were selected, including sucrose, starch, sorbitol, gum arabic and gelatin (Hernandez et al. 2007; Fu and Chen 2011; Salar-Behzadi et al. 2013). The results indicated that the viability of strain ZC1 could be well protected by microencapsulation with 1 % gum arabic and sorbitol (1:1) during spray drying at elevated temperatures. Different from Trichoderma sp. which used chlamydospores and conidia as the active ingredients in most products, L. fusiformis mainly used nutritive cells as the active ingredients (Jin and Custis 2011; He et al. 2011). The viable cell count of the microcapsule agent of strain ZC1 was (1.4 ± 0.11) × 1011 cfu/g dw, which was significantly higher than that of Trichoderma sp. (Harman and Custis 2006).
Compared with chilled or frozen preservation, a microcapsule agent stored in a vacuum or under nitrogen has the advantages of low cost and high stability for long-term storage (Hernandez et al. 2007). The spray-dried microcapsule agent of strain ZC1 was stored in vacuum-sealed bags of aluminum–polyester–polyethylene, thus avoiding oxygen, moisture, light and microbial contamination (Morgan et al. 2006). The viable cell counts at 4 °C and room temperature were quite similar with values of (4.9 ± 0.21) × 1010 and (3.6 ± 0.44) × 1010 cfu/g dw after 50-day storage. Such cell numbers are still satisfactory for bioremediation purposes. In addition, no statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between the viable cell counts at two different temperature conditions during the entire storage period. Therefore, storage of microcapsule agent of strain ZC1 at room temperature is more convenient and economical.
Bioreduction has been found to be an useful method for reducing Cr(VI) to insoluble and nontoxic Cr(III) in soil, which could decrease Cr(VI) accumulation in plants and significantly improve the quality of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil (Kumari et al. 2014; Jeyalakshmi and Kanmani 2008). Various studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of the microbes in bioremediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil, but most of these studies were performed in batch reactors or conducted by adding pure cultures directly to soil (Ge et al. 2015; Kumari et al. 2014; Xiao et al. 2014). To the best of our knowledge, the application of a microcapsule agent as a convenient and effective remediation method for Cr(VI)-contaminated soil has not been investigated. In our lab culture experiments, the Cr(VI) reduction efficiency of strain ZC1 in the optimized medium was slightly lower than that in LB medium, which might be due to the rich nutrients contained in the LB medium (data not shown). However, in the simulated soil microcosm remediation experiments, Cr(VI) reduction was obviously enhanced with the addition of the microcapsule agent. Our results did not surpass the soil remediation efficiency reported previously for B. cereus YR5, which was able to completely remove nearly 100 % Cr(VI) within 30 days (Kumari et al. 2014). However, we achieved relatively high remediation efficiency with low cost and convenience for storage and transportation. Hence, the application of this microcapsule agent offers the potential of in situ bioremediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil. The next step is to apply the microcapsule agent of strain ZC1 in Cr(VI) bioremediation plant pot experiments.
Lysinibacillus fusiformis ZC1 is a Cr(VI)-reducing bacterium with the potential to immobilize Cr(VI) in soil. In this study, we successfully produced a microcapsule agent of this strain. The microcapsule agent exhibited high viable cell counts, good stability and high efficiency in bioremediation of Cr(VI)-spiked soil. Hence, application of this microcapsule agent offers an important biological approach for treatment of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil.
Bacterial strain and optimization of culture medium
The bacterial strain used in this study was a highly efficient Cr(VI)-reducing bacterium known as L. fusiformis ZC1, which was isolated from the Cr-contaminated waste water of a metal electroplating factory in Guangdong Province, P. R. China (He et al. 2011). This bacterium is a Gram-positive rod-shaped strain that demonstrated a MIC of 60 mM to K2CrO4 and rapid Cr(VI) reduction in LB medium. Strain ZC1 was deposited in The Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection, USA (NRRL http://nrrl.ncaur.usda.gov) under the accession number NRRL B-59,453. In addition, the accession number of the entire genome sequence in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank is ADJR00000000.
To reduce the cost of the culture medium, single-factor experiments (Cochran and Cox 1957) were introduced in this study as a first optimization step to identify the best medium components. Strain ZC1 was separately inoculated into 100 mL original medium with various carbon sources (sucrose, corn flour, maltose, glucose, lactose, dextrin, starch), organic nitrogen sources (soya peptone, tryptone, soybean flour, yeast extract), inorganic nitrogen sources [KNO3, NH4Cl, CO(NH2)2, (NH4)2SO4] and inorganic salts (KH2PO3, NaCl, CaCl2, Na2SO4, KCl, MgSO4, K2HPO3) and incubated at 37 °C with 160 rpm shaking. After 30 h of cultivation, the numbers of cells and spores were counted following the method described by Chen et al. (2010). The optimal medium components were selected to maximize the cell and spore productions of strain ZC1. An orthogonal test (Lee et al. 1997) was performed to determine the best concentration of each component. In the orthogonal test, an experimental design of L9 (34) was applied for four independent variables, each at three levels. The factors and their concentrations are shown in Table 1. Based on the orthogonal design, a total of nine experiments were performed simultaneously, and the orthogonal arrays are shown in Table 2. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS 19.0 to identify the concentrations that had the most positive effect on strain ZC1 cell and spore productions.
Bioreactor fermentation using the optimized medium
For production of the inoculum, one loopful of strain ZC1 culture was transferred from an agar slant to a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 50 mL LB medium. The culture was incubated on a rotary shaker at 37 °C with 160 rpm shaking for 18 h. Subculture was conducted by inoculating 2 mL overnight culture in a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 100 mL LB medium. The second-stage seed culture was incubated under the same conditions and used in inoculation of the fermenter. Batch fermentation was performed in a 50 L fermenter (BIOF-2000, China) with a sterilizable dissolved oxygen (DO) probe (Mettler Toledo) and a pH probe (Mettler Toledo). The DO and pH probes were both calibrated following standard procedures prior to sterilization. The DO probe was calibrated to zero and 100 % in saturated sodium sulfite solution and saturation air, respectively. The pH probe was calibrated to 7 in neutral standard solution (pH = 7) and adjusted to 4 in acidic standard solution (pH = 4). The optimized fermentation medium was sterilized in situ, and the fermentation was started in batch mode under the following conditions: medium volume of 30 L, inoculum volume of 2 % (v/v), temperature of 37 °C and pH of 8.0. In addition, the aeration and agitation were controlled to maintain the dissolved oxygen percentage above 50 % saturation during the fermentation process, and 0.04 % (v/v) dimethyl silicone oil was used as an antifoaming agent. Sampling was performed aseptically every 4 h for determination of the cell and spore yields. The fermentation was stopped at 28 h in the early-stationary phase.
Production of microcapsule agent of strain ZC1 cells by spray drying and storage
Feed solutions were prepared following the method described by Lian et al. (2002). Bacterial cells from the 30 L fermentation broth were harvested by centrifugation (8000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C) and resuspended in 6 L PBS buffer (0.2 M, pH = 7.5) after fermentation. To obtain the best protective agent, different carriers were investigated, including gelatin, gelatin:sorbitol (1:1), gelatin:sucrose (1:1), gelatin:starch (1:1), gum arabic, gum arabic:sorbitol (1:1), gum arabic:sucrose (1:1) and gum arabic:starch (1:1). The cell suspension was mixed with these carrier solutions [3 % (w/v)] at a ratio of 2:1 (v/v) and vigorously shaken with a vortex mixer for 20 min. Spray drying of L. fusiformis ZC1 cells mixed with various carrier solutions was performed in a laboratory scale spray dryer (SD-1500, China). The spray-drying conditions were inlet air temperature of 160 °C, outlet air temperature of 70–75 °C and atomizing air pressure of 0.3 MPa. The powders were collected in a single cyclone separator. The spray-dried microcapsule agent particles were stored in sealed bags made of aluminum–polyester–polyethylene at 4 °C and room temperature. To determine the survival rate of the cells in the microcapsule agent, the particles were incubated for 50 days, and samples were periodically collected for viable plate counts. The sample processing method was described by Gardiner et al. (2000).
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation
The external morphology of the spray-dried microcapsule agent particles was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM; JSM-6390, JEOL, Japan). Prior to microscopy observation, the samples were mounted on aluminum stubs and covered with gold using an ion-sputtering device (JFC-1600, JEOL, Japan). Images of the particles were viewed with an acceleration voltage of 20 kV.
Soil microcosm Cr(VI) remediation experiment
The soil was collected from a woodland area at Huazhong Agricultural University (Wuhan, Hubei Province, China). After air drying for 7 days, the soil was ground and sieved through a 1 mm screen and mixed thoroughly with Cr(VI) to an initial concentration of 28 mg/kg dw soil. For microcapsule agent treatment, the spray-dried particles were suspended in PBS buffer (0.2 M, pH = 7.5) and added to each container with 60 g soil (triplicates) to a final concentration of 108 cfu/g dw soil. The same soils without the addition of a microcapsule agent were used as controls. The differently treated soils were incubated in the dark at 30 °C for 30 days, and the moisture of the soils was maintained at 16 % throughout the experiment via periodic watering. Soil samples were periodically collected for determination of Cr(VI) concentration using the USEPA Method 3060A described by Xiao et al. (2012). Fresh soils (1.25 g) were digested with 25 mL 0.28 mol/L Na2CO3 and 0.5 mol/L NaOH in a 50 mL digestion tube. The solutions were heated at 95 °C for 60 min with continuous stirring. After cooling, the digested suspension was filtered and metered to a volume of 25 mL with ddH2O. The pH values of the filtrates were adjusted to between 7 and 8 with nitric acid, and the samples were centrifuged (8000 rpm for 10 min) to remove the precipitation. The concentrations of Cr(VI) in the supernatants were analyzed using the diphenylcarbohydrazide (DPC) spectrophotometric method (Monteiro et al. 2002).
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Monteiro MI, Fraga IC, Yallouz AV, Oliveira NM, Ribeiro SH (2002) Determination of total chromium traces in tannery effluents by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, flame atomic absorption spectrometry and UV-visible spectrophotometric methods. Talanta 58(4):629–633
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Oves M, Khan MS, Zaidi A (2013) Chromium reducing and plant growth promoting novel strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa OSG41 enhance chickpea growth in chromium amended soils. Eur J Soil Biol 56:72–83
Pispan S, Hewitt CJ, Stapley AGF (2013) Comparison of cell survival rates of E. coli K12 and L. acidophilus undergoing spray drying. Food Bioprod Process 91:362–369
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Salar-Behzadi S, Wu S, Toegel S, Hofrichter M, Altenburger I, Unger FM, Wirth M, Viernstein H (2013) Impact of heat treatment and spray drying on cellular properties and culturability of Bifidobacterium bifidum BB-12. Food Res Int 54:93–101
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JH performed the experiments and participated in the article drafting. JL analyzed the data and participated in the article drafting and revising. GW has made substantial contributions the design and revising of the article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31170106).
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Jun Huang and Jingxin Li contributed equally to this work
About this article
Cite this article
Huang, J., Li, J. & Wang, G. Production of a microcapsule agent of chromate-reducing Lysinibacillus fusiformis ZC1 and its application in remediation of chromate-spiked soil. SpringerPlus 5, 561 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2177-6
- Chromate-reducing bacterium
- Lysinibacillus fusiformis
- Medium optimization
- Microcapsule agent
- Spray drying
- Soil bioremediation


text:
Another Cross Stitch Finish
So most of the cross stitch that I have done has been designs by Alicia Paulson of Posie Gets Cosy. I've enjoyed doing her kits in the past and I continue to get them. But after discovering FlossTube videos and being introduced to the larger world of cross stitch, I've discovered other things that I like. The first discovery was that I like Halloween designs. Especially those by Prairie Schooler. My first order of cross stitch patterns from 123 Stitch HAD to include Nevermore by Prairie Schooler. I came across the pattern when searching for Ouija board cross stitch patterns on Google Images. It was a MUST stitch.
I also sought out a local needlework shop for the materials instead of ordering them online. Edmonton has a needlework shop called the Craft Connection at 12413 115 Ave NW. One day I decided to go check out what they had and bought the floss and fabric for a couple of projects. As soon as I finished up the Moth, I decided to start up this piece.
Pattern: Nevermore by Prairie Schooler
Materials: 32 count linen by Zweigart in Lambswool
Started: May 8, 2018
Finished: June 20, 2018
Now I know it should probably have more fabric around the design, but when I was looking at fabric pieces, I didn't calculate in extra fabric and then look for that size of piece. I looked at the finished size of the design and then found a piece of fabric that it would fit on with some leftover. Not the end of the world but now I know what to do for next time.
I really enjoyed stitching this piece. I started in the middle and worked my way out, finishing each area before moving on which was quite enjoyable and satisfying. I left the backstitching for last and I ended up eliminating some of the backstitching around the tombstones as I felt it didn't really add much overall.
To try something different, I tried doing my signature one over one. Sometimes I like to try things that are supposed to be hard just to see how things go. And I really like how this turned out. I really enjoy the look of a cross stitched signature as opposed to a back stitched one, but sometimes it can be quite big and take too much attention. I like how small the one over one looks without being too dainty. It wasn't that much of a pain to stitch and it's quite pleasing so I may continue to do future signatures one over one. Who knows?
My next piece is the Midsummer Sprigs ABCs Sampler by Alicia Paulson which is stitched on black fabric. Since doing the one over one I thought I may as well do another "scary" thing and stitch on black. It does help to have really good light, but it's been quite enjoyable so far. I did splurge and get all the over dyed flosses for this project. It uses Weeks Dye Works which are super nice to work with. They are cotton, but seem much silkier than the DMC of my previous pieces.

domain: design


Courtesy of Spike TV
The Aftermath: Love to Hate
• Dave Camarillo
• Stephan Bonnar
No matter what you, Mark Hunt, or anyone else thinks about Brock Lesnar, he doesn't really care. "I’m a white boy and I’m jacked, deal with it."
A more mature Jon Jones has emerged from a
On Thursday, UFC 200's biggest hitters – Daniel Cormier,
Two men involved in the hit and run death
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text:
CHESAPEAKE, Va. (WAVY) – A 15-year-old boy accused of killing his foster parents at a Chesapeake mobile home park appeared before a judge in Juvenile and Family Relations Court today.
At this time, 10 On Your Side is not releasing the suspect’s name due to his age.
He is charged with two counts of aggravated murder in the deaths of his foster parents, Donna Dougherty, 61, and John Dougherty, 60. He is represented by both the public defender and the guardian, since he no longer has parents.
The judge will determine whether he is charged as an adult or as a juvenile. The judge will also decide whether the case will remain in the juvenile system or will be transferred to district court.
If convicted of aggravated murder, the 15-year-old faces two life sentences without parole.
Chesapeake Police say the victims died from either stab wounds or hammer wounds.
The boy’s next trial is scheduled for January 31.
Check out WAVY.com for the latest updates.

domain: news


text:
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It costs $0.99 for a fax of 10 pages or less. Each page after the 10th page costs $0.20. For example, a 10 page fax would cost 99 cents, and an 11 page fax would cost $1.19.
You'll get a notice to enter your credit card information, and once that's squared away, you're free to fax as you please!

domain: economics


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text:
A fourth man has been arrested in connection with a dossier of alleged anti-Semitic offences by members of the Labour Party.
The 44-year-old man was arrested in Newham on Wednesday and is in police custody.
An investigation was launched into alleged anti-Semitism among party members after a dossier was handed to Metropolitan Police Commissioner Cressida Dick during a radio interview last year.
A Met Police spokesman said: "We can confirm police have arrested a fourth man, aged 44, on Wednesday, 1 May, on suspicion of an offence contrary to Section 19 Public Order Act 1986 - publishing or distributing material likely to stir up racial hatred.
"A warrant was executed at an address in Newham. The man is currently in police custody."
Three others were arrested in March on suspicion of publishing or distributing material likely to stir up racial hatred.
They were a man in his 50s, arrested in Birmingham on March 7, a second man in his 50s held in Tunbridge Wells on March 14 and a woman in her 70s in Wandsworth, south London, on March 21.
All three have been released pending further inquiries.
The investigation was prompted by an internal Labour dossier detailing anti-Semitic messages on social media allegedly posted by Labour Party members, which was obtained by LBC radio.
Reports at the time suggested the documents included details of 45 cases, including one which allegedly read: "We shall rid the Jews who are a cancer on us all."
It is understood that disciplinary action was taken by Labour against the three individuals believed to be under investigation, and they are no longer party members.
A party spokesman said Labour was committed to challenging anti-Semitism.
He said: "We welcome the police investigating these individuals' alleged crimes.
"Anti-Semitism has no place in our society and we are committed to challenging and campaigning against it in all its forms."

domain: sociology


Ephemeral during the day, Tomasz Domański’s Ghost Bridge reached its visual fullness during the nightly illumination. Linking the park shore with a small island on the pond with a light bridge created an effect of visual abstraction from the surroundings and was aimed at processualism, gradual extracting of shape. The outline of the skeleton bridge got sharper only after dark, gaining in the intensity of shining and due to its symmetrical reflection on the surface of the water – it dominated the entire exhibition space. It drew its strength from the artificiality of the situation and became an ennobled dummy, flourishing with its whole beautiful shape and cool pulsating light.
photo: Peter Kreibich


text:
La Société de Conservation, d’Interprétation et de Recherche de Berthier et ses Îles (SCIRBI) is a wetland reservation, known for its richness with fauna and flora. The main activity besides hiking is observing the 200+ species of birds, fish and rare plants in the island along footbridges, interpretation signs, and observation towers. This place was awarded by UNESCO in 2000 as one of the six world reserves of the world’s biosphere. The islands host a resting and feeding area for migratory birds such as herons and waterfowls. There are three trails on the island, this post is about our 7km+ hike on the island.Read more
Parc Linéaire Le P’tit Train du Nord is a multi-use recreational trail along Rivière du Nord from Saint Jérome to Mont-Laurier. The 232km corridor was originally a railway track which was operated by the Candian Pacific Railway from about 1890 to 1990. Today, Le P’tit Train du Nord Linear Park is used for biking and hiking during summertime and cross-country skiing & snowmobiles (at some parts) during the winter. The trail is free of charge, offers mechanical bike equipment at designated areas, first aid & mechanical assistance via volunteers along the trail and accessible to beginners.Read more
Only 30 mins north from Quebec City, Canyon Sainte-Anne is a beautiful gorge, carved by the Sainte-Anne-du-Nord River with a drop of 75 meters waterfall. With three suspension footbridges and many overlooks, you will not miss a drop. The hike is circular, from the main entrance, along bridges, walking on both sides of the gorge, first downhill until reaching the bottom of the canyon and then climbing uphill. Other activities are available in the park, Air Canyon, a high-speed short and zipline experience, 90 meters above the gorge and also rock climbing – via Ferrata.Read more
Verger Denis Charbonneau is located on the foothills of Mont Saint-Grégoire. This large orchard with 28,000 apple trees offers 15 apple varieties. A visit to this well-organized orchard is ideal for families, with a wide selection of activities; 3 play areas, two mini-farms, a tractor ride and more.
Other fruit pickings are available: strawberries (June), raspberries and blueberries (July), plums (August-September), pears (September – October), pumpkins (September 15 – October 31).Read more
Oh, Charlevoix! The region with the nicest landscape and views of the St Lawerence River. Route Des Saveurs is a road along green hills and mountains with numerous local producers. We were hopping from one artisan shop and producer to the other, and the views, oh the views! This post is about our week in the Charlevoix area in the summer, where we visited farms, art boutiques, pottery shops, restaurants, and beaches. All suitable for families with kids.Read more
Isle-aux-Coudes is located off the shore of Charlevoix on the St. Lawrence River. The 23km island is known for its cycling adventure and splendid views of the Charlevoix hills and mountains. The short free-of-charge ferry boat ride with the car is a nice experience. During the summertime you can enjoy many festivals and events on the island. It is part of La Route des Saveurs (a culinary route) with featured local producers and restaurants in the area.Read more

domain: geography


text:
Past Year Use
In the U.S., past year methamphetamine use among individuals aged 12 or older increased from 0.6% in 2015 to 0.9% in 2020 (Figure 1), amounting to about 2.5 million users, of which about 153,000 were new users. An estimated 1.5 million (0.6%) developed methamphetamine use disorder for dependence and abuse (NSDUH, 2020).
From 2015-2018, young adults aged 18 to 25 years had highest prevalence of past year methamphetamine use of all age groups. Past year methamphetamine use among young adults aged 26 or older increased since 2016, and became the age group with the highest prevalence of past year methamphetamine use by 2020 (Figure 2).
(Note: Caution should be used comparing estimates between 2020 and prior years due to methodological changes in the NSDUH 2020.)
California had higher methamphetamine use in the past year compared to Los Angeles County and the U.S. overall among adults aged 18 or older in 2016-2018 and 2018-2020 (Figure 3).
In LAC, past year methamphetamine use increased consistently with age. Compared to 2016-2018, methamphetamine use increased slightly among adults, and decreased slightly among youth and young adults in 2018-2020 (Figure 4.).
Among high school students, the percent that had ever used methamphetamine has been decreasing from 2003-2019 in the US.
Los Angeles County (LAC), which historically had a high prevalence of ever use of methamphetamine among high school students, had consistent large decreases since 2005, nearing that of the overall US estimates in 2017. In 2019, the percent of LAC increased to 3.3%, while that for California jumped to 8.2%, and that for the US decreased to 2.1% (Figure 5).
(Note: No data was available for California until 2015.)
Male high school students had a higher estimated prevalence of ever use of methamphetamine than female students in LAC for most years during the 2003-2019 period. The estimated prevalence among females was higher than that of males in 2005, 2007, and 2017.
As of 2019, 4.2% of male students and 2.0% of female students have ever used methamphetamine in their lifetime (YRBS, 2021) (Figure 6).
In LAC, Latinx high school students had the highest prevalence of ever use of methamphetamine in 2005 (12.2%), but this has since decreased consistently to 2.2% in 2017 (Figure 7). In 2019, Latinx's prevalence has increased to 3.6%; prevalence data for other races in 2019 were not available.
The prevalence of ever use of methamphetamine among high school students of other race/ethnic groups fluctuated over the period. In 2017, whites had the highest prevalence of ever use of methamphetamine compared to other race/ethnic groups (Figure 7)
Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC). High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). Retrieved from https://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/App/Results.aspx?LID=LO. Retreived 2021.
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). 2006-2020. Substate Region Estimates. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/all-reports?sort_bef_combine=field_date_printed_on_report_DESC&items_per_page=15&keys=substate%20regions
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). 2020. Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Tables 1.1A, 1.1B, 4.4B.


Man arrested after body found in car
South Australian major crime detectives are interviewing a 31-year-old man over the alleged murder of his former partner at Strathalbyn, south-east of Adelaide.
The man was arrested on Tuesday afternoon, but is yet to be charged.
Police have been speaking to him for several hours since the body of his 28-year-old former partner was found covered by a quilt inside a blue Toyota Camry dumped on a dirt road.
A group of four men made the grim discovery at 12:40pm ACST on Tuesday, when they went to collect belongings from the vehicle.
It is unclear how the woman died or how long her body had been there.
Forensic investigators remain at the scene.


text:
Boston College edges Virginia Tech 62-59
Jan. 11, 2014
BLACKSBURG, Va. (AP) — Lonnie Jackson hit a 3-pointer with 27.4 seconds left to give Boston College the lead and the Eagles pulled away for a 62-59 win over Virginia Tech on Saturday.
BC (5-11, 1-2 ACC) snapped a four-game losing streak. The Eagles had lost seven of their previous eight games.
Virginia Tech (8-7, 1-2) had taken a 59-58 lead on a 3-pointer by C.J. Barksdale with 1:36 remaining. BC's Olivier Hanlan turned the ball over on the Eagles' next possession, but the Hokies couldn't take advantage, as Jarell Eddie missed a 3-pointer with 47 seconds remaining.
BC called a timeout with 33 seconds to go. After the timeout, Jackson got a good look from the left wing and hit the 3-pointer to give the Eagles a 61-59 edge.
Virginia Tech got the ball up the court quickly and called a timeout with 22.8 seconds left. The Hokies ran the clock down before getting the ball into the hands of guard Adam Smith, who took a jumper from the baseline that came up short with 2 seconds to go.
BC's Joe Rahon got the rebound and Smith fouled Rahon with a second remaining. Rahon made the first free throw, but missed the second one. Eddie got the rebound for the Hokies and time expired.
Jackson — who missed BC's first three games this season with a hamstring injury and had scored in double figures just once this season — led BC with 17 points, hitting 6 of 11 from the floor, including five 3-pointers. Olivier Hanlan added 14.
Smith led the Hokies with 12 points, and Barksdale added 11. Eddie, Virginia Tech's leading scorer at 16.6 points per game, scored 10 for the Hokies, but made just 3 of 14 from the floor.
Virginia Tech shot just 28.6 percent in the second half (8 of 28) and 35.1 percent for the game (20 of 57).
The Eagles beat the Hokies for the sixth time in the past seven meetings between the two teams.


text:
About three months ago, I gave up medicine.
No more asprin or pain killers for my headaches.
I decided to go the all natural route when it comes to my health.
Since then, my kitchen has sprouted with herbs and medicinal plants.
Making a tincture of Thyme for skin problems.
My vegetable garden, now moved into their new home in the back yard.
I've also put together an herbal first aid kit.
Vitamins, rubs, and oils.
And my favorite herbs in capsule form.
I have been headache free for a very long time.
Headaches were a thing I would deal with nearly every day.
Which meant, taking medicine, every day.
One day, I decided to quit.
The first 2 weeks were awful.
Lots of rebound headaches...
But, after that, I've felt great.
Plus, I personally believe my house smells pretty great.
(Minus Valerian, that stuff smells like feet!)

domain: health


text:
Ok, so I have an 8 year old and he LOVES to read. Every night before bed he pulls out whatever his favorite book of the moment is.
But regularly, he reads the same books over and over over…which I don’t quite understand. I have never read a book twice in my life!
Recently he has gotten into a series called Big Nate…
There are currently 3 books in the series, with some other supplemental books to go along…like comics and a do it yourself book called Boredom Buster.
The books are written similarly to the Diary of a Wimpy Kid books, but slightly milder, appealing to boys younger than the 12 year old Nate. If your little one enjoys Wimpy Kid, then Big Nate will be a sure hit.
Nate is an unorganized 6th grader whose is racking up detentions at school. His luck changes when he opens a fortune cookie that says he will “surpass all others”. The fortune gives Nate some motivation and without realizing it he sets out on a series of events that prove the fortune true.
Nate also deals with problems that are universally experienced by kids of all ages: being liked by peers, dealing with situations when they go awry and living in a single parent household.
Now, from a kid’s perspective…
Why do you Like Big Nate books?
I like them because they are funny and there are new books coming out.
Who is your favorite character and why?
Nate because he has cool looking hair and his name is easy to spell. Nate likes skateboarding like I do too. I like him because he draws comics. Nate is in the 6th grade and he is funny, he also loves Cheese Doodles.
What was the funniest part of the book?
When Nate opens his locker garbage flies out every time because it is so messy.
Does Nate have problems at school? What are they?
He keeps on getting in trouble and gets detention. He draws doodles and his desk is so messy and he doesn’t finish his homework. He even beat the world record of getting detentions in one day…seven whole detentions!
What makes you like the books so much you want to reread them?
I like looking at the comics that Nate draws because the characters in the comics funny names and titles…like “The Trip to Nowhere” and Dr. Chesspool.
Would you recommend these books to other kids?
Yes because they are SO funny and Nate is funny and his friends are funny too.
So there you have it…a kid’s perspective on the series…apparently they are all very funny

domain: library


Alpina Black BT84
The Alpina Black BT84 is a sturdy and multi-use tractor suitable for collecting clippings of medium gardens up to 2800 m2. It features a 84cm cutting deck with 7 cutting height adjustments engaged thanks to an electromagnetic clutch and it is powered by an Alpina 352cc engine with geared transmission. The 200 litre grass collector, the ergonomic steering wheel, the front headlights and the bumper make this machine extremely secure and comfortable to use. It includes the battery charger.
The seat can be adjusted depending on driver's preferences. Better comfort for any driver during long and intensive working periods.
Advanced collecting tunnel
Offers the best in class collecting system. Thanks to the central tunnel the cutted grass is entirely and efficienty discharged into the rear collector.
Protects the front of the tractor from any obstacle.
Cup and phone holder
Usefull and safe compartment for refreshments, phones and other small accessories.
Cutting height adjustment
Multiple positions to select the desired mowing. Cutting height can be adjusted thanks to an ergonomic lever.
Dashboard with LED
The basic parameters of the tractor are constantly monitored. The operator is always sure that the machine is working efficiently.
Electromagnetic PTO engagement
Cutting blades and compatible implements can be activated and deactivated instantely by pushing a button. Extremely safe when driver needs to disengage blades in a second to avoid hitting stones or debris on the ground.
Full collector indicator
An acustic noise alerts you when it is time to empty the rear collector.
Maximum visibility of the working area at any light condition.
Pivoting front axle
Ensures excellent comfort and stability in any ground situation.
Quick release wheels
Allows the drivers to change the wheels in second by simply removing a metal retaining ring.
Reverse cutting control
Simply by pushing the button, the driver can keep the blades engaged while driving reverse.
Located under the seat, the safety switch cuts off the engine and the cutting deck in case the driver leaves the driving position while operating.
Untimed twin-cut system
Represents a superior cutting and collecting system performance thanks to the twin blades.
The washing link makes it quick and easy to clean the deck.
For more information about the Alpina brand http://www.alpina-garden.com/about-alpina.html
Alpina products are manufactured by GGP, the European leader in production and distribution of lawnmowers and powered garden equipment Learn more about GGP here
For more information please call 01889 561508 or contact your local dealer


text:
ALTOS DE TAMARON red wine Reserva -D.O. Ribera Duero- (75 cl)
SaveMore Market place (Orji)
Accompany your meats and stews with this red wine from Ribera del Duero, of great elegance. It can be perfect for any special occasion.
- Content: 75 cl
- Denomination of Origin: Ribera del Duero
- Geographical Zone: Spain
- Winery / Tour Operator: Pagos del Rey S.L.
- Graduation: 14% vol.


The Xtar S1 is one of the more impressive thrower lights that we stock, capable of up to 475 meters using its 3 CREE XM-L LEDs combined with three separate, deep reflectors. The light is powered by 3 18650 batteries and is completely controlled by a rotary ring under the head of the light.
- ANSI Illumination levels: SOS Strobe High Preset
- Luminance: 2350 Lm 2350 Lm 2350 Lm 15 - 2350 Lm
- Duration: 1h20min 500h-1h20min
- Max Duration: 2350Lm/1hrs20Min (Tested by 3 x 18650 3100mAh battery)
- Constant current circuit - maintains constant brightness
- Smooth reflector, throws beam over 475 meters
- Powered by 3x18650/3x18700 button-top battery.
- Ø 83mm(Head dia)x Ø 47mm(Body dia)x 240mm(length)
- 888-gram weight (excluding batteries)
- Made of durable aircraft-grade aluminum
- Premium Type III hard-anodized anti-abrasive finish
- Waterproof to IPX 8
- Magnetic ring switch
- Anti-roll, slip-resistant body design
- Accessories included: Flashlight, Lanyard, Pouch, Spare O-rings, Manual, Warranty card and Package.


June 16, 2023 –WILLEMSTAD – Following a series of power supply problems in the past two months and two blackouts in the last eight days, the Curaçao government is committed to taking action to prevent further disruptions. Minister Ruisandro Cijntje of Economic Development made this announcement during a press conference this morning.
Minister Cijntje highlighted that the power supply has been unstable for the past two months, with several significant incidents occurring since 2020. These ongoing issues have caused numerous problems for the population and have had adverse effects on the economy. Recognizing the urgency of the situation, Minister Cijntje held extensive meetings with all stakeholders yesterday and today to address the matter comprehensively.
As part of the government’s plan, a new policy will be implemented to ensure tangible improvements for the population. One significant aspect of this strategy is the appointment of a new technical director for Aqualectra, the power utility company responsible for the island’s electricity supply.
The government is fully committed to resolving the power supply challenges and aims to prevent any further disruptions. Minister Cijntje emphasized the importance of stable and reliable electricity for the well-being of the population and the continued economic development of Curaçao. The implementation of the new policy, coupled with the appointment of a capable technical director, is expected to bring about positive changes and enhance the power supply infrastructure on the island.


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Enjoy every moment leading up to Christmas day ...countdown with your Cadbury Advent Calendar. Delicious Dairy Milk chocolate pieces for everyday ..till Christmas day. Imported from the UK, make these Cadbury Dairy Milk Chocolate Advent Calendars a new Christmas tradition for your family!!!
Net Weight: 3.17 ounces (90 grams)
Ingredients: Milk, Sugar, Cocoa Mass, Cocoa Butter, Vegetable Fat, Ammonium Phosphatides (E442), Polyglycerol Polyricinoleates (E476), Undefined Flavouring

domain: food


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Specific Sub-Interest: Occupational Therapist
Location: West Midlands
Expertise: Other specialism
Download CV as PDF
Andrea Matthews MSc BSc qualified as an Occupational Therapist (OT) with an MSc in Occupational Therapy from the University of Derby in 2011. She is registered with the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) and is a member of the British Association of Occupational Therapists (BAOT). She also has a BSc in Psychology, gained in 2004 from the University of Wales, Bangor.
She has completed comprehensive postgraduate qualifications in sensory integration with the University of Ulster and Sensory Integration Network to earn the title Advanced Practitioner of Sensory Integration. She is also a Rebound Therapy Practitioner (therapeutic use of trampolines).
Andrea has over 20-years of experience working with people with acquired brain injury. She began as a Rehabilitation Support Worker, before working as an Assistant Psychologist and then progressing to Assistant Manager of a 25-bedded residential rehabilitation service. She went on to train as an OT and has continued to work in the field of brain injury rehabilitation ever since. She has also worked as a Case Manager, supporting adults and children with acquired brain injuries.
Andrea specialises in acquired brain injury, dyspraxia, Autistic Spectrum Condition (ASC) and sensory processing and integration difficulties. She works with both adults and children across different settings, including the client’s home, residential rehabilitation services, schools, workplaces, the community and in clinics.
She has experience of carrying out a wide variety of standardised and non-standardised assessments, writing comprehensive reports, providing Ayres Sensory Integration Therapy, Rebound Therapy, cognitive rehabilitation, functional therapy interventions and recommending equipment and adaptations.
Andrea set up an independent Occupational Therapy company in February 2014. In January 2017 she co-founded an interdisciplinary therapy company specialising in neurological rehabilitation with three like-minded therapists from psychology and speech therapy backgrounds. She remains a Director of both companies. In January 2018 she set up a Sensory Integration and Therapy Clinic in Bromsgrove, Worcestershire. Andrea leads a team of specialised occupational therapists across the Midlands and North of England, and also supervises a number of occupational therapists from other organisations.

domain: medical


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Charitable Giving: Smart from the Heart
Do you have causes that you want to support with donations?
Have A Question About This Topic?
Diversification is an investment principle designed to manage risk, but it can't prevent against a loss.
Estimate how much of your Social Security benefit may be considered taxable.
A quick look at how federal income taxes work.


Sorachi Hideaki, the author of Gintama, uses an image of a gorilla to illustrate himself in the series, but would he have ever guessed that a baby gorilla could be named after him?
Sorachi Sensei in Gintama anime.
Shanghai Zoo asked people what to name their baby gorilla, and Chinese otaku exercised their voting power and currently, the name "Sorachi Hideaki" is at #1.
The baby gorilla that could soon be the real "Sorachi Hideaki" gorilla. The choosen name will be officially announced on May 17th.


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Under the Radar
It has been a long nine months since Delays last tease, Prizefighter, but they have dropped another shimmering demo to lift us over the jarring start line for 2021. ‘Under the Radar’ is just what we needed to hear right now.
Glittering keys lead the way with simple vocal accompaniment, which lands right in a subdued version of what becomes an epic soulful chorus as the song progresses. The instruments build on each other to create a reverberating rhythmic cadence, giving ground to each other like some kind of instrumental relay race. A noteworthy bass line pumps things along as it all combines into a tingly melodic climax and then, after three short minutes it all scatters and fades.
This song, like the previous one, is annotated as a rough demo, but I’d buy an album of these songs in a heartbeat and the recording doesn’t diminish the song one little bit. Pure fabulist genius. More, please.Watch Delays – Under the Radar
Written by Fenton on

domain: artistic


Let's explore the mining machine together!
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Dating an only child girl
As an only child (and the child of an only child), I’m aware of my bad reputation.Spoiled, selfish, and antisocial are just a few adjectives usually associated with “onlys.” And l admit that when the question of siblings comes up, I go on the defensive: “I’m an only child, but I’m not weird, I swear!"There are stereotypical characteristics people ascribe to only children, which may have some truth to varying degrees, but these characteristics describe many people in the general population," says Dr. She adds that how a person is raised is more important than whether or not he has a sibling. It's something people attribute to kids who don't have siblings and display negative behaviors," says Dr. "Only kids may be at risk for having social difficulties, have a hard time sharing the spotlight or issues with conflict resolution, but that's not true across the board," he explains. psychologist and author of "The Case for the Only Child: Your Essential Guide." "Today, kids are socialized early through play dates, day care and prekindergarten."If parents model and teach patience, kindness and warmth, their children pick up those qualities," she explains. Rosenthal, who has a doctorate in psychology, is not alone in his thinking."In Hall's study, kids lived on farms and far apart," adds Dr. Only children are not more spoiled, selfish or aggressive.They want friends, and if they display these behaviors they will not have any, so the theory lacks merit."Lonely and Selfish? Tsioles believes that personality is built, in part, on the types of early relationships children establish with their caregivers and that only children, like all children, model what they see."Only children are often described as being lonely, selfish, unwilling to share and lacking in patience, but these characteristics are typical of toddlers in general and a lot of adults, whether they had siblings or not." And about Hall's study?
Content Header .feed_item_answer_user .anon_user.logged_out .
”While I maintain I’m just as “normal” as anyone else, growing up as an only child definitely molded my personality and behavior in certain ways.
I can thank my sibling-free status for some super-positive qualities (studious, self-motivated), as well as some less-than-great character traits (sensitive, Type A).
And with only children families rising, it's something parents don't need to worry about. Hall, a psychologist who was a popular child rearing expert of his day, asserted that being an only child was so damaging to character that it was a "disease unto itself." Although countless studies and a multitude of child rearing experts say it's not true, the claims that only children are spoiled, selfish and bossy have shown astonishing sticking power.
However, with only children, there are some social adaptions you will want to put in place. Remember, whether an only child or not, some people are naturally less socially adaptable than others. psychologist, licensed clinical social worker and founder of Child Therapy Chicago.
I know this can come across as slightly bossy, but when it comes to projects at work or school, it can be a great thing: I’ll always take the lead!

domain: psychology


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Jon Hamm, the star of AMC’s Mad Men is not too famous to get a little star struck from time to time. In an interview with AV Club the star spoke about his first encounter with Hip-Hop Mogul Jay Z.
“I was in New York City and going down an elevator when the elevator stopped, and Jay-Z got on,” Hamm said. “This was a long time ago. It was pre-Beyoncé. And definitely pre-Mad Men. I think I was probably super nervous and nerdy and said something like, ‘I’m a big fan of your work.’ And he was very polite,” Hamm continued. “And then we rode the elevator down the rest of the way, and then he got out and walked to the curb and got in a powder blue Bentley. And I walked to the corner and got on the subway.”
Man Men is currently in its fifth season with no signs of slowing down. It’s a drama about one of New York’s most prestigious ad agencies at the beginning of the 1960s, focusing on one of the firm’s most mysterious but extremely talented ad executives, Donald Draper (Hamm).
Maybe the next time these two meet, Hamm will be getting in a powder blue Bentley of his own.

domain: entertainment


"Budget issues are one of the primary factors affecting the development of a new farm bill, particularly in a Congress that is focused on deficit reduction. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) cost estimate of S. 3240--the Senate Agriculture Committee's proposal for a 2012 farm bill, introduced on May 24, 2012--shows projected budgetary reductions of $23.6 billion over the 10-year period FY2013-FY2022. This would be a 2.4% reduction from the $993 billion of baseline outlays over the same period for farm bill programs. Funding to write the next farm bill is based on CBO baseline projection of the cost of farm bill programs, and on varying budgetary assumptions about whether programs will continue. The CBO baseline is an estimation (projection) at a particular point in time of what federal spending on mandatory programs likely would be under current law. When new bills are proposed that affect mandatory spending, their impact (or 'score') is measured as a difference from the baseline. This process sets the mandatory budget for considering a new farm bill. The March 2012 CBO baseline for mandatory farm bill programs is $995 billion of budget authority ($993 billion of outlays) for the 10-year period FY2013-FY2022. Most of this budget authority ($772 billion) is for domestic nutrition assistance programs, primarily the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). The rest, about $223 billion, is divided among various agriculture-related programs, primarily crop insurance ($90 billion), farm commodity price and income supports ($63 billion), and conservation ($65 billion). These amounts can be used to reauthorize the same programs, be reallocated among these and other programs, or used as offsets for deficit reduction or other programs."
CRS Report for Congress, R42484


I am writing as a longtime resident of the Seventh ward and a proud Evanstonian. I grew up in the Seventh ward and 10 years ago moved my family from Boston to Evanston so my children could be raised in this vibrant university community.
My husband and I are not employed by Northwestern, we are not Northwestern alumni and our family members did not attend Northwestern. We have bought two homes within spitting distance of the stadium and currently live in one of the four homes that are adjacent to the stadium. When we bought our current house in 2019, we fully accepted the risks and the benefits of having Ryan Field, Welsh Ryan arena, the softball and baseball fields as our direct neighbors.
My biggest fear for our community and the alderpersons that represent us is that we fall complacent to the easier path of anchoring in the old arguments of Evanston vs. Northwestern in response to the unveiling of the plans for the new Ryan Field.
I understand there are longstanding residents who have felt wronged by past Northwestern projects. While I don’t share that experience, I appreciate the apprehension and concern brought to planning sessions and I’d also hope this project can represent another chance to build goodwill.
I also appreciate that we have new leaders at Northwestern that are delivering on their commitment to provide a transparent process, including community input, and have formed a working group which includes residents that represent a diverse set of viewpoints. Many of the initial concerns brought forward have been addressed in the preliminary plans. The stadium footprint is smaller, with a new canopy designed to contain lighting and noise. The initial plan reveals green space, park settings, additional parking with drainage technology and a walking path with landscaping to provide an additional buffer to those residents directly adjacent to the new venue (thank you). And yet, we still have important work to do.
For good reason, the biggest sticking point is the potential addition of several concerts to the new outdoor stadium. Instead of rejecting this proposal out of hand, I’d strongly urge my neighbors and fellow community members to come to the table to listen and learn about what this could mean for Evanston through ticket sales and tax revenue, as well as how such concerts can positively impact local vendors and businesses. Yes, it’s easier to sit on the sidelines, not speak up, or complain, but we all win when residents act like decent human beings and contribute to the conversation and bring a solution-oriented mindset.
Instead of leading with “no,” let’s put our energy into coming together and crafting our asks of Northwestern. Let’s recommend the parameters that we, the community, would want to see in place that will make this a win for Evanston. It might not be perfect yet but let’s work together to get it closer to what we want. We should be looking hard at ways for this opportunity to benefit neighbors, the broader community and the university. It can and it should, but only if we work together.
Peggy Philip Baxter


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Sex with emotional closeness can improve your short-term memory, a new study finds, but it may not be much of a boost for long-term memory.
A report published recently in the Archives of Sexual Behavior examined the results of a study of more than 6,000 adults age 50 and older (with a mean age of 66) who were asked about their sexual activity and tested for memory.
“This study provided evidence that sexual activity and emotional closeness during partnered sexual activity relate to episodic [short-term] memory performance,” the study authors concluded. But there doesn't appear to be a relationship between sex and preventing cognitive decline over longer stretches of time.
Emotional closeness was a key factor in helping short-term memory.
“That emotional closeness during partnered sexual activity predicted concurrent and subsequent memory performance is an interesting new finding,” the authors wrote. They speculated that because sexual activity with a familiar partner generally reduces the level of stress, and because high levels of stress are tied to cognitive decline, there may be an indirect benefit for memory.
The authors wrote that “further research using longer time frames and more sensitive measures of episodic memory" would be needed to determine whether changes in sexual activity can improve memory over an adult's life span.


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Foo Fighters Done With New Album + One Song Has 25-Year-Old Riff
This year marks the 25th anniversary of the Foo Fighters' debut album, but the band won't be bogged down by nostalgia and are pushing forward with new music. Dave Grohl even confirmed that they've now completed their new record, the successor to 2017's Concrete and Gold.
"We just finished making a record," said Grohl on the "Bill Simmons Podcast" (audio below, transcription via Consequence of Sound). The Foos leader explained that it's a mixed bag of music that came together almost instantly and, elsewhere, he revealed that at least one riff has been kicking around as long as the band has.
"Some of those songs, the best ones happen in 45 minutes," relayed Grohl, "Then there’s other songs — there’s a riff on the new record I’ve been working on for 25 years. The first time I demoed it was in my basement in Seattle."
The ever-busy frontman has also been occupying his time cutting a documentary about touring in vans and features some of the biggest artists to ever play onstage. "I’ve interviewed everybody — The Beatles toured in a van, Guns N’ Roses, Metallica, U2, everybody has had a van," explained Grohl, who noted, "There’s something about that time, you wear it like a badge."
There's nothing glamorous about touring a van. You're crammed into a tight space and, typically, with a bunch of people in desperate need of a proper shower, sleeping on top of each other while someone stays awake (and hopefully sober) to drive to the next gig and Grohl understands that well.
Detailing the aim of the documentary, the Foo Fighters mainman revealed, "The movie isn’t so much about really awesome van tour anecdotes, it’s more about the drive to do it. Why would anyone give up everything, quit their job, leave everything behind, just to chase this dream with no guarantee you’re ever going to make it? And you starve, you bleed, you’re sick, you’re pissed, you get taken to jail and in fights, but you always make it to the next gig. Everyone has the same story, and it’s absolutely the key to success."
At the beginning of the year, Grohl acknowledged the 25-year anniversary of the band's self-titled debut, promising "some seriously crazy shit" for 2020. It looks as if he's only just getting started.
Dave Grohl on the "Bill Simmons Podcast"
2020's Most Anticipated Rock + Metal Albums


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Emergency Medicine Interest Group (EMIG)
Advisor: Dr. Vonzella Bryant, email@example.com
- Clinton Hausman, firstname.lastname@example.org
- Megan Berube, email@example.com
- Robby Grewal, firstname.lastname@example.org
- Steven Miyawaki, email@example.com
The Emergency Medicine Interest Group (EMIG) at Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine was established to expand student awareness and interest in emergency medicine. At the site of Boston’s first emergency medicine residency program and New England’s largest trauma center, EMIG hopes to continue BUSM’s strong tradition in the field by providing resources and information to students seeking exposure to emergent care, subspecialties of emergency medicine and academic opportunities in and around the emergency department. EMIG will expand BUSM’s commitment to excellence in medicine and research in the context of social justice and equal opportunity for all those in need of care.


text:
Watch Letters from Three Lovers
- 1 hr 13 min
A bundle of letters are lost and delivered one year late, resulting in profound changes in the lives of the recipients. Three delayed letters were all written by the sweethearts of the deliver-ees. Among those affected are a young couple cruelly separated by the wheels of justice, a housewife involved in a extramarital relationship, and a pair of lovers who aren't all that they seem to be.


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Ok, I'm particularly proud of this project. Not because it's any great feat of engineering or high design. It's a simple project that took me a few hours to bang out, but has already expanded my big day or 'small epics.' The idea is simple; a comfortable bed for the car with decent ventilation and a bit of privacy. The bunk can be broken down and stored in the trunk (or way back) and includes a reading light, small fan, some window screens and, of course, the bunk itself. Not a lot of space, sleeping on it reminds me of my 'Capsule Hotel' experience in Fukuoka, Japan. All good, no adventure should be complete without one:
Over night for a two day intro to paragliding (flying solo).
Over night for an early morning trail start to climb Mt. Washington.
Midnight hike with Tucker under full moon along Granite Ledges trail in White Mountains followed by a climb to top of Mt. Adams after a few hours of sleep on the bunk.
Most recently, Tucker and I completed hike to North Baldface after arriving to the trailhead around midnight (and snowing) on Easter Sunday (after dinner with family).

domain: travel


The Hillsboro Indians won their fourth game of the season on Friday night 57 – 7 against the visiting Williamsburg Wildcats. The Indians were on fire from the first offensive play of the game which was taken to the house by upstart junior QB Mason Swayne for a 66-yard touchdown. The Indians put the cherry on top of the opening drive by successfully converting a two-point conversion.
The Wildcats of Williamsburg started out with a promising drive that featured three first downs. But, the Indians defense stepped up deep in their own territory to hold the Wildcats and force a fourth down punt.
Four plays later, Swayne was at it again as he called his own number from 42-yards out and scored the second touchdown of the game for Hillsboro to put the up by a score of 15 – 0 with 5:35 to go in the first quarter.
On the Wildcats next possession the Williamsburg QB was sacked on successive plays to pin Williamsburg deep. The ensuing punt went out of bounds at midfield to give the Indians another possession.
However, the drive was short lived as Swayne tried to keep it himself again only to turn the ball over on a fumble at the Williamsburg 25 yard line.
The turnover gave the Wildcats life as the offense got going at the start of the second quarter scored a touchdown eight plays and 75 yards later to bring the score to 15 – 7
Hillsboro had an answer two plays later when Swayne, on the second play of the drive, broke loose and scampered to the end zone for his third touchdown of the game. The score and subsequent two-point conversion gave the Indians a 23 – 7 lead with just under eight minutes to go before half time.
The Wildcats promptly fumbled and gave the ball back to the Indians on a recovery by Britton Haines at the Hillsboro 44-yard line. Three plays later Josh Keets got the edge and broke off another huge touchdown for the Indians and following the point after giving his team a 30 – 7 lead.
A fifteen play drive near the end of the second quarter looked like it might result in a touchdown for the Wildcats but on fourth and goal the Hillsboro defense held strong stopping the rush attempt at the two yard line and giving the Indians the ball back with under thirty seconds to go and 98 yards to cover.
On the last play of the half Swayne fooled everyone and managed to squeak through the line and jet down the field for an improbable 98-yard touchdown run, his fourth of the game.
The second half was inconsequential as the Indians added three more touchdown and took a knee on a two-point conversion to provide the final 57 – 7 score.
Hillsboro was led by Swayne who had 295 yards rushing and four touchdowns.
Indians head coach Jack O’Rourke said after the game, “That is a young football team that we played out there and that contributed to what happened tonight. Those kids for Williamsburg played hard tonight and gave us some fits with their offense tonight. Next week we are going to have to play some of our better football to beat a good 3 – 1 Clermont Northeastern team.”
The Indians travel to Batavia to take on Clermont Northeastern for their fifth game of the season.
Reach Ryan Applegate at 937-402-2572, or on Twitter @RCApplegate89.