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Correa-Cote J, Morales-Uribe C, Sanabria A. Laparoscopic management of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2014; 6(7): 296-303
Corresponding Author of This Article
Alvaro Sanabria, MD, MSc, PhD, FACS, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia-Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe-San Vicente de Paul. Medellin, Carrera 51d Nº 62-29, Medellin 050010, Colombia. firstname.lastname@example.org
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World J Gastrointest Endosc. Jul 16, 2014; 6(7): 296-303 Published online Jul 16, 2014. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v6.i7.296
Laparoscopic management of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors
Juan Correa-Cote, Carlos Morales-Uribe, Alvaro Sanabria
Juan Correa-Cote, Carlos Morales-Uribe, Alvaro Sanabria, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia-Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe-San Vicente de Paul. Medellin, Medellin 050010, Colombia
ORCID number: $[AuthorORCIDs]
Author contributions: Correa-Cote J, Morales-Uribe C and Sanabria A contributed equally to this work; Correa-Cote J and Morales-Uribe C designed the research; Correa-Cote J, Morales-Uribe C and Sanabria A performed the research, analyzed the data; and wrote the paper.
Correspondence to: Alvaro Sanabria, MD, MSc, PhD, FACS, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia-Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe-San Vicente de Paul. Medellin, Carrera 51d Nº 62-29, Medellin 050010, Colombia. email@example.com
Received: November 4, 2013 Revised: April 7, 2014 Accepted: May 28, 2014 Published online: July 16, 2014
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most frequent gastrointestinal tumors of mesodermal origin. Gastric GISTs represent approximately 70% of all gastrointestinal GISTs. The only curative option is surgical resection. Many surgical groups have shown good results with the laparoscopic approach. There have not been any randomized controlled trials comparing the open vs laparoscopic approach, and all recommendations have been based on observational studies. The experience obtained from gastric laparoscopic surgery during recent decades and the development of specific devices have allowed the treatment of most gastric GISTs through the laparoscopic approach.
Core tip: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most frequent gastrointestinal tumors of mesodermal origin. Gastric GISTs represent approximately 70% of all gastrointestinal GISTs. The only curative option is surgical resection. Many surgical groups have shown good results with the laparoscopic approach. There have not been any randomized controlled trials comparing the open vs laparoscopic approach, and all recommendations have been based on observational studies. The experience obtained from gastric laparoscopic surgery during recent decades and the development of specific devices have allowed the treatment of most gastric GISTs through the laparoscopic approach.
Citation: Correa-Cote J, Morales-Uribe C, Sanabria A. Laparoscopic management of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2014; 6(7): 296-303
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most frequent gastrointestinal tumors of mesodermal origin, and gastric GISTs represent approximately 70% of all gastrointestinal GISTs. These tumors are derived from the interstitial cells of Cajal, and have been shown to harbor gain of function mutations in the cell-surface KIT receptor in approximately 90% or in the platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA) in 8%.
Most tumors are limited to the primary organ, and less than 2% of tumors present lymph node metastasis. GISTs can also metastasize to the peritoneum and infrequently present hematogenous metastasis to other intra-abdominal viscera, lung, pleura, bone and brain.
Most patients are asymptomatic; the tumors are usually found as an incidental finding in 4%-39% of cases[6-11]. In most surgical series, the most frequent symptoms are gastrointestinal bleeding (14%-68%), abdominal pain (16.1%-45%), abdominal mass (3.3%-21%), early satiety (36%), anemia (19.4%-77%), weight loss (11%), bowel obstruction (3.6%), liver metastasis (3.6%), dyspeptic symptoms (9.7%) and dysphagia (9%)[6-10]. There is a clear relationship between tumor size and symptoms, smaller tumores are generally asymptomatic.
The diagnosis is usually made by endoscopy or abdominal imaging. During endoscopy, it is possible to see gastric lumen narrowing associated with normal protruded mucosa, although in larger tumors, the mucosa can show ulcers due to local ischemia[12,13]. The ideal method for diagnosis is endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), which can define the size, vascular pattern and form of the tumor and differentiate between an extra-luminal compression and a submucous growth. GISTs are hypoechoic tumors located at the fourth layer, although some reports have shown tumors located at the third layer. However, the imaging of these tumors is not sensitive (43%), which necessitates histologic evaluation. EUS also helps guide fine needle aspiration biopsies, showing better performance than biopsies under normal endoscopy. The sensitivity of FNAB guided by EUS increases by 10% if a pathologist makes an immediate examination of the adequacy of the sample. In some series, preoperative diagnosis was only possible 52.3%.
Computed tomography (CT) is necessary for preoperative stratification. CT can usually show intra- or extraluminal tumors with different morphologic patterns according to size. Larger tumors can show irregular margins and heterogeneous internal density, and if the diameter is larger than 6 cm, the tumors are usually accompanied by central necrosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is recommended in cases of simultaneous liver metastasis because of the possibility of conducting a combined resection. PET-CT can be useful in patients with undetermined findings on CT or MRI. However, there is not a good correlation between imaging findings and malignancy.
A differential diagnosis with other submucous tumors such as leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, schwannoma, granular cell tumors, heterotopic pancreatic tissue, lipoma, neurofibroma, Kaposi tumors and non-functional adrenal tumors should be performed[16,17]. Immunohistochemistry for GIST detection is very useful and shows positivity for CD117 (95% of GISTs). Only 2% are usually related to PDGFRA mutations[16,18]. Other helpful tests are CD34 that is positive in 70% of the cases and vimentin.
The only curative option is surgical resection, which can be offered to patients with good functional status and non-metastatic resectable tumors, although in some cases, a metastasis resection surgery can be performed in association with resection of the primary tumor. Surgical principles for resection include total extracapsular resection, avoiding tumor fracture or bleeding, which are associated with recurrence and peritoneal sarcomatosis. There are no recommended margins, because microscopic margins status doesn´t correlate with survival as does the mitotic count and tumor size. Wedge resection is a good option for tumors located in the anterior wall or greater curve. For tumors located at the antrum wedge resection can produce a stenosis, so formal gastric resections are favored. Wider margins have not shown any oncologic advantage, and lymph node dissection has not been indicated. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines suggest that tumors smaller than 1 cm that do not fulfill high risk endosonographic criteria (irregular borders, cystic spaces, ulcer of echogenic heterogeneous focus) can be observed during endoscopic follow-up at each 6-12-mo interval. Most larger tumors need adjuvant treatment with imatinib mesylate to avoid recurrence.
Open surgical resection was the standard of treatment until two decades ago. Many surgical groups have shown good results with the laparoscopic approach. Although NCCN guidelines suggest that laparoscopic resection is indicated in tumors less than 2 cm, many surgeons have reported a safe excision of tumors > 5 cm and other up to 10 cm[24-26]. Lukaszczry and Pretez in 1992 were the first to report a successful laparoscopic resection of a gastric GIST.
The laparoscopic techniques can be divided into different subtypes: transgastric resections, endoscopy-assisted laparoscopic resections, wedge resections, partial gastrectomy and hand-assisted laparoscopic resections. The surgical approach depends on tumor size and location (Figure 1). Privette et al proposed a classification system based on tumor location as a guideline to choose the best surgical approach. Trocars and operating tables are organized in a similar manner to any other hiatus procedures, with the surgeon located between the legs. A 12-15 mmHg pneumoperitoneum is established, and a 30° camera and a liver retractor are useful. Before resection, it is mandatory to review the abdominal cavity to rule out peritoneum or liver metastasis. If the surgeons suspect solid organ metastasis, the use of intraoperative ultrasound with biopsy can help in the operative decision. Assistance by endoscopy during the surgical procedure is useful for locating the tumor and guiding resection, and staining with ink could help delineate the resection margins.
Figure 1 Surgical approach according to gastrointestinal stromal tumor localization.
Tumors located at the fundus and at the anterior and posterior walls can be resected by partial gastrectomy or wedge resection. In cases of small tumors, the greater curve is mobilized, ligating the gastroepiploic vessels with an ultrasonic scalpel or a thermal device. The gastric wall is elevated with sutures placed in the seromuscular layer around the tumor to obtain a complete resection with a linear mechanical stapler, guaranteeing macroscopic margins. In cases of larger tumors, the gastric wall is directly opened and the tumor is resected, maintaining a free margin with a late direct closure using a continuous suture. In cases where tumors are located in the posterior wall, an anterior gastrotomy is made exactly above the tumor, usually assisted by endoscopy. The tumor is resected by the techniques described, with a late closure of the anterior wall with a continuous suture[11,26].
For tumors located at the antrum or at the prepyloric area, partial gastrectomy is recommended due to the high risk of stenosis and delayed stomach emptying when wedge resections are used. In these cases, the greater and lesser curves are dissected to obtain retrogastric access. The duodenum is sectioned just distal to the pylorus with a linear mechanical stapler, and the proximal section is also made with a mechanical stapler; this is usually assisted by endoscopy. Finally, a Roux-en-Y anastomosis is made.
Tumors located at the esophagogastric junction are infrequent and represent less than 5% of all tumors. Some authors have recommended enucleation of these tumors based on the high morbidity (6%-24%) and mortality (0%-1.5%) with classical resections and due to the lack of advantage in prognosis and survival. However, the best surgical approach is still debated. The enucleation is made through an anterior gastrotomy, and in these cases, a submucous infiltration with epinephrine is recommended to avoid bleeding and perforation. The use of devices such as an ultrasonic scalpel or an electrocautery has been recommended[10,28].
Some authors have varied the surgical technique using transgastric trocars and endoscopy-assisted insufflation. In these cases, smaller tumors can even be extracted by the mouth using endoscopy. For larger tumors, other authors have suggested a hand-assisted technique because it allows for better exploration and easier handling and dissection of the tumor[12,13]. Others have also shown good results with the single-port approach or dissections without insufflation. In all cases, the use of a bag is recommended for the extraction of the tumor to avoid recurrence and metastasis at the port insertion sites[30,31].
Until now, there have not been any randomized controlled trials comparing the open vs laparoscopic approach, and all recommendations have been based on observational studies. Actual recommendations are based on outcomes related to surgical technique (intact specimen, free margins) and prognosis (operative complications, recurrence, cancer free survival) reported from these observational studies. Tables 1 and 2 show the results of comparative and non-comparative published series.
Table 1 Non-comparative series of laparoscopic resection of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor.
GLA: Gasless laparoscopy-assisted; PG: Wedge resection or partial gastrectomy; DG: Distal gastrectomy; TransG: Transgastric gastrectomies; TotGas: Total gastrectomy; OS: Open surgery; AR: Anatomic resections; NAR: Non-anatomic resections; LOS: Length of stay; NS: Not specified; LAP/END: Laparoendoscopic resection; LAP-HA: Laparoscopic hand-assisted; RG: Remnant gastrectomy; Prox Gas: Proximal gastrectomy; SSI: Surgical site infection.
Recently, Koh et al published a systematic review of eleven observational studies comparing laparoscopic vs open resection with evaluation of short and long term outcomes. In their study, which included 381 patients in the laparoscopic group and 384 patients in the open group, the laparoscopic approach showed a lower frequency of minor complications (OR = 0.517; 95%CI: 0.277-0.965), lower length of stay [mean difference -3.421 d (-4.737 to -2.104)], shorter time to the initiation of oral diet [mean difference -1.887 d (-2.785 to -0.989)] and lower intraoperative bleeding [mean difference -86.508 mL (-141.184 to -31.831 mL)]. They could not find any statistically significant differences in reoperation rate, operative time, positive margins, local recurrence, cancer free survival and overall survival. However, comparisons showed that most high risk tumors were treated with open gastrectomy, introducing a selection bias.
The rate of conversion to open surgery is 0%-31%, and this cannot be considered a complication but rather an intraoperative decision to obtain better tumor control when the surgeon is faced with adverse intraoperative conditions.
Follow-up is mandatory in all patients, even in the absence of malignancy. Patients should be reviewed every 3-6 mo during the first 5 years. An annual endoscopy and CT are recommended to rule out local recurrence. The survival rate of patients with early tumors is greater than 90%. A size larger than 10 cm, a high mitotic rate and intraoperative rupture are risk factors for recurrence.
The experience obtained from gastric laparoscopic surgery during recent decades and the development of specific devices have allowed the treatment of most gastric GISTs through the laparoscopic approach. As with all surgical techniques, the laparoscopic approach must be applied in select patients with particular characteristics based on functional status, tumor size, location and surgeons’ experience. The case series presented in this review support laparoscopic resection as a safe and effective alternative, with similar rates of complications, but with lower pain and an early recovery. It is important to realize that tumor size by itself is not an adequate factor to contraindicate the laparoscopic approach and that other factors should be considered in the decision.
P- Reviewers: Mello ELR, Nezhat FR, Rodrigo L S- Editor: Song XX L- Editor: A E- Editor: Zhang DN
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The Justice Department has rejected federal charges for the six Baltimore officers involved in the death of Freddie Gray. With Trump rolling back federal oversight, police veteran Neill Franklin says the push for justice and reform has to come from the local level
Aaron Mate: It’s The Real News. I’m Aaron Mate. The Department of Justice says it will not bring charges against any of the Baltimore police officers involved in the death of Freddie Gray. In April, 2015, Gray who was black, died from spinal injuries sustained in police custody. The DOJ says there is insufficient evidence to prove the officers violated his civil rights. This means no officers will be held criminally responsible. The six officers previously faced state charges but none resulted in convictions. Neil Franklin is a 35 year police veteran, including a former Chief Trainer for the Baltimore Police Department. He is now Executive Director of the Law Enforcement Action Partnership and he testified for the prosecution in the Freddie Gray case. Neil welcome. Neil Franklin: Thanks for having me on Aaron. Aaron Mate: Thanks for joining us. Your reaction to this news coming out of Washington of no federal charges for these officers. Neil Franklin: I am rather surprised, but not that all six would be dismissed. That there’d be no charges for all six. I thought there would at least be charges for a couple of them, mainly the lieutenant and maybe one or two of the other officers, but to have all six … Yeah, I’m surprised. But then again, when I think about this administration, and I think about now being under the management of Jeff Sessions, some of the things that he has said regarding the direction of the Department of Justice as it relates to consent decrees and as the reach of their oversight of local police departments around the country, now I’m not surprised. Aaron Mate: Let’s talk about that. Sessions has strongly indicated that the federal monitoring of police departments around the country, which ramped up considerably under the Obama administration, is going to tamp down, decline under President Trump. Neil Franklin: Yeah, significantly. I think we’re going to see a completely different environment as it relates to that. Now, I personally do believe that the federal government has to be very careful in where it goes in monitoring and with oversight of police departments. But when it comes to the violation of constitutional rights, just like anywhere else in this country, the federal government will take the lead and take charge in that area to ensure that our rights are protected. They need to be very vigilant in this area as it relates to our police departments, especially in this day and age. But I think we’re going to see such a backing off from this administration. I think, number one, they’re going to send the wrong message to our police department and our police leaders across the country. And I think that, in a profession where there is so much power afforded to those who work in this profession, police officers, those who are supposed to be guardians of our society out there protecting us from each other, from people who want to do you physical harm, but we can take your life away. And then explain it away. There needs to be the proper oversight as it relates to this, and unfortunately, that is our federal government. And under this administration there’s going to be a lot of roll back in that area. What that means is that, we at the local level, the citizens at the local level, are going to have to become involved in this process at the state and local level in ensuring that our states properly oversee the workings of, and the professionalism within our police departments, and the behavior of our police officers and police leaders across the country. Aaron Mate: So what does that look like at the local level? What sort of policies can people, can communities push for? Neil Franklin: Well short-term, I think it’s just get involved in the legislative process in your individual states. In the State of Maryland, for instance, we’re paying strict attention to and working with our legislators on everything from policing contracts to the police officers bill of rights. Rolling back or passing legislation that is going be beneficial for the members of the community. Having the proper oversight at the local level. I know we’re having some struggles with police review boards, and how far we, the citizens can be involved in those processes that have typically been held just to law enforcement members having this oversight capability. Being involved in the actual hearings, being involved in the actual decision making process at these hearings when police officers are charged with specific administrative violations, everything from some small internal violations all the way up to excessive force and brutality. So what this means, is we have to tighten that up. We have to continue to push for more involvement at the citizen level, and making decisions on these review boards. But long-term Aaron, what we need, and I think … Michael Woods, he speaks to this all the time. And that is civilian led policing. We have to get to a place where complete oversight of our local and state police departments is in the hands of the community, of the citizens, by way of oversight boards. Not just when something happens, but we need to be deciding the budgets, we need to be hiring and firing police chiefs, we need to be setting the basic philosophy for how police departments work within our communities and who they answer to. Aaron Mate: On the issue of the Freddie Gray case, you testified during some of the trials. Can you talk first about some of the concerns you had as a former police trainer about the conduct of the officers here, and the issues that it raised? And also what impact, if any, has that trial and the huge uproar that it caused, or at least that … I refer to Gray’s death … the huge uproar that, that caused, has had on policing in Baltimore? Neil Franklin: Well, I think it’s had a huge impact upon policing. But let us not forget that Freddie Gray was just a straw on a camels back. When you go back and look at the results of the DOJ investigation, and you look at the hundreds of thousands of unconstitutional stops that were occurring within Baltimore city by the police officers, and the effect that, that had on the community members, mainly young people, Freddie Gray’s incident was just the straw on a camels back, which lead to the unrest, which lead to the young people pushing back or rioting, and the problems that came from that. Then we end up with the trial of the six police officers. One of the things that disturbed me most, as you ask the question, looking back at my career and being the head of training for the Maryland State Police and Baltimore City Police Department, was the … I’m going to say the … When it comes to policy, the nonchalant attitude and disposition that police officers have towards policy, towards general orders. A lot of our general orders are put in place because of law. So there’s either state law. or federal law, or local law that causes us, and the policing community to put forth orders for our members that pretty much says, this is the law. So this is our policy within our police department and how we want to go about abiding by this particular law. Forcing this particular law. Working within the boundaries of this particular law. And then you have policies that just didn’t come out of thin air. These policies have been, I’m going to say, revised over decades. For instance, the transporting of those who are arrested in these transport vehicles, these vans, and even in our cars. The policies have come about, and have changed over the years because people have gotten hurt, because there have been injuries. And not just injuries of the people being transported but injuries of the officers involved in the transport. Making sure that the people are properly secured when they’re arrested. And the more secured they are, the safer it is for that person, as well as the police officer. These policies, these general orders are extremely important. And yes, there may be times when you can deviate from these policies, because you can’t create policies that will cover 100% of the issues that may occur out in the streets. But when you do deviate from those policies, you have to be prepared to explain why, to articulate why. What was so unique about these circumstances where I had to deviate from the policies that have been put in place to protect me and protect the people I’m interacting with on a daily basis. The nonchalant attitude that came out in this trial about these policies, and how these policies are not adhered to the way they should be, was quite alarming to me. Aaron Mate: Right no so- Neil Franklin: And now we’ve seen changes since then, internally in our department, but it was alarming to me. Aaron Mate: Right. So one issue that you alluded to is this practice of so called rough rides where the prisoner, the detainee, is in the car without a seatbelt, which obviously, the case of Freddie Gray raised. But yet here, still in Baltimore, there is no outright ban on rough rides at this point, right? Neil Franklin: Well there’s always, technically there’ve always been bans on rough rides and my point is this. The people you put in to those vans, for instance, as the driver … Goodson was the driver of the van … The people you put in to those vans is your responsibility. Their safety, their security, their well being is your responsibility. It’s your responsibility, and the responsibility of every supervisor who is involved with that transport. So this isn’t something new. And what that means is that there are no rough rides, there are no sudden stops unless it’s an emergency, you’re stopping to prevent yourself from hitting someone. But sudden stops, and sharp turns, and acceleration designed to injure a person, to propel that person, to throw them about in the back of that transport van, that has always been prohibited. Now the question is whether or not it’s been properly enforced by supervisors and by managers. That’s the question, and that’s where I think the responsibility lies. Anytime you can have a transport van with writing on the inside saying, enjoy the ride, that’s a management problem. That’s a [inaudible 00:12:25] problem. Don’t get me wrong, yes the officers do have that responsibility, but why each and everyone of those transport vans isn’t checked on a regular basis by supervision and management, there you have it. Aaron Mate: On this front, one of the interesting things that came out of defense case in the Freddie Gray trial, is I remember one lawyer arguing that, in the officers defense, that the Baltimore police force is under resourced, is understaffed, that the officers weren’t given proper guidelines. Did you find that compelling at all? Neil Franklin: No I don’t. See most of this is just … Even without your policies, even without some of the things you mentioned, it’s just common sense. There’s not a single police officer, at least my belief, that because of the training that we had, because of the state requirements of training being at certain levels across this country, and every state has a regulatory body that is that certified police officers are trained appropriately; and because of that, every single police officer in this country knows that anytime I place someone under arrest, they’re 100% my responsibility. 100% my responsibility, and if I’m a supervisor involved with that arrest, that responsibility transfers to me as well. That being the case I know that, if that person is sick, if that person is injured, then it is my duty to get them the medical attention that they need, or at least to get them check out so that I’m clear. There’s one thing that all of us know in policing, it’s the term CYA, and I think your listeners know what that means, it’s cover your you know what. Worse case scenario, CYA buddy and all cops know that. Aaron Mate: So finally, do you think that the failure to bring federal charges here will send a message to officers across the country? As we talked a little bit about earlier, has the art of being a message sent with what we’ve heard from the Trump White House, including President Trump himself recently in a speech encouraging officers to rough up suspects, to not be nice, among other words; do you think that the Trump administration is already had an impact in terms of how police officers are conducting themselves? Neil Franklin: Well I think it does, and I think it can have an impact regarding the attitude, behavior of police officers across this country. It definitely doesn’t lean towards better policing. It definitely does not lean toward more professionalized policing. But at the law enforcement level, at the street level, cops are going to do what they’ve always been doing. Yeah they may hear the president say something on T.V., but at the end of the day, it’s what the community allows to occur. It’s what the local politicians allow to occur. It’s what those police chiefs, and sergeants, and lieutenants allow to occur. And it doesn’t matter who’s sitting in the White House, we already know we have a significant problem with policing behavior across this country. And the work in changing that is going to take place, and get done at the local level. And I can’t encourage the citizens across this country enough to do whatever they have to do to take these issues into their own hands and move toward civilian led policing. It’s been done in Toronto, it’s been somewhat done in Detroit, but the jury’s still out on that, they still have a long way to go and they have some adjustments to make, but it has begun and I know, for instance, in Baltimore it definitely needs to be done. I remember when we had the election for Mayor and I was at one of the forums, and I asked each one of the candidates that was on that dais, would they be in favor of civilian led policing? And they all collectively said yes. But what’s holding us up in Baltimore? Aaron Mate: We’ll leave it on that very poignant question. Neil Franklin, 35 year police veteran including a former chief trainer for the Baltimore Police Department. Now Executive Director of the Law Enforcement Action Partnership. He testified for the prosecution in the Freddie Gray case. Neil Franklin thank you. Neil Franklin: Aaron thanks for having me. Aaron Mate: And thank you for joining us on The Real News.

domain: news


text:
A beauty spot to discover, a natural setting we must protect.
Wandering, by foot or by bike, you can discover the river Loire, its landscape, its town, as Gennes with its church tower Saint-Eusèbe.
It’s a place where you can play and relax with a beautiful game in “floated wood”. Some tables invit you to stay and have picnic (but you have better to forsee your equipment).
It’s also a stopping place for bikers and walkers who, from Saumur, St Martin-de-la-Place and St Clément des Levées, can reach Les Rosiers. A place with toilets and two water points.
The structure of the former camping offers a shelter to groups of people and of school study trip.
Doors are automatically opened and closed, every day, from 10 am to 8 pm.

domain: travel


text:
Seville: Italica Roman Ruins City Tour
- Skip the ticket line
- Duration: 2 hours
Remarkable site very worth the visit. In addition to the Roman structures, the site is just a beautiful natural area. The guide gave structure to the visit and answered questions. We enjoyed the tour. Much of the information he provided, however, was very similar to if not identical to that provided on the many informational signs. Nevertheless, if you have limited time as we did, having a guide made for an efficient use of that time and was worthwhile. The approx. 1.5-2 h tour was adequate and you were free to roam the site as long as you wanted afterwards.
A great half-day tour. Our guide Maria Reyes was very knowledgeable and made the tour fun. Our tour bus was divided into a Spanish Tour and an English tour so our group was just 6 people plus Maria, so the tour felt more like a private one.
Interesting place. And amazing experience for people who love Game of thrones. Our guide was on time . He was not fluent in English but his enthusiasm and knowledge about the place compensated for it. Thanks
The Italica and monastery trip was excellent. Very passionate and knowledgeable tour guide heightened the experience and made for a very interesting trip. Would recommend this tour
Itallica is well worth a visit and within easy access of Seville. Our guide was very well informed and gave us plenty of information on our 60 minute tour.

domain: history


text:
Laurel County, Ky. - Sheriff John Root is reporting a possible phone scam circulating in the Laurel County area.
A local businessman reported to the Sheriff's office that he had received a phone call from someone allegedly representing a company that stated they were conducting a fund raising event for a local high school to sell magnets with the school logo on it.
When this businessman called the local high school to verify that they were doing the fund raising, the high school told the area businessman that they were not conducting a fund raising event like this.
Area business persons and citizens should be aware that these phone calls may be related to a phone scam attempting to get credit card information or money sent for a non-existent fund raising event.
Sgt. ER Rudder is the investigating officer for the Laurel County Sheriff's office.


text:
The Governor Simon Bako Lalong of Plateau state has described an Assistant Professor in the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA. Dr. Patrick Dakum as an invaluable asset and a rare gem in health sector.
The Governor made the statement during the 60th Birthday Celebration and Book Launch of Dr. Patrick Dakum at Langfield in Jos during the weekend.
OVER 5,000 NIGERIAN MEN HAVE OVERCOME POOR BEDROOM PERFORMANCE SYNDROME DUE TO THIS BRILLIANT DISCOVERY. CLICK HERE TO KNOW MORE
Lalong who was represented by the Commissioner for Information, Yakubu Datti explained that the celebrant has been a blessing not only to Plateau state and Nigeria, but to the world.
The Governor also urged people occupying positions to assist less privileged as Dr. Dakum was doing.
The book on the celebrant titled, "The Riples Effect Dr. Patrick Dakum (A Testimonial) written by Sarah Dakum was also unveiled.
In his review of the book, Professor Clement Dakas said that Dr. Dakum also serving as a Chief Executive Officer of Institute of Human Virology, Nigeria and has led his institute to provide HIV counseling and testing for 8.3 million individuals.
"Through his harwork his institute also provide anti-retroviral prophylaxis for over 85, 000 pregnant women and enrolled more than 465, 000 people into HIV program and over 3000 multi-drug resistant patients were admitted for treatment.
Dear Esteemed reader,
As part of our drive to keep improving the content of our newspaper, we are conducting a readership survey to enable us serve you better.
Kindly take two minutes of your time to fill in this questionnaire.
Thank you for your time. Click here to begin


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Here’s how to position a green portfolio amid record summer heat.
With historic heat waves, raging wildfires and massive floods, the worldwide effects of climate change are becoming more apparent than ever. Many investors are looking to gain a footing in clean energy exchange-traded funds, either because of personal principles or simply because they see the profit opportunity there. If you, too, have been watching the news and wondering how you might position your portfolio in green investments, these seven clean energy ETFs offer slightly different ways to invest in this trend.
iShares Global Clean Energy ETF (ticker: ICLN)
This clean energy ETF is among the largest options for individual investors, with more than $6 billion in assets under management. It’s also one of the older funds dedicated to this strategy, established in 2008, when climate change wasn’t quite as urgent for many folks. As the name implies, this is an international fund, with only about 38% of assets in U.S. stocks. Top holdings among the 80 or so picks in this ETF include Danish turbine manufacturer Vestas Wind Systems (VWS) and California-based solar firm Enphase Energy Inc. (ENPH). The fund had an amazing 2020, with roughly 140% gains, but has underperformed in 2021 as things have cooled off for the sector.
First Trust Nasdaq Clean Edge Green Energy Index Fund (QCLN)
Smaller with nearly $3 billion in assets under management and only about 50 total components, this First Trust fund is another popular and fairly diversified way to play clean energy as an investment trend. Its top holdings include electric vehicle manufacturers Tesla Inc. (TSLA) and Nio Inc. (NIO) alongside stocks like the aforementioned solar firm Enphase. This is partially because EVs are part of a clean energy future, but more so because these stocks and their battery technology have applications far beyond the auto industry. The annual expense ratio of 0.6% — or $60 for every $10,000 invested — is a bit higher than other ETFs on this list, but it’s still affordable for many investors.
ALPS Clean Energy ETF (ACES)
With roughly $1 billion in assets, this fund from smaller money manager SS&C ALPS is another option for investors who want a fairly liquid and diversified way to play this trend via green energy ETFs. The fund is focused on a more pure-play exposure to the North American sector, targeting wholly U.S.- and Canadian-based companies rather than foreign holdings via its portfolio of fewer than 50 companies. Despite its small list, the ACES fund takes diversification seriously, with about 26% of assets in solar stocks, 20% in “smart grid” holdings and another 20% in wind-related energy stocks to round out its top areas of focus.
Invesco WilderHill Clean Energy ETF (PBW)
With about 70 holdings and $2 billion in assets, PBW is another substantial clean enery ETF for investors to consider. Though its expense ratio is the highest of the bunch at 0.7%, its longer-term performance is also among the best, with total gains of about 350% in the last five years — more than triple the S&P 500 and double many other funds on this list. That’s in part because PBW has often been a bit overweight in solar stocks, including U.S.-based names, as well as international solar stocks like China’s JinkoSolar Holding Co. (JKS) and India’s Azure Power Global (AZRE), that pop up in its top holdings. Outperformance of solar has, historically, paid off for PBW.
Invesco Solar ETF (TAN)
Of course, if you like solar energy stocks, you can go all in on this narrow segment of the green energy marketplace with a dedicated clean energy ETF that’s also provided by asset manager Invesco and commands more than $3 billion in assets under management. With more than 50 holdings in its portfolio including Enphase, SolarEdge Technologies Inc. (SEDG), Sunrun Inc. (RUN) and First Solar Inc. (FSLR), it’s a who’s who of the solar sector. If you’re not afraid of putting all your eggs in one basket within clean energy, TAN is a popular and accessible option.
SPDR S&P 500 Fossil Fuel Reserves Free ETF (SPYX)
We’ve talked a lot about including clean energy stocks, but what if you’re simply interested in cutting out oil and coal stocks more than heavily relying on the success of solar or wind companies? In that case, SPYX is a great option. As the name implies, it’s composed of effectively the same stocks normally in S&P 500 index funds — but cuts out any company related to fossil fuels. In other words, top holdings are still megacap tech stocks like Apple Inc. (AAPL), but Exxon Mobil Corp. (XOM) is nowhere to be found. Though that only whittles the list down by a handful of big-name stocks, this approach has become increasingly popular lately, and SPYX currently has $1.2 billion under management.
iShares Global Green Bond ETF (BGRN)
Green bonds are an interesting alternative to the prior equity-focused funds for a few reasons. For starters, they offer a fixed-income perspective on clean energy instead of the risks of the stock market. And second, green bonds can be issued by almost any organization as long as the intention is to spend the capital on expenses related to carbon reduction or a clean energy transition. Top issuers include the French government, along with corporations such as Apple that are looking to reduce their carbon footprint through green buildings or solar arrays to power offices. This is a great way to help finance the green energy transition, both via funding for renewable power plants and as an incentive for companies looking to do their own small part independently.
Seven clean energy ETFs to buy now:
— iShares Global Clean Energy ETF (ICLN)
— First Trust Nasdaq Clean Edge Green Energy Index Fund (QCLN)
— ALPS Clean Energy ETF (ACES)
— Invesco WilderHill Clean Energy ETF (PBW)
— Invesco Solar ETF (TAN)
— SPDR S&P 500 Fossil Fuel Reserves Free ETF (SPYX)
— iShares Global Green Bond ETF (BGRN)
More from U.S. News
Update 08/04/21: This story was published at an earlier date and has been updated with new information.

domain: economics


Three days after the NCAA announced it would once again host championship events in North Carolina, NBAcommissioner Adam Silver announced on Friday that the league will put Charlotte back in the mix for All-Star Game consideration. After near universal outrage over its anti-transgender legislation last year—including protests from musical acts, the NCAA, and the NBA—North Carolina repealed HB2 and replaced it with HB142, another bill that is for all intents and purposes exactly the same. Because North Carolina can technically say it repealed the discriminatory law, the NBA became the latest organization to show its true colors and crawl back to the state.
Just like the NCAA, Silver acknowledged that this new bill is in fact not very good. Because it is not: the specific bathroom provision is gone, but there's nothing preventing a similar provision from being enacted, transgender people are still not a protected class, and local municipalities cannot pass ordinances that offer rights not provided on the state level. So the transgender community is still screwed. And Silver is on the record that that is bad, OK? Now that we've very lightly publicly admonished a legislative body that saw fit to pass a law concerning who uses what bathroom, we've got a business to run and hearts and minds to change through the power of exhibition basketball.
Here's a thing that Silver actually said out loud in front of people:
"We believe that an All-Star Game in Charlotte could be a powerful way to display our values of equality and inclusion, and by engaging even more deeply in North Carolina, we can be part of a larger national effort toward securing LGBT equality."
Hoo boy, is that some fragrant bullshit. Do you know what actually was a powerful display of your values of equality and inclusion, Adam? I bet you do—I bet you know it was ripping the All-Star Game out of Charlotte because of the state's brazen hatefulness. Why the league would want to substitute that unequivocal show of force for something you "believe" "could" happen makes little sense.
Yes, there is a franchise and a D-League team in North Carolina, and the league therefore does significant business there and, no, it is under no obligation to take a definitive stand against legislated bigotry. But it did take a stand, one that made things very uncomfortable for the state and cost former governor Pat McCrory his job. Then everyone watched last week as North Carolina played the legislative equivalent of three-card monte and made it impossible to pass laws that banned discrimination. And for some reason the NCAA, and now the NBA, actually decided to play a hand.


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ADDRESSES: Home— Brooklyn, NY. E-mail— anne. [email protected].
CAREER: Writer, editor, novelist. Worked as an editor for Random House and Broadway Books.
(With May Vanderbilt) Emily Ever After, Broadway Books (New York, NY), 2005.
(With May Vanderbilt) Consider Lily: A Novel, Broadway Books (New York, NY), 2006.
SIDELIGHTS: Novelists Anne Dayton and May Vanderbilt launched their successful series of Christian novels when a dinner conversation with friends revealed a deficit in the popular chick-lit genre aimed at young adult female readers. A pair of twenty-something professional women and devoted Christians, Dayton and Vanderbilt realized that traditional chick-lit fare, with its abundance of sex and sin, did not reflect their religious values. They “joked that there should be chick-lit for Christians like them, whose faith might be strong but whose single-girl imperfections loom just as large,” observed a reviewer on the Columbia News Service Web site. In response, Dayton and Vanderbilt wrote Emily Ever After, a version of the biblical story of Esther in which the title character struggles to keep her Christian faith intact while living a big-city life full of distraction and temptation. The book proved to be successful not only for Dayton and Vanderbilt, but also became “one of the first Christian chick lit books to ignite a hot market of similar big sellers,” the Columbia News Service biographer noted.
Emily Ever After follows recent college graduate Emily Hinton as she leaves her small-town California home to take on what she believes will be a glamorous editorial job in New York. The job and the move are a dream come true for Emily, who had always dreamed of working in cosmopolitan Manhattan. However, she soon discovers that the risks and temptations of big-city life are in conflict with her Christian beliefs. She makes friends at work and tries to fit in, but realizes that her new pals have wild streaks that Emily doesn’t share. Christians—particularly Christian men—seem to be in short supply. To cope, she goes to church and volunteers in her Uncle Matthew’s soup kitchen. When she meets Bennett Edward Wyeth III, she thinks she may have found the perfect combination of good looks, charm, and Christian identity. However, Bennett’s professed purity and alleged benign motives may be a ruse concealing what he’s really after. Emily must also deal with the possible rekindling of an old romance with former boyfriend Jacob, and reconcile her religious views with controversial material she encounters in the course of her job. “Frank, witty, and funny, this story succeeds in spite of its sometimes awkward reminders of Emily’s Christian faith and upbringing,” commented reviewer Molly Connolly in School Library Journal.A reviewer in Today’s Christian Woman called Emily a “refreshingly real chick-lit heroine.” Dayton and Vanderbilt’s “charming offering will appeal to readers looking for a wholesome heroine navigating big-city life,” remarked Booklist reviewer Kristine Huntley.
BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL SOURCES
Booklist, May 1, 2005, Kristine Huntley, review of Emily Ever After, p. 1568.
Kirkus Reviews, April 15, 2005, review of Emily Ever After, p. 436; May 1, 2006, review of Consider Lily: A Novel, p. 425.
Publishers Weekly, May 9, 2005, review of Emily Ever After, p. 47.
School Library Journal, November, 2005, Molly Connally, review of Emily Ever After, p. 181.
Today’s Christian Woman, July-August, 2005, review of Emily Ever After, p. 59.
Columbia News Service Web site, http://jscms.jrn.columbia.edu/cns/ (November 15, 2005), Jessica Heasley, “They Love Jesus (and Cute Boys Too!),” profile of Anne Dayton and May Vanderbilt.
Daystar eStore, http://www.daystarestore.com/ (November 25, 2006), biography of Anne Dayton.
GoodGirlLit.com, http://www.goodgirllit.com/ (November 25, 2006), biography of Anne Dayton.

domain: library


text:
The effect of superoxide dismutase enzyme inhibition on renal microcirculation of spontaneously hypertensive-stroke prone and Wistar rats
Ahmeda, A. F.
Rae, Mark G.
Anweigi, L. M.
Al Otaibi, M. F.
Al-Masri, A. A.
Johns, E. J.
Czech Academy of Sciences
A significant factor in the development of hypertension may be excessive vasoconstriction within the renal medulla. This study therefore investigated the role of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the regulation of renal medullary and cortical blood perfusion (MBP and CBP, respectively) in both stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) and normotensive Wistar rats. CBP and MBP were measured before and after intra-renal infusion of the SOD inhibitor, diethyldithio-carbamic acid (DETC). Under basal conditions, mean arterial pressure was significantly greater in SHRSP than Wistar rats, but both MBP and heart rate (HR) were significantly lower in SHRSP relative to Wistar rats (P<0.05, n=7 in both groups). Infusion of DETC (2 mg/kg/min) into the cortico-medullary border area of the kidney significantly decreased MBP in the SHRSPs (by 28+/-3 %, n=7, P<0.05), indicating a greater vasoconstriction within this vascular bed. However, DETC also significantly decreased MBP in Wistar rats to a similar extent (24+/-4 %, n=7, P<0.05). These results suggest that superoxide anions play a significant role in reducing renal vascular compliance within the renal medulla in both normotensive and hypertensive animals, although the responses are not greater in the hypertensive relative to the control animals.
Medullary blood perfusion , DETC , Reactive oxygen species , SHRSP , Renal microcirculation
Ahmeda, A.F., Rae, M.G., Anweigi, L.M., Al Otaibi, M.F., Al-Masri, A.A. and Johns, E.J. (2018) ‘The effect of superoxide dismutase enzyme inhibition on renal microcirculation of spontaneously hypertensive-stroke prone and wistar rats’, Physiological Research, pp. 535–541. https://doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.933655.


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With a stay at 9 Owls Hotel, you`ll be centrally located in St. Petersburg, within a 5-minute drive of Summer Garden and Russian Museum. This hotel is 1.9 mi (3 km) from Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood and 2.2 mi (3.6 km) from Palace Square.
Make yourself at home in one of the 19 air-conditioned rooms featuring plasma televisions. Your Tempur-Pedic bed comes with Egyptian cotton sheets. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and satellite programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with showers feature rainfall showerheads and complimentary toiletries.
Take in the views from a terrace and make use of amenities such as complimentary wireless Internet access and concierge services. Spending a day of fun is easy with the theme park shuttle (surcharge).
Enjoy a meal at the restaurant or snacks in the hotel`s coffee shop/café. Wrap up your day with a drink at the bar/lounge. A complimentary continental breakfast is served daily from 7 AM to 11 AM.
Business, Other Amenities Room Info:
Featured amenities include a computer station, express check-in, and express check-out. Event facilities at this hotel consist of conference space and a meeting room. For a surcharge, guests may use a roundtrip airport shuttle (available 24 hours) and a cruise ship terminal shuttle.
Know Before You Go
- If you require a visa to enter the country, your property may be able to help with the supporting documents needed to obtain one. To learn more, you can reach out to the property via the contact details included on your booking confirmation. The property may charge for this assistance, even if you end up cancelling your reservation. All arrangements are solely between the property and yourself. Russian citizens: Adults (aged 14 and over) must present a valid internal passport at check-in (international Russian passports and driver`s licenses are not accepted). Birth certificates must be presented for all Russian children (aged under 14) at check-in. If a Russian relative or legal guardian (rather than a parent) is traveling in Russia with a child under 14, that relative or legal guardian is also required to present documentation certifying authority to accompany child at check-in. Foreign citizens: Adults and children must present a valid passport, visa, and migration card at check-in.
- This property offers transfers from the cruise terminal, ferry terminal, airport, and train station (surcharges may apply). Guests must contact the property with arrival details before travel, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
- Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
- Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
- Alcohol is not served at this property.
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Airport shuttle fee: RUB 1500 per room (one-way)
- Pet deposit: RUB 2000 per stay
- Rollaway bed fee: RUB 1000.0 per day
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
Mandatory Fees and Taxes
You`ll be asked to pay the following charges at the property:
A mandatory registration fee for foreign citizens is charged at this property.
We have included all charges provided to us by the property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book. Checkin Instructions:
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card, debit card, or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed. Special Checkin Instructions:
This property doesn`t offer after-hours check-in. Guests arriving late won`t be able to check in until the next morning. 24-hour airport shuttle service is available on request. Fees may apply. Contact the property in advance to make arrangements.Property Information:
Check-out time is 12:00 PM


text:
New Orleans Saints defensive end Cam Jordan talks about the Copeland's Saints Kids Club Camp.
Sean Payton and Coordinators will speak with the media at 1 pm CT on Friday
John DeShazier previews New Orleans Saints news for Friday, November 28, 2014. Video by Justin Stout (New Orleans Saints video)
Kickoff is set for noon CT
The Saintsations entertained fans during the Saints-Ravens game Monday, Nov. 24 at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome with their first quarter performance.
Taking a look at what's being written about the Saints and the NFL
Coach Payton and Rob Ryan will speak around 1 p.m.
Which shopping holiday do you enjoy most?


Bradley Cooper Throwback Thursday: Before 'American Hustle,' 'Alias' boy-next-door
Bradley Cooper is gearing up for another big year thanks to his second David O. Russell movie, "American Hustle."
Wed Dec 18, 2013
Bradley Cooper had suicidal thoughts on 'Alias' - Indiatalkies.com
Los Angeles, Dec 19: Actor Bradley Cooper says the lack of screentime on crime-fighting TV series "Alias" made him want to kill himself as he was also suffering with addictions to alcohol and drugs.
Tue Dec 17, 2013
Music Bradley Cooper Reflects On A Famous Role
Is Charlie Sheen back to his old, manic ways? Girls viewers can catch the season premiere a little early, and Divergent will have a steep hill to climb when it's released next year.
Bradley Cooper talks alcoholism, suicide and redemption
Bradley Cooper is riding high at the top of the Hollywood A-list these days, but reveals he struggled with alcoholism, drug abuse, and depression during his twenties.
Bradley Cooper Wanted to 'Kill Myself' While Filming 'Alias'
The actor -- who would go on to become an A-lister thanks to his breakout role in 2009's The Hangover -- says he became frustrated and disillusioned while working as a struggling actor on Alias as his role on the J.J. Abrams TV series was reduced.
Mon Dec 16, 2013
'Big Ass Spider!' Comes Home To Blu-ray And DVD January 7th
Greg Grunberg from 'Alias' and 'Heroes' talks about his new movie 'Big-Ass Spider,' in which a giant spider threatens to destroy Los Angeles.
Mon Dec 09, 2013
US casting agent digs Aussies
Technology and changes to the way auditions are held are making it easier than ever for Australian actors to land roles in American television shows.
Thu Dec 05, 2013
The Yin Blog
Frivolity: Sydney Bristow vs. Xena
Comments When you submit a comment, it won't be published until approved. This is to cut down on comment spam.
Wed Dec 04, 2013
The Motley Fool
How Marvel Should Reboot These 4 Movie Franchises
To date, the three Marvel movies distributed by Disney -- Iron Man 3 , The Avengers , and Thor: The Dark World -- have generated combined global box office sales of $3.3 billion.
Tue Dec 03, 2013
Casting Bits: Bret Michaels to Guest Star on 'Revolution,' Victor Garber on 'Sleepy Hollow' and More
Rocker Bret Michaels will be guest starring and performing on Revolution . And Victor Garber has been cast as a certain someone's father on Sleepy Hollow .
Tony and Emmy Nominee Victor Garber Cast in FOX's "Sleepy Hollow"
The supernatural drama, which airs on FOX, is a modern-day retelling of Washington Irving's short story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow."
Mon Dec 02, 2013
'Sleepy Hollow' finds father figure in 'Alias' alum
Ichabod Crane and "Alias" super-spy Sydney Bristow are about to have something in common besides their good looks.
Victor Garber Books Major Guest Role on Fox's Sleepy Hollow
ALIAS alum Victor Garber has landed a major guest role on Fox's hit freshman drama SLEEPY HOLLOW, according to TV Guide .


February 04, 2015
Health scholarships open
Health Minister Jonathan Coleman is calling for applications for the Maori Health Development Scheme.
Almost $9 million a year goes into the scheme, split between scholarships and development support for Maori health and disability providers.
The money has been used to improve infrastructure, achieve service integration, improve the quality of services and develop workforce skills.
Dr Coleman says more than 500 Hauora Maori Scholarships are given each year in nursing, pharmacy, dentistry, physiotherapy and social work.
Last year 147 Maori medical students were awarded a scholarship – an increase of 50 percent since 2009.
Some of the 2015/16 funding is already committed in multi-year contracting agreements signed two years ago.
Information is on the Ministry of Health website and applications close March 13.
Copyright © 2015, UMA Broadcasting Ltd: www.waateanews.com


I’m not going to try to tell you where to focus your energy. But I will say this, if your choice is being motivated by a fear of despair, if you are fighting down a feeling of hopelessness, consider letting yourself feel it. Really feel it. Trust that there is wisdom in all of our feelings, even the dark ones, maybe especially the dark ones. And see where it takes you.
Last month, I had the real pleasure of talking with Patrick Farnsworth again, host of the Last Born in the Wilderness podcast. You can listen to the interview here.
Enjoy these visual representations of Deep Adaptation created by designer Nancy Margulies.
Certain gardens are not retreats, but attacks—attacks on the kind of world that says it is meaningless to do something so small, so local, so specific.
Yes, we must continue to rebel against the structures of power which have brought us to the brink of near-term extinction. At the same time, we must prepare for “inevitable collapse, probable catastrophe and possible extinction”. We can prepare by practicing Resilience, Relinquishment, Restoration, and–above all–Reconciliation.


text:
Do You Know the NRA?
Are You as Liberal as President Obama?
Do You Know Which Congress Members Are Criminals?
Do you support a federal assault weapons ban?
When should abortion be legal?
Do you support affirmative action?
Should the US stop sending aid to developing countries?
Should sexual orientation be a protected class (like race and gender) to...
• Trial Lawyer

domain: sociology


Rap music stations offer a wide range of hip-hop tracks and are popular among music lovers. In today’s digital age, these stations provide a convenient way for fans to access their favorite rap songs and discover new artists.
Whether you’re looking for classic hits or the latest releases, rap music stations have you covered. With their diverse playlists and engaging djs, these stations create a vibrant and energetic atmosphere that attracts listeners of all ages. So, tune in to a rap music station and enjoy the rhythm and vibes of this influential genre.
Remember, there’s something for everyone in the world of rap music.
The Evolution Of Rap Music Stations
Rap music has come a long way since its inception in the late 1970s. From its humble beginnings in underground parties and block parties in new york city, rap music has evolved into a global phenomenon with a massive fan base.
With the rise in popularity of rap music, radio stations dedicated to this genre have also undergone a significant transformation. In this section, we will explore the origins of rap music stations, the early pioneers in rap radio, and the embrace of rap music by mainstream radio.
Origins Of Rap Music Stations
In the early days of rap music, finding it on the radio was a rare occurrence. Most mainstream radio stations were hesitant to play rap due to its raw and sometimes controversial content. However, a few pioneers saw the potential of this emerging musical genre and ventured into creating their own rap music stations.
Here are some key points about the origins of rap music stations:
- Independent radio stations: Independent and college radio stations played a crucial role in introducing rap to a wider audience. These stations became the breeding ground for new rap artists and the place where local rap scenes thrived.
- Underground mixtapes: Before the internet era, rap music spread through mixtapes, which were often circulated by independent radio stations. These mixtapes became valuable resources for aspiring rap enthusiasts, helping them discover new artists and music.
- The birth of pirate radio: Pirate radio stations, notorious for their illegal broadcasting, also played a significant role in promoting rap music. These stations operated outside the boundaries of traditional radio, giving rap artists and fans a platform to express themselves freely.
Early Pioneers In Rap Radio
As rap music started gaining momentum in the late 1980s and early 1990s, several key figures emerged as pioneers in rap radio. These individuals not only helped popularize rap music but also paved the way for the establishment of dedicated rap music stations.
Here are some notable points about the early pioneers in rap radio:
- Mr. magic: Mr. magic, known as the “mr. magic’s rap attack,” was one of the first djs to play rap music on the radio. His show became a hit among rap enthusiasts, exposing them to new artists and helping rap gain mainstream recognition.
- Dj red alert: Dj red alert, another influential figure in rap radio, helped bridge the gap between rap and mainstream music. His show on new york’s kiss fm showcased rap alongside other popular genres, helping rap music gain acceptance in the mainstream.
- Stretch armstrong and bobbito garcia: Stretch armstrong and bobbito garcia hosted a legendary radio show that became a launching pad for many aspiring rap artists. Their show on columbia university’s wkcr featured exclusive freestyles and interviews, solidifying their status as essential figures in rap radio.
Embracing Rap Music In Mainstream Radio
With rap music’s growing popularity and influence, mainstream radio stations eventually had no choice but to embrace rap music. While initially met with resistance, the genre’s undeniable impact on popular culture and its massive fan base forced mainstream radio stations to adapt.
Here are key points about mainstream radio’s embrace of rap music:
- Format changes: Mainstream radio stations started incorporating dedicated rap music segments or even launching entire rap-focused stations. This allowed for a broader range of rap music to be played and gained mainstream exposure.
- Collaborations with rap artists: To stay relevant, mainstream radio stations actively collaborated with rap artists, featuring them in interviews, performances, and exclusive events. This synergy between radio and rap music benefited both parties, helping rap artists reach a broader audience while providing radio stations with fresh, popular content.
- Rap music’s influence: Rap music’s influence extended beyond dedicated rap music stations. Mainstream radio stations began incorporating rap elements into other genres, blurring the lines between rap and pop, r&b, and even rock.
The evolution of rap music stations demonstrates the genre’s profound impact on the music industry. From its origins in underground parties to gaining acceptance in mainstream radio, rap music has proven its staying power. As rap music continues to evolve, we can expect rap music stations to adapt and reflect the changing landscape of this influential genre.
The Rise Of Online Rap Music Stations
With the advent of the internet and digital technology, the music industry has undergone a significant transformation, and rap music is no exception. Online rap music stations have gained immense popularity in recent years, offering a convenient and accessible platform for both artists and listeners alike.
In this section, we will explore the shift towards online streaming platforms, the benefits of online rap music stations, and popular online platforms for rap music.
The Shift Towards Online Streaming Platforms
- Traditional radio stations have long been the go-to source for music lovers, including rap enthusiasts. However, the rise of online streaming platforms has revolutionized the way we consume music, including rap.
- Online streaming platforms have made it easier than ever for aspiring rap artists to showcase their talent and gain recognition. With a few clicks, they can upload their songs and reach a global audience, eliminating the need for record labels or extensive marketing campaigns.
- In addition, listeners have the freedom to choose from a vast repertoire of rap music, spanning various sub-genres and eras. Online rap music stations offer personalized playlists and recommendations, tailoring the listening experience to individual preferences.
Benefits Of Online Rap Music Stations
- Unlimited accessibility: Online rap music stations are available 24/7, allowing users to enjoy their favorite rap tracks at any time and from anywhere in the world. Whether you’re at home, in the car, or on the go, you can always tune in to your preferred online platform.
- Diverse selection: Unlike traditional radio stations, online platforms offer a vast library of rap music from both mainstream and underground artists. Users have the freedom to explore different styles, discover new talent, and indulge in their favorite rap classics.
- Interactive features: Many online rap music stations incorporate interactive features, such as user-generated playlists, live chats, and exclusive interviews. This interactivity fosters a sense of community among rap enthusiasts, creating a platform for discussion and sharing of music-related content.
- Ad-free experience: In contrast to traditional radio stations, online rap music stations often provide an ad-free listening experience. This uninterrupted flow of music enhances the overall enjoyment and allows listeners to immerse themselves in the rhythm and lyrics without any interruptions.
Popular Online Platforms For Rap Music
- Spotify: As one of the leading music streaming platforms, spotify boasts a vast collection of rap music, featuring both established artists and emerging talent. With its personalized playlists and easy-to-use interface, spotify has become a go-to platform for rap enthusiasts worldwide.
- Apple music: Apple music offers a wide range of rap music, catering to diverse tastes and preferences. Its curated playlists and radio stations provide users with a seamless and immersive rap music experience.
- Soundcloud: Known for its focus on emerging artists, soundcloud has become a hotbed for up-and-coming rap talent. Many aspiring rappers use soundcloud as a launchpad for their careers, building a dedicated fanbase through the platform’s user-friendly interface and community engagement features.
The rise of online rap music stations has transformed the way we discover, consume, and engage with rap music. The accessibility, diverse selection, and interactive features of these platforms have made them a game-changer in the music industry, benefiting both artists and listeners alike.
Whether you’re an ardent rap fan or someone looking to explore the genre, online rap music stations provide an unparalleled experience that is just a click away.
Finding The Perfect Rap Music Station
Rap music has become a global phenomenon, with its infectious beats and empowering lyrics resonating with audiences of all backgrounds. Whether you’re a die-hard rap fan or new to the genre, finding the perfect rap music station is key to enjoying your favorite tunes.
So, what factors should you consider when choosing a rap music station? Let’s explore some key points:
Factors To Consider When Choosing A Rap Music Station:
- Genre-specific programming: Look for a station that focuses exclusively on rap music. This ensures that you get a curated playlist of the latest rap hits and classics, rather than a mix of various genres.
- Dj expertise: Consider the expertise of the station’s djs. A knowledgeable dj can introduce you to new artists, provide interesting trivia, and create an engaging listening experience.
- Geographic relevance: Different regions have their own unique rap scenes. If you’re a fan of a particular rap sub-genre or style, you might want to find a station that caters specifically to that region.
- Variety of artists and eras: A good rap music station should offer a wide range of artists from different eras. This ensures that you can discover new tracks while also enjoying the classic rap songs that made the genre so influential.
Features And Customization Options:
- Personalized recommendations: Some rap music stations use algorithms to tailor their playlists to your individual preferences. This feature ensures that you’ll always be presented with tracks that align with your musical taste.
- Custom playlists: Look for stations that allow you to create your own rap music playlists. This feature gives you the freedom to curate a collection of your favorite tracks that you can enjoy whenever you want.
- Interactive features: Consider stations that offer interactive features such as live chat with djs, song request options, and voting for your favorite tracks. These features make the listening experience more engaging and interactive.
- Podcasts and interviews: Some rap music stations go beyond just playing music by offering podcasts and interviews featuring your favorite rap artists. This allows you to gain insights into the industry, learn about the creative process, and stay up to date with the latest news.
Popular Rap Music Stations Recommendations:
- Hot 97: Known as the “birthplace of hip hop,” hot 97 is a legendary rap music station based in new york city. With a mix of classic rap, underground hits, and exclusive artist interviews, it’s a must-listen for any rap enthusiast.
- Power 106: Based in los angeles, power 106 is one of the leading rap music stations on the west coast. It boasts a star-studded lineup of djs, celebrity interviews, and a playlist that showcases both mainstream and up-and-coming rap artists.
- Siriusxm shade 45: If you’re looking for uncensored rap music, siriusxm shade 45 is the go-to station. Featuring shows hosted by rap legends like eminem and sway, it offers an exclusive platform for rap music and hip hop culture.
- Beats 1: As part of apple music, beats 1 is a global rap music station that brings you the latest hits from around the world. With top-tier djs and exclusive interviews, it’s a great choice for discovering new rap artists from different regions.
Finding the perfect rap music station is all about personal preference and discovering the right mix of programming, customization options, and djs that resonate with your taste. So, explore different stations, try out their features, and let the rhythm guide you to your ultimate rap music destination.
Curating Your Own Rap Music Playlist
Creating A Personalized Rap Music Playlist
Are you tired of skipping through radio stations, endlessly searching for your favorite rap songs? Why not curate your own rap music playlist instead? With the power to choose your favorite tracks, you can guarantee a personalized listening experience that resonates with your unique taste in rap music.
In this section, we will explore how to create your very own rap music playlist that caters to your preferences.
Utilizing User-Generated Content Platforms
User-generated content platforms have revolutionized the way we discover and consume music. Gone are the days of relying solely on mainstream radio stations. Now, music enthusiasts can contribute their favorite rap tracks, creating an extensive library of user-curated playlists. By utilizing these platforms, you not only have access to a vast collection of rap music, but you also benefit from recommendations based on your listening habits and preferences.
Here’s how you can take advantage of user-generated content platforms when creating your rap music playlist:
- Sign up and create an account on popular platforms such as spotify, soundcloud, or apple music.
- Explore the platform’s rap music section to discover playlists created by fellow rap enthusiasts.
- Follow playlists that align with your preferences and regularly update their tracklists to stay up-to-date with new releases.
- Discover playlists curated by influential rap artists and djs to stay in tune with the latest trends in the rap music scene.
Sharing And Discovering New Rap Music
One of the joys of creating your own rap music playlist is the ability to share it with others and discover new tracks along the way. Here are some tips on how you can share and discover rap music through your personalized playlist:
- Share your rap music playlist on social media platforms and encourage your friends and followers to listen and contribute their own favorite tracks.
- Collaborate with other rap enthusiasts by creating collaborative playlists where everyone can add their favorite rap songs.
- Participate in rap music communities and forums where fellow enthusiasts share their recommendations and discuss the latest rap releases.
- Explore related playlists on user-generated content platforms to discover new rap artists and songs that you might have overlooked.
With the power to curate your own rap music playlist and the abundance of user-generated content platforms available, the possibilities are endless. So, get started and immerse yourself in the world of rap music like never before. Happy playlisting!
The Impact Of Rap Music Stations On The Industry
Rap music stations have played a significant role in shaping the rap music industry. Through their radio airplay, they have the power to break new artists, strengthen the connection between artists and fans, and act as tastemakers in the industry.
Breaking New Artists Through Radio Airplay
- Radio airplay provides emerging rap artists with a platform to reach a larger audience.
- Rap music stations have the ability to introduce new artists to listeners, creating awareness and generating buzz.
- Getting airplay on rap music stations can help artists gain credibility and recognition within the industry.
- Artists who receive substantial radio airplay often experience increased sales, streams, and concert attendance.
- Rap music stations have the potential to launch careers, propelling artists into the mainstream.
Strengthening The Connection Between Artists And Fans
- Rap music stations serve as an intermediary between artists and their fans, bridging the gap and fostering a closer connection.
- By airing interviews, hosting live performances, and featuring artist-hosted shows, rap music stations allow fans to engage with their favorite artists on a more personal level.
- The radio format creates a sense of intimacy, making listeners feel like they have a direct line to the artists they admire.
- Rap music stations often conduct listener surveys and request shows, giving fans a voice in the programming and strengthening the bond between artists and their audience.
Rap Music Stations As Tastemakers In The Industry
- Rap music stations have a significant influence on the trends and direction of the rap music industry.
- They have the power to determine which songs gain popularity and become hits.
- By curating playlists and showcasing new talent, rap music stations shape the taste and preferences of their listeners.
- Artists strive to gain recognition from rap music stations, as their approval can lead to increased exposure and opportunities.
- Rap music stations act as tastemakers, setting the bar for what is considered cutting-edge and innovative in the industry.
Overall, rap music stations have a profound impact on the rap music industry. By breaking new artists through radio airplay, strengthening the connection between artists and fans, and acting as tastemakers, they contribute to the growth and evolution of rap music as a genre.
These stations have the potential to shape careers, create trends, and ultimately define the landscape of rap music.
Analyzing The Success Of Rap Music Stations
Rap music stations have undoubtedly played a significant role in shaping popular culture and revolutionizing the music industry. This success can be attributed to factors such as the immense listenership, influence on popular culture, and the impact on sales and streaming figures.
In this section, we will dive deeper into these aspects and analyze the success of rap music stations.
Statistical Analysis Of Rap Music Station Listenership:
- Rap music stations have witnessed a substantial increase in listenership over the years, cementing their position as one of the most popular genres in the music industry.
- According to recent statistics, rap music stations consistently rank among the top stations in terms of listenership and have a dedicated following across various demographics.
- The rise in popularity can be attributed to the diverse and dynamic nature of rap music, which encompasses a wide range of sub-genres, allowing it to appeal to a broader audience.
How Rap Music Stations Influence Popular Culture:
- Rap music stations act as a powerful platform for artists to express themselves, reflecting the prevailing social issues and cultural movements of their time.
- The lyrics and messages conveyed through rap music often resonate with listeners, sparking discussions and debates on various societal topics.
- The influence of rap music stations extends beyond music, infiltrating fashion trends, language, and even influencing the behavior and attitudes of individuals.
Measuring The Impact Of Rap Music Stations On Sales And Streaming Figures:
- Rap music stations have a direct impact on sales and streaming figures, as they are instrumental in introducing new artists and tracks to the masses.
- The exposure gained through airplay on rap music stations often leads to a surge in sales and an increase in streaming numbers for artists, contributing to their overall success.
- The ability of rap music stations to shape popular opinion and influence listeners’ consumption habits cannot be underestimated, as it can significantly impact the revenue generated within the music industry.
Rap music stations have enjoyed tremendous success due to their extensive listenership, influence on popular culture, and impact on sales and streaming figures. The statistical analysis of listenership, the influence on popular culture, and the measurable impact on sales and streaming figures all play a crucial role in understanding and appreciating the significance of rap music stations in today’s music landscape.
Future Trends In Rap Music Stations
The future of rap music stations holds exciting possibilities, driven by advancements in technology and the integration of artificial intelligence. As rap music continues to gain popularity and influence, it is crucial for rap music stations to keep up with current trends and embrace technological innovations.
In this section, we will explore the future of rap music stations, focusing on technological advancements, the integration of artificial intelligence in playlist curation, and predictions for the future.
Technological Advancements In Rap Music Stations
- Improved music streaming platforms: Rap music stations can take advantage of enhanced streaming platforms with better sound quality, faster load times, and improved user interfaces.
- Augmented reality (ar) experiences: Users can expect rap music stations to offer immersive ar experiences, enabling them to engage with their favorite rap artists through virtual concerts and interactive content.
- Enhanced personalized recommendations: Technological advancements will enable rap music stations to provide highly tailored music recommendations based on user preferences, listening history, and real-time data analysis.
- Cross-platform integration: Rap music stations will likely integrate seamlessly across various devices, allowing users to switch between their smartphones, tablets, and smart speakers without interruption.
Integration Of Artificial Intelligence In Playlist Curation
- Intelligent playlist creation: Artificial intelligence algorithms will play a significant role in curating playlists based on user preferences, moods, and contextual factors. This will enable rap music stations to deliver personalized and dynamic playlists that cater to individual tastes.
- Predictive analytics: Artificial intelligence can analyze vast amounts of data to predict musical trends and recommend emerging rap artists to listeners. This will help users discover new and up-and-coming talent within the rap music industry.
- Voice-assisted controls: With the integration of ai-powered voice assistants, users will enjoy greater convenience in navigating and controlling rap music stations through voice commands and natural language processing.
Predictions For The Future Of Rap Music Stations
- Collaborations with virtual artists: Rap music stations may explore partnerships with virtual artists to create unique rap tracks and experiences, blurring the lines between reality and virtual worlds.
- Expansion into live streaming and podcasts: Rap music stations can expand their offerings by incorporating live streaming of rap battles, performances, and podcasts focused on rap culture and history.
- Global community engagement: Future rap music stations will facilitate greater community engagement, connecting rap enthusiasts from around the world through online forums, live chats, and interactive features.
- Enhanced social integration: With the rise of social media platforms, rap music stations will integrate social sharing features, allowing users to share their favorite rap tracks, playlists, and experiences with their networks.
The future of rap music stations is bright, fueled by technological advancements and the integration of artificial intelligence. These developments will lead to a more personalized and immersive rap music experience for users, while also fostering connections and community engagement within the rap music culture.
Frequently Asked Questions Of Rap Music Stations
What Are The Best Rap Music Stations To Listen To?
The best rap music stations to listen to include power 106, hot 97, and shade 45. These stations offer a great selection of rap music, featuring both popular hits and underground gems. Tune in to these stations for a top-notch rap music experience.
How Can I Find Rap Music Stations In My Area?
To find rap music stations in your area, you can use online radio directories or apps like tunein. Simply enter your location or search for rap music stations, and it will provide you with a list of available options. You can also check your local radio station listings for rap music shows.
Can I Listen To Rap Music Stations Online?
Yes, you can listen to rap music stations online. Many radio stations now have online streaming capabilities, allowing you to listen to your favorite rap music from anywhere with an internet connection. Simply visit the station’s website or use a radio app to access their online stream.
When it comes to rap music, having access to a variety of stations is crucial for enthusiasts. These stations not only provide entertainment but also serve as a platform for discovering new artists and staying up-to-date with the latest trends in the genre.
Whether you prefer old-school classics or the hottest tracks of today, rap music stations offer a diverse range of options to cater to every taste. With advancements in technology, online platforms have made it easier than ever to access these stations from the comfort of your own home.
By exploring different stations and finding ones that align with your musical preferences, you can create a personalized listening experience that will keep you engaged and energized. So, if you’re a rap music lover, don’t miss out on the opportunity to explore the vast world of rap music stations and discover the sounds that resonate with you.
Embrace the beats, lyrics, and culture that rap music has to offer, and let it be the soundtrack to your life.


text:
Hi Sarah, and happy new year to you. Supplements? I am on none and none of my many doctors have ever suggested them other than calcium.
I'm on Vit D, 1,000. and I take a Multi because I want too, not that the dr told me too.
and Happy new Year...
Hi Sarah, Happy New Year to you, hope you had a great one.
As far as you question about supplements, I take 2000IU of Vitamin D, a B50 capsule, physillium 3 times a day, Cal/and Mag. 2 333mg, per day, the Cal/Mag is for the IBS, and the physillium too, and for the rest, I just chucked them in there to hlep, and the Dr. did not seem to care about it. But , did mention that 2000 IU of Vit. D is a good thing.
I was on hormone replacement, but have since gone off it, as my sister was diagnosed with Breast Cancer, and had her mastectomy a few weeks before Christmas. So, we are actually trying things herbally, as well as Dr. prescribed.
You can message me if you want, and I can give you some more info.
fish oil 1000mg
Evening primrose oil 1000mg
D3 1000 iu
Selenium 200mcg-for thyroid problems
sublingual b complex 1cc
zinc 15 mg
The magnesium, calcium, and zinc are in one pill
Diagnosed August, 2013
Neurologist talked about how important D3 supplements were, along with magnesium and zinc. Lots of sun recommended and supplements recommended.
Current supplements i'm taking in order of importance:
D3: 3,000 IU/day
Cod Liver Oil
Vitamin A: 8000 IU/day
B12: 2500 mcg/day
Fish Oil: 1000mg/day

domain: health


This study presents a chemical vapor sensor based on polymer-coated microsphere resonators. A theoretical simulation of the sensor response is performed, and optimization of the polymer layer thickness is investigated. Results show that the sensor exhibits a good linearity and a low detection limit of the refractive index change. Especially at the thermostable thickness of the polymer layer, the refractive index detection limit of the wavelength around 780nm can be as low as ∼2 × 10-8 refractive index unit for a spectral resolution of 10 fm, without any temperature control. Because of the good sensing performance and simple manipulation, the proposed sensor is a very promising platform for chemical vapor detections.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
- Engineering (miscellaneous)
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering


text:
- Tình trạng: Closed
- Giải thưởng: £15
- Các bài thi đã nhận: 20
- Người chiến thắng: shovondesigner
Tóm tắt cuộc thi
I am looking for a logo animation that is 15 seconds long. I want it to look classy and very premium. We sell expensive cars so it needs to look professional. If you can try have the hexagon pattern in gold in the background with the RCS in a metal block letters? I am open to many different ideas. I don't have the hexagon pattern in vector so you will also need to make this for me please. I have attached a JPEG.
(Needs to be a video animation)
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“Very easy and quick! Great job and will use again. ”
Sunnie216, United Kingdom.

domain: design


text:
Kierre currently serves as Program Coordinator for the GEAR UP Mississippi Delta Partnership with the Foundation for the Mid South. His primary responsibilities include supporting efforts in local school districts to enhance preparation for postsecondary education for students, as well as serve on each of the local advisory boards providing insight for GEAR UP implementation.
Kierre Rimmer resides in Cleveland, MS with wife, Ronda and their two children, Brooklyn (13) and Braylen (10). Kierre is a 1993 graduate of East Side High School, a 2018 graduate of Delta State University with a B.A. in General Business, and a 2022 graduate of Strayer University with a M.A. in Public Administration.

domain: geography


We've all pics of root balls out of the pipe but were any roots left? Here's what the pipe looks like after the k60 is done with it. I tripped in initially with the straight auger and finished with the spiral blade with a bent trap leader.
No announcement yet.
Before and after pics of the k60


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The programme of the Bayreuth Festival for the upcoming season has been published today.
Next year’s focus will be a new production of Richard Wagner’s „Der Ring des Nibelungen“. The musical direction will be in the hands of conductor Pietari Inkinen. Director is Valentin Schwarz, the stage is designed by Andrea Cozzi, while Andy Besuch is responsible for the costumes. In addition to three complete „Ring“ cycles, the programme of the 109th Festival includes the revivals of the productions „Tannhäuser“, „Lohengrin“ and „Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg“. Axel Kober will take over the musical direction of „Tannhäuser“ and will also conduct two „Lohengrin“ performances. On the occasion of Ludwig van Beethoven’s 250th birthday, a performance of the 9th Symphony under the musical direction of Marek Janowski concludes the 2020 series.
All dates for online or written ticket orders will be announced soon.

domain: artistic