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Cafe ＆ Dining ZelkovA
Enjoy international cuisine in a space that seems to symbolize Omotesando
A landmark-like existence in Omotesando facing the zelkova-lined street where you can enjoy the expression of each season. The dazzling, spacious, and photogenic interior and the terrace seats rich in nature and planned right down to the details create a space of fine quality that can be said to symbolize Omotesando. Guests can enjoy international cuisine in this modern and luxurious space.
A modern and luxurious space situated right in the middle of the zelkova-lined street in Omotesando.
Conveniently located near Omotesando Station.
Offers photogenic gems that can be enjoyed with both the eyes and the tongue.
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- Postal Code
- 3-6-8 Kita Aoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo
- No holidays
- Business Hours
11:30am-10:00pm (L.O. Food 9:00pm Drinks 9:30pm)
[Weekend and public holidays]
11:00am-10:00pm (L.O. Food 9:00pm Drinks 9:30pm)
- 4,000-5,000 yen
- One minute by foot from Exit B5 of Omotesando Station on the Tokyo Metro Ginza Line, Hanzomon Line, and Chiyoda Line
- Credit Cards
- Official Website
- Official Website (Japanese)

domain: travel


Engineers, architects and builders, today, as they have been for millennia, are masters of thinking up creative solutions that are born out of complex situations. Yes, most of the greatest structures ever to be built have stood the test of time – but one thing the great thinkers of Antiquity didn’t have to contend with were airplanes. One of the most useless things there is, is an airplane without an airport! Surely, as people – regarding commercial air travel, we are more concerned with the runway than the air we travel through – well perhaps the plane is our number one priority, with a smooth runway a close 2nd.
When the challenge is the building of an airport in Australia, on relatively flat ground, solutions are by no means simple, but after all the bureaucracy is cut through, our runways can be paved, and terminals constructed efficiently – especially when using Danterr products! But when landscapes are mountainous and airports need to be constructed close to cities of millions of people, solutions often become much more complicated. With a lack of building space, imagination can be unleashed, and engineers’ ingenuity often shines through to leave us in awe.


Home base Rhode Island
Occupation Medical records, bass guitarist/composer
Gigs Men Overboard
Basses Manne Soulmover, Manne Newport 4-strings
Rig TC Electronic BH800 head, TC Electronic RS212 2x12 cab, TC Electronic BG250 1x15 cab
Effects Mesa Boogie Subway Bass DI Preamp, TC Electronic Spectra Comp Compressor, TC Electronic Flashback Delay & Looper, Eden CaliforniWah
Strings D’Addario, Rotosound
Heroes & inspirations Carol Kaye, James Jamerson, Monk Montgomery, Chuck Rainey
How did you come to play bass?
The two players who really moved me were Carol Kaye and Joe Osborn.
What’s a lesson you’ve learned along the way?
Learning jazz theory, which made my construction of bass lines more dynamic creatively, and always ’shedding with a metronome to build the quality of impeccable time, essential for a bass player.
What are your musical goals?
To create interesting bass lines, to continue having Men Overboard play on TV for more exposure and support our recording, and to continue writing tunes for the band.


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Wreck of the Penguin
The worst shipwreck in New Zealand during the 20th century happened in Cook Strait to the regular passenger ship taking people from Picton to Wellington. Penguin passing through...Read more about "Wreck of the 'Penguin'"...
Surveyor and Explorer Thomas Brunner was a young, upper middle-class Englishman working for an Oxford architect and surveyor, but he came from a family of colonists and had adventure...Read more about "Thomas Brunner (1821–74)"...
The Grove Okiwa
The name Okiwa probably refers to a chief named Kiwa, as does Anakiwa (the cave of Kiwa). Until the Ngāti Awa attack of 1829-30, Rangitāne and Ngāti Kuia...Read more about "The Grove Okiwa"...
Blenheim and Picton Borough Councils- the early years
Following the separation of Marlborough from Nelson in 1859, the region found itself with no funds, no local taxes and frequent flooding washing away infrastructure. It was to...Read more about "Blenheim and Picton Borough Councils - the early years"...
The Prow is a living heritage resource, which aims to develop interest in and knowledge about the Top of the South. We aim to work with teachers to develop...Read more about "Resources"...
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domain: geography


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a variable speed wind turbine for connecting to an electric grid and being arranged to generate additional electrical output power on the occurrence of grid disturbances. More particularly, the invention is directed to a wind turbine which is able to further support the stability of the electrical grid after the output of the additional electrical power has finished.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Unbalances between the electrical power fed into an electrical grid and the electrical power withdrawn from it lead to fluctuations of the grid frequency. If the electrical power generation drops below the power consumption from an electrical grid, e.g. due to a power plant failure or disconnection, the grid frequency drops. Conversely, if the power consumption falls below the amount of electrical power generation, the grid frequency increases. In order to compensate for such frequency fluctuations, there are power generating stations which are arranged to continuously vary their active electrical power output until the unbalance has been eliminated. This electrical output power variation is called “primary power control”. Grid operators specify the primary power control requirements in so-called Grid Codes as, for example, the Grid Code 2006 by E. ON Netz GmbH, English version, published by E. ON Netz GmbH, downloadable at http://www.eon-netz.com/pages/ene_de/Veroeffentlichungen/Netzanschluss/Netzanschlussregeln/ENENAR HS2006eng.pdf.
Currently, wind turbines generally do not contribute to primary power control, mainly because the power source “wind” is not controllable. However, with the increasing proportion of wind energy plants in the overall electrical power production, a contribution of wind turbines to primary power control is desired.
Also, mechanical rotating parts of the energy conversion system of modern variable speed wind turbines are not electrically coupled to the electricity network, thus the wind turbine is mechanically decoupled from the grid, differently to conventional fixed speed synchronous generators. In this way, modern wind turbines do not have an inherent contribution to the grid stability when a grid event is experienced, such as sudden imbalances between total generation and consumption in the network (due to generator trip or load trip), differently from conventional fixed speed synchronous generators. Such wind turbines are thus not contributing with the grid rotating inertia. With the increasing proportion of wind energy plants in the overall electrical power production, the number of fixed speed synchronous generators is decreasing, thus loosing the inherent capability of generation mix to support grid stability when a grid event is experienced such as sudden imbalances between total generation and grid consumption. The total grid inertia is decreased, deteriorating the grid frequency stability. A contribution of wind turbines with fast controlled active power modulation for grid stability is desired.
It is known, for example from DE 100 22 974 A1, that wind turbines can react to grid frequency increases (i.e. less power is consumed from the electrical grid than is fed into it) by decreasing their output power. It is, however, hard to respond to frequency decreases (i.e. more power is consumed from the electrical grid than is fed into it) because that means increasing the active electrical power production without having more wind energy available. Two different approaches are known to address this issue:
Firstly, two papers by Harald Weber et al. from Rostock University (“Netzregelverhalten von Windlcraftanlagen”, published at the conference 6th GMA/ETG-Fachtagung “Sichere und zuverlässige Systemführung von Kraftwerk und Netz im Zeichen der Deregulierung”, held from 21 to 22 May 2003 in Munich, downloadable at www.e-technik.uni-rostock.de/ee/download/publications_EEV/uni_hro_publ35_WKA—2003.pdf; “Primärregelung mit Windlcraftanlagen”, published at the ETG-Workshop “Neue dezentrale Versorgungsstrukturen”, held from 19 to 20 Feb. 2003 in Frankfurt/Main, downloadable at www.e-technik.uni-rostock.de/ee/download/publications_EEV/uni_hro_publ33 _etg_frankfurt—2003.pdf; both documents are hereinafter referred to as the “Rostock papers”) recommend the operation of a wind turbine at a suboptimal working point (e.g. at a higher than optimal rotational rotor speed, at a given wind speed) in order to have power reserves available which can be additionally output in the case of a frequency drop (e.g. by then lowering the rotational rotor speed to the optimal speed, at a given wind speed). By this, the additional electrical output power can be fed into the grid over an indefinite time.
According to the second approach, which is for example outlined in WO 2005/025026 A1, the kinetic energy stored in a wind turbine's rotor is identified as a power reserve that can be transformed into electrical power and additionally injected into the grid, however, only over a short time period. By using kinetic rotor energy, it is also possible to compensate periodic frequency oscillations, by periodically de-accelerating and accelerating the rotor, in synchronisation with the frequency oscillation.
A similar concept for short-time power input at the cost of kinetic rotor energy is provided by the article “Temporary Primary Frequency Control Support by Variable Speed Wind Turbines—Potential and Applications” by Ullah et al. (published by IEEE in “IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 23, No. 2” in May 2008, pages 601 to 612, downloadable at ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/59/4494587/04480153.pdf; hereinafter referred to as “ULLAH”).
These proposals for using kinetic energy from the rotor to temporarily output additional electric power are, however, not yet matured as said documents are not concerned with wind turbine controlling after a non-periodic additional electrical power output has ended. The present invention provides a refined approach for a fast active power variation for grid stability and primary power control contribution by wind turbines.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to a first aspect, the invention provides a variable speed wind turbine for connection to an electrical grid. The wind turbine is arranged to provide additional electrical power to counteract non-periodic disturbances in the electrical grid. It comprises a rotor with blades coupled to an electrical generator and a controller which monitors events indicating a need to increase the electrical output power from the wind turbine to the electrical grid to support the stability of the electrical grid. The controller is arranged to control the wind turbine to perform grid-stability supporting activity, in a non-periodic manner, as follows: After an indicating event has been detected, the wind turbine enters an overproduction period in which the electrical output power is increased beyond the normal electrical operating power, wherein the additional electrical output power is taken from kinetic energy stored in the rotor and without changing the operation of the wind turbine, when working in at least a partial-load mode, to a more efficient working point. At the latest, when the rotational speed of the rotor reaches a minimum value, the wind turbine enters a recovery period to re-accelerate the rotor to the nominal rotational speed while further contributing to the stability of the electrical grid by outputting at least a predetermined minimum electrical power to the electrical grid.
According to a second aspect, the invention provides a controller arranged to control a variable speed wind turbine accordingly.
According to a third aspect, the invention provides a corresponding method of controlling a wind turbine for providing additional electrical power.
Further aspects are set forth in the dependent claims, the following description and the drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Embodiments are explained by way of example with respect to the accompanying drawings; in which:
FIG. 1 schematically shows an assembly of a variable speed wind turbine;
FIG. 2 is a simplified diagram depicting a control flow of the wind turbine;
FIG. 3 exemplarily illustrates a wind turbine's production curve;
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the correlation between rotational speed of the rotor and the electrical output power according to a first embodiment;
FIG. 5 illustrates the developing of the electrical output power, the available mechanical blade power and the rotor speed according to the first embodiment;
FIG. 5 a is a schematic illustration of the first embodiment according to FIG. 5, wherein the electrical output power is modulated during the overproduction and recovery period;
FIG. 6 depicts the correlation between rotational speed of the rotor and the electrical output power according to a second embodiment;
FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the characteristics of the electrical output power, the available mechanical blade power and the rotor speed according to the second embodiment;
FIG. 8 shows the electrical and mechanical power curves as well as the rotor speed according to a third embodiment;
FIG. 9 illustrates the correlation between rotational speed of the rotor and the electrical output power in a situation in which the available wind power is higher than the nominal electrical power of the wind turbine (full-load operation);
FIG. 10 schematically shows the mechanical and electrical components of a wind turbine with a synchronous generator and a full-scale converter;
FIG. 11 schematically shows the mechanical and electrical components of a wind turbine with a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG);
FIG. 12 exemplarily shows the duration of the recovery period for different levels of electrical output power in dependency on the wind speed;
FIG. 13 illustrates the method of grid-stability support according to one aspect of the present invention.
The following terms and abbreviations are used throughout this specification:
- Pnom: is the nominal (rated) electrical operating power of the wind turbine according to the invention (when referring to “power”, we mean the physical unit with the dimension energy/time or work/time);
- Pe: is the actual electrical operating (output) power at a certain point in time;
- Pe0: stands for the (normal) wind turbine's electrical operating power at the moment of entering the power control mode according to the present invention;
- ΔPop: is the overproduction power which is output in addition to the normal electrical operating power of the wind turbine during the overproduction period;
- Pemin: designates the predetermined minimum electrical output power during the recovery period;
- Pacc: stands for the power used for re-accelerating the rotor during the recovery period according to the present invention;
- Pw: denotes the available wind power at a certain point in time;
- Pm: stands for the wind turbine's mechanical rotor power at a certain point in time;
- ω0: designates the rotational speed of the wind turbine's rotor at the moment of entering the power control mode according to the present invention;
- ωmin: is the minimum rotational speed of the wind turbine's rotor at which the wind turbine enters the recovery period.
Before turning to the detailed description of the embodiments, a few general items will first be discussed.
The main components of the wind turbine according to the invention are a rotor with blades which is coupled to an electrical generator and a controller which is arranged to control the wind turbine to perform grid-stability supporting activity. The wind turbine is a variable speed wind turbine, i.e. the rotor speed can be varied during ongoing operation in order to permit the efficient exploitation of the available wind power while minimising wind turbine load and abrasion. It is further arranged for connection to an electrical grid which is, for example, a three-phased public power supply network or, if the wind turbine belongs to a wind park, the wind park's internal electrical voltage network (which itself may, in general, again be connected to a public power supply network). To enable the wind turbine to be operated with variable rotor speeds, it is mechanically decoupled from the fixed grid frequency, e.g. by an electric converter or a variable-speed gear-box between rotor and generator.
During operation in partial-load mode (i.e. the available wind power is below the wind turbine's rated wind power), the wind turbine generally operates at an optimal working point. Depending on the wind speed and direction, the rotor speed as well as pitch and yaw angles (assuming that the wind turbine is equipped with blade pitch and yaw control systems) are continuously adjusted so that maximum aerodynamic efficiency is maintained (e.g. the wind turbine's tip-speed ratio is maintained at optimal value) and maximum electrical power is captured from the wind conditions (this policy is usually called “maximum power tracking”). If the available wind power reaches or exceeds the wind turbine's rated wind power, rotational rotor speed and the electrical operating power are limited to their nominal values by, e.g., controlling the blades' angles of attack using a blade pitch control system. The wind turbine is thereby protected against overload while the generated electrical power is kept constant at its rated value (Pnom=Pe). Hence, only in this so-called full-load mode, the available wind power is not exploited as well as possible, but the electrical output power is limited by turning the blades out of the wind to a certain extent.
The “Rostock papers”, however, propose a wind turbine operation deviating from this. In order to have a power reserve available for primary power control, a wind turbine shall generally be operated in a non-optimal manner. This could be realised by driving the rotor at a higher or lower rotational velocity or by turning the blades to a suboptimal pitch angle (cf. “Netzregelverhalten von Windkraftanlagen”, p. 6). Such a systematic operation off the optimal working characteristic curve, however, causes significant waste of available wind energy. From an economic point of view, this is problematic because—unlike power plants based on controllable energy sources like water or gas plants where the unspent—and thus saved—amount of the energy carrier can be converted to electrical power at later times—non-exploited wind energy is simply lost. Thus, the approach suggested by the “Rostock papers” is not followed here, but the wind turbine according to the invention operates on its normal torque-speed characteristic curve, at least when working in partial-load mode.
As outlined by ULLAH and WO 2005/025026 A1, it is possible to provide additional output power—even if the wind turbine is operated at its optimal working point—by extracting kinetic energy from the rotating rotor. According to ULLAH, it is for example possible to output an additional level of electrical power—which is appropriate for contributing to grid frequency maintenance—for about 10 seconds (in contrast to classical primary power control where the additional electrical power is generated from available power reserve and can, thus, be generally maintained over a long time). This transient and occasional power increase is also called “grid inertia response”. The extraction of kinetic energy will lead to a deceleration of the rotor and thus generally causes a deviation from the optimal operating point for the time of the frequency stability contribution (ULLAH, p. 608, r. col.). After the period of additional electrical power output (which is called “over-production period” hereinafter) the electrical output power is rapidly decreased and power may even be consumed from the electrical grid so that the rotor can be accelerated again (p. 609, l. col.). However, this rapid power decrease causes a second grid frequency drop (cf. FIGS. 17(a), 18 and 19) so that—after the initial short-term inertia response—subsequent frequency stabilization is not provided.
The present invention focuses on wind turbine control in the phase after the overproduction period has been ended and until the rotor has been re-accelerated to its normal speed (this period is called “recovery period” hereinafter). It provides a wind turbine arranged for contributing to primary power control in a way that the stability of the electrical grid is further supported during the recovery period.
WO 2005/025026 A1 pursues the same approach as described by ULLAH and additionally mentions the utilisation of the rotor's kinetic energy for dampening periodic grid frequency oscillations (so-called “Inter Area Oscillations”, WO 2005/025026 A1, p. 14). In a given example, the grid frequency oscillates with a characteristic frequency of 0.22 Hz (equal to a cycle duration of 4.5 s) which means that for dampening this oscillation the wind turbine injects additional power for 2.25 s and reduces power output for another 2.25 s in an alternating manner (p. 14 and FIG. 3). In this scenario, the significant electrical output power reduction following the increase beyond the normal operating power is intended (because the grid frequency is above nominal for the respective half of the cycle) so that there is no need to counteract an ongoing frequency valley.
In contrast to this, the present invention is conceived to counteract non-periodic disturbances in the electrical grid. In particular, if the grid frequency drops for longer periods due to longer-term increased power consumption from the electrical grid or shutdown/failure of another power plant, the wind turbine operated according to the present invention is capable of providing additional electrical power in a transient manner and still contributing to the grid stability after the additional electrical power generation has ended.
In particular, the wind turbine according to the present invention is arranged to perform a two-phased ancillary control mode, the first phase being an overproduction period in which the electrical power supplied from the wind turbine to the electrical grid is increased beyond the normal electrical operating power, and the second phase being a recovery period in which the wind turbine further contributes to the stability of the electrical grid. This further contribution is achieved by outputting an amount of electrical power which is at or above a predetermined lower threshold. In this way, a (second) significant decrease of the grid frequency, as occurs in ULLAH, can be diminished.
The wind turbine according to the invention comprises a controller which is responsible for controlling the wind turbine's entry into the two-phased control mode. For this purpose, the controller (continuously or periodically) monitors events which indicate that the output of electrical power to the grid shall be increased beyond the normal, i.e. present electrical operating power Pe. Such an indicating event can, for example, be a control signal generated by a wind turbine-external entity such as the grid operator or a wind park controller. Alternatively, it can be an alarm triggered by a wind turbine-internal measurement of operating parameters, such as the grid frequency or voltage angle change and, in particular, the determination of an operating parameter deviation from its normal value to a predefined extent. The indicating event can include not only the indication that an electrical output power increase is needed, but also further information about the nature of the required power increase. For example, it could contain information about the magnitude of the power increase (as a relative or absolute value), the magnitude of the respective frequency drop, the desired duration or variation of the electrical output power increase or other/additional management or meta data. The controller can then be arranged to evaluate and process this information and to initiate corresponding control activities.
In particular, after detection of an indicating event, the controller initiates a grid-stability supporting activity, starting with the overproduction period. During this time the stability of the grid is supported by outputting electrical overproduction power (ΔPop) on top of the normal electrical operating power which was being produced at the time of the start of the overproduction period (Pe0). Hence, the electrical output power during the overproduction period Pe can be specified by Pe =Pe0 +ΔPop (assuming that the wind conditions do not change during the overproduction period, and, thus, the hypothetical working point at which the wind turbine would have been operated if it had not entered the overproduction period had been maintained, i.e. Pe =Pe0 during this time interval). The additional overproduction power ΔPop can be a predetermined and fixed value (the same value for any overproduction period and unchanged during a complete overproduction period), or variable case by case, but still constant over each overproduction period, or it can be varied during an overproduction cycle, for example in response to further events monitored by the controller or other management data (which could have been, for example, provided together with the indicating event), so that by modulation of the electrical output power the wind turbine is able to contribute to the stability of the electrical grid depending on the nature and characteristics of the grid instability.
The overproduction power ΔPop is, at least when the wind turbine operates in partial-load mode, not generated by changing the wind turbine operation to a more favourable working point, but is extracted from the kinetic energy stored in the wind turbine's rotating masses, i.e. its rotor. Accordingly, the rotor speed decrease during the overproduction period is dependent on the amount of energy extracted.
The considerations laid out herein are based on the assumption that the available wind power (Pw) stays constant during the two-phased ancillary control mode. On that assumption, the decrease of rotor speed during the overproduction causes the wind turbine to deviate from the optimal working point, accepting a (relatively slight) loss of efficiency (which means that, in fact, the wind turbine operation is just converse to the “Rostock papers”: normal operation at a working point with maximum efficiency, a (negative) deviation from the normal working point only occurring while performing grid-stability support activity during the two-phased ancillary control mode). If the wind turbine is equipped with a blade pitch control system, the efficiency decline can partly be compensated by adjusting the pitch angle of the rotor blades while the rotor speed changes.
The rotor speed, however, shall not decrease below a certain minimum value. This threshold can be related to construction parameters of the wind turbine, e.g. the operating range of the wind turbine's generator or converter, or to efficiency considerations, in particular, to the minimum electrical power that should be output to the electrical grid during subsequent operation. At the latest, when the rotational rotor speed reaches this minimum value, the controller terminates the overproduction period and initiates the recovery period.
The recovery period is characterised by two tasks which are basically contrary to each other. On the one hand, the electrical grid may still not be stable (i.e. there is still more power consumption from the grid than is being fed into it) so that the need for a certain electrical output power is still present. On the other hand, due to the decreased rotor speed, the wind turbine is operating at a suboptimal working point and can therefore not generate as much electrical power as prior to the overproduction period. Hence, there is a conflict between the medium-term electrical grid stability and the re-acceleration of the rotor for efficient long-term power production.
According to the present invention, in this second phase of the ancillary control mode, the wind turbine outputs at least a predetermined minimum of electrical power (Pemin) to the electrical grid. That means that the electrical output power Pe does not drop below this predetermined threshold Pemin over the complete duration of the recovery period (ergo, at any point in time during the recovery period the electrical output power is at or above the predetermined minimum value). In that way, the wind turbine continues to contribute to the stability of the electrical grid. At the same time, the rotor is re-accelerated again by using remaining mechanical power of the rotor (Pacc). That means that, in general, not the complete mechanical rotor power (Pm) is converted to electrical power (Pe) during the recovery period. Depending on the apportionment of the available mechanical rotor power (Pm) into the part used for generating electrical output power (Pe) and the part used for rotor re-acceleration (Pacc), the re-acceleration may take a significant amount of time. It is, for example, possible that—for a certain period of time—the complete supply of mechanical rotor power (Pm) is converted into electrical output power (Pe) and the rotor is not accelerated at all so that the recovery period may additionally be prolonged.
The overproduction and recovery periods constitute a non-periodic control mode. As the focus is here on grid stability (opposed to quick rotor re-acceleration), the recovery period will generally be longer than the overproduction period. Furthermore, after the recovery period has ended, there will generally be a phase of normal wind turbine control and operation for an indefinite time. Only when the controller detects another indicating event (which can, from the perspective of the wind turbine, occur at any arbitrary point in time) the controller initiates another overproduction phase. Thus, there is no continuous process such as alternating overproduction and recovery periods or re-entering an overproduction phase after a predetermined interval following the previous recovery period.
The minimum value of electrical output power (Pemin) during the recovery period could theoretically be determined as an absolute power value. However, as wind turbines operate under varying wind conditions and, accordingly, the wind turbine according to the invention also performs the grid-stability supporting activity under varying wind conditions, this might not be useful in practice. Therefore, in some optional further configurations of the invention, Pemin is defined as a fixed percentage of the electrical operating power which was being supplied to the electrical grid at the moment the turbine entered the overproduction period (Pe0). In other variants, other reference values are chosen, for example an average value of the operating power within a certain time window before the initiation of the overproduction period, the wind turbine's nominal electrical operating power (Pnom) or the normal electrical power corresponding to the currently available wind power (in the recovery period).
In some further configuration options, the minimum electrical output power (Pemin) during the recovery period amounts to 80% of the electrical operating power which was supplied to the electrical grid prior to the overproduction period (Pe0)). In other embodiments, the threshold is set to 85% or 90% of Pe0. It is possible to choose an even higher value, for example 95% of Pe0. The electrical grid is then supported at a higher level during the recovery period. However, the remaining power available for rotor re-acceleration is then correspondingly smaller so that the recovery is prolonged and the wind turbine operates at a suboptimal working point for a longer time.
In some further configurations, the controller is arranged not only to ensure that the electrical output power does not drop below the predetermined minimum during the recovery period, but also to control the power used for re-acceleration of the rotor (Pacc). As a result, the controller can make sure that the rotor acceleration does not fall below a certain minimum value. Furthermore, it is thereby possible to (continuously or periodically) estimate the remaining duration of the recovery period.
In order to be able to control the rotor acceleration power (Pacc), the wind turbine comprises sensor equipment for measuring the rotational speed of the rotor and the wind speed, the moment at the blade roots and/or the torque at the rotor shaft in some optional configurations of the present invention. The rotor acceleration can then be controlled by the controller by (continuously or periodically) measuring these parameters and by calculating the available mechanical rotor power (Pm) from at least these measured parameters. Thus, the controller always “knows” the available mechanical power and is able to segment it into the two parts during the recovery period, namely the first part which is used for conversion to electrical output power and which ensures that the output power does not fall below the given lower threshold, and the second part which is used for re-acceleration of the rotor to its nominal speed. As a result, more specific prognoses concerning the remaining duration of the recovery period are possible.
The overproduction period does not need to last until the predetermined minimum rotational rotor speed (ωmin) has actually been reached. For example, when the electrical grid quickly regains its stability, the recovery period can be initiated sooner as there is no need for injecting increased electrical power to the electrical grid anymore. Also, there may exist a predetermined time limit for the duration of the overproduction period in order to protect the wind turbine from a too extended increased electrical power production (e.g. to prevent overheating of power conversion components). Thus, when such a time limit for increased electrical power production is reached, the recovery period may also be initiated prior to reaching the minimum rotational rotor speed (ωmin). Another (additional) condition for entering the recovery period could be an upper limit of the amount of additional energy provided to the electrical grid during the overproduction period. Finally, the wind turbine may be arranged to abort the increased electrical power production and to enter the recovery period in response to control signals or external events, e.g. stipulations received from the grid operator or a superordinate control entity.
Furthermore, in some variants, a time period is set in which the rotor speed regains its nominal speed (which marks the end of the recovery period). The controller can then vary both, rotor acceleration and electrical output power (Pacc and Pe), so that the electrical output power may not only be modulated during the overproduction period (as mentioned above), but also during the recovery period in order to enable the wind turbine to contribute to the grid stability in alignment with the characteristics of the instability (for example, in response to control signals provided by grid measurements or the electrical grid operator), as long as both prerequisites (minimum electrical power value and time limit for reaching normal rotor speed) are complied with. The above-mentioned rotor and wind speed, moment and torque measurements and mechanical rotor power calculations can be used to ensure that these constraints are met.
In some further configuration options, the controller is arranged to control rotor speed and/or the electrical output power according to a predetermined (mathematical) function or a control algorithm suitable for grid stability. Preferably, both parameters are increased according to a predetermined gradient. The gradient does not need to be constant or uniform during the overall recovery period. It is, for example, possible that during a first section of the recovery period, the electrical output power (Pe) is not increased at all (but, e.g. is equal to the predetermined minimum value) and only the acceleration power (Pacc) is increased. The additional power which is gained as a result of increasing efficiency while increasing the rotor speed is, in this example, completely invested into the rotor acceleration so that (assuming constant wind speed) the rotor acceleration increases further and further. Only in a second section of the recovery period, Pe is increased so that the rotor acceleration may not further increase (and could even decrease again). In this way, the recovery period could be kept relatively short. It is also possible that both parameters are controlled and increased in a non-linear manner, for example depending on the wind turbine's efficiency curve. Further, the controller may be arranged to control the electrical output power to provide a soft transition between overproduction period and recovery period. That means that at the end of the overproduction period, the electrical output power is not reduced abruptly, but the reduction takes a certain amount of time. By such a “smooth” transition, negative impacts on the electrical grid and/or the wind turbine can be avoided.
Generally, the recovery period will be of longer duration than the overproduction period. In the overproduction period, the electrical output power is increased, for example in response to information contained in the indicating event such as the magnitude of a frequency drop, the frequency gradient or terminal voltage angle, or to further control signals received by the controller during the ongoing overproduction period. The longest possible duration of the overproduction period generally depends on the kinetic energy stored in the rotor and the minimum rotational rotor speed. A feasible duration could, for example, be 10 seconds. In order to continue to contribute to the grid stability during the recovery period, it is generally not practicable to re-accelerate the rotor to its normal speed within the same (relatively short) time frame. On the other hand, the recovery period should not be too extended either, as the wind turbine operates with a suboptimal efficiency during this time frame. Thus, in some further configuration options, the recovery period is preferably five times longer than the overproduction period. In other variants, the factor is only three, and in still other configurations, the recovery period is twice as long as the overproduction period.
In some optional further configurations, the wind turbine comprises a pitch-control system. The controller is then arranged to adjust the pitch angle of the rotor blades during the overall ancillary grid-stability support mode to mitigate the efficiency reduction of the electrical output power generation which is caused by the deviation from the normal operating point. In particular, the rotor blades can be adjusted during the overproduction period so that the suboptimal angle of wind attack (which is caused by the rotor deceleration) is compensated. As an effect, the rotor deceleration might be reduced to some extent. Accordingly, during the recovery period, the pitch angles can be adjusted while the rotor re-accelerates so that, again, the angle of wind attack is adjusted to the increasing rotor speed. Of course, the pitch-control system can also respond to other changing factors not related to the specific grid-stability support mode such as changing wind speeds and/or directions.
Unlike to the operation in partial-load mode, in which the wind turbine generally operates at an optimized working point, in full-load mode (i.e. when the available wind power Pw correlates to an electrical operating power Pe above the wind turbine's nominal operating power Pnom) wind turbine control limits the turbine's operating power. This is accomplished, for example, by turning the rotor blades into the wind, i.e. into the direction of the flag position so that the blades are at least partially in a flag position (The “flag position” is the blade position in which the angle of wind attack is zero. A “partial flag position” means that the blades are in a position between the optimal angle of wind attack and the flag position so that the angle of wind attack is smaller than normal. The term “flagging” designates the degree to which the blades are turned into the direction of the flag position.). That means that the angle of wind attack and, as a consequence, the lifting forces are reduced (in comparison with blade positioning in partial-load mode) which results in the desired electrical output power limitation. In some further configurations of the invention, when the wind turbine is operating in a full-load mode, the pitch system is used during the overproduction period to reduce the amount of flagging of the blades (i.e. to re-increase the angle of wind attack). By this additional measure, the lift forces at the blades are increased so that the additional available wind power output is utilized for the ancillary control mode. This additional support can, for example, be used to increase overproduction power (ΔPop) and/or to slow down rotor deceleration and thus to extend the overproduction period. Accordingly, during the recovery period, it can be applied to increase electrical output power and/or to increase rotor re-acceleration, i.e. to increase the acceleration power (Pacc), to shorten the recovery period.
For the connection of the variable speed wind turbine to an electrical grid, the frequency of the wind turbine's electrical sub-system and the electrical grid are decoupled. In general, there are two ways of achieving this. Firstly, the wind turbine's generator can be completely decoupled from the electrical grid by the usage of a full-scale frequency converter. The generator then produces AC of variable frequency, which is rectified by a rectifier, and the resulting DC is then converted to AC with the generally constant grid frequency (50 Hz in Europe). The second alternative is a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). Here, the (asynchronous) generator's stator winding is directly connected to the network, i.e. a converter is not used for this connection. The exciting field produced by the generator's rotor rotates relative to the generator's rotor with a variable speed. The (variable) rotor speed is compensated by correspondingly adjusting the speed of the exciting field relative to the rotor. As a result, the sum of the two speeds, i.e. the speed of the exciting field relative to the stator is always a constant value adapted to the fixed grid frequency. A converter is here only needed to produce the exciting-field currents (=the rotor currents) with variable frequencies.
Accordingly, in some further configurations of the invention, the wind turbine's electrical generator is a generator having a full-scale converter. In this solution, a synchronous generator is often used. Due to the complete decoupling by the full-scale converter, the wind turbine's minimum rotor speed (ωmin) at which the controller initiates the recovery period is not limited by the wind turbine's grid connection. Rather, the limitation is (only) set by the minimum electrical output power which the wind turbine (at least) maintains during the recovery period and the additional mechanical power (Pacc) which is needed for rotor re-acceleration.
In other configurations of the wind turbine, a DFIG is used. Here, the operation range of the converter may be limited by the generator's rotational speed so that the rotational speed of the generator's rotor (and thus the rotational speed of the wind turbine's rotor) may not be decreased indefinitely while the wind turbine is supposed to generate a certain amount of electrical power. Thus, in these configurations, this construction-dependent lower speed range threshold of the DFIG may apply as an additional threshold for the minimum rotor speed value (ωmin) at which the recovery period is initiated (in addition to the criterion of the mechanical power (Pm) which is needed to provide both the minimum electrical output power which the wind turbine maintains during the recovery period and the desired rotor re-acceleration). The criterion at which the wind turbine operation arrives first during the overproduction period (i.e. the higher of the two values) defines the latest end of the additional electrical power output.
The above considerations were generally based on the assumption of constant wind power during the overproduction and recovery periods. Changes in the wind speed will have additional impacts on wind turbine operation during the ancillary grid-stability support mode according to the invention. For example, a decrease in wind speed during the overproduction phase may cause an earlier arrival at the predetermined minimum rotor speed so that actually less electrical work will be output to the grid (in comparison with constant wind speed), whereas a wind speed increase may have the opposite effect. The value of the minimum rotor speed (ωmin) could also be determined in dependence on the wind speed, e.g. dependent on the average wind speed over the overproduction period or another given time window. Furthermore, a decrease in the wind power during the recovery period may lead to a delay in rotor re-acceleration, whereas an increase will enable the wind turbine to re-accelerate the rotor faster in comparison to standard recovery period operation. Wind speed variations may also have impacts on a desired modulation of the electrical output during the overproduction and the recovery period.
The present invention enables wind turbines to contribute more efficiently to electrical grid stability. In particular, as wind turbines can react relatively fast to grid frequency drops (compared, for example, to primary power control by hydro, gas or steam plants) it can be used to bridge the gap until the slower power generation plants step in.
Finally, the invention allows grid operators to calculate or estimate the grid-stability support that can be expected from wind turbines for different conditions of the grid and wind speeds.
FIG. 1 illustrates the assembly of a variable speed wind turbine 1 schematically. It comprises a rotor 2 which powers an electrical generator 9 via a variable speed gear (gearbox) 7. Generator 9 produces electrical power which is supplied to an electrical grid 17 (not shown in FIG. 1) via electrical line 16. A controller 10 is responsible for controlling the wind turbine's 1 sub-systems depending on the environmental conditions like wind speed and direction and electrical power demand.
Rotor 2 comprises a rotor hub 4 and blades 3. In some embodiments, the wind turbine 1 features a pitch control system 6 with which blades 3 can be pivoted around their longitudinal axis. Thus, it is possible, for example, to decrease the wind force having an effect on the blades 3 (torque) by turning them to the wind. The rotational speed of the rotor ω is adjusted depending on the prevailing wind speed (i.e. the wind turbine is a variable speed wind turbine, commonly abbreviated: VSWT). Rotor speeds are, for example, in the range between 10 and 20 revolutions per minute. Connected to the rotor 2 is a gearbox 7 which serves to convert the relatively slow rotational rotor speed ω into a higher rotational speed of the generator's 9 rotor (in other embodiments, the wind turbine 1 does not have a gearbox, but of course is also be arranged to perform grid-stability support activity). Break 8 allows the rotor speed to be decreased, for example, in order to shut down the wind turbine 1. The internal mechanical, electrical and control sub-systems are housed in a nacelle 5 which is mounted on tower 15.
A further component of the wind turbine 1 is, in some embodiments, sensor and measurement equipment 11. For example, an anemometer 12 serves to determine the current wind speed, while a wind vane 13 provides wind direction measurements. Further, a measurement device 36 may be provided for measuring the moment at the root of the rotor blades 3 and measurement device 37 may be provided for measuring the rotor shaft's rotational speed and/or torque. Finally, in some embodiments, yaw drive 14 allows the nacelle 5 with rotor 2 to be adjusted around the vertical (tower) axis according to the prevailing wind direction.
Controller 10 is, for example, arranged as a microprocessor with associated memory which executes control software. In some embodiments, it is arranged as a single component, whereas in other embodiments it is made up of distributed sub-systems, for example, in the form of several microprocessors connected to each other. It is coupled via a bus to the wind turbine's sub-systems, in particular to generator 9, rotor 2, pitch-control system 6, sensor equipment 11, i.e. anemometer 12, wind vane 13 and the measurement devices 36 and 37, and yaw drive 14. Furthermore, it is connected to management system 18 (not shown in FIG. 1).
FIG. 2 exemplarily shows the control flow of the wind turbine 1 in more detail. Controller 10 receives measurement results provided by sensor equipment 11 (anemometer 12, wind vane 13 and the measurement devices 36 and 37) and operating parameters from the electrical grid 17 and generator 9. It processes these input data and generates control signals which are transmitted to actuators of the various sub-systems of the wind turbine 1. The latter execute the control commands received from controller 10 and effect a change of the respective sub-system's state. For example, controller 10 manipulates the rotor speed ω by changing the generator frequency or by varying the gear ratio (control flow of latter manipulation is not shown in FIG. 2).
Furthermore, controller 10 also receives commands from management system 18 which may be located within or outside the wind turbine 1. A remote operation monitoring equipment 19 such as a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is provided to supervise the wind turbine's 1 operation. For this purpose, it requests data about the wind turbine's 1 state from management system 18 and conducts remote parameterization (i.e. commands regarding parameter settings are transmitted to management system 18).
Two tasks performed by controller 10 are of special interest with regard to the various embodiments: Firstly, it is arranged to monitor events indicating a need to increase the electrical output power beyond the normal operating power. Such an indicating event can, for example, be received by remote operation monitoring 19 (via management system 18) or, alternatively, be generated by controller 10 itself, both in response to measurements of electrical grid parameters such as the grid frequency (for example, provided by a grid frequency analyzer, not shown in FIG. 2) or the voltage angle change. Secondly, controller 10 is arranged to initiate the ancillary two-phased control mode according to the present invention.
The wind turbine 1 generates electrical power when the wind speed is within the turbine's operating range. Its (static) production curve which is exemplarily illustrated in FIG. 3 (as thick black line) as a function of rotational rotor speed ω and electrical output power Pe (and considering different wind speeds) is non-linear. Below the lower rotor speed threshold ωthresh, no electrical power is produced. Starting at the lower rotor speed threshold ωthresh, Pe at first increases vertically for low wind speeds. With increasing wind speeds, the rotor speed ω is increased according to the efficiency curves for the different wind speeds until the nominal rotor speed ωnom is reached. Although rotor 2 is not accelerated further, Pe can still be boosted (again with further increasing wind speed), until the wind turbine's nominal electrical output power has been reached (Pnom=1.0 pu (i.e. power unit) in FIG. 3). As can be seen in FIG. 3, the production characteristic line deviates from the theoretically possible optimal curve (the thin black line) to some extent. However, as this theoretical curve is not feasible in practice, wind turbine operation on the (thick) production line is considered to be optimal. Depending on the wind turbine's 1 generator type, its operation range is however dynamic to a certain extent (which is marked by the striped area in FIG. 3), i.e. the actual power output Pe and rotational rotor speed ω can deviate to a certain extent from the (optimal) static production line.
Three embodiments which illustrate different wind turbine operations during the recovery phase will now be described. According to the first embodiment (FIGS. 4 and 5), the rotor is re-accelerated by using a fixed amount of the available mechanical rotor power Pm which effects an increase of the electrical output power Pe from the beginning of the recovery period. The second embodiment (FIGS. 6 and 7) follows a different approach. Here, Pe is at first kept at the minimum level which is required during the recovery period (Pemin). As a consequence, the power available for rotor re-acceleration increases with the increasing efficiency resulting in a shorter recovery period compared to the first embodiment. The third embodiment (FIG. 8, in combination with FIG. 4) is a specific modification of the first embodiment. In the first phase of the recovery period, all available mechanical rotor power Pm is used for the generation of Pe so that, in this phase, the rotor is not accelerated at all. Only in the second phase, Pe is slightly decreased and the rotor is re-accelerated by using the now available part of Pm in accordance with the scheme presented in the first embodiment. For all embodiments, constant wind speed during the overproduction and recovery periods is assumed.
The values of Pe, Pm and ω during the overproduction and recovery periods in the first embodiment are visualized in FIG. 4 (Pe is the solid line, Pe0 the dash-dot line, Pm the dotted curve and Pemin the dash-dot-dot line). During normal operation, the wind turbine operates on the working point with an optimal efficiency, i.e. the operating power Pe and rotor speed ω are set in accordance with its production curve (cf. FIG. 3). When controller 10 detects an indicating event it initiates the ancillary grid-stability support activity according to the invention. At the moment the wind turbine 1 enters the first phase, i.e. the overproduction period, electrical output power and rotor speed correspond to point A in FIG. 4 (Pe0 and ω0 wherein Pe0=0.8 pu in the example of the first embodiment). With the start of the overproduction period, Pe is increased beyond its normal value, shifting the wind turbine's working point to point B in FIG. 4. This additional power is called ΔPop. In the embodiments, ΔPop is assumed to be constant during the duration of the overproduction period (as outlined above, it could, however, also be varied over time). As ΔPop is taken from the kinetic energy stored in rotor 2, ω decreases with ongoing output of the increased electrical output power, so that the wind turbine's working point changes from point B to C in FIG. 4. As also indicated in FIG. 4, the mechanical rotor power Pm decreases due to the worsening efficiency that accompanies the decreasing rotor speed (cf efficiency curves in FIG. 3).
Controller 10 continuously measures o) and monitors generator's 9 operation. It stops the increased electrical power output (at the latest) at the moment the respective minimum value ωmin is reached (point C in FIG. 4). The arrow from point C to point D marks the end of the overproduction and the beginning of the recovery period. With the rotational rotor speed being ωmin the available mechanical rotor power Pm is approximately 0.7 pu (as opposed to 0.8 pu in normal wind turbine operation in point A). This reduced amount of available Pm is now the base for re-accelerating rotor 2 while further outputting electrical power to the electrical grid 17 and thus gradually re-shifting the wind turbine's 1 operating point from point D back to point A. In the first embodiment, a constant power amount (Pacc) is used for rotor re-acceleration, namely ca. 0.025 pu. The remaining part of the available Pm is used for electrical power production (it applies: Pm−Pe=Pacc, neglecting efficiency curtailment). With increasing rotor speed, the efficiency improves again, and, accordingly, the electrical output power increases (while rotor 2 is still accelerated using the constant Pacc). During the recovery period, Pe never drops below the predetermined minimum electrical output power which is exemplarily set to 0.65 pu in the first embodiment (i.e. 81.25% of Pe0). The recovery period ends when the rotor speed arrives again at the nominal speed ω0, and the wind turbine 1 continues to operate at its normal operating point (point A in FIG. 4).
The first embodiment of the present invention can also be visualized by FIG. 5 (overproduction period: points A through D, recovery period: D to A′). The upper diagram shows Pe (solid line) and Pm (dotted line) over time, whereas the lower diagram depicts the rotational rotor speed to. As only a relatively small amount of power is invested in rotor re-acceleration, the recovery period is about four times longer than the overproduction period. Due to the constant Pacc, the rotational rotor speed is increased constantly during the recovery period.
A variation of the first embodiment is shown in FIG. 5 a, wherein the electrical output power is modulated during both, overproduction and recovery period. Such modulation is, for example, performed in response to ongoing grid parameter measurements which results are transmitted to via management system 18 to controller 10, based on stipulations by the grid operator (which are, e.g., included in the indicating event) or wind speed variations. By performing such output power modulation, an improved contribution of wind turbine 1 to the stability of the electrical grid is possible. The rotational rotor speed ω varies accordingly. Furthermore, the transition from overproduction to recovery period does not need to be an abrupt reduction of the electrical output power (as shown in FIG. 5), but may be soft, e.g. according to a mathematical function (the transition could be significantly “smoother” than indicated in FIG. 5 a).
The second embodiment (FIGS. 6 and 7) is mainly characterised by a different utilisation of Pm during the recovery period. Again, the two-phased ancillary grid-stability supporting mode is initiated by controller 10 after it has detected an indicating event. The electrical output power Pe is raised to 0.9 pu (Pe0 being 0.8 pu as also in the first embodiment) so that the wind turbine's 1 working point changes from point A to point B and—while the rotational rotor speed decreases—further on to point C. In the second embodiment, the minimum rotational rotor speed ωmin is slightly lower than in the first embodiment (for example, because the wind turbine according to the second embodiment has a full-scale converter instead of a DFIG, which allows for a larger deviation of generator speed and electrical grid frequency). Accordingly, the overproduction period is slightly longer (with same ΔPop as in the first embodiment). When ωmin is reached, the controller again initiates the recovery phase. In the second embodiment, the minimum electrical output power Pemin during the recovery period is set to 0.64 pu (which equates to 80% of Pe0=0.8 pu). The available mechanical rotor power Pm at point D is only slightly above this lower threshold Pemin. Controller 10 now controls the wind turbine 1 in a way that for the first part of the recovery period only the minimum electrical output power is actually produced (i.e. Pe=Pemin during this time frame). In this way, the power used for re-acceleration of rotor 2 increases with the increasing efficiency (or in other words: the “gap” between Pm and Pe increases over this first part of the recovery period as Pm increases with higher ω and Pe stays constant). Only in a second part of the recovery period—when ω has already nearly reached ω0—Pe is (relatively fast) increased and, accordingly, Pacc is decreased.
The effect of this procedure is a shorter recovery period because ω0—in comparison to the first embodiment—is reached significantly faster (FIG. 7). Hence, the recovery period is here only about twice as long as the overproduction period. However, this advantage is achieved only at the expense of a lower Pe during the main part of the recovery period.
The third embodiment (FIG. 8) basically follows the diagram of FIG. 4, presented in connection with the first embodiment. However, in contrast to the first embodiment, the recovery period is now two-phased. In a first phase (from point D′ to D in FIG. 8), the complete mechanical rotor power is converted into electrical output power (i.e. Pm=Pe).
As a result, no power is left for rotor re-acceleration (Pacc=0 and rotor speed ω stays constant at ωmin). The wind turbine's working point equals the point of intersection between arrow C-D and the Pm curve in FIG. 4. In a second phase (from D to A′ in FIG. 8), the electrical output power is slightly decreased (but still at or above the minimum Pemin) so that a portion of Pm is released for rotor re-acceleration. The re-acceleration is then performed similar to the first embodiment.
The third embodiment permits a slightly higher contribution to the stability of the electrical grid 17 in the first phase of the recovery period. Of course, the recovery period is extended by the duration of the zero rotor re-acceleration so that, in the example of FIG. 8, it is about 6.5 times longer than the overproduction period.
The embodiments one to three have been described so far on the assumption that the wind turbine 1 operates in partial-load mode when an indicating event is detected by controller 1 and the ancillary control mode is initiated. Of course, the wind turbine 1 can also perform grid-stability supporting activity while operating in full-load mode (i.e. Pe0=Pnom, with available wind power Pw corresponding to a higher power than the nominal electrical power of the wind turbine, cf. FIG. 9). In this case, the overproduction period, in general, does not differ from partial-load operation (apart from the fact that, as the wind turbine 1 will be operating at its nominal operating power prior to the overproduction period, the output power increase during the overproduction period will cause a temporary power output which temporarily exceeds the nominal power, but still lies within the wind turbine's tolerance range). The increased electrical output power is maintained until the minimum rotation rotor speed ωmin is reached. The overproduction period may be longer than in partial-load mode due to the increased kinetic energy stored in rotor 2 and additional support by blade pitching, depending on the respective Pemin and the operating constraints of generator 9, i.e. the wind turbine's 1 dynamic operation range (cf. FIG. 3). In the embodiment according to FIG. 9, the blades are deflagged during the overproduction period, thus gaining additional lift force that can be converted into additional electrical power or used to reduce rotor deceleration. Similarly, the recovery period can be shortened by utilizing the excess wind power for rotor re-acceleration in a similar manner. In the example of FIG. 9, the overproduction period is therefore longer (in comparison with the previous embodiments referring to partial-load mode, cf. e.g. FIG. 5), and the recovery period is only twice as long as the overproduction period.
In all embodiments described, the wind turbine 1 may, for example, be equipped with a synchronous generator having a full-scale converter (FIG. 10) or, alternatively, with a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) (FIG. 11). In the first case, 100% of the generated electrical power Pe passes through the converter 20 which has a rectifier 21 and an inverted rectifier 22. In the latter case, stator winding 23 is directly connected to the electrical grid 17 and the rotor-grid connection is realised by using a converter 20 which can, for example, be a cascading converter with DC link (cf. FIG. 11). Hence, only about 30% of the produced electrical output power Pe passes through converter 20 while the main portion is fed directly into the electrical grid 17.
The duration of the recovery period is not only dependent on the power used for rotor re-acceleration (Pacc), but also on the prevailing wind speed. FIG. 12 visualizes durations of the recovery period for control modes according to the first embodiment (fixed amount of re-acceleration power Pacc during the recovery period) in dependence on the wind speed. In a first variant, Pacc is chosen to be relatively small (0.02 pu) so that the recovery period is relatively long. If Pacc is set to higher amounts (0.06 pu and 0.1 pu in FIG. 12), the duration of the recovery period generally decreases. Higher wind speed generally tends to result in a longer duration. In particular, if Pacc is set to a relatively small value (0.02 pu in FIG. 12), the duration of the recovery period increases significantly with higher wind speeds. With wind speeds above the nominal value (full-load operation), the recovery period, however, decreases drastically (if, different from FIG. 9, the same amount of Pm is used for rotor acceleration as in partial-load mode).
According to one aspect of the present invention, a wind turbine control method for grid-stability support is provided (FIG. 13). Generally, the wind turbine 1 operates according to its standard policy 30 (e.g. maximum power tracking, cf. also the production curve in FIG. 3). Events which indicate a need for additional Pe supply are monitored during 30. The monitoring may also include measurement of grid parameters (such as frequency variations or voltage angle change), the determination of the extent of grid support and (detailed) instructions to wind turbine 1. When such an indicating event is detected (arrow 31), the wind turbine 1 executes the overproduction period at 32. As described in detail above, kinetic energy is extracted from rotor 2 and converted into additional electrical power ΔPop while rotor speed ω decreases more and more. The electrical output power may be varied or modulated. The recovery period may be initiated prior to reaching the minimum rotor speed ωmin, for example, when the electrical grid appears to be stable again, an elapsed time or wind turbine internal operating conditions such as overheating of components or wind turbine load. However, it is entered, at the latest, when the minimum rotor speed ωmin is reached (arrow 33). In the recovery period, the rotor 2 is re-accelerated again and at least a certain amount of Pe is still supplied to the electrical grid 17. Other activities dependent on the previous grid-stability support may also be performed during the recovery period in order to restore normal wind turbine operation, such as the cooling down of heated components, the dampening of mechanical osciallation etc. When the rotor 2 arrives at its normal rotational speed (e.g. ω0, assuming unchanged wind speed since entering the overproduction period at 32), the wind turbine 1 returns to its normal operation (arrow 35).
The wind turbine functionality and control method described and claimed herein is not exclusive. The wind turbine described herein may be arranged to perform further grid-stabilizing activities besides the described ones, such as decreasing power generation in a transient manner in the case of a sudden grid power oversupply (e.g. when a significant power consumer is disconnected from the grid) or counteracting periodic disturbances (e.g. grid frequency oscillations) etc.


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A bulletin board troll in the 1980s, David Braue has been online long enough to remember using the text-based Lynx browser to visit www.ibm.com, one of around 100 Web sites available back then. Telecoms has remained an obsession as he developed ever more complicated schemes to stay in touch with family overseas without going broke. After more than a decade covering Australia's ICT industry - and watching our telcos stumble time and again - he's eager to call them to task.
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Even if we electrified our entire vehicle fleet overnight, pollution from the production and use of cars would still make us (and the planet) sick — and policymakers should start pushing for strong policy to mitigate the impacts of non-tailpipe emissions now, a new study finds.
Analysts from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development compiled research from around the world about all other ways that motor vehicles poison our communities besides their greenhouse gas emissions. (Let it never be forgotten: transportation is still the single largest drivers of climate change.) The influential intergovernmental organization found that there are at least four ways that cars contribute to a range of deadly public health and environmental crises, and all four of them get worse the bulkier cars are, and the faster they travelled.
That’s bad news, of course, for the SUVs and and pick-up trucks that are significantly more deadly to vulnerable road users, and that are fast becoming the near-default purchase for the American car-buyer. But it’s also bad news for electric vehicles, which tend to be heavier on average that gas-powered cars due to the weight of vehicle-grade batteries. When those batteries are tasked with toting monstrosities like the electric Hummer, the non-exhaust-related emissions of EVs may actually exceed those of internal combustion vehicles, which the researchers said could be a disaster for public health if the popularity of mega-cars continues to rise, even as emissions standards get stronger.
“In the absence of targeted policies to reduce non-exhaust emissions, consumer preferences for greater [driving range requiring larger batteries] and larger vehicle size could therefore drive an increase in [fine particle] emissions in future years with the uptake of heavier EVs,” the researchers wrote.
The study offers yet another reminder of why an over-reliance on electric vehicle adoption as a silver bullet climate change strategy is deeply misguided — and why reducing vehicle miles travelled by promoting greener ways to get around must be at the center of our efforts to save the world. Here are all the ways that even the ‘greenest’ cars on the road are still polluting our places, and what we can do about it.
Lung-clogging brake dust
Normally, we here at Streetsblog staff are big fans of drivers hitting the brakes — especially if it stops them from hitting people. But the trouble is, every time they do it, they’re essentially grinding hot, toxic metals into dust, and then scattering them into the lungs of unsuspecting passersby.


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Discussion in 'Teacher Time Out' started by scienceteach82, Feb 23, 2009.
Feb 23, 2009
What do you like to eat? If you do eat...
i like carbs when I am sick. I don't ever want veggies and fruit if I don't feel good. Probably not a good thing. But I usually like noodles, rice, bread, etc.
I like soup...broth based...and watermelon...not sure why
Soft boiled eggs, my mom always made them when we were sick. WHen she was sick last year I made them everyday for her.
BUt I will also do jello, gingerale, chicken soup and white rice cooked with chicken broth.
There are two main things I eat when i am sick: Creamed Chipped Beef from Stoufer's and mashed potatoes with gravy from KFC. Both are soft, plain, and more substantial than chicken broth (I don't care for soup with noodles).
When I am sick, I usually don't want anything. But when I am getting better, I just want wet fruit--grapefruit, canteloupe, watermelon, oranges, grapes, pineapple. Nothing like bananas or apples--just good juicy stuff. Or I eat cereal--Raisin Bran, Capt Crunch, Cinnamon Toast Crunch.
Kind of an odd combination huh?
I feel sick tonight... nothing sounds good. Dh wants me to eat the rest of a burrito from Sunday-ugh! All I want is the apple pie and ice cream from the 'what's for dinner' thread. But that will probably make me throw up. But then again, maybe I'd feel better after that.
Soft boiled eggs, absolutely. With toast. I like lots of liquids when I'm sick, and chicken soup is a must.
Whether I'm sick w/ a stomachache or a cold/sore throat, I don't really eat much. If I have a cold, I can't taste much anyway, so it would be a waste to eat some good food that I really like.
I may eat Jell-o, pudding, yogurt, fruit. Soup's good too. An egg sandwich maybe (or just the eggs).
Saltines. With butter!
I like plain, dry toast, saltines, and ginger ale or Cherry 7-Up.
Feb 24, 2009
Round soup crackers
Ooh I forgot about those oyster crackers! I like them too.
If it's a stomach thing, then I like plain orzo pasta or saltines.
Gatorade and 7 up
Chicken Noodle Soup
Tea Tea Tea!
And when I go to sleep at night, I need a bottle of very diluted iced tea. My mom did this when we were little, I don't really know why, and now I need it when I don't feel good. I am sure it's psychological, but it always makes me feel better, even if I'm making it for myself.
Feb 25, 2009
I am sick now, and just want some of that "wet fruit."
Feb 27, 2009
Sweets and soups of just about any kind.
Feb 28, 2009
I have been sick a week with this cold. I am ready to be well.
chicken noodle soup, jello, mashed potatoes
Separate names with a comma.

domain: food


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Fun game of dodgeball, using velcro vests and balls.
This great fun version of dodgeball has you throwing soft balls with perfect aim. Players simply throw the four red balls at your opponent's velcro vests, trying to hit them in the circular target. If they don't stick to the vest then it's still all to play for! The blue and green air mesh vests can also adjust to almost any size. Grab your buddy and dodge, dip, duck, dive and...dodge!
Make & decorate magical plaster badges and fridge magnets.$9.99
Makes an awesome noise as you throw it with pinpoint accuracy.$21.99
Mix and match these detailed wooden stamps to create different scenes.$19.99
Four year olds love animal toys. Any present involving a dinosaur will be really popular. It is a good age for construction kits and colourful jigsaws preferably of large scary animals. Anything to do with bedtime stories is also a good bet. By this age boys will like cars.

domain: hobby


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student dating uk - Questions you should ask a man before dating
Get to know your friends better with this list of random, funny questions. S Dating channel offers you all the advice you need to become a. Femdom Dating How to meet a dominant woman or submissive man for romance or play. Questions to ask a guy to get to know him better and make him open up easily. Discover the top 75 best questions to ask a girl you like, and make interesting, deep conversations easy. At the time of year when marital meltdowns are at their peak, we ask the country. In every job interview, the goal is to obtain important information while. She may be the one, make sure you ask these ten questions before you tie the knot. The page that you see when you ask a new question is the page that everyone will.It's easy to become so caught up in the feelings you're having that you don't even realize you aren't fully being your true self.
Questions you should ask a man before dating
This is one that you really need to pay attention to because it happens subtly.
The moment you feel yourself wanting to make sure to "do this" or "look like this" -- really examine why you're feeling that way (it's not always a bad thing, but something you should reflect on).
10) If you do find yourself changing, are the changes positive? When you get closer to another person, sometimes it's inevitable. Here's the bottom line -- the point of being self-aware before and within a relationship is that you should do your best to first know yourself as much as possible before partnering with another person.
The important thing is to make sure that the changes are for the better. From what I've witnessed, the most successful relationships are the ones where two people working towards personal wholeness come together, rather than two people looking to fulfill some sort of void.
If you don’t want to be in a committed relationship with someone, don’t let the good times take over your decisions. Christian is a new content destination for Christian singles looking for relationship advice.
When it comes to dating, it seems you can find hundreds of thousands of websites, books, and people offering their tips and advice.Unfortunately, some of us get into relationships without even knowing we are doing so.We meet someone new, have a great time with them, and then suddenly we’re dating that person exclusively.For example: Are you being challenged to become a better person and/or grow in certain areas of your life? Not to mention that the more you know yourself and are confident in who you are, the more quickly you'll be able to tell if someone would be a good match for you.For me, answering those questions really changed the way I think about relationships in general.I realized that not only do I want to be confident and secure in who I am, but that I want to be surrounded by people who are of themselves as well.Tags: Adult Dating, affair dating, sex dating

domain: psychology


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WHO's chilling warning
CIDRAP has a superb rundown on the warning sounded at WHO's World Health Assembly in Geneva. Citing the "WHO Inter-country Consultation: Influenza A/H5N1 in Humans in Asia, Manila, May 6th-7th, 2005" (.pdf) CIDRAP sets out WHO's reasons for believing H5N1 is poised to become a pandemic threat:
The report cites several differences between epidemiologic features of human cases this year in northern Vietnam and those in southern Vietnam this year and overall last year:A number of recommendations are made, including the following:
In addition, the report says the recent discovery of three asymptomatic cases in Vietnam suggests that milder infections are occurring. A few asymptomatic cases also were found in Japan and Thailand in the past year, and others were discovered in Hong Kong after the H5N1 outbreak in 1997.
- Northern Vietnam has had eight case clusters this year, versus only two in the south.
- Case clusters in northern Vietnam this year have lasted longer than did clusters last year.
- The average age of infected people in northern Vietnam rose from 17 to about 31 years between 2004 and 2005, but it stayed about the same in southern Vietnam (15 to 18 years).
- The case-fatality rate has dropped to 34% this year in the north but is 83% in the south.
The report says the longer duration of recent clusters may signal a growing number of ways in which people contract the virus, including exposure to sick birds, environmental infection, lengthy exposure to asymptomatic birds that are shedding virus, and person-to-person transmission.
"Investigators were not able to prove that human-to-human transmission had occurred. However, they expressed concerns, which were shared by local clinicians, that the pattern of disease appeared to have changed in a manner consistent with this possibility," the assessment states.
- WHO should convene its Pandemic Task Force to meet regularly, assess the data, and determine the risk for pandemic flu.
- All nations should move as quickly as possible to complete "practical operational pandemic preparedness plans."
- WHO should explore "all possible mechanisms" to make H5N1 vaccine available to the Asian countries affected before a pandemic. It should bring together technical experts, countries, manufacturers and possible donors to find ways to boost global H5N1 vaccine production.
- Coordination of animal and human surveillance and viral information must be improved from the ground level to the national and international level, and data must be exchanged quickly.
- The WHO should complete a handbook on how to investigate possible H5N1 clusters.
- The WHO should explore building a stockpile of antiviral drugs that could be used to respond to early signs of a potential pandemic.
- Countries needing funding and agencies that may provide funding must coordinate their efforts to avoid redundancy and eliminate gaps
The WHO report concludes in chilling fashion:
"Evolution of a pandemic strain of virus may be preceded by numerous small steps, none of which is sufficient to signal clearly that a pandemic is about to start. This poses a difficult public health dilemma. If public health authorities move too soon, then unnecessary and costly actions may be taken. However, if action is delayed until there is unmistakable evidence that the virus has become sufficiently transmissible among people to allow a pandemic to develop, then it most likely will be too late to implement effective . . . responses."

domain: biology


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looks goods to me man. our numbers were very similar except all my cores were positive. but (as far as we know) we were both high volume G7 with a similar PSA.
SBRT is my favorite stand-alone treatment. there's a good chance that if you had surgery you would have needed further treatment. I know I had a 60% chance of the cancer being out of the capsule.
also, if either of us has a recurrence overwhelming odds are the cancer was already systemic.
your PSA is lower than post treatment and lower than this time last year. it's all good in the hood man
age - 64
12/09 - PSA 6.8
G7 - 3+4 - all 12 cores pos
HT, BT, IGRT
6/19 - 9th year post treatment PSA .1!
PSAs .2, .3, .2, .3, .2, .1, .2, .2, .1, .1, .1, .1, .1, .1
"..You get braver as your options dwindle.." -- Fairwindhttps://instagram.com/edraderphotography/

domain: medical


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Video games have taken the world by storm. It is fun, competitive, relaxing and educational. A game exists out there for everyone, just waiting to be discovered. Here, you’ll find some fun video gaming tips, so you can really enjoy your video gaming experience.
Never forget you can brighten your screen up manually. Although the images might look creepier or more realistic in the dark, it will not help your performance. Colors have a tendency to blend together in the heat of battle. This makes it easier for enemies to sneak up on you. Increase the brightness if you do not mind sacrificing a little ambiance. You will then notice the enemy before he has a chance to get you because the colors will be brighter.
Parents should always check the ESRB rating on video games. Lots of games appear to be good for kids, but they are actually quite inappropriate. Check the game’s rating and the reasons for the rating before you buy.
When playing video games, remember to take a stretch break three or four times hourly. It’s not good to sit doing the same thing for long periods of time. Additionally, if you sit immobile for long periods of times, you will get cramps and perhaps even blood clots. This is the only way to be healthy and play video games.
Talk to sales people in the store to get game suggestions. They will more than likely know more than you about new releases and be able to suggest titles similar to the ones you already enjoy. Video game store associates tend to be pretty heavy players in their own right, so they know some ideas you can try out.
When you save your game, do more than just saving it on the same slot. Figure out a schedule for how frequently you switch slots. You might find that you need to backtrack a bit in your game and do something differently. If you only save in one slot, you will have to start the game over in order to get back to that spot.
Turn off the chat if young children are playing. A young grade-schooler should not have any access to this feature. Don’t purchase any games that don’t provide you with the option to disable chat. Take the time to talk to a sales clerk or check out online reviews to confirm that the feature can be removed.
Game store employees are a great resource when it comes to learning about new games. A lot of people like different kinds of video games, you should look to branch out. The employee at the store should know a lot about what games are people’s favorites.
You need to learn about the content and safety settings of your game systems. There may be choices offered that prevent younger family members from viewing adult or even questionable content. Many games offer profiles so each person sees different content.
Take a few breaks when you start playing a game that you’re not able to step away from easily. It’s possible to become very addicted to a video a game if you don’t take frequent breaks. Playing is enjoyable, but only if you regulate your time. If you suspect you’re addicted to playing a game and it takes over your life, you should speak with a doctor about it.
Spend only a couple hours each day playing games. Playing video games can become addictive, which means you need to control your exposure. Try to stick to playing video games for only a few hours each day. Take a breather every now and again if you are going to be playing for awhile.
Lots of online gaming options provide players the option to earn rewards or content or to buy such features with money. You should carefully consider the benefits that will be derived. Purchased items can enhance your level of playing and make the experience more rewarding. On the other hand, they can save you some valuable time!
As a parent, be sure to limit the amount of time that your children spend playing video games. Try not to have your child play video games for more than 2 hours a day, as this can cause strain on the eyes and get their priorities out of order.
Follow the ESRB guidelines to determine which games can be played by the young members of your family. Both consoles and PCs can be set up so that more mature games cannot be played on them, though doing so on a PC can be difficult. It is important to understand how to protect your children.
Don’t be scared of trying new games out. A lot of players limit themselves to only on type of game and never try anything different. Experimenting with different types of video games is a great way to make your video game playing experience more exciting.
Try getting a high grade video connection. Consoles come with different cables to use to connect to the display of your choice. Which one is appropriate? HDMI and DVI are the best choices. The next highest are S-Video and Composite, followed by RCA. The most typical connector is the coaxial cable, but this is also a low-quality option. Only resort to coax as a last resort.
Stick to playing video games for only several hours each day. Unfortunately, video games are often highly addictive, so take steps to avoid this happening to you. Don’t play video games for more than a couple of hours per day. If you’re someone who plays long hours, then it’s best to take plenty of breaks during the day.
It can be helpful to play a trial version of a game you are unsure about purchasing. A video game trial allows you to try out the game before you buy it. When the trial goes well, you can get the game and enjoy.
Don’t allow kids to play any game unless you’ve checked its rating first. Some games contain violent or sexual content that is not intended for anyone under 18. Kids shouldn’t play such a game. The violence in these games could cause nightmares and negative behavior.
Don’t make video gaming your only interest. If you play video games all the time, then you may start to become very unhealthy. You should schedule other activities too. Video games may be addicting, so watch how much time you spend on them.
It can be hard to figure out the right game console for you. Ask yourself what kind of games you want to play and which features you need. Make sure you research on the Internet. Check out reviews from other gamers, too. Before you buy, learn about the different consoles.
Monitor your child’s online video game play. These games have ratings, so check them out. Some games have customized features and weapons. You should ensure your kids are not seeing anything inappropriate when they are playing in this situation.
Video games can be used to get fit. There is a new technology that is spreading like wild-fire that allows games to know what you are doing and how you are moving your body. This means your body can be used to play the games for all types of things like yoga or sports. You can now get into great shape using your video game in your living room.
Try to use less cheat codes if you’re playing a game that is based on skill. You should avoid this because there isn’t much point in playing the game if you don’t want to develop the skill to beat it. Save cheat codes and other tricks for sports-related games; they can enhance gameplay rather than ruining it.
Computers allow you to play games, too. You’ll find a variety of titles for the console also come in PC versions as well.
Make sure that you stay hydrated when playing video games for long periods of time. Video games are a lot of fun, but you may become so interested in the game that you don’t take care of yourself. As with any other activity, failure to take in enough water can put your health at risk, so make sure you take in enough fluid during your gaming sessions.
You should take a break every half hour if you are really into playing the video game. As you likely know, playing video games for too long of a time each day is bad for your health, both mental and physical, due to being to sedentary. This timer will let you take a break away from the game.
Think about visiting a video game arcade that is not local. Today, people often play games alone. Going to an arcade in a different locale can facilitate human interaction and socialization.
You can find quite a few video games online these days. This can be done from a computer, console or other device. While the convenience is great, it can be a burden on your wallet. Don’t buy on a whim; make sure you evaluate your budget first. Learn about the game before you spend a penny on it.
You can go to sleep when you are dead! If you have used this statement before to justify your game playing, you are not alone as many believe it to be true. This is not true! Make sure you get a good eight hours snooze time in each night, to be ready and able to strategize yourself to the next level!
Think about playing video game trials prior to purchasing the complete versions. The trial version gives you the chance to see if you like the way the game works. If you decide you like a trial version of a game, put some money aside to purchase the game.
It is important to master playing single player mode on your new games. If this is hard, you might find multiplayer and online modes more difficult. If you find that it is more hard than fun, consider a trade-in that can result in a game you will enjoy more. There’s no point in being frustrated with your hobby.
It is best to always have other hobbies outside of just playing video games. If you are playing these games for extended periods of time, it can do damage to your health. Try to be as social as possible, in addition to your video game playing. Addiction to video games is a disease which affects many today.
Should you buy a new game system? Look into replacing it versus repairing it. The cost of a repair can often exceed what it would cost to purchase a new one. Check out what is new and give it a thought. Most people eventually upgrade anyways, so if your system breaks down, there is no reason to wait.
Make sure you do not try to cheat too much when it comes to playing a game that requires lots of skill on your part. You should not do this since it will not enhance your gaming skills at all. The only time cheat codes should be used is on video games pertaining to sports as they can enhance play.
When buying video games for your children, make sure to check the rating before you buy. There is a big reason why video games have these ratings. A rating of A or M indicates that the material is not suitable for children. In order to obtain a complete listing on video game ratings, check out the ESRB website.
When selecting good video games, always keep the price in mind. Just because a game has a high price does not mean it’s the best. Never fail to read the box so that you know what you are getting. Ideally, you should check online for reviews before buying. Don’t make purchases you are unsure of.
As with everything in life, repetition is the key to success. Don’t expect to master the game overnight. Learn patience and make sure to practice to ensure that you eventually become good at it. In no time at all, you will be an expert.
If you are a enthusiast of playing video games, you probably have your favorites. This does not mean to have blinders on to other games. Always try out different kinds of games. Who knows, you may really enjoy one of them!
Your computer should be clear of memory and up-to-date. If you play computer games often, don’t add too many other programs. Maintenance programs are also beneficial to keep your computer fresh and up-to-date. These can help keep your computer from becoming bogged down by loose or abandoned files and running as efficiently as it can.
As you buy a game, make certain that you get warranty or insurance protection. This can help you avoid paying for an expensive, new system. Devices always have problems, which is why cautious behavior is best.
Regardless of what genre strikes your fancy, you can find hours of entertainment in the world of video games. Read the enclosed advice carefully to enrich your gaming experience. Video games have become commonplace for many people.
Make certain that you save your games many times to reduce the chance of losing your spot. It is better to be safe than sorry until you are sure you can depend on the auto-save. Always have multiple save files, too. Having multiple saves lets you go back a couple hours if you need to, so you can avoid starting over completely.

domain: entertainment


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Photos: Meet the 38 Years Old Nigerian Actor Pawpaw and his Son
July. 14, 2020
Meet the 38 Years Old Nigerian Actor Pawpaw and his Son
Height is never inability or disability as one can achieve his or her aims and aspirations despite his height( being tell or short). Being short doesn't mean a failure in life. In this article we present to you Osita Iheme one of the popular Nigerian actor and his son.
Osita Iheme popularly known as Pawpaw is a Nigerian actor. The actor has been featured in many movies in Nigerian and also have been featured in a Ghanaian movie before.
Osita Iheme is known yo play the role of a child in a movie and mostly he act alongside with Chinedu Ikedieze(Aki).
Pawpaw holds a degree in Science in Computer Science(Bachelor of Science in Computer Science) from the Lagos State University.
The actor became famous after he was featured in a movie alongside with Chinedu Ikedieze(Aki). Since then the duo have acted several movies together.
Pawpaw was born on the 20th of February, 1982.
Below are the pictures of Osita Iheme(Pawpaw) and his son.
Please share this article and also follow me for more of my articles. Like and also comment.
Share, like and comment

domain: artistic