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Detailed molecular analyses of Clonal Complex 59 (CC59) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from children in seven major cities across Mainland China were examined. A total of 110 CC59 isolates from invasive and non-invasive diseases were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), Staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, staphylococcal protein A (spa) typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Antibiotics susceptibilities, carriage of plasmids and 42 virulence genes and the expression of virulence factors were examined. ST59 (101/110, 91.8%) was the predominant sequence type (ST), while single locus variants (SLVs) belonging to ST338 (8/110, 7.3%) and ST375 (1/110, 0.9%) were obtained. Three SCCmec types were found, namely type III (2.7%), type IV (74.5%) and type V (22.7%). Seven spa types including t437, which accounted for 87.3%, were determined. Thirteen PFGE types were obtained. PFGE types A and B were the major types totally accounting for 81.8%. The dominant clone was ST59-t437-IVa (65.5%), followed by ST59-t437-V (14.5%). The positive rate of luks-PV and lukF-PV PVL encoding (pvl) gene was 55.5%. Plasmids were detected in 83.6% (92/110) of the strains. The plasmid size ranging from 23.4 kb to 50 kb was most prevalent which accounted for 83.7% (77/92). A significantly lower expression of hla was found in ST59-t437-IVa compared with ST59-t437-V. Among the 110 cases, 61.8% of the patients were less than 1 year old. A total of 90 cases (81.8%) were community-associated (CA) infections whereas 20 cases (18.2%) were hospital-associated (HA) infections. Out of the 110 patients, 36.4% (40/110) were diagnosed with invasive infectious diseases in which ST59-t437-IVa accounted for 67.5% (27/40). In brief, ST59-t437-IVa was proved as the dominant clone in CC59 MRSA strains. The carriage rate of pvl gene was high. CC59 MRSA could result in CA and HA infections. The majortiy of MRSA infection children were in young age.
Citation: Li J, Wang L, Ip M, Sun M, Sun J, Huang G, et al. (2013) Molecular and Clinical Characteristics of Clonal Complex 59 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Mainland China. PLoS ONE 8(8): e70602. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070602
Editor: Herminia de Lencastre, Rockefeller University, United States of America
Received: March 26, 2013; Accepted: June 21, 2013; Published: August 7, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Li et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The current study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Joint Research Scheme (no. 81061160509) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 81171648). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is an important public health problem worldwide. MRSA causes skin and soft tissues infections, pneumonia and fatal invasive diseases, such as sepsis , necrotizing pneumonia , necrotizing fasciitis , osteomyelitis  and orbital cellulitis .
Since the first detection of MRSA, different clonal complexes (CCs) have emerged and become the predominant clones in different geographical regions. A majority of hospital-associated (HA)-MRSA strains belong to five clonal complexes, namely CC5, CC8, CC22, CC30 and CC45. In particular, CC5 (ST5), CC8 (ST239) and CC22 (ST22) are distributed globally . CC30 (ST36) is the major clone in the United States and the United Kingdom. Clone type CC45 (ST45) dominates in the United States and the European countries . In Asia, studies have shown that CC5, CC8 and CC22 are the most prevalent clones whilst CC5, CC8 and CC30 are the major clones in Latin America . Community-associated (CA)-MRSA prevalent clones are more diverse compared with HA-MRSA. For instance, CC8 (ST8) is commonly found in the United States and Canada –. CC80 (ST80) is the predominant clone in Europe . ST30 is prevalent in Latin America. In Asia-Pacific areas, CC59 has become the dominant clone while ST5 and ST30 are also prevalent . It is reported that ST59 strains and other CC59 isolates have appeared in other countries, such as Hungary, Denmark, United Kingdom , Germany  and the United States . A multicenter study of European countries confirmed that the most prevalent MRSA clonal type in Finland, Sweden and Poland is related to the Taiwan clone (ST59-IVa, ST59-V) . CC59 strains from Western Australia have been studied in detail and been differentiated into further subtypes . However, limited studies have emphasized the molecular characteristics of CC59 strains and the clinical traits in large sets of samples. Our previous study showed that the predominant clone in Chinese pediatric community acquired infections was ST59-t437-IVa , , . The distribution of virulence gene profiles and the presence of exfoliative toxin genes in CA-MRSA have also been determined . In this study, the molecular characteristics of CC59 strains from children in mainland China were described in detail. The expression of virulence factors, the carriage of plasmids and the clinical spectrum of CC59 infections were also elucidated.
Materials and Methods
A total of 299 MRSA isolates were prospectively collected from June 2005 to December 2011. The collection of MRSA covered eight hospitals namely, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Hospital of Fudan University, Guangzhou Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Chongqing Children’s Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Shenyang Shengjing Hospital and Guangzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital. The first strain isolated from each patient with informed consent was included in the study. The clinical sources of MRSA isolates were sputum, pus, pharyngeal swabs and sterile sites including blood stream, bones and joints, cerebrospinal fluid, lung, pleural cavity, peritoneal cavity and deep seated soft tissue.
Before any study procedures were performed, a parent and/or legal guardian for each participant signed a written informed consent. This study was viewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University (2008–35).
MRSA pneumonia was diagnosed based on the medical records, microbiological and radiological results. All the cases exhibited compatible illness with radiological lung infiltrate(s) and MRSA isolated from blood or sputum cultures within two days of hospital admission, or from other sterile respiratory specimen any time during the hospital admission . Severe pneumonia was defined by: (1) a requirement for intensive care unit admission, (2) necrotizing or cavitary infiltrates, or (3) empyema .
All the cases with isolates from sterile sites were defined as invasive infections. These included blood, cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, joint/synovial fluid, bone and internal body site . Cases meeting the criteria of MRSA severe pneumonia were also included in invasive MRSA infection.
CA-MRSA case was defined as MRSA isolated within 48 h after admission without the following risk factors: history of hospitalization, surgery, dialysis or stay in a long-term care unit within one year; dependence on an indwelling catheter, intravenous line or a percutaneous device when culture; or previous isolation of MRSA, while HA-MRSA case was defined MRSA isolation within 48 h with at least one risk factor or beyond 48 h regardless of risk factors .
MRSA was identified as previously described . DNA was extracted from the isolates by using a DNA extraction kit (Saibaisheng, China) and used as the template in all polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) described below.
Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed as described in the previous reports . The allelic profiles were determined based on the database (http://saureus.mlst. net) and the sequence typing (ST) was further analyzed using the eBURST software. STs were subdivided into one group as a clonal complex (CC) only if they were single locus variants (SLV) and shared six identical alleles of seven MLST loci with another ST in the group. The polymorphic X region of the staphylococcal protein A gene (spa) was amplified as described previously . The purified spa PCR products were sequenced, and compared using the spa database website (http://www.ridom.de/spaserver). The staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types were determined using a multiplex PCR assay as described previously .The prototypes of SCCmec types I to V of the isolates and SCCmec IV subtypes were included as controls.
DNA extraction and SmaI restriction were performed as described previously . Three Salmonella ser. Braenderup H9812 strains digested by XbaI were used as the molecular size standard in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and included in each gel The resulting gel images were analyzed using the guidelines proposed by Tenover . In addition, cluster analysis was performed via the Bio-Numerics software package (Applied Maths, Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium). Dice coefficient was used and visualized as a dendrogram by using the unweighted pair-group method with the average linkages of 1% tolerance and 1% optimization settings. A similarity cutoff of 80% was used to define a PFGE type while 95% were for a PFGE subtype .
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
The antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined and interpreted according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, 2012). Fifteen antimicrobial agents, including penicilin, erythromycin, clindamycin, cefuroxime, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, rifampicin, cefoxitin, vancomycin, linezolid, tigecycline and fusidic acid (Sigma) were used. The breakpoints for Fusidic acid and tigecycline were based on the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST, Version 3.1, 2013) guidelines. Mupirocin was obtained from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products. The isolates with an MIC from 8 µg/ml to 256 µg/ml were regarded as low-level mupirocin resistant whereas those with the MIC of ≥512µg/ml were considered as high-level mupirocin resistant. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 was used as control for each set of tests.
PFGE was performed using total DNA of the strains without lysis by SmaI to detect plasmids . A lambda DNA (Saibaisheng, China) molecular size standard was included in each gel.
Screening of 42 Virulence Genes
The isolates were screened for 42 known virulence genes by PCRs using conserved primers as previously described and listed in Table S1 in file S1,–. The presence of the 21 known SAg genes (enterotoxin genes: sea, seh, sec, sed, sek, see, seb, sem, sel, seo, sen, seg, seq, sej, sei, seu, ser and sep; toxic shock syndrome toxin gene tsst-1, two exfoliative toxin genes: eta and etd), and the agr types were tested by six multiplex PCRs. The multiplex PCRs included multiplexes I (sea, seh, sec, and tsst-1), II (sed, etd, eta and sek), III (see, seb, sem, sel and seo), IV (sen, seg, seq, and sej), V (sei, ser, seu and sep) and VI (agr-1 to agr-4). The remaining genes, including exfoliative toxin B gene (etb), fibronectin-binding protein genes (fnbA and fnbB), clumping factor genes (clfA and clfB), bone sialoprotein gene (bbp), collagen-binding protein gene (cna), extracellular adherence protein gene(eap), elastin-binding protein gene (ebpS), genes for the serine-aspartate repeat family of proteins (sdrC, sdrD and sdrE), spa gene, hemolysin genes (hla, hlb, hld, hlg and psmα) and leukocidin genes (luks-PV and lukF-PV PVL encoding gene, lukD and lukE) were screened by singleplex PCR.
A positive control and a negative control were included for each respective gene in reach run. A positive PCR was determined by the presence of an appropriately sized DNA band with the positive control strain in the gel. Two PCR products per gene were randomly chosen for DNA sequencing for validation.
RNA Isolation and Complementary DNA (cDNA) Synthesis
The overnight cultures were diluted 1∶100 in 10 mL of tryptic soy broth (TSB) and incubated at 37°C with shaking at 220 rpm until stationary growth phase was reached (appropriately 6 h). The cell aliquots harvested during the stationary phase were pelleted by centrifugation at 12,000 rpm at −4°C for 5 min. Each pellet was washed in an equal volume of Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer [10 mM TrisHCl, 1 mM EDTA (pH 8)] and resuspended in TE buffer (pH 8.0) containing 10 g/L lysozyme and 40 mg/L lysostaphin and then incubated at 37°C for 15 min. The total bacterial RNA was isolated using RNAiso (Takara, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The contaminating DNA was removed by incubating the total bacterial RNA with RNase-free DNase I (30 U/100 µg of total RNA, Takara, Japan) at 37°C for 1 h. The amount of recovered RNA was determined using a NanoDrop fluorospectrometer (NanoDrop Technologies, Wilmington, DE, USA). The absence of DNA was verified by PCR. The samples were then stored at −80°C. Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized from the total RNA by using the PrimeScript RT reagent kit (Takara, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The recovered cDNA was quantitated spectrophotometrically.
Quantitative Real-time (qRT-) PCR
qRT-PCRs were performed using SYBR Premix Ex Taq™ (Takara, Japan) according to the instructions. Real-time detection and relative quantitation were performed using the Bio-rad CFX96 PCR Detection System. The selected genes were analyzed using the primers shown in Table 1. As an endogenous control, primers were used to amplify a 91 bp fragment of the DNA gyrase (gyrB) . The calibrators in this study were the transcripts from the MRSA strains N315 and GZ11 . Relative quantification was conducted using the ΔΔCT method, with the expression of N315 as the reference of hla, psmα, and RNAIII. GZ11 was used as the reference of pvl. Relative quantification was expressed as the n-fold difference relative to the reference. The qRT-PCR assays were performed in triplicate.
Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 16.0 software. The categorical variables were compared using the chi-squared or two-tailed Fisher’s exact test. The mean of two independent samples were compared using Student’s t-test. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Molecular Characteristics of CC59 Strains
According to the MLST analysis, 110 isolates were defined as CC59 including 101 ST59 strains (91.8%), 8 ST338 strains (7.3%) and 1 ST375 strain; the latter two being SLVs of ST59. Thirteen PFGE types without subtypes were obtained (Figure 1). PFGE types A and B were the major types, representing 40.9% (45/110) each of types A and B respectively. These strains belonged to one of three SCCmec types (types III, IV and V); with SCCmec IV identified as the dominant SCCmec type (74.5%, 82/110 strains, 81 were SCCmec IVa and 1 was SCCmec IVc). SCCmecV and SCCmec III were present in 25 strains (22.7%) and 3 strains (2.7%) respectively. Seven spa types were obtained and the dominant type was t437 accounting for 87.3% of all strains. The other types were t441, t3523, t3590, t3485, t5350 and t2270 which accounted 4.5%, 2.7%, 1.8%, 0.9%, 0.9% and 0.9% respectively. One NT strain was also found. The dominating clone was ST59-t437-IVa (65.5%), followed by ST59-t437-V (14.5%) on the basis of MLST, spa and SCCmec types. Furthermore, ST59-t441-IVa (4.5%) and ST338-t437-V (4.5%) were obtained (Table 1). The total carriage rate of the pvl gene was 55.5% (61/110).
Lanes marker, chromosomal DNA of Salmonella ser. Braenderup strain H9812 (27) was used as the size marker. (A) SZ12 MRSA ST59-t437-IVa; (B) G20 MRSA ST59-t437-IVa; (C) CQ6 MRSA ST59-t437-IVa; (D) BJ313 MRSA ST59-t437-IVa; (E) SH35 MRSA ST59-t437-V; (F) BJ57 MRSA ST59-t437-IVa; (G) SY183 MRSA ST59-t441-IVa; (H) BJ326 MRSA ST59-t3523-IVa; (I) SZ46 MRSA ST59-t437-IVa; (J) BJ787 MRSA ST59-t437-IVa; (K) SY76 MRSA ST59-t437-V; (L) BJ860 MRSA ST59-t437-V and (M). GZ1 MRSA ST338-t437-V.
A significantly higher carriage of pvl gene was found in PFGE type B in comparison with PFGE type A strains. The carriage of pvl gene accounted for 91.1% (41/45) and 22.2% (10/45) respectively (P<0.01) of these PFGE types. The prevalence of pvl gene in ST59-t437-IVa and ST59-t437-V were 51.4% (37/72) and 62.5% (10/16) respectively.
Antibiotic Resistance of CC59 Strains
All of the strains were susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid, tigecycline and fusidic acid. Various resistant rates were obtained for the other antibiotics. The percentage of isolates resistant to various antibiotics is summarized in Table 2. Two strains exhibited low-level resistance to mupirocin. A significant difference was found in the rate of resistance to chloramphenicol between PFGE types A and B (20% vs. 41%, P<0.05). The rate of resistance to chloramphenicol of ST59-t437-IVa was obviously lower than that of ST59-t437-V (26.4% vs. 56.3%, P<0.05). In contrast, the percentage of isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin was higher than that in ST59-t437-V (38.9% vs. 12.5%, P<0.05).
Plasmid Patterns of CC59 Strains
Plasmids were detected in 83.6% (92/110) of the strains (Figure S1). Eighty five strains (85/92, 92.4%) carried a single plasmid while seven strains (7/92, 7.6%) contained more than one plasmid. In the single plasmid profile, plasmid ranging in size of 23.4 Kb to 50 Kb accounted for 90.6% (77/85), followed by the plasmid of <4 kb and 4 kb to 23.4 kb which accounted for 4.7% (4/85) each. The prevalence of the plasmid in PFGE types A and B as well as ST59-t437-IVa and ST59-t437-V were 84.4% (38/45), 82.2% (37/45) and 86.1% (62/72) and 93.8% (15/16) respectively.
Toxin Genes Content and Expression of hla, psmα, pvl, and RNAIII
All of the 110 strains harbored these nine virulence genes, namely fnbA, clfA, clfB, ebpS, sdrC, spa, psmα, hla and hlb. Fifteen toxin genes, including sed, sem, sel, seo, sen, seg, sej, sei, seu, ser, sep, eta, etb, etd and lukM, were not detected. The percentage of positivity of individual superantigen (SAg) genes was variable in the order as follows: seb = seq>sek>sea>sec = tst>she>see (Figure S2). For adhesion genes, the carriage rates of bbp, sdrE, sdrD, eap, fnbB and can were 97.5%, 97.5%, 0.9%, 63.6%, 5.6% and 0.9% respectively. For hemolysin genes, hld and hlg were found in 98.4% of the strains. For leukocidin genes, 33.3% of the strains carried lukE gene. Agr types were analyzed and all of the strains were identified as agr type I. Of all strains, 93.6% (103/110) contained at least one SAg gene. seb-sek-seq was the most common gene profile which was harbored by 46 strains (44.7%, 46/103). sea-seb-sek-seq was also detected in 30 strains (29.1%, 30/103) (Figure S2). A significant difference was observed in the carriage of lukE gene in PFGE types A and B (15% vs. 50%, P<0.05). Six strains in PFGE type B carried fnbA and fnbB genes simultaneously, in which 5 belonged to ST59-t437-IVa and 1 belonged to ST338-t437-III. In contrast to ST59-t437-V, see and fnbB genes were only detected in 5% and 8.3% of clone ST59-t437-IVa. No significant difference was found between ST59-t437-IVa and ST59-t437-V in term of the remaining of toxin genes.
The expressions of hla, psmα, pvl and RNAIII are shown in Figure S3. No significant difference was observed between PFGE types A and B in the expression of hla, psmα, pvl and RNAIII. A significantly lower expression of hla was found in ST59-t437-IVa compared with ST59-t437-V. No significant difference was found in the expressions of psmα, pvl and RNAIII in these two major clones.
Of 110 cases, 90 cases were epidemiologically defined as CA-MRSA cases and 20 classified as HA-MRSA cases. Sixty-seven patients (60.9%) were male. The median age was 4.8 months. 61.8% (68/110) of the children were <1-year old and 23 were neonates (20.9%). The distribution of MRSA ST-spa-SCCmec types and the corresponding clinical spectrum of diseases among CA- and HA-MRSA cases are listed in Table S2 in file S1. ST59-t437-IVa was the major clone and accounted for 66.7% (60/90) and 60% (12/20) of CA- and HA-MRSA cases respectively. Forty (36.4%) cases presented with invasive diseases including severe pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, cellulitis with bacteremia, suppurative peritonitis and arthritis. The clone type ST59-t437-IVa was also the predominant cause of invasive disease and contributed to 67.5% (27/40) of these cases whereas ST59-t437-V contributed to only 7.5% (3/40). For non-invasive diseases, ST59-t437-IVa and ST59-t437-V accounted for 64.3% (45/70) and 18.6% (13/70) respectively. For CA infections and HA infections, invasive infectious disease accounted for 32.2% and 55% respectively. Eight cases with ST338 strains were identified: five cases with skin and soft tissue infections, one case with suppurative peritonitis, one case with severe pneumonia and one case with colonization. ST375 was found in one case with pneumonia which was listed as a non-invasive infectious disease.
This study was the first to report the detailed molecular characteristics of CC59 MRSA strains from children in mainland China and described the clinical spectrum of disease in relation to the strain types identified. Since the first report of MRSA in 1959 , more than 20 sporadic clones associated with the distribution of CA-MRSA have emerged, including ST59-V (Taiwan clone). In the description of CC59 strains from Western Australia, ST59-t437-V and ST59-t976-IVa are reported as the predominant clones  whilst in Taiwan, ST59-t437-V was the most common –. In this study, ST59-t437-IVa was found as the major clone in CC59 strains of children from mainland China, suggesting geographical differences existed in adjacent regions. Based on the results of spa typing, seven types were received in CC59 strains and the distribution was concentrated in spa t437 and t441 which accounted for over 90% of all the strains. Several spa types shared the spa alleles according to the sequence of spa alleles compared with the dominant type t437 such as t441, t3590, t3523 and t3485. Although the strains belonged to the same CC clone, the genetic background remained variable. In this study 13 diverse PFGE types were obtained from 110 CC59 strains.
The prevalence of pvl gene among MRSA in different regions is diverse. In Belgium 39% of the strains are pvl positive based on a study of 410 CA-MRSA strains . In Europe, the positive strains accounted for only 1.1% in a research of MRSA isolated from invasive infections . In Asia, the prevalence of pvl gene in CA and HA-MRSA are 14.3% and 5.7% respectively . In Taiwan, the data was also different. In a research of 253 MRSA strains from bloodstream infection , the percentage of pvl positive strains was 11.1%. In a study of 126 community-onset MRSA bacteremia, 7.1% of the strains are detected pvl gene. In a study of 302 MRSA isolates from adults in mainland China, ST239 is the predominant clone and only 2 strains are found with pvl gene, suggesting that various clones may influence the carriage rate of pvl gene. In this study, the carriage rate of pvl gene in CC59 strains was 55.5%, which was higher than the carriage rates presented in the aforementioned reports.
Plasmids are the vital mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the carriage and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. The studies of plasmids carriage provide evidence that illustrates the transmission of plasmids between different clones or within one clone and reveals the possible routes of plasmid dissemination. The carriage rates of plasmid in MRSA determined in previous reports differ ranging from 61.2% to 100% , . The carriage rate of plasmids in our study was high up to 83.6%. In a study involving 73 clinical strains from Czech, 44% of the strains contain a single plasmid whereas 45% of the isolates contain more than one plasmid . In our study, 92.4% of the strains carried a single plasmid. Plasmid of 23.4 kb to 50 kb was the most common which accounted for 90.6%. Previously we showed that the position of mupA gene in high level mupirocin resistant MRSA was present in the plasmid of 23.4 kb to 50 kb . Further studies are needed to explain the relationship between antibiotic resistant genes and plasmids. Currently, all of the CC59 strains were susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid, tigecycline and fusidic acid.
This study was the first to describe the expression of relevant virulence factors in CC59 strains. Although the clone ST59-t437-IVa was the predominant clone to cause severe disease, the expression of hla in ST59-t437-IVa was distinctly lower than that in ST59-t437-V whilst no difference was found in the expression of psmα, pvl and RNAIII. It is likely that the expressions of hla, psmα, pvl and RNAIII are intricately regulated and their roles in virulence remain poorly elucidated.
The carriage of SAg genes was non-uniform even if the strains were isolated from the same CC. In a description of CC59 MRSA strains obtained from New York, ser gene is the dominant SAg gene . In the current study, sek and seq genes were the prevalent SAg genes in CC59. Certain SE genes are usually grouped together on MGEs. The genes of sea-sek-seq are typically located in phageφ3 . A family of seb-sek-seq is present on the pathogenicity islands (SaPI) . A group of enterotoxin gene cluster (egc cluster, seg-sei-sem-sen-seo) is found on the genomic island vSAb . The results in our research implied the co-existence of SaPI and phageφ3 without the genomic island vSAb, which suggested some MGEs might influence the acquisition of other MGEs. In addition, Brazil clone BEC/ST239 is the first lineage carrying both fnbA and fnbB genes . In this study, six strains carrying both fnbA and fnbB genes were found. Among these strains, five strains belonged to ST59-t437-IVa and one belonged to ST338-t437-III. However, studies on the explanation of adhesion genes in CC59 strains are limited. The carriage of fnbA and fnbB genes might benefit the transmission of CC59 strains to some extent. To the best of our knowledge, this study was the first to report the carriage of fnbA and fnbB in CC59 strains.
Few reports have discribed the clinical traits of CC59 infection cases in the pediatric population. The majority of pediatric MRSA infections (61.8% ) described in this study were found in neonates and infants. Invasive disease was prevalent due to the immature immune system in this age, and possiblely the pathogenicity of CC59 strains. Besides, ST59 is previously prevalent in the community of China , , . In this study ST59-t437-IVa accounted for 67% of CA infections and the same clone accounted for 60% in HA infections. Our resluts revealed that 18.2% of CC59 strains were HA-MRSA suggesting that the distinction of strains types between CA- and HA-MRSA are becoming unclear. In Taiwan, reports of local community associated clone ST59 has been introduced into hospital, causing hospital associated infections , . Numbers of reports even suppose that CA-MRSA would replace HA-MRSA gradually in future becaues of the small SCCmec(usually SCCmec types IV and SCCmecV) in CA-MRSA, resulting in increased adaptability and shortened doubling time compared with HA-MRSA . Further monitoring of these CA-MRSA genotypes would be necessary to determine if they would replace the traditional HA-MRSA types in Chinese children.
This study provided the baseline data of the molecular traits and clinical characteristics of CC59 MRSA infections in children in mainland China. The result showed that ST59-t437-IVa was the dominant clone and infections among the pediatric population were mainly among young children. The carriage rate of pvl gene was high. Most strains carried one single plasmid ranging from 23.4 kb to 50 kb. Strains type of CC59 MRSA, the local CA-MRSA, is also found associated with hospital cases.
Distribution of plasmids among CC59 isolates. Lane marker, λDNA/Hind III (Tiangen) was used as size marker. Lane 5, carries 4 to 23 kb plasmid; Lane 8, carries 4–23 kb plasmid and <4 kb plasmid; Lanes 9,13 and 14 carry <4 kb plasmid; Lanes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11 and 12 carry no plasmid.
Distribution of virulence genes in 110 CC59 isolates. A: Percentage of SAg genes no carried in per isolates. B: Percentage of 27 toxin genes carried in total CC59 isolates. sed, sem, sel, seo, sen, seg, sej, sei, seu, ser, sep, eta, etb, etd and lukM genes were not listed in the figure for no carriage in all isolates.
Expression levels of hla, psmá, pvl and RNAIII in CC59 strains. Expression levels of hla, psmα, pvl and RNAIII in different PFGE patterns and predominant clones were measured by qRT-PCR until reached to the stationary growth phase in TSB. N315 and GZ11 were used as the normalized control to measure the sample expression. The results denote the means of every group and are presented as means± standard errors. P<0.05 represents the statistical value of the expression of hla.
We would like to thank Professor Shenghui Cui and Jingyun Li of the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China, Professor Baolin Sun of the University of Science and Technology of China and Professor Zhigang Cui of the National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China for their assistance in the experiments. We would like to extend our gratitude to Professor Teruyo Ito of Juntendo University in Japan for the reference MRSA strains.
Conceived and designed the experiments: JL LW. Performed the experiments: JL LW MI MS JS. Analyzed the data: JL LW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GH CW LD YZ ZF CL YS CZ YY SY KY. Wrote the paper: JL LW XS.
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- 13. Song JH, Hsueh PR, Chung DR, Ko KS, Kang CI, et al. (2011) Spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus between the community and the hospitals in Asian countries: an ANSORP study. J Antimicrob Chemother 66: 1061–1069.
- 14. Monecke S, Berger-Bachi B, Coombs G, Holmes A, Kay I, et al. (2007) Comparative genomics and DNA array-based genotyping of pandemic Staphylococcus aureus strains encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin. Clin Microbiol Infect 13: 236–249.
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- 16. Pan ES, Diep BA, Charlebois ED, Auerswald C, Carleton HA, et al. (2005) Population dynamics of nasal strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus–and their relation to community-associated disease activity. J Infect Dis 192: 811–818.
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- 54. Baba T, Takeuchi F, Kuroda M, Yuzawa H, Aoki K, et al. (2002) Genome and virulence determinants of high virulence community-acquired MRSA. Lancet 359: 1819–1827.
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Public Information Office
SLU 10880 Hammond,
LA 70402 phone:
Contact: Christina Chapple
on image for publication quality photo
FACULTY RECITAL FOCUSES ON MUSIC OF ROBERT AND CLARA
HAMMOND -- A March 17 recital
by Southeastern Louisiana University music colleagues Joy Ratliff, mezzo
soprano, and Henry Jones, piano, will highlight one of classical music’s
most famous couples, composers Robert and Clara Schumann.
The free 7:30 p.m. recital in
the Pottle Music Building Auditorium is part of the Department of Music
and Dramatic Arts’ spring Encore! series.
Clara Wieck was a child prodigy
pianist and Robert Schumann was a student of her domineering father when
the musical pair met in 1828. They overcame her father’s opposition to
marry in 1840. That same year, Schumann composed more than 100 of his 250
Lieder – the songs for solo voice and piano that Ratliff and Jones will
The Schumann’s marriage, which
endured for 16 years and produced seven children, ultimately was marred
by Robert’s mental instability. He spent his last two years in a mental
institution, dying at age 46. Clara Schumann outlived her husband by 40
Today, Schumann’s music is generally
more highly regarded than his wife’s, but interest in Clara’s music has
surged, especially among feminists, Ratliff said.
“Clara herself was not a feminist,
but rather an intelligent and practical woman of her time,” she said. “Perhaps
she was ahead of her time, in the sense that ‘she did it all.’”
The recital program will include
five works by Robert Schumann, including a trio of vocal duets, and two
by Clara Schumann. Ratliff will perform the three songs which Clara contributed
to the song cycle, “Zwölf Gedichte aus Rückert’s ‘Liebesfrühling,’”
that she composed in collaboration with her husband. Ratliff will be joined
in Robert Schumann’s vocal duets by baritone James Flick, a graduate student
from South Charleston, W.Va.
Ratliff joined the Southeastern
faculty last year as voice professor and vocal coach for the Opera-Music
Theatre Program. During a 15-year operatic career in Germany, she performed
leading mezzo-soprano roles such as Carmen, Angelina, Suzuki, Cherubino,
Hansel, Orlofsky and Octavian.
She previously taught at the
University of Maryland and Marshall University in West Virginia and studied
Italian in an intensive four-week course at Scuola Leonardo da Vinci in
Florence. A Southeastern graduate, Ratliff earned a master’s degree
from Northwestern University (Illinois) and doctoral degree from the University
of Maryland. She is an active oratorio soloist and recitalist.
After graduating from Yale University
in 1978, Jones spent ten years in New York City as a free-lance vocal coach
and accompanist. His credits include choral performances at Carnegie Hall
and Lincoln Center and vocal recitals at Lincoln Center. He also was musical
director of a gymnastic exhibition at Madison Square Garden, and Broadway
and Off-Broadway shows, including “Evita,” “Jerome Robbins' Broadway,”
and “The Fantasticks.”
Jones received his doctoral degree
from Louisiana State University and taught at Minot State University in
North Dakota and Missouri Southern State College in Joplin before joining
Southeastern’s faculty. He was a winner of the LSU Symphony Concerto Competition,
and was nominated several times for best musical director by the Manhattan
Association of Cabarets.
For additional information about
the recital call 985-549-2184.
to News Releases


text:
'Angels' singer Robbie announced his wife Ayda was expecting their second child earlier this week, and has now ruled out any commitment with the man-band because of his gruelling schedule.
On-and-off bandmate Robbie, who is currently touring Europe on his 46-date 'Swings Both Ways Tour', also admitted that his recent baby news was a factor in his decision.
"Logistically, I can't do it," 40-year-old Robbie told The Sun. "I have the tour and I'm going to be a dad again."
Take That - consisting of Gary Barlow, Howard Donald, Jason Orange and Mark Owen - are thought to be working on a new album to follow-up their 2010 release, Progress. A new single is expected by Christmas and a tour hopefully next year.
Gary already hinted last month (28 March) that Robbie may not be able to make a return, telling Alan Carr on Chatty Man: "The thing is with Robbie is that he is a family man, so whether he will be in the final line-up I'm not sure. If he's not back in the band, he'll write on the record and we will work with him on his next record."
Robbie also hasn't ruled out working with the group in the future, adding: "Whatever happens, I am absolutely going to be in Take That - I love being in Take That."
Robbie announced his happy baby news on Monday night (28 April), telling fans: "Ayda and I are delighted to announce that Theodora Rose Williams is going to be a big sister. RW xx."
Ayda is due to give birth in November, and although Robbie said he would be "totally cool" with a girl, he told The Sun: "I would quite like a little boy."
Got an iPad or iPhone? Reveal Mag has been especially designed to fit!
Celebrities who have announced pregnancies in 2014:
Copyright: WENN Lexie Appleby/Future Image/Bridow/Instagram
Watch Robbie's music video for 'Go Gentle' below:

domain: celebrity


text:
John I do not think you have learned enough about MMs quite yet.
It is perfectly safe and purifies water.
My kitties stomach is growling. I need to know what to give to her.
I also have a bog parasite issue.
I was giving them DE but they do not like the food very much with it on it.
I was putting it on the dry food.
There are many people who have used it with great results on pets.

domain: pet


text:
It's D-E-L the Funkee Homosapien to the rescue / I'm solo and threw a bolo and left two dancers back on Soul Train / And ya know Soul Train get the fat dookie stain / Now what ya gonna do with the board with no talent / Using step 1 & step 2 to keep the show valid let's have a vote and try to register our ballots / And realize a Hammer's just a mallet / Toss him like a salad cause he ain't truly gifted / Now the party's lifted by the crew Hieroglyphics / Golly Wally, not another Elvis & Priscilla / Ice is cool, but I can't stand Vanilla / Because he takes a style and tries to mock it / Ain't nothin' personal, G / But I'm kinda inta chocolate / It's all about the black / and it's like that / And I'm so laid back cause I smoked a phat sack / Plus I'm almost through & done with a whole 40-dog of Olde English 800 / Now I peep ya concept / Ya think ya got a rep? / Dance all day, while I'm pissin' on your steps.
Chorus (Repeat 4x)
Oooh, hoo, pissin' on your steps
No Del is not a mean fellow / Just because I wanna turn your dance shoes yellow / See I'm rather mellow / Some call it lazy / Me & myself and I ain't with the daisies / Cause I'm no goddamn flower / And every single dancer in circumference / Receives a golden shower / I'm here to insult the hip hop John Travolta / Ya think ya all that / But really you're shorter than a midget / I don't fidgit, with the ballet,
Ice Cube - Fuck a dancer
Because that's what my pals say / And brothers don't shake ya rumps / Wearin' biker shorts is like chokin' on ya nuts / Because ya might end up with a cramp or a hernia / And that's much worse, than a fine girl burnin' ya / Plus it ain't fly for you to have your behind blasted all out like a feline / See I'm givin' you advice / Make ya think twice / Cause dance groups don't last past Minute Rice / So change ya conept / Acquire some skills on the mic while I'm pissin' on your steps.
supported by 6 fans who also own “I Wish My Brother George Was Here”
This album is a classic through and through...I remember hearing it back in 2011 and I couldn't stop listening to it back then, was always hards to find except on youtube so I'm glad I was finally able to buy it here. From the instrumentals to the lyrical content, this album will always go down as one of my favorite underground albums not even that greatest hip hop album in history. Conscious, and emotional! true_monolith

domain: artistic


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text:
The Everyday Hero Manifesto PDF Free Download: Hello friends, In this post, we will provide The Everyday Hero ManifestoRobin Sharma PDF. So you can download it in the English language. This book was published by Jaico Publishing House. Stay tuned with this post and let’s enjoy it.
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For over twenty-five years, leadership legend and personal-mastery path-blazer Robin Sharma has mentored billionaires, business titans, professional-sports superstars, and entertainment royalty via a revolutionary methodology that led them to accomplish rare-air results.
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Original techniques to turn fear into fuel, problems into power, and past troubles into triumphs · A breakthrough blueprint to battle-proof yourself against distraction and procrastination so that you produce the magic that dominates your domain · Pioneering insights on adopting world-class routines that will lead you to achieve superhuman fitness and become the most disciplined person you know.
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Details About The Everyday Hero Manifesto PDF
|Book Name:||The Everyday Hero Manifesto|
|Publisher:||Jaico Publishing House|
|Release Date:||15 September 2021|
About the Author
ROBIN SHARMA is a humanitarian who has devoted his life to helping people express their highest natural gifts. He is widely regarded as one of the top leadership and personal-mastery experts in the world. His clients include NASA, Microsoft, NIKE, Unilever, GE, FedEx, HP, Starbucks, Oracle, Yale University, PwC, IBM Watson, and the Young Presidents’ Organization.
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domain: literature


text:
Transversal Mainstreaming Focal Point, Gauteng Provincial Legislature
Jamela provides technical and strategic support to the Gauteng Provincial Legislature to mainstream transversal issues of gender, race, disability, and youth in the mandates of the institution. Her mission in life is to give a voice to historically disadvantaged groups in South Africa, including women, the poor, and those disenfranchised by the apartheid system. She has been working in gender and human rights for over twenty years and she has served in the Gauteng Provincial Legislature since 2015. Her experience spans public and private institutions as well as community-based organizations, serving various sectors, including education, health, and development programs. Jamela holds a Master of Science in Medicine from the University of the Witwatersrand.
Rise Up Cohort: South Africa 2020

domain: sociology


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The Metropolitan Opera’s production of jazz composer Terence Blanchard’s Fire Shut Up in My Bones is the first opera from a Black composer in its 138-year history. The opera based on The New York Times columnist Charles M. Blow’s memoir features an almost entirely Black cast, chorus and dance troupe and recounts Blow’s troubled childhood in rural Louisiana as he struggles to overcome trauma and sexual abuse.
Local audiences have a chance to see a screening of a live performance of the opera, coming to local movie theaters on Oct. 23 as part of the Live in HD series.
Bass baritone Ryan Speedo Green, 35, who sings the role of Uncle Paul, has ties to Tampa. He was born here while his mother was stationed at MacDill Air Force Base. His family moved around, coming back to Tampa briefly before settling in Virginia.
He has been with The Metropolitan Opera for 11 years. He’s also performed at opera houses across the country and in Austria with the Vienna State Opera.
Between rehearsals at the Met, Green spoke to the Tampa Bay Times by phone. He said being in this historical production feels amazing, although a little late, as there are many Black composers.
“It’s awesome to have this story be told,” he said. “It’s not only that it’s an African American composer, it’s an American composer, it’s an American story. And what’s more American than the African American story? No story in America is more special and more important than our story ... It’s about damn time.”
He said he hopes other arts organizations will start telling more stories of people of color.
Green has an inspiring backstory, which was told in the 2016 bestselling book Sing for Your Life by The New York Times journalist Daniel Bergner. Living in a trailer park in Virginia as a kid, Green was getting into trouble at home, at school and with the law. After a family crisis in which he threatened his mother and brother, a judge sent him to juvenile detention for the summer when he was 12.
After that summer, Green said he made the decision to stay out of trouble. That meant new friends and activities at school, including Latin club and chorus. He auditioned for The Governor’s School of the Arts in Norfolk and was accepted. A trip to New York City with the school to see Carmen at The Metropolitan Opera “changed his life,” he said.
For Green, opera was something he thought of as only for white people. So when he watched African American opera singer Denyce Graves sing the title role in Carmen, he said it made opera tangible and real.
Having decided to pursue opera as a career, he went to his chorus teacher, who encouraged him with a list of things to accomplish. Green said he spent the next nine years checking items off that list, studying piano, languages and opera. He received a master of music degree from Florida State University and a bachelor of music degree from The Hartt School of Music in Connecticut.
He emphasized the importance of the free audition at The Governor’s School of the Arts for giving talented people who otherwise couldn’t afford expensive fees the opportunity. Will Liverman, who stars in Fire Shut Up in My Bones, also attended the school.
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Green visited Tampa in 2013, in his first performance of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony with The Master Chorale of Tampa Bay and The Florida Orchestra. The Tampa Bay Times wrote that Green “was superb in his abrupt call to put aside worry.”
Evan Rogister, principal conductor of Washington National Opera and The Kennedy Center Opera House, led that concert. Green credits that Tampa connection with his upcoming role as Escamillo in Carmen, his house debut with Washington National Opera that will also be conducted by Rogister.
Green will also sing the role of Jake in the Met’s production of the Gershwins’ Porgy and Bess and recently portrayed Varlaam in Mussorgsky’s Boris Godunov.
His portrayal in Fire of the positive male figure Uncle Paul resonates with him.
“I have a line that I say: ‘Sometimes you have to disturb the earth to make things grow.’ It’s also a theme in my life ... I had to go against all of the norms that society said would be my life ... And instead, I just disturbed the earth ... and I am who I am today because of that.”
If you go
Fire Shut Up in My Bones Live in HD will play at 12:55 p.m. Oct. 23 at the following theaters: Sundial in St. Petersburg; Park Place Stadium in Pinellas Park; Hyde Park Cinebistro and Citrus Stadium Park in Tampa; Woodlands Square 20 in Oldsmar; and Regency 20 in Brandon. On Oct. 27 there will be encore performances at select theaters. Visit metopera.org for a full listing.


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Composites Science and Technology 61 (2001) 1899–1912 www.elsevier.com/locate/compscitech
Advances in the science and technology of carbon nanotubes and their composites: a review Erik T. Thostensona, Zhifeng Renb, Tsu-Wei Choua,*
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Composite Materials, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA b Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, USA Received 1 May 2001; received in revised form 19 June 2001; accepted 21 June 2001
Abstract Since their ﬁrst observation nearly a decade ago by Iijima (Iijima S. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon Nature. 1991; 354:56–8), carbon nanotubes have been the focus of considerable research. Numerous investigators have since reported remarkable physical and mechanical properties for this new form of carbon. From unique electronic properties and a thermal conductivity higher than diamond to mechanical properties where the stiﬀness, strength and resilience exceeds any current material, carbon nanotubes oﬀer tremendous opportunities for the development of fundamentally new material systems. In particular, the exceptional mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes, combined with their low density, oﬀer scope for the development of nanotubereinforced composite materials. The potential for nanocomposites reinforced with carbon tubes having extraordinary speciﬁc stiﬀness and strength represent tremendous opportunity for application in the 21st century. This paper provides a concise review of recent advances in carbon nanotubes and their composites. We examine the research work reported in the literature on the structure and processing of carbon nanotubes, as well as characterization and property modeling of carbon nanotubes and their composites. # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction In the mid 1980s, Smalley and co-workers at Rice University developed the chemistry of fullerenes . Fullerenes are geometric cage-like structures of carbon atoms that are composed of hexagonal and pentagonal faces. The ﬁrst closed, convex structure formed was the C60 molecule. Named after the architect known for designing geodesic domes, R. Buckminster Fuller, buckminsterfullerene is a closed cage of 60 carbon atoms where each side of a pentagon is the adjacent side of a hexagon similar to a soccer ball (the C60 molecule is often referred to as a bucky ball) . A few years later, their discovery led to the synthesis of carbon nanotubes. Nanotubes are long, slender fullerenes where the walls of the tubes are hexagonal carbon (graphite structure) and often capped at each end. These cage-like forms of carbon have been shown to exhibit exceptional material properties that are a * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-302-831-2421; fax: +1-302-8313619. E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.org (T.-W. Chou).
consequence of their symmetric structure. Many researchers have reported mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes that exceed those of any previously existing materials. Although there are varying reports in the literature on the exact properties of carbon nanotubes, theoretical and experimental results have shown extremely high elastic modulus, greater than 1 TPa (the elastic modulus of diamond is 1.2 TPa) and reported strengths 10–100 times higher than the strongest steel at a fraction of the weight. Indeed, if the reported mechanical properties are accurate, carbon nanotubes may result in an entire new class of advanced materials. To unlock the potential of carbon nanotubes for application in polymer nanocomposites, one must fully understand the elastic and fracture properties of carbon nanotubes as well as the interactions at the nanotube/ matrix interface. Although this requirement is no different from that for conventional ﬁber-reinforced composites , the scale of the reinforcement phase diameter has changed from micrometers (e.g. glass and carbon ﬁbers) to nanometers. In addition to the exceptional...
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 Kolmogorov AN, Crespi VH. Smoothest bearings: interlayer sliding in multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Physical Review Letters 2000;85(22):4727–30.  Shaﬀer MSP, Windle AH. Fabrication and characterization of carbon nanotube/poly (vinyl alcohol) Composites. Advanced Materials 1999;11(11):937–41.  Qian D, Dickey EC, Andrews R, Rantell T. Load transfer and deformation mechanisms in carbon nanotube-polystyrene composites. Applied Physics Letters 2000;76(20):2868–70.  Tibbetts GG, McHugh J. Mechanical properties of vapor-grown carbon ﬁber composites with thermoplastic matrices. Journal of Materials Research 1999;14:2871.  Jia Z, Wang Z, Xu C, Liang J, Wei B, Wu Detal. Study on poly(methyl methacrylate)/carbon nanotube composites. Materials Science and Engineering A 1999;271(1–2):395–400.  Gong X, Liu J, Baskaran S, Voise RD, Young JS. Surfactantassisted processing of carbon nanotube/polymer Composites. Chemistry of Materials 2000;12(4):1049–52.  Lordi V, Yao N. Molecular mechanics of binding in carbonnanotube-polymer composites. Journal of Materials Research 2000;15(12):2770–9.  Wagner HD, Lourie O, Feldman Y, Tenne R. Stress-induced fragmentation of multiwall carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix. Applied Physics Letters 1998;72(2):188–90.  Lourie O, Wagner HD. Transmission electron microscopy observations of fracture of single-wall carbon nanotubes under axial tension. Applied Physics Letters 1998;73(24):3527–9.  Lourie O, Wagner HD. Buckling and collapse of embedded carbon nanotubes. Physical Review Letters 1998;81(8):1638– 41.  Lourie O, Wagner HD. Evidence of stress transfer and formation of fracture clusters in carbon nanotube-based composites. Composites Science and Technology 1999;59(6):975–7.  Cooper CA, Young RJ, Halsall M. Investigation into the deformation of carbon nanotubes and their composites through the use of raman spectroscopy. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 2001;32(3-4):401–11.  Ajayan PM, Schadler LS, Giannaris C, Rubio A. Single-walled nanotube-polymer composites: strength and weaknesses. advanced materials 2000;12(10):750–3.  Schadler LS, Giannaris SC, Ajayan PM. Load transfer in carbon nanotube epoxy composites. Applied Physics Letters 1998;73(26): 3842–4.  Jin L, Bower C, Zhou O. Alignment of carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix by mechanical stretching. Applied Physics Letters 1998;73(9):1197–9.  Haggenmueller R, Gommans HH, Rinzler AG, Fischer JE, Winey KI. Aligned single-wall carbon nanotubes composites by melt processing methods. Chemical Physics Letters 2000;330(3-4): 219–25.  Gommans HH, Alldredge JW, Tashiro H, Park J, Magnuson J, Rinzler AG. Fibers of aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes: polarized raman spectroscopy. Journal of Applied Physics 2000; 88(5):2509–14.  Andrews R, Jacques D, Rao AM, Rantell T, Derbyshire F, Chen Yetal. Nanotube composite carbon ﬁbers. Applied Physics Letters 1999;75(9):1329–31. ´  Vigolo B, Penicaud A, Coulon C, Sauder C, Pailler R, Journet C et al. Macroscopic ﬁbers and ribbons of oriented carbon nanotubes. Science 2000;290:1331–4.  Ma RZ, Wu J, Wei BQ, Liang J, Wu DH. Processing and properties of carbon nanotubes-nano-SiC ceramic. Journal of Materials Science 1998;33(21):5243–6. `  Flahaut E, Peigney A, Laurent Ch, Marliere Ch, Chastel F, Rousset A. Carbon nanotube-metal-oxide nanocomposites: microstructure, electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. Acta Materialia 2000;48(14):3803–12.
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 Peigney A, Laurent Ch, Flahaut E, Rousset A. Carbon nanotubes in novel ceramic matrix nanocomposites. Ceramics International 2000;26(6):667–83.  Peigney A, Laurent Ch, Dumortier O, Rousset A. Carbon nanotubes-Fe-alumina nanocomposites. Part I: inﬂuence of the Fe content on the synthesis of powders. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 1998;18(14):1995–2004.  Peigney A, Laurent Ch, Dumortier O, Rousset A. Carbon nanotubes-Fe-alumina nanocomposites. Part II: microstructure and mechanical properties of the hot-pressed composites. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 1998;18(14):2005–13.
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domain: chemistry


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Carole: What We Leave Behind Comic
Read Carole: What We Leave Behind Comic Online
Clément and his brother travel to Istanbul with the goal of finding the grave of Carole, the first born child of their maternal grandparents. Carole died shortly after her birth and just a few years before her parents, Armenians in Istanbul, would leave for France. Clément interviews his grandparents and his mother, aware that certain things are remaining unsaid. After numerous unsuccessful searches in Turkey, he begins to realize that what he and his brother have accomplished is a work of introspection rather than an investigation into an established fact. A magnificent literary exploration—accomplished with visual flair—of our conscious and unconscious realities; of the influence relationships and family history hold over our psyches.

domain: library


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Join Sheffield Social Enterprise Exchange for their conference titled “The Time is Now!” and explore what sustainability means to you and your social enterprise, or those you work with
The partners of the Social Enterprise Exchange have come together to bring you an in-person event offering you the chance to connect with others and explore what it means to be sustainable in todays world.
After a period of online networking and connecting, we are excited to bring to you an in-person conference where we will hear from individuals and organisations locally about what sustainability means to them.
The day will consist of a panel discussion followed by some workshops, lunch and an afternoon of facilitated networking.
The conference is free and open to anyone working with, in or interested in the social enterprise sector.
We hope you can join us and look forward to inviting you to be present with us on National Social Enterprise Day.
The Social Enterprise Exchange Programme is made up of key partners supporting social enterprises to grow throughout the Sheffield City Region.


This post contains affiliate links. “As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.”
Jan Oblak urged Atlético de Madrid to stay positive after their recent wobble spread to a 1-0 loss to Chelsea in the Champions League.
Oblak was defeated by a superb header from OIivier Giroud in the 68th minute, while rival Edouard Mendy had not a shot to save during the 90 minutes in Bucharest. Coronavirus restrictions.
Atlético’s famous and robust defender is now without a clean sheet in eight outings, while their lead at the top of LaLiga is reduced to two points by Real Madrid after a four-point win.
“It is soccer. Sometimes you have to win, sometimes you have to lose, ”Oblak told reporters.
“We have one more game left, we have to raise our heads, also in LaLiga and we have to prepare, be strong and improve game by game.
“We cannot think of anything other than to return [to winning]. Lately, things are going a little against us. “
Atlético return to LaLiga action with a difficult trip to Villarreal this weekend, while the subsequent derby against Real Madrid appears to be a crucial moment in their season.
“It’s a bad time and on Sunday this is going to change,” Oblak said.
“You have to think positively, the season is long with difficult moments and it is time to show that we are a strong and united group.
“Only then will we get out of this.”
Despite selecting a starting lineup with Joao Félix and Ángel Correa in support of Luis Suárez and with Marcos Llorente and Thomas Lemar as full-backs, Atleti coach Diego Simeone received criticism after the game for a perceived negative approach.
1 – Atlético de Madrid had only one shot in the first half, their lowest total after 45 minutes in a UEFA Champions League game since the 2016-17 semi-final first leg against Real Madrid (also one) . Blocked. pic.twitter.com/vMDwbk8uvv
– OptaJoe (@OptaJoe) February 23, 2021
“The plan is always to defend well, no matter what the game plan is,” Oblak added. “We don’t play bad, we play well.
“When I returned to the locker room, I saw everyone with their heads held high, convinced that we are going to win.
“We can go back and we are still first in LaLiga.”


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Ecuador -- Juvenile fiction
Subject Source: Library of Congress Subject Headings
Found in 2 Collections and/or Records:
Hardie Gramatky Papers
The collection contains both written and illustrative production materials for children's books created by Hardie Gramatky.
Dates: circa 1939-circa 1975
Leo Politi Collection
Leo Politi's collection contains art and production materials for multiple titles illustrated by Politi, as well as miscellaneous artwork.


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By Deborah Jeanne Sergeant
Although with some restrictions, season concerts are back. A few big names are coming Upstate this year, including the following artists—
Rocker Steve Augeri (formerly of Journey) performs at Batavia Downs Gaming and Hotel, 8315 Park Road, Batavia (www.bataviadownsgaming.com). From 1998 to 2006, Augeri was lead vocalist for Journey, lending a melodious rock sound to the genre.
Country crooner Trace Adkins comes to The Vine at del Lago Resort and Casino, 1133 state Route 414, Waterloo (https://dellagoresort.com/entertainment/#upcoming-events). The Grammy-nominated vocalist is a member of the Grand Ole Opry, has performed nationwide for 20 years and sold 11 million albums.
Gap Mangione Big Band plays at Sodus Bay Lighthouse Museum, 7606 N. Ontario St., Sodus Point (www.facebook.com/SodusBayLighthouseMuseum). Gap Mangione has won local popularity with its three trumpets, three trombones, four saxes, rhythm section and vocalists, playing swing through modern popular music.
Classic rocker Don Felder (formerly of The Eagles) performs at Batavia Downs Gaming and Hotel, 8315 Park Road, Batavia (www.bataviadownsgaming.com). The former lead guitarist for The Eagles from 1974-2001, Felder performs his distinctive style in songs such as “Already Gone,” “One of These Nights,” “Take It to the Limit,” and “New Kid in Town.”
Skid Row rocks out at Batavia Downs Gaming and Hotel, 8315 Park Road, Batavia (www.bataviadownsgaming.com). The rock band formed in 1986 and their current performers include bassist Rachel Bolan, guitarists Dave Sabo and Scotti Hill, drummer Rob Hammersmith and vocalist ZP Theart.
July 29 – Aug. 1
Bluegrass enthusiasts should check out the 13th Annual Brantling Bluegrass Festival in Sodus, which includes The Rebekah Long Band, Mountain Highway, Williamson Branch, Barn Floor Groovers, Remington Ryde, the Kevin Prater Band, Beartracks, Mike & Mary Robinson, Gone Fishin’ and Linabelle. The complete schedule is online. 4015 Fish Farm Road, Sodus. www.brantlingbluegrass.com.
Seventies rockers Grand Funk Railroad perform at The Vine at Del Lago Resort, 1133 state Route 414. (https://dellagoresort.com/entertainment/#upcoming-events). Originating in Michigan in the 1970s, Grand Funk brings a unique style to the hard rock genre.
Aug. 20 – Sept. 6
Chevy Court at the Great New York State Fair, 581 State Fair Blvd., Syracuse. Attend any Chevy Court concerts free at the fair with paid admission. Visit https://nysfair.ny.gov/venue/chevy-court for updated information as it is made available.
Spin Doctors rock the house at Batavia Downs Gaming and Hotel, 8315 Park Road, Batavia (www.bataviadownsgaming.com). Since the early 1990s, Spin Doctors has entertained with hits like “Two Princes” and “Little Miss Can’t Be Wrong.” The band represents Chris Barron (lead vocals), Eric Schenkman (guitar and vocals), Aaron Comess (drums), and Mark White (bass guitar).
Styx rocks out at The Vine at del Lago Resort and Casino, 1133 state Route 414, Waterloo (https://dellagoresort.com/entertainment/#upcoming-events). Styx is Tommy Shaw, acoustic and electric guitars, mandolin, vocals; James “JY” Young, electric guitar and vocals; Chuck Panozzo, bass guitar; Todd Sucherman Drums, percussion, waterphone; Lawrence Gowan, piano, hammond B3 organ, synthesizers, and vocals; and Ricky Phillips Bass guitar, and vocals.


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In short, the medical world is still not 100% sure why cleft conditions occur. There may be a combination of genetic and environmental factors at play, or they may just spontaneously occur for no reason at all. If you have questions, genetic counselling is available through various Queensland hospitals, as well as private practices.
Parents sometimes share feelings of helplessness or guilt with us, wondering if it was something which they did, or didn’t do, which caused their child to have a cleft. This is an incredibly unfair and overwhelming burden for them to carry, and truthfully, we may never fully understand the science behind why our children were born with this condition.
CleftPALS QLD understands that sharing these thoughts with a supportive community, some of whom may have experienced similar feelings, helps many to process the diagnosis in the early days and beyond.

domain: medical