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Earlier studies showed that toxicities of excessive metals lasted over generations. Yet, these studies mainly employed one-generation exposure, and the effects of multigenerational challenges need further studies. Presently, Caenorhabditis elegans were exposed to cadmium, copper, lead and zinc for four consecutive generations (G1 to G4) at environmental concentrations. The feeding, growth, initial reproduction, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were determined. All data were represented in the percentage of that in control (POC), and POC in the control was normalized to 100%. In G1 and G2, the POC values in feeding, growth and initial reproduction were generally within 10% of the control (100%), indicating non-significant effects. The POC values in SOD and CAT were significantly higher than 100%, showing stimulatory effects. In G3 and G4, the POC values in feeding, growth and initial reproduction were significantly lower than 100%, showing inhibitory effects which were more severe in G4 than in G3. Meanwhile, SOD and CAT continuously showed stimulatory effects, and the stimulatory effects on SOD increased from G1 to G4. The effects with multigenerational challenges were different from those in one-generation exposure. The effects in later generations demonstrated the importance of multigenerational challenges in judging long-term influences of metals.
Citation: Yu Z, Zhang J, Yin D (2016) Multigenerational Effects of Heavy Metals on Feeding, Growth, Initial Reproduction and Antioxidants in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS ONE 11(4): e0154529. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154529
Editor: Myon-Hee Lee, East Carolina University, UNITED STATES
Received: January 11, 2016; Accepted: April 14, 2016; Published: April 26, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Yu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 21307095, (https://isisn.nsfc.gov.cn/egrantweb/) to ZYY, The National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 51278353, (https://isisn.nsfc.gov.cn/egrantweb/) to DQY, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality to DQY and The Swedish Research Council to the project, No. D0691301, (http://www.vr.se/) to DQY. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Excessive metals were recently reported to have long-term environmental effects with influences across generations. For example, the growth of daughters (marked as G2) of Caenorhabditis elegans was inhibited more than that of parents (G1) which were exposed to cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) . Initial reproduction in G3 of C. elegans significantly decreased compared with that in G1 that was subjected to gold nanoparticles . The immune responses remained apparent in G2 of Protophormia terraenovae, even though the Cu exposure occurred in G1 . However, most studies employed one-time exposure in the parent generation (G1), and did not consider exposure in subsequent generations, i.e., multigenerational challenges.
For now, only a few studies considered such multigenerational challenges in studying environmental effects of metals. For example, mercuric chloride inhibited the reproduction of Tigriopus japonicas, and the inhibitory effects were more severe after three exposure generations (G1 to G3) . Cadmium increased the tolerance of Spodoptera exigua larvae after 33 exposure generations with lower mortality and stronger total antioxidant capacity . The results of multigenerational exposure showed significant differences from those of one-generation exposure . Therefore, effects with multigenerational challenges should be paid more attention to for a thorough evaluation on long-term effects of pollutants.
The present study explored the long-term effects of metals on C. elegans with multigenerational challenges. The choice of C. elegans (a free-living nematode) was due to the advantages of its easy handling in the exposure set-up [1, 2, 6, 7], and also its multiple available indicators. For example, the nematode feeding, growth and reproduction have been widely used in studying metal effects [1, 8–12]. Moreover, the nematode antioxidants, e.g., superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), were inducible to scavenge reactive oxygen species generated by metals . Such antioxidant responses provided essential biochemical information to explain the observed apical effects .
In the present study, C. elegans were exposed to Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn for four consecutive generations from G1 to G4. Results showed that, in G1 and G2, the feeding, growth and initial reproduction were not significantly influenced, while SOD and CAT were stimulated. Effects in G1 and G2 were generally weaker than those in earlier one-generation exposure studies. In G3 and G4, the feeding, growth and initial reproduction showed significant inhibitory effects, and the SOD stimulations increased. Effects in G3 and G4 demonstrated that some biological changes caused by pollutants may be not observed until second challenges in later generations. Effects in multigenerational challenges should be considered carefully in judging long-term influences of metals.
Materials and Method
Stock solutions of CuCl2, Pb(NO3)2, Cd(NO3)2·4H2O and ZnCl2 were prepared with sterilized K-medium (0.051 M NaCl and 0.032 M KCl) [1, 14]. Two exposure concentrations were set up with 0.1 mg L-1 as the lower one, and 10 mg L-1 as the higher one. The exposure concentrations were selected to avoid severe worm toxicity according to the median effective concentrations (EC50) [8, 15]. Such concentrations also represented environmental levels of the metals .
Preparation of nematode
C. elegans and its food E. coli OP50 were provided by Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China. Briefly, E. coli OP50 was cultured in sterile lysogeny broth (LB) culture medium, and C. elegans was cultured on solid nematode growth medium (NGM) plates . Gravid nematodes were bleached for 5–10 min at room temperature in fresh clorox solutions containing 0.5 M NaOH and 1% NaOCl (diluted from antiformin, 4–6%, Sinopharm Group Co. Ltd., China) . Then, the age-synchronized eggs were washed in sterile K-medium before their use in experiments.
The exposure was carried out in liquid medium according to earlier studies [1, 18, 19]. Briefly, the aqueous exposure was performed in 24-well sterile plates (with cover, Corning, Inc., USA). There were one control (sterilized K-medium) and two concentrations (0.1 and 10.0 mg L-1). Each concentration and the control used one whole plate (24 wells as 24 replicates). Each well contained 500 μL metal solution or K-medium (control), 200 μL K-medium containing approximately 50 nematode eggs, and 300 μL bacteria suspensions (i.e., 1000 μL in each well). Sterilized water (500 μL) was added in the interspaces between wells to keep the humidity and decrease the water evaporation during the exposure period.
In respect of nematode eggs, the eggs in 20 μL K-medium (abbreviated as N20) were counted under a microscope with three independent trials, and the number was multiplied by 10 to indicate the total egg number in 200 μL (abbreviated as N200). If the average N20 was more than 6 or less than 4 (i.e., N200 > 60 or N200 < 40), more K-medium was added into or some supernatant K-medium was drawn out of centrifuge tubes, until the average N20 was approximately 5 (i.e., N200 ≈ 50). The nematode number choice was based on both the influence of crowded population and the experiment arrangement in earlier studies .
In respect of the bacteria, they were first collected from LB culture medium by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 5 min. Next, they were re-suspended with K-medium to make a bacterial suspension. Then, 300 μL bacterial suspension was added 700 μL K-medium to test optical density at 570 nm (OD570) with three independent trials. If the average OD570 was more than 1.0 or less than 0.8, more K-medium was added into or some supernatant K-medium was drawn out of the bacterial suspension, until the OD570 was approximately 0.9. At last, the bacterial suspension was equilibrated (1:1, V/V) with the metal or control solutions for 24 h, after which the bacteria were ready for nematode exposure. The treatment on bacteria resulted from a consideration on the metal adsorption into bacteria and the contribution of dietary exposure . The amount of bacteria was enough to support 50 nematodes to reach full growth which was indicated by the appearance of embryos and vulva.
Based on preliminary experiments, the exposure duration was 5 days, which ensured the nematode reproduction capacity, and also enabled the separation of parent and newborn nematodes. On the 5th day, approximately 25 parent nematodes in each well of any concentration group or control were collected to measure the effects on the first generation (G1). The remaining nematode in each concentration group or control (25 parent nematodes in each of 24 wells) were collected and bleached to gain the nematode eggs (G2) that were used in the second generation exposure with the same procedure as their parents experienced. On the 5th day of G2 exposure, nematodes were measured for the effects in G2, and also bleached to gain the eggs (G3) that were used in the third generation exposure. The exposure was carried on until there were not enough eggs (< 8 wells for each concentration) for the succeeding exposure.
The feeding abilities of C. elegans were expressed by determining the declining of food, based on the changes of optical density of the bacteria at 570 nm (ΔOD570). Such method was widely employed in studying toxic effects of metals [11, 15]. On the 1st day of each exposure generation, OD570 of each well was recorded immediately (OD570, beginning) after metal (or control) solutions, bacteria and eggs were mixed. On the 3rd day of each generation, the OD570 of each well was recorded again (OD570, ending), and the percentage change of OD570 (ΔOD570, with nematodes = (OD570, beginning−OD570, ending)/OD570, beginning) was calculated and presented as ΔOD570, with nematodes. At the same time, the OD570 values of 24-well plates that contained the same bacteria and metal (or control) solutions but without nematodes were also measured to calculate the bacterial growth which was presented as ΔOD570, without nematodes. Then, the difference between the ΔOD570 in wells with and without nematodes was used to indicate the feeding ability of nematodes in the well (i.e., feeding ability = ΔOD570, with nematodes−ΔOD570, without nematodes).
The growth of nematodes was indicated by the body length which was measured on the 3rd day of each generation in the same way as previously described [11, 21]. Briefly, nematodes were transferred onto clean NGM plates without food after a wash with sterilized distilled water. After 2 h allowing water evaporate, a dissecting microscope was used to capture the images of nematodes. A polyline was drawn following the nematode’s midline from the head to the tail and back to the head. The body length of a nematode was calculated as half length of the polyline. At least 15 nematodes were measured for each treatment in each generation.
In natural environment, animals have a strategy to reproduce as fast and as much as possible before accident death. Therefore, any decrease or delay of the initial reproduction implies that the animal has reduced chances of maintaining a viable population in nature . Accordingly, the initial reproduction, i.e., the accumulated number of offspring (offspring and eggs) within 72 h since synchronization, was measured as an early warning indicator to demonstrate the multigenerational effects of heavy metals on the nematode reproduction. Briefly, on the 3rd day of each generation’s exposure, 20 μL evenly stirred exposure mixture were drawn out from each well and dropped in the center of a glass slide, and then the nematodes were counted under a microscope. Parent nematodes and the offspring (including eggs) were distinguished by size. The counting was repeated at least twice on replicated glass slides. The initial reproduction was calculated as the number of offspring and eggs divided by the number of parents.
Superoxide dismutase and catalase assay
Antioxidant protein abundance and activities were well correlated with each other . In the present study, the protein abundance of SOD and CAT were measured to indicate the antioxidant activities according to the procedure in our previous study . Briefly, nematodes were collected into centrifuge tubes. After a 30 min-settlement, the pellets were transferred into new centrifuge tubes and washed with ice-cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.0). Next, the tubes were centrifuged at 5000☓g for 5 min (4°C), and the pellets were stored at -26°C overnight. Then, the pellets were homogenized with pestles in ice bath. After a centrifugation at 5000☓g for 5 min (4°C), the supernatants were aliquoted for subsequent determination. Both SOD and CAT were determined using the enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) kits (R&D Systems, Inc., USA). The total protein (TP) in each sample was also measured by ELISA kits, and SOD and CAT were expressed as their proportions (P) in TP to eliminate the differences of nematode numbers among samples.
Data presentation and statistical analysis
The data presentation and statistical analysis were performed according to earlier reports . First, the values of each indicator in the control with 24 replicates were averaged. Next, every value of the indicators in the 24 replicates from each group (including the control) was calculated as a percentage of the average value in the control (percentage of control, POC). Then, the 24 POC values in each group were used to calculate the means and standard errors. The values in the control were normalized to 100%. The values in the exposure group lower than 100% indicate inhibitory effects and those higher than 100% indicate stimulatory effects. The 24 POC values in each group were used in ANOVA with Tukey’s test as the post hoc analysis to find statistical differences (p < 0.05) between each group and the control (* in figures), between concentrations in the same generation (+ in figures), and between generations at the same concentration (# in figures). The ANOVA was also performed to find the difference between metals at the same concentration. Pearson’s correlation was carried out to seek connections between indicators. Both ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation were performed in Origin Pro 8.5 (Origin Lab Corp., USA).
Multigenerational effects of metals on nematode feeding
The effects of metals on feeding abilities of C. elegans are shown in Fig 1. In the first generation (G1), metals at 0.1 mg L-1 did not significantly influence the feeding compared with the control. At 10.0 mg L-1, the POC values of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) were 94.9%, 96.1% and 93.7% (inhibitory effects), respectively, while the POC value of copper (Cu) was 104.2% (stimulatory effects). In the second generation (G2), the POC values were closer to 100% than those in G1, indicating lower inhibition or stimulation.
The ΔOD570 percentage change in the control was 55.3% ±1.7%, and the average value was normalized to 100% (dash line); *: significantly different from the concurrent control, p < 0.05; #: significantly from the earlier generation, p < 0.05; +: significantly different from the lower concentration, p < 0.05; Error bar: standard error.
In the third generation (G3), the POC values at 0.1 mg L-1 were 80.6%, 85.2%, 82.9% and 78.3% in Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, respectively. The POCs at 10.0 mg L-1 were 71.9%, 76.5%, 74.2% and 69.6% in Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, respectively. Such POC values indicated that the inhibitions in G3 were more severe than those in G1. In the fourth generation (G4), the POC values were 89.2%, 93.4%, 91.3% and 87.1% at 0.1 mg L-1, and 78.4%, 82.6%, 80.4% and 76.3% at 10.0 mg L-1 in Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, respectively. The inhibitions in G4 were less than those in G3.
Multigenerational effects of metals on nematode growth
The multigenerational effects of metals on nematode growth are shown in Fig 2. In G1 and G2, the POC values were generally within 10% of the control, showing slight inhibitory or stimulatory effects that were observed in effects on feeding. In G3 and G4 (Fig 2), the POC values of Cd ranged from 86.6% to 91.2% at 0.1 mg L-1, and from 77.9% to 80.4% at 10.0 mg L-1, indicating similar inhibitory effects in G3 and G4. Such similarity was also observed in Cu (91.2% to 95.4% at 0.1 mg L-1 and 82.5% to 84.6% at 10.0 mg L-1), Pb (88.9% to 93.3% at 0.1 mg L-1 and 80.2% to 82.5% at 10.0 mg L-1) and Zn (84.3% to 89.1% at 0.1 mg L-1 and 75.6% to 78.3% at 10.0 mg L-1). The inhibitions of metals in G3 and G4 were significantly more severe than those in G1 and G2. The effects on growth were similar to those of feeding (Fig 1). The similarity was verified by high values in Pearson’s correlation coefficient (Pearson’s r greater than 0.97, S1 Table).
The body length of nematodes in the control was 1.14 ± 0.11 mm, and the average value was normalized to 100% (dash line); *: significantly different from the concurrent control, p < 0.05; #: significantly from the earlier generation, p < 0.05; +: significantly different from the lower concentration, p < 0.05; Error bar: standard error.
Multigenerational effects of metals on nematode reproduction
The multigenerational effects of metals on the nematode initial reproduction are shown in Fig 3. In G1, the POC values of metals were around 100% without significant differences from the control. In G2 and G3, the POC values of Cd were 96.4% and 95.4% at 0.1 mg L-1, and they were 87.5% to 83.1% at 10.0 mg L-1, showing inhibitory effects. In G4, the POC values suddenly dropped to 75.4% and 51.4% at 0.1 and 10.0 mg L-1, respectively. The drops in POC values indicated significant inhibitory effects on initial reproduction in later generations. Meanwhile, the POC values of Cu, Pb and Zn did not show sudden drops, but showed continuous drops from G2 to G4. For example, the POC values of Pb at 10.0 mg L-1 decreased from 83.1% (G2) to 41.4% (G4). In G4, the initial reproduction suffered the greatest inhibition which followed an order of Pb > Cd > Cu > Zn (p < 0.05) at 10.0 mg L-1. Moreover, reproduction suffered more inhibitions than feeding (Fig 1) and growth (Fig 3).
The offspring number in the control was 49 ± 6 within 72 h, and the average value was normalized to 100% (dash line); *: significantly different from the concurrent control, p < 0.05; #: significantly from the earlier generation, p < 0.05; +: significantly different from the lower concentration, p < 0.05; Error bar: standard error.
Effects of metals on antioxidants in nematode
Effects of metals on nematode SOD are shown in Fig 4. The POC values of all metals were higher than 100%, showing stimulatory effects. In Cd, when exposure generation increased from G1 to G4, the POC values at 0.1 mg L-1 increased from 237.1% to 298.0%, and those at 10.0 mg L-1 increased from 246.3% to 452.7%. That is to say, the stimulation levels increased over concentrations and generations. Moreover, such concentration- and generation-dependent increases in stimulation levels were also observed in Cu, Pb and Zn. The stimulation by Zn was the lowest among metals.
The average SOD of nematodes in the control was 1.2E-01 U/ng protein, and was normalized to 100% (dash line); *: significantly different from the concurrent control, p < 0.05; #: significantly from the earlier generation, p < 0.05; +: significantly different from the lower concentration, p < 0.05; Error bar: standard error.
Effects of metals on nematode CAT are shown in Fig 5. Similar to the results of SOD, the POC values of all metals were higher than 100%, showing stimulatory effects. At 0.1 mg L-1, the POCs were 158.3% to 187.5%, 158.3% to 189.5% and 142.2% to 176.9% in Cd, Cu and Pb, respectively. At 10.0 mg L-1, the POCs were 232.6% to 276.3%, 253.6% to 289.3% and 222.4% to 253.1% in Cd, Cu and Pb, respectively. The POC values showed that the stimulation levels in CAT were greater at higher metal concentrations, which was similar to the concentration-dependent increases in SOD stimulation levels. Contrary to SOD, the stimulation levels of CAT in Cd, Cu and Pb were similar among generations (G1 to G4). Differently from results of other metals, the stimulation levels of CAT in Zn were the lowest among metals (p < 0.05), and they showed similar POCs (130.3% to 150.9%) among generations and between concentrations.
The average CAT of nematodes in the control was 1.9E-04 U/ng protein, and was normalized to 100% (dash line); *: significantly different from the concurrent control, p < 0.05; #: significantly from the earlier generation, p < 0.05; +: significantly different from the lower concentration, p < 0.05; Error bar: standard error.
Effects of metals on nematodes in the first generation
In the first generation (G1), the nematode feeding, growth and initial reproduction were not significantly influenced by metals, but SOD and CAT showed significant stimulatory effects. The effects in the present study are quite different from earlier reported effects at similar concentration levels. For example, in a 24 h exposure, 50% inhibitions on feeding were achieved at 14.4, 3.11 and 9.3 mg L-1 in Cd, Cu and Pb, respectively. At the same time, 50% inhibitions on growth were reached at 16.6, 3.6 and 8.5 mg L-1, respectively . In a 72 h exposure, 50% inhibitions on reproduction were reached at 17.0, 2.0–2.5 and 6.2 mg L-1 in Cd, Cu and Pb, respectively [8, 9]. Nematodes avoided food spots containing 1–2 mg L-1 of Zn and Pb . In addition, the CAT inductions were weaker than those in an earlier report where CAT was stimulated by 20 mg L-1 dietary Cu to a POC of nearly 10000% .
Such differences might be explained by the exposure arrangements. First, exposure in earlier studies started with adult nematodes (3 d after synchronization) and lasted 1 to 3 days, while exposure in the present study started with synchronized eggs and lasted 5 days. The weaker effects of metals in the present study indicated that younger nematodes had higher tolerance than older ones. The indication was consistent with the higher adaptabilities in young nematodes than old ones against oxidative stress . Meanwhile, it was reported that L1 nematodes showed the greatest susceptibility among L1-L4 and adult nematodes in metal toxicities . Second, the reproduction in the present study was the initial brood size in the earlier period of life, while earlier studies employed the whole brood size over the entire reproduction time. The present results demonstrated the delay or decrease of the initial reproduction, which might be compensated by later reproduction or longer reproduction duration . The exact reasons for the observed differences needs further investigations.
Effects in G1 and G2 with continuous exposure vs. those with one-generation exposure
In previous studies, EC50 values on body length in G1 were 10.77, 0.70, 0.83 and >24.85 mg L-1 in Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, respectively. Meanwhile, their values in G2 without exposure were 0.30, 0.22, 0.12 and 4.25 mg L-1, respectively. The comparison of EC50 values indicated that Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn caused greater inhibitions on the nematode growth in G2 than in G1. Such greater inhibition in G2 was also observed in effects on nematode locomotion . There were two differences between the results in the present study and those in the earlier ones. One is that nematodes in G2 showed similar effects to those in G1. The other one is that the effects at 0.1 and 10.0 mg L-1 in the present study were significantly lower than those in the earlier studies.
Such differences could be due to that the adverse effects were rescued by the presence of food. Food showed protective effects because it provided necessary energy for the development and the tissue repair [15, 27]. The presence of food in the multigenerational exposure might decrease the deterioration over generations and thus hindered significant effect changes between G1 and G2. However, food was demonstrated as a main toxicity pathway in Cu toxicities . Therefore, the influence of food might be double-face and depended on other aspects in the experiment. For example, food might have different roles at different life stages, and further studies are needed for such explanation.
Interesting effects in G3 to G4 under multigenerational challenges
In G3 and G4, SOD and CAT continued to show significant stimulatory effects. Meanwhile, feeding, growth and initial reproduction started to show significant inhibitions. The existence of both stimulatory and inhibitory effects indicated trade-off effects among indicators in G3 and G4. The trade-off effects were supported by the negative correlations between antioxidant and growth (or reproduction) (Pearson’s r greater than -0.74, S1 Table). Such trade-offs suggested the intrinsic energy balance among endpoints. That is to say, when the antioxidants were stimulated to scavenge the ROS generated by metals to keep maintenance , they diverted energy from growth and reproduction . Compared with growth, the reproduction suffered more inhibitions, which can be explained by the higher energy demand. It was found that under exogenous oxidative insult, the nematode antioxidant defense (somatic maintenance) increased while the investment in reproduction decreased . At the same time, the balance between antioxidant and growth was also observed in bacteria and birds [30–32]. Therefore, the trade-offs among indicators widely exist. To the best of our knowledge, the present study showed multigenerational trade-offs for the first time.
Heavy metals are well known for their abilities of metals to provoke ROS and subsequent oxidative stress and DNA damage . The increases of antioxidants in nematodes over generations in the present study indicated some adaptation abilities of the nematodes against the metal toxicities. Such adaptation was also observed in multigenerational effects of Cd on Spodoptera exigua which showed lower mortality in later generations . The adaptation might come from increases of inner metal concentrations in the organisms. In copepod and insect, it was found that metal accumulation increased over exposure generations [4, 5]. In nematodes, quantum dots , graphite nanoplatelets , and fluorescent nanodiamonds  were reported to transit from the alimentary system to the reproductive system, and even from the parent to the embryos and into the hatched larvae in the offspring. Yet, it needs further investigation to find whether the antioxidant increases over generations in the present study were accompanied with metal accumulation.
Notably, lead (Pb) is a well-known toxic pollutant and able to provoke oxidative stress and antioxidant responses at mg L-1 . Meanwhile, Cu and Zn serve as micronutrients, and they were at mg L-1 in human blood  and mg kg-1 in flour and corn . Such difference explained the results in the present study where Pb caused the most severe inhibition on reproduction and significantly stimulated antioxidant responses, while Zn showed the lowest antioxidant stimulation and Cu slightly stimulated feeding at 10.0 mg L-1 in G1. The different effects of metals were also reported in earlier studies where metallothionein mutant (mtl) nematodes were more sensitive to Cu than Pb, Cd and Zn . Yet, the exact mechanisms for such differences among metal effects need further investigations.
Another noteworthy point was that the exposure concentrations in the present study were environmentally relevant , while environmental effects at such concentrations were seldom reported. The multigenerational effects in the present study, especially the latent responses of feeding, growth and reproduction in G3 and G4, indicated that long-term influences of metal pollutants would be underestimated if the multigenerational challenges were not considered. Our finding urged more multigenerational studies in judging the long-term effects of environmental pollutants in future studies.
In G1 and G2, the nematode feeding, growth and initial reproduction were not significantly influenced by the chosen metals, while SOD and CAT showed significant stimulatory effects. In G3 and G4, the feeding, growth and initial reproduction showed apparent inhibitory effects, while SOD and CAT were continuously stimulated, and the stimulatory effects on SOD increased from G1 to G4. The significantly inhibitory effects on reproduction and interesting trade-offs among indicators were not observed until in later generations, demonstrating the importance of multigenerational challenges in judging the long-term influences of environmental pollutants.
We thank Prof. ShuShen Liu for language modification and proofreading the manuscript.
Conceived and designed the experiments: ZYY JZ DQY. Performed the experiments: ZYY JZ. Analyzed the data: JZ DQY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZYY JZ. Wrote the paper: ZYY JZ DQY.
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- 24. Yu ZY, Zhang J, Chen XX, Yin DQ, Deng HP. Inhibitions on the behavior and growth of the nematode progeny after prenatal exposure to sulfonamides at environmental concentrations. J Hazard Mater. 2013; 250–251: 198–203. pmid:23454458
- 25. Darr D, Fridovich I. Adaptation to oxidative stress in young, but not in mature or old, Caenorhabditis Elegans. Free Radical Bio Med. 1995; 18: 195–201.
- 26. Guo YL, Yang YC, YongWang D. Induction of reproductive deficits in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to metals at different developmental stages. Reprod Toxicol. 2009; 28: 90–95. pmid:19490999
- 27. Van Gilst MR, Hadjivassiliou H, Yamamoto KR. A Caenorhabditis elegans nutrient response system partially dependent on nuclear receptor NHR-49. P Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005; 102: 13496–13501.
- 28. Sirivarasai J, Kaojarern S, Chanprasertyothin S, Panpunuan P, Petchpoung K, Tatsaneeyapant A, et al. Environmental lead exposure, catalase gene, and markers of antioxidant and oxidative stress relation to hypertension: an analysis based on the EGAT study. BioMed Res Int. 2015; 2015: 856319. pmid:25793211
- 29. Monaghan P, Metcalfe NB, Torres R. Oxidative stress as a mediator of life history trade-offs: mechanisms, measurements and interpretation. Ecol Lett. 2009; 12: 75–92. pmid:19016828
- 30. Nyström T. Growth versus maintenance: a trade-off dictated by RNA polymerase availability and sigma factor competition? Mol Microbiol. 2004; 54: 855–862. pmid:15522072
- 31. Kim S-Y, Noguera JC, Morales J, Velando A. Quantitative genetic evidence for trade-off between growth and resistance to oxidative stress in a wild bird. Evol Ecol. 2011; 25: 461–472.
- 32. Hall ME, Blount JD, Forbes S, Royle NJ. Does oxidative stress mediate the trade-off between growth and self-maintenance in structured families? Funct Ecol. 2010; 24: 365–373.
- 33. Tamae THK. Heavy metal-induced oxidative DNA damage in earthworms: a review. Appl Environ Soil Sci. 2010; 2010: 726946.
- 34. Qu Y, Li W, Zhou YL, Liu XF, Zhang LL, Wang LM, et al. Full assessment of fate and physiological behavior of quantum dots utilizing Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism. Nano Lett. 2012; 11: 3174–3183.
- 35. Zanni E, de Bellis G, Bracciale MP, Broggi A, Santarelli ML, Sarto MS, et al. Graphite nanoplatelets and Caenorhabditis elegans: insights from an in vivo model. Nano Lett. 2012; 12: 2740–2744. pmid:22612766
- 36. Mohan N, Chen CS, Hsieh HH, Wu YC, Chang HC. In vivo imaging and toxicity sssessments of fluorescent nanodiamonds in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nano Lett. 2010; 10: 3692–3699. pmid:20677785
- 37. Adonaylo V, Oteiza P. Lead intoxication: antioxidant defenses and oxidative damage in rat brain. Toxicology. 1999; 135: 77–85. pmid:10463764
- 38. Singhal J, Saxena AK, Jain A, Gupta A. Comparison of copper and zinc Levels in blood between normal and breast cancer patients. Int J Sci Res. 2015; 4: 304–305.
- 39. Ferreira HS, Santos ACN, Portugal LA, Costa ACS, Miró M, Ferreira SLC. Pre-concentration procedure for determination of copper and zinc in food samples by sequential multi-element flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Talanta. 2008; 77: 73–76. pmid:18804601
- 40. Ibiam U, Grant A. The function of metallothionein in Caenorhabditis elegans: is detoxification of copper or of cadmium more important? Middle-East J Sci Res. 2015; 23: 186–191.


At one stage over the summer, it looked nailed on that Chelsea’s top prospect Tammy Abraham would be signing on loan at St James’ Park.
For whatever reason, a deal that was once described as ‘done and dusted’ didn’t happen, with Swansea beating us to the punch for one of England’s top young talents.
The 20-year old looks set to be Swansea’s talisman this season, having scored 5 goals in 13 starts for Paul Clement’s side and his early season form during his first stint in the Premier League looks set to earn him his first call-up to the senior England side according to Sky Sports today:
— Sky Sports News (@SkySportsNews) November 2, 2017
Rafa’s frustrations over the summer were well documented and as tedious as it may seem to go over old ground, our failure to finalise a loan deal for Abraham is believed to have angered him – and it’s easy to see why.
Many fans are understandably against loan deals – with Abraham looking like he could have a bright future at Chelsea upon his return – however there’s little doubting he is a superior striker to Joselu.
He works hard, leads the line well and looks to be an excellent finisher with a real eye for goal – something Joselu has failed to convince us of so far unfortunately.
There’s nothing we can do about this now though. Hopefully whoever leads the line between now and Christmas can do a job in the side, with a proven goalscorer likely to be an area Rafa will revisit over the January window.


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Your search was: Aberkinsey Estate (Wales)
Your search matched 1 record(s). Numbers 1 to 1 are listed here. Use the navigation links to look at later or earlier matches if more than one page of results is shown. Results are listed alphabetically by institution name and collection title.
|1||National Library of Wales: Bodrhyddan estate, papers
The 1935 deposit comprised the original charter granted in 1284 by Edward I to the town of Rhuddlan (later returned to depositor), records of the manor of Rhuddlan, accounts and deeds relating to the Bodrhyddan, Perkinsey and other estates, and a letter from Sarah Ponsonby, one of 'The Ladies of Lla...

domain: geography


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Are you ready for Halloween? Amazon takes $10 off $50 costume purchase. The selection is great and there's still time to order the best looking costume at this year's Halloween party. Click the provided link to see what's currently on sale.Source: Go to source
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Our team researched on many products available on the internet for Magnetic Screwdriver Bit Holder, they chose the latest and top performing ones and prepared a list of Magnetic Screwdriver Bit Holder Reviews for you. It was a difficult task to make the shortlist of the ideal Magnetic Screwdriver Bit Holder from a lots of products on the recent market. However, We tried our best to make the best list to ensure only the Best Magnetic Screwdriver Bit Holder from our short list. Check our listings-:
|1||DEWALT Bit Set with Magnetic Drive Guide (DW2095)||9.8||Buy on Amazon|
|2||6 Pieces Drill Bit Extension Magnetic Screwdriver Bit Holder Impact Driver Bit Set Bar Socket Chuck Adapter 1/4 Inch Hex Shank Power Magnetic Bit Holder for Screws Nuts Drill||9.2||Buy on Amazon|
|3||NEIKO 02449A Hex Bit Holder Rack with Strong Magnetic Base - 37 Hole Bit Storage - 1/4 Inch Hex Bit & Drive Bit Adapter Storage - Screwdriver Bit Organizer - Toolbox Organizer - Driver Bit with Magnet||9.2||Buy on Amazon|
|4||BOSCH ITBHQC201 2 1/4"||9.2||Buy on Amazon|
|5||QWORK 3 Pcs 1/4 Inch Hex Shank Quick Release Bar Socket Screwdriver Bit Holder||9||Buy on Amazon|
|6||5 Pieces Magnetic Screw Ring Bit Magnetizer Ring Metal Magnetizer Screw||9||Buy on Amazon|
|7||TEKPREM 1/4 Inch Magnetic Bit Holder||8.8||Buy on Amazon|
|8||DEWALT Screwdriver Bit Set||8.8||Buy on Amazon|
|9||Olsa Tools Hex Bit Organizer with Strong Magnetic Base - Magnetic Hex Bit Organizer for Your Specialty||8.4||Buy on Amazon|
|10||UOSXVC Magnetic Holster Bit Holder Fit for Dewalt 20V Drill Impact Driver Magnetic Hold Screws||8.2||Buy on Amazon|
1. DEWALT Bit Set with Magnetic Drive Guide (DW2095)
- Self-retracting guide sleeve protects fingers and holds screws in place while eliminating wobbling and slipping.
- Get consistent results every time thanks to the magnetic guide system
- Drive screws up to four inches in length
- Tough, durable shank for extended life
- Set includes: Square/Phillips/flat head bits, 2-inch magnetic drive guide, 4-inch magnetic drive guide.
2. 6 Pieces Drill Bit Extension Magnetic Screwdriver Bit Holder Impact Driver Bit Set Bar Socket Chuck Adapter 1/4 Inch Hex Shank Power Magnetic Bit Holder for Screws Nuts Drill
- What you will get: there are 6 pieces of magnetic screwdriver bit holders in the package, sufficient quantity and different sizes to meet your daily use and replacement needs; They can provide maximum control and accuracy when drilling and driving.
- Quality material: the drill bit extension set is made of quality chromium-vanadium steel, stable and strong, can stand high pressure; With fine workmanship, the smooth surface coating can provide extra protection from damage against elements and substances such as oil and fluids that may come in contact with the drill bit holders during use.
- Magnetic design: designed with locking mechanism and built-in magnetic, this bar socket chuck adapter is easy to eject the batch head automatically to ensure release in a short time, it can hold bits securely in place, ensuring that your bits stay in place and do not wobble while in use.
- Dimension detail: our hex shank power drill bits tools include 3 different lengths, namely, 2 inch/ 60 mm, 4 inch/ 100 mm and 6 inch/ 150 mm, each size come with 2 pieces, which can satisfy your various needs; Magnetic extension bit holders have 1/4 inch driver adapter and 1/4 inch hex shank, suitable size for easy use in daily life.
- Wide applications: our drill bit extensions are suitable for nut, batch head, pneumatic screwdriver, electric screwdriver, pneumatic drill, manual screwdriver and screwdriver head conversion uses; They are also ideal for DIY work, household maintenance, and most general repairs; Please note that only the bottom of the hole part is magnetic, the hex shank is not magnetic.
3. NEIKO 02449A Hex Bit Holder Rack with Strong Magnetic Base - 37 Hole Bit Storage - 1/4 Inch Hex Bit & Drive Bit Adapter Storage - Screwdriver Bit Organizer - Toolbox Organizer - Driver Bit with Magnet
- MAGNETIC BASE: A strong magnetic base with rubber coating that attaches to metal surfaces like your tool box, tool chest, tool cart or car without leaving scratches or marks.
- SECURE STORAGE: Each bit hole is designed with magnetized components to keep you quarter inch bits secured and safe within the organizer to prevent them getting lost.
- OPEN TOP: This hex bit organizer allows easy to access quick bit changes for alternating, removing, or replacing pieces when using a power drill or screw gun.
- LOW PROFILE: Measuring only 1-1/4″ x 7″ x 13/16 inches this slim and sleek design allows this small bit organizer to be a perfect fit in any toolbox for portability and easy identification for all your loose bits.
- DURABLE: This open bit case is constructed of high quality, heavy duty, and impact resistant polypropylene plastic for a long lasting life in your workshop or garage.
4. BOSCH ITBHQC201 2 1/4″
- 10x life over standard impact bits
- Extended torsion zone helps to absorb the high torque of new impact drivers
- Advanced design provides a secure fit
- Heat treated manufacturing for increased durability
- High visibility sleeve with laser etched markings for user convenience
5. QWORK 3 Pcs 1/4 Inch Hex Shank Quick Release Bar Socket Screwdriver Bit Holder
- 1) 3 pieces set with different length (60mm, 100mm, 150mm)
- 2) Quick change and release system allows you to quickly install, lock and unlock the bit easily
- 3) Magnetic bit holder provides convenient pick-up and retention of screws
- 4) Hex Shank: 1/4″ hex shank (6.
- 5) Extension set for all kinds of screwdriver bits, screwdriver head conversion uses
6. 5 Pieces Magnetic Screw Ring Bit Magnetizer Ring Metal Magnetizer Screw
- Functional tool for you: this magnetic screw ring can catch the screw easily and quickly, and fix it to prevent the drill bit from slipping and improve the work efficiency; Just insert the screwdriver bit into the magnetic ring, the screw can be easily picked up.
- Reliable material and proper size: these bit magnetizer rings are made of aluminum alloy, which are durable material, and you can use them for a long time; The magnetic rings measure 1 inch/ 25 mm in length, 0.
- Where to match: our metal magnetizer screw rings are suitable for 1/4 inch in shank electric screwdriver bits, can compatible with hex, torx, slotted and other screwdriver bits, easy and convenient for you to use.
- Multiple usage: the magnetic screw rings are suitable for many applications, can help you to deal with many work problems, be applied to hinge installation, fixed pendant, furniture assembly, vehicle repair and so on, to make your work more convenient.
- Package details: in this package, you will receive 5 pieces magnetic screw rings, which are practical tools for you to use in your daily life, the sufficient quantity will meet your various work needs and replacement.
7. TEKPREM 1/4 Inch Magnetic Bit Holder
- 1/4 inch Screwdriver Bit Holder]:This a screwdriver bit holder that have a magnetic bit adaptor that accept any 1/4 inch hex style long or short shank bits.
- Strong Magnet Tip to Hold Bit and Screws]: This is a bit holder with very strong magnet tip,it will not only hold short screwdriver bits tightly and firmly but also magnetic to grip the screws.
- Non-slip Handle]: The screwdriver handle is made of TPR and PP material which is non-slip, easy and pretty comfortable to hold in hand, very convenient to use for different repairs.
- Long Screwdriver Bit Holder]: The handle is 190mm long, make every your bits long enough to reach deep and more areas.
- Heavy Duty]: High quality and heavy duty screwdriver handle, a MUST HAVE screwdriver handle for holding bits.
8. DEWALT Screwdriver Bit Set
- Self-retracting guide sleeve protects fingers and holds screws in place
- Magnetic drive guides hold 1″ screwdriver bits to drive screws in a variety of materials
- Molder fits inside handy carrying case
- Self-retracting guide also eliminates wobbling and slipping
9. Olsa Tools Hex Bit Organizer with Strong Magnetic Base - Magnetic Hex Bit Organizer for Your Specialty
- EXTRA HIGH CAPACITY – This Olsa Tools magnetic hex bit organizer tray can hold up to 37 of your 1/4 inch hex bits.
- STRONG MAGNETIC BASE – Built with a powerful ferrite magnetic base, you can mount this organizer for bits on almost any steel surface: your tool boix, toolchest, tool cart, or even metal sheets.
- HIGH GRADE MATERIAL – Constructed with high grade impact resistant polypropylene material, you can be sure that your new hex bit holder will last you for years on end.
- ORGANIZE YOUR MESSY BITS – Finally, an affordable solution to your messy bits.
- OLSA TOOLS TRUST – Our deep commitment to quality is the reason why tool fanatics like yourself keep coming back to us for more.
10. UOSXVC Magnetic Holster Bit Holder Fit for Dewalt 20V Drill Impact Driver Magnetic Hold Screws
- Fit perfectly for Dewalt 20V tools drill impact driver.
- Package include 2pc bit holder and screws.
- Strong magnets hold strongly to metal parts such as screws, drill Bit.
- Made with high quality strong plastic and magnets.
- Easily attach to your drill.


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With passports in hand and suitcases filled with matzah and kosher meat, 700 Chabad-Lubavitch rabbinical students are making a mass exodus from their yeshivas and teaching positions to bring Passover to the far corners of the world.
Early this week, 172 American rabbinical students boarded jets for Wyoming, Ghana, Bolivia, Croatia, Peru, Nepal, Republic of Congo, and Cypress. Aussie Chabad-Lubavitch rabbinical students will be bringing Passover to the Outback, New Zealand. Chabad rabbis in training from Israel will be crisscrossing China, Thailand, Laos. In Russia, Ukraine and 15 countries in the region, hundreds of rabbinical students will be hosting Passover Seders across 11 time zones.
Traveling thousands of miles to bring Passover experiences to Jews in remote regions of the world is a Chabad-Lubavitch tradition that is funded to the tune of $750,000 in airline tickets and Seder seed money from Merkos Linyunei Chinuch, the educational arm of Chabad. Seder leaders in the former Soviet region, under the umbrella of the Federation of Jewish Communities, are sponsored by the Ohr Avner Foundation. True dollar amounts spent on bringing Passover to the world increase exponentially when outlays from individual Chabad representatives for food, lodging, car rental, Seder site rentals are factored in. The effort, involving numerous logistics and oversight under the direction of Rabbi Moshe Kotlarsky, Vice Chairman of Merkos L’inyonei Chinuch, grows from year to year, with various changes and additions in locations, depending on the needs of each respective community.
“We literally cover the map,” says Rabbi Kotlarsky, explaining that a tremendous amount of planning and coordinating, in addition to human and financial resources, are invested in this project. “Our rabbinical students are trained to set up a Seder wherever they are sent, and to work with each respective community to effect the most positive experience,”he says.
So as hundreds of young representatives bring their years of yeshiva training and youthful energy to the bulk of Chabad’s thousands of Seder locations in hundreds of cities worldwide, they will be bringing relief to worried mothers like Seroya Golpanian of Reseda, CA.
Golpanian’s husband is on dialysis twice a week. She works late into the night as a hairdresser and at the family’s dry cleaning business. And she worried about her son, Pejman, who is in his first year of medical school in Grenada. “For Rosh Hashannah, Chabad came there,” said Seroya. “But I didn’t know that they would be there for Passover.” Chabad of Puerto Rico has been overseeing Passover programs on Grenada for years, and this year there are Seders on the islands of St. Kitts and St. Martin. “I am so happy Pejman won’t miss Passover.”
“The first thing we read from the Hagaddah as we begin the Seder,” says Rabbi Yehuda Krinsky, Chairman of the Lubavitch educational and social services divisions, “is an invitation to anyone in need to come join us at our table. It is an expression of responsibility for our fellow Jews, without which we cannot possibly achieve redemption.”
Rabbi Krinsky recalled the words of the Rebbe, about Passover being an opportunity to transcend our limitations to spiritual growth. “Passover is a celebration of Jewish harmony and freedom, and these cannot be achieved alone. We must affect the larger family around us if we are to celebrate true freedom.”
One of the young men committed to the aims of Chabad Merkos Shlichus, as the project is known, Shmuel Konikov, 24, travels so often he keeps a flight bag ready. On break from teaching at a yeshiva in the New York Catskill mountain region, he traveled to California as part of a team that brought the multimedia “Exodus” experience to 3,500 children and teens. Monday afternoon, Konikov is to board a flight for Germany, where he will be spending Passover in a town near Leipzig, one of this year’s newest Seder locations. Merkos Shlichus Seders are also debuting in outlying cities in Poland and Germany that haven’t seen organized Jewish rituals performed on a mass scale since the Holocaust. Konikov expects his fluent Yiddish will come in handy to explain the intricacies of Passover to German-speaking Jews there.
Duties vary for Merkos Shlichus volunteers. Most are sent to cities where Chabad has yet to establish a permanent presence. “These cities wait for an entire year for a Jewish presence,” said Yoel Gancz, a coordinator of Merkos Shlichus. “Community members do not look at them as students, but as full fledged rabbis.” It’s a great responsibility for the volunteers, whose average age is 20. Before Passover, Merkos and Or Avner sponsor training sessions to brief volunteers on topics ranging from koshering kitchens for Passover use to cultural literacy. Rather than being daunted by the enormity of the task, students at Chabad-Lubavitch yeshivas vie for Passover positions. Gancz received three applications for every available spot this year.
As Chabad’s presence as a worldwide movement matures, its approach to Merkos Shlichus is becoming more efficient. Young men educated in Chabad’s Moscow yeshiva obviate the expense of importing American Seder leaders. Coupled with the fact that flights from Israel to exotic locations in the Far East and Africa are much cheaper than long overseas journeys, and the reality that many Jews living in distant outposts of civilization are Israeli, Chabad sends students from Israel to those places. The same economic considerations explain why Australian students are the ones hosting New Zealand’s Seders.
But dollars and cents are not the bottom line at Chabad. “People expect Chabad to be there for them,” said Rabbi Mendel Kotlarsky, a Merkos coordinator. “We have received hundreds of emails asking for a Seder from people who have no where to turn to but us.” It’s why Merkos allocates extra funds to enable Nepal’s Seder, with 2,000 participants, to be powered by a generator rented to cover the area’s spotty electricity. And why Merkos sends two rabbinical students to Wyoming, even though the Seder will attract around 60 people. Rabbi Kotlarsky said, “It’s our job to take care of Jewish people.”


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The concluding comment in this article that both sexes preferred unsmeared birds doesn’t show any support for the researchers’ contention that non-UV-blocking smears didn’t impact the sexual behavior of birds.
M.J. Raichyk Cincinnati, Ohio
The researchers had noticed that birds preferred companions of the opposite sex with fluorescent feathers still glowing. But might this just be some general affinity that had nothing to do with mating? The researchers repeated their choice tests offering companions of the same sex. This time, no preference showed up. General affinity looks unlikely then, and the researchers conclude that fluorescence probably shines as a mating signal.
From the Nature Index
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domain: news


text:
A document circulating online about apprehending unvaccinated people in Ontario appeared to be written by the Canadian minister of health Christine Elliott and Solicitor General Sylvia Jones but the document has been proven to be completely fake. Meanwhile secret quarantine facilities are still in operation all over Canada as the military is preparing to follow Australia’s lead when it comes to detaining and isolating anyone of their choosing all because of Covid-19(84). In this video Dan Dicks of Press For Truth explains why he thinks this document is a red hearing purposefully “leaked” by the Canadian military as part of their new initiative under their new organization that will use propaganda and other techniques to try to influence the attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of Canadians.
The Canadian military’s Joint Operations Command implemented a propaganda campaign in April 2020 with the intent to manipulate unsuspecting Canadians into falling in line with the federal government’s official positions on Covid-19. The brainwashing operation’s termination was ordered a month later, but in the meantime, it “relied on propaganda techniques similar to those employed during the Afghanistan war,” according to the Ottawa Citizen’s exclusive report on documents obtained under Access to Information.
The operation’s aim, according to the military, was to “head off civil disobedience by Canadians during the coronavirus pandemic and to bolster government messages about the pandemic.”
Military leaders saw pandemic as unique opportunity to test propaganda techniques on Canadians, Forces report says
A plan devised by the Canadian Joint Operations Command relied on propaganda techniques similar to those employed during the Afghanistan war.


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We're in the siding at Watertown on train 254 for Amtrak's North Coast Hiawatha. We've got quite a locomotive consist today.
The lead loco is a fugitive from LINES WEST back here for quite a re-b... (more)
Four big units, including GE U33C No. 8685, are cut into a big eastbound manifest fighting the heavy grade at Cable. On the westbound track a Santa Fe manifest glides downhill toward Bakersfield a... (more)
With Santa Fe's double-track main line far below, a heavy SP manifest out of West Colton roars up the steep grade of the Palmdale-Colton Cut-off. If you look closely, you can see that the SP line ... (more)
Six months into Conrail’s existence, I’m sure that I took this photo to record the former Erie-Lackawanna U33C in Conrail blue, still a rarity at that time. Almost exactly forty-one years later, t... (more)
Santa Fe’s westbound hotshot train LA-53 with three GE U33C’s glides past East Tower as it arrives Amarillo, Texas half way on its transcontinental dash on Aug. 2, 1970. Note the cowboy enginee... (more)
Penn Central U33C's numbered 6540-6563. (3300hp)
An Erie Lackawanna freight with interchange cars destined for New England pulls into the former New Haven yard at Maybrook, NY, behind a U33C/SD45 duo. When this photo was taken in June 1969 Penn ... (more)
We're in the hole(eastward siding)at Watertown as the very late eastbound North Coast Hiawatha passes on the eastward mainline. We've got a U33C in the lead with a GP40/38 and two MP15's in the co... (more)
Leaving the cloud capital of the galaxy, a northbound Delaware & Hudson train approaches the Nowlan Road crossing in Binghamton, New York. On the point is a typical D&H dog’s breakfast lashup of U... (more)
Penn Central's U33Cs were the first locomotives to be delivered from the factory in PC black, ordered by the PRR but arriving during PC's first month. On a winter afternoon, one-year-old 6553 and ... (more)
One of the Delaware & Hudson’s big U33C’s leads a southbound Belden Hill detour train west on Conrail’s Southern Tier line. The station at Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, also known as the Starrucca Ho... (more)
The caboose of an eastbound AT&SF freight clears 9th Street in Lockport,IL..
Eastbound Santa Fe freight on the super-elevated curve at Lockport,IL..
In 1968, GE raised the horsepower on its models, this time to 3300hp. Like its B-B brother the U33B, the U33C is also characterized by large "wings" on the long hood. Penn Central numb... (more)
An eastbound train was climbing through San Timetao Canyon near Redlands


'Captain America' Opening in San Diego on Thursday for Comic-Con
by Alex Billington
July 18, 2011
Every once in a while I see incredibly smart decisions that really show that some studios do care about fans. This is one of those times. Marvel/Paramount have announced that they'll be releasing Captain America: The First Avenger early, on Thursday, in San Diego only, giving the Comic-Con attendees a chance to see it before the weekend rolls in (and they camp out in Hall H all day for Spider-Man footage). The film will be playing exclusively in downtown San Diego at the UA Horton Plaza with showtimes all day starting at 12-Noon until 11:45PM. I'm pretty sure The Avengers teaser will play at the end of the credits all day, too.
It's truly rare I see smart decisions like this that break from the norm to bring the fans what they want. My first thought about opening Captain America during Comic-Con - what about all the comic book geeks who want to see it? Well, here's the answer. I love that they're doing this, it's awesome. In addition to being among the first to see the movie, all Captain America: The First Avenger ticketholders on Thursday will receive RealD 3D collector's red, white and blue Captain America glasses and a limited edition poster designed exclusively for the fans. We already gave away tickets on here for the very first 10AM screening, which is when Chris Evans is showing up to introduce the film, but there's plenty of opportunities to see it.
I might actually go see this movie again while I'm there! I loved it and I really want to catch a midnight show as well, but since I'll be in San Diego all week, why not just catch on of the Thursday screenings instead? If you missed out on nabbing one of our Comic-Con screening tickets yesterday, or just want to attend later in the day, tickets for this early San Diego Captain America opening are already on sale on Fandango and at the UA Horton Plaza movie theater (see Google Maps). For more info or to read the full press release on the announcement, jump to SuperHeroHype. Can't wait for this hit! We'll see you down in San Diego this week.


Why look for a Social Media Agency and Lead Generation agency
Today for implementation of social media strategy to the best posting any content multiple times during the day is no more an effective way. For any brand to be a front runner in the social media front creating a dialoged with the audience with usage of highly engaging content and visual is a must and this is where a Social Media Agency comes into picture.
Any focused Social Media Agency would understand your brand and understand the reach and thus develop campaigns that drive engagement for the brand increasing share of voice. Social Media as we all know makes the biggest chunk of the digital spectrum in terms of effectiveness and reach. The campaigns on Social media should be designed in such a manner that it is intended towards making the customer/reader understand the brand and thus in the process
create a loyal community from the digital audience that cultivates into sales.
Lead generation being another major part of digital efforts requires a specialised programs and techniques with can only be done by a good Lead Generation agency. It is basically a support system to the sales team.A lead generation agency would generate qualified leads and also nurture sales opportunities. There are different strategies for B2B and B2C lead generation that need to be implemented properly. This will help in scaling of the efforts as well. In such a competitive environment, lead generation is the key for future growth for any business. Attention, engage and interest make the mix for delivering high quality leads.
ADG stands apart in the both the fields Social Media and lead generation. It is house of continuous innovations when it comes to digital world:
• A talented pool of professionals that work on the Deep dive on product and technologies
• ADG uses social media channels to draw interest in the client’s offering.
• Addresses the interest that is generated in the best manner to leverage it
• Works on a structured approach and highly focused activities
• Highly targeted efforts to get high quality leads
• Understands the difference between the tactics for B2B and B2C clients


text:
By Amy Slaughter, Senior Advisor at RefugePoint, and Kari Jorgensen Diener, Executive Director at Refugee Self-Reliance Initiative
As governments and humanitarians convene in Geneva for the second quadrennial Global Refugee Forum (GRF) in the latest attempt to negotiate more equitable responsibility-sharing for the world’s refugees as stipulated by the Global Compact for Refugees adopted by UN member states in 2018, one of the biggest items on the table will be enhancing refugees’ self-reliance.
Responsibility-sharing is typically understood as agreements among governments to defray the costs of hosting refugees and to provide more legal pathways for relocation to less-impacted countries. These measures are critical as 75% of the world’s refugees are hosted in low and middle income countries. These countries tend also to be the most vulnerable to climate change, meaning that we should expect to see the numbers they host grow considerably in both absolute and relative terms.
However, with protracted conflicts preventing most refugees from returning to their home countries and legal relocation pathways reaching only a tiny minority, insufficient attention has been placed on developing viable self-reliance opportunities in host countries. Indeed, though refugee participation will be higher than ever at this year’s GRF, refugees have yet to be engaged as partners in the concept of responsibility-sharing. The productive capacity of refugees in most contexts is severely curtailed by national and local laws preventing formal employment, business and land ownership, fishing and agricultural activities, inclusion in financial systems, access to credit and other legal barriers.
Yet refugees tell us time and again that their greatest wish is to be independent, to be able to provide for themselves and their families, to give back to their communities and host countries, and not be reliant on fickle humanitarian aid. What is more, in countries where refugees are allowed to work and establish businesses, studies have shown that they ultimately are net positive contributors to the local economy.
Many experts and advocates have long called for a paradigm shift away from the antiquated humanitarian system that delivers vital emergency relief predicated on the notion of conflicts ending and refugees returning home (both of which are increasingly elusive) but lacks sustainable exit strategies from aid dependence. Several converging trends now require that we get this right before the scale of forced displacement surges further as a result of climate change entangled with political strife and conflict.
One of these trends is the population boom in many developing regions. A recent NYT article charted both the opportunities and challenges presented by the “youthquake” on the African continent, quoting investor and author Aubrey Hruby as predicting that “[a]fter climate change, Africa’s jobs crisis will be a defining challenge of our era.” Every year 20 million youth come onto the job market in Africa, far exceeding the absorption capacity of the formal employment sector.
Entrepreneurship must be a key part of the answer to these challenges for displaced and non-displaced populations alike. It also represents an enormous economic growth opportunity for countries that develop policies that empower refugees and promote entrepreneurship, in the process advancing the social cohesion of refugees and their hosts.
In Kenya, whose government is expected to announce a new plan at the GRF for the gradual socio-economic inclusion of the refugees it hosts, refugee entrepreneurship is flourishing. Despite the difficulty in obtaining formal work authorization, refugees are able to register small businesses that often allow them to support their families and send their children to school. Some businesses have grown and become job creators for other refugees and even Kenyans. Still others operate in the green economy creating cleaner cooking fuel and upcycling waste.
A refugee entrepreneur in Kenya shared, “before I started my business I was going in the neighborhood begging. I had bad relationships with my neighbors and my family. Nobody was respecting me. Now it’s the other way around. Now people come to me for help. When the neighbors know your children are not eating well, they look at you in a certain manner. When your children are well-fed they respect you as a family and as a mother.”
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A multistakeholder pledge on economic inclusion and social protection was announced yesterday at the GRF, drawing commitments from governments and other sectors to advance the self-reliance of refugees and their host communities. It advocates for inclusive law and policy to enable the untapped resource of refugee talent to be harnessed. Self-reliance models must become a normative feature of the humanitarian toolbox, ensuring that the value of the approximately $50 billion spent each year on international aid is maximized with sustainable strategies that build the income-generating capacity of both displaced and host populations.
At its highest level, the progress of the Global Compact for Refugees will be measured by the degree to which responsibility for refugees is more equitably shared. Let us not forget that many refugees stand ready to support themselves if only permitted to do so. Self-reliance might therefore be the biggest overlooked burden-sharing opportunity of all.

domain: sociology


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- 25"w x 77"h x 21.75"d
- Narrow Hexagonal Tower w/Locking Case
- Silver Laminate MDF & Anodized Framing
- Halogen Top Lighting & Wheeled Base
Glass Display Case: Silver Laminate Hexagonal Pre-Assembled
Glass Display Case - This hexagonal display cabinet has a unique style and is great for any business. Use this glass display case as a lobby display or exhibit case. This display cabinet is fabricated from silver laminate with silver anodized framing and is pre-assembled. Features of this contemporary glass display case include:
This display case is dust resistant and with its 18 square foot of shelf space for your products it will be great for any type of business.This case is great for display antiques and glass figurines. Measures 25"w x 77"h x 21.75" deep and weighs 159 pounds.
Video demonstration on how to align hinged display case doors.
|Overall Width x Height x Depth||27.8" x 77.0" x 21.8"|
|Line or Series||California|
|Number of Shelves||5|
|Material||Laminated MDF, Tempered Glass|
|Placement Style||Floor Standing|
|Loading or Door Style||Swing-Open|
|Features||Wheels, Ships Fully Assembled, Lockable, Height Adjustable Shelves|
|Glass Sides Thickness||0.25"|
|Glass Shelf Thickness||0.25"|
|Number of Top Lights||3|
|Top Light Wattage||50.0 watts|
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domain: design


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All bookseller links are provided so you can get more information about a book. We have affiliate relationships with Barefoot Books, Amazon.com, and Tapestry Books. All revenue generated from sales through these venues is used strictly to cover website costs and minimize donation requests and fundraising campaigns.
By age 17, only about 1 in 17 seventeen year olds can read and gain information from specialized text, for example the... More
Summary: Tiffany Aching wants to become a witch, and she gets a chance to test her skills when her little brother Wentworth is kidnapped and taken to the Evil Fair Queen's world. Tiffany discovers strange little blue men with kilts who love to steal, called the Wee Free Men. They help her fight off numerous fairy tale monsters, get through dreams controlled by the Queen, and find her brother. In the climax, she defends the queen with the help of her imagination and the vision of her long-gone Granny, who was the most important person in her life. She learns to appreciate her brother and starts on her way to becoming a witch. This illustrated fantasy is a high interest / low readability option for readers who like adventures but struggle with text-dense books.
Type of Reading: bedtime story, independent reading, read aloud book, remedial reader, illustrated chapter
Recommended Age: read together: 9 and Up; read yourself: 11 and up
Interest Level: 9 to 14
Reading Level: 4.7
Age of Child: Reviewed by students at North Junior High School, St. Cloud, MN, as part of the Use Your ABCs program.
Young Reader Reaction: I picked this book because it looked pretty entertaining. I liked the book because of its twists on classic fables. This is a funny book for older readers. I thought it might be for younger readers at first, but the vocabulary got more advanced later on.
Adult Reader Reaction: I really struggled with this book. I loved the illustrations and the wordplay is great, but it also bogged me down.
Pros: This is a funny, light-heartd fairy tale for older kids. The illustrations are great.
Borrow or Buy: Borrow. I liked the book, but not enough to spend my money on it.

domain: library


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Cele: Give Hawks space to investigate Jacques Pauw
Police Minister Bheki Cele says he wants to make sure the investigation is not influenced by politics.
JOHANNESBURG - New Police Minister Bheki Cele says the Hawks have to be allowed space to do their job in the investigation of journalist and author Jacques Pauw, adding that everyone must be investigated and not only certain individuals.
Three Hawks officers arrived at Pauw’s home in Riebeek-Kasteel outside Cape Town on Wednesday afternoon and searched the premises.
The unit says that the operation was part of an investigation into the State Security Agency's case against Pauw, who is accused of revealing confidential information in his book, The President’s Keepers.
The book caused a massive stir in 2017 when it revealed alleged dodgy dealings involving now former president Jacob Zuma and damaging claims about the South African Revenue Services (Sars).
But Cele says he wants to make sure the investigation is not influenced by politics.
“We can’t allow these structures to be used for political outcomes. Fortunately, on Thursday, I will meet with the head of that structure to make sure that we clean our structures.”
LISTEN: Police Minister Bheki Cele on challenges facing policing
(Edited by Zamangwane Shange)


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Main / Cards & Casino / Lady of rage necessary roughness
Lady of rage necessary roughness
Name: Lady of rage necessary roughness
File size: 771mb
Necessary Roughness is the debut album of rapper The Lady of Rage. After appearing on high-profile, critically acclaimed Death Row releases—including Dr . Track listing - Leftover track. 7 Jul - 62 min - Uploaded by J Tizzle Follow: http://www. 22 Dec - 5 min - Uploaded by StrandedOnDeathRowHD The Lady Of Rage- Necessary Roughness. Necessary Roughness.
Find a The Lady Of Rage - Necessary Roughness first pressing or reissue. Complete your The Lady Of Rage collection. Shop Vinyl and CDs. Necessary Roughness Lyrics: Hayyyyy! / Break it down big ba-ty, here to rock the par-ty / (c'mon) Break a sucker down to dust, ah-hah / Do what I must *inhale*. Lady of Rage - Necessary Roughness - Music.
Find album reviews, stream songs, credits and award information for Necessary Roughness - The Lady of Rage on AllMusic - - Lady of Rage was Death. Find album release information for Necessary Roughness - The Lady of Rage on AllMusic. 24 Jun Though she had made more than a dozen appearances on soundtracks as well as albums from her Death Row Records cohorts, the Lady of. Necessary Roughness by The Lady of Rage on WhoSampled. Discover all of this album's music connections, watch videos, listen to music, discuss and. 17 Mar Lady Of Rage says her album, Necessary Roughness, features some of her best lyrics and she says she feels her lyrics from then could “rival.

domain: artistic


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Charli XCX – “Blame It On Your Love” (Feat. Lizzo)
Charli XCX has released a new song, “Blame It On Your Love,” which features Lizzo. It’s a reworked version of “Track 10,” the beloved closing song on her most recent full-length project, 2017’s Pop 2. It was produced by Stargate, A.G. Cook, and Finn Keane.
Charli started teasing the Lizzo collab earlier this week, hyping it up like so: ” IMAGINE IF I MADE A SONG WITH @LIZZO AKA THE QUEEN OF EVERYTHING – WOULD U DIE??? I WOULD DIEEEEEEEE!!! PREP MY GRAVE ASAP WE GOT A BOP COMING THIS WEEK.”
It’s unclear if this will end up being part of a larger project, or whether it’s another in the long line of singles Charli has been dropping over the last year-plus. In a tweet a couple weeks ago, Charli said: “i am working on new music and things are coming this year. i know i’m slow sometimes but i want things perfect. this new era will be all things Charli. kind of a continuation of pop 2 but also more Charli than ever before. no compromises, my best yet.”
Listen to “Blame It On Your Love” below.
“Blame It On Your Love” is out now via Atlantic.


Problems and Difficulties
Aliansce has 22 applications, one for each mall under its administration. Each application had its own database with its registered users and credentials.
This infrastructure was difficult to maintain and detrimental to the business itself, since Aliansce customers had to register several times if they wanted to access the applications of different malls.
Within the applications, the user must be authenticated to access the various benefits, such as promotions, where it is possible to register the invoices of the purchases made in each shopping center through the qrcode of the note, thus gaining points according to the value of the purchase.
These points are accumulated and generate benefits, such as discounts on the acquisition of new products in the network of malls managed by Aliansce.
Because each application had its own base, it was impossible for users to have a centralized pool of points for the entire network.
idealized by them using basically the IaaS model through front-end Hosting servers with IIS on some servers (Scale) and SQL server in Always On.


Rachel Bennett, MPH, MURP, works to promote social justice through the framework of public health. As a Program Manager at Prevention Institute, Rachel does research, policy advocacy, trainings, and technical assistance related to healthy and equitable city and regional planning. She manages the Healthy, Equitable, Active Land Use Network (HEALU Network), a multi-sector collaborative working to achieve health equity through land use policies and practices in the nation’s second largest city and largest county, Los Angeles. Rachel has organized convenings on health equity, displacement, violence prevention, transportation safety, and other issues, and has co-authored several Prevention Institute publications including Healthy Development without Displacement, Strategic Opportunities to Achieve a Healthy, Equitable Land Use System in Los Angeles, and Community Safety by Design. Rachel earned dual Master’s degrees in Public Health and Urban and Regional Planning from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and a Bachelor’s degree in Psychology from the University of California, Davis. Prior to joining Prevention Institute, Rachel worked as a research and teaching assistant to Dr. Richard Jackson, a founder of the Built Environment and Health field; she also did research and policy advocacy with the UCLA Complete Streets Initiative, and coordinated international health programs with Seva Foundation.


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KeepNTrack scanners records all visitor traffic details, runs instant background checks and prints ID badges.
The district purchased 10 — one for each school — at a price of $8,070. The Russellville Board of Education approved the purchase during its November meeting.
“It adds another layer of security at the front of the building,” Brad Kent, Russellville Middle School assistant principal, said.
Previously, school visitors had to manually type in their name and wait for a background check to be conducted and a badge to printed. This new system will be much faster and more accurate.
"This scan will take approximately two seconds and it will print a yellow visitor badge with the visitor's photo on it," Kent said. "This system will allow a person to simply lay their ID or driver's license on the scanner itself. The system reads the ID or driver's license and runs the background check while printing the photo/name badge."
Maintenance costs for the new system are expected to be "relatively the same" as the old system. The new system's printer may require more ink than the old system required.
Kent said he is unsure how long the KeepNTrack scanners will be used.
"Right now we feel it's a great fit for our district," he said. "However, we will always look at upgrades and the latest tools for keeping our students and staff safe."
Kent said he asks for the public to be patient while the district implements the new procedures.
"Each building will be a little different, but all will have one thing in common — a driver's license or some sort of state ID will need to be brought to school when you plan on visiting," Kent said.
"I know it may seem a little inconvenient at first. However, we are putting this practice and this equipment in place as another tool to help keep our children safe. I want to thank the public in advance for their cooperation and support with this."


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O que te inspira e como você imagina o design para seu negócio?
I'm looking for a new logo to represent my travel and stock photography website. My current logo is simple text and I would like to make it more professional looking, preferably with the same colors and fonts. Although, I am also open to a completly new look if it will look good with the current website design.
I would like the design to represent travel photography in some way.
- Tagline..."because life is beautiful" (only if it works well with the design)
- A common camera clipart.
Nós encontramos alguns concursos semelhantes que você pode gostar


click to enlarge
Summers withdraws name from Fed consideration
This photo combo shows Fed Vice Chair Janet Yellen, left, and former Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers. Summers is the White House insider with a direct line to President Barack Obama. Yellen is the Federal Reserve veteran with a long list of congressional patrons.
AP Photo/Eugene Hoshiko, J. Scott Applewhite
Uploaded: Sep 15, 2013 |


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ADA LED Twinstar 900SA v3 Adjustable Leg (36 in) Light Fixture
ITH ADJUSTABLE LEG DESIGN :
The S- series Ver. III is the updated version of the top-of-the-line model of full-spectrum aquarium LED light with the highest brightness from Twinstar.
These updates include the following new features:
1.) The increased number of RGB vs White LED lamps ratio (eg. 600S Vr. II has 100 RGB / 56 White LED, 600S Vr. III has 126 RGB / 14 White LED) makes the color of plants more enhanced in both Red and Green hue.
2.) Re-engineered body frame design with the addition of a top heat sink to increase the efficiency of heat dissipation.
3.) Three different body widths to best accommodate various tank sizes.
4.) As a result of close collaboration with renowned Aquascapers and florists with more than 10 years of experience, the new spectrum shows the "TRUEST COLORS" of your plants, with more "BALANCE COLOR" and "OPTIMAL BRIGHTNESS".
This new Twinstar (S series) LED offers an optimum range of wavelengths from 400nm to 700nm, which is exactly what plants need to thrive and flourish.
It can enhance the color of plants and fish in the most natural way. Your aquarium will be incredibly vivid when using this light.
The (S series) is the latest line of 24", 36" & 48" LED's released by Twinstar. This light has been redesigned with sleek metallic legs compared to the acrylic legs of the previous (E series). They boost higher light output than the Model E's, making it one of the strongest LEDs for planted tanks on the market right now.


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Prep Time 10 minutes
Cook Time 20 minutes
Total Time 30 minutes
Meal Type Side Dish
Add Smokey Chipotle EVOO
Preheat oven to 450.
In a small bowl, whisk together the oil, salt and pepper.
Arrange the potato slices in rows on an oiled baking sheet. Brush the potatoes with the oil mixture, and roast them in the oven 10 minutes.
Flip so uncooked side faces up and return to oven for 10 more minutes, or until golden and crispy.
Transfer the potatoes to paper towels to drain, sprinkle with additional salt and pepper, if desired. Serve hot.
What's the hardest part of this scrumptious 3-ingredient appetizer that only takes 20 minutes? Not eating them all before guests arrive

domain: food


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When you purchase a digital subscription to Cake Central Magazine, you will get an instant and automatic download of the most recent issue.
strawberry cake with white chocolate ganache , fondant covered with gumpaste pepe le pew
thanks for looking!
Valentine's Day Cake With Gift Tag
Valentine's Day Cake Pops
Valentine's Day Cake Contest 2010
That cake is tops! That is so cool.
(if this is a private computer)
Yes please, register now!


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EXCLUSIVE: Tina Gordon Chism’s thriller script follows a young female lawyer handling the case of a New Orleans coffee magnate whose passing sparks a deadly chain of events. Project reteams Chism with producer Stephanie Allain following the pair’s collaboration on Lionsgate’s Peeples for Tyler Perry Studios. That pic marked Chism’s directorial debut and hits theaters May 10. DeVon Franklin and Alex Siskin snapped up Inheritance for Sony; Siskin is also producing with Todd Black and Jason Blumenthal for Escape Artists. I’m told the shoot is planned to take place on location in New Orleans. Chism got her start on The Cosby Show and made her screenwriting debut with Fox’s 2002 hit Drumline before scripting ATL for WB. She is repped by WME and Matt Johnson at Ziffren.
Subscribe to Deadline Breaking News Alerts and keep your inbox happy.

domain: entertainment


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In 2017, the state of Wyoming saw 12.1 drug overdose deaths per 100,000 people. This was significantly lower than the 21.7 overdose deaths per 100,000 people across the United States as a whole.
This is great news if you’re looking at these National Institute on Drug Abuse statistics. After all, it shows that Wyoming hasn’t necessarily struggled with addiction as much as other states have.
And in many ways, Wyoming has been ahead of the curve when it comes to combating opioid addiction. For example, the state has had the Prescription Drug Monitoring Program in place since 2003 – a program that makes it easier for pharmacists to ensure their patients aren’t getting duplicate prescriptions from multiple doctors.
But statistics and programs like this fall short when trying to tell the emotional story of addiction and your own personal struggle with substance abuse. Where can you turn for help? If you’ve been to rehab before, what other options do you have?
In this article, we’ll give you 4 reasons why going out of state to get addiction treatment at The Raleigh House in Colorado can help you find lasting recovery from substance abuse.
4 Reasons to Recover from Addiction at The Raleigh House in Colorado
1. We Get You Out of Your Everyday Environment
Is going out of state for addiction treatment really necessary? Aren’t there treatment centers much closer to home that I could go to? It’s normal to question going out of state for rehab. But there are actually more benefits to it than you would think.
For starters, going out of state for addiction treatment gives you a completely fresh start that you wouldn’t get if you went to a local rehab facility. At The Raleigh House, you won’t be tempted to contact your old dealers and you won’t have to worry about running into people you know. Being away from home puts you in a new, healthy environment where you can focus primarily on treatment and recovery.
Seeking treatment at The Raleigh House also helps you change your mindset about what you’re actually doing. In a local rehab facility, you may not have committed as well to treatment, knowing that your old life would be waiting for you once you got out. By going out of state for rehab, you can use our treatment program as the catalyst you need to fully embrace a path towards life-long recovery.
2. We Dig Deeper into What Led to Your Addiction
You didn’t just wake up one day and think, “I’m going to become addicted to alcohol or painkillers today.” As comical as that sounds, addiction is much more sinister. In many cases, substance abuse is triggered by trauma or mental health conditions like depression or an anxiety disorder.
At The Raleigh House, we know simply getting you off alcohol or drugs isn’t going to cut it. Detox is certainly the first step in treatment, but you have to go deeper in order to set yourself up for success with sobriety. That’s why we focus on getting to the bottom of what led to your addiction in the first place.
We leverage individual therapy, group therapy and other methods like equine therapy to help you uncover and face trauma or negative thoughts and emotions that have plagued your life. Once you discover these insights, we help you develop new techniques and strategies to cope with the triggers and mental health challenges you’re facing.
View Photos Of Our Ranch
3. We Offer a Full Continuum of Care that Eases You Back into Everyday Life
Unlike some addiction treatment centers, we offer a full continuum of care. This means that we are with you every step of the way in helping you reach recovery. When you come to The Raleigh House, you’ll begin with our detox program that’s designed to help get the alcohol and drugs out of your system in as safe and comfortable of a way as possible.
Once you’ve completed detox, you’ll transition into our residential treatment program where you’ll get to the bottom of your substance abuse and develop healthy replacements for your old destructive thoughts and feelings.
Once residential treatment is complete, you’ll enter our outpatient program that’s designed to help you transition back to everyday life. You’ll still meet with a therapist regularly, learn more about proper pro-recovery nutrition and practice the recovery techniques you learned in residential treatment. The difference is you’ll begin to do normal activities again to help you regain your independence and accountability.
4. We Don’t Force You to Change Your Beliefs or Religion
Everyone has their own specific beliefs and ideologies. At The Raleigh House, our goal isn’t to force you to follow a traditional 12-step program if that doesn’t work for you. Instead, we provide a holistic approach that can adapt to your specific beliefs and is designed to heal your mind, body and spirit.
When you come to our wellness-lodge, we will challenge you and it won’t always be comfortable. This is because you need to let go of your old destructive behaviors and develop new ways of thinking and feeling in order to sustain a sober life. This includes activities like individual therapy, equine therapy and art therapy, but we will never include forced religious or faith-based practices.
Get Your Treatment and Recovery Started at The Raleigh House
Are you ready to break free from addiction? At The Raleigh House, we can help you get there. And better yet, our out-of-state location gives you the best chance to get away from your old environment in Wyoming and take the first step toward lasting recovery.
If you’re ready to learn more, we’re here to answer your questions and talk more about our unique and effective approach to addiction treatment. Contact us today to learn more.

domain: health


Seagate Launches its FireCuda 530 PCIe 4.0 SSD
Mike Sanders / 2 years ago
With more and more PC consumers opting to swap out their older HDDs for more modern (and significantly faster) SSDs, it is something of a curiosity as to how the market has changed. I mean, 20 years ago, usually the ‘go to’ answer for faster performance on a budget was to buy more RAM. However, these days, choosing a faster storage device seems the significantly better choice based on how notable the gains are. – With the launch of the new Seagate FireCuda 530, however, this goes well beyond your standard SSD storage device. Offering blisteringly fast speeds combined with a good range of capacities, whether you are a gamer or professional PC user, you’re definitely going to want to check this out!
Seagate FireCuda 530 PCIe 4.0 SSD
Available in capacities from 500GB all the way up to 4TB, the key focus of the Seagate FireCude 530 is the fact that even when compared to their already exceptionally quick storage devices, this new release has managed to set the bar even higher with data transfer rates of 7,300 MB/s.
In addition, if you want to keep your performance levels at their peak, Seagate also sells a heatsink attachment for the FireCuda 530 that will help ensure that those highest levels of memory transfer are maintained for much longer periods. Something that the professional user will clearly see a lot of advantages from.
- Blistering transfer speeds of up to 7,300 MB/s
- Absolute power to make content creations apps run faster and smoother
- Lightning-fast video rendering and exporting
- Responsive performance built for accelerated gaming and sustained abuse — record, download, rewrite, repeat
Where Can I Learn More?
Available to purchase now, while the Seagate FireCuda 530 isn’t comparatively inexpensive, for the huge levels of performance it offers, we daresay that any owner of this storage device would quickly forget the price tag in awe of just how amazingly quick it operates!
- 500GB – $140
- 1TB – $240
- 2TB – $490
- 4TB – $950
Therefore, if you do want to learn more about this storage device and investigate the possibility of making this your next system upgrade, you can check out the official product website via the link here!
What do you think? – Let us know in the comments!