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The porous material containing carboxyl groups was investigated in fixed bed system for the triazine-based herbicides removal from aqueous solution. In order to obtain adsorbent capable of generating specific interactions with triazines, the poly(divinylbenzene) was synthesized in radical suspension polymerization and then was modified with maleic anhydride in Diels-Alder reaction with subsequent base hydrolysis. The introduction of carboxyl groups into polymer structure resulted in obtaining specific interactions, such as hydrogen bonds between modified poly(divinylbenzene) and triazines, therefore the selectivity and the high adsorption capacity towards terbuthylazine, propazine, atrazine and simazine was observed. The total and usable adsorptive capacities, the breakthrough and exhaustion times, the coefficients of sphericity of isoplanes, the heights of adsorption fronts and the mass exchange moving rates were calculated based on the analysis of the breakthrough curves. Results show that the best sorption parameters in dynamic conditions were achieved for terbuthylazine and propazine. For them the highest values of adsorptive capacities, the smallest heights of mass transfer fronts and their slow movement along the bed height were obtained. The use of ethanol for herbicides elution provided a high recovery degree of adsorbed substances. Reusability of investigated polymer bed was studied in three adsorption/desorption cycles.
Triazines are one group of herbicides which are used for decades to protect crops. We know that triazine-based herbicides display high toxicity and aptitude for the bioaccumulation , , ,  but at the same time are highly stable in soil . They are still present in the bottom sediments of ponds, lakes and other bodies of water. The highest concentrations of herbicides can be found in surface waters and the content of herbicides in the environment has a growing tendency. A significant increase of herbicides concentration is frequently seen during their applications in the fields, after heavy rains and floods. Because of their wide applicability, stability in the environment and long-term toxicity herbicides must be removed and this removal is an important issue in ecology. The importance of the above is reflected in a large number of research groups working in the area of triazine-based herbicides removal and numerous papers in scientific journals were published in recent years , , , , , , , , , , , , . We can find a large variety of materials applied for triazines sorption (activated carbons, carbon nanotubes, zeolites, aluminum pillared clay, green waste biochar), however, the most efficient method of water purification is adsorption using polymeric materials . Adsorption can be carried out in batch systems with granulated adsorbents or in the continuous flow processes in packed bed columns. In fixed bed column studies a solution of adsorbate(s) is passed through a bed of adsorbent granules where solution composition is changed due to sorption. The composition of the effluent and its change with time depend on the properties of the adsorbent, the composition of the feed, and the operating conditions (flow rate, temperature etc.). Sorption of herbicides under dynamic conditions is most commonly performed in mini-columns filled with adsorbent. Several techniques such as e.g. solid-phase extraction (SPE) or solid phase microextraction (SPME) are used. Due to the fact that triazine-based impurities are present in the environment at low concentrations, it is necessary to use adsorbents that exhibit high selectivity for the target compounds. As it turns out the numerous possibilities of modification and implementation of various functional groups into polymer structure allow the synthesis of selective adsorbents. For example, in SPE techniques molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) based on methacrylic acid are most commonly used, especially in detection of triazine-based herbicides , , , , . Polymeric adsorbents are also used in the method based on solid-phase dynamic extraction (SPDE), where methacrylic acid-based MIP is used as adsorbent coated on the internal surface of a needle . Single-hole hollow molecularly imprinted microspheres (h-MIMs) are another polymeric material which can be used in triazines detection. These microspheres exhibit bigger specific surface area, higher binding capacity and faster adsorption rate than the MIPs prepared by precipitation polymerization and surface polymerization . Not only MIPs were applied in detection and extraction of triazine-based herbicides using dynamic processes. Porous poly(octyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) is an example of polymeric filling in in-tube solid-phase microextraction technique (IT-SPME), where it is used as monolith in capillary column doped with magnetic nanoparticles .
Due to the high toxic effect of triazines and limitation of their permissible concentrations in waters (e.g. atrazine regulation limit in drinking water is 3 ppb and 0.1 ppb in the US and EU, respectively ), there is a need to search for sorptive materials having a large sorption capacity that will ensure effective removal of hazardous materials from the environment. Our previous study described in ,  revealed that poly(divinylbenzene) beads modified in Diels-Alder reaction with maleic anhydride and subsequent base hydrolysis can be effectively used as an efficient adsorbent material for triazines removal from water. Implementation of carboxyl groups into polymer structure resulted in obtaining specific interactions between modified poly(divinylbenzene) and triazines. It has been proven that intensification of trazines sorption using synthesized sorbent is caused by forming hydrogen bond between amine groups in the structure of triazine-based herbicides and carboxyl groups on the polymer surface. The affinity of proposed adsorbent towards herbicides from the group of triazines is presented in , where the effect of the structure of triazine homologues on the efficiency of sorption was examined. In this work, we were interested in the study of triazines adsorption under dynamic conditions on modified poly(divinylbenzene) from an aqueous solution. Comparing with batch procedure, fixed bed is more effective for the cycle operation of adsorption/desorption, as it makes the best use of the concentration difference known to be a driving force for adsorption and allows more efficient usage of the sorbent capacity, what should result in a better efficiency in triazines removal. Additionally, fixed bed adsorption is simple to operate, and it can be relatively easily scaled up from a laboratory-scale study.
Materials and methods
The following chemicals were obtained from commercial sources: divinylbenzene (80%) (DVB), benzoyl peroxide (BPO), sodium chloride, polyvinyl alcohol 88% hydrolyzed (PVA), ethanol, toluene, n-heptane purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Monomer was purified by distillation before use. Deionized water (Millipore) was used for making the aqueous phase and solutions during sorption studies. Analyzed herbicides: simazine, atrazine, propazine, terbuthylazine and metamitron were obtained from Warsaw Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry. All purities were ≥99% unless stated otherwise.
Preparation of polymer adsorbent
Polymer beads of poly(divinylbenzene) were synthesized in radical suspension polymerization. The continuous water phase comprised 2% w/w sodium chloride and 1% w/w PVA (calculated for organic phase). The dispersed organic phase contained monomer (DVB), initiator – BPO (0.5% w/w calculated for monomer) and solvents: toluene and n-heptane (1:7 w/w). Prepared polymer beads were modified with maleic anhydride in Diels-Alder reaction as described in . First, maleic anhydrate was dissolved in toluene. Then previously prepared poly(divinylbenzene) beads were added. Modification was carried out at 110°C for 48 h. After that, base hydrolysis was performed using 3 M sodium hydroxide. Later the products were placed in ion-exchange columns and washed with water (for having carboxyl groups in sodium form on the polymer surface), hydrochloric acid and again with water (for having carboxyl groups in acidic form). Detailed synthesis and modification were described in .
Water regain, W (g g−1) of the adsorbent was determined using the centrifugation method and was calculated using Eq. (1):
where mw (g) is the weight of wet polymer after centrifugation in a small column with fritted-glass bottom and md (g) is the weight of polymer after drying at 100°C overnight.
Carboxyl groups content
Content of carboxyl groups was determined by reversed hydrochloric acid titration. First, polymer beads were pre-soaked in water for 24 h. Later, they were centrifuged in a small column with fritted-glass bottom for 5 min at 3000 rpm and after that analyzed material (~1.2 g) and 50 mL of 0.1 mol dm−3 sodium chloride were placed in the shaker for 24 h. Finally, 20 cm3 of solution were sampled and titrated with 0.1 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid using phenolphthalein as an indicator.
Surface area measurement and pore size estimation
Pore size and surface area were obtained by performing nitrogen adsorption at the liquid nitrogen temperature using Micromeritics ASAP 2020 analyzer. Resultant data were subjected to Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The total pore volume was estimated from a single point adsorption at the relative pressure of 0.988.
Dynamic conditions were realized by the column filtration method. Fixed-bed sorption was done on 1.65 cm3 polymer bed (equivalent to 0.4 g of dry polymer) placed in a microcolumn (0.9 cm in diameter) by passing downwards a solution which was 10 ppm ethanol:water (1:9 v/v) herbicide solution. The feeding solution was pumped down-flow through the column by a peristaltic pump with flow rate 0.3 mL min−1. The effluent was collected at regular time intervals from the bottom of the column and was then analyzed by UV/VIS spectrophotometry using Jasco V-630 apparatus. Wavelength was set at 222.0 nm for simazine, atrazine and propazine, 225.0 nm for terbuthylazine and 307.0 nm for metamitron, respectively. Flow of solution lasted each time until the moment of bed exhaustion, i.e. at the point where the concentration in the discharge became equal to that of the initial solution.
In desorption process ethanol was used as the eluent. It was passed through the adsorbent bed with constant flow equal to (0.3 mL min−1) and the sampling time was 15 min. Desorption was carried out until maximum elution of the herbicides from the bed. Reusability of adsorbent was determined by its adsorption performance in three consecutive sorption/desorption cycles. All of the experiments were performed at room temperature (23±1°C).
Analysis of experimental data
The herbicide adsorption breakthrough curves were obtained by plotting the triazines concentration in the effluent (C) versus the effluent volume (V). The calculations were made based on the analysis included in the publication  and were carried out using the diagram presented in Fig. 1. Total adsorptive capacity Pt (mg g−1) of specific material was calculated from the following formula, Eq. (2):
were M is the mass of bed prior to sorption process (g). The total amount of triazine retained in the column, Ot, was calculated from the Eq. (3):
where PDFBA is the area representing the quantity of compounds introduced to sorption system (the point of bed exhaustion, C=Co=10 mg L-1), PDFB is the area representing the quantity of compounds not retained on the bed of adsorbent (the point of bed exhaustion, C=Co=10 mg L−1).
The usable adsorptive capacity Pu (mg g-1) was calculated as follows, Eq. (4):
The amount of triazine retained in the column to the breakthrough point Ou, was calculated from the Eq. (5):
where PDGHA is the area representing the quantity of compounds introduced to the sorption system (the breakthrough point, C=Cp=0 mg L-1), PDGI – the area representing the quantity of compounds not retained on the bed of adsorbent (the breakthrough point, C=Cp=0 g L−1).
The mass transfer zone was calculated using the equation of Michaels and Treybal, Eq. (6):
where: Ho – the adsorption front height, cm, H – the adsorbent bed height, cm, te – bed operation time until exhausted, min, tb – bed operation time until breakthrough, min, φ – coefficient of sphericity of exit curves was calculated by dividing the surface area of the rectangle dx by the surface area of the rectangle HBIJ.
Mass exchange zone moving rate, u (cm min−1), was calculated from the following formula, Eq. (7):
where: Ho – the adsorption front height, cm, te – bed operation time until exhausted, min, tb – bed operation time until breakthrough, min.
In order to obtain polymer beads the poly(divinylbenzene) was synthesized in radical suspension polymerization. Product in the form of regular microspheres with diameters in the range 50–400 μm was obtained. Chemical modification of polymer was done by Diels-Alder reaction in which poly(divinylbenzene) reacts as diene and maleic anhydride as dienophile. The efficiency of the modification reaction was 49%. Generation of the carboxyl groups (see Fig. 2) capable of specific interactions followed by ring opening of the maleic anhydride with the use of base hydrolysis. Cycloaddition reaction scheme and the basic hydrolysis are shown in . Selected material having porous structure and acidic groups on the surface was used in sorption experiments of herbicides based on triazine. Characteristics of this adsorbent are presented in Table 1. The study showed that the tested adsorbent has a well-developed surface area, which has a direct influence on the adsorption capacity of the material. The content of acidic groups (2.80 mmol g−1) indicates the presence of the carboxyl groups in the adsorbent structure that have been introduced by modification of the free vinyl groups in the poly(divinylbenzene). These groups are able to form hydrogen bonds, their position and distance between them allow for the formation of complexes with adsorbate molecules such as triazines. Such specific, directional interactions are responsible for better sorption and selectivity when compared to the traditional polymeric adsorbents .
|Properties of adsorbent|
|Water regain (g g−1)||3.24|
|Ethanol/water solution (1/9 v/v) regain (g g−1)||3.04|
|Carboxyl group content (mmol g−1)||2.80|
|Surface area (m2 g−1)||713|
|Average pore size (nm)||5.70|
|Total pore volume (cm3 g−1)||1.00|
|Micropore size (nm)||0.80|
|Micropore volume (cm3 g−1)||0.17|
Poly(divinylbenzene) modified with maleic anhydride in Diels-Alder reaction was selected for the sorption experiments because molecular structures of triazines exhibit complementarity to the arrangement of functional groups present in its structure. Sorption studies were performed in a dynamic mode for triazine-based herbicides such simazine, atrazine, propazine, terbuthylazine and, for comparison, for metamitron. The adsorbate solutions continuously pass through a column packed with adsorbent with flow rate 0.3 mL min−1. The pH values of the feed solutions were seven and the concentrations of herbicides were 10 ppm. The performance of fixed bed is usually described using the breakthrough curve. Plots of the ratio C/Co (outlet adsorbate concentration/adsorbate feed concentration) or adsorbate concentration in the effluent (C) versus effluent volume (V) or time (t) are denominated as breakthrough curves. On the basis of obtained results the breakthrough curves (isoplanes) were plotted and presented in Fig. 3. The shape of the breakthrough curve and the time for a breakthrough are very important characteristics for determining the operation and the dynamic response of the fixed bed column. The analysis of the breakthrough curves clearly indicates that the tested specific adsorbent prefers sorption of triazine-based herbicides. For metamitron the polymeric bed is rapidly saturated. It was found that the breakthrough time increases with increasing the molecular weight of triazine and is much higher for more hydrophobic triazines (the logarithm of octanol/water partition coefficient (logKow) is 2.3, 2.7, 3.9 and 3.4 for simazine, atrazine, propazine and terbuthylazine, respectively ). In the case of terbuthylazine an extended breakthrough curve can be observed, indicating that a higher volume of solution could be treated. Calculating the parameters of sorption on the basis of the breakthrough curve is an important issue because it provides the basic information for the design of the column adsorption system and can be used to determine the rational scale of the column adsorption for practical application. The calculations were carried out in accordance with the diagram presented in Fig. 1. The parameters that characterize sorption of investigated herbicides in dynamic conditions were calculated using Eqs. (2–7). The obtained breakthrough curves can be described using mathematical equations presented in Table 2. The correlation coefficient R2 for breakthrough curves are around 0.98–0.99. The analysis of isoplanes allows for determination of the total adsorption capacity (Pt) – up to the point of exhaustion and useful adsorption capacity (Pu) – up to the point of breakthrough and also the bed operation time until breakthrough (tb) and exhaustion (te). Results are presented in Table 3. The adsorptive capacities obtained under dynamic conditions were comparable with those determined in batch sorption system for the same triazines concentration used, as shown in Table 3. The total adsorption capacity (Pt) obtained in the dynamic conditions were 15.3 mg g−1, 26.1 mg g−1, 43.5 mg g−1, 66.2 mg g−1 and 3.2 mg g−1 for simazine, atrazine, propazine, terbuthylazine and metamitron, respectively. The sorption capacity of metamitron is 5–20 times smaller than the sorption capacity of triazine-based herbicides, which confirms the presence of a specific interaction between the sorbent and investigated triazines that enhance sorption. Selectivity of the tested adsorbent towards herbicides from the group of triazines has been confirmed in the previous publication . The introduction of carboxyl groups into polymer structure resulted in creating hydrogen bonds with triazines. Specific interactions are consisted of two hydrogen bonds: between hydroxyl hydrogen atom of carboxylic group from modified divinylbenzene and nitrogen atom containing free electron pair from triazine (O-H…N) and between hydrogen atom of triazine amino group and carbonyl oxygen atom from modified divinylbenzene (O…H-N). The highest values of adsorptive capacity are observed for terbuthylazine and propazine. In the case of propazine, which has the same molecular weight as terbuthylazine, but is more hydrophobic, the sorption efficiency is smaller. This results can suggest that for propazine only non-specific interactions are possible, while sorption efficiency for terbuthylazine is intensified by additional specific interactions like hydrogen bonds. In the propazine molecule there are two bulky isopropyl groups, which probably can cause the steric hindrance in the creation of hydrogen bonds.
|Herbicide||Mathematical equation of the breakthrough curve||Correlation coefficient, R2|
|Herbicide||Adsorption capacity (mg g−1)||Bed operation time until breakthrough tb (h)||Bed operation time until exhausted te (h)|
|Ps||Pt (total)||Pu (useful)|
aThese data were published in .
Analyzing the breakthrough curves one can notice that in spite of dosing a solution onto the column with the same initial concentration of the herbicide the breakthrough and exhaustion times were varied for the tested compounds. The longer time necessary to reach the breakthrough and exhaustion points (in this study observed for terbuthylazine and propazine) indicates much better filling of the polymer bed by triazines. Breakthrough time for both terbuthylazine and propazine is about 70 h, but exhaustion time is much higher for terbuthylazine (see Table 3). It means that the synthesized adsorbent has a much greater affinity for terbuthylazine. On the basis of the derived parameters the coefficients of sphericity of isoplanes (φ), the heights of adsorption fronts (Ho) and the mass exchange moving rates (u) were calculated (see Eq. 6–7). Results are presented in Table 4. In fixed bed experiments, the concentration of adsorbate in the mobile phase as well as in the solid phase changes with time and with the position in polymer bed. The mass transfer zone in a column moves from the top of the bed and proceed towards the bottom. In good sorption systems are small heights (Ho) of mass transfer fronts and low mass exchange moving rate (u). Small values of this parameters mean that the breakthrough curve is close to an ideal step with negligible mass-transfer resistance . Analysis of the results shows that the best sorption parameters in dynamic conditions have been obtained for terbuthylazine and propazine. A much higher height of adsorption front was obtained for metamitron (7.01 cm). Results also show that only in the case of propazine and terbuthylazine the heights of mass transfer fronts are smaller than adsorbent bed height, which was 2.7 cm in performed experiments. The highest mass exchange moving rate for metamitron results probably from the weak affinity of this herbicide to the investigated polymer. For the same reason the breakthrough and exhaustion times have the smallest values and consequently the saturation of the adsorbent occurs earlier.
|Herbicide||Coefficient of sphericity of isoplane φ (–)||Height of adsorption front Ho (cm)||Mass exchange moving rate u (cm min–1)|
Due to the good solubility of tested herbicides in ethanol it was decided to apply it in the desorption process as eluent. Based on the mass balance of herbicide adsorbed on the polymer bed and then desorbed the desorption process was investigated. The desorption efficiency, the desorption time and the volume of the eluent required to elute herbicides from the surface of the adsorbent were determined. The results are shown in Table 5. The use of ethanol as eluent assured the high recovery degree of adsorbed substances. Simazine can be completely desorbed. For other herbicides the desorption efficiency is in the range 88–97%. The desorption efficiency is related to the solubility of the herbicides in ethanol. For propazine and terbuthylazine the solubility in ethanol is 15 g L−1. It was observed that the better solubility of the compound in the eluent, the time required to eluting substances from the adsorbent bed was shorter. Due to the low solubility of simazine in ethanol (0.57 g L−1) its desorption time was the longest (1230 min). Despite only slightly higher solubility of metamitron in ethanol (1.1 g L−1), elution was significantly faster (135 min), which may be caused by low binding affinity of metamitron to investigated sorbent. Desorption time for other triazines was comparable and was about 350 min. For maximum desorption of triazines showing the greatest affinity for the tested adsorbent the amount of needed eluent was about 100 mL. Furthermore, during the study it was observed that for all herbicides after passage a small volume of ethanol (ca. 4.5 mL) through the column already about 90% of investigated herbicides were desorbed (see Fig. 4), but the process was continued until complete elution of the herbicides from the bed. Thus, the effective elution of herbicides from polymer bed demonstrates that in industrial conditions already small volume of eluent provides sufficient regeneration of the bed.
|Herbicide||Desorption efficiency (%)||Amount of eluent (mL)||Desorption time (min)|
Efficient removal of loaded herbicides from the adsorbent was necessary to ensure their long-term use for repeated sorption-desorption cycles. The tested adsorbent showed the greatest affinity for terbuthylazine, therefore, it was decided to investigate the ability to remove this triazine in three subsequent cycles. Ethanol was used as eluent. Desorption efficiency of investigated herbicide from modified poly(divinylbenzene) was evaluated based on the amount of terbuthylazine released to ethanol. In each cycle, after passing 100 mL of eluent, the polymer bed was washed using distilled water. Based on the results obtained after three sorption/desorption cycles it can be concluded that the removal of terbuthylazine is still effective. It was observed that the sorption capacities of regenerated modified poly(divinylbenzene) adsorbent in the first and second cycles are comparable (67.1 and 65.6 mg g−1). In the third cycle the sorption capacity of the bed is reduced by 20% to 54.2 mg g−1, but it is still a good result for effective removal of investigated triazine.
This investigation showed that the poly(divinylbenzene) modified in Diels-Alder reaction is a promising material for removal of triazine-based herbicides from aqueous solution using fixed bed sorption method. Fixed bed column studies clearly indicate that the tested specific adsorbent prefers sorption of triazine-based herbicides. The adsorptive capacities obtained under dynamic conditions were comparable with those determined in batch sorption system for the same concentration of triazines. The affinity order of investigated polymeric adsorbent towards triazines in fixed bed sorption is terbuthylazine>propazine>atrazine>simazine. Bed operation time until breakthrough and until exhausted increases with increasing the molecular weight of triazines and is much higher for more hydrophobic herbicides. Analysis of the results shows that the best sorption parameters in dynamic conditions were achieved for terbuthylazine and propazine, for which the smallest heights of mass transfer fronts and their slow movement along the bed height were obtained. Furthermore, the adsorbed triazines can be quantitatively desorbed by ethanol, so the synthetized adsorbent can be used repeatedly without significant decrease of sorption capacity. Satisfactory results allow to conclude that the proposed adsorbent can be used not only in the detection of triazines, but also can be used as selective filling of fixed bed columns used in the processes of water and wastewater treatment.
A collection of invited papers based on presentations at the 16th International Conference on Polymers and Organic Chemistry (POC-16), Hersonissos (near Heraklion), Crete, Greece, 13–16 June 2016.
The work was financed by a statutory activity subsidy from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education for the Faculty of Chemistry of Wrocław University of Science and Technology.
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©2016 IUPAC & De Gruyter. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. For more information, please visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

domain: chemistry


The Eighth Administrative Court of Appeal ruled to ban the activities of the Communist Party of Ukraine.
The court reported that they had satisfied the claim of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine.
In addition to the ban on the activities of the Communist Party, all property and funds of the political force will be transferred to the ownership of the state.
Recall that the District Administrative Court of Kyiv banned the activities of the Communist Party in 2015, but after that the decision was disputed for years in the appellate instance.
Recall that in 2015 the Odessa office of the Communist Party came under the control of the “Right Sector” .


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Like most Americans, Amy Eichberger wasn’t raised by parents who could easily afford her college tuition. Her dad died before she was born, and her mom lived paycheck to paycheck. Eichberger, by her ownaccount, wasn’t the best student in high school and struggled to get scholarships.
So, she had to take out loans.
This was in the early 1990s. Tuition for the community college in her Connecticut town cost no more than a few hundred bucks a semester. But upon getting her associate’s degree and thriving in an academic setting, she decided to level up, getting her bachelor’s in public health. Then, facing lacklusterjobprospects, she pursueda master’s in health care administration. Eventually, she went back to school again, completing a two-year graduate program required of her current job.
All in all, she owed $349,769.18 for that education.
Americans now hold$1.7trillion in student loan debt. Nearly two-thirds of that money – at least $929 billion – is owed by women.
Eichberger was in search of economic mobility – of moving from working to middle class. And indeed, her opportunities expanded as her credentials grew. Yet tuition rates soared at the same time: The average cost of attendance at a four-year college nearly tripled between 1980 and 2019. Eichberger’s debt snowballed at every turn in her academic journey, as did her expenses. She had a daughter, and became a single mother, while getting her master’s.
“I took out loans for everything because I'm not making $1 million a year,” said Eichberger, 51. “It just piled on, just kept piling on.”
The debt Eichberger was left with – more than her house is worth – is exceptional. On average, borrowers with graduate degrees have roughly $103,000 in student loans. But the circumstances she faced are not that unusual, particularly among the country’s women.
According to research published in 2021 by the American Association of University Women, women with bachelor’s degrees graduate with an average of $2,700 more in student loan debt than their male peers. That gap compounds over time, as women take two years longer on average to pay off their debt, the interest adding up all the while.
As borrowers await the Supreme Court’s decision on a plan to provide mass student debt forgiveness, USA TODAY examined what’s behind the gender imbalances in the amount that borrowers take out and in their ability to pay those loans back.
Get ready: Regardless of SCOTUS decision, 25 million people will have to repay student debt.
First, what’s going on with student loans?
President Joe Biden has made it a top priority to forgive up to $20,000 in student loan debt for middle- and low-income Americans. The conservative-majority U.S. Supreme Court is now deliberating two cases that challenge Biden’s plan, with most of its right-leaning justices signaling clear skepticism of the plan’s merits and the administration’s authority in granting relief.
The status of various student loan-related programs and initiatives rests on the high court’s decision. Under former President Donald Trump, for example, the Education Department, citing the pandemic’s emergency circumstances issued a moratorium on student loan repayments. The country’s tens of millions of borrowers haven’t had to make repayments in the years since, with Biden repeatedlyextending the pause.
But those repayments could return as soon as this summer, pending the Supreme Court’s ruling. A separate lawsuit is pushing for a quicker end to the payment pause.
Then last week, Senate Republicans introduced a bill that would ban Biden's loan forgiveness plan, even while it's on hold and before the Supreme Court.
Advocates worry about what all of this meansfor women in particular.
More: With Biden's student loan debt forgiveness in limbo, lawmakers consider colleges' role
OK, so why do women have more student debt than men?
Thanks largely to her advanced education, including a certificate program she completed relatively recently, Eichberger secured a white-collar HR job at Yale New Haven Health. But it wasn’t enough to cover the nearly $5,000-a-month she owed for her loans.
She wound up getting a second job doing manual labor in an Amazon warehouse on Saturdays and Sundays to help pay off the debt and affordnecessities such as groceries. The pandemic had just hit and the moratorium on repayments had begun, but Eichberger was preparing for their imminent return.
Women, and women of color in particular, are paid less than similarly educated men for the same jobs. So, they are more likely to return to school to bolster their resumes and earn a salary that can support all their expenses, which areoften greater than that of men.
“Women are out there getting degrees because women are required on so many levels to bring credentials to the table,” said Gloria L. Blackwell, CEO of the AAUW. “That's why that proportion of student debt is so high – these women have to constantly prove themselves over and over again.”
More: How the student loan payment pause changed people’s lives
Student debt relief blocked,potentially hurting Black and Latino families the most
Consider these statistics:
Women who graduate with a bachelor’s degree earn roughly $35,000 on average – just 81% of what their male peers make.
A year after college, women hold a little more than $31,000 in student loan debt, which works out to a $307 monthly payment. Yet the average woman a year out of college spends more than $1,300 on housing and car payments a month, plus another $520 on child care expenses for the 16% of recent female graduates who are moms.“Adding in that $307 student loan payment makes it difficult – if not downright impossible – to make ends meet,” the AAUW report notes.
Black women ages 25-64 who hold a bachelor’s degree or higher and work full timehad a median salary of $60,681 in 2020, according to the Education Trust's research. The median salary for similarly educated white men was $91,805, while it was $75,329 for Black men and $67,324 for white women.
The average Black woman needs at least a bachelor’s degree to earn a higher salary than an average white man with no college degree.
Eichberger didn't get paid maternity leave so she had to go into forbearance during that time, still accruing interest. Child care needs also forced her to take lower-paying jobs than she would otherwise so she could have a flexible schedule.
"It is basically stretching out your loan, many, manymore years with many, many more years of interest being tacked on," she said.
Equal Pay Day? Not for teachers: Why men make more than women in female-dominated field.
For Black women, 'more debt does not equate to a higher salary'
College costs have soared over the past several decades, far outpacing inflation and increases in financial aid such as Pell Grants that are reserved for low-income students. Declining state funding for public higher-education institutions is a key reason for the ballooning in costs.
Will this make a difference?The Pell Grant amount will rise by $500 in 2023.
In 1980, according to research by the nonprofit Education Trust, the maximum Pell Grant covered more than half of the cost of a public four-year college. By the 2020-21 school year, the maximum Pell Grant covered just 28%.
Students without the means have been forced to take out more student loans as a result. The challenges are particularly pronounced among women of color, who are far more likely than their male peers to attend college but far less likely than white women to be able to afford it.
More: Women still don't get the top jobs or pay even in industries they dominate
“The notion is that you get a degree so you can be competitive in the workforce,” said Brittani Williams, who co-authored the Education Trust brief and is herself a Black woman borrower and mother in the midst of completing her PhD. But for women, and especially those of color, “more debt does not equate to a higher salary.”
Still, Williams doesn't question the worth of her college studies. "For those of us who hold degrees, even with the student loan debt, we see greater opportunity than those who for whatever extenuating reason could not complete that degree," she said. "I hope we don't lose that ideal" of higher education as a path to the middle class for women and people of color.
For Williams and Blackwell, bringing college costs down is key to solving the student loan crisis.
“At the end of the day, college should be affordable for everyone – not just for an elite few,” Blackwell said."And women, in particular women of color, shouldn't have to sacrifice their financial future to get the education that certainly is a potential pathway for equal economic opportunity."
Is college worth it?Americans say they value higher education, but it's too expensive for many
Confusion over Public Service Loan Forgiveness
Biden is also working to reduce the burden of debt on borrowers eligible for public service loan forgiveness and income-driven repayment.
Public-service loan forgiveness, or PSLF, relieves the student debt for people such as teachers, military members, first responders and certain healthcare workers after they’ve spent a decade on the job. But the rules have never been clear, and the administration of the program has always been messy.
Public Service Loan Forgiveness: Feds bet on changes to rules for another debt relief option
Despite working in eligible roles for more than a quarter century, Eichberger for her part long struggled to have her debt forgiventhrough the program. She says she’d submit forms and never hear back.
“I was like, ‘Okay, I'm just stuck with this debt. It’s going to be here until I die. My kid’s going to inherit it,’” Eichberger said.
"You live in denial but it was always sitting over there. It was so daunting – that’s your life. And then you second guess that (the degrees) were worth it but you can’t do anything about it now.”
Less than 1%: More than 41,000 public service workers sought federal student loan forgiveness. The government approved just 206.
Last year, with the help of a student loan coaching service offered through her health-care job, she resubmitted a PSLFapplication. She didn’t think the coaching service,offered by EdAssist by Bright Horizons, would work. But in Januaryshe received a life-changing letter: Her nearly $350,000 in student debt had been erased. She owed $0.
The revelation has since become bittersweet. Eichberger’s 26-year-old daughter – an aspiring sign language interpreter – tried college for a semester before dropping out. Shetold Eichberger it was her fear of loans, having seen what they did to her mother and their family, that convinced her to give up.
“This is probably what hurts me the worst," Eichberger said.“She saw my struggle, which made her not want to further her education.”
A mixed bag: Debt relief will change the lives of some with student loans, but fall short for others.
Contact Alia Wong at (202) 507-2256 or firstname.lastname@example.org. Follow her on Twitter at @aliaemily.
This article originally appeared on USA TODAY: Student loan debt: Why women owe the bulk of it, how it affects them
Do women hold 2 3 of the student loan debt? ›
Women hold 58% of all student loan debt. Female student borrowers have an average debt is 9.6% higher than their male peers one year after graduation. Women take an additional two years on average to pay off student loans. Black women have the highest average amount of debt.How does student debt affect women? ›
Student debt is making it nearly impossible for many women to afford their basic living expenses after graduating from college. AAUW's 2021 Deeper in Debt report finds: Women hold an average of $31,276 in student debt, leaving them with a monthly loan payment of $307 the year after graduation.Why do American women hold 2 3 student debt? ›
MILWAUKEE — Women hold two-thirds of the $1.7 trillion outstanding student loan debt in the country, according to a report from the American Association of University Women (AAUW). The report says that discrepancy is due in part to women taking out more to begin with and facing a pay gap after graduation.Why do women hold more student debt? ›
Therefore, there is a financial gap that many female students have no choice but to bridge with student loans. Additionally, women are more likely to spend more time in higher education than men. It is a simple reality that the more time spent in higher education, the more student loans are necessary to cover tuition.Why are so many women in debt? ›
Women take more time off than men
As women are more likely to take time off from the workforce to care for children or aging parents, they tend to earn less over time. The earnings gap is smaller early in one's career, but widens significantly as workers age, get married and raise families.
Americans now hold $1.7 trillion in student loan debt. Nearly two-thirds of that money – at least $929 billion – is owed by women.Who suffers the most from student debt? ›
Forty-five million Americans have student loan debt — that's about one in five U.S. adults (17.4%), according to an analysis of census data. Those ages 25 to 34 are the most likely to hold student loan debt, but the greatest amount is owed by those 35 to 49 — more than $600 billion, federal data show.Who is mostly affected by student loan debt? ›
70% of White and Caucasian student borrowers have student loan debt. Four years after graduation, 48% of Black students owe an average of 12.5% more than they borrowed. After that same period, 83% of White students owe 12% less than they borrowed.Who holds more student loan debt men or women? ›
Overall, 44% of the sample (with an average age of 26) had student loan debt. Women (47%) were more likely than men (40%) to have student debt. Black adults (50%) were more likely than white adults (44%) and Hispanic/Latino adults (37%) to have student debt.Why student loans are a problem? ›
The debt burden not only impacts that generation, limiting their employment options and slowing their financial progress, but it also impacts future generations. A family will have a hard time saving up for college costs for their children if mom and dad are still paying off their loans.
Why do Americans have so much student loan debt? ›
It's the result of a decades-long explosion in borrowing coupled with soaring education costs. The Federal Reserve data shows people under the age of 30 are more likely to have student loan debt compared with older adults – underscoring the crippling burden on another generation of Americans.How many people are affected by student debt in the US? ›
Data Summary. As of 2022, 43.5 million Americans have federal student loans. Approximately 13% of all Americans had federal student loan debt in 2021. In 2022, 9.9 million borrowers have between $20,000-$40,000 of student loan debt.Are women more likely to be in debt? ›
A report by the Education Data Initiative found that women are more likely to have high student debt balances and large monthly student loan payments—even though they make 26 percent less than their male counterparts. And despite the larger payments, women often take two years longer to pay off their loans.What race has more student loan debt? ›
Black adults are 1.5 times more likely than white adults to have student loan debt. The following graph includes federal and private student loan debt among all adults. On average, Black, non-Hispanic adults in the U.S. also hold higher student loan debt balances than borrowers of other races.Who is at fault for the student loan crisis? ›
While economists are divided on who to blame for the student loan crisis, nearly all experts agree the primary fault does not lie with student borrowers. Some instead blame colleges, pointing to tuition rates at private institutions that skyrocketed from $17k in 1988 to nearly $36k three decades later.Why are there so few women in finance? ›
Some possible reasons for the disparity include: Women are less likely to have a background in finance. Women are less likely to be promoted to senior roles in finance. Women face gender discrimination in the financial industry.Are women or men better at finances? ›
Not surprisingly, studies have found that the average woman's investment strategy and eventual performance tends to be more stable than the average man's. In 2021, CNBC reported on a Fidelity study that found women investors are outperforming men.Do men save more money than women? ›
There's a gender gap in retirement savings, including 401(k) contributions. Women have significantly less money saved for retirement than men.What percentage of Black women have student debt? ›
The situation is even more significant for women of color. 41% of female undergraduates take on student debt, compared to 35% of male undergraduates, and more women take on debt for graduate studies as well. More than 70% of Black students go into debt to pay for higher education, compared to 56% of white students.What is the average student loan debt for Black women? ›
A year after completing a bachelor's degree, Black women hold more student debt than any other group — with an average of $38,800 in federal undergraduate loans. Black female borrowers who attended graduate school hold an average of $58,252 in graduate loans.
What percent of black people have student debt? ›
Ninety percent of Black students take out student loans to pay for college, compared to 66 percent of white students. Four years after graduating, Black students hold almost twice as much student debt as their white peers, largely due to differences in interest accrual and graduate school borrowing.How much would it cost for college in the US to be free for everyone? ›
Over an 11-year time frame, a First-Dollar Tuition-Free program would cost a total of $800 billion. The cheapest free college program, the Last-Dollar Tuition-Free program would cost $28 billion the year it is implemented. Free college would cost on average three times what federal tax dollars pay for now.Do rich people take student loans? ›
"Nearly 60% of all student loan debt is held by the rich and upper-middle class," he said in a May 21, 2022 newsletter. "So, by forgiving student loan debt, we would be handing the wealthy a financial windfall while low income Americans suffer further from inflation and rising costs."Who is most affected by student loan forgiveness? ›
Student loans are not just a problem for young adults. The Department of Education estimates that more than one-third of the borrowers who will get relief are age 40 and up, including 5 percent who are senior citizens.Do student loans go away after 7 years? ›
If the loan is paid in full, the default will remain on your credit report for seven years following the final payment date, but your report will reflect a zero balance. If you rehabilitate your loan, the default will be removed from your credit report.What gender has the most debt in America? ›
This isn't to say there are no differences in how men and women apply for and use debt and credit. Indeed, men carry more overall debt than women, including across most debt categories. But women carry more student loan debt and often have more credit cards.What are 3 reasons student loans should be avoided? ›
- Student Loan Payments Can Become Financially Crippling. The typical monthly payment for student loan borrowers is between $200 and $299, according to a Federal Reserve report. ...
- Default Can Lead to Serious Consequences. ...
- They May Not Be Enough to Cover All Your Expenses.
In the United States, student loan debt is nearing $2 trillion, and Californians carry approximately $150 billion of the debt. Student loan debt is now the second highest consumer market after mortgages.How bad is student loan debt in America? ›
Student loan debt has ballooned to nearly $1.63 trillion in the U.S. That figure is spread across 43.5 million Americans for an average of $37,574 per borrower, according to a BestColleges analysis of student debt. Those figures, not surprisingly, have caused concern among many prospective college students.Why is student debt a major problem in America? ›
Students are generally borrowing more because college tuition has grown many times faster than income. The cost of college—and resulting debt—is higher in the United States than in almost all other wealthy countries, where higher education is often free or heavily subsidized.
Why is it so hard to pay off student loans? ›
If you're wondering, why do student loans take so long to pay off? Capitalized interest may be the culprit. Complicating the issue is the fact that borrowers who opt for an income-driven repayment plan after graduating may not be earning enough to keep up with the total interest accrued.How can we solve student debt? ›
- Forgive student loan debt.
- Streamline existing forgiveness programs.
- Cut or lower interest rates.
- Condense income-driven repayment.
- Fixes to income-driven repayment forgiveness.
- Make college tuition-free.
- Expand Pell Grants.
Student loan debt affects more than your financial independence and your standard of living. It also determines which dreams you're able to pursue and which ones will become a distant memory. You may find yourself sacrificing a job that offers you more fulfillment and purpose for a career with a higher salary.Why should student loans be forgiven? ›
Student loan debt is slowing the national economy. Forgiveness would boost the economy, benefiting everyone. Student loan debt slows new business growth and quashes consumer spending.Does the government profit from student loans? ›
So, even if the loan program initially looks like it yields a profit, it may ultimately yield a net cost after the program costs are re-estimated. The focus of federal student loan programs is on enabling students to pay for a college education and not to provide profit to the federal government.What demographic carries the most student loan debt? ›
70% of White and Caucasian student borrowers have student loan debt. Four years after graduation, 48% of Black students owe an average of 12.5% more than they borrowed. After that same period, 83% of White students owe 12% less than they borrowed.Are men or women in more debt? ›
This isn't to say there are no differences in how men and women apply for and use debt and credit. Indeed, men carry more overall debt than women, including across most debt categories. But women carry more student loan debt and often have more credit cards.Which households hold the most student debt? ›
Households above the median wealth owe the vast majority of student debt.Who is impacted by student loan forgiveness? ›
Roughly 90 percent of relief dollars will go to borrowers who earn less than $75,000 a year. Americans from all age groups will benefit.What generation owes the most student loans? ›
National Student Loan Debt
However, on the national scale, Millennials have a larger overall debt than Baby Boomers. Generation Z held 6.4% of the total $1.57 trillion student loan debt. Millennials held 30.4% of the total debt. Generation X held most of the debt at 38.8%.
Who profits from student loans? ›
Student loans are owned by the federal government or private institutions, depending on the type of student loan. Federal student loans are owned by the U.S. Department of Education while private student loans are owned by the financial institution that granted them.What economic class has the most student debt? ›
The highest-income 40 percent of households (those with incomes above $74,000) owe almost 60 percent of the outstanding education debt and make almost three-quarters of the payments. The lowest-income 40 percent of households hold just under 20 percent of the outstanding debt and make only 10 percent of the payments.What race is most in debt? ›
Black adults are 1.5 times more likely than white adults to have student loan debt. The following graph includes federal and private student loan debt among all adults. On average, Black, non-Hispanic adults in the U.S. also hold higher student loan debt balances than borrowers of other races.Do women statistically make more money than men? ›
In 2021, full-time, year-round working women earned 84% of what their male counterparts earned, on average, according to the Census Bureau's most recent analysis. Much of the gender pay gap has been explained by measurable factors such as educational attainment, occupational segregation and work experience.Are women more financially stable than men? ›
In our study, women were more likely than men to report a household income of $30,000 or less (29% versus 25%). Among women who have household incomes under $30,000, only 4% are Financially Healthy.Does student loan forgiveness help the wealthy? ›
The research found that blanket forgiveness options, such as canceling $10,000 or even all student debt, help high-income borrowers more than low-income ones. For example, full forgiveness would distribute about $190 billion to the top 20 percent of earners and only about $30 billion to the bottom 20 percent.Which schools leave students in the most debt? ›
Atop the list is Maine Maritime Academy, where 2019 graduates who borrowed left with an average debt load of $56,897 – nearly $27,000 above the average among all ranked colleges. See: How Average Student Loan Debt Has Changed in 10 Years.Do the rich take out student loans? ›
"Nearly 60% of all student loan debt is held by the rich and upper-middle class," he said in a May 21, 2022 newsletter.

domain: sociology


Automotive Sealants Market Size, Industry Analysis Report, Regional Outlook, Application Development Potential, Price Trends, Competitive Market Share & Forecast, 2021 – 2027
Report ID: GMI3309
Automotive Sealants Market size is set to witness high CAGR to 2025 led by rising vehicle production along with increasing usage of sealants offering a barrier to air, dust, and liquids from transferring from one substrate to other. The superior mechanical and chemical properties offered by sealants including adhesion, corrosion resistance along with insolubility in most solvents are further expected to boost the industry share over the study timeframe.
Industry players are continuously investing in R&D for developing advanced automotive sealants for catering to a wide range of automotive applications and expanding their automotive sealants market share. For instance, in 2016, Sika AG launched a low-density adhesive and sealants for buses with significant weight reduction compared to the traditional sealants. The weight reduction has also resulted in considerable savings in fuel efficiency and minimize carbon emissions.
Stringent regulatory and government policies mandate the appropriate testing and evaluation of sealants prior to commercializing in the automotive sealants market. Multiple tests include heat resistance, emission control, crush column, and VOC content test among others are conducted before commercializing, thereby providing a positive outlook for the industry expansion. Moreover, regulatory bodies including the ASTM International provides multiple standards that enable sealant manufacturers to invest and properly test sealants for diversified applications.
Most of the automotive sealant manufactures are investing in innovative manufacturing processes for producing advanced sealants based on biotechnology for complying to the stringent efficiency norms. Renewable technologies are gaining significant popularity in the market share owing to reducing reliance on petrochemical products along with improving the sealants adhesion properties.
Based on application, the automotive sealants market share is segmented into interior, exterior, and others. The interior segment will account for a significant share owing to the requirement for appropriate adhesion and boding for multiple vehicle interior components. Additionally, the proliferation of a diversified range of electronics and interior trims along with expanding customization alternatives to the consumers further supports the industry share.
Based on vehicle, the automotive sealants market share can be classified into PCV, LCV, and HCV. The PCV will account for a significant share owing to the rising vehicle production globally. Additionally, improvements in sealants including water-proof capabilities, UV resistance, and chemical stability further expands the segment share. Increasing investments by automobile manufactures to upgrade vehicle manufacturing technologies along with adoption of technologically advanced materials for vehicle production are expected to further boost the revenue generation.
Based on material, the market share can be categorized into epoxy, acrylic, rubber, silicones, polyurethane, and others. The silicones will account for a significant share owing to the benefits offered by the material including superior adhesion and bonding. The material is also ideal for inducing enhanced NHV properties in vehicles. The higher temperature resistance along with superior design flexibility further expands the segment share over the study timeframe.
The automotive sealants market share based on distribution channel can be segmented into OEM and aftermarket. The rising cases of automobile accidents across the globe are boosting the aftermarket growth over the projected timeframe. Additionally, the requirement for replacements and refurbishments of sealants after a certain driving age owing to wear and tear further expands the segment size.
Asia Pacific will account for a significant share in the automotive sealants market. This can be credited to the increasing vehicle production across the region. Moreover, the presence of major automobile manufacturers including Suzuki, Toyota, Honda, and Hyundai among others offering a wide portfolio of vehicles catering to diversified customers further expands the business demand.
Major manufacturers across the region are also focusing on expanding their production and manufacturing facilities for increasing their vehicle production and increasing their market share. For instance, in October 2018, Maruti Suzuki announced its plans to setup a manufacturing and production plant in Gujarat with an estimated project cost of around USD 1.3 billion.
Few of the key industry players include H.B. Fuller Company, PPG Industries, DowDuPont Inc., 3M Company, Henkel AG & Co., and EFTEC AG. Industry participants are adopting multiple strategies including strategic acquisitions and joint ventures for expanding their market share. For instance, in 2016, Henkel AG in collaboration with Anand Group announced the construction of its adhesive and sealant manufacturing plant in India.
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Daphne du Maurier achieved great success during her long career, but she never quite received the same respect as her male contemporaries. It’s a sad injustice that in literature classes students are widely assigned works by the likes of Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and J.D. Salinger while authors like du Maurier are still ignored. What’s even more disappointing is that du Maurier’s contributions to gothic horror are often downplayed in favor of male authors in the genre, as well. Du Maurier crafted some of the most haunting depictions of humanistic horror to date, and her witty genius deserves to be continually celebrated.
Du Maurier was a brilliant mistress of the macabre who descended from authors and actors. Her grandfather George du Maurier wrote the novel Trilby, and her parents Sir Gerald du Maurier and Muriel Beaumont were accomplished thespians. It’s no shock that du Maurier herself followed in their footsteps to become a creative. Her sisters also became a writer and a painter respectively. What’s for certain is that the du Maurier family’s creative streak was a strong one. While du Maurier’s family ties did help her get a proverbial foot up in her writing career, she took her writing seriously and was noted as being extremely devoted to her craft and even wrote extensively about how her childhood shaped her into the writer she became.
As far as writing, in addition to her stellar works of gothic horror, du Maurier was a master of non-fiction, as well as fiction. She had a prolific bibliography that included novels, short stories, plays, and biographies, even one that chronicled the life of the Bronte sisters’ brother Branwell. Some of her non-fiction work centered around her own family and family history. While she will forever be best known for the sumptuous novel of power, jealousy, and inequality, Rebecca, her writing went far beyond just one exemplary novel. She remained active in her writing up until her death in 1989, which was also the year the non-fiction book Enchanted Cornwall was published. Her career was impressive and prolific, and she used her skills to explore many different subjects and styles of writing.
Rebecca is without a doubt du Maurier’s most successful work, and there is good reason for this. It’s a creeping gothic horror that would make Charlotte and Emily Bronte exceedingly proud. While there isn’t overt supernatural happenings at work, the book is steeped in the idea of ghostly presences and how a person’s memory can taint all around them. Murder and intrigue and class discrepancies plague the marriage of a young woman known only as the second Mrs. de Winter. Du Maurier’s intrepid heroine has captivated audiences since the ’30s because she is fantastically and unabashedly human. She’s anxious and jealous, but these are never portrayed as character flaws but instead a mere indication of what makes her realistic. The reader follows Mrs. de Winter’s journey and is sucked in by her new marriage to the illusory and charismatic Maxim de Winter. Throughout the novel, Mrs. de Winter comes into her own, becoming her own woman and more self-possessed when she is able to shake off the metaphorical ghost of Rebecca. The novel as a whole is a good example of du Maurier’s extremely deft ability to create characters that echo humanity as we even know it today.
Du Maurier had a way of making even the most mundane happenings absolutely terrifying, and when she fully leans into the horror of certain plot points, her writing becomes something awe-inspiring and breathtaking. Take Jamaica Inn for example. All monsters in the novel are frighteningly human. However, that doesn’t take away from du Maurier’s stranglehold on the reader. Mary is subjected to unadulterated brutality in the book and sees murder and destruction in close quarters. Du Maurier’s descriptions bring the horror home and make it clear that while this book might be a more straightforward gothic romance, that it still deals in the trappings of the horror genre.
Even du Maurier’s short story offerings carry that same sinister bite that her long works do as well. Du Maurier’s short stories “The Birds” and “Don’t Look Now” are among some of her most popular and well-known tales and were even adapted into successful films. The film version of “The Birds” differed from her short story, and she disliked Alfred Hitchcock’s take on the tale. However, she did like Nicolas Roeg’s Don’t Look Now, listing it as one of her two favorite adaptations of her works. “The Birds” centers on a farmer and his community that are attacked by a swarm of vicious birds, while “Don’t Look Now” explores grief as a man visiting Venice with his wife believes that he is seeing an apparition of their recently deceased daughter. Both stories are creepy and filled with du Maurier’s signature style.
However, du Maurier wrote a wide array of short stories that explored the gruesome trappings of gothic horror and life in general. One of her most infamous and intriguing stories, “The Doll,” deals with a man obsessed with a young violinist with a dark erotic secret that sends him straight into madness. Her short fiction are macabre slices of virtuosity that can be consumed in one sitting, the perfect option for those that are interested in exploring du Maurier’s fiction without committing to reading a full novel.
For anyone who wants to read du Maurier, there is no wrong place to start. Daphne du Maurier’s long and storied career surely has something to suit everyone’s taste. What is important is that society and horror remember her monumental contributions to the genre and literature at large. Du Maurier deserves every bit of attention that literary circles so readily afford to her male contemporaries. Her work has continued to interest readers since the ’30s, and it looks like blessedly there will be no stopping the hungry hordes who consume the sheer masterpieces she produced.
New to Daphne du Maurier and in need of some guidance? Here’s a little sampling to get you started on your voyage with du Maurier.
Short Stories: “Don’t Look Now,” “The Birds,” “The Doll,” “Tame Cat,” and “The Happy Valley.”
Novels: Rebecca, Jamaica Inn, My Cousin Rachel, The House on the Strand, and The Scapegoat.

domain: artistic


The NUEYS branch in the Northern Red Sea region indicated that there is a plan to organize multi-vocational training courses for youths in 2015.
Massawa, 24 December 2014 – The NUEYS branch in the Northern Red Sea region indicated that there is a plan to organize multi-vocational training courses for youths in 2015. The program was announced at an annual assessment meeting of the branch office conducted recently.
The participants conducted discussion based on performance report presented on the occasion by sub-zonal heads, in addition to discussion on future programs of the branch.
Speaking at the meeting, Mr. Abdel-Letif Abdala, head of organizational affairs of the PFDJ in the region, noted the pivotal role of youths in State affairs, and that stepped up efforts would be exerted towards nurturing dynamic youths. He also called them to demonstrate exemplary participation, awareness and organizational capacity.
Mr. Idris Osman, head of the NUEYS branch office, outlined on his part the activities of the branch office, and noted the significance of organizing tours of historic trenches.


The Mercury Prize for Wine
If you‚Äôre young, hip and have your finger on the pulse (like all of us at 12×75, of course) you‚Äôll know that the Mercury prize nominations for best album were announced a couple of weeks ago.¬† For those of you not in the know, the Mercury Prize is supposed to be a sort of edgy and cool version of The Brits wherein a panel of judges nominate some very obvious artists that have made bestselling albums, and also show how edgy and cool they are by giving a nod to the less mainstream genres such as folk and jazz.¬† There is no second place, the nominees either win or they don‚Äôt. A glance through¬†this year‚Äôs nominees¬†gives you a clue as to just how edgy and cool the Mercury Prize is.¬† David Bowie‚Äôs first album in over a decade leads the pack, an album so cool that it has topped the charts with barely any publicity from Bowie himself.¬† Arctic Monkeys, again.¬† Laura Marling received her third nomination for her third album at the tender age of 23.¬† Then there‚Äôs Foals, Rudimental, the brilliant Jake Bugg, and the lineup is completed by a few artists that are so edgy and cool even I haven‚Äôt heard of them. So achingly cool is the Mercury shortlist that I wondered whether we ought to have an equivalent prize for wine. ¬†We’ve often questioned the value of wine awards (read Geordie Clark’s article here)¬†and found them to be less than reliable as an indicator of a quality wine. ¬†Sort of like the Brit awards on a bad year – I’m sorry but Adele’s Skyfall was her dreariest song to date. ¬†So why not have a ‘winner takes all’ style prize for the best of the best, with a shortlist of wines chosen by an elite committee, representing every style from popular, classical, edgy and downright weird? Just imagine it… ¬†an awed hush as nominations are announced for the inaugural Mercury Prize for wine. ¬†A couple of reliable Bordeaux, a Rioja. ¬†A quirky Italian. ¬†A couple of sleek offerings from the New World. ¬†Then, wow! ¬†A¬†white¬†Californian… unexpected. ¬†What, they make wine in Canada? ¬†What the hell is icewine? ¬†Lebanon, Really? ¬†Trockenbeeren-what now?¬† Wait, is Sherry cool again? ¬†It must be, if it’s made the cut… ¬†All across the world, winemakers itching for recognition are cursing the panel of judges, a mysterious crew of edgy MWs. ¬†The selected few play down the honour. ¬†As the wine industry’s equivalent of Radiohead, showing any emotion at being nominated for an award would be like admitting they secretly listen to One Direction while tending to their vines. Back in the world of music, unfortunately, while it is still very cool to receive a Mercury nomination, actually winning the prize is considered to be a bit of a curse.¬† Anyone remember Ms Dynamite?¬† Speech Debelle?¬† Antony and the Johnsons? ¬†The names ring a bell but other than ‘Miss Dy-Na-Mi-Tee’, can you name any of their songs? ¬†Me neither. ¬†Whereas artists that were nominated but didn’t win include Adele, Coldplay and Radiohead. ¬†It would be hard to convince wine producers that this new, alternative award was anything better than a mixed blessing. ¬†And anyway, even if you won, it’s probably really uncool to turn up for the award ceremony. On second thoughts, I don’t think Mercury Prize for wine would be a very good idea. ¬†Having listened to extracts from some of the albums that are up for the Music prize this year, I don’t think I can rely on a panel of judges to advise me on what is cool and edgy. ¬†It occurred to me that I might not be as cool and edgy as I initially thought when I started this piece, but even if I’m not, there are too many great wines that would never even make the cut, no matter how edgy and cool they may seem. ¬†And in the wake of more prolific award ceremonies that have already happened this year, short of Miley Cyrus turning up I think the Mercury prize for wine would probably just slip by unnoticed.


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domain: hobby


Flexible and creative copywriter and editor with experience writing for websites, magazines, blogs, marketing, food packaging and more. Experienced with photography, video and social media.
Superstition Mountain time-lapse
Moonrise over the Superstition Mountains.
Capture the power of Skogafoss in Iceland
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Recently, Bollywood actress Janhvi Kapoor shares photos on her Instagram in an adorable bride look. As Dhadak actress turned a bride for designer Manish Malhotra's new photoshoot. Janhvi looks so adorable in a Heena green lehenga complete with a piece of heavy traditional jewelry. Janhvi Kapoor is one of those who made her mark with the film. Meanwhile, Photos of Janhvi Kapoor in a bride look went viral on social media.
Janhvi Kapoor shared her adorable bride look on Instagram with an interesting caption. "Can you hear the shehnai playing or is it just me So happy I got to be a part of @manishmalhotra05 ‘s exquisite new collection @fdciofficial"
The actress photo went viral on social media, within a few hours her Instagram post received more than 300000 likes. The look and style of 'Dhadak' actress Janhvi Kapoor with veil and heavy jewelry in mehndi filled hands is worth seeing. Janhvi has shared pictures of her bridal look on Instagram.
Apart from this, Janhvi shared some other pictures and wrote - 'Enjoyed this wife very much.' These pictures of Janhvi have also been liked by Sonam Kapoor, actress Bhumi Pednekar and Pankaj Tripathi. On this post by Jahnavi, designer Manish Malhotra wrote in the comment box - 'Always.' Stylist Mohit Rai wrote- 'Dead'. Manav Vij wrote - 'Beautiful and elegant'.
Talking about the work front, Janhvi Kapoor was last seen in 'Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl'. The film was well-liked by the audience. Janhvi's upcoming films are 'Roohi Afzana', 'Dostana-2' and 'Takht'.

domain: news


Hexa Rotary Tiller tested and approved by Gov. of India (Ministry of Agriculture) has specially design with VD Boron blades that allows the machine to work smoothly in distinctive soil conditions while minimizing wear and tear. Hexa Rotary Tiller are well suitable for 35 to 55 HP tractors.Read more...
Cropica Super Seeder is perfect solution for land preparation to sowing in single pass. It features a unique design, resulting in higher yield because germination in soft soil is much better than in other seeding solutions. Terrasoli Cropica Super Seeder remove the stubble till the land & sow seeds all in single operation.
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Cropica Super Seeder is perfect solution for land preparation to sowing in single pass. It features a unique design, resulting in higher yield because germination in soft soil is much better than in other seeding solutions. Terrasoli Cropica Super Seeder tested and approved by Govt. of India (Ministry of Agriculture)Read more...
Mulcher is a machine that is mainly used for cutting crop and best thing is that it is specially designed to manage crop residues and provides mulching to those fields with the residues. It can cut various rows of harvested plants in one go and further modifications can be made according to the need of the farmers.Read more...
HYDRAULIC REVERSIBLE MB PLOUGH is a specially designed agricultural implement used for turning the soil levels up side down, incorporating soil residues and making available more fertile layer for the new crop. The Hydraulic Reversible Plough comes with a precisely hardened and tempered mould board which facilitates best in class soil inversion.Read more...


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Surat (Gujarat) [India], October 13 (ANI): Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla said on Wednesday that the Centre's dedication towards sports has boosted the spirits of the athletes, who have given the tricolour global recognition in sports through their efforts.
As per a press release from Lok Sabha Secretariat, Birla was addressing the participants at the closing ceremony of the 36th National Games held in Surat, Gujarat on Wednesday. On this occasion, Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar, Gujarat Chief Minister Bhupendra Rajnikant Patel, Members of Parliament, ministers of the government of Gujarat and MLAs were also present.
On this occasion, speaking about the outstanding performance of the sportspersons, Birla said that the energy and the sporting spirit of the athletes guide them in every walk of life. Birla added that whether in politics, business or education or any other field, sportsmanship teaches one to accept competition in a positive manner so as to always keep moving forward without any ill-will towards anyone. Birla underlined that teamwork results through participation in sports.
Expressing happiness that for the first time this year, traditional Yogasan and Malkhamb have been included in the National Games, Birla said that, "All Indians are proud of these sports as they are part of our heritage. On the Government's initiatives to promote sports, dedication towards sports has boosted the spirits of all athletes."
Referring to nation's rising profile in sports, Birla said that Indian sportspersons are winning a large number of medals at national and international levels and their efforts have earned the tricolour global recognition in the field of sports.
"Apart from sports, India has created its own identity in the whole world through yoga. Now, crores of people are enjoying healthier lives through yoga all over the world and every year around 200 countries in the world celebrate International Yoga Day, which is a matter of pride for all Indians," he added.
Speaking about the unity in diversity of the country, Birla said that young players of different cultures, speaking different languages, from different states of the country, have a complete dedication towards sports, which guides the nation to move towards unity, fraternity and harmony. Birla said that sports are very important for one's all-round development, which builds character along with physical and intellectual ability.
Referring to the increasing participation of women in every field including sports, Birla said that, "Nation's daughters are making India proud not only in sports but in every sphere of society, in education, in science, in technology etc."
He expressed happiness that women sportspersons of India have continuously brought glory to the country at the national and international levels.
Referring to the Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav, Birla said that on the occasion of the completion of 75 years of independence, all Indians must take a pledge to take the country forward with more energy. He added that in this Amrit Kaal, there must be a resolve to move forward in this direction by realizing the spirit of sports in every sphere of life.
On events like Khelo India, Fit India, University Games, etc, Birla said that such campaigns have given a new direction and energy to the young generation, and with the efforts of the government, sports can also be played at the grassroots level.
"Everyone is getting an opportunity to showcase their talent in sports, and a platform to showcase their skills. India with a healthy population, capable youth, strong determination and iron willpower will lead the world today," he added.
Birla expressed confidence that sports and sportspersons of India will play a big role in giving the nation a new identity on the world stage in the times to come.
Coming to National Games, Services, the Indian Armed Forces' squad at the National Games 2022 in Gujarat, are on track to win the most medals for the fourth time in a row.
Services began the day with 53 gold medals and added three more top podium results on Tuesday to maintain their lead with 56 gold, 34 silver, and 31 bronze medals for a total of 121 medals. as shared by the Olympics Website.
Maharashtra, with 38 gold medals (138 total), and Haryana, with 34 gold medals (106 total), are vying for second place on the last day of the National Games.
Men's softball was won by Maharashtra, while Punjab won women's softball. Haryana, which won gold in wushu by athlete Ravi Panchal and the women's hockey team in Rajkot, will aim to leapfrog Maharashtra in boxing on Wednesday.
Eight Haryana pugilists have advanced to the finals and will be expected to assist the state to overtake Maharashtra in the medals tally at the National Games.
Karnataka won the men's hockey gold medal in Rajkot's Major Dhyan Chand Hockey Stadium. Karnataka defeated Uttar Pradesh in a sudden death tiebreaker after the sides were tied 2-2 in regulation time and each scored four goals in the penalty shootout.
Gujarat has also put on the finest performance in National Games history, capturing 47 medals, including 13 gold, 15 silver, and 19 bronze.
West Bengal defeated Kerala 5-0 in the men's football final to win the championship. West Bengal's Naro Hari Shrestha scored three goals, while Surajit Hansda and Amit Chakraborty each had one.
In boxing, bronze medalist Lovlina Borgohain and Commonwealth Games medalists Mohammed Hussamuddin and Jasmine Lamboria cruised to boxing finals in their respective weight divisions. (ANI)


In less than a month YARE (Yachting Aftersales & Refit Experience) – scheduled in Versilia from 20th to 23rd of March – will open Tuscany’s nautical events spring season, a territory which with its 13 brands represents 60% of the whole national superyacht sales volume.
This ninth edition of the international event, focused on the refit and aftersales market, will host captains, chief engineers and yacht managers who represent boat owners and shipyards from all over the world and nautical manufacturers and service suppliers from Italy and abroad.
YARE, organized by NAVIGO, center for the innovation and development for the nautical sector, still is the unique meeting point of actual yachting discussion and business development in the world thanks to its original format, workshop sessions and many networking opportunities hosted during the event.
The Superyacht Captains’ Forum, organized by international media partner The Superyacht Group, will take place on March 21st at Principino congress centre in Viareggio.
Over 500 insiders (experts, journalists, captains and entrepreneurs) will be present, gathered to look at the data with an international point of view on an acknowledged and consolidated upswing of the Italian and European market.
Refit is a growing market with an EUR 240 million (data from Ucina) sales volume in the global nautical industry with an average investment on a 30 mt yacht of EUR 350k per year and peaks of 1 million spent in a five years period by the owner.
Given the increasing investments in the technical and aesthetic maintenance – factors which increase a yacht’s value – there’s a bigger necessity to make companies meet who manages the boat, which is bigger and more complex to run.
In this context, the workshop sessions scheduled for YARE are made to support trends, opportunities and problems in managing important yacht refitting orders.
On March 22nd companies will have the opportunity to meet 100 captains – selected from a 2600+ list database – in the B2C Meet the Captain session, powered by an APP which carefully customizes every face to face matching, meeting the participants’ expectations and needs. A unique way for companies to directly introduce themselves outside of the networking occasions to the people who manage the yachts and represent the owners.
As usual, YARE is going to be a rich and engaging event with a yacht district tour for captains and a specific programme composed of social activities and discovery of the Tuscan territory, host of one of the most important sector districts of the world.
YARE is sponsored by Lürssen, Boero, Jotun, Porto Mirabello and Orbis Yacht, NCA Refit, Lusben and Fincantieri Supported by Ucina – Confindustria Nautica, Distretto Tecnologico per la Nautica e la Portualità Toscana, Camera di Commercio Lucca and Lucca Promos.
Under the patronage of SYBAss, Nautica Italiana, Sezione Yacht Federagenti Italia, national and international captains associations Italian Yachtmasters and Pya and local entites Comune Viareggio, Comune di Lucca and Provincia Lucca. International media partner: The Superyacht Group. Media partners: Nautica Report, Superyacht Radio, Superyachtdigest, The World of Yachts and Boats e Yachting Pages.


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Stena Line introduces first AI-assisted vessel
As a central part of Stena Line’s efforts to reduce fuel consumption and minimise environmental impact, the company is now running a pilot study where artificial intelligence technology is implemented on board vessels. In close collabora...
DFDS puts money in scrubber
DFDS will in 2019 invest DKK 300m to install scrubbers on 12 freight ferries deployed on freight routes in the Mediterranean between Turkey, Italy, Greece and France. The investment will ensure compliance with the new global rules that from 2020 ...
ERMA First won BWTS contract
German based company, Peter Döhle Schiffahrts-KG signed an Agreement with ERMA FIRST S.A., manufacturer of Ballast Water Treatment Systems (BWTS), on the 6th of September 2018, during the SMM 2018 exhibition, for the installation of BWTS...
HHI's 'HiEMS' wins prize
Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI) has recently been awarded the IR52 Jang Young-shil Award for it's 'Hyundai intelligent Engine Monitoring System (HiEMS)'. Jointly sponsored by the Korea Industrial Technology Association (KOITA) and Maeil B...
Scrubber has long way to go
An analyst has struck a note of warning about the recent scrubber order spree in global shipping industry. Among about 60,000 vessels in the current global fleet, according to Jonathan Chappell, analyst at Evercore ISI, only 2,000 ships can be...
Scrubber to grow $8bn market in 2024
A prediction came out saying the scrubber market will grow to over $8bn market in 2024. According to Global Market Insights, the revenue of marine scrubber market in 2017 was over $800m, and the number will grow significantly. Global Market...
HHI nets multiple engine deals in China
The Engine & Machinery Division of Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI-EMD) has recently signed contract with Chinese shipbuilders including Yangzijiang Shipbuilding (Holdings) Group (YZJ) to supply multiple ship engines. Under the deal, H...
Alfa Laval won multiple BWTS deals
TORM, an international product tanker owner and operator based in Denmark, will retrofit 36 Alfa Laval PureBallast 3 Ex systems within its existing fleet and fit PureBallast 3 Ex systems on 11 newbuilds. Alfa Laval will provide large-flow ballast...
Safe Bulkers to install Alfa Laval PureSOx Scrubbers
Safe Bulkers, Inc. (the Company) (NYSE: SB), an international provider of marine drybulk transportation services, announced that it has agreed with Cosco Shipping Heavy Industry Co. Ltd., (Cosco), a detailed schedule within 2019 for the installat...
Star Bulk announced fleet-wide retrofit
Star Bulk Carriers Corp. (the "Company" or "Star Bulk") (Nasdaq: SBLK, Oslo: SBLKR), a global shipping company focusing on the transportation of dry bulk cargoes announced today that it intends to equip its entire fleet with Exhaust Gas Cleaning ...
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Wednesday, April 11, 2012
Splitcoaststampers has a cool sketch this week with tons of circles! I haven't been doing many card challenges lately and it has been ages since I did both the sketch and color challenge at Splitcoast. Mary selected Old Olive, Tangerine Tango and Daffodil Delight for our cheery color palette. You can see her card here.
For my card, I used some new chevron designer paper combined with some Jillibean soup papers. The stamps are from Stampin' Up! Petal Pizzazz was one I took on my crafting weekend and had just put away. I knew it would be perfect for all these circles. Some of the white circles looked a little plain so I added a cardstock circle edge. All are cut with my Creative Memories circle cutters.
Speaking of challenges, this weekend Shimelle.com is hosting an on-line scrapbooking weekend with challenges that extend into the following week. I've got quite a few photos all ready for whatever Shimelle throws our way.
For now, I've got to go out and cover a bunch of plants. After weeks without the temps dropping below 40, we are under a freeze warning tonight!
Thanks for stopping by!
Ingredients: Stamps: Petal Pizzazz, Sanded, A little birdie told me (greeting) from Stampin' Up!
Cardstock and Inks: Old Olive, Tangerine Tango and Daffodil Delight
Button: Old Olive from SU! Brads: Paper Studio
DSP: Chevron from MME, Jillibean Soup
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)
Pretty card. I like the happy Spring colours :)ReplyDelete
Oh Lisa, you totally rocked that sketch! Great take on it. Love the bright colors too.ReplyDelete
This is so pretty with such lovely happy colors. Great take on the sketch. I saw that sketch and wasn't brave enough to give it try! lolReplyDelete
Very cute card - love the colors too!ReplyDelete
Love all those circles and the colors and patterns are great! It has been cold every night here this week, I'm back in winter pajamas! I'm also looking forward to the weekend with Shimelle...ReplyDelete
What a fun card using circles!!ReplyDelete

domain: design


iPhone Users Suffering from 'Searching for Service' Bug
Users over on Apple's support forums are complaining of a bug that has been around since the first generation iPhone and the 1x software. Even on the 3.1.2 software users are randomly getting their iPhones stuck without service while the phone says it is searching for a signal. This bug does not discriminate either, it does not care what cell phone carrier your are with, whether your device is jailbroken or not, or model of iPhone.
Currently the only way to get around this bug is if you reset your device by holding down the power button along with the home button until you see the Apple logo appear on your screen. Once booted back up your service should be restored.
Fortunately, none of us here at TiPb have personally encountered this behavior from any of our current iPhones. Any of our readers find themselves 'searching for service'?
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If you have been looking for alternatives to conventional heating systems, you may have come across outdoor boiler systems. These are boilers that usually use firewood as a source of fuel, and they can be a great heating solution for homes in rural areas, but they are not the best for every home. You will want to know about some of the benefits of outdoor boilers before you make an investment in a new boiler.
Moving is a stressful task for everyone. Not only can it be an expensive endeavor, but it takes a lot of time and physical effort too. But what happens when you have to pack up and move while having a physical disability such as joint degeneration or spine damage? So many of the simple tasks associated with moving become much more difficult, or perhaps painful. Activities such as packing, deep cleaning, or loading a truck may not be possible at all.


Hector Bellerin has lifted the lid on his rise from playing on the streets of Spain in a Real Betis kit to finally calling the Arsenal No 2 shirt his own.
In the latest episode of BT Sport's 'What I Wore' series, the Gunners defender opens up on his career and the football shirts which have helped define it.
Bellerin, who is currently recovering from surgery on the anterior cruciate ligament in his left knee, begins by explaining his quirky fashion sense.
Scroll down for video
Arsenal star Hector Bellerin features in the latest episode of BT Sport's 'What I Wore' series
Bellerin has caused a stir with his unique style
The 23-year-old has been pictured wearing some outlandish outfits during in his time in England and recently caused a stir at London fashion Week.
However, he insists that his unique choice of clothing is nothing more than his own personal style.
'A lot of people think I dress to make people talk and it's not like that,'Bellerin explains at the start of the episode. 'I just dress how I like.
'At the end of the day, I'm doing something that makes me happy and I'm not harming anyone.'
The former Barcelona youngster then goes on to talk through the shirts he has bought, worn and admired over the years, stretching from his time as a kid in Spain, right up to the present day.
BELLERIN ON REAL BETIS
'My dad was a Real Betis fan. He actually had this kit when I was really young.
'He used to get me a plain green and white football kit with no branding, no badge, nothing. He told me "that's a Betis kit" and I was like "OK, cool".
'I used to go on the road to play in it but as I was getting older and there were other teams - Madrid used to win loads of games, Barca - I was like "oh dad, I'm not sure I want to be Betis no more".
'He was like "nah, nah, nah, every time you go outside to play football you have to wear it". I was a bit forced at some point.'
Bellerin discusses playing in a plain green and white kit when he was a young Real Betis fan
BELLERIN ON SPAIN
'This was the first one that I remember them playing in. One of the earliest memories I have of the national team playing, I was in my grandmother's house and I remember (Fernando) Morientes was there, Raul was playing.
'I just remember being like "this is what I want to do when I grow up". This is one of the first kits that I remember.
'I love the retro kits. Not just this one but all the nineties kits. I just think everyone should look at them and think "we should make the cool version of this now".
'This one I really remember. The first player that comes into my head wearing this is (Sergio) Ramos and (Fernando) Torres wearing this one.
'When I was growing up I had this exact one. Everyone in my family used to get full red ones, just with the national team badge on it because every season they would be red so they didn't have to get another one!
'I love the way the badges were back in the day. They were actually sewed in the shirt. Right now there's so many teams were they just put a little bit of plastic.
'I feel like this gives a lot of worth to the shirt because wearing a badge is very big. It should be represented.'
Bellerin, who has won three caps for Spain, talks through his memories of the famous red shirt