text:
Overproduction of beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase i imparts thiolactomycin resistance to Escherichia coli K-12
Tsay, J.T.; Rock, C.O.; Jackowski, S.
Journal of Bacteriology 174(2): 508-513
Thiolactomycin [(4S)(2E,5E)-2,4,6-trimethyl-3-hydroxy-2,5,7-octatriene- 4-thiolide] (TLM) is a unique antibiotic structure that inhibits dissociated type II fatty acid synthase systems but not the multifunctional type I fatty acid synthases found in mammals. We screened an Escherichia coli genomic library for recombinant plasmids that impart TLM resistance to a TLM-sensitive strain of E. coli K-12. Nine independent plasmids were isolated, and all possessed a functional beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase I gene (fabB) based on their restriction enzyme maps and complementation of the temperature-sensitive growth of a fabB15(Ts) mutant. A plasmid (pJTB3) was constructed that contained only the fabB open reading frame. This plasmid conferred TLM resistance, complemented the fabB(Ts) mutation, and directed the overproduction of synthase I activity. TLM selectively inhibited unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in vivo; however, synthase I was not the only TLM target, since supplementation with oleate to circumvent the cellular requirement for an active synthase I did not confer TLM resistance. Overproduction of the FabB protein resulted in TLM-resistant fatty acid biosynthesis in vivo and in vitro. These data show that beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase I is a major target for TLM and that increased expression of this condensing enzyme is one mechanism for acquiring TLM resistance. However, extracts from a TLM-resistant mutant (strain CDM5) contained normal levels of TLM-sensitive synthase I activity, illustrating that there are other mechanisms of TLM resistance.

domain: literature


Telecommunications policy has been in flux since President Trump designated Ajit Pai the new chairman of the Federal Communications Commission in January. How will issues such as expanding high-speed Internet availability and preserving net neutrality fare under the Trump administration?
Harvard Law professor Susan Crawford has advised President Obama and two New York City mayors (Michael Bloomberg and Bill de Blasio) on science, technology, and innovation policy. She also co-led the FCC transition team between the George W. Bush and Obama administrations and writes books and articles about telecom policy. She spoke to MIT Technology Review about the value of local community fiber networks, what she thinks the new FCC should do, and her predictions for the future of net neutrality.
The following excerpts of that interview have been edited and condensed for clarity.
Your position has been very consistent over the years; you think that Americans pay too much for Internet service that isn’t adequate and that lags other developed countries. And recently you’ve been traveling the country looking for solutions.
Yes. In the last three months I’ve been visiting a bunch of scrappy American cities that are working on this issue and I’ve also watched fiber being made and fiber being installed. There are great American characters who really understand this issue and are throwing themselves into it. Right now, San Francisco is the first major American city to be merging toward some kind of fiber plan [that would provide low-cost, citywide, gigabit-speed Internet]. And they have most of the elements in place. I’m an advisor to [them]. I’m really hoping that they will lead the other major American cities.
You’ve been pretty clear about the fact that you consider high-speed Internet access and fiber networks to be bipartisan issues with broad bipartisan appeal. Do you think that’s still true in the current environment?
Absolutely. This is all about local efforts to do the best they can with local money to build great, local networks. And I believe, in the end, this kind of local leadership will be echoed in federal policy. Just not for the next four years.
You’re skeptical about the effectiveness of federal policy in this area, but do you think it’s likely that the current administration will include Internet networks in future infrastructure policy and funding?
Internet access is certainly on the table from a number of senators who are trying to make sure it’s part of an infrastructure spending effort, broadly. So I’m sort of cautiously optimistic about that. The risk, though, is [if they] don’t necessarily upgrade us to fiber everywhere at a reasonable cost.
Yesterday I was in Wilson, North Carolina, which quite a while ago built a fiber-optic network for itself. There, people in public housing have 50-megabit symmetric service [50-megabit downloads and uploads] for $10 a month. It’s just added to their rent. And a mom there told me that this was the best thing that had ever happened to her family, that her kids’ grades are better, that she can apply for more jobs and work on her community-college education online. [This type of Internet access] is like air and water; it’s fundamental. But in this country it’s too expensive and too rare. And that’s a big problem.
You’ve advised previous FCC chairmen. Do you have any advice for the new FCC chairman, Ajit Pai?
That he should be moving in the direction of treating fiber-optic access as a utility; getting people employed to build those networks, which would be very Roosevelt-ian in its impact; and ensuring that access is as cheap as possible.
I also wanted to ask you about net neutrality. Do you have thoughts about what should be done to protect net neutrality and predictions on what you think will happen with it under the new FCC?
What the old FCC did under [former chairman] Tom Wheeler in 2015 was to label high-speed Internet access as a regulated utility. That’s the step that needs to be retained. The risk is that Congress will get active and write some kind of special-purpose Internet access bill that would wipe out that treatment.
Luckily for us, it’ll take a while for them to write such an act and get it done. I’m hopeful that it might take several years. It took 10 years for the last Telecom Act to pass.
What would you encourage people to do who care about these issues?
Educate yourself, get involved, and find your kindred spirits. I think in every community there’s got to be somebody who is worried about this and thinking about it and who understands it. And then getting involved on a local level, giving your elected officials political cover, and thinking creatively about financing. There’s capital sloshing all around America, and things like pension funds would be interested in having a multi-decade investment that steadily pays off like [city-owned fiber networks]. It’s just a matter of aligning all of these forces in the right direction and then fighting off state legislation and federal policies that get in the way.
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text:
A Year In Review – Jason Till of Brisbane West
Last year was a busy but rewarding year for the team at Stroud Home Brisbane West (previously Brisbane West & Ipswich) with highlights like opening up their new, stunning Waterlily 256 display home in Springfield Rise in August and making more clients’ dream home a reality in the western corridor.
We spoke to builder Jason Till to find out more…
On the first week in August the doors swung open to the new, much anticipated, Waterlily display home by the team of Stroud Homes Ipswich. The exhibition saw 40 groups coming through on the Saturday and another 30 groups coming on the Sunday.
“We had a lot of people complement the home saying they loved the finishes and the design. We also had a lot of feedback that our home was something different rather than just the standard rectangle design,” Jason said about the opening.
Boasting four bedrooms, luxurious master bedroom, child’s retreat, butler’s pantry, media room and spacious alfresco area, the Waterlily 256 is an ideal home for most families as there is plenty of space and everyone can have their own areas.
“By utilising our award-winning architect, Tony Domingo, we were able to put together what we think is the perfect design for Springfield Rise,” Jason said and welcomes all to come and visit the home to get a good idea of what living in a Stroud Home is truly like.
Visit the Waterlily 256 Display Home at 14 Miami Street, Springfield Rise Estate, Spring Mountain QLD 4124
Jason describes the team’s year with the words “challenging, exciting, rewarding” and tells about the trials of managing an expanding team.
The Brisbane West area has become increasingly popular with first home buyers especially, and Stroud Homes Brisbane West now has two teams operating independently in the Brisbane West and Ipswich region.
“The two team set-up will be beneficial to clients as they will have a more personal experience with a small, local team that are experts in their local areas,“ Jason said who has constructed more than 500 dream homes over the years together with his team of highly skilled tradespeople and is proud to be part of the booming region.
When asking about any noticeable trends in the region over the past year Jason said:
“We noticed more people looking for larger acreage homes, further away from Brisbane and Ipswich, making the tree change and building their dream home on a large block of land,” he said.
According to Jason this was mainly due to land registration for smaller lot estates being a bit slower in 2018 with fewer blocks available.
The new year is shaping up to be another busy one for the teams building in the Brisbane West area and Jason said the team is motivated to continue to grow and develop as a business, while maintaining their rank as the #1 builder in QLD on product review.

domain: news


text:
« ПретходнаНастави »
SHIPOWNER AND SHIPMASTER.
§ 61. Seaworthiness The ship must be seaworthy, i.e. tight and staunch, and of ship.
furnished with a suitable crew and necessaries (a), though the charter-party does not expressly require it. For in every contract for conveyance of goods by sea, there is an implied warranty on the part of the shipowner that the vessel is seaworthy. The ship must also have a pilot on board, if such be necessary by usage or the law of the country (6).
It is the duty of the owner to provide suitable ballast. But merchandise may be carried as ballast if it do not require more space than ordinary ballast would have required (c)
The proper manifest, and all documents essential to the safety of the vessel, e.g., a bill of health and a passport in time of war, must be carried; and all quarantine regulations be complied with (a).
No false papers or contraband goods may be carried.
The warranty of seaworthiness dates from the time when the intended voyage commences, and the vessel must be then fit for sea, or there will be a breach of the warranty,
(a) Coggs v. Bernard, 2 Ld. Raym. by 39 & 40 Vict. c. 80, s. 4; see 909; Steel v. State Line Steamship Ch. I. § 5, p. 7. Co., 3 App. Cas. 72; Kopitoff v. (6) Law v. Hollingsworth, 7 T. R. Wilson, 1 Q. B. D. 377; Cohn v. 160; Phillips v. Headlam, 2 B. & Ad. Davidson, 2 Q. B. D. 455 ; see 380. “Cases” at end of this . Sending (c) Towse v. Henderson, 4 Ex. 890. a vessel to sea in so unseaworthy a (d) 39 & 40 Vict. c. 36, s. 234 ; condition as to endanger the life of 38 & 39 Vict. c. 65; 6 Geo. 4, any person is made a misdemeanor
even though the vessel was seaworthy when in her port of loading (e).
CASES. 1. Iron armour plates, belonging to the plaintiff, were put on board a vessel by the servants of the owners. During rough weather one of the iron plates broke loose and went through the side of the vessel, 'which was unseaworthy, and was consequently lost. The owners were held liable for the value of the iron plate so lost (f).
2. A ship was chartered for a voyage from S. to D., she being then seaworthy. The ship loaded at S. a cargo of cement belonging to plaintiff. Before she sailed she had become unseaworthy, without any negligence on the part of the defendant, though she was seaworthy before commencing to load. Soon after sailing the ship began to leak. The wind being fair, the master kept his course for D. He was not guilty of negligence in not returning to S. The vessel foundered at sea, and the cement was totally lost. Held, the plaintiff could recover the value of the cement from the shipowners (9)
$ 62. The master is bound to provide a competent crew and Duties of the
master. equipment, including boats and life-buoys, and a suitable supply of medical stores (k). He must then with due diligence proceed to the place where the ship is to take on board her cargo, and not make an intermediate voyage (i). Further, he must pay all light dues (k), and obtain a clearance or transire, and all the requisite Custom House documents, and also the requisite certificates (1). Dock, harbour, and other dues must be paid by the master, who will be personally liable therefor (m).
(e) Cohn v. Davidson, 2 Q. B. D. 455 ; see “Cases" (2) at end of this g.
(5) Kopitoff v. Wilson, 1 Q. B. D. 377.
(9) Cohn v. Davidson, 2 Q. B. D. 455.
(h) 17 & 18 Vict. c. 104, s. 292— 294 ; 36 & 37 Vict. c. 85, 8. 15; 30 & 31 Vict. c. 124, s. 4; 18 & 19 Vict. c. 119, ss. 35, 43; 39 & 40 Vict. c. 80, s. 20.
(i) M' Andrew v. Adams, 1 Bing.
(k) 17 & 18 Vict. c. 104, s. 400.
(1) Ib. ss. 19, 102, 161, 162, 318; 39 & 40 Vict. c. 80, 88. 16, 26, and 39 & 40 Vict. c. 36, ss. 111, 145; 25 & 26 Vict. c. 63, 8. 30; 35 & 36 Vict. c. 73, 6. 8.
(m) Mayor of London v. Hunt, 3 Lev. 38; Vinkestone v. Ebden, 1 Salk. 248.
As to stowage The master is responsible for the proper loading of the of cargo.
cargo, though loaded by a stevedore, unless the stevedore be employed by the shipper. But even then, if he interferes with the loading, he will be liable (n).
Again, where the charterer has the option of employing a stevedore, but he does not, the master will still be responsible for the proper stowage of the goods (o).
So, in cases where the charterers put up a ship as a general ship, a shipper of goods therein, without notice of the fact that under the charterparty the charterers appoint the stevedore, will not lose his remedies as against the master and owners for injury caused by negligent stowage
to his goods (v). Liability of
A shipmaster will be liable for any act or default on the master for acts of crew. part of the crew, in consequence of which the cargo, or
the property of the passengers, is injured. But he will not be liable for their wilful trespasses or acts beyond the scope of their ordinary employment (2). Thus, if one of the crew wilfully injure another ship, without the master's direction or privity, no action will lie against the master,
though on board at the time(r). The official It is one of the duties of the master to accurately keep log
the official log-book according to the form approved by the Board of Trade. He must enter therein as soon as practicable after the occurrence (s) all the matters specified in the Merchant Shipping Acts (t). The entries must be signed by the master, and also by the mate, or some one of the crew; and entries of illness, injury or death must (n) Swainston v. Garrick, 2 L. J.
of this s. (N. S.), Ex. 255; Blakie v. Stem- (1) Molloy, De Jure Maritimo, bridge, 6 C. B., N. S. 894; Sande- bk. ii. c. 3, S. 13. man v. Scurr, L. R., 2 Q. B. 86; (r) Bowcher v. Noidstrom, 1 Taunt. Anglo-African Co. v. Lamzed, L. R., 568. 1 C. P. 226. See § 67, pp. 105– (s) 17 & 18 Vict. c. 104, s. 281. 109, as to the shipowner's liability (t) Ib. ss. 281, 244, 256; 30 & 31 as to cargo after stowage.
Vict. c. 124, 8. 4; 37 & 38 Vict. (0) The Anglo-African Co. v. Lam- c. 88, ss. 37, 54; 39 & 40 Vict. zed, L. R., 1 C. P. 226.
c. 80, s. 26 ; 34 & 35 Vict. c. 110, (p) Sandeman v. Scurr, L. R., 2 8. 5. Q. B. 86; see “ Cases" (2) at end
in addition be signed by the ship's surgeon (u). No entry cen be made of any occurrence during the voyage after twenty-four hours from the ship's arrival at her port of discharge (v).
A shipmaster displaying, without justifiable grounds, Displaying signals of distress or signals for pilots, will be liable, in signals
wrongly. the former case, to compensate any person who performs any work or sustains loss in consequence thereof, and in the latter case to pay a fine not exceeding 201. (w).
Unlawfully masking, altering, or removing any light or signal, or exhibiting any false light or signal, or unlawfully and maliciously doing anything that tends to the immediate loss or destruction of any ship in distress, is a felony (x).
As to barratry committed by a shipmaster, see Book II. Chap. V. § 148 (y).
When a change of owners takes place while the ship is New owners at sea or in a foreign port, the shipmaster will be held the agency of agent of the new owners for the purposes of the ship and the adventure, till he is either confirmed in his post or another appointed in his stead. His acts, meanwhile, will bind the new owners, provided they fall within the scope of a shipmaster's authority (). Where, owing to the incompetence or misconduct of the Authority of
a substituted master during the voyage, another is appointed in his stead by some person not the owner, such substituted master will have the same authority and rights, and be subject to the same duties as the original master (a). For instance, a bottomry bond given by a substituted master under cir
(u) See 17 & 18 Vict. c. 104, s. 284, as to penalties for offences regarding official logs.
(v) 17 & 18 Vict. c. 104, s. 281.
(z) Robins v. Power, 27 L.J.,C. P. 257; see“Cases”' (3) at end of this s;
Myers v. Willis, 25 L. J., C. P.
(a) The Alexander, 1 Dod. Ad.
cumstances of necessity, will be valid (6). Further, such a bond given to consignees of the cargo, who advanced the money for the necessary repairs, will be good, though given by a master substituted by themselves (c).
CASES. 1. The plaintiff agreed to charter a ship for twelve months after the completion of her then present voyage. After its completion, and when the plaintiff was ready to load her, the ship was detained as unseaworthy. The repairs were not completed for more than two months after the voyage was performed. Held, the plaintiff could throw up the charterparty (d). 2. A ship, chartered to load a cargo of wine for a voyage
from Oporto to London, was put up by the charterer's agents at Oporto as a general ship, without any notice that she was under charter. The plaintiff shipped some casks of wine and received bills of lading in the common form, signed by the master. The wine was stowed by a stevedore, appointed and paid by the charterer's agents, the money being ultimately repaid them by the master. The wine was improperly stowed, and leaked. Held, that the shipowners were liable (e).
3. A seaman shipped under articles to serve on a voyage to Bombay. While the ship was at Suez she was sold to the defendant. The seaman, on hearing of the sale, refused to proceed, unless his wages in arrear were paid. They were not paid, and the new master sent by the defendant to command the vessel, ultimately consented to the seaman quitting the vessel. The seaman then left, but he had worked at the vessel, with the sanction of the defendant's agent, up to leaving. Held, a contract by the defendant could be implied to pay the seaman for his work pro rata from when he knew of the change of ownership, up to his leaving the vessel (f).
$ 63. The vessel must sail at the fixed time. If no time be expressly agreed on, she must sail within a reasonable
Delay or deviation.
(6) The Kennersley Castle, 3 Hagg. Ad. 1.
(c) The Alexander, 1 Dod. Ad. 278.
(d) Tulley v. Houling, 2 Q. B. D. 182.
(e) Sandeman v. Scurr, L. R., 2
Q. B, 86.
(f) Robbins v. Power, 27 L. J., C. P. 257.
(9) M'Andrew v. Adams, 1 Bing. N. C. 29 ; see “ Cases" (3) at end of this $; The San Roman, L. R., 5 P. C. 301.

domain: law


text:
Lining up for the on-trend dessert of choice, gelato, has become an acceptable practice in Sydney. And 2014 was a year of empire expansion of crowd favourite gelato chains. Messina popped up in Miranda and Parramatta and introduced a DIY-dessert bar in Darlinghurst. N2 Extreme Gelato ventured into froyo territory, opening a store on Newtown’s King Street.
Family-run Enmore based Cow and Moon took out the Gelato World Tour title in Rimini, Italy. With the award came lines 100 people long outside their door.
2. Vietnamese pork rolls
Whether it’s Marrickville, Mascot, Cabramatta or Sydney’s CBD, the question of where to source Sydney’s best pork roll remains. The Vietnamese pork roll – or banh mi thit – traditionally incorporates at least 10 ingredients on a crispy French baguette for a lunch that’s cheap, tasty, and in high demand.
Queuing for coffee is nothing new, but in 2014 caffeine-fuelled Sydneysiders embraced the year of the cold drip. Scientific beakers decorated trendy cafes and bars alike, infusing coffee with cold or room-temperature water for between 3 and 24 hours, producing a liquid that’s strong in flavour and sweet in taste.
Whether it’s at lunchtime, dinner, the end of a big night, or, for some breakfast, dumplings remained a popular choice in 2014. Sydney’s growing branches of the Taiwanese franchise (and dumpling institution) Ding Tai Fung have earned a cult following who can be found queuing up at the World Square store when the sun goes down.
When McCafe started stocking macarons we knew it was time for the next dessert sensation. And in came the cronut. The donut-croissant fusion was dreamt up by New York pastry chef Dominique Ansel, and has been emulated and adapted by Sydney pastry chefs since mid 2013. Adriano Zumbo’s ‘zonut’, an interpretation of the classic cronut, manifests as a new flavour every week and has earned a following of its own.
6. Fast food
Food trends come and go but our love for fast food remains. Australians make 51.5 million visits to fast food restaurants every month, according to an Enhanced Media Metrics Australia’s report on our eating habits, released earlier this year. McDonald’s took the cake as the nation’s fast food restaurant of choice, according to the report which labelled Australia as “truly a fast food nation”.

domain: food


|Publication number||US5193412 A|
|Application number||US 07/704,595|
|Publication date||Mar 16, 1993|
|Filing date||May 23, 1991|
|Priority date||Jun 23, 1990|
|Also published as||DE4117303A1, DE4117303C2|
|Publication number||07704595, 704595, US 5193412 A, US 5193412A, US-A-5193412, US5193412 A, US5193412A|
|Original Assignee||Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (17), Referenced by (11), Classifications (10), Legal Events (6)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a steering wheel, particularly to a steering wheel with a horn switch assembled within a horn pad which is located substantially at the center thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
A steering wheel or a horn switch is disclosed in Japanese Laid Open Utility Model Publication No. 60-823, Japanese Laid Open Utility Model Publication No. 60-34052, and Japanese Laid Open Utility Model Publication No. 60-133542.
FIG. 3 shows a cross section of a conventional horn switch, while FIG. 4 shows a cross section of another conventional horn switch.
In the figures, a pad cover 1 is made of soft synthetic resin. An insert 2 is made of hard synthetic resin. The insert 2 is assembled integrally on the backside of the pad cover 1 to form a horn pad 3. A fixing frame 4 is made of metal and adapted to secure the insert 2. A sheet member 5 is also made of metal and disposed in a space 51 between the pad cover 1 and the fixing frame 4. A contact 6 is fitted to the sheet member 5 as a positive electrode. A contact 7 is supported on the fixing frame 4 as a negative electrode. The contacts 6 and 7 are arranged on opposite positions so as to be able to touch each other. These contacts 6 and 7 constitute contact means for a switching operation in an electric circuit for a horn.
A flanged spacer 9 is made of an electrical insulating material and has its flange engaged with the sheet member 5 to regulate movement thereof in the direction toward the pad cover 1. Thus, the sheet member 5 is supported via the spacer 9 in a movable manner relative to the fixing frame 4. A screw 10 secures the spacer 9 to the fixing frame 4. The fixing frame 4 has a through hole 11 formed therein that has a larger dimension than a dimension of the outer circumference of the spacer 9. The spacer 9 is slidably inserted into the through hole 11.
FIG. 3 shows a leaf spring 8 which urges the sheet member 5 toward the pad cover 1. An insulating sheet 12 is interposed between the leaf spring 8 and the fixing frame 4.
In FIG. 4, a coil spring 13 urges the sheet member 5 toward the pad cover 1 similarly to the leaf spring 8. The coil spring 13 is held between the fixing frame 4 and the sheet member 5 through a spring seat 14 formed of electric insulating material.
The horn switches of steering wheels, in the prior art, are constructed as above and assembled within the horn pad 3 composed of the pad cover 1 and the insert 2. In the normal state or when the horn switch is off, the positive contact 6 and the negative contact 7 are separated from each other by a predetermined distance.
To operate the horn switch, a driver pushes the pad cover 1 from the outside with a prescribed pressure so that the pad cover 1 is deformed to blow the horn. That is, as the pad cover 1 is deformed, the sheet member 5 inside thereof is moved toward the fixing frame 4 against the urging force of the spring 8 or spring 13. Then, the contacts 6 and 7 are touched together so as to close the electric circuit for the horn, thereby sounding the horn.
The horn pad 3 accommodating therein the horn switch is usually located substantially at the center of the steering wheel.
All elements of the switching device are assembled on the fixing frame 4 in the conventional horn switch as constructed above. On the other hand, the sheet member 5 with the contact 6 fixed thereto is movably supported in the space 51 between the pad cover 1 and the fixing frame 4 with the contact 7 secured thereto. Therefore, there must be provided some special insulating members like the spacer 9, insulating sheet 12 and spring seat 14, in order to electrically isolate the sheet member 5 and the fixing frame 4, both of which are made of metal.
Moreover, the insert 5 is fitted to the periphery of the backside of the pad cover 1 to form the horn pad 3 in the conventional horn switch. Thus, the insert 5 mainly serves as a support to hold the pad cover 1 while acting as a fixing member to secure the horn pad 3 to the fixing frame 4.
Consequently, the horn switch of the prior art inevitably has many parts and a complicated structure. Thus, the assembling thereof to the steering wheel is troublesome, an improvement of which is desirable.
In view of the above, it is an object of the invention to provide a steering wheel that has a horn switch of fewer parts and simple structure so that its assembling work is made easy.
In accordance with one preferred mode of the invention, there is provided a steering wheel that has a horn pad. The horn pad is composed of an insert assembled integrally on the backside of a pad cover with a space defined therebetween. The insert is made of an electrical insulating material, while the pad cover is made of a soft synthetic resin. A sheet member is disposed in the space between the insert and the pad cover. A moving contact is disposed on the sheet member while a fixed contact is secured on a position opposite the moving contact. The moving contact and the fixed contact form contact means for the switching operation.
Preferably, a resilient member urges the sheet member toward the pad cover while holding the sheet member in the space in a movable manner.
Preferably, the insert is made of a hard synthetic resin and secured on a metal fixing frame.
Preferably, the moving contact is provided on the fixing frame.
Further objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, wherein preferred embodiments of the invention are clearly shown.
FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing a horn switch assembled in a preferred embodiment of a steering wheel of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a plan view showing an appearance of a preferred embodiment of a steering wheel of the invention which has a horn switch assembled therein;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view showing a conventional horn switch; and
FIG. 4, is a sectional view showing an alternative conventional horn switch.
A preferred mode of a steering wheel of the invention will be described hereafter.
FIG. 1 illustrates a horn switch which is assembled in the preferred mode of the steering wheel of the invention. FIG. 2 illustrates an appearance of the steering wheel which has the horn switch assembled therein. In the figures, the same reference characters as those of the prior art designate like or corresponding parts of the present invention.
As shown in FIG. 1, an insert 15 is fitted to the backside of a pad cover 21 with a space 52 defined therebetween, thereby making one body or a horn pad 23. The insert 15 is made of an electrical insulating hard synthetic resin while the pad cover 21 is made of a soft synthetic resin. The insert 15 has its periphery contacted and firmly joined to the pad cover 21 via adhesive or the like. The insert 15 has its center arranged in relation to the pad cover 21 with the space 52 interposed therebetween. The center of the insert 15 is contacted and secured on a fixing frame 24 through adhesive or the like. The insert 15 is extended substantially over the whole surface of the backside of the pad cover 21 except a portion around the contact 7 on the fixing frame 24. That is, the insert 15 has a hole 15c in which the contact 7 is fixed on the fixing frame 14, and through which the contact 6 moves and touches the fixed contact 7.
A hook 15a as an engaging element is integrally formed on the insert 15. Preferably, a plurality of hooks 15a are disposed at properly separated positions on the insert 15 and protrude toward the sheet member 25. The hooks 15a regulate the sheet member 25 from moving in the direction toward the pad cover 21. Further, a spring seat or a fitting recess 15b is formed integrally on the insert 15. A coil spring 13, or a resilient member in the present embodiment, is held between the spring seat 15b and the sheet member 25. Preferably, a plurality of spring seats 15b and coil springs 13 are arranged at properly separated positions on the insert 15. The coil springs 13 urge the sheet member 25 toward the pad cover 21. The sheet member 25 has a through hole 16 bored thereon as an engaging hole. The hook 15a is inserted and fitted into the through hole 16. In the inserted state, the hook 15a has its claw at the top end engaged with the through hole 16 and regulated from detachment thereby, so that it does not come out of the through hole 16 easily. The portion of the hook 15a other than the claw can slide in the through hole 16. Accordingly, in the present embodiment, the sheet member 25 is held in the space 52 between the insert 15 and the pad cover 21 in a movable state through the coil spring 13 and the hook 15a. Moreover, the insert 15 has its center fixed to the fixing frame 24 such as to cover substantially all the surface of the frame 24 facing the pad cover 21, except the portion around the contact 7.
Preferably, the fixing frame 24 is formed of sheet metal and designed to be an energy absorbing member, thereby to moderately absorb energy together with the pad cover 21, the insert 15, etc., in case of collision. Urethane or soft polyvinyl chloride can be used as the soft synthetic resin to form the pad cover 21.
FIG. 2 shows an appearance of a steering wheel accommodating therein a horn switch.
In the figure, the horn pad 23 is located substantially at the center of a steering wheel 20. Spokes 30 support the steering wheel 20. FIG. 2 illustrates, as an example, the steering wheel 20 held by four spokes 30.
The horn switch of the present embodiment is constructed as above and assembled within the horn pad 23 in the same manner as the prior art. Further, as shown in FIG. 2, the horn pad 23 is arranged substantially at the center of the steering wheel 20.
Operation of the horn switch will be described hereafter.
In the present embodiment, when the horn switch is off, the contact 6 on the sheet member 25 is separated from the contact 7 on the fixing frame 24 by a predetermined distance. To operate the horn, the driver pushes the pad cover 21 from the outside with a predetermined pressure to deform the pad cover 21, thereby sounding the horn. Namely, the sheet member 25 inside the pad cover 21 moves toward the fixing member 24 against the urging force of the coil spring 13 in accordance with the deformation of the pad cover 21. Thus, contact means or the contacts 6 and 7 touch each other, closing the electric circuit for the horn and blowing the horn.
As mentioned above, the horn pad 23 is composed of the pad cover 21 and the insert 15 integrally joined, as in the prior art. Moreover, the insert 15 sustains the pad cover 21 while securing the horn pad 23 on the fixing frame 24.
Furthermore, in the present embodiment, all parts constituting the switching device assembled on the insert 15 are made of an electrical insulating material. The sheet member 25 holding the contact 6 is positioned within the space 52 between the insert 15 and the pad cover 21. Accordingly, additional insulating members, such as the spacer 9, insulating sheet 12 and spring seat 14, can be eliminated in order to electrically isolate the sheet member 25 from the fixing frame 24 or the moving contact 6 from the fixed contact 7.
In the present embodiment, the insert 15 is adapted for many applications. That is, it serves not only as a support to retain the pad cover 21 and a fixing member to secure the horn pad 23 on the fixing frame 24 like the conventional insert 2, but also as an assembly base for building up the components forming the switching device as well as an insulating member to electrically isolate the sheet member 25 from the fixing frame 24. Moreover, the insert 15 can be easily manufactured as an integral molded product of synthetic resin by injection molding or the like.
Accordingly, the steering wheel accommodating therein the horn switch of the present invention can lessen the number of components of the horn switch in comparison with the steering wheel horn switch of the prior art, simplify its construction and make the assembling work easy.
This invention may be practiced or embodied in still other ways without departing from the spirit and essential character thereof. For instance, while the insert 15 has the hook 15a inserted into the through hole 16 of the sheet member 25 and the sheet member 25 is movably held between the pad cover 21 and the insert 15 in the illustrated preferred embodiment, the spring for urging the sheet member 25 toward the pad cover 21 is not limited to the coil spring 13. The spring may alternately be a leaf spring, namely, any spring can be adapted as long as it serves as a resilient member. Further, the sheet member 25 may be made of a resilient material and be a leaf spring by itself so as to eliminate additional resilient members that are independently attached between the insert 15 and the sheet member 25. In this case, the coil springs 13 and the spring seats 15b of the insert 15 are accordingly unnecessary, so that the structure of the horn switch is made simpler as a whole. Also, the through hole 16 may be omitted from the sheet member 25. In this case, a plurality of hooks 15a may protrude from the insert 15 along the periphery of the sheet member 25. Each hook 15a has its claw hooked on the periphery of the sheet member 25 to retain it.
Moreover, while the contact 6 or the contact 7 is a separate component attached to the sheet member 25 or the fixing frame 24 in the present embodiment, the sheet member 25 or the fixing frame 24 may be partly protruded by press working or the like so that the projected portion serves as a contact.
The preferred embodiments described herein are therefore illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated in the appended claims and all variations which come within the meaning of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US3223797 *||Sep 20, 1962||Dec 14, 1965||Kaiser Jeep Corp||Horn button switch|
|US3517145 *||Jun 3, 1968||Jun 23, 1970||Gen Motors Corp||Padded steering wheel horn switch|
|US4485371 *||Apr 14, 1982||Nov 27, 1984||Aisin Seiki Kabushiki Kaisha||Steering wheel system|
|US4594486 *||Feb 14, 1985||Jun 10, 1986||Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd.||Steering wheel provided with horn switch|
|US4712446 *||Jan 21, 1986||Dec 15, 1987||Nissan Shatai Company, Limited||Anti-vibration structure of a steering arrangement|
|US4872364 *||Sep 20, 1988||Oct 10, 1989||Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd.||Steering wheel|
|DE1947620A1 *||Sep 19, 1969||Apr 16, 1970||Fiat Spa||Fahrzeugsteuerrad mit handbetaetigten Steuerdruckknoepfen fuer die Hupe|
|DE2943345A1 *||Oct 26, 1979||Apr 30, 1981||Schade Wilhelm||Hupkontaktvorrichtung fuer die hupe von kraftfahrzeugen|
|EP0292038A2 *||Apr 27, 1988||Nov 23, 1988||KOLBENSCHMIDT Aktiengesellschaft||Skeleton construction for motor vehicle steering wheels|
|FR1471447A *||Title not available|
|GB2002963A *||Title not available|
|GB2061622A *||Title not available|
|JPS60823A *||Title not available|
|JPS6034052A *||Title not available|
|JPS6250270A *||Title not available|
|JPS6250272A *||Title not available|
|JPS60133542A *||Title not available|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US5459294 *||Jul 18, 1994||Oct 17, 1995||Methode Electronics, Inc.||Wireless floating horn switch|
|US5498844 *||Mar 8, 1994||Mar 12, 1996||Chan; Joning C.||Steering wheel with horn button overlay|
|US5499841 *||Sep 14, 1994||Mar 19, 1996||Trw Vehicle Safety Systems Inc.||Vehicle safety apparatus a housing assembly for an air bag and vehicle horn switch|
|US5575498 *||Jul 26, 1995||Nov 19, 1996||Morton International, Inc.||Airbag module cover with floating horn switch|
|US5762853 *||Apr 1, 1996||Jun 9, 1998||Morton International, Inc.||Method of encapsulating a sensor into a panel body|
|US6086090 *||Nov 5, 1998||Jul 11, 2000||Trw Occupant Restaint Systems Gmbh & Co. Kg||Vehicle steering wheel with integrated gas bag module|
|US7307229 *||Jan 29, 2004||Dec 11, 2007||Takata-Petri Ag||Switch provided with self-cleaning contacts|
|US7380816 *||May 27, 2005||Jun 3, 2008||Takata-Petri Ag||Device for actuating the horn on steering wheels|
|US20050269193 *||May 27, 2005||Dec 8, 2005||Takata-Petri Ag||Device for actuating the horn on steering wheels|
|US20060207866 *||Jan 29, 2004||Sep 21, 2006||Helmut Bonn||Switch provided with self-cleaning contacts|
|US20070137412 *||Nov 29, 2004||Jun 21, 2007||Mats Johansson||Vehicle steering wheel|
|U.S. Classification||74/552, 200/61.54, 74/484.00H, 280/750|
|International Classification||B62D1/04, B60Q5/00|
|Cooperative Classification||Y10T74/20834, B60Q5/003, Y10T74/20293|
|May 23, 1991||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: TOYODA GOSEI CO., LTD., JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:HASHIBA, TAKAHIRO;REEL/FRAME:005726/0338
Effective date: 19910509
|Sep 5, 1996||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 5, 2000||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 29, 2004||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Mar 16, 2005||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|May 10, 2005||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20050316


Hong Kong is a part of China and for the majority of the Chinese living in Hong Kong China is their motherland and Hong Kong their home. For a long time under British colonial rule, Hong Kong has been severed from her mother China. With the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration, China will resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997; and with the promulgation of the Basic Law, Hong Kong
will become a Special Administrative Region of China after 1997. History has bequeathed Hong Kong’s citizens the mission to bring into effect a smooth transition, to maintain Hong Kong’s economic prosperity and social stability, to establish a democratic system and to foster the progress and development of Hong Kong.
Coming from different social strata and
sectors, we have a common wish to see the smooth return of Hong Kong to China, and share a common commitment to stay in Hong Kong and build a better home after 1997, to realize the vision of “one country, two systems” and “Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong”. To accomplish these goals, we have organized ourselves as the Democratic Alliance for Betterment of Hong Kong and we are making public our Manifesto.
We are devoted to China and Hong Kong
History attests that Hong Kong and China are inseparable in their future, and their interests are intertwined. Our fundamental position is devotion to Hong Kong and China, supporting the return of Hong Kong to her motherland, realizing the concept of “one country, two systems” and working to implement the Basic Law.
We love our country and we sincerely hope that China will be stable, prosperous, democratic, and progressive. We insist that the relationship between Hong Kong and China should be one of co-operation and communication, as opposed to separation, alienation and antagonism. We will do our utmost to expedite any activities conducive to the realization of “one country, two systems” and the overall developments of Hong Kong and China.
We love Hong Kong and our guidelines are to work to protect Hong Kong’s overall interests, to promote social stability, progress and development. We will strive to do anything that is good for Hong Kong. We strongly believe that by working towards the proper implementation of “one country, two systems” and the promotion of Hong Kong’s prosperity and progress and her link with China we will be making positive and practical contributions to China.
We support participatory democracy in politics
Over a long period of time, Hong Kong under colonial rule has not had genuine democracy. The Joint Declaration and the Basic Law have finally made it possible for Hong Kong people to realize their longing for participatory democracy in politics. We insist that Hong Kong’s political development during the transition period should be based on the Joint Declaration and convergence with the provisions of the Basic Law, and that the administration of post-1997 Hong Kong by Hong Kong people should be based on the Basic Law. We oppose the interference of any foreign political forces into Hong Kong’s domestic affairs.
Our participation in politics is a positive approach to realizing the concept of “Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong”. Only when Hong Kong citizens actively take part in politics and engage in political debates will the concept of “one country, two systems” be realized successfully. We will seek our citizens’ support, compete in elections, hold public offices and rally with those who decide to stay and build a better Hong Kong under “one country, two systems” to become the mainstream force in administering Hong Kong.
Our participation in politics is to put into practice our political beliefs. We will work hard for the maintenance of pluralistic development of Hong Kong society as well as for supporting stable and effective governance of Hong Kong.
The objective of our political participation is to create for Hong Kong the best possible democratic system which represents the will of the citizens, monitor the government’s work, protect citizens’ basic rights, guarantee equality for all before the law and independence of the judiciary, and maintain an election system that is open and fair. We maintain that democratic developments should be in line with the actual needs of the circumstances, and advantageous to maintaining social stability and economic prosperity. We are in favour of gradual and orderly development of a democratic government with the ultimate aim that the Chief Executive and all members of the Legislative Council will be elected by universal suffrage.
We are committed to building a better Hong Kong
Hong Kong citizens have all along been the builders of Hong Kong. Being one with them, we are determined to pool together our efforts to make Hong Kong a stable, prosperous, democratic and progressive society.
The foundation on which Hong Kong develops is political stability. We will strive to perfect Hong Kong’s existing social system, to enhance Hong Kong people’s confidence in controlling their future, so that Hong Kong citizens’ progressive, diligent and agile spirits can be fully utilized.
We will strive to expand Hong Kong’s economic edge, develop a free, flexible and efficient economic system, foster economic growth and equitable distribution of wealth, maintain Hong Kong’s status as a free port, and promote economic co-operation between Hong Kong and China as well as trade between Hong Kong and the world.
We will endeavour to set up a democratic system for the protection of citizens’ basic rights, the maintenance of freedom and governance by the rule of law.
We will endeavour to cultivate civic consciousness, and promote the spirit of seeking truth from facts and accommodating differences in the pursuit of a common goal. We will endeavour to elevate the quality of Hong Kong citizens’ cultural and spiritual lives.
We will work towards refining Hong Kong’s social welfare policy, and work for the realization of a just and reasonable social security system and related social policies.
We will endeavour to create an environment for Hong Kong people to lead a happy life and conduct business as well as to improve the quality of life of the majority of the middle and lower classes.
We are devoted to Hong Kong
The Democratic Alliance for Betterment of Hong Kong is a political organization rooted in Hong Kong. Members of the organization share the conviction that our objectives, programs and actions best represent the interests of Hong Kong people and will in due course gain their identification and trust. We welcome all those who intend to stay in Hong Kong to build a better home and to realize the concept of “one country, two systems” and “Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong” to join our ranks to promote a democratic system and build a stable, prosperous, democratic and progressive Hong Kong.
The formation of the Democratic Alliance for Betterment of Hong Kong is an obligation bestowed upon us by history. It is also our commitment to history. We are full of confidence in the future of Hong Kong and China. We trust that with sincerity and commitment, we are able to make positive contributions to Hong Kong and China.
July 10, 1992
Today, on 1 January 2000, the whole world is celebrating the arrival of a new millennium. On this special day, we have gathered to give our best wishes to the development of Hong Kong and our motherland in the new century.
The policy of “One Country, Two Systems” in the Hong Kong SAR has stood the test of the last two and a half years. This has shown to us the sincerity and determination of the Central Government to implement the policy, although it has also raised many challenging issues which can only be resolved through practice.
The political system of Hong Kong must develop in the direction set down by the Basic Law. DAB will participate actively in this development. It will be dedicated to building a democratic and highly efficient government and to the success of the program of “Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong” and a high degree of autonomy. We expect all elements of Hong Kong society to express fully their views on the way and the pace of development of Hong Kong’s political system, and to determine the time and procedures for reaching our ultimate goal based on rational, in-depth discussions and our practical experience.
After the fin-de-siecle financial crisis, Hong Kong’s economy, having gone through its adjustments and consolidations, will start building new strengths on a firmer foundation, ride with the times and climb to another peak. In the past, Hong Kong people created sustained economic miracles, thanks to their high work ethic, sensitive market responses and harmonious labour-management relations. We hope that Hong Kong people will continue to give full play to these factors. DAB will join all of you in creating prosperity, wealth and a better environment for Hong Kong.
The management of the SAR and the building of Hong Kong require excellent talent. Hong Kong needs a great number of fully updated and broad-minded talented people in the technological, management and political fields in its various pursuits. In addition to its ongoing concern over education, DAB will strengthen the training of its own members and thereby contribute its share to the training of political talent in the SAR.
Parallel with the creation of prosperity and wealth, the overall living quality of society as a whole should also be improved — above all a reasonable standard of care for the underprivileged. Only when a broad spectrum of society can enjoy the fruits of prosperity, with people living and working peacefully, can society as a whole be stable, and further conditions be laid for continuous creation of wealth. A reasonable public policy will reward the hardworking and the motivated, provide relief for the weak and the young, and create equal opportunities for everybody to improve their family lives with their own effort. DAB will continue to listen to citizens’ appeals, closely monitor the performance of the SAR Government and urge it to formulate and carry out policies and measures in the best interests of Hong Kong people.
DAB is a political force which plays a stabilising role in Hong Kong. It is a political group committed to Hong Kong and dedicated to the mission of building Hong Kong. We firmly believe that Hong Kong is full of opportunity in the new era. Together with all Hong Kong citizens, we will work to seize these opportunities, create new achievements, and develop the Hong Kong SAR into a more democratic, fairer, more prosperous and stable society.
Jan 1, 2000
25th Anniversary Declaration
Today, the DAB affirms the ideas enshrined within our Manifesto.
We sincerely believe in the spirit of Loving the Nation and Loving Hong Kong. Hong Kong has been a part of China since ancient times. We are members of the Chinese race, we are proud of our identity as Chinese and Hong Kongers, and we hope to see a China that is unified and strong, where the people can live with dignity and contentment. We are willing to make contributions to this goal. We continue to support the return of Hong Kong to the Motherland, the successful implementation of “One Country, Two Systems”, and we continue to work hard in advancing Hong Kong’s prosperity and stability, allowing Hong Kong people to achieve their goals.
We firmly support and uphold “One Country, Two Systems.” “One Country, Two Systems” is an unprecedented approach to tackle what was then a new issue, therefore the fact that there has been challenges along the way of its implementation is expected. All stakeholders allow the greatest possible tolerance and patience in order to ensure the success of “One Country, Two Systems.” We believe that within the range of possible systems, whether past, present or future, “One Country, Two Systems” best serves both our nation and Hong Kong’s interests. Our faith in the principle is so strong that we believe not only should it not be changed for 50 years, it should be maintained thereafter.
We will work hard to implement a virtuous democracy. The development of democracy is the hope of Hong Kongers. We must work hard to create the conditions to implement full universal suffrage for both the CE and Legco elections. On top of this, the goal of democratic development shouldn’t only stop at that, we should also work hard to implementing a truly virtuous democracy, one that allots people with different opinions dignity and respect, a democracy that allows rational and knowledgeable debate on public issues, one that better protects individual rights and the rule of law, one that advances the common good in our society.
We propose sharing the fruits of development with the entire society. While economic development is a prerequisite for improving the quality of life for our residents, this imperative must be balanced with the need to ensure everyone gets a fair piece of this development pie. We propose the preservation of fairness in the market, support small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and eliminate monopolies. This will ensure more opportunities for upward social mobility and help the middle class and young people find a path to their goals and dreams. More importantly, we must proactively enact progressive economic policies that help redistribution to the poor in order to alleviate poverty. This will help ensure the welfare of our poorest and most vulnerable residents.
The DAB is a party that transcends barriers of social class. We will persist in fighting for the common good in Hong Kong society, adopting the principle of “telling it like it is.” We will proactively monitor the government and propose strategies for the administration. We will attach pragmatism and reason when we approach issues; we will communicate with different social sectors to help us come together, work hard for “win-win” solutions and advance the stability, prosperity and development of Hong Kong.
Jan 1, 2017


Southern California home prices shot up in January from a year earlier, as buyers fought over a meager supply of homes for sale across the six-county region.
The area’s median price — the point at which half the homes sold for more and half for less — clocked in at $533,000, DQNews said Monday. That was 6.6% higher than a year earlier. It’s the latest indication that the housing market is heating up after muddling through much of 2019.
“We are definitely settling into a seller’s market,” San Fernando Valley real estate agent Moe Verma said. “Last year, things seemed a lot calmer.” Economists attribute the change, seen across the country, to falling mortgage rates, the easing of recession fears and a stark shortage of homes for sale. In Southern California, depending on the county, there were 17% to 28% fewer homes on the market in January than a year earlier, Zillow data show. Similar declines were reported in December.
Home prices and sales rose in all six counties compared with a year earlier:
* In Los Angeles County, the median sale price rose 6% to $615,000, while sales climbed 14.1%.
* In Orange County, prices rose 6.7% to $747,000, and sales climbed 20.3%.
* In Riverside County, prices rose 4% to $390,000, and sales climbed 18.3%.
* In San Bernardino County, prices rose 12.5% to $360,000, and sales climbed 16.7%.
* In San Diego County, prices rose 7.9% to $585,000, and sales climbed 22.8%.
* In Ventura County, prices rose 3.2% to $588,500, and sales climbed 18.8%. Though the spring home-buying season hasn’t yet kicked off, real estate agents say open houses are busy.


Their first full-length, Our Home Is A Deathbed, saw Xerxes following much in the wakes of their peers, such as Touche Amore or Pianos Become the Teeth. They played an atmospheric screamo-influenced brand of hardcore, with most of their songs falling around the one and a half minute mark, with the occasional post-rock build, with guttural screams dotting every few seconds. Last year’s two-song Would You Understand? build upon that foundation, featuring longer and more intricate compositions, more creative song structures, and even clean vocals.
Now Xerxes are gearing up to release Collision Blonde, which builds even further upon the palette laid down by Would You Understand? The band stretches their sound into new and completely unexpected forms, like the Cure-influenced one-two-punch of “Chestnut Street” and the title track. Clean vocals become more commonplace on this album, and they’re quite good, as one might not expect based on the ferocity of the screams.
“(But here we are)” is likely the song most outside of Xerxes’ wheelhouse. It’s the softest track the band’s ever recorded, and, at three minutes and nine seconds, one of the longest on the album. All the lyrics are entirely spoken, sort of like something off of the latest La Dispute record. More than a real song, it’s a story, an interlude, an introduction to the album’s closing act. It ends with the recollection of words spoken by an old love: “”But here we are,’ she says.” Then it ends, and the album descends again. “Nosedive” is the climactic finale to Collision Blonde, and at four and a half minutes, the longest song in Xerxes’ discography – an epic if they’ve ever written one. It starts off pretty subdued – or as subdued as a hardcore song can be – then goes into a two-minute crescendo of propulsive cymbals and screams of “Can’t make it stop” stumbling over one another until it somehow becomes a cry for help: “Just make it stop.” Collision Blonde was described as “a lyrical wreck driven by love, drugs, and depression,” and on “Nosedive,” the band jumps straight into all three. It’s a track that’ll shake any listener, and the band’s most accomplished song to date. Collision Blonde finds Xerxes in a better place than ever before and, with luck, with catapult them to the upper reaches of the hardcore scene.


text:
Women's Ryka® Hydro Sport :: Hybrid Water shoe designed with quick dry upper, webbing brace for midfoot support and drainage system in midsole and outsole.
Features & Benefits:
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domain: sports


text:
This site displays a prototype of a “Web 2.0” version of the daily Federal Register. It is not an official legal edition of the Federal Register, and does not replace the official print version or the official electronic version on GPO’s govinfo.gov.
The documents posted on this site are XML renditions of published Federal Register documents. Each document posted on the site includes a link to the corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. This prototype edition of the daily Federal Register on FederalRegister.gov will remain an unofficial informational resource until the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. For complete information about, and access to, our official publications and services, go to About the Federal Register on NARA's archives.gov.
The OFR/GPO partnership is committed to presenting accurate and reliable regulatory information on FederalRegister.gov with the objective of establishing the XML-based Federal Register as an ACFR-sanctioned publication in the future. While every effort has been made to ensure that the material on FederalRegister.gov is accurately displayed, consistent with the official SGML-based PDF version on govinfo.gov, those relying on it for legal research should verify their results against an official edition of the Federal Register. Until the ACFR grants it official status, the XML rendition of the daily Federal Register on FederalRegister.gov does not provide legal notice to the public or judicial notice to the courts.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
In compliance with the requirements of section 3506(c)(2)(a) of the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-13), the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (Commission) is soliciting public comment on the specific aspects of the information collection described below.
Comments on the collection of information are due June 16, 2007.
Copies of sample filings of the proposed collection of information can be obtained from the Commission's Web site (http://www.ferc.gov/docs-filings/elibrary.asp) or from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Attn: Michael Miller, Office of the Executive Director, ED-34, 888 First Street, NE., Washington, DC 20426. Comments may be filed either in paper format or electronically. Those parties filing electronically do not need to make a paper filing. For paper filing, the original and 14 copies of such comments should be submitted to the Secretary of the Commission, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 888 First Street, NE., Washington, DC 20426 and refer to Docket No. IC07-80-000. Documents filed electronically via the Internet must be prepared in WordPerfect, MS Word, Portable Document Format, or ASCII format. To file the document, access the Commission's Web site at http://www.ferc.gov and click on “Make an E-filing”, and then follow the instructions for each screen. First time users will have to establish a user name and password. The Commission will send an automatic acknowledgement to the sender's e-mail address upon receipt of comments.
All comments may be viewed, printed or downloaded remotely via the Internet through FERC's homepage using the eLibrary link. For user assistance, contact FERCOlineSupport@ferc.gov or toll-free at (866) 208-3676. or for TTY, contact (202) 502-8659.Start Further Info
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Michael Miller may be reached by telephone at (202) 502-8415, by fax at (202) 273-0873, and by e-mail at email@example.com.End Further Info End Preamble Start Supplemental Information
The information collected under the requirements of FERC Form 80 “Licensed Hydropower Development Recreation Report” (OMB Control No. 1902-0106) is used by the Commission to implement the statutory provisions of sections 4(a), 10(a), 301(a), 304 and 309 of the Federal Power Act (FPA), 16 U.S.C. sections 797, 803, 825c and 8254. The authority for the Commission to collect this information comes from section 10(a) of the FPA which requires the Commission to be responsible for ensuring that hydro projects subject to its jurisdiction are consistent with the comprehensive development of the nation's waterway for recreation and other beneficial public uses. In the interest of fulfilling these objectives, the Commission expects licensees subject to its jurisdiction, to recognize the resources that are affected by their activities and to play a role in protecting such resources.
FERC Form 80 is a report on the use and development of recreational facilities at hydropower projects licensed by the Commission. Applications for amendments to licenses and/or changes in land rights frequently involve changes in resources available for recreation. Commission staff utilizes FERC Form 80 data when analyzing the adequacy of existing public recreational facilities and in the amendment review process to help determine the impact of such changes. In addition, the Commission's regional office staff uses the FERC Form 80 data when conducting inspections of licensed projects. The Commission's inspectors use the data in evaluating compliance with various license conditions and in identifying recreational facilities at hydropower projects.
The data required to be filed is specified by 18 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) under 18 CFR 8.11 and 141.14.
The FERC Form 80 has been revised to facilitate greater ease to respondents in providing the information. First, FERC Form 80 has been updated to eliminate data concerning the nearest city and population, since Commission staff can access the information from Start Printed Page 18968other sources. Second, Commission staff has clarified the definitions so respondents have a better understanding of the information to be provided. Third, resource data has been updated to include FERC approved recreational sites. Finally a new field has been added so that respondents can identify the method used for collecting the data.
Action: The Commission is requesting reinstatement and a three-year approval of the information collection with the changes noted above.
Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this collection is estimated as:
|Number of respondents annually||Number of responses per respondent||Average burden hours per response||Total annual burden hours|
Estimated cost burden to respondents is $70,464. (1,200 hours/2,080 hours per year times $122,137 per year average per employee = $70,464). The cost per respondent is $176 (rounded off).
The reporting burden includes the total time, effort, or financial resources expended to generate, maintain, retain, disclose, or provide the information including: (1) Reviewing instructions; (2) developing, acquiring, installing, and utilizing technology and systems for the purposes of collecting, validating, verifying, processing, maintaining, disclosing and providing information; (3) adjusting the existing ways to comply with any previously applicable instructions and requirements; (4) training personnel to respond to a collection of information; (5) searching data sources; (6) completing and reviewing the collection of information; and (7) transmitting, or otherwise disclosing the information.
The estimate of cost for respondents is based upon salaries for professional and clerical support, as well as direct and indirect overhead costs. Direct costs include all costs directly attributable to providing this information, such as administrative costs and the cost for information technology. Indirect or overhead costs are costs incurred by an organization in support of its mission. These costs apply to activities, which benefit the whole organization rather than any one particular function or activity.
Comments are invited on: (1) Whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the Commission, including whether the information will have practical utility; (2) the accuracy of the agency's estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used; (3) ways to enhance the quality, utility and clarity of the information to be collected; and (4) ways to minimize the burden of the collection of information on those who are to respond, including the use of appropriate automated, electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques or other forms of information technology.Start Signature
Kimberly D. Bose,
[FR Doc. E7-7147 Filed 4-13-07; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6717-01-P

domain: library


text:
Elemental Nights is your essential winter urban music festival, and this year promises to be even bigger and better with a high-hitting international and local line-up of renowned and cutting-edge artists taking to the stage at Auckland's iconic venues.
2022's concert series will showcase a range of musical genres from neo-soul, R&B, funk, indie, folk, to electronica ensuring all musical tastes are satiated.
Since arriving on the scene with his debut EP K.O.T.I.C (Kids of the City) Diggy Dupé has become a core member of the Auckland hip hop community.
In demand as a feature artist, he’s appeared on many releases including projects by SWIDT, ChoiceVaughan and Church & AP. The 2019 Vodafone NZ Music Awards finalist for ‘Best Hip Hop Act’, Dupé’s inspiration and stories are always about being a Central Auckland Polynesian – family, his Niuean heritage, gentrification and identity are recurring themes in his music.
Diggy Dupé & Friends Present The Panthers, perform songs from The Panthers soundtrack, a six-part drama series about the rise of the activist group Polynesian Panthers in the 1970’s – a powerful melange of 70’s vibe, with modern hip-hop and R&B.

domain: artistic


text: All dates AVAILABLE currently 6/6/23 Except for FEB-March 2024. Take a look.. the cutest rental being offered as a Long Term furnished condo with a 6 month minimum preferred at $1850. Short term at $2000. In season rate is $2200. Rental ready for your Palm Springs stay, just a few steps away from pool, spa, tennis courts a great way to spend those warm sunny days. Palm Springs Tramway right at the corner at Tramway Rd. Take a tram ride for a nice wine & dinner up San Jacinto Peak, see revitalized downtown Palm Springs offering a large range of shopping, dining options, night life, tahquitz canyon water fall hike, museums and cultural tourist attractions only 7 minutes from Palm Springs Villas I. Rent includes, water, hot water, trash, WIFI and HOA! Electric with a cap rate of $100, gas with a cap rate of $50.

domain: travel


text:
Although they wrote in the same historical milieu as their male counterparts, women writers of the 19th- and early 20th-centuries have generally been "ghettoized" by critics into a separate canonical sphere. These original essays argue in favor of reconciling male and female writers, both historically and in the context of classroom teaching.
While some of the essays pair up female and male authors who write in a similar style or with similar concerns, others address social issues shared by both men and women, including class tensions, economic problems, and the Civil War experience. Rather than privileging particular genres or certain well-known writers, the contributors examine writings ranging from novels and poetry to autobiography, utopian fiction, and essays. And they consider familiar figures like Harriet Beecher Stowe, Emily Dickinson, and Ralph Waldo Emerson alongside such lesser-known writers as Melusina Fay Peirce, Susie King Taylor, and Mary Gove Nichols.
Each essay revises the binary notions that have been ascribed to males and females, such as public and private, rational and intuitive, political and domestic, violent and passive. Although they do not deny the existence of separate spheres, the contributors show the boundary between them to be much more blurred than has been assumed until now.


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How Many Capital One Business Credit Cards Can You Have
We contacted Capital One support directly to discuss per-person card limits, and heres what we got: You may not be approved for additional accounts if you have 5 or more open credit card accounts with Capital One. This is consistent with what appears in these cards terms.
So you can have up to five Capital One business credit cards open at the same time, as long as you dont have any other open credit card accounts with Capital One.
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How Can I Get My Credit Re
If youre trying to raise your credit score a few points to get approved for a loan or to qualify for a better interest rate, your mortgage lender might be able to pay a fee for a rapid re-score that updates your credit report in two or three days. But only if theres proof of a credit report error or youre able to pay off an account right way and need the balance to reflect on your credit report.
Which Credit Reporting Agencies Banks Use To Pull Your Credit Report And Why It Matters
This post contains references to products from one or more of our advertisers. We may receive compensation when you click on links to those products. Terms apply to the offers listed on this page. For an explanation of our Advertising Policy, visit this page.
Editors note: This post has been updated with the latest information.
One of the most important things to know when you apply for a credit card is which credit bureau each bank uses to pull your credit report. In case you didnt know, there are three major credit bureaus, also called credit reporting agencies, in the United States. When you apply for a new line of credit, banks and credit card companies can pay to access your credit report from Equifax, Experian or TransUnion.
The CRA used by a card issuer to see your credit report can determine whether your application is approved or denied, especially when you apply for various cards in a short amount of time. If several card issuers pull from the same credit reporting agency, it could affect your chances of being approved.
However, if card issuers go to different credit bureaus to buy your reports, one issuer might not see that youre applying for a new account elsewhere. As a result, your chances of being approved for several cards should increase.
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How Credit Utilization Affects Your Credit Limits
Your credit utilization is the amount of credit youre using compared to your credit limit. For example, if you have a credit card with a $1000 limit and charge $500, your credit utilization would be 50%.
Your credit utilization has a direct impact on your credit score. The lower your credit utilization, the higher your score will be.
If youre trying to improve your credit score, one of the best things you can do is keep your credit utilization low. You can do this by paying off your balances each month or keeping your balances below 30% of your credit limit.
This Card Is Best For
- Prefers uncomplicated rewards with single rate for all spendingMinimalist
- Resists or refuses an annual fee on principle or due to costAnnual Fee Averse
- Earning a primary or side income from a small businessBusiness Owner
The Capital One Spark Classic is a solid option for small business owners with limited or fair credit, who may have difficulty getting most other cards. Its 1% cash-back rewards are nothing to crow about, but this card mainly provides the opportunity to acquire a credit line while also building a credit history that could help you to graduate to more rewarding alternatives.
The card is especially worth considering for business owners who dont anticipate often , carrying a balance on the card, which could hurt both their personal credit score and that of their business. Having the funds available to pay off what you charge to the account every month and making timely payments will help achieve the goal of building a fine credit record.
Since it lacks an annual fee, Capital One Spark Classic is also an economical choice for those who seek credit-card travel pluses that might otherwise cost you when taking a trip. It provides secondary rental-car insurance coverage, for example, and travel assistance when youre away from home. Its also a decent choice for use abroad, since it doesnt charge a foreign transaction fee, typically of 3%, that many cards impose on purchases made outside the United States.
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Check Your Credit Report
The bottom line to it all is information. To pick up on problems and learn whats going well, you must see your credit report. Every consumer can do that annually at no cost make your request at www.AnnualCreditReport.com but Griffin said fewer than half of the eligible people take advantage of that.
Thats a huge concern, Griffin said. We want people to be educated and know their course. You cant do anything about your credit report unless you know whats in it. Its all part of the education process. Information is powerful and people need to know how to get the right information.
6 Minute Read
When Does Wells Fargo Report To Credit Bureaus
Wells Fargo reports to all major credit reporting agencies. Credit card issuers typically report to bureaus at the same time as your monthly billing statement or soon after. In some cases, changes may be reflected right away in your credit report in others, it may take more than a month to update. If, for example, you pay your bill before you receive the billing statement, you will see a change on your credit report sooner than if you paid the bill just after receiving the statement.
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Get Another Credit Card
To get approved for another card, you’ll generally need to show consistent debt management, a good credit utilization ratio, and a timely, consistent payment history.
Keep in mind that applying for a new card will result in a hard inquiry on your credit report. In some cases, applying for a credit limit increase will do the same thing. So either way, apply sparingly. Each hard inquiry has the potential to reduce your credit score by a few points. Too many hard inquiries could make it hard for you to get credit in the future when you need to apply.
When Does Capital One Report To Credit Bureaus
Capital One reports account information to the credit bureaus every month. The reported information includes account status, credit limit, payment history, and account balance. The credit bureaus use this information to generate a credit score for an individual.
Its important to understand how your account information is reported to the credit bureaus and how it can impact your credit score. By understanding Capital Ones credit reporting policies, you can better manage your finances and make informed decisions about borrowing money.
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What Is A Secured Credit Card
This type of credit card usually requires an upfront deposit equal to the credit limit. So, for a card with a credit limit of $500, you’d need to deposit $500. Secured credit cards are still subject to late and rejected payment fees and generate interest on outstanding balances. As such, a secured credit card presents lower risk to card issuers and allows them to extend lines of credit to borrowers who don’t have good credit or meet the minimum credit score threshold.
How To Get A Merchant Account With Bad Credit
Category: Credit 1. Getting a Merchant Account With Poor Credit A business can increase profits a great deal by signing up for merchant accounts. Unfortunately, some business owners do not have good credit and their status Requirements needed when applying for a bad credit merchant account · A valid, government-issued
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Increase Your Credit Limit
Raising your credit limit isn’t a particularly daunting task. Although methods vary from issuer to issuer, a few clicks within your account management portal can usually lead you to a limit raise request. You can also typically ask for an increase via phone, or with a written request.
Oftentimes, your issuer will offer a credit increase in exchange for a small piece of information or two. It’s common for issuers to bump the limit for cardholders that update their annual income figure, for instance.
It’s also worth noting that your account needs to be in good standing to get a limit bump. Issuers won’t increase their exposure to you as a lender if you haven’t demonstrated you can pay your statements on time or be disciplined about your spending.
Do You Know What Capital One Is
CapitalOne is a well-known U.S. bank holding company, offering various financial products and services tailored for businesses, commercial customers, and multiple consumers.
Originally a credit card issuing bank, it has since begun to expand and expand by acquiring new liabilities. Today, it is one of the top 10 banks in the United States based on asset size.
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Problems With Credit Reporting
Heres where it gets complicated. Some businesses only provide information to the CRAs when an account is past due or has been written off and/or turned over to a collection agency. Creditors will write off a debt when it is deemed uncollectible.
Some of these creditors include:
- Utility companies
- Doctors and hospitals
- Lawyers and other professionals.
The three reporting agencies are making increasing efforts to gather monthly information from utility companies, phone companies and local retailers. That increases the amount of data in an individuals credit profile, which cuts down on the guesswork.
How Can Being An Authorized User Affect Your Credit
First, itÃ¢s important to know that credit card companies arenÃ¢t required to report authorized usersÃ¢ activity to credit bureaus. And if information doesnÃ¢t appear in a , it may not affect an authorized userÃ¢s credit or credit score at all.
But if the card issuer reports information, seeing positive effects on the authorized userÃ¢s credit starts with both the account holder and the authorized user using the credit card responsibly. That means doing things like making sure monthly payments are on time and keeping balances low.
Plus, as the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau notes, Ã¢Credit scores are based on experience over time.Ã¢ So if a cardholder has good credit and uses their card responsibly, simply adding an authorized user could help that person start a credit history.
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Chip Lupo Credit Card Writer
The Capital One Quicksilver Cash Rewards Credit Card reports to the credit bureaus monthly, within days after the end of a cardholders monthly billing period. Capital One Quicksilver reports the cards credit limit, account balance, payment history, and more to all three of the major credit bureaus: TransUnion, Equifax, and Experian. Capital One may use a specific credit bureau more than another, depending on the applicants home state, and other factors.
Once Capital One Quicksilver reports your account information to a credit bureau, it may take a few days before the updates appear on your credit report. New Capital One Quicksilver cardholders may not see any new credit account info on their credit report for one or two billing periods after getting a card.
If youd like to review your up-to-date and TransUnion credit report, you can on WalletHub. That way, youll be able to check every day to see if theres any new information about Capital One Quicksilver on your credit report.
Capital One reports to the credit bureaus on a monthly basis, usually on the monthly statement closing date or a few days after. Capital One doesnt disclose exactly when they report to the major credit bureaus , but users in online forums seem to agree that Capital One information reaches your credit report a few days after the date your statement is issued, and in some cases, on the statement date.read full answer
How To Check Your Credit Score For Free
There are dozens of resources available for you to check your credit score for free, but the type of score you receive varies between a FICO Score and VantageScore. While both are helpful for understanding the key factors that influence your credit history, FICO Scores are used in the majority of lending decisions.
The simplest way to access your free credit score is through your credit card issuer. Many card issuers provide their cardholders with free access to their FICO Score or VantageScore. Beyond your bank, consider free resources from Experian, Discover and Capital One.
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Re: When Does Capital One Report To The Credit Bureaus
wrote:They do report on statement dates but don’t be shocked if it’s not your first statement. I have a Venture1 that’s still not reporting – opened 8/9, statement cut 8/27 and still nothing. I’m hoping it gets picked up this month.
I’ve noticed that it takes two months to report. Got a card in May? It reports in July. So give it 2 months.
Who Can Be An Authorized User
Becoming an authorized user depends on two things: the account holder and their credit card company.
First, card issuers set their own policies. So they may have rules about who can be added or how old authorized users must be. From there, a lot of it is up to the cardholder.
As long as theyÃ¢re willing, there are many reasons a cardholder might add an authorized user. One is to try to help another person build credit. Parents might do it to teach their children about credit. Or someone could add their partner to help simplify their finances as a couple.
Whatever the relationship, trust is key. Once an authorized user is given access to an account, they typically can use their cardÃ¢with or without permissionÃ¢until access is revoked. So it might be a good idea to talk about budgeting and spending beforehand.
How To Dispute Information On Your Credit Report
If you find yourself with the need to dispute information on your credit report because of an error, you can use Forbes Advisors comprehensive guide to help you open a dispute. You will need to prepare your personal information and sufficient documentation of the error before youll be ready to submit a dispute. You can dispute errors directly with each credit bureau any of three ways: online, by mail or by phone. The credit bureau you file a dispute with will investigate your claim and release results within 30 to 45 days.
If the results lead to a change in your credit report, you will receive a free, updated copy of your reportbut this may take another 45 days. If you are not happy with the results of the dispute, you can resubmit with any additional supporting information to help your case.
Here Are The Capital One Credit Card Posting Dates:
- Payments submitted before 8 p.m., ET, Monday-Saturday will post the same day by midnight. Funds available by 8 a.m. ET, the day after the payment posts.
- Payments submitted after 8 p.m., ET, or on a Sunday/holiday would post the next day by midnight. Funds available by 8 a.m. ET, the day after the payment posts.
- ACH payments made through your Capital One online account, mobile app, Eno, or IVR payments made through the phone number on the back of your card may post immediately following the transaction.
Regardless of how you choose to pay your Capital One credit card bill, it is always a good idea to not wait until your due date to make a payment. Give yourself enough time to allow for system outages or slow mail delivery. Payments not received by 8 p.m. on the due date, or that are less than the minimum amount due will be considered late and will be charged a late fee up to $40.
Theres little reason to question the credit data that Credit Karma provides, either, considering that its direct from the credit bureau. It could contain errors, sure. One in five credit reports has a mistake in it, according to the FTC. But that has nothing to do with Credit Karma so-called data furnishers such as financial institutions, landlords and employers are typically to blame. Credit Karmas credit scores are accurate as well, despite being a bit outdated.
With that being said, there are two areas in which doubt enters the trustworthiness equation:
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Here’s A Better Way To Repair Your Credit Report
If you came to DoNotPay because you are fed up with monotonous tasks such as dealing with credit reports that need cleaning, you’ve come to the right place. Unlike “automated customer service” agents that could be more frustrating than helpful, DNP artificial intelligence lawyers get the job done with remarkable agility and accuracy.
Heres how to clean up your credit report using DoNotPay:
If you want to clean up your credit report but don’t know where to start, DoNotPay has you covered in 3 easy steps:
If you want to clean up your credit report but don’t know where to start, DoNotPay has you covered in 3 easy steps:

domain: economics


AMSOIL Upper Cylinder LubricantOctober 14, 2019
AMSOIL P.i. Performance Improver Concentrate
Newly reformulated, AMSOIL P.i. is the most potent gasoline additive available today. As a concentrated detergent, it is unsurpassed in cleaning combustion chamber deposits, intake valve deposits and port fuel injector deposits. AMSOIL P.i. helps maintain peak engine efficiency, fuel economy, power and drivability. AMSOIL P.i. maximizes fuel efficiency by dissolving and removing fuel system deposits and other contaminants for improved power and overall performance. AMSOIL P.i. also works as an “emissions passer.” It is ideal for use prior to emissions inspections. Treat gas, run that tank and fill up again prior to test. Safe for use with catalytic converters, oxygen sensors, oxygenated gas and 10% ethanol blended gas. Tests results show improved fuel efficiency between 2.3% and 5.7%. One bottle treats 20 gallons of gas. Treat one full tank of gas every 4,000 miles or 100 hours of service to protect peak efficiency. Improves fuel mileage an average of 2.3% and up to 5.7%
P.i. Performance Improver Gasoline Additive
P.i. improves fuel mileage an average of 2.3% and up to 5.7%. Reduces emissions such as hydrocarbons (HC) up to 15%, carbon monoxide (CO) up to 26% and nitrous oxides (NOx) up to 17%. Restores power and performance. Reduces the need for costly higher octane fuel. (API)
Untreated Fuel Leads to Poor Engine Performance
A vehicle demonstrates its best efficiency and engine performance when it is new. As the engine ages, its performance suffers from gasoline fuel-generated deposits that form on the fuel injectors, intake valves and combustion chamber. Additives are required to control deposit formation.
Today’s fuels, however, lack sufficient treatments of either enough additives or high quality additives. Fuel system deposits result in the following:
- Lost fuel economy
- Lost power and poor throttle response
- Failed emission tests
- Poor drivability – surging, hesitation, stalling, rough idle
- Engine knocking (pinging) and rap
- Difficult starts
Treated Fuel Delivers Maximum Performance
AMSOIL P.i. is the most potent gasoline additive available today. As a concentrated detergent, it is unsurpassed in cleaning combustion chamber deposits, intake valve deposits and port fuel injector deposits. AMSOIL P.i. helps maintain peak engine efficiency, fuel economy, power and drivability in newer low mileage engines. In engines with accumulated deposits, testing showed AMSOIL P.i. provided the following clean-up benefits after only one tank of gasoline:
- Improves fuel mileage an average of 2.3% and up to 5.7%
- Reduced emissions
- hydrocarbons (HC) up to 15%
- carbon monoxide (CO) up to 26%
- nitrous oxides (NOx) up to 17%
- Restored power and performance
- Reduced need for costly higher octane fuel
- Reduced noise from carbon rap and pre-ignition
- Better drivability
- Smoother operation
AMSOIL P.i. works as an emissions passer. It is ideal for use prior to emissions inspections.
Unsurpassed Deposit Clean-up
Port Fuel Injector Deposits form after the engine has been shut down and there is no gasoline flowing through the injectors. During this hot soak period the injectors heat up and the gasoline remaining in the injectors degrades and forms deposits. This can happen very quickly with the use of poor quality gasoline and short trip driving. Because the clearances within the injectors are extremely tight and injectors must deliver precise amounts of atomized fuel, even small amounts of deposits can cause injectors to malfunction. Fuel flow is reduced and spray patterns are disrupted, decreasing engine efficiency, power and fuel economy, while increasing exhaust emissions.
Intake Valve Deposits form on the intake side or back side of the valves. As deposits increase, they restrict airflow and alter airflow patterns in the cylinder. The deposits disrupt the balanced air/fuel ratio by momentarily absorbing and releasing fuel, and they can cause valve sticking by getting in the way of the valve stem and guide. Deposits also restrict proper seating, and the valves may be burned. Intake valve deposits cause lost engine power, increased emissions, poor engine efficiency and potential valve failure.
Combustion Chamber Deposits form on the top of the pistons and on the cylinder heads. They increase compression and absorb heat during combustion to later release it during the intake cycle. In some engines with tight squish domes, combustion chamber deposits cause the piston to actually hit the cylinder head. This is referred to as combustion chamber deposit interference or carbon rap. Combustion chamber deposits also flake off as they get large, and these flakes can get trapped between the valves and valve seat, resulting in compression loss, difficult starting and rough idle.
Higher compression and stored heat cause increased intake fresh charge temperatures and the increased likelihood of pre-ignition knock or pinging when the fuel spontaneously combusts prior to spark ignition. This increases emissions and may cause engine damage. Many of today’s cars have knock sensors that adjust spark timing to prevent knock.
Although audible knock is controlled, power is lost from retarded timing. Higher octane fuels of 4-5 octane numbers can be used to help prevent knock, an effect called octane requirement increase.As a vehicle ages, more-expensive,
higher-octane fuel is needed to keep it operating at peak performance. By cleaning combustion chamber deposits, knock is controlled, power is restored, fuel economy increases and higher-octane fuels are less necessary for peak performance.
Maximum Fuel Economy
AMSOIL P.i. maximizes fuel efficiency by dissolving and removing fuel system deposits and other contaminants for improved power and overall performance.
Treat one full tank of gas up to 20 gallons with one bottle of P.i. For very large gas tanks, partially fill to 40 gallons and treat with two bottles of P.i. Using more than two bottles per treatment is not recommended. Treat gas every 4,000 miles of service (or 100 hours for marine, stationary and off-road gasoline-powered engines). P.i. helps pass emission tests by running one tank of treated fuel through the engine prior to testing. Safe for use with catalytic converters, oxygen sensors, oxygenated gas and 10 percent ethanol blended gas. Not recommended for two-cycle engines.
DANGER: Combustible. Harmful or fatal if swallowed. Harmful if inhaled. Skin and eye irritant. Read precautions on container before use.
API Packaging Information
|Unit of Measure
|PI Performance Improver Concentrate
|Case of 12
|PI Performance Improver Concentrate