text:
Am I the only one who is utterly gobsmacked that we are having a “contraception debate”? What year is it again? I’m 48, and the debate on all this was settled long before I ever found it necessary to wrap my lil kamper in latex. And my confusion as to what year it is was only heightened the other day when Rick Santorum said this:
Woodstock is the great American orgy. This is who the Democratic Party has become. They have become the party of Woodstock. The prey upon our most basic primal lusts, and that’s sex. And the whole abortion culture, it’s not about life. It’s about sexual freedom. That’s what it’s about. Homosexuality. It’s about sexual freedom.
Woodstock?! He’s trying to tie the Democrats to those dirty hippies we all saw on the Merv Griffin show? Wait, maybe he’s talking about Woodstock 1999? That was pretty horrible. No? He means, like, Woodstock Woodstock? 1969 Woodstock? Man, all I can say is, someone didn’t stay away from the brown acid. (And, as Charles Pierce points out, Santorum says “sexual freedom” like that’s a bad thing.)
But this only proves a point, which is that the best thing about wingnuts is that they always eventually show their true colors. They can only subsist on code language and dog whistles for so long before the real bile begins to flow.
Which brings us back to the birth control debate. In New Hampshire, for instance, GOP lawmakers oppose the new federal rule compelling insurers to provide birth control to employees of religious organizations. Only here’s the problem: New Hampshire has had a state law on the books for 12 years that requires contraceptive coverage in all prescription drug plans, and at the time it passed, no one objected.
The law was passed by a Republican Legislature and signed by a Democratic governor. Nobody at the time, it seems, saw the policy as a blow against religious liberty.
Democratic state Rep. Terie Norelli, who co-sponsored the law, said that objection never came up.
“There was no discussion whatsoever — I even went back and looked at the history from the bill,” she said. “There was not one comment about religious freedoms.”
So whose fault is it, this 12-year-old law passed by the state’s Republican Legislature? It’s Obama’s fault, of course.
It’s hard to miss the politics fueling state House Speaker William O’Brien’s push to carve out a religious exemption from the contraception mandate.
“The Obama administration is trying to divide this country and to divide women against Catholics,” O’Brien said. “The amendment before you, however, is a way of guaranteeing religious freedom by ensuring that we are not forcing employers to purchase health care coverage that violates their belief.”
And who helped to draft the new You-Ladies-Should-Just-Keep-Your-Legs-Closed bill? The Catholic Diocese of Manchester.
The diocese isn’t itself directly affected by the contraception mandate because it, like the state’s largest Catholic hospital, has chosen to self-insure. But if the church gets its way, contraceptive-free insurance may soon be widely available on the open market.
“I ask that all of our people of good will support that which is in the best interest of that which gives life, that which sustains life,” Bishop Peter Libasci said during a recent news conference. The diocese helped draft the bill, which would free any employer, be it an auto repair shop or a metaphysical bookstore, with a religious objection to birth control.
I can’t see how these same objections would not equally apply to a Christian Science business owner, who might object to all medical care, or to a New Age owner, who would only want to cover crystals, magnets, and herbal remedies.

domain: sociology


Channing Tatum, Zoë Kravitz Spark Dating Rumors Leaving Fans Disappointed
Zoë Kravitz and Channing Tatum were spotted in the East Village of New York City as they get close while on a bike ride on August 18.
In a photo reported by Page Six, Tatum was seen steering a black BMX bike while the "High Fidelity" actress had her arms wrapped around the actor's shoulders.
The actors were dressed down in their casual attire, wearing denim pants and black shirts. Kravitz was also seen accessorized with a large green bag and black sunglasses.
zoë kravitz and channing tatum out in nyc pic.twitter.com/kETPWrQPLf— best of zoë kravitz (@zoearchive) August 19, 2021
Tatum-Kravitz On Their Next Level Relationship?
As the two spent more time on Kravitz's upcoming directorial film debut, "Pussy Land," there have been statements made from a source telling E! News that the closeness between the two has 'stepped up.'
"There's more than a friendship going on with Channing and Zoe." The source also mentioned that they are now more than just friends and close co-stars. "They are spending a lot of time together and having fun."
In January, Tatum and Kravitz dispelled rumors circulating online, a few days after the "Big Little Lies" actress separated and filed a divorce from her ex-husband, Karl Glusman.
The difference was back then; an insider told the outlet that Kravitz was "still single."
While on the other hand, Tatum has been single for a long time. Back in October 2020, Tatum and his on-and-off girlfriend Jessie J confirmed their relationship has ended in a now-deleted post on Instagram, captioning, "Single life in a pandemic is [crystal ball emoji]."
Kravitz Fans Disappointed With Dating Rumor?
Although it has been months since the two had their dating rumors, numerous fans of Zoë Kravitz were still in shock about the recent sighting.
An account shared on Twitter their photos, captioning, "Zoë Kravitz and Channing Tatum out in NYC." In fans' responses, many of them were happy regarding the news and said that it was the best news they have ever received in 2021.
Channing Tatum & Zoe kravitz dating is the best news I’ve had today— Vanessa (@PrinCessVE) August 19, 2021
However, some of them were still not able to accept the news. They even criticized Tatum's new shaved look unmatched for Kravitz's beauty, like it was a "nightmare."
He's so ugly now omg https://t.co/kGG2aIO0fz— jam (@dianascanary) August 19, 2021
Another one also stated that the actress was too good for Tatum, that they even assumed that the two will not last long despite the confirmation of them dating.
am i in a social experiement why the fuck do people find channing tatum attractive? let alone worthy of zoe kravitz??? https://t.co/I30dVCEUIT— esra (@somethingdarkk) August 19, 2021


|Dimensions||6.1 × 5.9 × 1.9 in|
Nozone Kailua Sun Protective Hooded Baby Swimsuit
- SKIN SAFETY: Rated UPF 50+ for over 98% safety from the solar – NO sunscreen chemical substances are added; all safety is from the weave of the material
- COMFORT: Incredibly quick-drying / Extremely low water retention for ease of motion in water / Fabric is light-weight and comfortable with four means stretch / Flatlock stitching for added consolation and elegance
- DURABILITY: Highly Chlorine & Salt Water resistant / Colors keep vibrant / Excellent form retention / UV Protection by no means washes out!
- EASE OF USE: Double zipper system makes for straightforward on/off and fast diaper adjustments / Quick rinse after every use / Machine washable
- MADE IN CANADA / Ethically manufactured to exacting requirements. We adhere to worldwide labor requirements to make sure no kids or underpaid employees are concerned in the manufacturing course of
Nozone’s sun-protective hooded child swimsuit retains your child secure from the solar’s dangerous rays in or out of the water..
– Rated UPF 50+
– All solar safety is from the weave of the material
Very low water retention and very fast drying
– entrance zipper for straightforward on/off
– decrease zipper for fast diaper adjustments
– light-weight and comfy
– superb four means stretch and material reminiscence
– drapes properly with out clinging
– 100% polyester will outlast nylon/spandex many instances over
– Highly chlorine and salt water-proof
Easy Care: Machine wash – heat, Tumble Dry Low or lay flat to dry
NoZone Infant Size Chart:
(Note that top is a very powerful measurement for child fits. Our stretchy material accommodates all kinds of sizes and styles!.)
0-6 mo – Chest as much as 18″, Waist as much as 19″, Hips as much as 18″, Height as much as 26″
6-12 mo – Chest as much as 19″, Waist as much as 19 half”, Hips as much as 19″, Height as much as 28 half”
12-18 mo – Chest as much as 20″, Waist as much as 20″, Hips as much as 20″, Height as much as 31″
18-24 mo – Chest as much as 21″, Waist as much as 20 half”, Hips as much as 21″, Height as much as 34″
Quality Guaranteed: Nozone Clothing is a pacesetter in sun-safe clothes and is dedicated to bringing you full solar safety and premium merchandise. Our clothes is manufactured in Canada to exacting requirements and in humane circumstances.
Nozone Kailua Sun Protective Hooded Baby Swimsuit in Smurf/Titanium, 0-6 Months.


text:
Production photos are in of Jake Gyllenhaal, Ellen Greene, and the cast of Little Shop of Horrors at New York City Center, which played its first performance tonight, July 1, and plays two more performances on July 2 as part of the Encores! Off-Center series. The mounting is directed by Dick Scanlan.
As previously reported, the company of the Howard Ashman-Alan Menken musical is led by Jake Gyllenhaal as Seymour and original Little Shop leading lady Ellen Greene reprising her legendary performance as Audrey.
Saturday Night Live player Taran Killam takes on the role of Orin Scrivello, D.D.S.
Tracy Nicole Chapman, Marva Hicks, and Ramona Keller — best known for their performances as the Radio in the musical Caroline, or Change — star as the Urchins.
Eddie Cooper stars as the killer plant Audrey II in the revival.
Completing the company is Joe Grifasi as Mushnik.
Written by Ashman and Menken, Little Shop of Horrors premiered off-off-Broadway in 1982 before moving off-Broadway to the Orpheum Theatre, where it played 2,209 performances.
A film, featuring Greene and Rick Moranis, was released in 1986, and the musical premiered on Broadway in 2003, where it starred Hunter Foster and Kerry Butler.
The 2015 Encores! Off-Center production features sets by Donyale Werle, costumes by Clint Ramos, lighting by Mark Barton, and sound design by Leon Rothenberg.
For more information, click here.

domain: artistic


text:
A journey into contemplative prayer. Being still before God through Scripture praying, meditation, and listening prayer--forms rooted in Scripture and practiced by faithful believers throughout history. 'The Soul at Rest' is a quiet-time companion that introduces these "inward disciplines" to those who hunger for greater intimacy with God. An understandable, step-by-step journey into the practice of inner prayer, this book brings both inspirational teaching and practical exercises that facilitate learning-by-doing.
Tricia McCary Rhodes, 1996
Paperback, Very Good (does have previous owner's name on first inside page.)
18 x 13 x 1.7 cm

domain: library


text:
This week we look at some of the great baddies of the films of the 1980’s. Let’s face it, we were spoilt for choice in this category!
So many great characters to remember – join us as we look at those bad guys you couldn’t help but love!
… Read more
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domain: entertainment


text:
Women who kill their abusers: how Queensland's new abusive domestic relationships defence continues to ignore reality
Queensland has been the last Australian jurisdiction to reform its law of criminal defences to try and take account of the difficulties faced by victims of domestic abuse in satisfying the traditional elements of self defence. Section 304B of the Queensland Criminal Code was designed to create a partial defence for victims of domestic violence who, fearing for their lives, kill their abusers in circumstances that would otherwise constitute murder. Usually, these cases involve killing in the absence of a triggering assault or where the feared harm is not imminent. The partial defence provides that the accused will be found guilty of manslaughter only, thereby allowing for judicial discretion in sentencing. This paper argues that the new provision is ineffective and, in fact, puts victims of abuse who kill in a more difficult tactical position than if it had not been enacted. The theory of criminal responsibility (juxtaposing justification and excuse) and various moral theories are used to argue that victims of serious abuse who kill their abuser should be entitled to an acquittal, even without a triggering assault and even if the threat posed by the abuser is not immediate.
M. Edgely & E. Marchetti, 'Women who kill their abusers: how Queensland's new abusive domestic relationships defence continues to ignore reality' (2011) 13 (2) Flinders Law Journal 125-176.

domain: law


text:
Lets Huddle - Mug
Get your unique coffee mugs and unique tea mugs today!
Let's Huddle the family up and head to the game! Football season!
We hand-press our custom coffee mugs and custom tea mugs. This football mug is a great gift idea for him, friends, or just to treat yourself.
- Larger 15 oz. Size.
- 100% Ceramic.
- Dishwasher + Microwave Safe.
- Design Printed on both sides of mug.

domain: design


text:
Rihanna will never cry in public
Pop star Rihanna says she will never let her fans see her cry because she does not wish to show her vulnerable side to the public.
She has become famous for her feisty and aggressive persona ever since she bounced back from her beating at the hands of ex-boyfriend Chris Brown in February 2009.
"I do have a vulnerable side. I think a lot of people have a misperception of me. They only see the tough, defensive, aggressive side, but every woman is vulnerable," contactmusic.com quoted Rihanna as saying.The singer keeps her emotions hidden while she's in the spotlight because she does not wish to be viewed as weak.
"I just don't like people to see me cry, I don't like to let them know when I'm bothered. I just prefer it to be all about business," she said.
Enter your email to get our daily newsletter in your inbox
- Kangana Ranaut, who earlier accused Vikas Bahl of inappropriate behaviour, thanked him for turning her career around with Queen. She said that he 'played a very significant role' in shaping her destiny.
- Shahid Kapoor aced the Centre of Gravity challenge, much to the surprise of his wife Mira Rajput, who called him a 'smooth operator'. Watch the video here.
- Sonakshi Sinha, who plays a tough cop in her debut web series, shared her first look from the show on the eve of International Women's Day. See it here.
- Nawazuddin Siddiqui's wife Aaliya has reaffirmed her wish to reconcile with the actor in a new interview, adding that she is ready to mend her ties with his brother Shamas.
- Abhinav Shukla said that Bigg Boss 14 runner-up Rahul Vaidya did not deserve to be in the top two as he walked out of the show during the mid-season finale.
- BTS singer Jungkook hosted a VLive on Sunday. During the chat, he revealed his new hair colour, thanked the ARMY, listened to songs and gave everyone a good look at his arm tattoos.
- Rhea Kapoor dedicated an adorable Instagram post to her boyfriend Karan Boolani. She shared pictures of her showering him with kisses. See his reply here.
- Hema Malini was left teary-eyed on watching a video message from her daughter, Esha Deol, on Indian Idol 12. The episode will be aired tonight. Watch the promo here.
- Taimur Ali Khan was photographed in Mumbai on Sunday. The star kid was seen out with his father Saif Ali Khan and half-sister Sara Ali Khan.
- Sara Ali Khan shared two new pictures from brother Ibrahim's birthday party. More pictures were shared by one of Ibrahim's friends.

domain: news


Does your tool shed seem a bit empty? Could it be because you don’t have a basic hand tools list to know exactly what you should have? Don’t worry. I have compiled a list of some of the most basic hand tools every tool shed should have.
Here’s my list…
Basic Hand Tools List
Jackson Professional Tools – Kodiak Fiberglass Shovels
The first tool on the list is a shovel. Whoever heard of a tool shed without a shovel? A fiberglass shovel is the best choice if you want quality as well as a tool that will last a lifetime.
This one is a no brainer. How many times have you searched for your tape measure and couldn’t find it. Every basic hand tools list includes one. Grab a couple of these today so you will always have one at your fingertips.
Klein Tools – 5 Pc. Cushion-Grip Screwdriver Sets
When it comes to the best screwdriver set your money can buy, always go with Klein Tools. I have used these for years and never have I had issues with the tips rounding off. They are well worth the investment. Add a set to your basic hand tools list. Better yet…
A good clamp is like having a third hand. It’s invaluable. Keeping a good collection of hand clamps hanging on your tool shed wall is always a good idea. Pony makes some of the best. And of course, you do want the best don’t you?
Additional Hand Tools for Your Tools Shed
Are there more hand tools that you should have in your shed? Of course. But these are some that I feel every shed or toolbox should have. These are a good starting point for making your own basic hand tools list.
When you find a tool that you like, get it. If you don’t the day will come when you need it only to find yourself without. Quality hand tools will last you a lifetime. Make the investment.


Ridley was one of six running backs on the depth chart and signed a one-year deal with $250,000 guaranteed after spending last season with the New York Jets.
The move could signal the return of starter Ameer Abdullah. After surgery on his shoulder in January, Abdullah has been limited in workouts and began practicing with a non-contact jersey.
Theo Riddick nailed down the third-down back role last season and the Lions are pleased with rookie seventh-round pick Dwayne Washington. Washington helped his cause with a 96-yard kickoff return for a touchdown against the Steelers.
Ridley could draw interest from the New England Patriots, his first NFL team, because of injury woes in their backfield. Dion Lewis underwent knee surgery and the Patriots parted with Donald Brown because of durability issues.


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|Tool||Hand or Axe|
The Weedwood Jukebox is a craftable utility block that is capable of playing the various Music Discs from the Betweenlands.
|Weedwood Jukebox||Weedwood Planks (8) + Valonite Shard|
Playing Music Edit
Similarly to the vanilla Jukebox, the Weedwood Jukebox can be right-clicked with any Music Disc from the Betweenlands to put it inside and play it. Right-clicking the Weedwood Jukebox again afterwards will take the Music Disc out of it and stop the music.
The Weedwood Jukebox is not able to play vanilla Music Discs. Likewise, the vanilla Jukebox is not able to play Betweenlands Music Discs.
- As an easter egg, Gert's Donut can actually be put into the Weedwood Jukebox as if it were a music disc. Rather than playing any sort of track, the jukebox will consume all of the donuts in the stack and simply say "DOH!" above the hotbar. Do not fret, for the donuts can be retrieved from the jukebox again.
- Beta 1.0.0: Introduced.

domain: hobby


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The Architectural Conservancy of Ontario - South Bruce Grey Branch
/bigger> Celebrating its 123rd. Anniversary
23 Years of Renewed Life
/fontfamily>In the beginning ...........
/fontfamily> Victoria Jubilee Hall was built to replace Walkerton's original wooden Town Hall. The cornerstone was laid on August 15th, 1897 in commemoration of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.
Intended as an imposing structure suitable for the County Town of Bruce, the new Hall was designed by A. R Denison of Toronto, and constructed by contractor Henry Clark, using marl brick and local fieldstone. The cost was $10,000. A bell purchased in 1870 in Troy, New York sat in the adjacent market square until it was hoisted to its home in the tower of the new building.
Victoria Jubilee Hall has 8 different levels and contains an impressive, 300-seat theatre. In places the walls are 3 bricks thick. The first Town Council meeting was held in the Hall on February 17, 1898. The first electric installation consisted of 15 lights, which cost $3.30 per month. Municipal records show that proceeds from a concert held during the Hall's official opening were intended to purchase glass-covered faces for a clock in the tower. The windows sat empty for 109 years.
Originally the ground level was used for a farmers' market. It was later converted to a fire hall and firemen's quarters. Over the years, the rest of the building housed municipal offices, a market place, the Opera Hall, council chambers, the public utilities commission and a police office.
In 1979, Walkerton Town Council designated Victoria Jubilee Hall a building of architectural and historic significance under the Ontario Heritage Act.
In 1996, however, the Municipal Council and the Town Clerk's office moved from the building to rental quarters. The cupola and bell were taken down from the building and left on the parking lot. The following year, as Victoria Jubilee Hall was marking its 100th birthday, the Municipal Council attempted to remove the heritage designation, and in April announced demolition plans. Horrified, local residents working with the South Bruce-Grey Branch of the Architectural Conservancy of Ontario fought to save the building, and purchased it, in trust for the community.
New life .............
In 1998, as if to provide a talisman, a rare drawing of Victoria Jubilee Hall by noted Canadian artist David Milne was discovered. Milne, born in Bourgogne, was a student at Walkerton High School when he made the drawing. He later attended the Normal School, which was in Walkerton at that time.
Since then, Victoria Jubilee Hall has renewed its vital role as an integral part of the social, communal and cultural fabric of the municipality. Four phases of renovations and improvements have been carried out already. Thousands of people annually pass through the doors, to attend meetings, conferences, courses, dance classes, music recitals and performances.
To mark the arrival of the new century in 2000, First Night celebrations were held, and the restored bell rang in the new year. In addition, a stained glass window was installed in the passage beside the main stairs, and a commemorative quilt containing the embroidered names of 576 families was designed and installed.
Victoria Jubilee Hall served as the community response centre and Ontario Government headquarters in Walkerton, for 18 months, following the e-coli crisis of 2000. In 2001, beautiful stained glass windows were installed in the front foyer, to commemorate the water tragedy.
As Queen Elizabeth II celebrated her Golden Jubilee in 2002, Jubilee Garden, with its lovely gazebo surrounded by roses, was established and has become increasingly more beautiful each year.
Finally, after 109 years, in time for Homecoming 2006, clocks were installed in the four windows of the bell tower. Now the clock chimes can be heard every day, throughout the town, celebrating 110 years of Victoria Jubilee Hall in the life of the community.
The Opera House is a prime architectural feature of the Jubilee Hall and recently it has been revitalized with performances from such renowned artists as Valdy, Liona Boyd, Wingfield Farms, Barrage, The Arrogant Worms & Buddy Wasisname. and the Other Fellers, Jim Witter, Pavlo, Quartetto Gelato , Ennis Sister, Heather Rankin. The performance hall has a seating capacity of 300 which includes a beautiful balcony area.
"Those who can, do. Those who can do more, volunteer."
Pictures or Stories
We are always looking for pictures, information or stories about Victoria Jubilee Hall. If you have any of these we would be elated to see or hear about the Hall.
Special thank you to Wightman Telecom Limited for their generosity to Victoria Jubilee Hall.

domain: history


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These Darjeeling-style vegetable momos are filled with mildly-spiced cabbage, carrot and red onion and steam-fried until the dough is soft and pillowy, the filling is moist and the bottoms are crispy. Serve with a spicy tomato chutney or a simple soup. Homemade momos take an afternoon or two, but it’s worth the effort for a freezer full of dumplings!
What are Momos?
Momos are a style of round, half-moon or leaf-shaped dumplings believed to have originated in Tibet, influenced by Chinese dumplings. They have worked their way into the cuisines of neighboring countries in and around the Himalayan mountains - including Nepal, where they are a staple of traditional Nepalese cuisine - and Northern India, where, as in the case of Darjeeling momos, they have been adopted and adapted as popular street foods.
Because of the mountainous geography with cold weather and high altitudes, cuisines of the Himalayan region rely heavily on livestock. So traditional Tibetan or Nepali-style momos mostly used meat fillings made with fatty cuts of yak or lamb and were initially baked in mud brick ovens. In modern times momos in the region are most commonly steamed or steam-fried and served with a tomato chutney and sometimes a simple soup or broth.
Difference between Momos and Chinese-Style Dumplings.
Tibetan or Nepali-style Momos are believed to have been influenced by Chinese-style dumplings, but there are a few differences between the two dumpling styles:
- Momos tend to have wrappers made from a firmer, thicker dough than Chinese-style dumplings that suits the traditional Tibetan practice of eating them with your hands, rather than with chopsticks.
- Chinese (and Japanese) style dumplings and potstickers are often served with mild and salty soy sauce-based dips. In contrast, momos are most commonly served with thicker, often very spicy, tomato dipping sauces or chutneys that are seasoned with rich warming spices like garam masala and numbing Sichuan peppercorns.
- In addition to a dipping sauce, traditional Nepali momos are often served with a small bowl of simple aromatic soup or broth, sort of like a miso soup, but seasoned with a mix of warming spices like cardamom and cinnamon. Sometimes the momos are served in the broth.
What makes a Momo a Darjeeling Momo?
Darjeeling is a city in West Bengal, a state of North Eastern India that is known for its amazing street food. There is a large Tibetan population there due to significant migration into India from Tibet that began in the mid 20th century. Migrants brought their momo recipes with them, but creatively adapted them to suit local tastes and ingredients that were commonly available and affordable in their new homes.
Looking for more indulgent vegetarian weekend cooking projects? Try these vegan buffalo cauliflower tacos or these sweet potato tempura maki sushi rolls.
As a result, the momos you find at Darjeeling street food stalls are more likely to include vegetarian adaptations of traditional Tibetan or Nepali momos. Common vegetarian fillings include mixed shredded vegetables like cabbage and carrot, spinach and other greens, and cheeses like paneer.
Getting the Homemade Wrapper Dough Right
For this recipe, the dough for the wrappers starts out somewhat firm. If you are familiar with making doughs it may seem a bit too firm to work with at first - that is what it is supposed to feel like. The idea is to let the dough soften as it rests (for at least 30 minutes but ideally 3 or 4). This way the dough will be pliable enough to shape but not so soft and sticky that it is challenging to work with.
If, after letting your dough rest, you find it is still too firm, let it rest another hour.
If you don’t have time to let your dough rest, you might want to add a bit more water into the dough. This will make the wrappers easier to roll out right away, but the momos may be more difficult to shape.
Essential Momo Making Techniques
How to Portion the Dough for Homemade Wrappers
Wheat-flour based doughs for things like dumplings and flatbreads can be frustrating to roll out into individual rounds because the dough tends to shrink back as you try to roll them out. Allowing the dough to rest helps the dough to stay in place rather than shrink. For this reason, when I make homemade dumpling or momo wrappers, I flatten and roll the dough portions out in stages, making sure to keep the dough portions covered after each step, allowing the dough rounds to rest a bit in between steps.
Divide the dough into quarters. Working with one quarter of the dough at a time, roll into a long cylinder about 1” thick. You can eyeball it or use a kitchen scale to make sure the portions are roughly the same size. Then cut the cylinder into equal sized pieces - about 1” long.
Lay a damp kitchen towel in the far corner of your work station. Take each piece and turn it on its side, so the cut side is facing up. Press down with the palm of your hand to flatten it into a round and set it aside underneath the damp towel.
Working one at a time, remove the flattened rounds from underneath the towel and, using a thin wooden rolling pin, roll into thin rounds about 3” in diameter. Return underneath the damp towel.
Working one at a time and starting with the first round you rolled in step two, remove each round from underneath the towel once more and roll again into a 3 ½ to 4” round. Fill, shape and transfer to a baking sheet lined with parchment paper.
How to Roll out Momo (and other Dumpling) Wrappers.
While you can use any rolling pin to make momo or dumpling wrappers, the ideal rolling pin is a thin wooden rolling pin, sometimes referred to as a Chinese rolling pin or dumpling dowel. Not only are they perfect for shaping momos, they’re also great for making pierogi, potstickers and other styles of dumplings.
Dumpling wrappers are not rolled the same as you would roll a round of, say, pie dough. Instead, to roll dumpling wrappers, you manipulate the rolling pin with one hand while turning the dough with the other. This technique allows you to quickly and easily roll out many small wrappers with slightly thicker centers and thinner edges - perfect for filling and shaping. The relatively small size of the dumpling dowels make it easier to roll with just one hand.
To roll out a dumpling wrapper: place the dough round on your workstation in front of you. With your dominant hand, push the rolling pin back and forth in quick short movements while simultaneously using your non-dominant hand to turn the dough around in quick quarter turns. Continue until the dough reaches the desired size.
How to Fold or Shape Momos
There are so many shapes you can make your momos (or other dumplings) and it’s up to you how fancy you want to get (though, if you are using square wonton wrappers, some shapes may be difficult to create). If you’re just getting started making dumplings, try a simple half-moon or pleated half-moon shape. If you’re looking for something a little more fancy, try the round shape pictured here.
To make round momos: place a dough round in your non-dominant hand (use the thumb of this hand to press down the filling as you fold, if necessary.) With the thumb and pointer finger of your dominant hand, pinch together the edge of the wrapper and, keeping your thumb in place, use your pointer finger to pull more of the wrapper towards your thumb, pinching together to create pleats all the way around the wrapper as you use your non-dominant hand to turn and shape the dumpling from underneath. Once you have pleated all the way around, twist the pleats together, leaving an “o” shape in the top of the dumpling.
Watch a few videos to get the idea before trying it yourself: “The Woks of Life” has a great guide to some of the easier dumpling shapes and “Souped up Recipes” has a comprehensive video of 24 different dumpling shapes, including some of the more intricate ones.
Remember, your momos don't have to be perfectly shaped. As long as they are well sealed, wonky momos taste just as delicious. Keep at it and you’ll get better the more you practice.
Make it Easier with an Organized Workstation
Making any kind of homemade dumpling - momos, Chinese-style dumplings, potstickers or pierogies - is a lot of work, but it’s so worth it to end up with a large batch of freezer meals. Future-you will thank you for your effort. All the process really requires are a few repetitive techniques that you get better and faster at the more you do them.
No time for homemade momos? Try these easy vegetarian main options instead:
The best way to keep the momo-making process from becoming overwhelming is to keep your workspace organized. Follow these tips to keep the batch-work of momo making as painless as possible:
- Keep the dough covered with damp kitchen towels at all times so it does not dry out.
- Work in batches or portions of dough, keeping the unused dough portions in a covered bowl, and the already-shaped dumplings on a parchment-lined cookie sheet in the freezer. This way you only have ¼ of the wrappers on your work-station at any given time.
- Work with two parchment-lined cookie sheets. Leave one on your work-station to place each momo as you shape it, then transfer the shaped momos to the cookie sheet in the freezer and start again with the next portion of dough.
- Pop on a tv show or podcast. Once you get going, making momos is mindless work. It takes a long time, but you can always divide your attention between the momos and something a bit more interesting.
Make it Easier with Shortcuts
Divide the Work over Two Days
I never make momos or dumplings all in a single day. It’s too much work for one person. Instead, I make the filling (and the tomato chutney) on the first day, store it in the refrigerator overnight and make the dough and shape and freeze the dumplings on the second day.
Use Premade Wrappers
Most of the work involved in making momos is in preparing the dough, portioning it out and rolling the dough portions into individual momo wrappers before filling and shaping them. The biggest short-cut you can take with homemade dumplings is to use pre-made wonton wrappers instead.
If using store-bought wrappers, which can be drier than freshly-made dough, be sure to keep them moist as you work. Cover any wrappers with a damp cloth or plastic wrap when not using and use your finger to moisten the edges of each wrapper before shaping.
Square premade wonton wrappers are most readily available in grocery stores, but opt for a round store-bought dumpling pastry, if you can find it. The square shape won’t fold into the common dumpling shapes as easily as rounds.
Use a Pasta Maker and Cookie Cutter
Instead of cutting the dough into pieces and rolling each piece into rounds, roll your dough into thin sheets with a pasta maker and use a large 3 ½-4” cookie or biscuit cutter to cut out the wrappers.
It’s debatable if this technique is really easier, it depends on how familiar you are with rolling out dumpling wrappers because, at a certain point, you can get really fast with it. But if you use your pasta maker a lot and it seems like this method might be easier to you, it could be worth trying just for the sense of the task being less daunting.
Use Store-Bought Dipping Sauce
Spicy tomato chutneys are easy to make and a great way to use up a glut of fresh tomatoes from your garden, should you have one. I like to make a variation of a recipe from Santosh Shah’s Ayla cookbook to accompany my homemade momos. However, you might also be able to use store-bought.
These Darjeeling momos are steam-fried in a skillet, but if you’ve got a bamboo steamer burning a hole in your kitchen, try this weeknight-friendly Cantonese steamed fish with ginger and garlic.
Premade momo sauces are harder to come by than, say, jarred curry pastes and sauces. But if you live in a large city, you may be able to purchase pre-made momo sauces from Nepali or Tibetan restaurants, specialty grocers or anywhere you can buy pre-made or frozen momos.
Leftovers, Storage & Freezing
Both momos (and tomato chutneys) freeze very well. Making a large batch of momos and freezing most of them is the only way I’ll go through the effort. You don’t want to take the time to make and shape dumplings of any kind if you’ll only be making a few.
To Store and Reheat Momos:
Its best to only cook as many momos as you are going to eat right away. But if you have any leftovers, store them in an airtight container in the refrigerator for 2-3 days. To reheat while maintaining the crispy bottoms, cook in much the same way as they were originally cooked. Add the momos to a hot pan with a thin layer of oil on the bottom. Fry for 2-3 minutes, then add a few tablespoons of water to the pan, cover, lower the heat and steam till heated through. Add more water to the pan if it evaporates before the momos are heated through.
To Freeze Momos:
Line a cookie sheet with parchment paper and then sprinkle generously with flour. Place your momos onto the cookie sheet as you shape them and when the cookie sheet is full, transfer it to the freezer. After 30 minutes to an hour the outsides of the momos should be frozen, which will prevent them from sticking together. Transfer the momos to a freezer bag and store in the freezer for up to 3 months.
To Cook Momos from Frozen:
Do not defrost your momos before cooking them, they should be cooked directly from frozen. To cook, heat a thin layer of oil into a sauté pan or cast iron skillet with a lid over medium-high heat. When the oil is ready, place your frozen momos, flat side down, onto the pan, leaving space between each momo. Fry for 2-3 minutes, then add ½-⅔ cup water to the pan, cover and lower the heat to medium-low. Frozen momos will take longer to steam than fresh, about 15-20 minutes total, depending on the thickness of your wrappers.
Darjeeling Vegetable Momo Recipe
Makes about 40 momos
For the Wrappers:
- 500g all purpose flour
- ½ teaspoon baking powder
- 1 ½ cups water
- Pinch of salt
For the Momos:
- 2 tablespoons oil
- 4 garlic cloves, minced
- 1 inch piece ginger, grated
- 1/2 red onion, minced
- 2 green chilis, chopped
- 450g (about 4 cups) cabbage, finely chopped or shredded
- 450g (about 3 ½ cups) carrot, grated
- 1/2 teaspoon table salt
- ½ teaspoon Timmur or Sichuan peppercorns, crushed or coarsely ground (optional)
- ¼ cup cilantro, finely chopped
- Tomato chutney, or “momo sauce,” homemade or store-bought
- Make the filling: Heat oil in a large skillet over medium heat. Add the garlic and ginger and sauté for 1-2 minutes. Add the red onion and green chilis and sauté another 5 minutes. Add the cabbage and carrot, salt and peppercorns. Continue cooking until the vegetables have softened and reduced in volume, about 5-7 minutes. Remove the pan from the heat and stir in the cilantro. Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Set aside until ready to use or transfer to an airtight container and store in the refrigerator overnight for filling momos the next day.
- If making the wrappers, mix the dough: Sieve the flour, baking powder and salt into a large bowl. Whisk together. Add 1 cup of the water, mix, then add the remaining water, 1 or 2 tablespoons at a time, and mix until the dough comes together into a ball. Transfer onto a lightly-floured work surface and knead for about 5 minutes, until smooth but somewhat firm. Clean the bowl and return the dough. Set aside to rest, covered with plastic wrap or a damp kitchen towel, for at least 30 minutes but ideally 3-4 hours.
- Set up your momo making workstation: Line two cookie sheets with parchment paper and sprinkle lightly with flour. Place one sheet on the edge of your workstation and the other in the freezer. On the opposite corner of your workstation, lay out a damp kitchen towel and your bowl of filling. Lightly flour the center of your workstation and set out: a rolling pin, measuring spoons, a regular spoon and a small bowl or ramekin filled with water.
- Make the individual wrappers: Divide the dough into 4 even pieces. Working one piece at a time, use the palms of your hands to roll the dough into a log about 1” around. Cut the log into equally sized pieces about 1” wide. Each quarter of the dough should make about 10 wrappers. Turn each piece onto its cut side and use the palm of your hand to flatten into a disk. Transfer each disk underneath a damp kitchen towel at the edge of your workspace as you go.
- Roll out each wrapper to size: Using a small wooden rolling pin, roll each flattened disk of dough to about a 3” round (see above for rolling technique), returning each round underneath the damp towel as you work. Then, take each round, starting with the first one you rolled, and roll again into a 3 ½-4” round. Aim to have the wrapper thicker in the middle and thinner on the edges.
- Fill and shape the momos: working one at a time, place each dough round into the palm of your non-dominant hand. With your dominant hand, wet the edges of the wrapper and add about 1 ½ - 2 tablespoons of the filling to the center, use a spoon to press the filling down into a neat dome. Fold the momo into your desired shape and transfer onto the parchment-lined cookie sheet. When you have finished shaping all the rounds from each quarter of dough, transfer the shaped momos from the cookie sheet on your workspace to the cookie sheet in your freezer and start again with the next quarter of the dough.
- Cook the momos: Momos can be cooked from either fresh or frozen. Set a saute pan or cast iron skillet over medium-high heat. When hot, add just enough oil to coat the bottom in a thin layer. When a drop of water splashed into the oil causes it to sputter, add the momos to the pan, leaving a bit of space between for them to expand. Fry for 2-3 minutes, until the bottoms are golden brown, then add about ½ - ⅔ cup of hot water, depending on the size of your pan. Cover the pan and turn the heat to low. Steam for 5-7 minutes if working with fresh momos, 15-20 minutes if the momos are frozen. Remove the lid and continue cooking until any remaining water evaporates.
- Serve: Remove the momos from the pan and serve them immediately. To maintain the crunchy texture of the fried bottoms, make sure to plate the momos with the fried side up, and either sit them on top of the momo sauce, or serve the momo sauce on the side.

domain: food


text:
The larynx in cough
Cough volume 9, Article number: 16 (2013)
About 40% of the population will experience chronic cough at some point during their lives and it tends to be more common in women (Thorax 58:901–7, 2003). Post-nasal drip (or upper airway cough syndrome), gastro-esophageal reflux disease and asthma are considered the most common causes. Yet only a small percentage of patients with these common conditions experience chronic cough. Also there is no agreed measure of post-nasal drip and controversy exists about the diagnosis of reflux above the upper esophageal sphincter (laryngopharyngeal reflux) based on observable changes to the larynx. The approach of the otolaryngologist is to consider the upper and lower airways as a continuum and that a common pathology can have an impact on all these anatomical sites.
A multidisciplinary approach is advocated, utilising the skills of the respiratory physician, otolaryngologist, gastroenterologist and speech pathologist.
Chronic cough is experience in approximately 40% of people at some stage in their lives and seems to affect women more commonly than men . A cough is defined as a forced expiration against a closed glottis, which opens suddenly, with a characteristic sound and expulsion of secretions and foreign materials from the respiratory tract . It can be voluntary or involuntary and often repetitive. The phases that form the reflex are:
inhalation due to contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
forced exhalation (internal intercostal and abdominal muscles) against a closed glottis
trachealis contracts to narrow and make the trachea and principle bronchi rigid
sudden forced release of air from the lower respiratory tract through an open glottis
associated characteristic sound.
Acute cough is considered to last under three weeks; sub- acute cough is that which lasts three to eight weeks and chronic cough is defined as lasting longer than eight weeks. The principle function of the larynx is to protect the airway. This is achieved by abduction of the true and false cords, posterior deflection of the epiglottis and the larynx rising to lie below and behind the tongue base. All this happens during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing and is an involuntary reflex which prevents food and secretions entering the airway. The secondary function of the human larynx is speech. To achieve this complex form of communication the larynx in man lies lower in the neck than other mammals enabling better resonance (pharynx, nasal cavity, sinuses and mouth) and articulation (lips, tongue and teeth). This has exposed the larynx to a greater risk of aspiration and gastric reflux disorders.
Physiology of the larynx in cough
In discussing the role of the larynx in cough we discuss it in its chronic persistent form. It remains a significant illness burden within the community, in particular, as part of the chronic cough syndrome. The cough reflex is initiated by the stimulation of sensory receptors in the larynx and lower respiratory tract which subsequently send signals to the brainstem. The central organisation of this is poorly understood however these receptors are known to lie within the sub-epithelial layer throughout the respiratory tract. The receptors are rapidly adapting myelinating fibres in the vagus nerve. Two types of afferent nerves consist of myelinated fibres and the non-myelinated fibres C-fibres with nerve endings within the lungs. The exact role of each is yet to be fully understood . The stimulation of these C-fibres is thought to cause mast cell degranulation and subsequent oedema which itself may activate the adaptive receptors. The activation of C-fibre receptors within the respiratory tract releases sensory neuropeptides causing neurogenic inflammation. The central connections of the C-fibre receptors are thought to inhibit the cough reflex. A complex of interaction between C-fibres, rapidly adapting receptors, peripheral and central nervous systems are the reason for the sensitivity of the reflex. The relationship of the physiology and the clinical basis for the reflex is yet poorly understood.
The superior layngeal nerve conveys most of the afferent fibres. Aspiration of a small particle of food may activate a violent cough episode and both mechanical and chemical irritants may stimulate the cough reflex. Although trans-laryngeal pressure receptors are thought to act as drive receptors during the respiratory cycle, they are not thought to participate in the cough reflex.
Chronic cough often starts with a ‘cold’ or ‘flu’ like illness and the cough persists beyond the acute phase of the illness. It is possible that one or more pre-existing factors such as gastroesophageal reflux or post-nasal drip, were previously not sufficient to initiate a cough, now help to perpetuate it in combination with the trauma to the larynx from the physical act of coughing . This prolonged airway inflammation, perpetuated by multiple aetiologies may explain why some authorities are now hypothesizing a cough hypersensitivity syndrome. The concept of a hypersensitized larynx serves as a good model for advising patients on treatments.
It is clear that further research into the pathophysiology of the processes that interact and activate the cough reflex is very much needed to improve our understanding and thereby long-term management.
Otolaryngologists are usually referred patients with symptoms of cough to help establish if the cause is related to post nasal drip or gastroesophageal reflux disease and this can be a complex process as some may exhibit clear signs whilst other have none.
It is important to bear in mind the concept of ‘one airway, one disease’ which considers the upper and lower airway as a continuum where inflammation can be secondary to a common pathology. Inflammation can release histamine and induce cough by stimulating the respiratory tract. We describe the causes of chronic cough by sub-dividing it upon an anatomical basis, however, it must be kept within context of the single airway.
The most common causes of chronic cough are said to be Post Nasal Drip (PND), asthma related syndromes and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) . The Otolaryngologist, upon assessing a patient with chronic cough, will take a careful history and the examination will include endoscopy of the nasal cavity, larynx and pharynx. A chest X-ray will be requested, if not all ready done, and referral to a respiratory physician if history and findings dictate. Where there is suspicion of allergy, skin allergy tests will be performed and in patients with sinus symptoms, a computer tomography (CT scan) may be advisable. A gastroenterology referral is made either when there is frank and severe reflux or a definitive trial of medical therapy has failed to bring about symptom relief. Where there is concern about the safety of swallowing, or oesophageal dysmotility is suspected, then a Video Fluoroscopic Assessment of Swallowing is required but the sensitivity of this test is dependent entirely upon the skills and experience of the radiologist and swallowing therapist conducting it.
The initial assessment of cough may focus upon general and specific causes. This can at times be difficult due to the multifactorial nature of the symptoms. In the absence of pathology, a cough that fails to resolve spontaneously or in response to definitive medical treatment may be described as idiopathic, although some of these cases will be psychogenic. Some authorities have described the incidence of idiopathic cough to be as high as 31%  however, in the authors’ practice the incidence is actually much lower. Table 1 outlines the aetiologies of chronic cough seen in the ENT clinic.
The nose acts as a filter, a humidifier and also warms the air that reaches the larynx and trachea. Conditions that lead to nasal obstruction bypass this nasal function. It is also entirely physiological for secretions from the nose (20–40 mls each day) to enter the pharynx, through the ciliary action of the nasal mucosa, and be swallowed. It is described as post-nasal drip when patients report having the sensation of mucus tracking down into the throat, having a nasal discharge or needing to clear the throat frequently. It may coincide with nasal congestion and discharge.
Several rhinological conditions are associated with post nasal drip. These include allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps (Figure 1). Chronic rhinosinusitis (Figure 2) is recognised as the main cause of PND  and is defined as inflammation of the lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses, characterised by one or more of the following symptoms: nasal congestion, rhinorrhoea, sneezing, itching and hyposmia.
Over time there has been much debate as to whether post nasal drip syndrome is, in fact, a syndrome and its relationship with chronic cough is often questioned. It would seem sensible to think patients with chronic rhinosinusitis would complain of post nasal drip syndrome, however, only a small number also present with chronic cough .
There is, as yet, no objective method for evaluation of the symptoms and diagnosis follows retrospective treatment based upon a thorough clinical assessment. Guidelines from the American College of Chest Physicians have recommended using the term upper airway cough syndrome (UACS) instead of PND  to reflect that conditions causing postnasal drip, such as rhinitis, may have a similar coexisting effect on the larynx.
The treatment of post nasal drip is to initially treat the underlying cause. The recent Allergic Rhinitis and its impact on Asthma guidelines  recommend first-line treatment with intra-nasal corticosteroids. Antihistamines are to be started if symptoms of sneezing, itchy eyes and clear nasal discharge are evident. Topical corticosteroids sprays are the initial treatment of choice in chronic rhinosinusitis, with or without nasal polyposis, by The EPOS Guidelines . It is advisable to apply an initial three month course of topical corticosteroids with an essential review at six months. In moderately symptomatic cases topical steroid drops may be applied with a review at three month intervals. At present there is no clear evidence, however, of the impact of topical corticosteroids upon cough. Gawchik et al.  in the only randomised control trial showed topical steroids were effective upon chronic cough, associated with post nasal drip syndrome, following a two to eight week course. The aims of this trial as a multi-centre double-blind were to specifically assess the effectiveness of Mometasone furoate nasal spray(MFNS) upon seasonal allergic rhinitis associated cough (SAR). Patients were treated with 200 mcg daily for fourteen days. The daytime cough group showed a significant improvement whilst only a trend in favour of treatment was shown with the night-time cough group. The study revealed MFNS is effective in the management of daytime cough associated with SAR.
Upper respiratory tract infections are most commonly viral in nature and are associated with inflammation of the larynx and pharynx. Treatment must be conservative with voice rest, steam inhalation, adequate hydration. The majority of these infections resolve spontaneously. Some of these infections may be primarily or become bacterial in nature and should be treated with a course of antibiotics. Interestingly it is common for a chronic cough condition to start with such a respiratory tract infection. This would suggest that there may have been a pre-existing, low level, process producing laryngeal inflammation and this infection has been enough to ‘tip the balance’. It is also possible that coughing itself is enough to cause sufficient laryngeal trauma to sustain chronic inflammation and laryngeal hyper-reactivity (Figure 3).
Some authorities believe that some cases of chronic cough may be due to a post-viral laryngeal sensory neuropathy . Cranial nerves are known to be affected by inflammatory neuropathic processes as seen in Bell’s palsy and trigeminal neuralgia. These conditions can also result in altered sensory and motor nerve function . Sensory neuropathic cough is thought to be analogous to the lowered threshold to stimuli seen in cases of trigeminal or post-herpetic neuralgias. It is speculated that with the vagus nerve this is mediated as a ‘bogus tickle’  that leads to uncontrollable coughing. Many of these cases have been reported to have responded to Amitryptilline (10 mg nocte for at least 21 days). Amitryptilline may lower the sensory threshold for the afferent nerve endings but may also be having a psychotropic affect . Other drugs being considered to treat sensory neuropathic cough include gabapentin and pregabalin but more research needs to be done.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is considered to be the cause of chronic cough in up to 40% of patients . The diagnosis of GERD is based on well defined symptom scoring and 24 hour pH testing. Those that argue for different diagnostic criteria for laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), do so, on the basis that the larynx is very poorly protected against even transient reflux episodes and that the reflux material also contains proteolytic enzymes and bile salts, both of which can cause laryngeal irritation.
Symptoms of reflux include :
Sensation of lump in the throat
Frequent clearing of the throat
Feeling of mucus in the back of the throat
Some ENT surgeons believe that laryngeal erythema and LPR are related but this is a non-specific finding that is considerably dependent on the examination technique. Belafsky et al.  confirmed LPR by dual probe pH monitoring in a group of patients and found the most common sign was posterior laryngeal hypertrophy (in 85%). Laryngeal ventricle obliteration was seen in 80% of these patients (Figure 4).
Standard 24 hour pH studies report reflux events where the pH drops below pH 4 for at least 6 seconds and for greater than 5% off the time of monitoring. The gold standard for diagnosis of LPR remains multichannel intraluminal impedance manometry (IMM). A catheter placed in the oesophagus measures the change in electrical impedance during the upward passage of a fluid. It enables measurement of the pH and also the height and clearance of the reflux.
It is generally an accepted practice to treat with a trial of proton- pump inhibitors when suspecting reflux as a cause for chronic cough and reserving further investigations if medical therapy fails. Aggressive treatment (twice daily) with a proton pump inhibitor may be necessary for a period of two to three months to reverse the effects of LPR. An alginate such as Gaviscon Advance should be used after the evening meal to deal with the non-acidic components of the refluxate . Lifestyle changes are considered crucial and complementary in the long-term management of patients. This often includes weight-loss and dietary changes such as limiting caffeine consumption, early evening meals within 3 hours of sleep and elevation of the head of the bed.
Severe cases of gastroesophageal reflux- related cough, not responding to medical treatment, may be referred for anti-reflux surgery such as Nisssen’s fundoplication. It is more difficult to convince the surgical community to undertake this procedure for patients diagnosed with LPR.
Disorders of swallowing
Any disturbance of normal swallowing may result in aspiration and chronic cough. However poor clearance of secretions in the hypopharynx and dysmotility may have similar affects. Over 2% of the elderly population suffer with age-related swallowing problems (presbyphagia) and these may be compounded by poor dentition, increased pharyngeal transit time and neurological issues. Even in the absence of co-morbidities it is recognised that the oesophageal wall becomes stiffer  and there is a decrease in the oesophageal ganglion count  with increasing age. Table 2 summaries known causes of disorders of swallowing.
Videofluoroscopy is a useful investigation in assessing swallowing disorders and provides an excellent dynamic assessment of all phases of swallowing with reasonable anatomical detail. Its disadvantage, however, is the obvious exposure to radiation, its lack of ability to test sensitivity and of course the logistics of its organization. A fibreoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) is an alternative more cost-effective investigation with no radiation exposure. It is dependent upon the availability of a nasendocope and is unable to formally evaluate the function of the cricopharyngeus.
A pharyngeal pouch must be excluded when considering the laryngopharyngeal causes of chronic cough and can be identified by a contrast study, such as a barium swallow. It is management depends upon the severity of symptoms. Endoscopic stapling is a common modality of surgical treatment, however, a large or recurrent pouch may necessitate an open procedure.
Chronic cough is increasingly understood to be associated with laryngeal symptoms. Hypersensitivity of the larynx due to sensory hyper-responsiveness characterises this phenomenon. The effect upon the larynx in augmenting the cough reflex with agents such as capsaicin have helped establish the fact that the cough reflex indeed the only motor reflex of sensory activation. Although vocal cord disorder (VCD) is associated with chronic cough, it is important to understand the distinction.
Vocal fold dysfunction is considered to be a result of paradoxical vocal fold movement (PVCM) and results in reduced inspiratory airflow . Compared with the cough alone and healthy group, they also reported an overlap in symptomatologies of chronic cough and VCD. In a randomised control trial it was established that speech therapy, normally provided for vocal fold dysfunction, also proved therapeutic in the treatment of chronic cough. Ryan et al. , in their study of 25 patients with persistent chronic cough, observed paradoxical vocal fold movement in 56% of subjects. Extra-thoracic airway hyper-responsiveness was significantly increased in the cough with PVCM group.
Paradoxical vocal fold movement causes glottis closure and upper airway narrowing. This narrowing, thereby results in symptoms of cough, shortness of breath and wheeze and consequently may be difficult to distinguish from asthma. An enhanced glottis stop reflex in chronic cough patients has been shown to be precipitated when the larynx is exposed to chemical inhaled irritants as shown by Prudon et al. . This mechanism results in PVCM however may be one of many other stimulants such as chronic inflammation of the larynx, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and possibly even chronic rhinosinusitis.
Laryngospasm is defined as a spasm of the vocal folds which temporarily interrupts breathing. It may last up to 30 seconds and if there is loss of consciousness the cords relax. It is important when managing these patients that they are reassured that they will not die. Any underlying or associated conditions such as allergy or reflux must be treated and the patient is counselled to ‘sniff’ in order they may break the spasm. Intra-laryngeal Botox has been used within the course of their management (Additional file 1, based on the principle author’s practice and experience) in those that develop uncontrolled frequency of symptoms impacting upon their daily lives .
Laryngotracheal stenosis usually presents with a difficulty in breathing and is associated with poor exercise tolerance but can be associated with a chronic cough. Its presentation is often insidious and is sometimes misdiagnosed as asthma. The causes of laryngotracheal stenosis are congenital or acquired. In the adult population 50% are related to ventilation on the intensive care unit.
The management of laryngotracheal stenosis is dependent upon its formal assessment to establish its size, location and any associated factors. This usually necessitates direct visualisation of the airway under a general anaesthetic with endoscopic laser laryngotracheoplasty and balloon dilatation. Regular review with more than one treatment episode may be required in the long-term management of these cases and those, that remain symptomatic, may be considered for an open procedure such as laryngotracheal reconstruction.
The most commonly encountered conditions are sarcoidosis and Wegener’s Granulomatosis. The former most commonly impacts upon the supraglottis whilst the latter within the subglottis and tracheobronchial tree. Symptoms may vary from alteration in the quality of voice to a significant difficulty in breathing depending upon the size and location of the disease in each case. A chronic cough is often associated with these conditions when they involve the airway. A multi-disciplinary approach to treatment is an established practice with surgical intervention complementing medical therapy.
Head and neck conditions
Benign or malignant lesions of the larynx may be associated with a cough. The management of these is beyond the scope of this text but may include endoscopic or open surgical procedures and in the case of non-resectable malignancies also radiotherapy.
Much neurobiological research has been undertaken investigating the role of higher brain areas in cough, however, there is little systematic behavioural research on the role of psychological factors. Van den Bergh et al. , in a review of the psychology of cough, suggest there is significant evidence supporting the role of several basic psychological processes on the urge to cough and cough behaviour. Attention, cognition, emotion, learning and social factors all are thought to impact upon the processes determining the relation between central cortical mechanisms and the psychological sub-functions they subserve. Overall evidence is fairly sparse, however, sufficiently suggestive to necessitate further systematic research in this field.
Chronic cough is a common but complex symptom that requires careful thought and consideration within the context of each case. A multi-disciplinary approach, no doubt, is the key to its management and this is where an Otolaryngologist needs to understand the conditions that independently contribute to the symptoms. Direct endoscopic examination of the nose, larynx and pharynx enable the identification of signs that would otherwise be missed. The management very much depends upon the cause and treatment often remains fairly preliminary with its success being determined by symptomatic response.
Advice to a patient with chronic cough
Carry water – take a sip of cold water to suppress the urge to cough. ‘Humm’ or gently throat clear until you get to the water as this causes less trauma to the larynx than a cough.
Steam inhalation – ten minutes two to three times a day will be soothing to the larynx add menthol crystals if preferred
sleep with head of bed elevated
lose weight (if advice is appropriate)
dietary changes to minimise gastric reflux
avoid allergens or cough triggers.
Proton pump inhibitor twice daily for 2–3 months if evidence of GERD or LPR
Alginate (Gaviscon Advance) after lunch and evening meal
Treat the Nose and PND with nasal steroids (add antihistamines if allergy suspected or confirmed))
Stop ACE inhibitors (but related affects may not reverse for 2–3 months) and use alternative
BOTOX into larynx as last resort. Helps laryngospasm but also enforces laryngeal rest from trauma of coughing.
Further work with randomised controlled trials analysing the symptoms and treatment pathways is essential to improve management of chronic cough and outcomes that successfully improve the quality of life of patients should remain the primary objective.
Upper airway cough syndrome
Gastro-esophageal reflux disease
Angiotensin converting enzyme
Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Eckardt VF, LeCompte PM: Esophageal ganglia and smooth muscle in the elderly. Am J Dig Dis. 1978, 23: 443-8. 10.1007/BF01072928.
Blager F: Paradoxical vocal cord movement: diagnosis and management. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006, 1: 7-10.
Ryan N, Vertigan A, Bone S, Gibson P: Cough reflex sensitivity improves with speech language pathology management of refractory chronic persistent cough. Cough. 2010, 6: 5-10.1186/1745-9974-6-5.
Prudon B, Birring S, Vara D, Hall A, Thompson J, Pavord I: Cough and glottic-stop reflex sensitivity in health and disease. Lung. 2012, 190 (1): 55-61. 10.1007/s00408-011-9347-7.
Obholzer R, Nouraei SAR, Ahmed J, Kadhim M, Sandhu GS: An approach to the management of paroxysmal laryngospasm. J Laryngol Otol. 2008, 122 (1): 57-60.
Van den Bergh O, Van Diest I, Dupont L, Davenport P: On the psychology of cough. Respir Med. 2009, 103 (11): 1700-5. 10.1016/j.rmed.2009.05.005.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
GS snd RK have a specific clinical interest in the role of the larynx in cough and have performed a comprehensive literature search. Both authors have drafted, read and approved the final manuscript.
About this article
Cite this article
Sandhu, G.S., Kuchai, R. The larynx in cough. Cough 9, 16 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-9974-9-16
- Post-nasal drip
- Gastro-esophageal reflux
- Laryngopharyngeal reflux

domain: literature


text:
Confetti Rice and Bean Salad - LOVED. Ate as a side one night and with tortilla chips the next day. Used apple cider vinegar instead bc what I had and didn't have red beans but still amazing. - Food and Foods
A super easy side dish to take to picnics, potlucks or just enjoy as a side dish, my recipe for cold Thai rice salad with spicy peanut sauce and cashews will have everyone asking you for the recipe. The secret to the sweet rice is the coconut milk.
Cold Rice Salad — This nut-filled salad recipe is quick and easy to make, so it’s perfect for a great lunchtime meal on a busy day!
Summer Rice Salad
Delicious Summer Rice Salad! This white rice salad is served cold, and made with a combination of delicious chopped vegetables. I love rice salad recipes. Whether it be a cold rice salad with cranberries, or a warm rice salad with peas. /healthy vegan recipes/
GUACAMOLE RICE ==INGREDIENTS== 1 ripe avocado Juice of limes kosher salt cooked white or brown rice, quinoa, barley or couscous 1 garlic clove 1 Roma tomato jalapeño pepper fresh cilantro red onion cayenne ground cumin ==============


Driven to distraction along The Propaganda Super Highway
Keeping an eye on the road while driving is a challenge in of itself. What with those idiots on bikes weaving in and out of traffic, the guy changing lanes without even looking and cutting you off and having to listen to the boom, boom, boom of the high volume bass from the car in front of you or behind you (or both). Yikes! I'm having a really tough time keeping my road rage in check.
Now we seem to be seeing an even more annoying obstacle thrown in front of us as we drive in town in the morning. Any guesses what that could be? Yes, those annoying people who set-up camp near Johnny Barnes or standing along East Broadway waving or carrying signs every time any minuscule event is about to take place on the Island, or promoting some deal or other.
It's taken me years to get used to good old Johnny for the first couple of years I was in constant danger of crashing my car as this man shouted in my ears saying that he "loved me" followed by blowing kisses at everyone. If this was anywhere else in the world, men in white overcoats would have taken him away a long time ago.
But as a testament to our love of the man, we now have a bronze statue of him the only statue to a living person on the Island. There's even been movies made of him. He's the closest thing we have to a living legend, but like I said, it took me a few years to get used to seeing him every morning as I made my way into the city.
However, now we have some people out there who want to capitalise on Johnny's popularity you have a beauty pageant, you get the female contestants waving next to Johnny. If there's a comedy show to be promoted, sure enough you will see some joker out there promoting his show. You get Heart Month and you get Minister DeSilva standing next to Johnny, waving pathetically along with someone dressed in a heart shaped costume. Puhleeze! Enough distractions already!!!
Now, not only do they stand on the little island by the roundabout, they are also scattered all along East Broadway like a spreading virus they've got power boats, motorbikes, and even a fire truck! I couldn't believe my eyes one day when I saw someone laying on a sofa talking on a cell phone, promoting a certain phone company's new cell phone deal.
The one that gets my gander is where you have about six to eight people holding up signs and you have to read each one for it to make any sense. So while you are reading them, you completely did not see the car in front of you stop it's an accident waiting to happen! I'm surprised the Road Safety Council have not spoken up about this practice which is so distracting to the road user.
So apparently it's not safe to use a cell phone while driving ... but reading promotional posters is? I think we should change the name from East Broadway and call it “The Propaganda Super Highway" (who needs the Internet). Hey! That's got a nice ring to it “Take a left onto The Propaganda Super Highway”. However Dr Clarence (Tessie) Terceira would be upset, because when it was first built “Tessie” was the Minister of Public Works at the time and for a while it was nicked named um-um "Tessie's Highway".
So the next time you venture onto East Broadway and you hear the calls above Johnny's I Love You's, beckoning you to buy the latest cell phone or come to the latest comedy show, remember us poor old folks out there who are trying very hard to keep our senior citizens driving licence!!!
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The Chamarran space force has enjoyed a long period of peace and technological supremacy over their neighbours in which their anachronistic organization has not been changed. Each warship is fielded as a symbol of martial prestige by a clan in service of the realm, its crew levied from the clan's vassals. In this way the Chamarran spaceforce suffers from a lack of uniform training and overral organization, yet has thus far proven able to hold their own through martial courage and application of their not yet dulled technological edge.
The chamarran starship tech base is a combination of reverse engineered Juggernaught systems and galactic standard technologies. A typical Chamarran vessel is defended by gratuitous use of electronic warfare, armed with multiple beamcannon for close engagement and torpedo tubes fore and aft for longer ranged combat.
Beamcannons: Beamcannons are a technology chamarrans brought with them to this galaxy from whatever place they came from. They work by creating a source of unique particle and taking advantage of its properties, the BCP as it is known. BCP's can only be brought into this dimension for a few seconds before reverting to their native reality but while here mostly interact with conventional matter according to this dimension's physical law. The peculiarities of BCP's is that when exposed to the correct energy field their non-trivial inertia is reduced by many orders of magnitude. As a result beamcannons can use this field over the emitter site and low powered pressor fields to generate a coherent beam of near lightspeed particles without the complication of large barrel structures and with the benefit of a wide arc of fire without requiring moving parts. For these reasons along with their premier understanding of the weapon beamcannons are the mainstay of the Chamarran energy weapon arsenal.
A powerful variant of Beamcannon technology is mounted on Destroyer grade Chamarran starships and is called the Cascade cannon.
Hypertap technology: Another development brought by the Chamarrans to this galaxy hypertaps are the standard source Chamarrans rely upon for the tremendous energies required in modern space combat. The technology works by creating a rift between realspace and hyperspace through which tremendous amounts of energy flows, providing power sufficient for batteries of beamcannon and powerful energy shields. However Hypertaps have deficiencies that prevent widespread application, firstly in that attempting to take a running hypertap through a hyperspace transition causes overload. And secondly in that the rifts stability cannot be guaranteed over a long period of time, without shutdown and cool off a hypertap will inevitably overload. These two facts coupled with the strain generating and containing the rift places upon hypertap machinery, giving it a somewhat limited service life, result in chamarrans only depending on hyperspace taps in combat and using fusion reactors for routine power supply.
==Fleet roster: 50250 points==
$4000 The pride of Chamarra Juggernaught
$11520 96 Predators (prowlers)
$4280 28 Predators(Marauders)
$8730 107 Triumph cruisers
$4920 82 Hunter cruisers
$9750 16 Dominion destroyers
$6000 12 Rampant destroyers
$1750 3900 Prowlers
A legacy of their creators super capital ships are represented for the Chamarrans by a single type of vessel. Crafts of this immense size are far beyond their capability to construct.
Juggernaught($4000) Less a vessel but rather a force of nature Juggernaughts proved a rude awakening for the galaxy when they arrived. Possessed of staggering firepower and defences each one was capable of laying waste to an entire fleet singlehandedly and it was twenty that arrived in 3042. Even now the one remaining Juggernaught in the Chamarran fleet remains an unmatched pinnacle of technological potency, its sophistication beyond the reach of Chamarran engineers even after reverse engineering several of its sister ships and centuries of their own scientific endeavours.
Destroyers are the heavy capital ships of the Chamarran Hierarchy, their name ignoring human historical perceptions to instead be of far simpler intent. A Destroyer is that which destroys, and these ships bring destruction to the enemies of the Hierarchy. Destroyers serve this role admirably with far greater combat endurance than cruiser level ships provided by their twin hypertaps and the incredibly powerful Cascade cannon. Destroyers are only built by the noble clans, as only they can afford the immense cost of their construction and have the rights to the royal shipyard.
Dominion destroyer($600) (fighting strength $400) In the dawning era of the Hierarchy the ability to create Destroyer type vessels was present but resources were limited, each noble clan could only procure a single vessel. Faced with this scarcity and a choice between the carrier or battleship roles typically allocated to heavy capital ships the choice was made to split the difference. A Dominion is thus a hybrid fighting carrier design with the power projection of its carrier half married with the stand up combat capabilities of a battleship.
strike craft complement: 200 prowlers
Rampant destroyer($500) The Rampant was an inevitable diversification of the Destroyer category as more Dominions were built. The rampant is far more pure in its design goals and thus far more rugged and potent in its single role destroying enemy capital ships.
The bulk of the Chamarran fleet and much of its work is done by cruisers of various kinds. For the bulk of the clans a pack of cruisers is the highest attainable level of prestige.
Triumph cruiser($90) An old dependable design of cruiser built purely for combat and based on the pre revelation patrol ships the Juggernaught brought with them.
Predator strike cruiser($120-160)(fighting strength $80) The Predator is a popular warship with Chamarran clans due to its versatility not necessarily its power. The Predator carries strike wings of gunboats and improved sensors in a hull that is larger and stronger than the Triumph. Strike craft complement: 40 prowlers, or 40 marauders
Hunter stealth cruiser($60)(Fighting strength $40) The jest goes that the Hunter is a pirate ship the Hierarchy built for export to fellow kitties outside the Hierarchy but liked so much they built their own. For whatever reason though Hunters are a nasty surprise to anyone they prey upon, equipped with a cloaking device and high powered EW the Hunter can strike suddenly and lethally while preventing their target from calling for help. In fleet combat the surprise remains with the abrupt arrival of a Hunter pack either providing support in the form of a sudden new EW threat to send enemy missiles and communications into disarray or by involving themselves rather more directly if opportunity presents itself.
Strike craft complement: 10 marauders
For many clans the prestige of owning a warship is limited to owning vessels of this class. Either free roaming as part of each sectors patrols or attached in service to their liege clan's cruisers or destroyers. Strike vessels are too small to mount beamcannon or hyperspace taps, instead they are dependent on conventional ballistic and missile weaponry.
Prowler gunboat ($1 per 2 ships) A prowler is a versatile hyperspace capable craft with a crew of 4-5 depending on their configuration which can be changed by swapping the equipment in their modular bays. Typically Prowlers carry either sensors to act as patrol vessels or scouts, or missiles to act as bombers or space superiority craft.
Marauder ($1 per ship) The Marauder has a crew of 2 and its place in the Chamarran armada does nothing to dispel the association many people across the galaxy have between Chamarran and Pirate. Equipped with a cloaking device the Marauder is a premier vessel for sneak attacks and snooping around.


text:
Today I have one word for you. Gratitude.
It’s how I start and end my day.
Since Thanksgiving is only 2 days away, I wanted to share some “Gratitude” with you in thanks for your encouragement, support and kindness.
I’ll be using these as place cards on my Thanksgiving table.
They’re made using my Dom Loves Mary font.
Just right click to download and print as many as you need. Then cut on the trim marks.
There’s space to put a name underneath.
Don’t worry about your hand writing:)
I’m attaching mine to toothpicks with a glue gun and sticking in a pear that will go on the plate.
Especially on Thanksgiving, I hope you have good food to eat and good company to keep.
I hope you let your worries rest for a time and just enjoy being.
And I hope your heart is filled with thanks for the big and small things that surround you.
In addition to my husband Michael and my sister Ann who lives near me, my sister Diane will be here from Michigan!
My son Alex is home from school and though we’ll miss my son Nick, he assures me he’ll be gathering with friends in D.C.
And me? I’ll be spending the day smiling in gratitude:)
The Dom Loves Mary font, now #8 on the Hot New Fonts list, is available at: Correspondence Ink Type foundry .
Check out samples of it in action on my Calligraphy Fonts page.
Help me move it up the list!
Share this link on twitter or facebook : Dom Loves Mary calligraphy font
Or e-mail the link to friends who love fonts!
Go to my Pinterest page and re-pin items from my Dom Loves Mary font board: Dom Loves Mary font on Pinterest
Or you can always purchase it here: Dom Loves Mary font on Myfonts.com.
Thanks in advance !
Belluccia has remained on the Best Sellers list for 16 months was named one of myfonts Most Popular Fonts for 2011.


text:
Mediclean Technology Co.,LTD.
ESD Cleaning Swabs, ESD Safe Cleanroom Swabs, ESD Static Control Swabs, Anti-static Cleaning Swab, Static Dissipative Swab, Anti-Static Swab Stick
ESD Safe Cleanroom Swabs are designed to eliminate damage from static electricity. During cleaning electrical components, it may introduce static electricity which can damage sensitive electrical components.The polypropylene handles of Anti-Static Swabs can dissipate 99% of static electricity in seconds. There are 3 types of materials for the tip: Foam Tip, Polyester Tip, Microfiber Tip. ESD Cleanroom Swabs are packaged in anti-static bags, our ESD swabs are an excellent option for semiconductor, microelectronics, Hard Disk Driver, LCD, and other electronics industries.
ESD Anti-static Foam Swabs are constructed by 100 PPI polyurethane foam tips and polypropylene shafts. Thermal bond technique introduce lower contamination over adhesive technique. Washed and packaged in Class 10 cleanroom facility ensure high level of cleanliness. With the electrostatic dissipative handles, ESD Cleanroom Foam Swabs are widely used for cleaning sensitive electronic components in semiconductor industry.
ESD Anti-static Polyester Swabs are made from 100% Polyester fabric tips and ESD polypropylene handles. ESD Polyester Cleanroom Swabs feature excellent solvent resistant, can be used with harsh solvent such as Acetone, trichloroethane,etc. They are soft, clean,makes them a good choice to clean sensitive surfaces like lens, optics.
ESD Anti-static Microfiber Swabs feature Microfiber substrate structure, enhance the lifting and trapping capability of particles. ESD safe Microfiber Swabs have special ESD handles to dissipate static electricity, they can compatible with aggressive solvent such as Acetone, trichlorothane, IPA, sulfuric acids. They are suitable for semiconductor, microelectronics, medical applications.

domain: chemistry


text:
$40,00 Cake Baked in Dubai For Indian Independence Day
The gold-coated cake weighs 54kg, and is said to be the world’s most expensive cake.
An unnamed female customer has placed an order at a Dubai bakery, asking for a ‘Dangal’ cake that costs about $40,000 (Dh146,921) on the occasion of India’s 71st Independence Day on August 15. It is the world’s most expensive cake, according to Dubai Broadway bakery, which is preparing the delicacy.
The gold-coated masterpiece features Bollywood actor Aamir Khan in his Dangal avatar, the film in which he played the wrestler, Mahavir Singh Phogat. He played the role of the father of India’s famous Olympian wrestlers, the Phogat sisters. The scene that will be played out on the cake portrays Phogat’s young daughters, Geeta and Babita, wrestle with each other at a makeshift practising ground for wrestlers. Phogat will be shown watching them.
Broadway Bakery, in a Facebook post, say that the cake shows Khan “glamorously looking on with unwavering conviction as he trains his daughters Geeta and Babita for Olympic greatness.”
The cake also features two gold medals, referring to the feats of the two young wrestlers at various tournaments. The bakery said: “The client wanted gold to be generously incorporated into the cake and we fulfilled the request by coating each medal with 75 grams of edible gold.”
The preparation of the cake took over three weeks, involving 1,200 man hours. It weighs about 54 kg, and can serve 240 guests. The bakery added: “The cake is 100 percent edible and made entirely using sugar fondant, the signature chocolate sponge, ganache, Belgian chocolate, demerara sugar and edible gold.”
To create this cake, the bakery’s head chef and the product design teams spent a week studying Aamir Khan so that they could “perfect the model’s immaculate expression and larger than life presence”.
This is the bakery’s latest extravagant creation. Earlier this year the establishment had made a cake inspired from Game of Thrones, which featured the fan favourite Tyrion Lannister, according to Khaleej Times. It was a four-foot high fondant cake, which cost about $27,000 (Dh99,171). This cake also took three weeks to make and it was so intricately detailed it carried the television show’s hundred swords that make up the infamous Iron Throne. The character’s fondant version even had a stubble and a scar he received in the show’s second season.
The movie Dangal, on the other hand, had opened to wide critical acclaim and became the highest grossing Indian movie worldwide, with an earning of Rs 2,000 crore.


When you’re first building out your customer base, many farmers will tell you to start selling at the farmer’s market to let people know you’re there and to build connections before you consider starting selling online. But no one said you could start by doing just the opposite.
In this episode of Carrot Cashflow, we’re talking to Lesley Dennis of Solway Farms in Kentucky to talk about her experience selling their produce online before they considered selling at a farmer’s market.
Today’s Guest: Lesley Dennis
Lesley Dennis runs Solway Farms, a diversified, small-scale, certified organic family farm in Eastview, Kentucky alongside her full-time farming husband. Aiming to be better stewards of the land, Solway Farms helps forge a connection between their community and fresh, wholesome food.
In this episode of Carrot Cashflow
- Diego introduces the episode’s guest, Lesley Dennis (00:38)
- Why consider hitting a different market? (02:44)
- Why would have a CSA model been tougher? (04:25)
- The hesitation behind growing just salad greens (05:46)
- Going down the online selling route right from the get-go (06:55)
- Tapping the first few people for a new online store (09:26)
- Taking a look at Lesley’s core customer base (12:08)
- Leveraging an empathetic connection (13:56)
- Solway Farm’s consistent customers (16:00)
- Pushing the convenience of the pre-order option (20:27)
- Pre-ordering window and logistics (24:31)
- The process of packing orders at the market (26:55)
- Lesley’s minimum number of customers to make the model work (29:34)
- Pre-order order value versus farmer’s market order value (31:27)
- Deciding on whether or not to scale up the business (36:57)
- Taking a leap of faith in expanding and diversifying the farm (39:58)
- Lesley Dennis’ advice if you’re considering adding pre-orders to your farmer’s market setup (41:55)
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In this study, we investigate the negative ionospheric response over the European sector during two storms that took place on 8 September 2017, primarily, by exploiting observations over ten European locations. The spatial and temporal variations of TEC, foF2 and hmF2 ionospheric characteristics are examined with the aim to explain the physical mechanisms underlying the strong negative ionospheric response. We detected very sharp electron density (in terms of foF2 and TEC) decrease during the main phases of the two storms an ...
Published by: Advances in Space Research Published on: aug
YEAR: 2022   DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2022.05.035
The geomagnetic storm that occurred on 25 August 25 2018, that is, during the minimum of solar cycle 24, is currently the strongest ever probed by the first China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01). By integrating the in situ measurements provided by CSES-01 (orbiting at altitude of 507 km) and by Swarm A satellite (orbiting at ca., 460 km) with ground-based observations (ionosondes, magnetometers, and Global Navigation Satellite System receivers), we investigate the ionospheric response at lower- and mid-latitudes o ...
Spogli, L.; Sabbagh, D.; Regi, M.; Cesaroni, C.; Perrone, L.; Alfonsi, L.; Di Mauro, D.; Lepidi, S.; Campuzano, S.; Marchetti, D.; De Santis, A.; Malagnini, A.; Scotto, C.; Cianchini, G.; Shen, Xu; Piscini, A.; Ippolito, A.;
Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics Published on:
YEAR: 2021   DOI: 10.1029/2020JA028368
Published by: Advances in Space Research Published on: