For most neural network architectures, the expressiveness of the network improves as the depth increases. However, training and test errors of most networks have been shown to deteriorate in practice if the depth exceeds a few layers (He et al., 2016). This discrepancy indicates a problem with the method used to train these networks. Given that gradient-based iterative algorithms are the almost exclusive choice for training, the most likely cause is the poor stability of the dynamical systems created by these algorithms in the sense of Lyapunov222Lyapunov stability is a property of the equilibria, but for ease of reading, we will refer to the dynamical systems and the algorithms as stable if their equilibria are stable.. This is further substantiated by the sharp falls observed in the training error if a time-varying step size is used (He et al., 2016).
It is known that the sensitivity of the loss function with respect to different parameters can become disproportionate while training a neural network. For example, some of the gradients might vanish while others explode, and this prevents an effective training. As a remedy, changing the geometry of the optimization was suggested and a regularized descent algorithm was introduced in(Neyshabur et al., 2017). This algorithm was shown to converge in fewer iterations over the data, but it required the computation of a scaling constant for each node of the network at each time step, which depended on almost all other nodes if the network is fully connected.
Residual networks appear to be an exception: their training error improves with depth even when a standard gradient method is used (He et al., 2016). To explain their different behavior, linear versions of these networks have been shown to possess some crucial properties for optimization. In particular, it was shown that all local optima of linear residual networks are also the global optima, and the gradient of their cost function does not vanish away from the local optima (Hardt & Ma, 2016). Later, equivalent results were derived under some conditions for nonlinear residual networks as well (Bartlett et al., 2017a).
Lyapunov stability was used in the past to understand and improve the training of neural networks (Michel et al., 1988; Matsuoka, 1992; Man et al., 2006), but the success and the problems of the state-of-the-art networks have not been analyzed from this perspective. In this paper, we fill this gap and show that the residual networks are indeed the right architecture to be trained by gradient-based algorithms in terms of Lyapunov stability. More precisely, we show that given an arbitrary step size, the equilibria of the gradient descent algorithm are most likely to remain stable in the sense of Lyapunov for residual networks. We also reveal that the equilibria of the gradient descent algorithm could be unstable for most deep neural networks, in which case the algorithm might approach an optimum but not converge to it even if the algorithm is not stochastic, thereby providing some level of regularization. Our result is fundamentally different from the previous works (Saxe et al., 2013; Gunasekar et al., 2017) in that we address whether the local optima can actually be achieved by gradient-based methods rather than how well the local optima are.
We then introduce an architecture with a pair of residual networks that can be used to approximate a large class of functions by decomposing them into a convex and a concave part. This decomposition elucidates how each layer improves the approximation and provides an interpretable model. We analyze the properties of its local optima and show that the bias parameters are likely to change little during training. Though this seems like a problem, it in fact prevents overfitting and leads to solutions with low Lipschitz constants, which is also associated with generalization. These claims are verified by testing the suggested model on the MNIST data set with no explicit regularization.
The organization of the rest of the paper is as follows. The stability analysis is given in Section 2 and the model for decomposition is introduced in Section 3. The properties of the model are derived in Section 4 and the results of the test on the MNIST data set are given in Section 5. Lastly, the results are discussed and some future directions are provided in Section 6.
2 Stability in the Sense of Lyapunov
Given a discrete time system with state at time and the update rule , a point is called an equilibrium of the system
if it satisfies The equilibrium point is said to be stable in the sense of Lyapunov if for every , there exists some such that implies for all . That is, if the state of the system is close to the equilibrium initially, it always stays close to the equilibrium, as shown in Figure 1. If, in addition, the state converges to the equilibrium, is said to be asymptotically stable in the sense of Lyapunov.
As an example, consider the problem of finding an optimal solution to the ordinary least squares problem
via gradient descent, where and represent the input and the labels, respectively. Given the step size , the update rule for creates the dynamical system
Every equilibrium of this system is asymptotically stable and the gradient descent converges to any of them only if all eigenvalues of the matrixhave magnitude less than 1.
As seen from this example, there exists a critical value for the step size above which the gradient descent algorithm becomes unstable and the iterations cannot converge to a local optimum. While this critical value is the same for all equilibria of a linear system, it varies if the dynamical system is nonlinear. Since the gradient descent for deep networks leads to nonlinear dynamics as well, some of its equilibria might become unstable while others are still stable for the same step size, as the following proposition shows.
Let be a nonzero linear function, i.e.,
and . Given a set of points , assume that is estimated as a multiplication of the scalar parameters
is estimated as a multiplication of the scalar parametersby minimizing
via gradient descent. Then an equilibrium with is asymptotically stable only if the step size satisfies
The update rule for is given as
By multiplying these update equations for all and denoting by , we obtain
where denotes the higher order terms in its argument. By Lyapunov’s indirect method of stability (Khalil, 2002), an equilibrium of a nonlinear system is asymptotically stable only if the linear approximation around that equilibrium is not unstable. Therefore, converges to zero only if
for the equilibrium ∎
Note that the bound in (1) can become very small for an equilibrium with disproportionate parameters such as with ; and it attains its largest value
for the equilibria which satisfy for all . If the step size is even larger than , then the gradient descent algorithm cannot converge to any of the local optima.
Proposition 1 shows that for an arbitrarily chosen , the equilibria with are most likely to be stable. This suggests, for example, that if is known to be positive and is very large, setting for all is a good choice of initialization. In fact, the gradient descent converges exponentially fast with this initialization if is chosen appropriately, which is shown next.
Assume that and for all . If the step size is chosen to be less than or equal to
then for all , where
Due to symmetry, for all for all . Denoting any of them by , we have
To show that converges to , we can write
If there exists some such that
then is always larger or always smaller than , and its distance to decreases by a factor of at each step. Since is a monotonic function in , the condition (3) holds for all if it holds only for and , which gives us and ∎
The identical result also holds for if for all and the cardinality of the set
is odd. However, without knowing the sign of, we cannot decide whether to include a in the initialization. We introduce a decomposition for linear functions to handle this problem in Section 3.2.
We can extend the results in Propositions 1 and 2 to higher dimensions as well. Assume that for all , and let be a nonzero matrix. If gradient descent is used with step size to solve
where for all , then the update rule for is
where for , , , for , , and .
Even though the evolution of each element of seems to depend on all the entries of the other matrices, the system described by (5) decomposes into independent systems under the assumptions given in Theorem 1.
Let denote the spectral radius of the matrix in (4). Assume that is diagonalizable with real eigenvalues, the initial matrices and have the identical eigenspaces, and the matrix
have the identical eigenspaces, and the matrix. If the step size satisfies
then none of the equilibria that satisfy is stable, and the gradient descent cannot converge.
Assume that is diagonalizable and all of its eigenvalues are real and positive. If and for all and the step size satisfies
then each converges to exponentially fast.
After bringing the update equation (5) into diagonal form, Proposition 2 can be applied to each of the systems involving the diagonal elements. Since in Proposition 2 is monotonically decreasing in , the bound for the maximum eigenvalue of guarantees linear convergence. ∎
If the matrix
is not the identity and the eigenvectors ofdo not lie in the eigenspaces of , then the update rules for gradient descent remain coupled and the dynamics of the parameters become more complex. Furthermore, if a stochastic gradient method is used, then the update rules may still not decouple even if the input points are orthonormal, unless each lies in an eigenspace of . In this case, taking a batch of points which satisfy for some at each step of the gradient descent simplifies the dynamics.
It was shown in (Hardt & Ma, 2016) that when the matrices are close to the identity, the gradient cannot vanish unless is close to , which can also be seen from (5). However, the stability of the gradient descent algorithm was not addressed. From the proofs for Theorem 1 and Theorem 2, we observe that by keeping all eigenvalues of the matrices close to each other, it is possible to find a step size that will maintain the stability of the gradient descent while providing an effective convergence rate.
Note that if we used distinct unitary matrices instead of the identity, the gradients would still vanish only when , and therefore, every local optima would still be the global optima. In addition, gradients with respect to different parameters would likely not become disproportionate since unitary matrices do not amplify or attenuate the eigenvectors of other matrices either. Therefore, using unitary matrices instead of the identity could possibly yield some results comparable to residual networks, although the dynamics of the parameters would be harder to analyze.
3 Decomposition of Functions
In the previous section, we have seen that the parametrization of linear residual networks are well suited for optimization via gradient descent. In this section, we show that a large class of functions can actually be decomposed into two parts each of which can be approximated by a residual network.
3.1 Convex Decomposition for Nonlinear Functions
The following theorem from (Bartlett et al., 2017a) provides a set of sufficient conditions under which a function can be written as a sequence of functions all of which are close to the identity.
(Bartlett et al., 2017a) Consider a function on a bounded domain. Suppose that it is differentiable, invertible, and -smooth:
for all for some , where is the derivative and is the operator norm. Further assume that the inverse is Lipschitz, and for some . Then for all , there are functions satisfying
and for all , where is the identity function and denotes the Lipschitz seminorm.
Theorem 3 provides an existence result in the function space without assuming any fixed structure for the estimator. If a neural network is used, for example, the width of the network might need to be very large or a certain nonlinearity might be needed at each layer depending on the function to be estimated. In the sequel, we show that a residual network that contains rectified linear units (ReLU) as nonlinearities could be used to approximate strictly convex functions.
Note that if is a twice differentiable, strictly convex function over a bounded domain , then its gradient satisfies all the conditions of Theorem 3. Therefore, we can represent with a residual network. First consider a univariate function which is continuously differentiable and strictly convex on its domain and has a strictly positive derivative at 0, i.e., . A first order approximation to around 0 is
However, given that is strictly convex, the approximation in (6) underestimates the function particularly at larger values of . To increase both the estimate and the derivative of the estimate for larger values, we can instead use
where , and denotes . The estimate is strictly increasing, and as gets large, the derivative of the estimate gradually increases to , provided that and are not too large. As a result, provides a better estimate for the original function.
Similarly, given a strictly convex, twice differentiable function with a domain of the form
and a gradient with positive coordinates at the origin, we can approximate it with
where all of , , have nonnegative elements, has positive elements, and . The function described by (7a)–(7c) is convex because for each , every coordinate of is obtained by taking nonnegative combination and pointwise maximum of the coordinates of , both of which are operations that preserve convexity (Boyd & Vandenberghe, 2004).
where , and . Gradient of near the origin is , and when or holds, the gradient gets an increment of or , respectively. Figure 2 shows the level curves of the function obtained.
Note that the level curves shown in Figure 2 resemble the level curves of a bowl-shaped function. If we used a different matrix
instead of the identity matrix, we would see that the columns ofdetermine the normals of the lines beyond which the gradient is incremented, while the elements of determine the distance of these lines to the origin.
Even though the sequence of functions given in (7a)–(7c) has been shown to represent only convex functions, it can be used as the building block to represent a much broader class of functions. To show this, let be a twice-differentiable function, and let denote the coordinate of . Then can be written as
where both and are strictly convex and their gradients at the origin have strictly positive coordinates, e.g.,
is a vector with positive elements andis a positive constant large enough to make the Hessian of positive definite everywhere in the domain of . Then, a pair of residual networks (7a)–(7c) can be used to approximate each coordinate of , and consequently, pairs of residual networks can be used to approximate . This architecture is tested on the MNIST data set in Section 5.
Given that a single residual network has been shown to perform well in practice, one could question the necessity of decomposing the functions into two parts. A similar decomposition for linear mappings is shown in Section 3.2 to be necessary and to improve the convergence of the parameters.
3.2 Positive Eigenvalue Decomposition for Linear Functions
In Section 2, Theorem 2 was stated only for the linear mappings with positive eigenvalues. Even though we could argue that we might as well initialize some of the diagonal elements of the weight matrices with -1 to estimate negative eigenvalues, this is not possible without knowing the signs of the eigenvalues a priori. On the other hand, if all the weight matrices are initialized as the identity, then the diagonal elements corresponding to the negative eigenvalues converge to 0, not to a negative value, which is shown next.
Assume that and is used for all to initialize the gradient descent algorithm to solve
Then, each converges to 0 unless , where .
Similar to the proof of Proposition 2, we can write the update rule for any weight as
which has one equilibrium at and another at . If and , it can be shown by induction that
for all . As a result, converges to 0. ∎
To resolve this issue of convergence for negative parameters, we can decompose the linear mappings. First consider
where minimization is over and for all . Denoting by , we can write the gradient update rule for and as
If for all , we obtain
where . Note that if , decreases and increases initially, bringing closer to zero. Even though the origin is still an equilibrium, it is unstable and cannot converge to it.
Based on the scalar case, we can build a double linear network to estimate a linear mapping in higher dimensions as well:
where for all , and the minimization is over the matrices . If the gradient descent algorithm is initialized with the identity matrices, we expect the convergence of the training error for the double network to be faster than that for the single network. To confirm this, we generated a set of random diagonalizable matrices in
with random eigenvectors drawn from the normal distribution
and random eigenvalues drawn from the uniform distribution on. We compared the training errors for both networks by choosing . As expected, the convergence rate of the double network was consistently better than that of the single network for all the matrices generated. It was also observed that the gradient descent for the single network became unstable for some of the matrices, while the algorithm remained stable for the double network. Figure 3 shows a typical comparison of the training error for the two networks.
4 Properties of the Local Optima
In the previous section, we showed that a pair of residual networks with ReLU nonlinearities could be used to approximate a large class of functions. In this section, we show that the solutions obtained by training the network described in (7a)–(7c) via gradient descent have low Lipschitz constants and are unlikely to overfit the data.
where has strictly positive entries, and , have nonnegative entries for all .
Let and denote the parameters obtained as the local optimum of the problem (11). For any at which the function is differentiable, we can write
The matrix corresponds to the change in the gradient caused by the activated ReLU functions at layer for the point , and consequently, denotes the gradient of the estimate with respect to at point . Given that all elements of are strictly positive, the vector also has strictly positive elements for all and .
The first order local optimality condition for and dictates that
is orthogonal to vectors. Though these vectors are not necessarily linearly independent, the same indices of these vectors are zero for the points on the same affine piece of the function since the ReLU functions
are activated and deactivated simultaneously for these points. As a result, each affine piece of is likely to be a solution to a weighted-least-squares problem for the points corresponding to that piece.
If the bias parameters are distributed such that is spanned by the vectors that the error vector is orthogonal to, the estimator fits all the data points perfectly. However, this is unlikely to happen due to the optimization of the bias parameters. The gradient of the cost function (11) with respect to around a local optimum is
where is an indicator function. If the number of layers of the network is large, is expected to be very close to 0 for the residual network. In addition, the points for which the ReLU function is inactive do not contribute to the gradient. As a result, the gradient of the cost function with respect to the bias parameters is likely to vanish quickly, and consequently, the bias parameters change very little during training. This suggests that the final values of the bias parameters heavily depend on their initialization.
To verify these claims, we trained two estimators with identical architectures to approximate a piecewise affine function whose derivative is
The estimator , and similarly , were built as
where and were as described in (10a)–(10c) with 10 layers and scalar weight parameters. The initial values of were drawn from the uniform distribution on and for the estimators and , respectively. Figure 4 shows the function and the estimates and obtained by Nesterov’s accelerated gradient descent algorithm (Nesterov, 1983).
Initialized with a larger range for the bias parameters, fits all the data points. The estimate , on the other hand, fails to fit the data perfectly even though the network had 10 layers and it could have had 10 segments. Nevertheless, over the region where it fails to fit the data, it is close to a linear estimate of the points belonging to that region. Consequently, the Lipschitz constant of the estimate at a certain point is either the same as or less than that of the original function.
Small Lipschitz constant, and correspondingly, small spectral norm of an estimator is an indicator of its low excess risk (Bartlett et al., 2017b). Therefore, we expect an estimator with the decomposed structure to generalize well, which is confirmed on the MNIST data set in the next section.
5 Experiment on MNIST
We tested the decomposed model introduced in Section 3.1 on the MNIST data set, which contains images of handwritten figures . Since there are 10 classes, we constructed 10 pairs of residual networks in total. Instead of feeding the raw images into these networks, we first used one convolutional layer with 64 filters of size to extract the edges as the features, and then reduced the dimension of the output of this layer by taking the maximum of every non-overlaping window. The output of this layer was then given as the input to all of the residual networks, each of which had 3 layers.
We trained this network for 12 epochs and recorded its accuracy on the training and the test data after each epoch, which is plotted in Figure5
. The number of parameters was much larger than standard networks since we used 20 residual networks in total. Furthermore, no explicit regularization or methods such as drop-out or batch-normalization was used. Nevertheless, the training and the test errors were remarkably close to each other throughout the training. After the 12th epoch, the training and the test accuracy were 97.91% and 97.58%, respectively.
Analyzing the dynamics of the optimization algorithms is crucial for a complete understanding of deep neural networks. Step size of the gradient descent, for example, is a key factor for the Lyapunov stability of its equilibria and should not be disregarded: it determines whether the algorithm can converge to the local optima. Taking the effect of the step size into account, we showed that most of the local optima of deep linear networks actually cannot be discovered via gradient-based methods, even though all of them were known to be a global optimum (Kawaguchi, 2016).
Similarly, the equilibria of other networks could also be unstable for a given step size, and the gradient-based algorithms might only get close to a local minimum but not converge to it even if the algorithm is not stochastic. Consequently, an inexact but approximate solution is obtained for the optimization problem, and this naturally contributes to the lack of overfitting in deep neural networks despite their large number of parameters (Zhang et al., 2017).
We also observed that the cost function used for training a residual network can easily become insensitive to the bias parameters, and the final values of these parameters might heavily depend on their initialization. Though this seems like a problem, it is another factor contributing to the generalization. This happens only for the bias parameters in the residual networks, but it could happen to the weight parameters as well in other types of networks, and that is what we already know as the vanishing gradient problem. In this respect, the hardness of the optimization provides some level of regularization for deep neural networks.
We showed that the parametrization of residual networks allows the equilibria of the gradient descent algorithm to remain stable, thereby facilitating the optimization. If unitary matrices are used instead of the identity, similar results could possibly be obtained. In addition, using an orthonormal set of data points at each step of the gradient descent was seen to help decouple the dynamics of the parameters. This might be a partial explanation for the improvements provided by using batch-normalization in practice (Ioffe & Szegedy, 2015).
We proposed a network architecture which provides an understanding of how each layer improves the approximation in a deep neural network. We chose convexity as a property to decompose the functions into two parts. The fact that the function in each layer remained invertible with this decomposition was critical. Other decompositions could alternatively be generated and tested.
We showed that the architecture introduced generalizes very well on the MNIST data set. The training, however, was very slow due the large number of parameters and the small gradients of the bias parameters. The convergence could possibly be improved by using alternatives to gradient-based algorithms to update the bias parameters, although this might risk overfitting the data.
It was known that deep linear networks produce solutions with small Lipschitz constants under some conditions (Gunasekar et al., 2017), and the Lipschitz constant of the estimators could be used to explain their generalization (Bartlett et al., 2017b). We demonstrated that the solutions obtained with residual networks also have the same property, and hence, generalize well.
Lastly, enlarging the region of attraction of the equilibria by choosing a specific control is a standard problem in nonlinear control theory. Finding a state dependent step size to improve the convergence of the gradient descent for neural networks is an ongoing work.
- Bartlett et al. (2017a) Bartlett, Peter, Evans, Steve, and Long, Phil. Representational and optimization properties of deep residual networks, 2017a. URL https://simons.berkeley.edu/talks/peter-bartlett-2017-5-1.
- Bartlett et al. (2017b) Bartlett, Peter L., Foster, Dylan J., and Telgarsky, Matus. Spectrally-normalized margin bounds for neural networks. CoRR, abs/1706.08498, 2017b.
- Boyd & Vandenberghe (2004) Boyd, S.P. and Vandenberghe, L. Convex Optimization. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
- Gunasekar et al. (2017) Gunasekar, Suriya, Woodworth, Blake E, Bhojanapalli, Srinadh, Neyshabur, Behnam, and Srebro, Nati. Implicit regularization in matrix factorization. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30, pp. 6152–6160, 2017.
- Hardt & Ma (2016) Hardt, Moritz and Ma, Tengyu. Identity matters in deep learning. CoRR, abs/1611.04231, 2016.
- He et al. (2016) He, Kaiming, Zhang, Xiangyu, Ren, Shaoqing, and Sun, Jian. Deep residual learning for image recognition.
- Ioffe & Szegedy (2015) Ioffe, Sergey and Szegedy, Christian. Batch normalization: Accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift. In Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 448–456, 2015.
- Kawaguchi (2016) Kawaguchi, Kenji. Deep learning without poor local minima. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 586–594, 2016.
- Khalil (2002) Khalil, H.K. Nonlinear Systems. Pearson Education. Prentice Hall, 3rd edition, 2002.
Man et al. (2006)
Man, Zhihong, Wu, Hong Ren, Liu, Sophie, and Yu, Xinghuo.
A new adaptive backpropagation algorithm based on Lyapunov stability theory for neural networks.IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 17(6):1580–1591, 2006.
- Matsuoka (1992) Matsuoka, Kiyotoshi. Stability conditions for nonlinear continuous neural networks with asymmetric connection weights. Neural Networks, 5(3):495 – 500, 1992.
- Michel et al. (1988) Michel, Anthony N., Farrell, Jay A., and Porod, Wolfgang. Stability results for neural networks. In Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 554–563, 1988.
- Nesterov (1983) Nesterov, Y. E. A method for solving the convex programming problem with convergence rate O(1/k2). Soviet Mathematics Doklady, 27:372–376, 1983.
- Neyshabur et al. (2017) Neyshabur, Behnam, Tomioka, Ryota, Salakhutdinov, Ruslan, and Srebro, Nathan. Geometry of optimization and implicit regularization in deep learning. CoRR, abs/1705.03071, 2017.
- Saxe et al. (2013) Saxe, Andrew M., McClelland, James L., and Ganguli, Surya. Exact solutions to the nonlinear dynamics of learning in deep linear neural networks. CoRR, abs/1312.6120, 2013.
- Zhang et al. (2017) Zhang, Chiyuan, Bengio, Samy, Hardt, Moritz, Recht, Benjamin, and Vinyals, Oriol. Understanding deep learning requires rethinking generalization. In International Conference on Learning Representations, 2017.


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text:
Annual festivals featuring dances depicting the life of Guru Rimpoche at most Dzongs and monasteries. The twelve part dance dramas occur on the tenth day of the month in the Bhutanese calender. Monks and lay people perform the dances established by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel, Pema Lingpa, and Guru Rinpoche. The dancers playing wrathful and compassionate beings, heroes, demons and animals. Known as cham these dances bring blessings, dharma teachings, protect from misfortune, and exorcise evil. The Teschu is a religious festival and brings merit to those who attend. It is also a major social event and attendees wear their best clothes and jewelry.
Dancers wear elaborate masks and costumes and astaras (clowns) often wear masks with long red noses. The astaras entertain the crowds and collect donations for the monks and monasteries. During the intervals elegantly dressed woman sing and dance. Many Tsechus feature large Thankas (religious pictures) called Thondrol which are unfurled just before dawn. Thondrol means ‘liberation by seeing’ and by seeing the Thanka one’s sins are washed away. The crowds chant prayers when the Thanka is rolled up. The Tsechu lasts for four days and the order of the dances varies according to local tradition.
Some Tsechus have small fairs featuring gambling and fortunes tellers with Tashi-go-mang, miniature temples with divinities hidden behind doors.

domain: artistic


text:
It is unfortunate that the story about Israel Price and his ordeal (“Bullying takes physical, emotional toll on kids,” Living, Oct. 21) featured a caption under his picture that he was “recovering from a concussion he suffered while being bullied.” If an adult had been similarly injured, the caption’s authors would have used the correct word: “assaulted,” rather than “bullied.”
To continue to use the euphemism “bully” for a physical assault is inappropriate, as it detracts from the seriousness of the crime (which it is). Those who assaulted Israel Price should be punished to the fullest extent of both criminal and civil laws.
GERSON PAULL, ATLANTA
Violent media, games
warping young minds
The AJC has recently reported the tragedy of so many young people killing their fellow classmates, teachers, law enforcement officers — and themselves.
I feel the increasingly enhanced modes of violence as depicted on television, in video games and on film are now warping young, developing minds so that viewers do not see the full extent of the crimes depicted. If producers would show the effects of sensationally depicted murders and other crimes — which are usually committed for temporary gratification or misguided glory — the results might make future perpetrators think twice before they act.
Realistic dramas should show how a particular crime forever affects and transforms the perpetrator’s life, as well as the victim’s. Civil punishments are long-lasting, certainly. More importantly, the entertainment industry should strive to drive home the magnitude of death.
ROB ROGERS, COLLEGE PARK
Did GOP learn lesson
from its budget battle?
I hope the Republicans learned a lesson from the recent battle over the budget: namely, that you can’t give in to extortion, and that if you give in, in a short time, you’ll face new demands.
Sadly, I fear they learned nothing, and soon we’ll be back to where we left off.
The House is supposed to have the “power of the purse.” I think they just lost it.
DAN MILLER, ALPHARETTA
law will die on its own
Regarding “Even in victory, Obama can’t gain momentum” (Opinion, Oct. 20), I couldn’t agree more with Maureen Dowd’s suggestion that Obamacare should be called “Pelosicare.”
Whatever its name, this effort was too much, too soon — and it will die of its own bloated, overreaching, overweening, undisguised attempt at socialism.

domain: news


text:
The Chicago Bears waived a handful of veterans in their cutdown to the NFL roster limit of 53 players Saturday afternoon. CB Kelvin Hayden, OL Eben Britton, LB Jerry Franklin, and DE Austen Lane were among the experienced players let go. The work now begins in earnest over the next several hours for the Bears front office and personnel departments [...]
The Chicago Bears have signed DE Austen Lane, according to his agent Scott Smith of XAM Sports.
Lane, 26, was drafted by the Jaguars in the fifth round of the 2010 NFL Draft out of Murray State. He lasted three years with Jacksonville before he was released last June.
The Kansas City Chiefs claimed him off of waivers and later signed with the Lions this past season before being...

domain: sports


POUGHKEEPSIE, N.Y. — Raheim Sullivan had 12 points off the bench and Jordan Jones added 11 points, to lift Marist to a 67-66 win over Quinnipiac. Dezi Jones led Quinnipiac with 16 points.
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December 27, 2021
WATERTOWN, S.D.–Governor Kristi Noem says South Dakota is ending the year on solid financial ground.
She tells KWAT News state will end the year with more than $307 million in its budget reserves. It has maintained its Triple-A bond rating, and has one of the strongest state employee retirement system plans in the nation….
South Dakota has had a Triple-A bond rating for the past five fiscal years, and its retirement system has a funded status of more than 105-percent.


text:
Larry Sinclair, Obama’s alleged gay lover: “I find this whole double standard sickening, and no, I am not a bigger supporter of Trump, but I am a supporter of fair and unbiased media coverage. I find the whole NDA and accepting money and then later coming back and using a completely legal incident for political and personal gain questionable.”
( Daily Caller ) The man, who once claimed without evidence to have had sex with former President Barack Obama, is now livid the media and public are believing adult film star Stormy Daniels’ relationship with President Donald Trump.
Larry Sinclair, a 50-something-year-old man, alleged he had sexual relations with Obama in 1999. The story included a limousine, cocaine and a host of other interesting tidbits. There are few reports of the incident because Sinclair could never provide hard evidence, and he has a very long rap sheet.
News broke in early January that Trump’s lawyer paid Daniels, whose real name is Stephanie Clifford, a large sum in order to keep her affair with the president secret.
Michael Cohen, a longtime lawyer for the Trump Organization, was reportedly the architect of the $130,000 payment to Stephanie Clifford in October 2016. Clifford alleged the sexual encounter with the president occurred in July 2006, when she and the president met at a celebrity golf tournament in Lake Tahoe.
Sinclair is upset at Daniels’ recent press and the fact the media believes her.
“Stormy Daniels is being pimped and pimping the media now, and it’s lining her pockets,” Sinclair told the Washington Examiner. “I believe she had sex with him. Do I believe she’s trying to twist and add to it to benefit her interests? You’re damn right I do.”
“I find this whole double standard sickening, and no, I am not a bigger supporter of Trump, but I am a supporter of fair and unbiased media coverage,” Sinclair said. “I find the whole NDA and accepting money and then later coming back and using a completely legal incident for political and personal gain questionable.”
Adam Levine: Growing up, he “learned the black national anthem before I knew the ‘Star Spangled Banner’,” and when he “came out” as gay to his family at the age of 20, they “were duly overjoyed.”
“Lifelong acquaintances now regard me with fear and distrust. I have been unfriended en masse on social media and excoriated by friends who deign to remain. And I have been singly excluded from social gatherings when the rest of my family was invited.”
“In desperation, like a closeted teenager sneaking into a porn theater, I surreptitiously began to explore the forbidden territories of Fox News and other conservative outlets. Incredibly, I found myself agreeing more often than not,”
“I reached my threshold where no amount of hypothetical Republican bigotry or greed could approach the magnitude of hypocrisy, corruption, or criminality I saw rotting the Democrats to the core. I jumped ship.”
Adam Levine, a writer for the Federalist and the son of a Democratic congressman, claimed in an article this week that it was harder to come out as a Republican than it was to come out gay.
“I am not a sex offender. But a number of my friends no longer have time to see me,” declared Levine in the article. “Lifelong acquaintances now regard me with fear and distrust. I have been unfriended en masse on social media and excoriated by friends who deign to remain. And I have been singly excluded from social gatherings when the rest of my family was invited.”
“No, I am not a sex offender. I am something even worse than that. I am a Donald Trump supporter,” he proclaimed. “I was raised in a liberal Jewish family in Washington DC, where my dad served as a Democratic congressman for Los Angeles. Accordingly, I was indoctrinated with all of the correct values and views.” Adam’s father, Mel Levine, served in Congress from 1983 to 1993.
Levine claimed that growing up, he “learned the black national anthem before I knew the ‘Star Spangled Banner’,” and when he “came out” as gay to his family at the age of 20, they “were duly overjoyed.”
When he came out as a Republican, however, his life quickly changed.
“I did not even bother going to gay pride because it was fused with a Resist march. If you do not want to impeach our president, you have no place in gay life,” Levine claimed. “I was labeled a white supremacist by a friend I’ve known my entire life, and completely dropped with no explanation by another dear friend and self-anointed giant of the gay civil rights movement to whom my father had introduced me 15 years ago.”
Anti-Trump, washed-up rapper Eminem admitted in an interview with Vulture that since his divorce from his wife Kim he uses apps such as Tinder and Grindr to get dates. Grindr is an app for gay/bi-sexual men.
President Obama and his chief of staff Rahm Emanuel are lifetime members of the same gay bath house in uptown Chicago, according to informed sources in Chicago’s gay community, as well as veteran political sources in the city
Choir director, Donald Young, an openly gay man who reportedly had a sexual relationship with Obama.
Two other gay members of the church were Larry Bland and Nate Spencer. Young and Bland were brutally murdered, execution style, in late 2007. Bland was murdered on November.
The story about President Barack Obama’s bi-sexual past will not go away. Now, in an exclusive interview with The Globe, Norma Jean Young, the 76-year old mother of the late Trinity United Church of Christ choir director Donald Young, has spoken out and declared that persons trying to protect Obama murdered her son at the height of the 2007 Democratic presidential primary to protect Obama from embarrassing revelations about his homosexual relationship with her son.Donald Young’s bullet-ridden body was found in his Chicago apartment on December 23, 2007, in what appeared to be an assassination-style slaying.
Norma Jean Young revealed to The Globe that her son Donald, who was openly gay, was a “close friend” of Obama. Mrs. Young also believes the Chicago Police Department has not placed a high priority on finding the killers of her son. Mrs. Young, who is, herself a former employee of the Chicago Police Department, told The Globe that, “There is more to the story,” adding, “I do believe they are shielding somebody or protecting someone.”
The Globe’s revelations are consistent with information obtained by WMR during a May investigation conducted in Chicago. On May 24, WMR reported:“President Obama and his chief of staff Rahm Emanuel are lifetime members of the same gay bath house in uptown Chicago, according to informed sources in Chicago’s gay community, as well as veteran political sources in the city.” The report added, “WMR spoke to several well-placed sources in Chicago who reported that Jeremiah Wright, the pastor of Obama’s former church of 20 years, Trinity United Church of Christ (TUCC) on Chicago’s south side, ran what was essentially a matchmaking service for gay married black professional members of the church, including lawyers and businessmen, particularly those with children.
The matchmaking club was called the ‘Down Low Club’ but references to it over the phone and email simply referred to the group with the code phrase ‘DLC.’ The ruse, according to our sources, was to make anyone who was eavesdropping on the communications [FBI wiretaps in the Rod Blagojevich case likely contain such references] believe that the references were to the Democratic Leadership Council, also known as the DLC . . .
Among the members of the gay ‘DLC’ were Obama and TUCC’s choir director, Donald Young, an openly gay man who reportedly had a sexual relationship with Obama. Two other gay members of the church were Larry Bland and Nate Spencer. Young and Bland were brutally murdered, execution style, in late 2007. Bland was murdered on November.
WMR has learned from a source who is an official of Trinity United Church of Christ (TUCC) in Chicago, President Obama’s former church, that congregants are afraid of discussing the brutal execution-style murders of two of the church’s members.
The church’s choir director Donald Young was murdered on Christmas Eve, December 24, 2007, at the beginning of the presidential campaign. Although the Chicago Police Department indicated there was a “person of interest” in the Young case, no one has been charged with Young’s murder. Another church member, Larry Bland, was murdered execution-style on November 17, 2007. […]
When TUCC pastor Jeremiah Wright retired as pastor in early 2008, several church members left the predominantly African-American mega-church along with him, according to our TUCC source. The new pastor, Otis Moss III, has shown no interest in trying to find out the killers of Young and Bland, although the church is active in several community action programs, including those dealing with violence.
The TUCC source says there has been a “stand down” at TUCC in dealing with the Young and Bland murders. Although a service was held for Young at TUCC, the church, according to the source, “ignored the two murders,” adding, “there is no interest in pursuing the murderers.”
A Christian pro-life group that was recently ejected from a Seattle coffee shop over its local activism is attracting hundreds of thousands of Facebook views after footage of the encounter was posted online.
Members of Abolish Human Abortion recently decided to order drinks in Seattle’s Bedlam coffee shop after posting and distributing pro-life pamphlets in the local community. Activists who joined Caleb Head and Caytie Davis on Oct. 1 were soon berated and told the leave when they were identified.
“Are you going to tolerate it? Answer my f-ing question! No, you’re going to sit right here and f-ing watch it! […] Well then I don’t have to f-ing tolerate this! Leave! All of you. Tell all your f-ing friends, don’t f-ing come here.”
A request by the activists to turn to Jesus was met with the response, “Yeah, I like a—. I’m not going to be saved by anything. I’d f- Christ in the a—. OK? He’s hot.”
Since Delvonn Heckard filed a lawsuit in early April, four other men have come forward to publicly accuse Seattle Mayor Ed Murray of sexual abuse. All claim Murray abused them decades ago as teenagers.
The fifth man — Murray’s younger cousin Joseph Dyer, 54— is the latest accuser, saying Murray repeatedly molested him as a teenager in the 1970s when the two shared a bedroom in Dyer’s mother’s home in the Long Island town of Medford, New York.
Murray has vehemently denied the accusations as some have called for him to resign.
Here are the five men who have come forward.
Ed Murray’s accusers
Delvonn Heckard, 46, is a college student and recovering addict who lives in Kent. Heckard says he was a 15-year-old drug addict on Capitol Hill when he met Murray in 1986. Heckard claims Murray paid him for sex more than 50 times over about a four-year period in his teens. He also filed and withdrew a civil lawsuit against Murray in 2017, but says he plans to refile. Heckard filed a tort claim against the city of Seattle in July 2017.
Jeff Simpson, 49, is a public roads-crew worker who lives in Gladstone, Oregon. He is also a recovering addict. Simpson met Murray while he was growing up in a Portland group home for troubled children in the late 1970s, and later lived with Murray as his foster son. Simpson claims Murray began sexually abusing him when he was 13, and later paid him for sex over several years in the early 1980s.
Lloyd Anderson, 52, of Navarre, Florida, is a retired restaurant worker and a registered sex offender. Anderson knew Murray while growing up in a Portland group home for troubled children in the late 1970s. He claims Murray paid him for sex on several occasions beginning when Anderson was 16 or 17.
Maurice Lavon Jones, 44, of Seattle, is in King County Jail on drug charges. He says he was a drug-addicted street prostitute in the late 1980s when he was introduced to Murray by Heckard. Jones claims Murray paid him for sex on at least two occasions when Jones was a teenager.
Joseph Dyer, 54, is a dialysis technician and a nursing student. Dyer’s location is being withheld by The Seattle Times at his request. Dyer is Murray’s first cousin, once removed. He says Murray repeatedly molested him in the mid-1970s when he came to live with Dyer and his family in Medford, New York, before Murray left town amid accusations that he molested a boy at a Catholic group home.


text:
The U.S. State Division denied a report on Thursday in South Korean media that claimed the Trump administration is pondering of sanctions assist for North Korea, contacting it “completely phony.”
The report, commonly disseminated by means of South Korean newswire services Yonhap, cited an nameless “source” acquainted with U.S. diplomacy in the direction of North Korea, who allegedly claimed that President Donald Trump was mulling a system to trade sanctions relief for the shutdown of the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Investigate Net web page, the communist dictatorship’s key recognized facility for enriching uranium.
The deal, if agreed on, would contradict repeated assurances from Trump, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, and other senior members of the administration that they would only get in touch with for easing globally sanctions on the rogue state when North Korea made available proof that its unlawful nuclear weapons application no for a longer time exists and cannot be conveniently restored.
Rumors of a sanctions assist deal adopted a shock conference in involving Trump and communist dictator Kim Jong-un preceding thirty day time period in the Korean border city of Panmunjom adhering to Trump’s search at the G-20 Summit in Osaka, Japan. The meeting, prompted by President Trump’s invitation by way of Twitter for him and Kim to meet, ended a tense time period just right after Trump’s abrupt exit from an in-particular person conference regarding the two heads of state in February.
At the time, North Korean negotiators instructed reporters they presented to shut down Yongbyon in exchange for sanctions reduction, but Trump walked out. Trump instructed reporters he even now left the talks because Kim’s diplomats had been remaining as effectively insistent on sanctions reduction.
North Korea is presently beneath one particular individual of the strictest intercontinental sanctions regimes in historical past, handed by the United Nations Stability Council in 2017. The sanctions safeguard exports in most of North Korea’s significant industries, principally coal and seafood. Despite the fact that, as two everlasting associates of the Safety Council, China and Russia, voted for the sanctions, adequate evidence provided that their passing suggests the two worldwide places have assisted Pyongyang evade them.
State Division spokesperson Morgan Ortagus informed reporters Thursday, citing United States Distinct Representative for North Korea Stephen Biegun, that the Yonhap report was not an accurate illustration of the current problem of talks involving Washington and Pyongyang.
“[W]hile we definitely will not preview any form of sanctions from the podium, irrespective of no matter whether it is including new sorts or employing them absent, I will say that I did essentially examine to Steve Biegun about that, and he categorically denied that. He stated that report is totally fake, so there is no truth to that,” Ortagus claimed. She also proposed reporters investigate her remarks all by means of Tuesday’s push briefing for a a great deal much more precise clarification of what the United States is making an attempt to locate in new talks with North Korea.
On Tuesday, Ortagus claimed that a “freeze,” rather than entire dismantlement of nuclear progress in North Korea, would be a welcome start off to talks with the United States but “would by no means be the resolution of a approach that would never be the finish of a system.”
“That would – something that we would definitely hope to see at the starting, but I don’t assume that the administration has ever characterized a freeze as currently being the end goal,” she emphasized.
Yonhap mentioned that the freeze could direct to sanctions assist with out definitive evidence that North Korea no longer seasoned a nuclear application.
Yonhap quoted the nameless resource as indicating:
The White Dwelling is open up to a great deal of recommendations to incentivize the North to make what they get in touch with “a important 1st step” on denuclearization. Their very first objective in the talks is to display to the North that they can have self confidence in the U.S. and that Washington would like to do something historic to guarantee the hostile intent of every single sides is now firmly in the preceding.
The South Korean newspaper JoongAng Ilbo in the similar way described this seven days that an nameless American resource believed the Trump administration was “reviewing” a process to provide sanctions relief. In contrast with Yonhap, JoongAng‘s report indicated that the freeze-for-sanctions-assist give was one particular individual of a quantity of proposals on the table for the White Family and that it was simply an idea staying regarded as, not the thought that The united states would definitively propose to Kim.
“The source explained that the White Residence and U.S. negotiating team is also thinking of a peace declaration to close the 1950-53 Korean War, which ended with an armistice arrangement, and installing a liaison business office,” JoongAng claimed, including that Trump may facial spot “domestic backlash” in the United States for strolling back his administration’s insistence on refusing sanctions reduction with out a categorical near to North Korea as a nuclear risk.
The danger of these varieties of a backlash is specially attainable in light-excess weight of the actuality that Yonhap suggests the system revolves all more than the Yongbyon state-of-the-art, which the North Koreans claimed they currently made available to shut down.
Trump attained with Kim for the subsequent time ever in February in Hanoi, Vietnam, a summit meant to make on what the two sides heralded as progress in their really very first assembly in Singapore previous calendar 12 months. The summit, scheduled to ultimate two days, ended halfway by when Trump walked out.
“Basically, they required the sanctions lifted in their entirety and we could not do that,” Trump informed reporters adhering to his departure.
North Korean diplomats claimed Trump was lying and that they had developed honest presents to the White Family, specifically the shutdown of Yongbyon in trade for sanctions reduction – the really similar approach Yonhap claimed Trump was on the lookout at accepting now.
Subsequent scientific studies in American media exposed that the North Koreans had been inquiring for considerably a great deal much more than sanctions assist. Distinctive stories mentioned that Kim demanded neighborhood recognition for North Korea as a official nuclear vitality and visits from “famous basketball players” to Pyongyang.
Kim went on a publicity blitz from Trump adhering to the Hanoi summit, with each other with meetings in human remaining with Chinese Communist Bash leader Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin. All through his assembly with the latter in the a great deal-east Russian town of Vladivostok, Kim complained that Trump seasoned acted “in lousy faith” at the Hanoi summit.
“[P]eace and stability on the Korean peninsula will solely depend on the U.S. lengthy run thoughts-set, and the DPRK will gird alone for every single possible circumstance,” Kim informed Putin, in accordance to North Korean stage out media.
The Panjunmon meeting, which was not an official summit and did not surface to ultimate end result in any significant policy alterations, appeared to modify Kim’s disposition in the direction of the Trump administration. Rodong Sinmun, North Korea’s flagship problem newspaper, termed the meeting “amazing.”
“Kim Jong Un stated that it was the excellent personal relations with President Trump that made this kind of a extraordinary assembly doable at just a 1 day’s see, noting that the relations would go on to create superior outcomes unpredictable by other folks and work as a mysterious drive beating manifold complications and hurdles in the upcoming, far too,” Rodong Sinmun described.


A second former aide has come ahead with sexual harassment allegations in opposition to New York governor Andrew Cuomo, with the Democrat responding by saying he by no means made advances towards her and by no means meant to be inappropriate.
Charlotte Bennett, a well being coverage adviser in Mr Cuomo’s administration till November, advised The New York Instances that the governor requested her inappropriate questions on her intercourse life together with whether or not she had ever had intercourse with older males.
One other former aide, Lindsey Boylan, a former deputy secretary for financial improvement and particular adviser to the governor, not too long ago accused Mr Cuomo of subjecting her to an undesirable kiss and inappropriate feedback. Mr Cuomo denied the allegations.
The governor mentioned in an announcement that Ms Bennett was a “hardworking and valued member of our workforce throughout Covid-19” and that “she has each proper to talk out”.
He mentioned he had meant to be a mentor for the 25-year-old.
“I by no means made advances towards Ms Bennett nor did I ever intend to behave in any means that was inappropriate,” Mr Cuomo’s assertion mentioned.
“The very last thing I’d ever have needed was to make her really feel any of the issues which might be being reported.”
Mr Cuomo, nevertheless, mentioned he had authorised an outdoor overview of Ms Bennett’s allegations.
The governor’s particular counsel, Beth Garvey, mentioned that overview can be performed by a former federal choose, Barbara Jones.
“I ask all New Yorkers to await the findings of the overview in order that they know the information earlier than making any judgements,” Mr Cuomo mentioned, including he would don’t have any additional remark till the probe is over.
The pair of harassment allegations symbolize a deepening disaster for Cuomo, who simply months in the past was on the peak of his reputation for his management throughout the peak of the coronavirus pandemic final spring.
In latest weeks, he has been assailed, even by some fellow Democrats, over revelations that his administration had considerably underreported coronavirus deaths in nursing houses.


text:
There is a right time to have that direct, elephant-in-the-room conversation with a respected colleague. The one where you say out loud what both you and she have been thinking.
That time is now. Right now. Today.
Conversations swirl around in every which way, between everyone but the two people who need to sit down and talk. As if that truth is somehow not really out there if we don’t look it in the eye. As if we can get anything – anything – of substance done if we don’t get this out of the way first.
I promise, it will be a huge relief to everyone to talk about this – that thing that matters most, that thing that’s keeping you from getting from here to there.
These conversations need to be rife with respect and dripping with caring. You can’t fake wanting the other person to succeed.
And you can’t wait another day.

domain: literature


Wyden Statement on Declassification of FISA Court Ruling on 4th Amendment Violations
Washington, D.C. – U.S. Senator Ron Wyden (D-Ore.) issued the following statement regarding the declassification of a Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court ruling stating that the NSA’s collection procedures had violated the 4th Amendment to the Constitution and the spirit of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.
“While the declassification of the FISA court’s ruling on the constitutionality of Section 702 collection procedures is an important addition to the public discussion being held on government surveillance authorities, its declassification is long overdue. And while the NSA eventually made changes to its minimization procedures in response to this ruling, the very collection it describes was a serious violation of the 4th Amendment and demonstrates even more clearly the need to close the back-door searches loophole that allows for the communications of Americans to be searched without a warrant if they are swept up under procedures that were intended to target foreigners.
Moreover, the ruling states that the NSA has knowingly acquired tens of thousands of wholly domestic communications under section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, even though this law was specifically written to prohibit the warrantless acquisition of wholly domestic communications. The FISA Court has noted that this collection violates the spirit of the law, but the government has failed to address this concern in the two years since this ruling was issued. This ruling makes it clear that FISA Section 702, as written, is insufficient to adequately protect the civil liberties and privacy rights of law-abiding Americans and should be reformed.”
In a 2011 response to Wyden, the ODNI agreed to declassify statements regarding FISC rulings that found that the 4th amendment and the spirit of the law had been violated.


text:
The planned proliferation of wind turbines on Anglesey will have a significant advantage for those in the rural community who are still waiting for fast broadband. It has been established that the positions of the turbine are ideal for the distribution of fast wireless broadband to local house holders.
The average blade speed of the turbine throughout the year is 2.4 GHz which is a similar frequency to the band used in the current batch of home wireless routers. The plan is to have homes fitted with a simple device, which is plugged into a mains socket similar to the existing wireless home plugs.
These plugs will connect back via the electricity mains grid to the wind turbines and use the rotational frequency of the turbine blade to provide a wireless signal around home.
The strength of the wireless signal around the home will depend on both proximity and height of the wind turbine. It is hoped that the government will soon decide it’s planning policy on wind turbines so that larger units can be built which may result in even fast rural broadband.
A second advantage of the new system is that the location of wind turbines in almost all areas of Anglesey will allow for the provision of a new mobile broadband system based on the same technology. A small USB adaptor will be available to plug into laptops or mobiles phones which will enable the signal to be picked up and used on the move. A prototype of the device is shown below and it is hoped that with grant aid from the “Energy Island Scheme” a smaller device can be developed.
If you want to know more about this system please contact Anglesey Windturbine broadband Limited

domain: design


A bachelor’s degree is the minimum requirement for a computer systems analyst, although obtaining a master’s degree may help to elevate skills and employment opportunities. We have created a 2020 ranking of the best colleges in Texas that offer Computer Systems Analysis/analyst degrees to help you find a school that fits your needs. Typically, computer systems analysts have a bachelor’s degree in computer … Business Administration, Accounting – B.S. Endorsement Preparation, English Language Learning (PreK-12). Most computer systems analysts have a bachelor’s degree in a computer-related field. A degree program in computer science often won’t have the same focus on business that a degree in information technology does. The BLS reported that median earnings of analysts were $88,740 in 2018. Not every computer systems analyst prepares for the career by studying computers. It’s recommended that you take some business courses, or even pursue an Information Technology MBA to be most successful. How to Become a Computer Systems Analyst. . Science Education (Secondary Chemistry) – M.A. Database design and management. Admissions requirements to these types of programs include courses in math, computers, communications, and technology. On the average, you can expect to pay about $26,000 a year in many colleges. A typical first step to become a systems analyst is earning a bachelor’s degree in computer science or a related field. Most computer systems analysts have a bachelor’s degree in a computer-related field. Nursing – Leadership and Management (BSN-to-MSN Program) – M.S. Want to see all the degrees WGU has to offer? According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in May 2016, the average annual salary for computer systems analysts was $87,220. Consider a degree program in computer science or a related field. A systems analyst will often evaluate and modify code as well as review scripting. While earning an IT degree will give you important training, applying your skills on the job through an internship or other employment will look great on your resume and could lead to career opportunities. Most computer systems analysts have a bachelor’s degree in a computer-related field. in Management of Information Systems. Some universities offer an Information Technology Management for Business degree in partnership with TP Degrees. Be aware, this career doesn’t just require computer knowledge. Computer systems analysts improve their organizations’ processes by studying technology-related problems and implementing solutions. Business knowledge is also extremely beneficial for become a computer systems analyst. Foster Care Social Worker: Salary and Career Facts, Organizational leadership, operating systems, cost analysis, networking, computer systems architecture. The listings below may include sponsored content but are popular choices among our users. Computer systems analysts solve computer problems and use computer technology to meet the needs of an organization. What's the Difference Between Computer Science and Information Systems? Otherwise, you can expect to complete coursework that examines computer systems for business applications, IT planning and computer programming. There aren’t specific certification tests you need to pass to become a computer systems analyst, but you will need a bachelor’s or master’s degree in computer science or similar credentials. Learn.org. Entry requirements. Additional job growth in data processing, hosting, and related services is expected. Find out how different WGU is about personalizing and supporting your education. What They Do: Computer systems analysts study an organization’s current computer systems and find a solution that is more efficient and effective.. Work Environment: Most computer systems analysts work full time.Some work more than 40 hours per week. © 2020 Western Governors University – WGU. A master's degree often is necessary for advancement in the field, and a master’s of business administration is not uncommon since a knowledge of the business of clients can be as valuable as technical computing skills. Median Annual Salary: $88,740 We also asked Computer Systems Analysts what did they major in college or university and here are … Coursework revolves around making students adept in designing and implementing computer systems. Graduate degrees at this level are conferred as a Master of Science (MS) or Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree. Teaching, English Education (Secondary) – M.A. The lowest 10% earned around $53,110 annually, and the highest 10% earned more than $137,690 annually. Most employers require systems analyst applicants to have at least a bachelor’s degree in computer systems analysis, computer science, computer … There are many places you can turn to in order to earn this bachelor’s or master’s degree, including online universities like Western Governors University. Relevant A levels would include maths, physics and computing. Teaching, Science Education (Secondary) – M.A. Read on to learn about undergraduate and graduate degree programs as well as career outlook information. You can also take courses online in computer science, but an undergraduate degree will look much better on your resumé. Since analysts can and do work in areas outside of business and finance, sometimes having a particular technical degree can give the business analyst a unique approach to solving a business process problem. The BLS projected employment opportunities for computer systems analysts would increase 9% from 2016-2026. A computer systems analyst will spend a significant amount of his or her time on the job studying computer systems and procedures for using these computer systems to carry out tasks that are necessary to organization functioning. English Language Learning (PreK–12) – M.A. Systems analysts examine a company's IT systems and infrastructure and work out how to improve them. Send me more information about WGU and a $65 application fee waiver code. Computer systems analysts, sometimes called systems architects, study an organization’s current computer systems and procedures, and design solutions to help the organization operate more efficiently and effectively. An analyst needs to not only understand the IT aspects of keeping the organization running, but also needs to understand the business side of operations. Teaching, Mathematics Education (Middle Grades) – M.A. Get yourself a degree in computer science. You've probably heard of many IT careers, but a computer systems analyst may not be one you’re familiar with. The average entry-level salary for computer systems analysts in Georgia is $46,370. Mathematics Education (Middle Grades) – B.S. Bachelor’s degrees generally represent the minimum educational requirement, though some employers prefer master’s degrees. Nursing – Nursing Informatics (RN-to-MSN Program) – M.S. The median annual wage for computer systems analysts is $90,920. Source for salary and growth data is the Bureau of Labor Statistics. What Indianapolis Schools Have Computer Information Systems Degrees? When seeking work as a computer systems analyst, an MBA degree is generally considered a plus by most employers. Prospective computer systems analysts can begin their educational training with a computer systems analyst associate degree, Majoring in information science, systems management, information technology, or a related field prepares graduates for computer systems analyst jobs. Whether you decide to earn your CSA degree online or in class, you will have the ability to design curriculum under the tutelage of your academic advisor. Science Education (Secondary Biological Science) – M.A. However, with the rising demand of the cloud computing industry and its effect on businesses, aspiring systems analysts may be better prepared through a different program like a bachelor’s in management information systems . The best-paid 25 percent made $113,460 that year, while the … Science Education (Secondary Chemistry) – B.S. Nursing – Family Nurse Practitioner (BSN-to-MSN Program) – M.S. in Information Systems or MBA/M.S. On the technical side, degrees in math, engineering, statistics or computer science will also present opportunities to develop the data analysis skills this sort of job requires. Business Administration, Healthcare Management – B.S. Students take foundational courses in computer systems, IT, and management in addition to general … 3 The most common degree paths for this career are Computer … Sometimes that means designing and developing new computer systems and sometimes it means making existing systems work better on certain tasks. Education A bachelor's degree is a must-have. Computer Systems Analyst Education Requirements. The standard Computer Systems Analysis/analyst degree earned was an associate's degree and it also has the widest range of school possibilities as well. As a system's analyst, you'll use computers and related systems to design new IT solutions, modify, enhance or adapt existing systems and integrate new features or improvements in order to improve business efficiency and productivity. Computer Networking and Telecommunications, Data Entry and Microcomputer Applications. Becoming a system analyst — a step by step guide Get a bachelor’s degree. All Rights Reserved. Stay up-to-date with the latest articles, tips, and insights from the team at WGU. A business analyst will evaluate the business need and identify the appropriate solution and, to some degree, design a solution without diving too deep into its technical components, relying instead on a systems analyst to do so. Computer Systems Analysts made a median salary of $88,740 in 2018. Applicable degrees include a Bachelor of Science in Computer Systems Engineering or Bachelor of Science in Computer Science. Study online Study areas Arts & humanities Business Education Health Information technology Law & justice Science & engineering Degrees and subjects Undergraduate degrees … The responsibilities of a computer systems analyst include designing and updating software, as well as tailoring applications to the requirements of a specific organization. In 2015, 30 students graduated in the study area of Computer Systems Analysis/analyst with students earning 28 Bachelor's degrees, and 2 Certificates degrees. How Much Does a Computer Systems Analyst Make? Best Computer Systems Analysis/analyst Colleges in Texas. In most cases, you should have a minimum of a bachelor's degree to become a system analyst. Some graduate programs also require an internship where you'll apply your management skills. Their curriculum typically includes topics related to: Workflow processes in businesses. If you have a degree in a non-IT related subject, you could do a postgraduate conversion course. Learn information about computer programming and systems analysis bachelor's degree programs, including typical courses and the benefits of online classes. Getting an IT degree, whether a traditional or online degree, presents such a wide variety of career options, it can be difficult to know which one to pursue. One IT job that is thriving in recent years is that of a computer systems analyst—in fact, recent reports from the Bureau of Labor Statistics say that “employment of computer systems analysts is projected to grow 21 percent from 2014 to 2024, much faster than the average for all occupations.”. This Associate in Arts degree concentration leads to employment in technical computer-related jobs such as a programmer or systems analyst. The minimum educational requirement to become a computer systems analyst is a four year bachelor’s degree. Ready to apply now?Apply free using the application waiver NOWFREE. This means that 127,700 computer systems analysts are expected to be added in 2022 to the existing 520,600 analysts who were hired in 2012. There are many places you can turn to in order to earn this bachelor’s or master’s degree, including online universities like Western Governors University. In order to be able to do the job, a systems analyst needs a strong background in computer and business-related fields. Prepares operational reports, including maintenance, upgrades and recommendations Previous employment in an information technology field, such as network administration or systems administration, is also essential. Systems Analysts plan, implement, modify or coordinate systems, such as electronic data processing, systems analysis, information systems and computer programming to meet business needs. Step 1: Obtain a bachelor’s degree. Some employers prefer applicants who have a master’s degree in business administration (MBA) with a concentration in information systems. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports that employers typically look for candidates with a bachelor's degree when hiring computer systems analysts; however, having a graduate degree might provide an advantage if you're looking for a position in a business environment (www.bls.gov). WGU is an accredited online university offering online bachelor’s and master’s degree programs. Most systems analysts specialize in a type of computer system—for example, business, accounting or financial systems or … Find out more about scholarships for new students. If you decide to enter this field, the demand you'll enjoy will be related to upgrading computer systems, utilizing mobile technologies and integrating systems. Computer analysts are typically in charge of managing the computer systems of the companies for which the work. Science Education (Secondary Earth Science) – M.A. They bring business and information technology (IT) together by understanding the needs and limitations of both. A bachelor’s degree in a computer or information science field is common, although not always a requirement. While there are other ways to get into systems analysis such as conversion courses, a bachelor's degree in computer science is by far the best and most direct path to take. Special Education and Elementary Education (Dual Licensure) – B.A. Responsibilities. Computer systems analysts need to constantly keep themselves up-to-date on the latest innovations in technology, and can earn credentials from the Institute for the Certification of Computing Professionals to set themselves apart from their peers. Application analysts can specialise in operating systems, applications and languages, such as: Java; Oracle; SQL; UNIX. There are a variety of positions you can choose within the IT industry, from computer scientist to software engineer. However, with the rising demand of the cloud computing industry and its effect on businesses, aspiring systems analysts may be better prepared through a different program like a bachelor’s in management information systems . Automation/integration of businesses. These professionals might be employed under different titles: IT consultant, IT specialist, programmer analyst, business systems analyst, system architect and computer specialist, to name a few. Rasmussen College-Florida offers 2 Computer Systems Analysis/analyst Degree programs. You also might work on issues related to cyber security, networking and wireless communications. 57 FR 33272 (July 28, 1992). Nursing – Nursing Informatics (BSN-to-MSN Program) – M.S. 5 Steps to Becoming a Computer Information Systems Manager. 31,589 Computer Systems Analyst jobs available on Indeed.com. Because these analysts also are heavily involved in the business side of a company, it may be helpful to take business courses or major in management information systems. The top industries for computer systems analysts in 2016 included; computer systems design, finance and insurance, company management, the information sector, and state and local government. You can expect to complete coursework in cost analysis, organizational leadership and case analysis. Coursework might cover a mixture of computer science and engineering fundamentals. 1 In fact, our analysis revealed that 85 percent of employers prefer candidates to have a Bachelor’s degree or higher. Computer Systems Analyst Salaries [About this section] [More salary/earnings info] . If you have a non-IT degree, you could complete a postgraduate conversion course which focuses on business skills as well as technical ability. Computer Systems Analyst. 56 FR 11528 (March 19, 1991). Because these analysts also are heavily involved in the business side of a company, it may be helpful to take business courses or major in management information systems. Having experience is always helpful when trying to secure a job. If you already have a bachelor's degree, you can earn your Master of Business Administration (MBA) in Information Systems, MBA/Master of Science (M.S.) The second most popular Computer Systems Analysis/analyst degree that people earn is a master's degree …Computer Systems Analysis/analyst degree that people earn is a master's degree … Before you can be employed as a computer systems analyst, you will need to go through computer systems analyst school. As technology continues to flourish, organizations will continue to increase their reliance on IT and analysts will be hired to design and install new systems. Computer Systems Analyst must have a bachelor’s degree in computer science, information technology or any other related field. Walden University International responds quickly to information requests through this website. Computer systems analyst education requirements vary by organization, but it is fairly common for analysts to need a bachelor's degree. You can also find information about career opportunities, job growth and salary information. Project and data management. © Copyright 2003-2020 What Kind of Degree Programs Prepare Me to Work as a Computer Systems Analyst? Computer systems analyst is a blanket term for a computer professional that solves computer issues and uses technology to meet the needs of the company. Cybersecurity and Information Assurance – M.S. in Computer Science (Computer Information Systems option) program as well as similar programs at other universities. The second most popular Computer Systems Analysis/analyst degree that people obtain is an associate's degree which indicates a … Design and development of web applications. Most employers require systems analyst applicants to have at least a bachelor's degree in computer systems analysis, computer science, computer information systems (CIS), management information systems (MIS), business intelligence or … Bachelor’s degrees generally represent the minimum educational requirement, though some employers prefer master’s degrees. Graduates can take on roles such as programmer analyst, data processing systems analyst, and information systems analyst. A computer systems analyst major could be in … Computer Systems Analyst Degree. A typical first step to become a systems analyst is earning a bachelor’s degree in computer science or a related field. Computer Systems Security Bachelor's Degree, Business Computer Systems Bachelor's Degree, Computer Systems Specialist Associate Degree, Computer Information Systems: Education and Career Information. How to Become One: A bachelor’s degree in a computer or information science field is common, although not always a requirement. The most common educational background required to become a computer analyst is a degree or diploma in computer science, computer programming, or systems analysis. Duties. The AA program meets prerequisites for transfer to the University of West Florida B.S. While there’s plenty of learning on the job, many positions require the combination of education and hands-on experience that a college program offers. Special Education (Mild-to-Moderate) – B.A. Your major would be well complemented with business subjects, such as business administration and finance. This entails getting a bachelor’s degree in computer systems analysis, computer science or related field. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that employment is expected to grow 21% in the next 7 years, which is much faster than the average for all occupations. To get on a degree you'll need five GCSEs grade C or above including maths, English and a science subject. Ability to analyze and evaluate systems. While your choice will depend a great deal on the skills you have and the work environment you prefer, your job outlook is extremely positive no matter what you choose. As an undergraduate, you can learn the basics of computer systems design, analysis, networking and troubleshooting. Doctorate Degree Programs in Computer Information Systems, Online Speech Degree Programs and Courses, Legal Librarian Career, Salary and Education Facts, Environmental Psychology Jobs: Salary & Career Facts. This means that roughly half of workers earned more than this, and half earned less. By submitting you will receive emails from WGU and can opt-out at any time. Becoming a computer systems analyst requires relevant education and training, as well as a combination of technical and interpersonal skills. The most common educational background required to become a computer analyst is a degree or diploma in computer science , computer programming , or systems … Some firms hire analysts with business or liberal arts degrees who have skills in information technology or computer programming. The work of a computer systems analyst is … You also might need to apply the knowledge you've acquired through these courses in a senior design project. The annual range for tuition and fees, housing, food and books and supplies for a bachelor’s degree in computer systems analysis ranges from a little over $13,000 to more than $53,000. CDI College responds quickly to information requests through this website. An entry-level Systems Analyst with less than 1 year experience can expect to earn an average total compensation (includes tips, bonus, and overtime pay) … The standard Computer Systems Analysis/analyst degree earned was an associate's degree and it also has the widest range of school possibilities as well. Most bachelor's degree programs offer internship opportunities, which provide hands-on experience working in the field, but also networking … Every degree program at WGU is tied to a high-growth, highly rewarding career path. Cybersecurity and Information Assurance – B.S. Computer systems analysts use computer technology to meet the needs of a company or organization. Computer Systems Analyst. Computer systems analysts may also design and develop new systems, train users, and configure hardware and software as necessary. Their curriculum typically includes topics related to: Workflow processes in businesses. A job as a computer systems analyst requires at least a bachelor’s degree in computer science or a related field. Although there may be slight variations in responsibilities, the core activities between these are likely to be similar. View all degrees. Master's degree programs will teach you more about management. Computer systems analysts are responsible for determining how a business' computer system is serving the needs of the company, and what can be done to make those systems and procedures more effective. A bachelor's degree in computer science, management information systems, information science, or a related field prepares students for entry-level computer systems analyst careers. Nursing - Education (BSN-to-MSN Program) – M.S. Science Education (Secondary Biological Science) – B.S. This could include classes in computer systems architecture, programming, electronics and operating systems. Systems analysts study the organization itself to identify its information needs and design computer systems that meet those needs. Most computer systems analysts have a bachelor’s degree in a computer-related field. Automation/integration of businesses. Computer systems analysts apply problem-solving skills to working with computers. Analysts must also possess proficiency with computers, strong analytical, problem-solving and communication skills, and some understanding of finances. Our focus on your success starts with our focus on four high-demand fields: K–12 teaching and education, nursing and healthcare, information technology, and business. According to the BLS, demand for systems analysts could increase 9% between 2016 and 2026. Again, job outlook for this pursuing a computer systems analyst career is very positive. For more information on careers as a computer systems analyst, salaries, and job prospects visit: U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010-11 Edition, Computer Systems Analysts. The second most popular Computer Systems Analysis/analyst degree that people obtain is an associate's degree which indicates a focus on higher learning. A systems analyst is an information specialist who analyzes how data processing can be applied to the specific needs of users and who designs and implements computer-based processing systems. Computer Information Systems degree programs aim to prepare students for a system analyst’s job. What Are the Duties of a Principal at a Private School? 13 6736 Favourites. . If the degree presented was earned outside of North American it must be accompanied by a foreign credentials evaluation performed by a recognized evaluation company. Programming (for example, Java). For students that earn a college degree in Computer Systems Analyst, there are several fields of specialization to consider after graduation. An ideal major would be in computer science or management information systems. Computer Programming and System Analysis Bachelor's Degree. To solidify the applicant’s qualifications, as part of my cover letter to USCBP, I referred to U.S. immigration memos, the Occupational Outlook Handbook entry for Computer Systems Analysts, and other career publications to confirm that a Computer Science degree was not required for a Computer Systems Analyst position, and that a Science degree could also be acceptable. Education: A bachelor's degree in computer science or a related field is a common starting point for those pursuing a career as a computer systems analyst. There aren’t specific certification tests you need to pass to become a computer systems analyst, but you will need a bachelor’s or master’s degree in computer science or similar credentials. What Is the Curriculum of an Info Tech & Computer Systems Master's Degree? We're emailing you the app fee waiver code and other information about getting your degree from WGU. Earn a Bachelor’s Degree. Option 1: The applicant must be able to provide evidence that they have earned a Bachelor’s degree or higher in a field closely related to the profession of a Computer Systems Analyst. In 1991, noting that Computer Systems Analysts worked in “an emerging profession,” the two countries proposed adding a post-secondary diploma with three years’ experience as an alternative acceptable qualification to a bachelor’s degree.
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Colombian director and screenwriter Rodrigo García (Nine Lives) tackles a story of addiction in his upcoming film Four Good Days, a drama based on Eli Saslow’s 2016 Washington Post article “How’s Amanda? A Story of Truth, Lies and an American Addiction.”
Actress Mila Kunis (Black Swan) takes on the role of an opioid addict named Molly. In the trailer, which hit the Internet this week, audiences can see how she transforms into an almost unrecognizable character. Alongside Kunis, the film stars eight-time Oscar nominated actress Glenn Close (The Wife) who plays Molly’s mother Deb, a woman doing everything in her power to keep her daughter alive.
The film centers on four days that mother and daughter spend together trying to get Molly clean long enough to take what is known as an opioid antagonist, a therapy that reverses the effect of opioids by blocking opioid receptors. As the doctor in the trailer explains, the monthly vaccine “eventually makes you immune to getting high.” To begin the therapy, however, Molly must be off opioids for four more days.
García, who is the son of the late Colombian Nobel Prize-winning writer Gabriel García Márquez, is known for his hard-hitting dramas like Mother and Child and the TV series In Treatment. Márquez has worked with Close before. His first film, 2000’s Things You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her, starred Close and Cameron Diaz. He also features Close in his films Nine Lives and Albert Nobbs, which landed Close one of her eight Oscar nods.
Four Good Days will be available on VOD platforms May 21.


Back in November 2019, Mustafa Ali got the “Mustafa” added back to his name after about eight months spent as “Ali.” Brandon Stroud concluded UPROXX’s article about it with “Let’s hope this doesn’t mean they’re taking away Buddy Murphy’s ‘Buddy’ and just calling him ‘Murphy.’”
Well, as of this week, that exact thing has happened.
The former Cruiserweight Champion and current half of the Raw Tag Team Champions had his changed on WWE’s website on Friday a few hours before Smackdown. Amazingly, even though “Murphy” sounds more like the name of a dog or an Irish cop than a wrestler, it’s already been the ring name of a performer in a major wrestling promotion — TNA had a “Murphy” from 2010-2011.
The upside of WWE’s latest, seemingly pointless shortening of someone’s name is that it could have been worse. They could have gone the “Shorty G” route and just started calling him “Buddy.” (Actually, “Buddy” might fit his current role as Seth Rollins’ sidekick better.) But as it is, he has become “Murphy.” The Raw Tag Team Champions are currently held by the team of Seth Rollins and Murphy.
For those keeping score at home, Murphy joins the likes of Elias, Otis, Big E, Cesaro, Shorty G (basically), and former WWE Superstar Neville in randomly becoming a one-name superstar.


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Can frozen food products be stored at a higher temperature (than the -18°C industry standard)? That is what Campden BRI was asked to explore by Nomad Foods in search of more sustainable preservation practices.
According to Campden BRI, key considerations included whether it is lawful to do so and also to ensure the food products remain safe and of consistent quality at higher temperatures. In addition, they wanted to find out whether storing frozen food at higher temperatures could facilitate a drop in energy consumption, leading to lower GHG emissions and cost savings.
Campden BRI brought together various disciplines from across their expert teams – regulatory, product innovation, microbiology, sensory and nutrition.
- Regulatory review
The first stage of this comprehensive project was a regulatory review, to confirm whether or not there were any laws that would prevent a departure from the industry standard freezing temperature of -18°C.
The regulatory mapping of both the UK and Europe provided Nomad Foods with the necessary understanding of relevant current legislation and where temperature change could feasibly happen in the more immediate future.
- Study design and implementation
The next step was for Campden BRI to design a study that would allow Nomad Foods to test the impact of different freezing / storage temperatures on the safety and quality of their products over shelf-life.
The pilot study they devised used four freezing temperatures (ranging from -18°C up to -9°C), which were applied to a range of nine savory products including poultry, coated fish, natural fish, vegetables, plant based and pizza. Through the analysis performed over the three month storage time, the impacts on eight key areas were explored, including food safety, texture, nutrition, oxidative rancidity, drip loss, packaging, sensory and energy use.
The study has shown that for every 3 degrees Celsius increase in temperature, there is a drop in freezer energy consumption of 10-11%.
The results of the three month pilot study indicated that increasing the frozen storage temperature by 3°C could reduce freezer energy consumption by more than 10% (compared to using -18°C), without compromising product safety or nutrition, or having any noticeable impact on the texture or taste.
The study has since been extended to cover the full 18 months shelf-life of a range of different products. If similar results continue, they may represent an opportunity for the entire frozen food industry to adopt higher storage temperatures, reduce energy costs and carbon footprint, whilst continuing to ensure safe, quality, nutritious food for consumers.
Georgios Tetradis-Mairis, Head of R&D Futures at Nomad Foods, said: “Frozen food already compares very well to other preservation methods when it comes to overall carbon footprint. However, this study enables us to explore further improvements in energy consumption and carbon emissions when storing or transporting frozen products. It’s a very exciting opportunity and we look forward to continuing our research in this space with Campden BRI.”
In terms of next steps, Campden BRI is now in discussions to include temperature monitoring of the whole frozen food logistics supply chain, from initial production freezing through to supermarket aisle freezers.

domain: food


It’s a parking lot with the best view of the Manhattan skyline — and Community Board 1 wants to turn it into a park.
There’s just one problem. The 700-foot-long Department of Transportation lot, located off Kent Avenue between S. Sixth Street and Broadway, currently houses a two-story storage facility that the city has no intention of giving up.
But that didn’t stop the full board from its overwhelming vote last Tuesday, calling on the city to turn over the land to the Park Department — an effort linked to the waterfront’s massive growth since a 2005 rezoning encouraged skyscraper development, but has yielded less open space than its supporters said it would.
“It’s idea whose time has come,” said Land Use Committee Chairman Ward Dennis, arguing that it would be easy — and cheap — to convert the property into a portion of a public esplanade because the city-owned land has already been paved over.
“[Former Councilman] David Yassky pinpointed 10 egregious wastes of waterfront space and [this lot] was number four,” said Parks Committee member Dewey Thompson. “Yet the Department of Transportation has a carpentry shop there. There’s no reason why it has to be on such pristine land.”
Ironically, the site was a park decades ago. And interest in open space along the waterfront has been rekindled thanks to the proposed conversion of the Domino Sugar plant next door into a 2,200-unit complex that would reduce per capita open space in the neighborhood.
“The spotlight is being shown right next to it,” said Thompson. “The neighborhood needs more open space, especially in South Williamsburg.”
©2010 Community News Group
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