Drag Chain Conveyor Calculations
Optimizing Chains for Drag Conveyors - Biomass Engineering ...
Nov 16, 2018· The chain is a major component in a drag conveyor’s design, and it’s as crucial to the conveyor’s performance as any other component. Drag conveyor chains are hardly ubiquitous, however, and each manufacturer touts the working load or construction or design of their chain.
Calculations conveyor chains - VAV Aandrijvingen
calculation conveyor chains Calculations conveyor chains VAV Aandrijvingen B.V. is not only a supplier, you can also consult our engineers about integral solutions, capacity issues regarding chain and screw conveyors and elevators.
Conveyor chains - Bechtel
With the help of the calculation modules for conveyor chains you can calculate your capacity issues on your own. Bechtel delivers the following components for building your chain conveyor: Drop forged chain - Bechtel double drag link chain - double drag link chain acc. to DIN - Sprockets - Scrapers - Special scrapers - Plastic profiles ...
Roller Drive Chain Selection and Engineering Information
232 www.renoldjeffrey.com • advancing chain technology 29 Roller Drive Chain Selection Technical Information Step 5: Select the Number of Teeth on the small sprocket. The minimum number of teeth are found in the horsepower tables on pages 6-19. To determine, first calculate the Horsepower Table Rating (HP Table) from the following
Industrial Conveyor Corporation
In general, the conveyor will have two matched strands of chain and in this case, the chain weight should be for two strands of chain. Maximum chain tension (T), calculated by the above formula(s) is for two strand of chain. 7.) Determination of model (chain size).
Chain Driven Live Roller Conveyor - newelleqpt.com
driven live roller conveyor you require. A chain driven live roller conveyor is a conveyor where the product rides directly on the carrying rollers. These carrying rollers have sprockets welded to them, which in turn are powered by a chain. This manual will explain the various types of Mathews chain driven live roller conveyors manufactured by ...
Engineering Calculations - Automated Conveyor S
Engineering Calculations BELT PULL AND HORSEPOWER CALCULATIONS . I. LIVE LOAD ON THE CONVEYOR: A. Horizontal Conveyor: Summation of total load being conveyed. B. Incline Conveyor: Live load on incline portion multiplied by the sine of the angle of incline (see “Net Lift Chart”). II. BELT OR CHAIN WEIGHT:
Calculating Required Horsepower For a Horizontal Drag Conveyor
May 06, 2013· Calculating Required Horsepower For a Horizontal Drag Conveyor (En-Masse Conveyor): There are several ways to calculate horsepower for a drag chain conveyor in a grain handling application, however, I have found this shortcut for figuring horsepower for a horizontal drag conveyor to be one of the easiest to use.
PDHonline Course M360 (1PDH) Chain Conveyors Practical ...
CHAIN & APRON CONVEYORS 1. INTRODUCTION: Roller Chain Conveyors or Apron Chain Conveyors are used to transfer heavy bulk materials from one point to another. This manual for practical application indicates the chain conveyor basic calculations for Bulk Materials in the metric and imperial system. The main function is informative for both ...
Conveyor Chain - Designer Guide - renold.com
Selecting the right chain for a given application is essential to obtain long service life. This guide has been developed for use with Renold conveyor chain to help in specifying the right chain and lubrication for your conveyor system. The significance of the Renold conveyor chain design is emphasised, followed by guidance on selection procedure.
CALCULATION Required data for chain calculation
CALCULATION Required data for chain calculation Required operation data Please add a sketch of the conveyor layout. Please describe operation conditions (e.g.abrasive conditions,environmental conditions,special operation requirements) in detail. Please describe product features in detail,add drawings/sketches. Replacement of chain/belts
Dragon-Flite Drag Conveyor Horsepower Calculation ...
Drag Conveyor Horsepower Calculation. Eng. Guide Index. The KWS Dragon-Flite conveyor is an efficient, high performance alternative to conventional means of material handling. Because the material is moved En-Masse, horsepower requirements can be as much as half of that of alternative means of conveyance. ... The above information and formulas ...
11. Chain Pull Calculations | John King Chains
Note for (2.1) & (2.5) Chain and material sliding in scraper and drag link conveyors to calculate chain pull additional parameters must be included.. F2 = Coefficiency of Friction between material to be moved and sides of trough. L = portion of loaded conveyor. M = Mass of product to be carried.
technicAl cAlculAting horsepower - taylormhc.com
x Speed of Conveyor ÷ 33,000 Horsepower Factor ÷ .95 Chain Reductions ÷ .85 GRE / Reducer Losses = Horsepower forMulAs friction fActor MODEL FRICTION FACTOR Slider Bed Belt Conveyor .30 Roller Bed Belt Conveyor .05 Belt Driven Live Roller .10 Chain Driven Live Roller .06 Slat Conveyor .20 Chain Drag Conveyor .20 sines DEGREE SINE 5° .08715 ...
Chainflow Drag Chain Conveyors - spiroflow.com
Chainflow drag chain conveyors can gently transport a multitude of non-cohesive dry powders and granules. Here is a list of materials generally considered for this type of conveyor. Our engineers will carefully assess the properties of your material and likely perform a material test to ensure your drag chain conveyor performs exactly to your ...
Drag Conveyor Capacity Tables - KWS Manufacturing
KWS Dragon-Flite mill duty drag conveyors are designed and built to handle the harshed applications. Each unit is designed utilizing drop-forged chain and abrasion resistant or high manganese wear plates and return rails. All capacities are shown in cubic feet per hour.
Example: Driving a chain conveyor with a gear motor and ...
Jun 12, 2012· Input data: A chain conveyor is to transport wooden boxes up a slope of α = 5° at a speed of 0.5 m/s. There is a maximum of four boxes each weighing 500 kg on the conveyor. The chain itself has a weight of 300 kg. The friction factor between chain and base is specified at μ …
The Technical Dimensioning of the Conveyor Chain
5.10 Examples of Calculation Example 1: Trough conveyor, horizontal Material to be conveyed Conveying length Conveyor capacity Trough width of conveyor Trough height of conveyor Number of chain strands Number of teeth of chain wheel Wood chips 40m 25 lh 400 mm 300 mm 1 8 a) Calculation of the chain velocity Qrrrr = 3600 .v 'Anr 'T v=-en,r 3600 ...
Engineering Manual - japantaylor.co.jp
chains PV-limit The length of a conveyor is not unlimited. There is a certain maximum length for each application. The limits are depending on factors like chain- or belt type, lubrication, kind of product, load. The exact maximum conveyor lenth can be calculated with the readily available calculation programme.
Tech Brief: Drag Chain Conveyor Operation - cdmsys.com
Apr 29, 2016· The En-Masse drag conveyor is not limited to conveying En-Masse, there are many applications where the bulk solids capacity that is required or the conveyor configuration isn’t practical, but in a lot of these cases the single chain strand with skeletal flights is a very good and reliable solution for conveying needs.
Drag Chain Conveyor - YouTube
Dec 03, 2014· Chain conveyor is intended for loose and pebble materials. Chain conveyor is offered in a construction design for conveying of material in horizontal and also vertical directions with the ...
Drag Conveyors | Hapman
Drag Chain Conveyor Application – Aluminum Foundry . We engineered a Single Strand Top Carry Drag Chain Conveyor to provide an automated solution to an aluminum foundry’s transfer process. This conveyor features abrasion-resistant construction and a design that requires minimal maintenance.
DESIGN OF CHAIN LINK FOR DRAG CHAIN CONVEYOR TO …
MTC that for high capacity of chain conveyors double strand chain is required to sustain high tensions developed in operation.  1.1 Drag chain conveyor- chain tension calculations Figure-1: Schematic of Drag Chain Conveyor Figure 1 shows the schematic arrangement of drag chain conveyor with terminologies indicated.  Table -1 ...
Engineering Calculators - Union Iron
Engineering Calculators. Bucket Elevator. Head Shaft Diameter; Horsepower On Bucket Elevator; Chain Pull Requirements; Table of Speeds; Drag Conveyor Engineering. Head Shaft Diameter; Chain Pull Requirements; Horsepower On Drag Conveyor; Screw Conveyor Engineering. Horsepower On Screw Conveyor; Tank & Hopper Calculations. Cone Volume; Pit ...
Conveyor Horsepower Calculator - Superior Industries
Superior's conveyor calculator provides the minimum horsepower required at the headshaft of a conveyor.
Conveyor Chain Design and Selection | John King Chains
Conveyor Chain Design and Selection ... Operating Conditions. 8. Lubrication. 9. Chain ultimate tensile strength. 10. Chain Pull (P) 11. Chain Pull Calculations. 12. Determining chain series to utilise. 13. Calculation of bearing pressures. 14. Calculaiton of power required. 15. Recommended sprocket sizes. 16. Recommendation operating speeds ...
ENGINEERING - thl-nz.co.nz
Introduction Section 1 7 The uni-chains product range offers the world's largest product range of innovative and flexible conveyor chains and belts. The uni-chains product range builds on the
Conveyor Chain - Installation and Maintenance
On inclined conveyors the chain will need to be hauled up using a block and tackle, 'Tirfor' or winch (Fig. 1). Care should be taken to make sure that the chain is always restrained and cannot run back. On twin strand conveyors with slats/buckets etc., where access is available at the end of the conveyor, the chain handling lengths can
The Complete Guide to Chain - Tsubaki
iii Contributors Supervising Editor Kyosuke Otoshi Director Chain Products Division Editor Makoto Kanehira Manager Chain Products Division Production Engineering ...
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Under the Tropical Sun: Fragrances For Summer
Weather the scorching sun with these floral and light fragrances, which will render some much-needed relief
Read iDiva for the latest in Bollywood, fashion looks, beauty and lifestyle news.
Anna Sui Secret Wish 'Fairy Dance'
What if you found yourself amidst an enchanted rose garden on a sunny afternoon, with glorious shade and a rosy aroma to accompany you! That's exactly how one would want to spend their summer afternoons. Fairy Dance is a mélange of refreshing notes that are sure to light up your dull days. With top notes of tangerine, mango and pink pepper, one can be assured that the ingredients will work their magic. The occurrence of mango is rare and promises to give the fragrance a unique scent. At its heart, blooms Sui's favourite flower-rose-which is beautifully balanced by peony and bamboo. The playful and radiant fragrance received a sensuous touch with the base notes comprising sandalwood, vetiver and vanilla. The fairy perched on top of the bottle reinforces the fragrance's magical spirit!
This specially-formulated fragrance is a breath of fresh air-one that combines the goodness of summer, the first stroke of the sun-fresh and bright. The variation is inspired by the original ZEN Eau de Parfum, the one that caused a wave when it first hit the market. As can be seen, the crystal clear bottle exudes a pink glow, reflecting its cherry blossom persona. This is representative of a bright new day, full of hope and happiness. The essence of this scent rejoices in the coming together of a floral, fruity and amber trail. Striking your senses first, is the uplifting bergamot which is blended with the summer essential, mango. This is followed by the delicacy of dewy cherry blossoms that turn warmer with the energy of a solar musk accord.
This fragrance is all about you-about your desires and relationships. The fragrance is reminiscent of fashion shows, shopping sprees and pieces that make for couture. What stands out is the thoughtful packaging, where each element has been created to convey something significant. The gold, embossed tie around the box is a connection between the people who exchange this gift. The bow makes it an even more endearing present, beckoning one to release the mystery concealed within the box. As soon as you pull out the bottle, you have a flacon that is at its enigmatic best. Truly elegant, powerful and feminine, the jewel hung to the bottle's neck ensures it adds to the existing charisma. The perfume exudes a whimsical and bold, yet fragile quality.
This new fragrance resulted from a sojourn to explore the soul of Rajasthan, to uncover the spirit of a place that sparkles with passion, heritage and elegance. The journey to discover these varied attributes also simultaneously unravelled the wild vigour of the traveller, who was making his way into the colourful, jewelled cities of the royal state. A poetic fragrance, it spreads the fresh aroma of a lemon flower while blending it with the sweetness of rose and dreaminess of mimosa. Following these notes is a staircase of scents, one gradually leading to the other. Romantic amber and white musk are heightened by pink pepper that slowly makes way for labdanum that leaves you to enjoy the spell of acacia. The engaging paisley bottle in a passionate red with an enamelled finish conveys the timeless grace of a sari that defines the modernistic traditions that
India thrives on today.
Ralph Lauren Big Pony Collection for Women
The woman of today revels in her freedom. To celebrate the many facets of women, Ralph Lauren introduced the Big Pony Collection-four fragrances, each defining a different trait. Fragrance no. 3, the Free-Spirited Fragrance comes in a luminous, sunshine-yellow bottle, sporting the iconic polo pony in a tone of blue. The digit '3' is embossed in fiery orange to introduce an element of contrast. This bouquet is for the independent woman who is unafraid to explore the unknown. The floral green fragrance utilises pear and mimosa to thrill the wearer and the lucky audience. The scent is crisp and looks at the optimism and natural femininity that a woman takes pride in.
Clinique Happy in Bloom
The 2013 limited edition version of Clinique's iconic fragrance has bottled the essense of spring. Borrowing elements from the original Happy, it's a treat for fans. The fresh and floral fragrance is reminiscent of early morning dew-laden flowers. It opens with notes of yellow plum and a cocktail of frozen fruit. The top notes gradually lead into mudget, white freesia and mimosa accord. Transparent amber and white wood complete the symphony of notes. And in keeping with the theme, the bottle with its colourful, floral design is bound to bring a smile to your face.
Prada L'Eau d'Iris
When a fragrance is built under the creative direction of a legend, one is sure to fall head over heels in love with it. Miuccia Prada has infused the scent with the spirit of spring, inspiring emotions of tenderness and newness. Like the Iris gardens of Tuscany, the trail of this perfume is lovingly soft and transitory, yet captivating. The key players in the fragrance are Moroccan mint, neroli, pink laurel, lily of the valley, orange blossom absolute and white musk. "A fresh green Moroccan Mint bouquet unveils a dewy rosy floral heart, delicately dashed by powdery Pink Laurel. The dry down reveals the unique signature of Infusion d'Iris [collection], with its tender musky Iris facets," shares Daniela Andrier, the perfumer. You can be sure that whenever you wear this perfume, you will carry with you the freshness of an Iris garden in spring.
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domain: artistic


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Save To Houzz Ideabook: Houzz
Drs Barr & MacVicar, Culcharry, Cawdor
Location: Culcharry, Cawdor
Designer: Elaine Barnet
Finish: Acryllic Gloss Metallic
Drs Barr & MacVicar wanted a practical kitchen to compliment their new build that had lots of space and colour.
The Kitchen incorporates Silestone Blanco River worktops, Blanco sink and tap and Neff appliances.

domain: design


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Seal feeding patterns cause concern
An unusual feeding pattern by Weddell Seals has alerted scientists to a possible food shortage in the Southern Ocean.
Until now, it has been thought parent seals fast while they feed their young and return to sea only when the lactation period is over.
But Australian researchers have now found a colony at McMurdo Sound in Antarctica seeking food offshore before their pups are weaned.
Mark Hindell, from the University of Tasmania, says there are a couple of theories for the unexpected behaviour.
"It's telling us things like the energy reserves that they have acquired at sea are not sufficient for them to rear their pup without having to go in and top up," Mr Hindell said.
"That is probably due to the fact it is colder down there and they have to use a lot more energy to maintain their body temperature.
"It may also be an indication that there may not be as much food available to them to get their fat reserves up."

domain: news


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Published at Friday, August 23rd, 2019 - 3:39 PM. kids Map Of. By Lynette D. Matteson.
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Do you know The idea of kids weather map that we show you on this page relates to the request report about kids weather map. We found that a lot of people look kids weather map on search engines like yahoo. We decide to present a most relevant graphic to suit your needs.
Even though within our viewpoint, which weve offered the right kids weather map picture, but your opinion might be little bit different with us. Okay, You can use it as your guide material only. And kids weather map has been published by Lynette D. Matteson in category field.
Any content, trademark’s, or other material that might be found on the Placenta-jouhou website that is not Placenta-jouhou’s property remains the copyright of its respective owner/s. In no way does Placenta-jouhou claim ownership or responsibility for such items, and you should seek legal consent for any use of such materials from its owner.
© Copyright 2019 Placenta-jouhou.com. All Rights Reserved.

domain: geography


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The Search for a Roman-Era Settlement on England’s West Coast
Monday, May 13, 2013
CUMBRIA, ENGLAND—The Roman fort known as Glannaventa was dismantled during the medieval period, its stones incorporated into village structures and a castle, leaving behind an earthwork platform. Archaeologists will examine the only standing Roman building at the site, the remains of a bathhouse thought to have been reused during the medieval period as a house. They also want to learn more about the settlement that surrounded the fort during the Roman period. “People have wanted to find out about the area for a long time and discover its wider context and involvement with Hadrian’s Wall,” said Holly Beavitt-Pike of English Heritage.
Following the whale diet, climate change in ancient Tanzania, domesticating turkeys, Kazakhstan’s cult complex, and kangaroo jewelry
Self-expression in the Bronze Age


Dodge CEO Hints at Second Malaise Era, Blames Regulation
Dodge CEO Tim Kuniskis has repeatedly suggested that electrification would be a keystone trait of tomorrow’s automobiles. But he never sounds truly gleeful about the prospect, injecting the level of joy one might reserve when announcing that the trip to the grocery store after noticing spartan shelves in the kitchen. Kuniskis is aware that Dodge’s lineup caters heavily to automotive size queens and that its ability to manufacture those models is swiftly coming to a close.
Despite the former FCA giving the brand the go-ahead to manufacture V8-equipped behemoths like the Hellcat, the newly formed Stellantis auto group may be less inclined to continue those efforts and the freshly installed Biden administration seems wholly committed to doubling down on environmental regulations that were already at odds with high-output automobiles. Kuniskis typically stops short of discussing these issues as the death knell for automotive performance, suggesting instead that electrification will open new doors for the industry while closing a few others. But he occasionally issues statements hinting that he’s not quite so enthralled with or as hopeful about EVs as his contemporaries.
“The whole world is going to shift to electrification, right? We know this is coming,” he told the outlet. “The whole world’s going get there and when it does, the price point of that technology is going to come down and … the crazy people are going to take the electrification that has now become accessible from a price point and make that performance-based instead of economy-based.”
But gasoline-reliant performers might become a casualty with no direct heir until electrics manage to achieve a true parity — especially if governments and the industry place the progress desired too far ahead of progress already made. Dodge’s CEO compared 2021 to the period foreshadowing the notorious Malaise Era (1973-1983), where the U.S. Federal Government began requiring new safety improvements (making vehicles heavier) with aggressive efficiency mandates (mitigating fuel usage). This resulted in a bevy of garbage tier performance vehicles and a slew of mainstream models that were often slower than their predecessors and sometimes burnt more fuel.
“1972 was the beginning of the end of the Golden Age of muscle cars,” Kuniskis said. “They went away for fuel economy, for the oil crisis. They went away for safety. They went away for insurance, and they went away for increasing emission standards. It’s kind of crazy to think about we’re getting close to a similar list of things right now.”
President Biden has already issued orders stalling new oil drilling on federal lands and has decided to cancel the Keystone XL pipeline that was formerly under construction. While dismantling the oil industry entirely is unrealistic, the current administration still has lofty environmental goals and most analysts are predicting steadily increasing energy prices. Some of the assumed regulatory changes may also run the risk of ending the United States’ ability to remain energy independent, potentially opening it up to another 1973-style oil crisis.
Kuniskis may not be having nightmares about the Dodge Aspen R/T rising from its grave to seek its slow and inefficient revenge. But he does appear to appreciate what Dodge has managed to achieve ahead of new regulations. By returning to the classic American formula of sticking large motors into big automobiles, the brand has managed to raise the performance bar for both itself and its domestic rivals without needing to saddle its products with six-figure window stickers.
“What Hellcat has done is way beyond what our initial expectations were because it’s way beyond what a traditional, very high-end trim does,” Kuniskis said. “In the last five years or so, we’ve sold well over 50,000 Hellcats. That’s a lot of Hellcats in five years if you think about you know the price point of that car.”
Whether Dodge’s future trajectory will remain focused on maximizing vehicle performance per dollar, Kuniskis believes EVs should eventually be able to surpass all benchmarks set by the internal-combustion engine. But he knows the party is probably ending for vehicles like the Hellcat.
“The days of an iron block supercharged 6.2-liter V8 are numbered,” he confessed during his interview. “They’re absolutely numbered because of all the compliance costs. But the performance that those vehicles generate is not numbered.”
Superdessucke on Feb 02, 2021
Ok, so can we please, for the love of all that's Holy, stop pretending that SUVs are performance cars which need 45 series tires, 21" rims, and black trim and go back to the luxury decor packages of the '70s now? Finally? More appropriate and probably greater sales.
Ponchoman49 on Feb 03, 2021
I'm thinking the Malaise is not what we have available currently for performance but more in what we are inevitably losing with the endless government mandates and interference. V6 and V8 engines, sound, feel, stick shift transmissions, pony cars and coupes will all be casualties and even the normal sedan is at risk. And lets face it if cars like the Camaro, Charger, Challenger, 300 and Mustang GT are all killed off and turned into electric blobby SUV's we will have lost that type of styling as well. It will also be interesting to see what these much ballyhooed electric cars for the everyday buyer will look like price wise. Considering one car still walk into a car dealer and buy a new Elantra for between 16995-17995 or a Fusion for under 20K or a new Sentra for well under 20K with many other lower cost examples I won't get into. I'm having serious doubts an electric car of similar size is going to sell new for anywhere near that price even 10 years down the road. So add that to the list. Time will tell
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- Lou_BC "They are the worst kind of partisan - the kind that loves their team more than they want to know the truth."Ummm...yeah....Kinda like birtherism, 2020 election stolen, vast voter fraud, he can have top secret documents at Mar-lago, he's a savvy business man, and hundreds more.
- FreedMike This article fails to mention that Toyota is also investing heavily in solid state battery tech - which would solve a lot of inherent EV problems - and plans to deploy it soon. https://insideevs.com/news/598046/toyota-global-leader-solid-state-batery-patents/Of course, Toyota being Toyota, it will use the tech in hybrids first, which is smart - that will give them the chance to iron out the wrinkles, so to speak. But having said that, I’m with Toyota here - I’m not sold on an all EV future happening anytime soon. But clearly the market share for these vehicles has nowhere to go but up; how far up depends mainly on charging availability. And whether Toyota’s competitors are all in is debatable. Plenty of bet-hedging is going on among makers in the North American market.
- Jeff S I am not against EVs but I completely understand Toyota's position. As for Greenpeace putting Toyota at the bottom of their environmental list is more drama. A good hybrid uses less gas, is cleaner than most other ICE, and is more affordable than most EVs. Prius has proven longevity and low maintenance cost. Having had a hybrid Maverick since April and averaging 40 to 50 mpg in city driving it has been smooth driving and very economical. Ford also has very good hybrids and some of the earlier Escapes are still going strong at 300k miles. The only thing I would have liked in my hybrid Maverick would be a plug in but it didn't come with it. If Toyota made a plug in hybrid compact pickup like the Maverick it would sell well. I would consider an EV in the future but price, battery technology, and infrastructure has to advance and improve. I don't buy a vehicle based on the recommendation of Greenpeace, as a status symbol, or peer pressure. I buy a vehicle on what best needs my needs and that I actually like.
- Mobes Kind of a weird thing that probably only bothers me, but when you see someone driving a car with ball joints clearly about to fail. I really don't want to be around a car with massive negative camber that's not intentional.
- Jeff S How reliable are Audi? Seems the Mazda, CRV, and Rav4 in the higher trim would not only be a better value but would be more reliable in the long term. Interior wise and the overall package the Mazda would be the best choice.


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A Virginia county school board elected not to enact transgender policies mandated by the state that looked to "address common issues regarding transgender students."
The Augusta County School Board called a special meeting Thursday to vote on whether it would change its policies in order to reflect transgender policies required by the Virginia Department of Education. The DOE's policies state how educators should refer to and accommodate transgender students.
Virginia's model policies, which look to “ensure that all students, including transgender students, have safe, supportive, and inclusive school environments,” require schools to call students by their preferred pronouns and eliminate dress code provisions, which would allow students to wear attire that is not gender-specific.
Most of the meeting’s attendees opposed the policy changes and wore red in solidarity against them, a local NBC affiliate reported.
Board member John Ocheltree voted "no" on the state's policies but acknowledged that no students should be bullied or harassed.
“Like many parents and grandparents of Augusta County, the Virginia Department of Education policy does not sit well with me,” he said.
And while most objected to the state policies, there was a small group of parents at the meeting who supported the model policies.
“The impact of every person in a school being supportive has the potential to change statistics and decrease the suicide rate of the LGBTQ+ youth from 40 percent to none,” said attendee Elizabeth White, a mother of a transgender child.
The board's rejection of the transgender policies could result in legal action taken against them due to state law mandating that school boards throughout the state adopt policies "that are consistent with but may be more comprehensive than" its model.

domain: sociology


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The Last O.G. looks like it’s really going to be something special, and this latest trailer proves that tenfold.
Executive Produced by Jordan Peele and starring Tiffany Haddish and Tracy Morgan, the narrative for this upcoming show has Morgan’s character finishing a 15-year stint in jail and returning to his neighborhood in Brooklyn. The problem with that is that when he returns, he find’s his old neighborhood to be gentrified, evolved, and unrecognizable.
The trailer shows that Tracy’s character both trying to come to terms with the new social norms in Brooklyn, but also has to dealing with the fact that his partner–played by Tiffany Haddish–has moved on while he was incarcerated.
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Tiffany Haddish & Tracy Morgan Shine “The Last O.G.” [TRAILER] was originally published on globalgrind.com

domain: entertainment


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- During the month of April and throughout the year, communities are encouraged to share their child abuse and neglect prevention awareness strategies and activities and promote prevention across the country.
- Special Feature: Child Abuse, from the National Criminal Justice Reference Service
- April 30, 2014
- America's PrepareAthon! is a an opportunity for individuals, organizations, and communities to prepare for specific hazards through drills, group discussions, and exercises.
- The first National Day of Action will revolve around taking the actions to prepare for these four specific hazards:


For the third year running, Elle France shows us that larger sized models on covers attract attention for all the right reasons. This year, we have lacy Lanvin on the cover, although the remainder of the editorial is comprised of French ‘high street’ brands.
THE BODY - ELLE France Feb 2012
Elle France, #3450 Fevrier 10, 2012Photographer: Marcin TyszkaModel: Tara Lynn
A backstage video of Tara speaking with Elle France (and showing outfits that didn’t make the cut…) is linked here: (p.s. it’s in French)
And the cover was reissued for Elle Norway, with different background tones (that sneaky photoshop!)
Images from MadeinPresse.fr


Material:Laser Marking Spray
From CoMakingSpace Wiki
(Redirected from Laser Marking Spray)
There are special spray paints that you can apply to any blank metal surface and bond it permanently by engraving the desired spots with a laser cutter. Wherever the laser engraves, the spray will stay as a colored coating on the metal. Everywhere else the paint can easily be washed or wiped off.
We have tried spray paint for black markings (markSolid 114) but there are more options from the same brand, products by other manufacturers and even "hacks" involving cheap molybdenum dry lube or plaster and alcohol.
Like any other spray paint, please use it outside out of courtesy to fellow breathing lifeforms and our tabletops.
- make sure your surface is absolutely dust and grease-free
- shake the spray can for at least one minute
- open the spray can and choose the black spray cap for small surfaces or the whitish one for larger surfaces
- apply an even coat of the spray paint, but not too thick!
- wait for the paint to dry, it turns into a light grey when fully dried
- engrave the part where you want the black coating (settings as if you want to cut, it needs a lot of heat!)
- wipe off the remaining paint carefully
|Synonyms:||black laser marking spray;|
|Used with:||laser cutter|
- use high power settings to make the mark permanent (e.g. 100 % power, 5 % speed)
- markSolid 114 is very expensive, so please make sure to donate some extra bucks (it's about 70 €/can)


text:
Brookgreen Gardens, a National Historic Landmark, today announced a new, beautifully illustrated coffee table book featuring the sights and stories of America’s first public sculpture garden. “Brookgreen Gardens: Ever Changing. Simply Amazing.,” is a 120-page hardcover publication that showcases more than 100 dazzling photographs and illuminates stories of their world-renowned collection of American figurative sculpture, ever-blooming botanical gardens, Lowcountry wildlife sanctuary, and rich history. The book, published by the University of South Carolina Press, is available now for pre-order and will be on sale on December 22nd, 2021.
“From our large sculptures to brilliantly blooming gardens, this book brings Brookgreen Gardens to life on the page,” said Brookgreen President and CEO Page Hayhurst Kiniry. “By launching this book during our 90th anniversary year, we are able to celebrate a monumental milestone in Brookgreen’s history and detail Brookgreen’s evolution into America’s first sculpture garden.”
From the founding of Brookgreen Gardens by Archer Milton Huntington and Anna Hyatt Huntington to the brand-new Rosen Galleries exhibition space, this forthcoming book celebrates the legacy of the Huntingtons that continues to expand today. Advancing the founder’s original mission, Brookgreen collects, conserves, and exhibits American figurative sculpture, as well as the plants, animals, and cultural materials of the South Carolina Lowcountry.
To pre-order the book, call Keepsakes, Brookgreen’s Museum Shop at 843-235-6038. For a preview of the book, visit https://spaces.hightail.com/space/VMewYdmxin
Islander 71 to Host “Champagne & Pearls” on December 10th
On Saturday, December 10th, Islander 71, a restaurant on Isle of Palms, will host “Champagne & Pearls,” an oyster roast...

domain: library


|Publication number||US5099728 A|
|Application number||US 07/590,140|
|Publication date||31 Mar 1992|
|Filing date||28 Sep 1990|
|Priority date||28 Sep 1990|
|Publication number||07590140, 590140, US 5099728 A, US 5099728A, US-A-5099728, US5099728 A, US5099728A|
|Inventors||Eugene G. Thiem|
|Original Assignee||Thiem Eugene G|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (18), Referenced by (32), Classifications (7), Legal Events (7)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present invention relates to metal turning apparatus and more particularly to a portable special purpose lathe for machining the friction surfaces of brake drums and disc brake rotors or for boring, facing, and turning surfaces of other components, particularly automotive parts, such as flywheels, starters and generator armatures, alternator slip rings, small shafts and the like.
It has long been known to use heavy machinery to provide precision in finishing metal parts. Lathes and milling machines are examples of machinery that rely on sharp cutting tools to machine metal parts into specific items with close dimensional tolerances.
Typically, lathes are equipped with rotating spindles on which the workpieces are mounted and slide assemblies to mount the cutting tool. As the workpiece is rotated, the sharp cutting tool is advanced, either automatically or manually, into engagement with the workpiece to trim or shave metal from the workpiece until the desired circular dimension is achieved for a particular length of the workpiece. Concentricity of the rotating spindle and alignment between the spindle and the tool mount path is critical.
More recently, specialty lathes have been developed that are dedicated to performing specific tasks where large volume repetitive takes are involved. One example of a dedicated lathe is the brake lathe where the considerable volume brake drums or other brake parts needing restoration justifies a dedicated piece of equipment in an automotive repair business.
Originally, brake lathes were developed to finish the true brake drum surfaces that had been scored or unevenly worn/ Later, brake lathes were developed to restore and true disc brake rotors. The brake drum restoration operation requires the trueing of the inner surface diameter of the drum whereas the restoration of disc brake rotors generally requires refinishing the outer surfaces of the rotor.
There is a significant need in the art for brake lathes which are extremely compact, which are of a simple design for ease of maintenance, which are capable of refinishing brake drums and rotors, and which can be converted quickly from drum to rotor refinishing or from rotor to drum refinishing without the removal or addition of cutting tools. The prior art brake lathes, however, do not have all of the above characteristics.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,455,900 discloses a brake lathe having a rotatable spindle so that its tool slide only needs to move in one direction and the drum or rotor being worked upon can be oriented to the direction of movement of the tool slide. The rotatable spindle design, however, is undesirable as it makes the resulting brake lathe rather large and complex.
Also, U.S. Pat. No. 4,506,570 discloses a lathe apparatus having a pair of substantially identical tool slide modules mounted on the lathe housing at right angles to each other. The shortcoming of this design is that the brake lathe is relatively complex because it has two servomotor driven slide modules, rather than the conventional single slide module.
In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 4,226,146 discloses a portable lathe having a driving device, which is adapted to rotate the brake rotor via a clutch device when the brake rotor is still mounted on the wheel shaft and from which the vehicle wheel has been dismounted. The deficiency of this prior art brake lathe is that it cannot conveniently refinish both drums and rotors as the lathe is intended to refinish primarily brake rotors.
It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a brake lathe which can be converted quickly from brake drum to brake rotor refinishing or from brake rotor to brake drum refinishing without the removal or addition of cutting tools.
Another object of the present invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art by providing a brake lathe which is extremely compact, which is of a simple design for ease of maintenance and which is capable of refinishing both brake drums and rotors.
These and other objects are provided by a brake lathe comprising a spindle on which a piece to be tooled is mounted, drive means for rotating said spindle, a tool carriage assembly including a tool carriage and tool carriage drive means to move the tool carriage, tool carriage assembly mounting means including pivot means to pivot the tool carriage through an arc of about 90° to dispose the tool carriage either approximately parallel to the axis of the spindle in a brake drum machining position or approximately perpendicular to the axis of the spindle in a brake rotor machining position.
The pivot means includes a pin on which the tool carriage assembly pivots and locking means to releasably lock the tool carriage assembly in either the drum tooling or rotor tooling positions. The pivot means is further releasable to allow removal of the entire tool carriage assembly for maintenance, etc.
The tool carriage assembly preferably comprises a tool carriage having a tool race with two cutting tools movably attached thereto, tool carriage drive means to move the tool carriage and all of the related electronics except the main motor which drives the workpiece on the lathe. The tool carriage drive means preferably comprises a lead screw coupled with the tool carriage and rotated by an electric motor and/or a hand wheel to move the tool carriage in a defined direction to perform a working operation.
The present invention will be better understood when reviewed with the following drawings, in which like reference characters represent like parts. These drawings, however, are not intended to limit the invention in any manner whatsoever, limited only by the appended claims.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing the brake lathe of the present invention in the position for machining of a brake drum;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing the brake lathe of the present invention in the position for machining of a brake rotor or flywheel, etc.;
FIG. 3 is a top plan view, partially in section, showing the brake lathe of the present invention in the position for machining of a brake drum;
FIG. 4 is a top plan view, partially in section, showing the brake lathe of the present invention in the position for machining of a brake rotor;
FIG. 5 is a side plan view showing the brake lathe of the present invention in the position for machining of a brake drum;
FIG. 6 is a back plan view, partially in section, showing the brake lathe of the present invention in the position for machining a brake rotor;
FIG. 7A is a top plan view of the lathe in the drum machining position with an alignment fixture in place;
FIG. 7B is a side plan view of the lathe in the drum machining position with the alignment fixture in place; and
FIG. 7C is a plan view of the lathe in the rotor machining position with the alignment fixture in place.
The brake lathe 2 of the present invention is depicted in the accompanying FIGURES in both the brake drum machining mode and the brake rotor or flywheel machining mode. In FIGS. 1, 3, 5 and 6, the brake lathe 2 is shown in the position for machining a brake drum. In FIGS. 2 and 4, the brake lathe 2 is shown in the position for machining of a brake rotor or flywheel.
In essence, the brake lathe 2 is comprised of a housing 4, a spindle assembly 6, a pivotable tool carriage assembly 8 and a mounting assembly 10 for the pivotable tool carriage assembly 8.
The housing 4 is comprised of an essentially vertically disposed spindle housing section 12 and a horizontal support section 14 provided with apertures (not shown) to facilitate the releasable mounting of the lathe 2 to a work bench, etc., with conventional means such as anchor bolts. The housing sections 12 and 14 have removable housing covers to provide access to the internal components.
The spindle assembly 6, best shown in FIGS. 3-6, is comprised of a main drive motor 16 located within the horizontal support section 14, a drive shaft 18, a lathe spindle 20 and power transmission means 22. The power transmission means 22 is comprised of a gear 24 secured to the drive shaft 18, a spindle gear 26 on which the spindle 20 is concentrically mounted and a timing drive belt 28. A conventional removable arbor 29 which allows for different diameter shafts is provided on which to mount the workpiece.
The pivotable tool carriage assembly 8 is comprised essentially of a carriage mount 30, a conventional lead screw 32 mounted in lead screw blocks (not shown), a tool carriage 34, a hand wheel 36, a tool carriage drive motor 38 and all the electronics except the main motor 16 located in the housing 4. The tool carriage 34 includes a conventional mount or slide section 40, tool holder 42 and tool race 44, and is mounted to the carriage mount 30 in conventional slides (not shown). Micrometer screws 46 are provided to afford accurate adjustment for tool location and orientation. Screw knobs 48 are used to securely connect the tool holder 42 to the tool race 44 when the tool is aligned with the surface of the workpiece to be finished. The tool slide section 40 is connected to the lead screw 32 which may be power driven by the tool motor located in the tool motor housing 50 or may be advanced by a conventional hand operated hand wheel 36.
The mounting assembly 10 is comprised of a vertically arranged pin 52 removably held in place by two support bolts 53, and pivot arm locks 58 and 60 for the drum and rotor machining positions. The vertically arranged pin 52 is positioned in the corner of the spindle housing section 12 nearest the spindle 20 and the tool carriage assembly 8 and engages an aperture in the tool carriage assembly 8.
Two support bolts 53, one located above and one below the engagement with the tool carriage assembly 8, hold the pin 52 in place. Removal of the assembly 8 is provided by removal of the support bolts 53 when the assembly 8 is in the rotor position, returning the asembly 8 to the drum position and sliding the pin 52 out of an aperture 15 in the housing immediately below the pin 52. An electrical harness jack connector 17, including all electrical connections between the housing 4 and the tool carriage assembly 8, is used to facilitate removal of the assembly 8.
The drum position lock 58 is located above the housing 4 and comprises a screw down assembly which engages a detent 59 in the tool carriage assembly 8. The depth of the detent 59, and correspondingly the throw of the screw down assembly 58, need not be substantially more than 1/8 inch to securely retain the tool carriage assembly 8 in the drum machining position.
The rotor position lock 60 is located on the side of the housing 4 and engages an aperture 61 in the side of the tool carriage assembly 8 to lock the assembly 8 in the rotor machining position. The rotor position lock 60 preferably comprises a spring loaded ball lock pin which picks up the aperture 61 when the assembly 8 pivots into the rotor machining position. A CARR LANE MANUFACTURING Co., Part No. CL-8-ABP, T-handle ball lock pin has been found to work well in this application.
An extension 5 from the carriage housing 4 extends beyond the contour of the housing 4 when the tool carriage assembly 8 is in the brake drum machining position and bears against the housing 4 when the tool carriage assembly 8 is in the disc brake machining position to prevent further rotation of the tool carriage assembly 8. The rotor position lock 60 picks up an aperture 61 in extension 5 to lock the assembly 8 in place automatically.
Proper alignment of the pivotable tool carriage assembly 8 is assured by adjustment screws 64 and 66 for fine adjustment of the asssembly 30 in the rotor and drum machining positions, respectively. The adjustment screws 64 and 66 engage the housing 4 when in the respective positions.
An alignment fixture 68, shown in FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C, is preferably used to align the tool carriage assembly 30 in either the drum or rotor machining position. The alignment fixture 68 is an L-shaped member having an aperture on the first leg 70 adapted to slide over the arbor 29.
When the fixture 68 has been installed on the arbor 29 with the assembly 8 in the drum position, the second leg 72 aligns with the carriage mount 30. If there is no gap between the mount 30 and the fixture 68, the assembly 8 is parallel with the arbor 29. If a gap is visible, or detected over 0.0005" with a feeler gauge, the adjustment screw 66 is adjusted to remove the gap.
When the assembly 8 is in the rotor position, the fixture 68 is turned around so a boss 74 on the first leg 70 aligns with the carriage mount 30. Following the above proceedure, the adjustment screw 64 is used to align the assembly 8.
The electronics of the brake lathe include a main power cut off switch, a momentary cutter head cut off switch at the end of the carriage mount 30 and an integrated printed circuit board cooperating with the tool motor.
Both electric motor are preferrably 115V, 60 cycle. The main drive motor 16 is a 1/3 HP parallel shaft gear motor having an 85 r.p.m. shaft. The cutter head drive motor is a 1/29 HP, infinitely variable speed SCR controlled motor. The drive belts on each are preferably GATES POLYCHAIN GT drive belts.
The use, operation and function of the invention are as follows.
The brake lathe 2 is intended for use with brake drums and rotors to machine, refinish or resurface the friction surfaces on either brake drums or brake rotors. In the drum machining position, as shown in FIGS. 1, 5 and 6, the lead screw 32 of the tool carriage assembly 8 is approximately parallel to the spindle axis. The drum position locking screw down assembly 58 is screwed down to engage the detent 59 in the assembly 8 and the fixture 68 is used in conjunction with adjustment screw 66 to align the tool carriage assembly 8.
A brake drum of a conventional type is mounted on the arbor 29 by any suitable mounting means, the details of which are not important here. The inner tool holder 42b is aligned with the friction surface of the drum to provide the desired cut and the outer tool holder 42a is moved to the end of the tool race 44 so as not to interfere with the machining function. The tool on the inner tool holder 42b may be moved across the friction surface of the drum either by hand with the hand wheel 36 or automatically by the tool carriage drive motor in the tool motor housing 50 to machine the cylindrical friction surface on the interior of the brake drum.
When the brake lathe 2 is used to machine a brake rotor, the drum position lock 58 is unscrewed and the tool carriage assembly 8 is pivoted through an arc of approximately 90° clockwise, from the FIG. 1 position to the FIG. 2 position, around pin 52, so that the lead screw 36 of the tool carriage assembly 8 is approximately perpendicular to the spindle axis. The rotor position lock 60 engages hole 61 in the extension 5 of the tool carriage assembly 8 to lock the assembly 8 in the rotor machining position. The alignment fixture 68 is used in conjunction with adjustment screw 64 to properly align the assembly 18, as set forth above.
A conventional brake rotor is mounted on the arbor 29 by any suitable mounting arrangement, the details of which are not important here. Two tool holders 42 with a tool attached to each, allowing the machining of both sides of the brake rotor simultaneously, are set to the desired positions for machining both sides of the rotor. The tool carriage 34 and, thus, the tools are brought to the brake rotor either manually by the hand wheel 36 or automatically under power from the tool carriage motor (not shown) located in the tool motor housing 50.
The device 2 has the advantage that it can be used to machine either worn rotors or drums with the conversion time being minimal. Further, the conversion between drum and rotor machining requires no removal or addition of any cutting tools.
Moreover, the pivotable tool carriage assembly design is simple and creates no sealing problems or bearing difficulties. The modular design of the tool carriage assembly 8 allows easy removal of the entire assembly 8, including the tool drive motor and related electronics for removal and shipment to a service dealer without the need for a serviceman to visit the site.
Whereas the preferred form of the invention has been shown and suggested, it should be understood that suitable additional modifications, changes, substitutions and alterations may be made without departing from the fundamental spirit of the invention.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US2663975 *||28 Aug 1950||29 Dec 1953||Barrett Harry B||Brake drum lathe|
|US3026752 *||15 Jul 1959||27 Mar 1962||Zabel Henry||Radius turning tool holder|
|US3049953 *||20 Mar 1958||21 Aug 1962||Harry B Barrett||Lathes and method of making same|
|US3079731 *||16 Feb 1960||5 Mar 1963||Rank Precision Ind Ltd||Generation of shaped surfaces|
|US3245292 *||28 May 1963||12 Apr 1966||Ammco Tools Inc||Lathe|
|US3442164 *||19 Oct 1966||6 May 1969||Bear Mfg Co||Brake disc lathe|
|US3500589 *||25 Jul 1967||17 Mar 1970||Fmc Corp||Disc brake grinder|
|US4061060 *||7 Apr 1976||6 Dec 1977||Index-Werke Kg Hahn & Tessky||Automatic multispindle turning lathe|
|US4063577 *||11 Jun 1976||20 Dec 1977||Tennant Larrie A||Wood lathe tool holder|
|US4140032 *||23 Dec 1977||20 Feb 1979||Besenbruch-Hofmann Of Puerto Rico, Inc.||Tool holder assembly for brake drum and brake disc|
|US4165662 *||23 Dec 1977||28 Aug 1979||Besenbruch-Hofmann Of Puerto Rico, Inc.||Work holder assembly for lathe used in dressing cylindrical and disc shaped articles|
|US4226146 *||14 Aug 1978||7 Oct 1980||Uno Ekman||Portable lathe device|
|US4349945 *||21 Jul 1980||21 Sep 1982||Anthony Fox||Multi-purpose power tool|
|US4452111 *||20 May 1982||5 Jun 1984||Kwik-Way Manufacturing Company||Adjustable disk and drum lathe mechanism with automatic drive|
|US4455900 *||12 Jun 1981||26 Jun 1984||Winona Tool Manufacturing Company||Brake lathe|
|US4478116 *||1 Sep 1982||23 Oct 1984||William J. Kopecko||Belt drive for machine for resurfacing vehicle brake discs|
|US4506570 *||24 Mar 1982||26 Mar 1985||Wood Charles L||Lathe apparatus especially for brake drums and discs|
|US5523499 *||10 Mar 1992||4 Jun 1996||E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company||Purification of hexafluoroethane products|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US5347895 *||22 Mar 1994||20 Sep 1994||Fmc Corporation||Brake lathe with electronic feed control|
|US5560271 *||3 Apr 1995||1 Oct 1996||Hennessy Industries, Inc.||Hand wheel engagement/disengagement mechanism for drive selection in a brake lathe|
|US5623859 *||30 Jun 1995||29 Apr 1997||Accu International, Inc.||Lathes featuring pivoting tool carriages|
|US5653153 *||9 Feb 1996||5 Aug 1997||Greenwald; Christopher L.||On-vehicle brake lathe and alignment device therefor|
|US5765457 *||15 Feb 1996||16 Jun 1998||Hunter Engineering Company||Brake lathe with display|
|US5816901 *||31 Oct 1995||6 Oct 1998||Sirany; Dallas R.||Method of resurfacing a vehicles's braking rotors and drums|
|US5868052 *||10 Mar 1997||9 Feb 1999||Accu International, Inc.||Lathes featuring pivoting tool carriages|
|US5974878 *||4 Sep 1996||2 Nov 1999||Joseph B. Willey||Runout measurement and control system for a disc brake lathe|
|US6050160 *||4 Sep 1996||18 Apr 2000||Joseph B. Willey||Apparatus and method for automatically compensating for lateral runout|
|US6101911 *||30 Oct 1998||15 Aug 2000||Joseph B. Willey||Apparatus and method for automatically compensating for lateral runout|
|US6139413 *||2 Oct 1998||31 Oct 2000||Sirany; Dallas R.||Disk brake assembly|
|US6145554 *||30 Jul 1998||14 Nov 2000||Hightower; Herman||Automatic spindle making device|
|US6213260||5 Oct 1999||10 Apr 2001||Brake Tru, Inc.||Brake pad and methods of braking and resurfacing a rotatable brake member|
|US6216571||10 Jan 2000||17 Apr 2001||Joseph B. Willey||Apparatus and method for automatically compensating for lateral runout|
|US6327947||18 Dec 2000||11 Dec 2001||Joseph B. Willey||Apparatus and method for automatically compensating for lateral runout|
|US6330847||18 Dec 2000||18 Dec 2001||Joseph B. Willey||Apparatus and method for automatically compensating for lateral runout|
|US6474203||2 May 2000||5 Nov 2002||Joseph B. Willey||Apparatus and method for automatically compensating for lateral runout|
|US6477928||18 Dec 2000||12 Nov 2002||Joseph B. Willey||Apparatus and method for automatically compensating for lateral runout|
|US6626073||7 Jul 2000||30 Sep 2003||Hennessy Industries, Inc.||On car brake lathe aligning apparatus|
|US6895841 *||3 Oct 2001||24 May 2005||Pro-Cut Licensing Company, Llc||Apparatus and method for automatically compensating for lateral runout|
|US7007575||25 Sep 2002||7 Mar 2006||Pro-Cut Licensing Company, Llc||Apparatus and method for automatically compensating for lateral runout|
|US7270037||18 May 2005||18 Sep 2007||Pro-Cut Licensing Company, Llc||Apparatus and method for automatically compensating for lateral runout|
|US7337699||3 Mar 2006||4 Mar 2008||Pro-Cut Licensing Company, Llc||Apparatus and method for automatically compensating for lateral runout|
|US7536935||7 Apr 2005||26 May 2009||Pro-Cut Licensing Company, Llc||Brake rotor resurfacing|
|US8215212||31 Mar 2009||10 Jul 2012||Pro-Cut Licensing Company, Llc||On-vehicle brake lathe with indirect drive|
|US20020088316 *||3 Oct 2001||11 Jul 2002||Joseph B. Willey||Apparatus and method for automatically compensating for lateral runout|
|US20030066397 *||25 Sep 2002||10 Apr 2003||Joseph B. Willey||Apparatus and method for automatically compensating for lateral runout|
|US20040060401 *||24 Sep 2003||1 Apr 2004||Cunningham Charles L.||On car brake lathe aligning apparatus|
|US20060032347 *||18 May 2005||16 Feb 2006||Pro-Cut Licensing Company, Llc, A New Hampshire Corporation||Apparatus and method for automatically compensating for lateral runout|
|US20060225543 *||7 Apr 2005||12 Oct 2006||Greenwald Christopher L||Brake rotor resurfacing|
|US20070017323 *||3 Mar 2006||25 Jan 2007||Pro-Cut Licensing Company, Llc||Apparatus and Method for Automatically Compensating for Lateral Runout|
|US20090301273 *||31 Mar 2009||10 Dec 2009||Pro-Cut Licencing Company, Llc||On-Vehicle Brake Lathe with Indirect Drive|
|U.S. Classification||82/112, 82/128|
|Cooperative Classification||Y10T82/21, B23B5/02, Y10T82/2522|
|7 Nov 1995||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|18 Mar 1996||SULP||Surcharge for late payment|
|18 Mar 1996||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|3 May 1999||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: KRAFFT, ED, FLORIDA
Free format text: SHERIFF S SALE (PAGE 2);ASSIGNOR:THIEM, EUGENE G.;REEL/FRAME:009935/0128
Effective date: 19990302
|26 Oct 1999||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|2 Apr 2000||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|13 Jun 2000||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20000331


text:
Katy Perry and Robert Pattinson: Her Friends Want Her to Date Him — Report
Katy Perry may still be sprung on her ex John Mayer, but that reportedly doesn’t keep her friends from hoping that the rumors of her dating Robert Pattinson will someday come true.
John is notoriously sleazy, and Rob is famously loyal and an all-around nice guy. So, naturally, her friends want her to date the dude that would be a little easier on her feelings, according to a report.
“My vote is for Rob. John is a bad boy and sadly, Katy prefers that,” a source told Ok! Magazine, adding, “She always falls for guys with an edge, but with that edge comes drama, and John is the king of drama.”
Yikes! But the burning question: Rob may be a gentleman in the streets, but is he an Edward Cullen in the sheets? That might be the deal-breaker: Ok!’s sources say that John has wowed Katy in that department. “Katy says it’s been the best sex of her life,” says a source.
We wouldn’t have guessed that from John, but hey! Good things come in surprising packages sometimes.
“I do have to figure out why I’m attracted to these broken birds,” Katy told Vogue earlier this month.
What do you think? Team Edward R. Patz, or Team John?


text:
The post was sent in by a dear friend of mine Tray, she’s currently taking baking classes and would like to share some of the things she has learnt with us, since this blog is all about sharing and sharing and more sharing to inspire others, why not!
Take it away babe!
Ok so we all live incredibly busy lives! God help, but we still find the time to do those things that we love! Amazing right? *smiley face*.
Thanks to my darling friend and sister Dressed *hugs* who by the way is truly inspiring with all the fashion tips etc. I decided to do a guest post on the food section because I'm also a food lover, Please tell me who does not like food!.
Today I’ll be sharing the recipe I learnt on how to make scrumptious homemade cookies, very easy trust me.
50-100g / 5 oz caster sugar
1 egg yolk, lightly beaten
2tsp almond or vanilla extract!
225g / 8oz plain flour
55g/ 2oz pistachio nuts or any nuts you like in cookies
Put butter and sugar in a mixing bowl
Beat in egg yolk and almond extract. Stir together and add a pinch of salt
Add the flour
Halve the dough, wrap in cling film and refrigerate for 30-60mins.
Unwrap dough and roll between sheets of baking sheets. This is ideal to improve the texture and appearance of the cookies. In the absence of baking sheets, you can use hands to flatten the dough, do not use dust work surface with flour. Sprinkle nuts and roll lightly.
Stamp out cookies with cutter in any shape of your choice and place on baking sheet spaced apart.
Bake in a pre heated oven at 190 degrees, gas mark 5 for 10-13 mins, then leave to cool on baking sheet for 5- 10mins before serving
Voila homemade nut cookies!
Tried it? let me know what you did differently and how it came out.

domain: food


text:
The Seasonal Hot Food Take Away & Fully Licensed Bar.
A selection of quality, freshly prepared and cooked to order food is available, with all meats being supplied by our local expert Butchers. The menu provides a varied range of both snacks and full meal choices - perfect for arrivals night when setting up camp is far more important than cooking tea!
Opening times for the Hot Food Take Away & Bar are every Friday and Saturday evenings from 6pm Easter weekend until October.
**** PLEASE NOTE THAT DUE TO UNFORESEEN CIRCUMSTANCES WE ARE CURRENTLY UNABLE TO OFFER THE PROVISION OF FOOD ****


text:
White Night Melbourne
On Saturday night hundreds of thousands of Melburnians filled the city centre for the 12 hour colourful White Night festival which ran from 7pm to 7am.
There were so many events happening around in the city but my favourite ones were the light shows that were projected onto the buildings of Melbourne.
The mobile disco was also great fun, everyone had old style ghetto blasters and all synched up playing the same songs with everyone dancing and partying through the city gathering a large crowd as it moved through the city.
There were so many events that I was unable to see them all but it was great night and Melbourne looked stunning.


text:
The story of how I came to appreciate the art of Over Under, Labrona, Gaia, Tom GreyEyes, and Jetsonorama began 10 months ago. I was out at the Elizalde Concrete Company Ruins, traipsing around and taking photos. Something in me, boredom perhaps, drew me many miles off the road. I got out to stretch my legs and found perhaps one of the better far-flung art hotspots I've ever seen. It doesn't look like much at first:
I first noticed this, which immediately made me wonder if I was safe. Upon closer inspection, I discovered these were paintball splatters, not bullet holes.
And then, it just kept getting better and better:
Stumbling upon such an art space feels very much like finding something that you know is special but don't really know why. So, I asked a friend of mine who is more schooled in the finer points of street art, and he ID'd the artists as Labrona and Over Under (aka OU33). I forgot all about it until two days later when this popped up outside of super remote Goldfield, Nev.:


text:
NHS Electronic – the nationwide provider of facts, details and IT devices for commissioners, analysts and clinicians in wellness and social care in England – is functioning a collection of trials to explore how slicing-edge wireless technologies can guidance the supply of much better affected person care.
The Wireless Centre of Excellence trials are open up for programs and enable NHS organisations to implement for funding for wi-fi and ground breaking technological innovation that will help enhance connectivity in wellness and care options.
WHY IT Matters
Petra Wilson, HIMSS senior advisor, European health and fitness coverage & EU affairs, reported: “The use of a lot more cellular engineering to promote care provision exactly where and when patients have to have it, to decrease backlogs and speed up obtain to care is a sorely wanted in the NHS. In marketing this sort of systems, the NHS will also have the chance to lead innovation that could be exported to other health care systems and make sure that new health technologies continue on to engage in a potent role in British exports.”
Nonetheless she included that if these exports were being to go to the EU it would be critical to be certain that Data Protection and Digital Details Bill produced on 18th July allows the United kingdom to maintain its GDPR equivalence rating.
“UK minister for media, information and electronic infrastructure, Matt Warman, has claimed that these reforms ‘are suitable with sustaining a no cost circulation of individual data from the European Economic Area’ – sustaining this compatibility is an absolute have to if as a nation the United kingdom is to make the most of the wireless know-how to strengthen affected individual treatment both equally in just and exterior regular healthcare options,” Wilson said.
THE Bigger CONTEXT
Past NHS Electronic wi-fi trials contain University University London Hospitals’ Obtain and Take care of service, which makes use of large-tech instruments and software program to provide real-time distant diagnosis and referrals on board a cellular wellness unit.
Another wi-fi trial, funded by NHS Electronic, has led to South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Have confidence in becoming the 1st 5G-connected hospital in the United kingdom. By way of the trial, clinicians have access to digital innovation this sort of as the eObservations (eObs) application, which enables the use of handheld gadgets to update patient data digitally and make live observations.
ON THE History
Patrick Clark, NHS Electronic director of infrastructure solutions, claimed: “Wireless systems will proceed to engage in an increasingly essential job as the NHS appears to be to carry out new models of care to let individuals to obtain therapy at household or in mobile health and fitness options. They will also enable give clinicians with obtain to info and electronic programs where ever they require it. We are previously seeing numerous of the gains of cutting-edge wi-fi engineering and innovation – from enabling serious-time distant prognosis in a cell health unit to supporting are living observations in the initially 5G healthcare facility in the Uk.
“These tasks are a step-ahead in digital transformation and will provide an array of advantages, specially for those minimum capable to obtain healthcare and for digitally isolated hospitals and well being centres.”
OTHER British isles News
Care organizing resolution: Leeds Instructing Hospitals NHS Rely on and Elsevier have declared a a few-year partnership which will see Elsevier’s Care Planning alternative built-in inside the trust’s digital well being report (EHR). The option will make it possible for electronic nursing care options to be deployed at scale, allow better visibility of nursing activity and help facilitate superior reporting of acuity details, high-quality metrics, and other ward assurance data.
Professional medical gadgets regulation: Medicines and Healthcare merchandise Regulatory Company (MHRA) has posted ideas to strengthen the regulation of medical units to increase client security and encourage innovation. The package deal of reforms will utilize to new technologies this kind of as smartphone applications and synthetic intelligence (AI), as nicely as classic medical gadgets.
On the web remedy service: Digital therapeutics startup HelloSelf has partnered with Central and North West London NHS Basis Trust to refer patients to its remedy and coaching system. Even further partnerships between HelloSelf and other NHS trusts are envisioned to be introduced shortly.

domain: medical


text:
Distance from Brazil to China
Distance from Brazil to China is 16,638 kilometers. This air travel distance is equal to 10,338 miles.
The air travel (bird fly) shortest distance between Brazil and China is 16,638 km= 10,338 miles.
If you travel with an airplane (which has average speed of 560 miles) from Brazil to China, It takes 18.46 hours to arrive.
|GPS Coordinates (DMS)||14° 14´ 6.0000'' S |
51° 55´ 31.0080'' W
Brazil Distances to Countries
|Distance from Brazil to Palestinian Territory||10,584 km|
|Distance from Brazil to Republic of the Congo||7,607 km|
|Distance from Brazil to Cambodia||17,512 km|
|GPS Coordinates||35° 51´ 41.9760'' N |
104° 11´ 43.4400'' E
China Distances to Countries
|Distance from China to Marshall Islands||6,662 km|
|Distance from China to Czech Republic||6,968 km|
|Distance from China to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines||14,342 km|

domain: travel


text: The Wall Street Journal reported founder Richard Schulze has hired Credit Suisse Group to explore taking the electronics retailer private, citing people familiar with the matter. The shares have fallen 17 percent this year. While Schulze might sell his 20 percent stake, his preference is to take the company private, the Journal said. The search for buyout partners is in the early stages, the report said, citing the people. Best Buy declined to comment.

domain: finance


text:
The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes (1907–21).
VOLUME XV. Colonial and Revolutionary Literature; Early National Literature, Part I.
§ 15. His Prose Style
As a whole, Bryant’s prose style has quality as well as qualities, but here a word only on its relation to the style of his poetry. Bryant more than once explicitly differentiated the functions of the two harmonies; but Prescott was not the only one who detected in both the same qualities of mind: obviously a man is not two different beings according to whether he is playing a violin or a cello, singing or talking. Bryant, as Dowden said of Burke, saw “the life of society in a rich, concrete, imaginative way”; and not unlike Burke he had, as politician, the poet’s generalizing power. But the point here of special interest is the recurrence in his prose so often, when his prose rises to things in their significance (as apart from their mere relations), of the same imaginative procedure: there is the “broad survey,” as in the account of the waters of the Mississippi (themselves introduced as a simile to illustrate the fame of Homer); there are his fundamental metaphors, the grammar of his dialect, as that of the past as a place, occurring in the editorial on the amendment abolishing slavery, which is besides in many details of imagery almost another version of the poem on the same theme, written, says Godwin, a little later. In a public address on the electric telegraph he said:


text:
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3 hrs ago
UFC Dallas: Diego Sanchez Tries To Upend Myles Jury
Despite Diego Sanchez not knowing for sure, UFC officials have went ahead and announced a planned fight between him and Myles Jury for UFC 171 .
Wed Dec 11, 2013
Technique Recap: Jessamyn Duke, Nate Diaz, Shogun Rua
Two weeks of UFC fights means plenty of interesting technical tidbits. BE's striking specialist Connor Ruebusch breaks down the best moments of technique and strategy from the Ultimate Fighter 18 Finale and UFC Fight Night 33. I'm probably not the only one who feels overwhelmed by the number of UFC cards lately.
Former TUF Winner Court McGee Opens Up About Reasons For Fighting
When the speakers inside the Sleep Train Arena in Sacramento start blaring Radioactive's Imagine Dragons , Court McGee might get a little emotional.
UFC on Fox 9 Q&A with Lightweight Josh Thomson video live stream
Lightweight Josh Thomson impressed in his UFC debut with a second round TKO over former contender Nate Diaz.
Tue Dec 10, 2013
UFC on Fox: 5 Reasons to Watch on Saturday Night
The UFC returns to the Fox airwaves Saturday night, offering its ninth show on the big network.
Mon Dec 09, 2013
TUF 18 Finale drug test results come back clean for 'Maynard vs. Diaz' on Nov. 30 in Las Vegas
Nevada State Athletic Commission tested 20 Ultimate Fighting Championship fighters who were included on The Ultimate Fighter 18 Finale fight card, which took place at Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas on Nov. 30, 2013.
Fri Dec 06, 2013
T.J Grant's stock drops faster than Gray Maynard
T.J Grant earned a title shot against, the then champion, Benson Henderson, when he defeated Maynard by TKO at UFC 160 earlier this year.
Nate Diaz Continues Twitter Feud with 'One Fight a Year' Anthony Pettis
Former UFC lightweight title challenger Nate Diaz is back in the title picture after a convincing TKO victory over Gray Maynard at The Ultimate Fighter Season 18 Finale last week.
Roufus: "We Haven't Even Seen the Best" of Pettis
There's no denying Anthony Pettis has had a monster year, as after taking out Donald Cerrone back in January, he tapped out Benson Henderson in August to become UFC lightweight champ.
Thu Dec 05, 2013
Who Should Fight Who? TUF 18 Finale Winners & Losers
Diaz should fight Nurmagomedov - Reason: I was starting to think that Nate Diaz was on the downfall, well I was wrong.
Wed Dec 04, 2013
MMA Tweet-O-Rama: Botter, Dundas and Snowden Sound off on Rousey, Diaz and Pride
But if you've ever ventured into the comments section, you know we have nothing on you guys.
Anthony Pettis Expected to be Sidelined Six to Eight Months, Hopes for Nate Diaz Upon Return
UFC lightweight champion Antony Pettis is scheduled to undergo surgery on Dec. 12 to repair a torn posterior cruciate ligament.
TUF 18 Finale pulls off surprising numbers for FOX Sports 1
Saturday night's Ultimate Fighter Finals showed a substantial increase from the last several live events on the network, drawing 1,129,000 viewers for a show headlined by Nate Diaz vs. Gray Maynard and the men's and women's final from the recently-completed Ultimate Fighter season.
Leslie Smith will make Saturday's Invicta card 'hella fun'
If there's a fighter who is synonymous with Invicta FC, it's Leslie Smith , a footloose flyweight who has fought on five of the six cards in the promotion's year-and-a-half old history.
411 MMA Fact or Fiction 12.04.13: Nate Diaz, Gray Maynard, TUF, More
Last week, Evan Zivin took on Robert Cooper, and that guy who replaced me on Five Quick Rounds held serve for the MMA zone, smacking the Metalhead back to the Music Zone by a final vote of 27-12.
UFC: Is Nate Diaz being Hustled?
Since winning Season Five of The Ultimate Fighter , Nate Diaz has been a permanent fixture in the UFC topping several cards and fighting for a title along the way.
Tue Dec 03, 2013
Wmma November Week 1 - Invicta 7 it's on!!! + Holly Holm
Holly Holm is quickly becoming "must see TV." Holm aka The Preacher's Daughter has victimized all 5 of her opponents via beautiful, technical strikes.
UFC Rankings for Each Weight Division Following TUF 18 Finale
A former winner of The Ultimate Fighter , Nate Diaz turned in one of his best UFC performances at Saturday's TUF 18 Finale.
Morning Report: Ronda Rousey turns on the charm for Jimmy Kimmel
A rough weekend behind her, UFC women's bantamweight champion Ronda Rousey performed some masterful damage control Monday night appearing on ABC's Jimmy Kimmel Live.
Report: Nate Diaz Took a Ufc Pay Cut Because Mike Kogan Sucks As a Manager
Problem solved. Fight fans were scrathing their heads on Monday when it was revealed that UFC lightweight Nate Diaz made a measly $30,000 for beating up Gray Maynard at TUF 18 Finale last weekend in Las Vegas , which is a significant drop from past "Sin City" payouts like this one .


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Report finds Australians young and old love gaming
The research is based on a study of more than 1200 Australian households.
Australians are also into “snack gaming” where people fill in downtime by playing a game.
“The average Australian gamer is 32 years old and we’ve moved well away from the traditional teenage boy stereotype of a gamer,” says Dr Jeff Brand, associate professor at Bond University and author of the Digital Australia 2012 report.
“Australian gamers are parents and grandparents ‘snacking’ on games when they’re commuting to work on the bus or train, or while they’re filling in that little bit of time between meetings.”
The key findings of the report include:
Girl power: 47 per cent of the gamers in Australia are females – a figure which has increased steadily since 2005.
Loyal players: The average adult gamer has been playing computer games for 12 years.
Adult playtime: 75 per cent of all gamers in Australia are aged 18 or over. This fact alone should lend some serious weight in the bid to get an R18+ rating for games approved in Australia.
Big business: The Australian computer games industry combining hardware and software sales totalled $1.7 billion in 2010.
Gagdet love: 44 per cent of all households that play computer games also owned a portable music device. Only three per cent of households that don’t play computer games had invested in a portable music device.
High definition: 21 per cent of all computer gaming households also owned a Blu-ray Disc device compared to just seven per cent who don’t play games. The PlayStation 3 is, after all, also a Blu-ray player.
Ron Curry, CEO of the Interactive Gaming and Entertainment Association (iGEA) says gaming has truly become a family affair.
“Four in five parents are playing video games with their children and most believe it’s a great way to educate and spend time with their children,” Mr Curry said.
“Australian gamers are growing up and 43 per cent of people aged over 50 now play video games.”


text:
World Health Organization (WHO) director-general Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyes has described as a 'scandal,' what he said was more people across the world receiving booster doses of a coronavirus disease (Covid-19) vaccine as compared to those receiving primary doses in low-income countries, calling for the practice to be stopped.
The WHO chief made this observation while delivering his opening remarks at a media briefing on Covid-19, on Friday.
"Every day, six times more boosters are administered globally than primary doses in low-income countries. It makes no sense to give boosters to healthy adults, or to vaccinate children, when health workers, older people, and other high-risk groups around the world are still awaiting their first dose," he remarked, though he also said that as an exception, only immunocompromised people should be administered booster doses, as previously suggested by the global health body in October.
Ghebreyesus further alleged that some countries were 'stockpiling' vaccines. "Nations with the highest vaccine coverage continue to stockpile more vaccines, while low-income countries continue to wait," he said.
All of this is a 'scandal' that must be stopped now, he added.
The WHO director-general's remarks come at a time when several countries are already administering booster doses to at least a section of their respective eligible population due to a fresh surge in Covid-19 cases, or due to an expected surge.
Several others have either authorised or are contemplating booster doses. For example, in Europe, which has once again become the 'epicentre' of the pandemic, additional doses will be given in countries such as Norway and Italy.


text:
Can astrology enlighten us in the 21st century? ASTROLOGY: HISTORY AND PURPOSE says that it can.
ASTROLOGY: HISTORY AND PURPOSE tells the story not only of astrology itself but importantly, of the state of mind of which astrology is but one manifestation.
In Part One ASTROLOGY: HISTORY AND PURPOSE traces the path of the real astrology - the hidden knowledge - through the world of the astronomer-priests, the fallen angels and the Christian mysteries.
In Part Two the story enters the Renaissance world in the West and the time of the magicians when astrology was hybridized with occult streams. There is an astrological analysis of the witch scare and the means by which astrology fell from public credibility.
Part Three is on the application of the art, with a sampling of astrological approaches to science plus some paradigms of horoscope interpretations. Finally, in three chapters ASTROLOGY: HISTORY AND PURPOSE reveals astrology as a truly transformative path and a handmaiden to Mother Earth in our times.
For those searching for a spiritual method, the study of astrology can provice some essential keys. ASTROLOGY: HISTORY AND PURPOSE takes astrology out of its psychological and predictive framework and restores it to the canon of authentic practices.
Number of Pages: 254
Publication Date: 28 Sep 2015
Publisher: Unicorn House
Dimensions (cm): 22.9(H) x 15.2(L) x 1.5(W)
Weight (gm): 376


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- WWE taped the following matches last night in Wichita, Kansas to air on Wednesday’s episode of Main Event:
* Kane vs. Seth Rollins
* Wade Barrett vs. Sin Cara in a non-title match
* Cody Rhodes vs. Justin Gabriel
– The dark match before last night’s WWE TV tapings in Wichita saw NXT’s Adrian Neville and Bo Dallas defeat Primo and Epico.
|Alberto Del Rio Says He Doesn't Need WWE (Video), Triple H Appears Alongside Chris Nowinski, WWE Horror Posters|
The Hottest WWE news, photos and videos delivered to your inbox in one convenient newsletter. Sign up now and give it a try!
|28||Backstage News On Cesaro Being Punished By WWE For Criticizing Cena-Orton Matches|
|9||Alberto Del Rio Says WWE Higher-Ups Were Making Racist Jokes, Talks WWE Release, More|
|7||Josh Mathews Comments on Backstage Fight In WWE, Why He's Not Interested In Returning|
|7||*Spoilers* WWE SmackDown Tapings for 10/31/14|
|7||Wall Street Executive Believes The McMahon's Are Ready To Sell WWE|


The Saberfish was deployed by the Earth Federation Space Force for combat in outer space. With the landing gear retracted, it stood 6.9m tall, but with the landing gear extended, it reached a height of 7.1m. The Saberfish could be modified to fly at high altitudes in the atmosphere so as well as being a space fighter, it was also an air-to-air fighter. The Saberfish specialized in attacking by firing large numbers of missiles.
Six machine guns are built into the nose of the aircraft.
Detachable Container-Type Missile Launcher
On each of the space fighters' fuselages, these were mounted at four points on the top and bottom.
Special Equipment & Features
When the Saberfish needs to switch from atmospheric flight to space flight, these provide nimble maneuvering allowing it to provide anti-air protection for spaceships.
FF-3F Saberfish space fighters were present during the capture of Von Braun by Maj. Gen. Kycilia Zabi's mobile suit assault force on January 3. As another fighter flew past, one in particular engaged MS-05S Char's Zaku I with its many missiles. Char quickly dealt heavy damage to its port side and then it exploded.
Battle of Loum
FF-3F Saberfish space fighters also saw action at the Battle of Loum on January 15.


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text:
Al Qaeda chief Ayman al-Zawahiri’s speech on Karnataka’s Hijab controversy shows global jihadists want to capitalise on tensions in India. India’s tradition of social unity has protected it from religious conflicts which plague the region. Stoking communal fires, it’s been proven, will help terrorists who wish to harm the country.
Russian troops killed unarmed civilians in Bucha. The world must unite to demand punishment
Evidence shows Russian troops killed unarmed civilians in Bucha. True to type, the Kremlin’s claimed it’s the victim of disinformation, but survivor testimony is backed up by video and satellite imaging. The world must unite to demand punishment for this war crime. India has done well to strongly condemn it.

domain: politics


There are several processes and secondary operations that are used to produce powder metal (PM) components, and one of those key processes in PM part production is heat treatment. Heat treating powder metallurgy parts is a necessary process to control the properties of the final part, such as hardness and strength. Although some properties associated with heat treating can be attained through sintering alone, there are additional heat treatment processes that are needed to give each component its desired properties, such as carburizing, hardening, and tempering, just to name a few.
Sintering is the process in which a green PM part is placed in a continuous belt furnace with a controlled atmosphere to bond the powder together and give the part strength. Before bonding can take place, there are two precursors that must be achieved during sintering: removal of the pressing lubricant through the oxidation and burning of the vapors, and reduction of the surface oxides from the powder particles in the compact. Without removing the lubricant and reducing the surface oxides, the final part would either be too brittle or lack strength.
Figure 1. The image shows a time-temperature-transformation diagram for a 1040 steel.
To control the properties during sintering, PM parts fabricators have to control the temperature and atmosphere in sintering furnaces. A common furnace atmosphere is nitrogen (N2) and 10% hydrogen (H2), although a mixture of other gases can be added.1 For example, adding a small amount of methane (CH4) can help avoid decarburization. The carbon in methane combines with water vapor and latent oxygen in the atmosphere and forms CO or CO2, rather than combining with the carbon in the iron, which is necessary for good hardness.2
Once sintering is completed, additional heat treatment processes can be undertaken to help improve the overall properties of the PM parts and give them better properties specific to the parts’ function. PM components that require high wear resistance generally need a higher hardness. To gain higher hardness, the parts can go through a hardening process, and one of the parameters that can determine that process is hardenability.
Figure 2. The relationship between porosity and depth of hardness. As porosity increases, hardness decreases.
Hardenability can be defined as the ease of hardening the material. One way this can be used is to characterize the ability to heat treat a thick part or section to a high hardness. For example, higher hardenability indicates that a slow cooling rate can be used to gain high hardness in a thick section of a part.3 Figure 1 shows a time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram for a 1040 (.4%C) steel.4 TTT diagrams are useful for determining the cooling rate necessary to obtain the desirable transformation in the final product. Desired phases for generating good strength and toughness are martensite and bainite which are both phases with high hardness. The TTT diagram in Figure 1 shows that if martensite were the desired phase, a very rapid cooling rate would be needed, usually through quenching.
Hardenability can also be affected by the porosity of the material, as pores reduce thermal conductivity and hinder the formation of the microstructures that would provide the final high strength.5 Figure 2 is a diagram showing the relationship between the depth of hardness and the porosity of the material.6
Figure 2 above shows the hardness versus depth for end- quenched cylindrical test bars of varying porosity, from 0% to 24%. The bars with lower porosity clearly maintained higher hardness at greater depths than those with higher porosity. Since PM components are inherently porous, this relationship is important for the hardening process of PM parts.
Alloy additions can also impact hardenability in PM components. A heat treatment method known as precipitation hardening relies on the relationship between solid solubility and temperature to create particles of an impurity phase that acts to impede the movement of dislocations or crystal defects, thus increasing the hardness of the material. Common alloy additions include nickel or copper, but many other alloying elements can be used. For example, a 2012 paper investigated mechanical properties of PM steels alloyed with silicon and vanadium.7
Table I shows the correlation between the alloying element, the amount added, and the apparent hardness of sintered PM steels. Copper as an alloying addition is known to promote the formation of pearlite and decrease ferrite, which increases hardness as a result. High levels of copper may saturate the ferrite in this alloy system, preventing additional alloying elements from increasing the hardness any further. Alloy additions and the heat treatment process are important in developing the physical and mechanical properties of PM components.
Hardening is just one of the qualities that can be achieved through heat treating a PM component, tempering is another option. Tempering is a post-quenching process that trans-forms or modifies the microstructure usually to improve toughness at the expense of hardness. The tempering process involves heating the part to a temperature below its critical point for a specific amount of time. The exact temperature at which the part is heated to will determine how much hardness is removed. Examples include austempering, which yields bainite in the microstructure, and martempering, which yields martensite.
The physical and mechanical properties of PM components are determined by many factors. The alloy used and the sintering process are each important to the final quality of the part, but heat treatment is a way to accurately control the final properties with a high degree of accuracy.
1. H. Ferguson, Heat Treatment of Ferrous Powder Metallurgy Parts, Powder Metal Technologies and Applications Handbook Desk Edition, Seventh Edition, ASM International, 1998, p. 651
2. Ibid., p. 652
3. L.F. Pease, III, W.G. West, “Heat Treating of Powder Metallurgy Parts,” Fundamentals of Powder Metallurgy, 2002, p. 203.
4. Ibid., p 202.
5. R.M. German, Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials Processing, 2005, p. 346
6. Ibid., p. 347
7. C.T. Schade, T.F. Murphy, A. Lawley, R. Doherty, “Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of PM Steels Alloyed With Silicon and Vanadium,” Inter. J. Powder. Metall., 2012, vol. 48, no. 6, p. 41-45.


By combining independence, cautious audacity, capacity-building and consultation, ideological heterodoxy, and grasp of the spirit of the times, the Duterte administration can usher in a golden age of Philippine foreign relations. And I do personally hope that he will hire the most capable foreign policy spokespersons to ensure best possible diplomatic communication and avoid any misunderstanding.
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The term "Machiavellian" conjures up thoughts of scheming, cunning, narcissism, and tyranny -- not necessarily what women, or anyone for that matter, want to be known for in the workplace. But by routinely dismissing his tenets, are we missing opportunities and not playing the same game that others employ?
A professor from the United Kingdom claims to have found the original 500-year-old arrest warrant for famed Italian humanist Niccolo Machiavelli. Professor Stephen Milner from Manchester University said he found the 1513 proclamation -- which he says led to the downfall and eventually to the ignominious death of "The Prince" author -- by accident while doing research in the state archives in Florence, Italy.